Vietnam:Background• 1945-1961

France and Vietnam (1945 - 1953)France and Vietnam (1945 - 1953)

• Indochina (later Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) was a French colony and after WWII they wanted to be free

• France denied the Vietnamese independence, so they fought back.

• Vietminh – Vietnamese freedom fighters led

by Ho Chi Minh

• Indochina (later Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) was a French colony and after WWII they wanted to be free

• France denied the Vietnamese independence, so they fought back.

• Vietminh – Vietnamese freedom fighters led

by Ho Chi Minh

The US and Vietnam

The US and Vietnam

• The US did not get involved in the conflict until 1949 – 1950.

• The US did not support French colonialism, but they did not support Ho Chi Minh’s communism.

• Two events caused the US to support France:

1. China becomes communist in 1949

2. The Korean War

• Presidents Truman and Eisenhower believed in the Domino Theory.– the idea that if one country falls to

communism, the surrounding countries will too.

• The US did not get involved in the conflict until 1949 – 1950.

• The US did not support French colonialism, but they did not support Ho Chi Minh’s communism.

• Two events caused the US to support France:

1. China becomes communist in 1949

2. The Korean War

• Presidents Truman and Eisenhower believed in the Domino Theory.– the idea that if one country falls to

communism, the surrounding countries will too.

France Falls (1954 - 1956)France Falls (1954 - 1956)• France could not defeat

the resistance – the Vietminh guerilla war tactics were too difficult to defend against

• Dien Bien Phu (1954)– Battle where the French were

badly beaten by the Vietminh. This loss convinced the French to leave Vietnam

• France could not defeat the resistance – the Vietminh guerilla war tactics were too difficult to defend against

• Dien Bien Phu (1954)– Battle where the French were

badly beaten by the Vietminh. This loss convinced the French to leave Vietnam

Geneva Accords (1954)Geneva Accords (1954)• Agreement to end fighting between

French and Vietminh

• Divided Indochina into three countries

1. Vietnam2. Cambodia3. Laos

• Also divided Vietnam into two sections:1. Communist north led by Ho Chi Minh2. Pro-Western south led by Ngo Dinh

Diem

• Agreement to end fighting between French and Vietminh

• Divided Indochina into three countries

1. Vietnam2. Cambodia3. Laos

• Also divided Vietnam into two sections:1. Communist north led by Ho Chi Minh2. Pro-Western south led by Ngo Dinh

Diem

Geneva AccordsGeneva Accords• Elections were to be held in

1956 to determine the governments of North and South Vietnam

• Diem refused to hold elections because he knew he would lose.

• Now the country was headed towards civil war with the US caught in the middle

• Elections were to be held in 1956 to determine the governments of North and South Vietnam

• Diem refused to hold elections because he knew he would lose.

• Now the country was headed towards civil war with the US caught in the middle

Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem

Vietnam Part I:EscalationVietnam Part I:Escalation• 1961 - 1965• 1961 - 1965

VietcongVietcong

• The newly organized N. Vietnamese Guerilla Army that was based in S. Vietnam

• Effective at staging guerilla attacks

• Difficult to defeat, so Diem began to look to US for more help in fighting the Vietcong (VC)

• The newly organized N. Vietnamese Guerilla Army that was based in S. Vietnam

• Effective at staging guerilla attacks

• Difficult to defeat, so Diem began to look to US for more help in fighting the Vietcong (VC)

John F. Kennedy Becomes PresidentJohn F. Kennedy Becomes President

• Kennedy needed to appear tough on communism, so he increased aid and advisors to Vietnam

• He also urged Diem to make democratic reforms to increase his popularity --> these reforms had little effect

• Kennedy needed to appear tough on communism, so he increased aid and advisors to Vietnam

• He also urged Diem to make democratic reforms to increase his popularity --> these reforms had little effect JFK explaining the Vietnam

situation to reporters shortly after being elected.

Diem’s UnpopularityDiem’s Unpopularity

• Diem was a Catholic and persecuted the Buddhists

• As a response some Buddhist monks committed self-immolation

• Diem was a Catholic and persecuted the Buddhists

• As a response some Buddhist monks committed self-immolation

Self-ImmolationSelf-Immolation

Diem’s DownfallDiem’s Downfall

• With US approval, he was overthrown and executed by his generals on Nov 2, 1963

• This severely weakened the S. Vietnamese gov’t and forced the US to get more involved to help the S. Vietnamese

• President Kennedy was assassinated a few weeks later on November 22nd. VP Lyndon Baines Johnson replaces JFK.

• With US approval, he was overthrown and executed by his generals on Nov 2, 1963

• This severely weakened the S. Vietnamese gov’t and forced the US to get more involved to help the S. Vietnamese

• President Kennedy was assassinated a few weeks later on November 22nd. VP Lyndon Baines Johnson replaces JFK.

Gulf of Tonkin IncidentGulf of Tonkin Incident

• August 2nd and 4th 1964

• President Lyndon Johnson tells the nation that Vietnamese ships have fired upon US destroyers

• He asks Congress to authorize the use of force to defend American forces

• In 2005 a declassified study stated that the second incident never happened

• August 2nd and 4th 1964

• President Lyndon Johnson tells the nation that Vietnamese ships have fired upon US destroyers

• He asks Congress to authorize the use of force to defend American forces

• In 2005 a declassified study stated that the second incident never happened

Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution

• August 7, 1964

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized the President to “take all necessary measure to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression.”

• August 7, 1964

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized the President to “take all necessary measure to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression.”

WarWar• The US began to increase the

amount of troops in 1964 - 66

• The US was supremely confident it would be an “easy” war and a majority of the US public supported the war too

• But as we quickly found out, the war wasn’t easy

• The US began to increase the amount of troops in 1964 - 66

• The US was supremely confident it would be an “easy” war and a majority of the US public supported the war too

• But as we quickly found out, the war wasn’t easy

VC tacticsVC tactics

• Blend in with general population by not wearing uniforms.– Who is friend?– Who is foe?

• Ambushes

• Booby traps

• Guerilla warfare

• Blend in with general population by not wearing uniforms.– Who is friend?– Who is foe?

• Ambushes

• Booby traps

• Guerilla warfareTraditional Vietnamese Farmer

Vietcong

Who Is the Enemy?Who Is the Enemy?

• VietcongVietcong:• Farmers by day; guerillas at night.Farmers by day; guerillas at night.• Very patient people willing to accept many Very patient people willing to accept many

casualties.casualties.• The US grossly underestimated their resolve The US grossly underestimated their resolve

and their resourcefulness.and their resourcefulness.

• VietcongVietcong:• Farmers by day; guerillas at night.Farmers by day; guerillas at night.• Very patient people willing to accept many Very patient people willing to accept many

casualties.casualties.• The US grossly underestimated their resolve The US grossly underestimated their resolve

and their resourcefulness.and their resourcefulness.

The guerilla wins if he does not lose, The guerilla wins if he does not lose, the conventional army loses if it does the conventional army loses if it does not win.not win. -- Mao ZedongMao Zedong

US Response to VC tactics

US Response to VC tactics

• “Search and destroy” missions

• Destroy landscape to get rid of VC cover – Napalm

• Jellied gasoline that explodes and sticks to surfaces. It is very difficult to extinguish

– Agent Orange• a chemical that destroys the

foliage so the US could see troop movement from the sky

• “Search and destroy” missions

• Destroy landscape to get rid of VC cover – Napalm

• Jellied gasoline that explodes and sticks to surfaces. It is very difficult to extinguish

– Agent Orange• a chemical that destroys the

foliage so the US could see troop movement from the sky

Agent Orange being sprayed from a helicopterAgent Orange being sprayed from a helicopter

The Air War:A Napalm Attack

The Air War:A Napalm Attack

Killed in Action 1961 - 1968Killed in Action 1961 - 1968

Note: KIA figures for the NVA are unknown from 1961 - 1965

Increasing Difficulties Increasing Difficulties

• The VC did not surrender despite our tactics

• They were not going to give up their homeland easily and they were willing to accept massive amounts of casualties

• The US also refused to invade N. Vietnam because we didn’t want a full scale war with China

• This made it very difficult to win for the US

• The VC did not surrender despite our tactics

• They were not going to give up their homeland easily and they were willing to accept massive amounts of casualties

• The US also refused to invade N. Vietnam because we didn’t want a full scale war with China

• This made it very difficult to win for the US

Ho Chi Min TrailHo Chi Min Trail

• The N. Vietnamese’s series of jungle supply paths

• Passed through the countries of Laos and Cambodia

• Because Laos and Cambodia weren’t involved in the war, LBJ refused the order to bomb the trail

• The N. Vietnamese’s series of jungle supply paths

• Passed through the countries of Laos and Cambodia

• Because Laos and Cambodia weren’t involved in the war, LBJ refused the order to bomb the trail

Vietnam Part II:

Teach-ins to Tet

Vietnam Part II:

Teach-ins to Tet 1965 - 19681965 - 1968

Post Gulf of TonkinPost Gulf of Tonkin• Many of the President’s

advisors supported an expansion of the war.

• Robert McNamara the Secretary of Defense was one of the biggest supporters.

• In March 1965, Johnson expanded the war by continuously bombing North Vietnam – this became known as Operation Rolling Thunder.

• Many of the President’s advisors supported an expansion of the war.

• Robert McNamara the Secretary of Defense was one of the biggest supporters.

• In March 1965, Johnson expanded the war by continuously bombing North Vietnam – this became known as Operation Rolling Thunder. Robert McNamara

Operation Rolling ThunderOperation Rolling Thunder

• Sustained bombing campaign against N. Vietnam

• Goal was to overwhelm the N. Vietnamese and convince them to stop supplying the Viet Cong.

• Sustained bombing campaign against N. Vietnam

• Goal was to overwhelm the N. Vietnamese and convince them to stop supplying the Viet Cong.

Television WarTelevision War• At the beginning of the war,

General William Westmoreland kept declaring that the enemy is on the brink of defeat

• The TV news reports showed a different story. Every night Americans saw young men dying and wounded and began to doubt the reports.

• At the beginning of the war, General William Westmoreland kept declaring that the enemy is on the brink of defeat

• The TV news reports showed a different story. Every night Americans saw young men dying and wounded and began to doubt the reports.

Television WarTelevision War

• A Credibility Gap developed, meaning it was hard to believe the rosy government reports.

• Vietnam was the first Television War because footage of combat was shown nightly.

• This helped lead to an anti-war movement.

• A Credibility Gap developed, meaning it was hard to believe the rosy government reports.

• Vietnam was the first Television War because footage of combat was shown nightly.

• This helped lead to an anti-war movement.

Johnson’s Johnson’s popularity popularity dropped in dropped in 1968 from 1968 from 48% to 36%.48% to 36%.

Anti-War MovementAnti-War Movement• The anti-war movement was

heavily influenced by the Civil Rights Movement

• Teach-ins – students and teachers across US colleges abandoned their classes to discuss the Vietnam War and their opposition to it

• Burning Draft Cards – many young men did not want to fight in a conflict they felt was wrong so they burned draft cards to protest

• The anti-war movement was heavily influenced by the Civil Rights Movement

• Teach-ins – students and teachers across US colleges abandoned their classes to discuss the Vietnam War and their opposition to it

• Burning Draft Cards – many young men did not want to fight in a conflict they felt was wrong so they burned draft cards to protest

Dr. King Protests the War – King began to publicly criticize the war when it became apparent that many of the soldiers fighting and dying were poor and African American.

Dr. King Protests the War – King began to publicly criticize the war when it became apparent that many of the soldiers fighting and dying were poor and African American.

Hawks and DovesHawks and Doves

• By 1968 polls showed that the country was almost split down the middle on support for Vietnam.

• Doves – Americans who wanted to withdraw from Vietnam

• Hawks – Americans who wanted to stay in

Vietnam

• By 1968 polls showed that the country was almost split down the middle on support for Vietnam.

• Doves – Americans who wanted to withdraw from Vietnam

• Hawks – Americans who wanted to stay in

Vietnam

1968 - Boom Goes the Dynamite

1968 - Boom Goes the Dynamite

• Tet Offensive– The year started with a Vietcong

surprise attack on US troops

– The VC managed to attack almost all major US airbases and many Southern Vietnamese cities – this became known as the Tet Offensive.

– The Tet Offensive was a huge military failure for the VC, but it still shocked the American public.

– How could an enemy that is so close to defeat launch an attack of that size?

• Tet Offensive– The year started with a Vietcong

surprise attack on US troops

– The VC managed to attack almost all major US airbases and many Southern Vietnamese cities – this became known as the Tet Offensive.

– The Tet Offensive was a huge military failure for the VC, but it still shocked the American public.

– How could an enemy that is so close to defeat launch an attack of that size?

Famous Tet Photo…Famous Tet Photo…

Famous Tet PhotoFamous Tet Photo

“The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera. Still photographs are the most powerful weapon in the world. People believe them, but photographs do lie, even without manipulation. They are only half-truths...What the photograph didn't say was, 'What would you do if you were the general at that time and place on that hot day, and you caught the so-called bad guy after he blew away one, two or three American soldiers? How do you know you wouldn't have pulled the trigger yourself?”

- Eddie Adams, Photographer

“The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera. Still photographs are the most powerful weapon in the world. People believe them, but photographs do lie, even without manipulation. They are only half-truths...What the photograph didn't say was, 'What would you do if you were the general at that time and place on that hot day, and you caught the so-called bad guy after he blew away one, two or three American soldiers? How do you know you wouldn't have pulled the trigger yourself?”

- Eddie Adams, Photographer

1968 - Boom Goes the Dynamite

1968 - Boom Goes the Dynamite

• Johnson does not run for re-election

• Due to unpopularity over the Vietnam War and two strong Democratic candidates, Johnson decides not to run for President.

• Johnson does not run for re-election

• Due to unpopularity over the Vietnam War and two strong Democratic candidates, Johnson decides not to run for President.

19681968– Dr. Martin Luther King

• Dr. King is assassinated in Memphis by James Earl Ray.

– Robert Kennedy • JFK’s younger brother and

Democratic presidential candidate is killed by Sirhan Sirhan.

– Riots in Chicago • at the Democratic National

Convention in Chicago, police and protesters clashed in a highly publicized riot – it was all over TV.

– Dr. Martin Luther King• Dr. King is assassinated in

Memphis by James Earl Ray.

– Robert Kennedy • JFK’s younger brother and

Democratic presidential candidate is killed by Sirhan Sirhan.

– Riots in Chicago • at the Democratic National

Convention in Chicago, police and protesters clashed in a highly publicized riot – it was all over TV.

Assassination of Dr. King

Robert F. Kennedy’s Assassination

Clashes at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago

Election of 1968Election of 1968

• Richard Nixon (Republican) vs. Hubert Humphrey (Democrat) vs. George Wallace (American Independent)

• Nixon wins and he promises to “Bring Us Together,” and also end the war

• Richard Nixon (Republican) vs. Hubert Humphrey (Democrat) vs. George Wallace (American Independent)

• Nixon wins and he promises to “Bring Us Together,” and also end the war

My Lai MassacreMy Lai Massacre• March 16, 1968• US Soldiers killed 347 to 504 unarmed citizens in South Vietnam• When the incident became public knowledge in 1969, it

prompted widespread outrage around the world. The massacre also reduced U.S. support at home for the Vietnam War.

• March 16, 1968• US Soldiers killed 347 to 504 unarmed citizens in South Vietnam• When the incident became public knowledge in 1969, it

prompted widespread outrage around the world. The massacre also reduced U.S. support at home for the Vietnam War.

Nixon and ‘Nam

Nixon and ‘Nam

• Vietnamization – Nixon’s strategy for “peace with honor”– a gradual withdrawal of US troops from

Vietnam– Turn control of the war over to the S.

Vietnamese

• Invasion of Cambodia – Nixon expanded the war into Cambodia

to stop VC– sparked protests

• Kent State University Protests – Response to expansion of war into

Cambodia– College protesters killed by National

Guard

• Vietnamization – Nixon’s strategy for “peace with honor”– a gradual withdrawal of US troops from

Vietnam– Turn control of the war over to the S.

Vietnamese

• Invasion of Cambodia – Nixon expanded the war into Cambodia

to stop VC– sparked protests

• Kent State University Protests – Response to expansion of war into

Cambodia– College protesters killed by National

Guard

Famous image from Kent State Shootings

Vietnam Part III:

Peach with Honor

Vietnam Part III:

Peach with Honor

1971 - 19751971 - 1975

“Pentagon Papers,” 1971“Pentagon Papers,” 1971

• Former defense analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked govt. docs. Former defense analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts during Johnson’s administration to the regarding war efforts during Johnson’s administration to the New York TimesNew York Times..

• Docs.Docs. Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People regarding its Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People regarding its intentions in Vietnam during mid-1960s.intentions in Vietnam during mid-1960s.

– Primary reason for fighting not to Primary reason for fighting not to eliminate communism, but eliminate communism, but to avoid humiliating defeatto avoid humiliating defeat. .

– New York Times v. United StatesNew York Times v. United States (1971) (1971) **

• Former defense analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked govt. docs. Former defense analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts during Johnson’s administration to the regarding war efforts during Johnson’s administration to the New York TimesNew York Times..

• Docs.Docs. Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People regarding its Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People regarding its intentions in Vietnam during mid-1960s.intentions in Vietnam during mid-1960s.

– Primary reason for fighting not to Primary reason for fighting not to eliminate communism, but eliminate communism, but to avoid humiliating defeatto avoid humiliating defeat. .

– New York Times v. United StatesNew York Times v. United States (1971) (1971) **

Peace ProcessPeace Process• Peace is at hand

– Kissinger, 1972– N. Vietnam attacks S. – Massive U.S. bombing

• Paris Peace Accords– January 19, 1973 – US and N. Vietnam reach

peace• Peace with honor

– President Nixon• South Vietnam falls 1975

• Peace is at hand– Kissinger, 1972– N. Vietnam attacks S. – Massive U.S. bombing

• Paris Peace Accords– January 19, 1973 – US and N. Vietnam reach

peace• Peace with honor

– President Nixon• South Vietnam falls 1975Famous Image from the

Fall of Saigon in 1975

Legacy of ‘NamLegacy of ‘Nam

• Cost $150 Billion• Over 58,000 American Deaths• Over 3 million total Vietnamese

deaths (civilians/military)• Considered by many to be the first US military defeat• Disrespect of troops upon returning home

– “That was the feeling in the air that we were unclean.” – Jan Scruggs, founder of Vietnam Veterans Memorial

• Cost $150 Billion• Over 58,000 American Deaths• Over 3 million total Vietnamese

deaths (civilians/military)• Considered by many to be the first US military defeat• Disrespect of troops upon returning home

– “That was the feeling in the air that we were unclean.” – Jan Scruggs, founder of Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Legacy of ‘NamLegacy of ‘Nam• Americans became more

distrustful of government – Pentagon Papers: Secret study

of US involvement in Vietnam that was leaked to the NY Times

– Revealed that American leaders lied to Congress and the American people regarding Vietnam

• War Powers Act – limited President’s powers, had

to get consent from Congress before sending troops

• Americans became more distrustful of government – Pentagon Papers: Secret study

of US involvement in Vietnam that was leaked to the NY Times

– Revealed that American leaders lied to Congress and the American people regarding Vietnam

• War Powers Act – limited President’s powers, had

to get consent from Congress before sending troops

If we have to fight, weIf we have to fight, we will fight. You will kill will fight. You will kill ten of our men and we will kill one of ten of our men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be yours, and in the end it will be youyou who who tires of it. tires of it.

If we have to fight, weIf we have to fight, we will fight. You will kill will fight. You will kill ten of our men and we will kill one of ten of our men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be yours, and in the end it will be youyou who who tires of it. tires of it.

AndAndin the End….in the End….

AndAndin the End….in the End….

Ho Chi Minh:Ho Chi Minh:

Lessons for FutureAmerican Presidents

Lessons for FutureAmerican Presidents

1.1. Wars must be of short duration.Wars must be of short duration.2.2. Wars must yield few American casualties.Wars must yield few American casualties.3.3. Restrict media access to battlefields.Restrict media access to battlefields.4.4. Develop and maintain Congressional and Develop and maintain Congressional and

public support.public support.5.5. Set clear, winnable goals.Set clear, winnable goals.6.6. Set deadline for troop withdrawals.Set deadline for troop withdrawals.

1.1. Wars must be of short duration.Wars must be of short duration.2.2. Wars must yield few American casualties.Wars must yield few American casualties.3.3. Restrict media access to battlefields.Restrict media access to battlefields.4.4. Develop and maintain Congressional and Develop and maintain Congressional and

public support.public support.5.5. Set clear, winnable goals.Set clear, winnable goals.6.6. Set deadline for troop withdrawals.Set deadline for troop withdrawals.

President Clinton President Clinton formally recognized formally recognized

Vietnam on Vietnam on July 11, 1995July 11, 1995

President Clinton President Clinton formally recognized formally recognized

Vietnam on Vietnam on July 11, 1995July 11, 1995

Iraq and Iraq and AfghanistanAfghanistan

Another Vietnam?Another Vietnam?

Iraq and Iraq and AfghanistanAfghanistan

Another Vietnam?Another Vietnam?ORORA transformation of the A transformation of the

Middle East?Middle East?A transformation of the A transformation of the

Middle East?Middle East?

Only time & history can tell!Only time & history can tell!

Quiz Quiz TimeTime

1. The French colony of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia was known as what?

2. Who was the leader of the Vietnamese freedom fighters?3. What two events caused the US to support the French?4. What was the name of the president of South Vietnam?5. Why didn’t he hold elections?6. Who were the VC?7. What was the president’s religious affiliation and why was that a

problem?8. What event FORCED the United States to get involved in S. Vietnam?9. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?10. What did the Gulf of Tonkin resolution authorize the president to do?11. Name 3 VC tactics.12. What was Napalm and Agent Orange?13. How did the casualties of the NVA and the US compare between

1961-1968?14. Name one reason why the VC wouldn’t surrender.15. Who was the US Secretary of Defense?

1. The French colony of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia was known as what?

2. Who was the leader of the Vietnamese freedom fighters?3. What two events caused the US to support the French?4. What was the name of the president of South Vietnam?5. Why didn’t he hold elections?6. Who were the VC?7. What was the president’s religious affiliation and why was that a

problem?8. What event FORCED the United States to get involved in S. Vietnam?9. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?10. What did the Gulf of Tonkin resolution authorize the president to do?11. Name 3 VC tactics.12. What was Napalm and Agent Orange?13. How did the casualties of the NVA and the US compare between

1961-1968?14. Name one reason why the VC wouldn’t surrender.15. Who was the US Secretary of Defense?

16. What was Operation Rolling Thunder?17. Who was the general who kept saying that the enemy was on the

brink of defeat?18. Name one effect of having continuous coverage of the war on TV.19. Name two ways in which people protested the war.20. Who did Dr. King say was dying disproportionately in Vietnam?21. What was the Tet Offensive and how was it a defeat for the US

military?22. Describe the My Lai Massacre.23. What happened at Kent State?24. What were the Pentagon Papers?25. What occurred at the Paris Peace Accords?26. When did S. Vietnam finally fall?27. Approximately how much did the war in Vietnam cost and how many

soldiers were killed?28. How did Congress attempt to reclaim some of their war powers from

the President?29. In what year did the US government finally recognize Vietnam?30. Name one similarity and one difference between the Vietnam War

and the War in Afghanistan?

16. What was Operation Rolling Thunder?17. Who was the general who kept saying that the enemy was on the

brink of defeat?18. Name one effect of having continuous coverage of the war on TV.19. Name two ways in which people protested the war.20. Who did Dr. King say was dying disproportionately in Vietnam?21. What was the Tet Offensive and how was it a defeat for the US

military?22. Describe the My Lai Massacre.23. What happened at Kent State?24. What were the Pentagon Papers?25. What occurred at the Paris Peace Accords?26. When did S. Vietnam finally fall?27. Approximately how much did the war in Vietnam cost and how many

soldiers were killed?28. How did Congress attempt to reclaim some of their war powers from

the President?29. In what year did the US government finally recognize Vietnam?30. Name one similarity and one difference between the Vietnam War

and the War in Afghanistan?