vietnam experiences for 24 indicators · 2017-12-11 · social pillars-aitvn & casrad indicator...
TRANSCRIPT
“Building Capacity for enhancing bioenergy sustainability through
the use of GBEP indicators (GCP/GLO/554/GER)”
VIETNAM EXPERIENCES
FOR 24 INDICATORS
Speaker: Dr. Pham Quang Ha
Institute for Agricultural Environment /VAAS
Rome 30 Nov 2017
1
Project GCP/GLO/554/GER: Bioenergy pathways analyzed in Vietnam
In consultation with the Multi-Stakeholder Working Group (MSWG) established under the project, the following bioenergy pathways wereprioritized:
• Cassava-based ethanol; and
• Biogas (mostly from pig manure, as well as cassava wastewater), at both household and industrial levels.
15 November 2017Multi-Stakeholder Working Group Meeting
2
Project GCP/GLO/554/GER: National Centers of excellence
The measurement of the GBEP indicators for the selected bioenergy pathways in Viet Nam was carried out by the following Centers of excellence:
• Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS) - Institute of Agricultural Environment (IAE) and Centre for Agrarian Systems Research and Development(CASRAD);
• Asian Institute of Technology Center in Vietnam (AITCV); and
• Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST) - Vietnam Japan International Institute for Science of Technology (VJIIST).
15 November 2017Multi-Stakeholder Working Group Meeting
3
Capacity development needs and activities
In consultation with the MSWG and the Centers of excellence, a capacity development need assessment was conducted and trainings were organized on:
• July 2017. Methodologies for calculating emissions of GHG and non-GHG(i.e. GBEP indicators 1, 4) from the selected bioenergy pathways; and
• Nov 2017. Methodologies and especially modelling approaches for assessing the impacts of the ethanol demand on agricultural markets (i.e. GBEP indicator 10).
Multi-Stakeholder Working Group Meeting
4 15 November 2017
Multi-Stakeholder Working Group meetings
• 1st meeting (July 2016): Presentation of the project and identification of the priority bioenergy pathways and sustainability issues;
• 2nd meeting (July 2017): Discussion and validation of preliminary project results; and
• 3rd meeting (15 November 2017): Discussion and validation of final project results and related conclusions and recommendations.
• Regional workshop ( 16-17 November 2017) on ‘Sustainable Bioenergy Production and Use in Southeast Asia: Lessons Learnt and Future Opportunities’ (November 2017); and
Multi-Stakeholder Working Group Meeting
5 15 November 2017
Next steps
• Incorporation of MSWG’s feedback into the draft report by the Centers of excellence, and preparation/publication of final report (early 2018).
• Publication both in English and Vietnamese version
15 November 2017Multi-Stakeholder Working Group Meeting
6
• Conclusion & Recommendation
7
8
• Quite good data for environmental indicators.
• Indicators 1 and 4 can be completed by modelling and MRV
• Get some difficulty in social-economic indicators as data at house hold level are missing andsome data are not statistical available such as job created, time unpaid
• Indicator 10 need more time to be completed as it need a large of pool of input values/parameters
• Bottle-neck in biogas development as Gas- CH4 produced from biogas as not efficiently useand with have prob. About water pollution control especially at small farm scale
• Energy from cassava base ethanol is computed as high efficacy energy used and clean butthe price of gasoline is key driven factor
• Cassava production is sustainable only when farmers can get comparative benefit incomparison with other crop
• Role of policy is crucial to sustainable bioenergy production in whole LCA.
• It was estimated that bioethanol cassava based needs as high as 28% of totalcassava production and areas but it depend highly for the real operating of thebioethanol factory. The percentage of cassava production for bioethanol was onlyless than 1%. Data from socio-economic indicators and from the operation of bio-ethanol factories should see clearly the tendency.
9
Biogas at house hold levels are quite developed, using of biosolid and slurry is quite
familiar but warning a big issue for water surface pollution.
Waste Management from biogas plant, house holds and bioethanol production
plants should be highly considered and monitored.
10
Conservation methods, as minimum or no-tillage practices, are encouraged for use
cultivation by the extension center of provinces and localities for being used in cassava
cultivation and become common in cassava cultivation on sloping land but it should be
mandated
Protection of water and soil quality is very critical while developing bio-energy such as
ethanol cassava based or biogas. Control should be advanced as it is a big issue for water
surface pollution.
Waste Management from biogas plant, house holds and bioethanol production plants should
be highly considered and monitored.
11
Multi-Stakeholder Working Group Meeting
12 15 November 2017
8 environmental indicators reported by IAE & HUST
for cassava-ethanol & biogas
13
WHY CASSAVA ETHANOL & BIOGAS PATHWAY?
N. Name of indicators Description Cassava-ethanol Biogas( House Level(H)& Industry level (Ind.)
1 Lifecycle GHG emissions (IAE&HUST)
Agronomicalprocess
Biomass H/Ind.
2 Soil quality Yes Yes
3 Harvest levels of wood resources
H
4 Emissions of non-GHG air pollutants, including air toxics
(IA&HUST)
Agronomicalprocess
Biomass H/Ind.
5 Water use and efficiency Yes Yes
6 Water quality Yes Yes
7 Biological diversity in the landscape
Yes -
8 Land use and land-use change related to bioenergy feedstock
production
Yes -14
Main methods• Literatures review
• Working group brain storming, workshops ( July2016 & July 2017 & Nov. 2017)
• Emails exchanges, training & FAO’s consultations
• Collecting data from official data bases
• Interview thorough field trips (April 2017) at two provinces
(Phu Tho & Tay Ninh)
• Soil, water sampling and analysis
• Modelling
• Reporting for Environmental indicators
15
16
FOR BIOGAS PATHWAY
For biogas-based biofuel, we reported here only biogas from animal
production (pork) with various combinations of the amount of manure
produced and daily biogas volume in Viet Nam, NPK rate in non-biogas and
biogas farms, and using bio-slurry result in increasing yield of crops were
analyzed
17
FOR CASSAVA PATHWAY
The popular process of cassava production in Vietnam:
Area
Land preparation
Planting
Crop maintenance
Harvesting
Residue management
Industry
18
Annual cassava area in Vietnam (thousand ha) for the period of 1995-2015
19
Evolution of annual cassava yield (ton/ha), 1995-2015
20
Rate of increase of yield vs. area for Cassava in Viet Nam in the last 10 years period
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
-10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Yie
ld c
han
ge (
%/y
)
Area change (%/Y)
Soil organic matter in sloping land
Where:
DH1: Plant cassava
DH3: Plant forest tree
DH4: Non-use land, under restoration
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0-30 30-60 0-30 30-60 0-30 30-60 0-30 30-60 0-30 30-60
ĐH1 ĐH3 ĐH4 ĐH5 ĐH6
OC %
DH5: Plant industrial tree (tea) with measure to erosion control (terrace)
DH6: Natural regenerated forest land
Figure 1: Organic carbon (%OC) on the soil at the risk of erosion in PhuTho in 2014
21
USE of Manure or digested form biogas
Increases the amount of pore space available for plant rootsand the entry of water and air into the soilIncrease the water-holding capacity of the soil significantlyProvide exchange and adsorption sites for nutrientsProvide nutrients for plantsBut heavy metals?
22
Water use for bioenergy production in Viet Nam.
High Efficiency Water use in Biogas
ParameterCassava-
BioethanolBiogas
Total annual renewable water
resources (TARWR)884.1 km3/year 884.1 km3/year
Water withdrawn for the bioenergy
production (2016)0.0598 km3/year 0.0583 km3/year
Total water withdrawn for
bioenergy production as a
percentage of TARWR
0.0068% 0.0066%
Total energy produced from
bioenergy376,200,000 MJ 5,981,700,000 MJ
Volume of water withdrawn for
bioenergy production per unit of
energy output
0.159 m3/MJ 0.0097 m3/MJ
Parameter Unit
Amount found in sampled
wastewater of types of bio-
digester
Threshold values
for industry
waste water
established by
QCVN
40:2011/BTNMT
(Column B)
Threshold values
for waste water
from livestock
by QCVN 62-
MT:2016/BTNMT
(Column B)KT1 KT2 Composite
Ntt mg/l 265.62 218.55 188.40 50 150
Ptt mg/l 74.73 84.95 69.27 6 No regulation
TSS mg/l 4639.84 3690.85 3223.11 100 150
COD mg/l 1083.83 875.14 726.70 150 300
BOD5 mg/l 565.42 429.99 385.36 50 100
Fecal
coliform
MPN/
100 ml1948 2814 4331 5000 5000
Quality of wastewater after biogas
LCA results for Biofuel: GHG emissions
Total emissions: 59.2 gCO2eq/MJethanol
8%
31%
5%
54%
2%
LUC
cultivation
transport
processing
use
GHG emission saving: 37%
25
59.23
94.00
cassava (flatland) (gasoline)
g CO2eq/MJ fuel
LCA results for Biofuel: non-GHG emissions
26
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
SO2 NOx CO VOCs PM10 Dust NH3
g/MJ ethanol
g/MJ gasoline
Social Pillars-AITVN & CASRAD
Indicator 9. Allocation and tenure of land for new bioenergyproduction (for ethanol)
Indicator 11. Change in income (for both ethanol and biogas)
Indicator 12. Jobs in the bioenergy sector (for both ethanol andbiogas)
Indicator 13. Change in unpaid time spent by women and children
collecting biomass (for biogas at household level)
Indicator 14. Bioenergy used to expend access to modern energy
services with focus on biogas at household level
Indicator 15. Change in mortality and burden of disease
attributable to indoor smoke (for biogas at household level)
Indicator 16. Incidence of occupational injury, illness and fatalities
Indicator 11: Income for Biogas Pathway
Main income sources of biogas households (%)
Production
activities
Distribution of
households by
the main income
source
Distribution of
households by
the secondary
income source
Crop 69.6 22.8
Livestock 23.2 70.2
Wage 5.4 1.8
Non-farm
business
1.8 0Size of biogas user household: 6.3 person/householdsIncome from livestock of a biogas user household: US$588,04/year/household
Per capita income/year
(US$)
Per capita income from
livestock/year
(US$)
539.46 93.34
Ratio (%) 100 17.30
Per capita income and per capita income from livestock of biogas households (%)
Kinds of saving Value(USD)
Ratio(%)
Fuel for cooking 167.18 91.27
Electricity 2.18 1.19
Chemical fertilizer 11.13 6.08
Other 2.67 1.46
Total cost savings 183.16 100
Average cost saving from the use of biogas digester in a year (per biogas user household)
Fuel for cooking
91%
Electricity1%
Chemical fertilizer
6%
Other 2%
Saving cost by sources
There are 4 big biogas projects under MARD:
• Biogas program for animal husbandry sector in Vietnam (co-
implemented by SNV and Livestock Production Department –
MARD) from 2003 up to now
• Low carbon agriculture support project (ADB-MARD) 2013-2019
• Livestock Competitiveness and Food Safety Project (WB) 2010 –
2015
• Strengthening the quality, agricultural product safety and biogas
program development (ADB), period 2010 – 2013
Total biogas plants constructed: 450,000 units 90%
functional operation 405,000 digesters (10m3 average)
Indicator 12 : Jobs in Biogas pathway
Indicator 13: Unpaid timeTime saved for collecting firewood and other daily activities before and
after using biogas
N.
Before
using
biogas
(hour/day)
After using
biogas
(hour/day)
Time saved
(hour/day)
Time used for firewood collection 33 1.83 0.14 1.69 (*)
Time used for cooking 41 2.151 1.181 0.97
Time used for cleaning cookers
and cooking appliance32 0.608 0.328 0,28
Uses of time saved Leisure Study Production
% households 41.3 4.4 91.1
Uses of time saved after using biogas
(*) Total number of households with access to biogas is 405,000 so the total time saved in the whole country is 684,450 hours per day
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
INDICATOR 17 PRODUCTIVITY
INDICATOR 18 NET ENERGY BALANCE
INDICATOR 19 GROSS VALUE ADDED
INDICATOR 20 CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS AND
TRADITIONAL USE OF BIOMASS
INDICATOR 21 TRAINING AND REQUALIFICATION OF THE WORKFORCE
(Biogas)
INDICATOR 22 ENERGY DIVERSITY
INDICATOR 23 INFRASTRUCTURE AND LOGISTICS FOR DISTRIBUTION
OF BIOENERGY (Ethanol)
INDICATOR 24 CAPACITY AND FLEXIBIITY OF USE OF BIOENERGY
12/11/2017 31
Indicator 17 : PRODUCTIVITY for Ethanol
(17.1) Productivity of bioenergy feedstocks
Domestic consumption : 1.8 million tons
Export : 3.7 million tons
(17.2) Processing efficiencies by technology and feedstock
- By technology : Europe, China, India
(17.3) Amount of bioenergy end product : 67.450 MJ/ha/year
(17.4) Production cost per unit of bioenergy : 15,420 VND/liter ethanol
( Exchange rate : 22.300 VND/USD)
12/11/2017 32
Indicator 17 : PRODUCTIVITY for biogas
(17.1) Productivity of bioenergy feed stocks
• Biogas at household scale/farm scale 27,750 millions of pig.
One head (50 kg) : produce 0.949 ton fresh manure/year.
• Biogas at industrial scale (starch production):
Productivity 19.61 m3 wastewater/1 ton of starch.
(17.2) Processing efficiencies by technology and feedstock
• 1.165 MJ/kg of pig manure on a wet base
• 43.62 MJ/m3 of wastewater
12/11/2017 33
Indicator 17 : PRODUCTIVITY for biogas
(17.3) Amount of bioenergy (GJ/plant/year)
• Small biogas plants(10m3): 9,720,000
• Medium biogas plants (500 m3): 16,642,880
• Large biogas plants (2000m3): 4,632,673
• Starch processing : 3,206,789,73
(17.4) Biogas production cost (USD/MJ)
• Household level: 0.015627.
• Farm level: 0.015835
• Starch processing: 0.002740.
12/11/2017 34
• (18.1) feedstock production,
• (18.2) processing of feedstock into bioenergy,
• (18.3) bioenergy use; and/or
• (18.4) lifecycle analysis
INDICATOR 18: NET ENERGY BALANCE
12/11/2017 35
Ethanol fuel production technology
12/11/2017 36
Biogas production and waste water treatment
12/11/2017 37
INDICATOR 18: NET ENERGY BALANCE
Vietnam – Japan International Institute for Science of Technology
Bioethanol pathway:
It needs 1.00 MJ of Fossil Fuel to produce 1.61 MJ of Ethanol (Cassava)
Biogas pathway from pig farm:
It needs 1.00 MJ of Fossil Fuel to produce 30.28 MJ of Biogas (Big farm)
39
INDICATOR 19 - GROSS VALUE ADDED
12/11/2017
Household level: HL
Industrial level: ID
Pathway
Bioethanol
Biogas
Gross value added USD/MJ
0.0033 USD/MJ
HL: 0.00116
ID: 0.010149
% GDP
2018
0.00315
0.0074
20.1:
• 20.1a: Substitution of fossil fuels with domestic bioenergy measured by energy content,
• 20.1b: annual savings of convertible currency from reduced purchases of fossil fuels.
20.2:
Substitution of traditional use of biomass with modern domestic bioenergy measured by energy content.
INDICATOR 20: CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS AND
TRADITIONAL USE OF BIOMASS (only for Biogas)
12/11/2017 40
INDICATOR 20: CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS (ETHANOL)
Vietnam – Japan International Institute for Science of Technology
Change in consumption of fossil fuel in Vietnam during 2013-2018
Ethanol Fossil fuels substituted by ethanol
Year m3/y MJ/y MJ/y Price bblfossilsub_OIL USD/y
2013 37,000 780,700,000 294,802,971 101.31 5,000,878
2014 25,300 533,830,000 201,581,491 108.26 3,654,103
2015 15,200 320,720,000 121,108,248 62.82 1,273,895
2016 29,500 622,450,000 228,810,798 42.43 1,625,592
2018b 267,850 5,651,635,000 2,134,134,481 42.43 15,162,013
aVietnam Petroleum Assosiation, http://www.hiephoixangdau.org/
bVietnam are going to replace all RON92 by E5 in 2018 (MOIT 2017).
41
42
Year Biogas Fossil fuels substituted by biogas
m3/y kWh/y kWh/y Price
bblfossilsub_OIL
USD/y
2013 2,032,759,125 2,032,759,125 313,655 101.31 31,776,361.00
2014 2,032,759,125 2,032,759,125 313,655 108.26 33,956,261.39
2015 2,032,759,125 2,032,759,125 313,655 62.82 19,703,790.33
INDICATOR 20: CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS
Biogas pathway
Biogas from livestock
Biogas from industrial scale – cassava starch plant:
Year Biogas Fossil fuels substituted by biogas
m3/y kWh/y TOE Price
bblfossilsub_OIL
USD/y
2016 500,000,000 3,220,773,356 496,965.33 62.82 31,219,362
Indicator 22: Energy Diversity
Description: Change in diversity of total primary energy supply due to bioenergy
• The diversity of energy supply is quantified using the Herfindahl index, which is simply the sum of the squares of the shares (i.e. fractions) of TPES provided by each energy supply category
• The impact of bioenergy on diversity can be assessed using the Herfindahlindex by calculating it with the bioenergy components included and comparing this to the index calculated without the bioenergy components, allocating the fractions supplied by bioenergy to the most likely alternative use
12/11/2017 43
Results of the indicators 22’s measurement
12/11/2017 44
Share of energy sources in Total Primary Energy 2015
Herfindahl index : 0.226
33.81%
25.49%
12.94%
6.54%
15.53% 0.18%
0.01%4.35%
0.02%
1.12%5.51%
Coal Oil Gas
Hydro Traditional biomass Electricity import
Other RE Bagass and Rice husk Biofuels
INDICATOR 23: INFRASTRUCTURE AND LOGISTICS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF BIOENERGY
(23.1) Number and
(23.2) capacity of routes for critical distribution systems, along with
(23.3) an assessment of the proportion of the bioenergy associated with each
12/11/2017 45
Vietnam – Japan International Institute for Science of Technology
Gasoline distribution network
12/11/2017 46
Finding for ethanol transportation
For supplying ethanol fuel to the Northern province of VN, it should be delivery from two ethanol plant in Middle of Vietnam. It takes a long road for transportation and need approximately 525-625 MJ/MT.
Vietnam – Japan International Institute for Science of Technology
For supplying ethanol fuel to the Southern Middle of VN, it need approximately 72-359 MJ/MT.
For supplying ethanol from Tung Lam plant to Hochiminh city, it is consumption about 79 MJ/MT. For supplying ethanol from Tung Lam plant to Southeast of VN, it is consumption about 63 and 189 MJ/MT.
INDICATOR 24: CAPACITY AND FLEXIBIITY OF USE OF BIOENERGY
• (24.1) Ratio of capacity for using bioenergy compared with actual use for each significant utilization route
• (24.2) Ratio of flexible capacity which can use either bioenergy or other fuel sources to total capacity
Vietnam – Japan International Institute for Science of Technology12/11/2017 48
Vietnam – Japan International Institute for Science of Technology
Tax and price of gasoline
CIF, 47%
VAT 1, 6%
Import tax, 8%
Cost + Benefit, 9%
Stabilization fund, 2%
Envirometal protection,
19%
VAT 2, 9%
Finding for biogas pathway
• For cassava starch processing,
- Biogas was utilized about : 58.2%
- Flexible ration for power generation : 46,96%.
• For biogas utilization at farm scale,
- Capacity ratio for utilization of biogas is almost zero.
- The flexible ratio for power generation : 145%.
• For household level
- The capacity ratio approach approximately 1
- The capacity ratio for biogas at household level is only about 5%
Vietnam – Japan International Institute for Science of Technology