vietnam research 300505 - danish water forum docs... · intrusion modelling of mekong river network...

Research results of relevance to Danida’s support to the agricultural, environmental, fisheries and water sectors in

Vietnam

Experiences of the Danish research institutions

Compiled by: Anne Sørensen, NETARD ● Ole Mertz, ReNED ● Lotte Klinte, DWF Research

Network for Agricultural Research for Development (NETARD) Research Network for Environment and Development (ReNED)

Danish Water Forum - Research

MAY 2005

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Overview of research results.............................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to several sectors...................................................... 3 2.2 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to one sector ............................................................. 7 2.3. Other inputs of relevance to Danida programmes in Vietnam....................................................... 8

3. Tables with research results and their relevance submitted by researchers............................... 10

3.1 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to several sectors.................................................... 10

3.1.1 Water, Soil and Crops – water resource management, food safety and human health.......... 10 3.1.2 Eco-systems, biodiversity, wetland conservation and environmental planning .................... 35 3.1.3 Socio-economic aspects, livelihoods and rural development ................................................ 45

3.2 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to one sector ........................................................... 49

3.2.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................. 49 3.2.2 Fisheries ................................................................................................................................. 56 3.2.3 Water...................................................................................................................................... 63

3.3 Other inputs of relevance to Danida programmes in Vietnam...................................................... 67

3.3.1 Inputs from other parts of the worls...................................................................................... 67 3.3.2 Training courses.................................................................................................................... 69 3.3.3 Research proposals................................................................................................................ 72

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1. Introduction During a visit to Vietnam by NETARD in February 2005 the Danish Embassy in Hanoi and staff of Danida programmes in Vietnam expressed an interest in getting access to and utilising relevant results from recent and current international research in Vietnam and the region. Such results could provide valuable input to the Danish development assistance in Vietnam, including the formulation of second phases of the sector programmes within agriculture, fisheries and water and the inception phase of the new environmental programme. See http://www.ambhanoi.um.dk/en. Consequently, NETARD, ReNED and DWF Research launched a joint call for members of the three networks to submit results of research with relevance to the four sectors mentioned above. The researchers were asked to enter their inputs in a pre-designed table. They were urged to focus on research results, specify the relevance of these results to specific programmes and sectors and communicate in a manner accessible to non-specialists. The contributions contained in this report include a variety of specific research results and recommendations of direct relevance to one or several sectors are presented. Contributions that are relevant in terms of questioning the feasibility of approaches and tools currently used in development programs are also included. Some research inputs also include capacity building at universities at various levels (BSc, MSc and PhD levels). The coordinators of the three networks have collected and organised the contributions received, but no overall analysis of these has been made. A total number of 55 inputs were received from members of the three networks. Common to all contributions is that the research from which results are reported has been conducted in collaboration between Danish institutions, Danida supported programmes and institutions in Vietnam, and in several cases also involving international institutions. In Chapter 2 an overview and brief characterisation of the submitted research inputs and their relevance are provided. This is followed by a presentation of the full tables as submitted by the members of the three networks in Chapter 3. These tables also include full contact details of researchers and names of Vietnamese partner organisations and other partners.

2. Overview of research results Out of a total of 55 submissions 53 reports were on results of recent research or research related activities in Vietnam, including capacity development and training activities, and six research proposals. Section 2.1 includes submissions of relevance to several sectors and Section 2.2 those of relevance to only one sector. Section 2.3 groups other submissions such as research results from other parts of the world, training programmes and research proposals.

2.1 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to several sectors Thirty-one out of the total number of contributions report that their research results are relevant to two, or more than two, of those sectors in which Danida is engaged. The results under this sub-heading all

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http://www.ambhanoi.um.dk/en

relate to environmentally sustainable management of natural resources (NRM) in Vietnam, but focus on different aspects of NRM and can broadly be divided into the following three sub-categories: (I) research results focusing on water and soil, (II) results focusing on eco-systems, wetland conservation, biodiversity and environmental planning, and (III) results from research on the socio-economic aspects of sustainable livelihoods and rural development. Quite a number of the projects in this sub-section have applied multidisciplinary methodologies and approaches. Generally, the contributions from social scientists and on socio-economic issues are few. (I) Water, soil and crops – water resource management, food safety and human health An example of research results in this sub-category is the negative impacts from use of wastewater in agriculture demonstrated by the multidisciplinary project on wastewater reuse in agriculture focusing on water management, environment, and human health aspects. The project covers water as well as crop and soil aspects and involves collaboration between a number of Danish, Vietnamese and international institutions (CGIAR). Other projects in this category provide results on more specific problems related to wastewater reuse, poor water quality and contamination. Several contributions within this category are geared towards supporting capacity building of water sector institutes through case studies, including analysis of salinity intrusion, water shortage and flood forecasting by application of simulation models. The findings from these studies demonstrate the benefits of using hydro-geological modeling, flood mapping and forecasting tools in Vietnam. Finally, results achieved from use of pure and applied chemical research are also included in this sub-category.

Table 1. Water, soil and crops – water resource management, food safety and human health (19 inputs) Title Submitted by Period Wastewater reuse in agriculture in Vietnam: A study on water management, environment and human health aspects 200-2005 (crop and soil aspects)

Jens Raunsø Jensen, KVL 2000-2005

Wastewater reuse in agriculture in Vietnam: a study on water management, environment, and human health aspects (water aspects)

Anders Dalsgaard, KVL 2000-2006

Sanitary Aspects of Drinking Water and Wastewater Reuse in Vietnam


Study of the survival and growth of enterococci and total viable count at 37°C in stored separated human urine, and Study of the survival, viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum og Giardia spp. in stored separated human urine


Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (PAPUSSA)


Fishborne Zoonotic Parasites in Viet Nam (FIBOZOPA)


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Application of PCR based assay in diagnosis of Cyclospora contamination in green leafy vegetables in Hanoi


The use of composted human excreta in agriculture in Nghean province, Vietnam


Human excreta use in agriculture in Vietnam – a study from the field to the latrine


Protozoan parasites in Vietnam – food safety and human health aspects


Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI. Application of MIKE software in simultation flood flow in Huon River-Lagoon-River mouth system for socio-economic development and stability of River mouth at Thuan Thien Hue-Hue province

Leif Basberg, DHI Water & Environment

2001-2006

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI. Case Study: Hydraulic and saline intrusion modelling of Mekong river network and coastal zone in Mekong Delta, Vietnam


2001-2006

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI. Case Study: Study on the integrated water resources management & utilization of the combined Dau Tieng - Phuoc Hoa system


2001-2006

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI. Case Study: Water quality assessment and management of irrigation works- Irrigation works on the right riverside of Saigon River, Ho Chi Minh City


2001-2006

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI. Case Study: Red- Thai Binh Flood and Dam break Study


2001-2006

Reuse of waste water in agriculture, Vietnam Leif Basberg, DHI Water & Environment

2001-2006

Managing groundwater access in Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands), Vietnam


2005-2007

Hydrogeological Modeling in The Red River Catchment

Leif Basbjerg, DHI 2003-2004

Pure and applied chemical research: Efficient use of modern instrumentation in basic research and within industry, agriculture and environment

Erik W. Thulstrup, RUC 2004-2007

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(II) Eco-systems, biodiversity, wetland conservation and environmental planning The contributions within this sub-category provide results and experience from a variety of different eco-systems in Vietnam, including the Mekong delta, The Red River delta, the Ca River Basin, coastal wetland and coastal forest. Two projects focus on NRM in the Mekong delta stressing the need for integration of wetland conservation and land-use development and its importance to biodiversity conservation, and the benefits of a multi-methodology approach in developing a forest and fishery decision support system in coastal buffer and conservation zones, respectively. The importance and relevance of using a combination of methods in environmental and social impact assessments is also stressed in other contributions. One study focuses on knowledge transfer on rehabilitation of destructed coastal ecosystems. Other projects address aspects related to local and traditional uses of the land and the natural resources in the highlands and lowlands. One study addresses the impact of reallocation of people from the North to vulnerable and sensitive ecosystems. Finally, a small group of projects report on research results from university support, research training and capacity building within environmental planning and management (including urban areas) and development of indicators. Table 2. Eco-systems, biodiversity, wetland conservation and environmental planning (10 inputs) Assessment of the importance of U Minh Tuong to natural resource and biodiversity conservation

Finn Danielsen and Sanne S. Nielsen, NORDECO

1995

Coastal Buffer and conservation zone management in the lower Mekong Delta Vietnam: Farming and Natural Resources Economics

Stig Møller Christensen, SM Consultants and Nico Hjortsø, KVL

2000-2003

Nam Mat & Ca River Basin Environmental Assesment Mikkel Funder, NORDECO 1997-1999 (follow-up until 2001)

Local use of wetland resources Sanne S. Nielsen, NORDECO 1994-1996

Developing a Land Cover Model to Assess Agricultural Production and the Relative Carrying Capacities of the Highlands and Lowlands in Northern Vietnam

Stephen J. Leisz, Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen

2003-2006

The Bau Ngam project. Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province

Ole Pedersen, University of Copenhagen

1998

Prediction of the resilience and recovery of disturbed coastal communities in the tropics (PREDICT)

Lars Kamp Nielsen, Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen

1998-2002

University Support to Environmental Planning and Management (USEPAM). Vietnam – component

Michael Schultz Rasmussen, Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen

2002-2006

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University-Network Exchange on Urban Sustainability (U-NEXUS – former DUCED-I&UA)

Soeren Jeppesen, Copenhagen Business School

1998-2005 (third phase)

Environmental Indicators Pilot Study Center for Tropical Ecosystems Research (CenTER, University of Aarhus

1998-1999

(III) Socio-economic aspects, livelihoods and rural development Only two contributions reported on results of research activities directly and primarily related to social aspects and rural livelihoods. One project relates to grass root informed approaches to food security and sustainable livelihoods. The other contribution outlines results from poverty oriented research on ethnic minorities in mountain areas, upland agriculture and NRM activities. Table 3. Socio-economic aspects, livelihoods and rural development (2 inputs) Sustainable Livelihoods in Southeast Asia. A grassroot informed approach to food security.

Irene Nørlund, RUC 2001-2003

Ethnic groups, hill tribes and minorities in the highlands of South East Asia

Kirsten Ewers 1990s and 2000

2.2 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to one sector Fifteen contributions relate to only one of the four sectors dealt with in this report as follows: Agriculture: Four contributions are relevant to ASPS. Common to three of these is that they are commodity or crop-focused and provide results from research within the areas of poultry production at village level, fair trade & organic tea farming, and capacity enhancement for improved seed health. The remaining contribution reports from a variety of research studies conducted over a five year period on results from research on data systems and economic modelling related to macro economic and rural development. Fisheries: There are six contributions in this sub-category. Three of these focus on research training and support to data analysis and development of fisheries profiles in a multidisciplinary perspective. Two inputs provide results from assessments of the living marine resources and the remaining one deals with issues related to fisheries management. Water: There are two inputs. The first one relates to analysis of gender issues in water and sanitation and the other one focuses on arsenic contamination in groundwater.

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Table 4. Inputs of relevance to one sector ASPS/Agriculture Genetic diversity among indigenous breeds of poultry in Vietnam and its implication for disease resistance

Torben Wilde Schou, KVL 2000-2005

Fair trade and organic tea farming: The case of the Thien Hoang Organic Tea Farmer Cooperative

Lanie Stockman, University of Melbourne

2004

Capacity enhancement program for improved seed health

Jan Torp KVL/Danish Seed Health Centre

2003-2005

The work of the Development Economics Research Group (DERG) at the Institute of Economics at the University of Copenhagen

Finn Tarp, University of Copenhagen

2000-2005

FSPS/Fisheries Support to Data Ananlysis and Mulidisciplinary Advice Provided to Decision-makers

Jesper Raakjær Nielsen, Institute for Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development (IFM))

2003-2005

Development of fisheries profiles as input to Multidisciplinary planning for sustainable capture fishery development at provincial level

Christoph Mathiesen, IFM 2005

Multidisciplinary planning for sustainable freshwater aquaculture development

Christoph Mathiesen, IFM 2004

Assessment of the living marine resources in Vietnam (ALMRV Phase 1)

Per J. Sparre, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research (DIFRES)

1996-1998

Assessment of the Living Marine Resources in Vietnam (ALMRV Phase II)

Steen Christensen, DIFRES

1999-2005

Knowledge in fisheries management (KNOWFISH) Doug Wilson, IFM 2002-2005

WSPS/Water An analysis of gender perspectives in water and sanitation in a rural area of Dalat, Vietnam. With recommendation for gender balanced intervention

Doan Y Uyen, Dalat Sanitation Project, Vietnam

2004

Water Resource Research in Vietnam. The mobilization and the relation to the dynamic interaction between groundwater and surface water in the Red River Plain

Klaus Hinsby, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)

2004-2007

2.3. Other inputs of relevance to Danida programmes in Vietnam Eleven other inputs of relevance to Vietnam were submitted. Two contributions are from research in other parts of the world focusing on improved water use in irrigated agriculture and methodology

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development within gender and poverty impact monitoring for the agricultural sector, respectively. One input is on training within the fisheries sector. Finally, six project proposals suggest ideas for research related to ASPS within the areas of small livestock development (2 proposals), pest management (1 proposal), biotechnology (1 proposal) and poverty alleviation (2 proposals). Table 5. Other inputs Research results from other parts of the world Improving water use efficiency in crop plants under partial root zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategy

KVL and DIAS 2004-2008

Gender and poverty impact monitoring for the agricultural sector programmes support in Uganda

Jannik Boesen, DIIS 2000-2004

Training courses Support to Capacity Building at the Water Resources University

Technical University of Denmark and RUC

2002-2006

The Cantho Aarhus University Link in Environmental Sciences

University of Aarhus 2001-2006

Course on isozymes and microsattelites Vibeke Simonsen, DMU

2004

Research proposals (all ASPS related) Sustainable improvement of pig and poultry production in Vietnam with emphasis on the use of local feed resources

Charlotte Lauridsen, DIAS Proposal

Improvement of smallholder poultry production in North Vietnam through use of a dynamic modelling management tool “SimFlock” and analysis of inputs and outputs over time

Charlotte Vesterlund, KVL Proposal

Biological research as a basis for on-farm application of integrated rodent management in lowland irrigated rice fields.

Herwig Leirs, DIAS/SSL Flakkebjerg

Proposal

Protection of Vietnamese rice and maize varieties against biotic and abiotic stress using biotechnology

Ahmed Jahoor, KVL Proposal

Researching Poverty Alleviation Model in Northern Mountainous Areas based on Sustainable Development

Irene Nørlund, RUC Proposal

Transfer of technology and information to farmers in Son La province in searching a sustainable development approach for poverty alleviation in the northern mountains

Irene Nørlund, RUC Proposal

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3. Tables with research results and their relevance submitted by researchers

3.1 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to several sectors

3.1.1 Water, Soil and Crops – water resource management, food safety and human health

Project name:

Wastewater reuse in agriculture in Vietnam: A study on water management, environment and human health aspects 2000 – 2005 Note: multidisciplinary project; here, only the element on Crop and Soil aspects under the responsibility of KVL in collaboration with NISF (National Institute for Soils and Fertilizers) is described

Key words:

Wastewater , irrigated rice, nutrient balances, productivity

Participants and contact person:

IWMI (Sri Lanka; Lead), DHI (Hanoi), KVL (CPH), CIWRR (Hanoi), NISF (Hanoi), NIHE (Hanoi) Contact (this element): KVL: Dr. Jens Raunsø Jensen ([email protected]) NISF: Dr. N C Vinh

Web link:

-

Project period:

2000 – 2005

Location:

Nam Dinh, Red River Delta

Summary of research results and conclusions

Wastewater (raw, urban) and river-water irrigation of rice is analyzed over several seasons. Farmers are practicing very high levels of un-coordinated nutrient inputs The nutrient utilization efficiency is very low with only about 7% recovery of applied fertilizer under wastewater conditions. There is a considerable scope for improving nutrient management for on- and off-farm economic and environmental benefits under both wastewater and non-wastewater irrigated rice production.

Please specify to which of the following programmes your results are of particular relevance ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP Describe the relevance to the selected sector(s):

ASPS: improved nutrient management, productivity and farm economy in rice-based cropping systems under wastewater irrigated conditions WSPS: wastewater management in irrigated agriculture ESP: reduced nutrient input to and output from agricultural areas and utilization of wetland rice areas as effluent recipient

xxx

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mailto:[email protected]

Project name:

Wastewater reuse in agriculture in Vietnam: a study on water management, environment, and human health aspects Danida funded

Key words:

Wastewater reuse; occupational health hazards; water quality; food safety; skin problems


International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka (project responsible); KVL (responsible; Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected]); DHI, Denmark; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology; Vietnam Institute of Water Resource Research, Hanoi; Local institutions in Nam Dinh provice.

Web link:

Project period:

2000 – 2006; Danida funded (CGIAR)

Location:

Wastewater irrigated rice culture in peri-urban Nam Dinh city (Nam Dinh province)

Summary of research results and conclusion:

The project study water management issues; production and soil issues; socio-economic issues; water quality; food safety; and occupational health of rice farmers. Results so far indicate low risk for helminth parasites infection for rice field workers; increased risks for skin diseases; results on other issues are anticipated ready end of 2005/early 2006.

Please specify to which of the following programmess your results are of particular relevance ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP Describe the relevance to the selected sector(s):

The use of wastewater in agriculture is widespread in Vietnam, incl in provinces where Danida is working, e.g. provinces in the WSPS. Results may be used to optimize the use of wastewater in agriculture with decreased negative impacts on health, agriculture (soil) and the environment and increased benefits (water access and “free” nutrients/fertilizers

xxx

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Project name:

Sanitary Aspects of Drinking Water and Wastewater Reuse in Vietnam ENRECA project

Key words:

Water quality; hygiene; wastewater reuse; occupational health (wastewater reuse); household drinking water; food safety


National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (Local Project Responsible; Phung Dac Cam: [email protected]); National Institute of Occupational and Environment Health; Statens Serum Institute; KVL (Overall project responsible; Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected])

Web link:

Project period:

2001 – 2005 (phase I) Danida (RUF) funded

Location:

Vietnam: field sites in urban Hanoi, Dak Lak and Nghe An provinces (collaborative studies with WSPS).

Summary of research results and conclusions:

Risk factors for chemical and microbiological contamination identified and assessed in Dak Lak; Food safety and water quality aspects assessed of wastewater-fed aquaculture in Thanh Tri district, Hanoi; Microbiological quality and contamination factors assessed of collection, storage and use of rain water; Occupation health hazards assessed for workers engaged in wastewater-fed aquaculture and agriculture.


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Project names:

Study of the survival and growth of enterococci and total viable count at 37°C in stored separated human urine, and Study of the survival, viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum og Giardia spp. in stored separated human urine

Key words:

Reuse of human urine; microbiological quality; fecal contamination


Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology, KVL; Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected] Eco-villages in Denmark

Web link:

www.mst.dk

Project period:

2002-2003, Funding: EPA, Denmark

Location:

Studies implemented with Eco-villages in Denmark


Pathogens survive poorly in collected and stored human urine. Three to six months storage will assure a microbiological safe fertilizer product (high in nitrogen content) that can be used in horticulture and agriculture. Recommendations for safe storage and use provided.


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se of human urine has a long rban and rural areas. The results ce to this situation in Vietnam.

tners will involve use of human

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http://www.mst.dk/

Project name:

Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (PAPUSSA)

Key words:

Aquatic food production: aquaculture; water quality; food safety; occupational health; socio-economy; policies and regulations


Sterling University, UK (project responsible); University of Durham, UK; Kasetsart University and Asia Institute of Technology, Bangkok; Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh; Research Institute of Aquaculture no1, Hanoi; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi; University of Agriculture and Fisheries, HCMC; Dept of Pathobiology, KVL (Anders Dalsgaard; [email protected])

Web link:

http://www.ruaf.org/papussa/publications.html

Project period:

2003 – 2005; EU INCO-DEV funding

Location:

Field sites in: Phnom Penh; Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City; Bangkok


Wastewater-fed lake and household pond aquaculture produce significant amounts of fish and aquatic plants consumed by humans. These systems play a key role in securing foods in urban areas. The systems act as effective low-cost wastewater treatment systems. Practices are associated with some health risks, incl occupational health hazards (skin diseases). Toxic metal accumulation seems lower that reported elsewhere.


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http://www.ruaf.org/papussa/publications.html

Project name:

Fishborne Zoonotic Parasites in Viet Nam (FIBOZOPA) ENRECA project

Key words:

Zoonotic diseases; food safety and security; aquaculture; water quality; fishborne zoonotic parasites; liver flukes


Research Institute of Aquaculture no 1, Hanoi (Local Project Responsible), MOFI7NAFIQAVED + 8 other Vietnamese institutions from different sectors (see website); The Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory (DBL) Dept of Pathobiology, KVL (Overall project Responsible; Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected]). Local KVL contact person based in Vietnam: Jesper Clausen: [email protected]

Web link:

http://www.vielina.com/fibozopa/uni/home/index.php

Project period:

2004-2007 (phase I)

Location:

Vietnam; Funding: Danida (RUF); MOFI/Danida (co-funded ENRECA project)


Assessments for research capacity building have been conducted for the FIBOZOPA partner institutions. Training courses in biostatistics and epidemiology; parasite identification, and bioinformatics (PhD course) implemented; 3 PhD and 5 International MSc students identified and draft research proposals formulated. Studies show low occurrence of fish borne parasites pathogenic to humans (zoonotic) in Nghe An province, but high occurrence in humans Nam Dinh Provinces. Pilot studies in fish show occurrence of several different types of parasites. It is concluded that the fishborne zoonotic parasites occur in both humans and fish in several parts of Vietnam. Ongoing and future studies are assessing the parasite occurrence in different aquaculture systems. Based of risk factor analyses preventive and control measures will be formulated


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nce to supplying safe aquacultured uilding will in general benefit not aff and institutions.

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http://www.vielina.com/fibozopa/uni/home/index.php

Project name:

Application of PCR based assay in diagnosis of Cyclospora contamination in green leafy vegatables in Hanoi

Key words:

Fecal contamination, vegetables; food safety, water quality; protozoan parasites; Cyclospora


Ms. Nguyen Thuy Tram ([email protected]), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi and colleagues; Department of Pathobiology, KVL (Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected])

Web link:

Project period:

2003-2005; Funding: International Foundation of Science in Sweeden.

Location:

Hanoi, Vietnam


Results show for the first time in Vietnam that Cyslospora, which is an important food- and waterborne human pathogen, occur in vegetables and water collected at markets in Hanoi. Ongoing work is assessing contamination risk factors and the importance of the parasites as a cause of human diarrhea.


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ilding of capacity towill be an importanties to detect and a diarrhea.

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tozoan parasites in both water and the Vietnamese institutions and ce of this parasite as a course of

water-food borne pathogens, in and transmission in Vietnam by ge will be important for MARD,

16



Project name:

The use of composted human excreta in agriculture in Nghean province, Vietnam

Key words:

Latrine wastes, fertilizers, agriculture, toilet; human health, farmer


Dr. Phuc: [email protected], National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi and colleagues; Department of Pathobiology, KVL (Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected])

Web link:

Project period:

2003-2005; Funding: International Foundation of Science in Sweeden

Location:

Nghe An provinces and Hanoi


About 75% of farmers investigated in Nghe An province use human latrine as fertilizer in agriculture. It is estimated that up to 10-15 million farmers are having similar practices in northern Vietnam. Farmers collect, handle and use human latrine based on agricultural needs with little knowledge/concern about hygiene and health aspects. The hygiene and health impacts of such usage practices are unknown but could be significant


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dy is implemented ice. Danida, the Viize the use of latrine extend taken into c and partners are i-up activities.

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th the WSPS activities in Nghe An ent and other donors seem to

ure, but such usages are to a very programs, incl EIC activities. The alog with Danida and WSPS on

17



Project name:

Human excreta use in agriculture in Vietnam – a study from the field to the latrine

Key words:

Latrine wastes, fertilizers, agriculture, toilet; human health, farmer, survival of parasites


Peter K. Jensen and colleagues, Dept of Int Health, Copenhagen University (project responsible: [email protected]); Dr. Phuc: [email protected], National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi and colleagues; National Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, Hanoi; Department of Pathobiology, KVL (Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected])

Web link:

Project period:

2003-2006

Location:

Nghe An province and Hanoi


About 75% of farmers investigated in Nghe An province use human latrine as fertilizer in agriculture. It is estimated that up to 10-15 million farmers are having similar practices in northern Vietnam. Farmers collect, handle and use human latrine based on agricultural needs with little knowledge/concern about hygiene and health aspects. The hygiene and health impacts of such usage practices are unknown but could be significant.


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x
dy is implemented ice. Danida, the Viize the use of latrine extend taken into c and partners are i-up activities.

x

n collaboration wietnamese governm waste in agricult

onsideration in aidn an on-going di

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th the WSPS activities in Nghe An ent and other donors seem to

ure, but such usages are to a very programs, incl EIC activities. The alog with Danida and WSPS on

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Project name:

Protozoan parasites in Vietnam – food safety and human health aspects

Key words:

Fecal contamination, vegetables; food safety, water quality; protozoan parasites


Heidi Enemark, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research (DFVF); Lise T. Jørgensen, DFVF/KVL; Ms. Nguyen Thuy Tram ([email protected]), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi and colleagues; Department of Pathobiology, KVL (Anders Dalsgaard: [email protected])

Web link:

Project period:

2004-2006

Location:

Horticulture fields in peri-urban Hanoi


Field work just initiated April 2005.


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x
ilding of capacity towill be an importanties to detect and a diarrhea.

oan parasites are lar drinking water. g water is not knownd others institution

x

analyses for prot step in enabling

ssess the importan

very important Their occurrencen. Such knowled

s.

x

tozoan parasites in both water and the Vietnamese institutions and ce of this parasite as a course of

water-food borne pathogens, in and transmission in Vietnam by ge will be important for MARD,

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Project name:

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI Case Study: Application of MIKE software in simulation flood flow in Huong river- Lagoon- River mouth system for socio-economic development and stability of River mouth at Thua Thien Hue- Hue Province

Key words:

Flood flow, flood event, river mouth, lagoon, inundation, sustainable development, hydrodynamic, salinity, estuary


IWRR, Institute for Water Resources Research, Vietnam; DHI, Water and Environment Leif Basberg: [email protected]

Web link:

http://www.wrsi.org.vn

Project period:

2001 – 2006

Location:

Thua Thien Hue- Hue Province, Central Vietnam


The general approach is to simulation of flood flow in the Huong river, Thua Thien Hue– Hue province, including simulation of current river flow (in mountain, river branches, lagoon and river mouths), simulation of flood flow scenarios with regards to river mouth width. The upstream boundary conditions are determined by MIKE-NAM model, the downstream boundary conditions were setup with measured data or extended model boundary to the sea in order to calculate tidal current from the sea to the river mouth. An objective of the study is to address general problems of flood flow and innudation of the Huong river basin and Tamgiang – Cauhai lagoon and river mouth for sustainable development of this region. The lagoon is extensively used for aquaculture so the exchange between the lagoon and the ocean must balance the need for maintaining salinity levels and discharging flood events.

1D hydrodynamic model (MIKE11): The entire study area is modeled with 1-D MIKE11 including lagoon and river mouth. The upstream boundary conditions are measured data of simulated results from NAM module. The downstream boundary conditions are sea water data or tidal records at Thuan-An and Tu-Hien river mouths. Simulation of flood flow with reference data of flood event 1999 for calibration. The possibility of determination suitable dimensions of river mouths (Thuan-An, Tu-Hien) for flooding discharge conditions of the Huong river is taken into account. Assessment of National highway No1A and railway, dyke and embankment surrounding the lagoon and determination suitable dimensions of sluices under these structures are included.

2D hydrodynamic model (MIKE21) has been applied to study the salinity distribution in the lagoon using boundaries from the 1-D model and the sea. Some salinity measruments has been carried out for which the model is calibrated.

A combined 1D and 2D modelling (MIKE FLOOD): The 1-D and 2-D model

20


http://www.wrsi.org.vn/

has been combined to study both the salinity and flood problems with one tool and more accurately describe the water and salinity exchange at the river mouth and investigate correct dimensions to ensure proper flood water evacuation and maintenance of suitable salinity levels for aquaculture.


The aquaculture in the lagoon are an important income for the population the region ensuring that the livelihood can be sustained while decreasing the economic impact of flood damage would contribute to the overall development in the region. The work is relevant both for Water SPS and Fishery SPS.

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Project name:

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI Case Study: Hydraulic and saline intrusion modelling of Mekong river network and coastal zone in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Key words:

Database, hydrology, environmental flow, water quality, management, salinity intrusion


SIWRR, Southern Institute for Water Resources Research, Vietnam; DHI, Water and Environment. Leif Basberg: [email protected]

Web link:


Project period:

2001- 2006

Location:

Mekong River network, Mekong Delta, Vietnam


The primary objective of the study is the application of hydraulic and salinity modelling tools for assessment and management of water and salinity intrusion in the delta. The special achievement of the project is that an rather large model has been constructed 1500 river/channel and flood plain branches, many operational structures are included and the model is capable of simulating both flood and dry season flows comparable with observations in 1998.

Modelling of the river and canal network, the existing location of structures and boundary stations. The scheme of river network includes 2,960 sections, 2,146 knots and 808 plot cells. This scheme covered the whole of Mekong delta, i.e.: Main river system from Kratie to the sea, Great lake and Tonlesap river, Vaico river system and Saigon – Dong Nai river system, including regulating structures in Mekong delta, and plot cells in Mekong delta The total length of river and canals system described in the model about 11,000 km and total area of plot cells approximated 4.8 million ha (including Great Lake in Cambodia). In the territory of Cambodia, the data of main flow from Kratie to the Vietnamese boundary, Tonlesap River from PhnomPenh to Great Lake based on the Hydrology atlas from 1997 to 1998.

The downstream boundaries are the hourly water level and salinity at nine river mouth stations such as Vung Tau station, Vam Kenh, An Thuan, Ben Trai, My Thanh, Ganh Hao in the East sea, song Doc, Rach Gia, Xeo Ro in the West sea which have been obtained from the Southern Center of Climate and Hydrology . Calibration: MIKE 11 model is calibrated by the simulation in the dry season and wet season of 1998. The hydrology documents used to calibrate the model shall be: water level at 22 stations, discharges at 3 stations, and salinity at 10 stations. The model will be used for computation of salinity intrusion. Model will be calibrated with parameters of the module HD which have been calibrated. It’s confirmed that the module AD can be run without the errors of number diffusion. Furthermore will the results from the flood modelling be combined with GIS

22



tools to produce inundation, inundation duration maps for the flood event in 1998.


The work is mainly related to the WSPS but secondarily also to ASPS and FSPS as these to sectors support livelihood that are highly affected by salinity intrusion and flooding in the Mekong Delta. The work carried out is a good starting point for investigating how investments in water structures can be used most optimally. It can contribute to management strategies of the existing water resource in the delta ensuring salinity intrusion as kept at desired levels. It would also be the first step toward a flood warning system for the delta that may be combined with a salinity warning system.

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Project name:

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI Case Study: Study on the integrated water resources management & utilization of the combined Dau Tieng - Phuoc Hoa system

Key words:

Meteorological, hydrological data, runoff, inundation, flood forecasting, water balance, reservoir operation, environmental flow, hydrodynamic, water quality, water resources management and utilization, dam break study


SIWRR, Southern Institute for Water Resources Research, Vietnam; DHI, Water and Environment Leif Basberg: [email protected]

Web link:


Project period:

2001- 2006

Location:

Southern Vietnam


In order to assure the security of Dau Tieng Reservoir as well as the community, infrastructure in the lower part a mathematical model in combination with GIS tools has been applied to study the effects of flood release from the reservoir to the lower part, particularly in critical event, e.g. dam break. Water balances over a 23 year period has been calculated to contribute to the better management of the water resources and to determine environmental flow. Calulation of salinity intrusion for different management strategies of the Dau Tieng – Phuc Hoa system has also been carried out.

Rainfall – Runoff Modelling (NAM): Based on input data of daily rainfall of 16 stations, monthly average basin evaporation and observed discharges at Can Dang, Phuoc Long, Dau Tieng stations, simulation of the discharge have been carried out for all 13 sub-basins in the study area from 1978 to 2000 (23 years). The NAM application is upgrading to determine runoff for the entire study area and upstream flood forecasting.

Water balance calculation (MIKE Basin): A basin wide model has been set up and calibrated to calculate water balance for the whole study area. Based on average discharges over 23 years and estimated water demand of users by 2010 the model has been applied to assess the benefits and impacts of the Phuoc Hoa water transfer. MIKE Basin is applied to develop scenarios, focusing on reservoir operation and maintaining environmental flows.

Hydrodynamic, quality modelling (MIKE 11): Model setup and calibration were conducted with scenarios developed for salinity intrusion and linked with MIKE 11 GIS to illustrate inundation problem in the Lower Sai Gon – Dong Nai. Several scenarios for water resources management and utilization conditions for the present, 2010 and 2020 are developed with MIKE 11 HD/AD. Inflows and environmental flows are used as determined by MIKE Basin water balance study. Flood and inundation simulation for the lower Sai Gon - Dong Nai and

24



flood maps are developed with MIKE11/GIS.

Hydrodynamic comparison (MIKE11 – MIKE 21 and MIKEFLOOD): For the dam break simulations a comparison of 1D , 2D and combined 1D and 2D models was carried out to determine when the different models are most advantageous to apply. It was found that the 1-D combined with GIS tools produced comparable results to the 2D model with only a fraction of the calculation time and this could be recommended for regional scale studies where the main concern is water depth. If flow velocities in the flood plains are required the 2D model must be applied for the Dau Tieng the 2D model was applied to entire downstream reach and result was comparable to the 1D-GIS approach but calculation time increased by 4. The couple 1D-2D model was also applied to the entire downstream reach but calculation time increased 10 times. The advantage of the coupled 2D and 1D model is that the entire region does not have be modelled in 2D and some samples has been made to illustrate how this model effectively can be applied by using the 1D-GIS approach on the regional scale and the 2D model in a sub area with special focus.


The methodology applied for the water balance calculations are very sound and illustrate an operational and effective way of determining environmental flow, flood maps and evaluated various reservoir operational strategies. The second part where the various model has been applied for determining flood resulting from a dam break shows how modern tools can be applied in Vietnam with an evaluate benefits of the various tools. This would be important reference for person involved in flood mapping, flood forecasting activities reservoir operation and determination of environmental flows.

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Project name:

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI. Case Study: Water quality assessment and management of irrigation works- Irrigation works on the right riverside of Saigon River, Ho Chi Minh City

Key words:

Water quality, structural measures, waste water treatment, pollution prevention, salinity intrusion, flood protection


SIWRR, Southern Institute for Water Resources Research, Vietnam; DHI, Water and Environment Leif Basberg: [email protected]

Web link:


Project period: 2001- 2006 Location: Saigon River, Southern Vietnam Summary of research results and conclusions:

1D Hydraulic model for the tidal influenced system of rivers and canals based on observed water level fluctuations during the rainy season 2002 and dry season 2003: The model was applied to simulate low flow and flood flow and to assess the effectiveness of different structural measures (sluices, enclosed dykes and regulating structures) to ensure adequate water flows in the channels, prevent flooding and intrusion of saline and polluted water with regards to water levels at the up and downstream of the structures. Flood cells and storage approach was applied.

Water quality model (MIKE 11-AD/WQ): The model was established to test the mass conservation of dissolved and suspended substances in the system and applied to assess the impacts of different structural measures and wastewater treatment on water quality represented by BOD and DO concentration levels. Respective scenarios have been simulated, i.e.: Pollution prevention structures along Vam Thuat river and flood protection along Saigon River; Expanding Ben Da creek by 30%; Reduced pollution loads assuming wastewater has been treated to a concentration of BOD = 30mg/l before discharge to the receiving sources; Reducing pollution loads in combination with pollution prevention structures along Vam Thuat river.

The pollution assessment and prediction for the project areas and promotion of optimal operation procedure are extremely useful for the end user, i.e. the Irrigation Management Company (IMC) of Ho Chi Minh City.


The project studies the impact of Waste Water Discharge from HCMC to an area where agricultural activities depend upon the waster water for irrigation. The majority of the waste water is later discharged to the Sai Gon river where the dilution processes dominate. The model has been used to determine optimal location and operation of structures to minimize the intrusion of waste water to the agricultural area.

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Project name:

Support to Capacity Building of Water Sector Institutes, WRSI Case Study: Red- Thai Binh Flood and Dam break Study

Key words:

Database, water balance, flood mapping, flood forecast, hydrology, hydraulics, hydrodynamic, modeling, flood inundation maps, dam break


IWRR, Institute for Water Resources Research, Vietnam; DHI, Water and Environment. Leif Basberg: [email protected]

Web link:


Project period:

2001 – 2006

Location:

The Red- Thai Binh River Network, Northern Vietnam


The main objective of the case study has not been research but training, nevertheless, the work carried out are of high standards and therefore reported as the applied approach is holistic and comprehensive. 1D hydrodynamic model: a comprehensive MIKE 11/GIS floodplain model for the Red-Thai Binh River has been developed and combined with a rainfall-runoff (NAM) representation of the upstream catchment areas. The model has been applied to assess the impacts of floods with the return period of 125, 500 and 1,000 years, including flood inundation maps.

Flood forecasting model: the model is the integration of the NAM and 1D hydrodynamic model for Red-Thai Binh River (It is not included in the proposal). The calibrated NAM model is linked to the hydrological model, forming a flood forecasting model for the Red-Thai Binh river network. 250 flood cells was divided. For constructing a flood forecasting model, the rainfall-runoff model was linked with the hydraulic model, and generating boundaries for it. Hence, the input boundary of the integrated model is rainfall and evaporation. For other downstream points, water level and discharge were calculated from the upper part of the basin in a certain period of time.

1D dam break model: A hydrodynamic model for catastrophic floods caused by a dam break at Son La and Hoa Binh has been developed based on MIKE11/GIS and applied to evaluate the downstream flood propagation and inundation for different dam break scenarios. The results of the case study have contributed to raising the profile and reputation of the project team and IWRR. Immediate impacts are evidenced by the involvement of the project team in flood assessment as part of two national level projects and one project at ministerial level. Moreover, MIKE 21 has been

27


applied to floodplain modelling in Dong Anh area for a national level project.


The River Delta is one of the main delta in Vietnam with a population 24 million. The delta is prone to flooding and water resources management is an important issue. This work contributes to understanding of the flooding and the water resources management in delta thereby contributing to ensure a sustainable use of the water.

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Project name:

Reuse of waste water in agriculture, Vietnam

Key words:

Waste water, irrigation, water balance, nutrients, heavy metals, coliforms, nutrient balance


Partners: IWMI Institute for Water Management and Irrigation, Sri Lanka, KVL, Royal Veterinarian and Agricultural University, Denmark, DHI, Water and Environment, Denmark, IWRR, Institute for Water Resources Research, Vietnam NMDP, Nam Dinh Department of Health, Vietnam This reference only consider the part DHI Water and Environment was responsible for. Contact: [email protected]

Web link:

Project period:

2001-2006

Location:

Nam Dinh City located in Red River Delta, Vietnam


The overall objective of the studies is to assess the assimilation capacity (treatment potential) of rice based irrigation systems with (untreated) wastewater application, and the impacts on crops, soil and human health. The current report describes the establishment of a water balance for the project area and an evaluation of the water quality processes in the irrigation and drainage systems. The project area is located outside of the town Nam Dinh, and is selected as 19.8 hectare of agricultural area is irrigated using domestic waste water from the town. For the outflow locations observation stations has been established enabling a full water balance description of the irrigation and drainage system. The study period is defined from January 2004 until June 2004, covering a full growth season. The irrigation demand for the area is estimated by using a simple spreadsheet method (this is done by KVL), and using the integrated hydrological model MIKE SHE – MIKE11. The integrated hydrological modeling system MIKE SHE – MIKE11 is used to calculate a water balance for the entire study period, January to June 2004. One of the objectives is to determine the cycling of major inorganic components in the channels and in the rice field. Furthermore to analyzed for any toxic or high concentration elements in the applied waste water and to monitor these. During the project period 41 water samples was collected. 7 of the samples were just screened for the main parameters DO, Conductivity, Temperature and pH, while the remaining 34 sample was analyzed for approximately 30 parameters. Focus has been made on calculating total loads and comparing these with plant uptake and nutrient availability as seen from the plant studies in a similar fashion as water balances calculated by different method has been compared. It was seen that they supply of N and K was comparable to the total need for the

29


crop while phosphate may need to be supplemented. For heavy metals and bacteria the WQ model of the irrigation channels provide useful data even for a small system and to test various scenarios as done in the current report for coli forms where the data a somewhat lacking. For larger irrigation system where the water is retained in the channels longer than a few hours which is the case for most system, it is believed that the approach as given in the report will be very useful. The established water balance is used for estimating the main water loss components on the irrigated areas and for evaluating the different hydrological processes. The water quality modeling and the data analyzing showed that there where none or very small change in the main water quality components in the irrigation and drainage system. The established water quality model could definitely be used for evaluating different management strategies or for evaluating the impact during periods with none or few observation data. The current water quality model has shown that it is possible to model the water quality processes with a very satisfactory results.


The reported work introduce two independent methods for calculating water balance and they give comparable results for rice irrigated crop in the red river delta relevant for both ASPS and WSPS. Nutrient and Heavy metal loading to the field from the waste water has been studied both process and quantity relevant to the ASPS, WSPS and ESP.

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Project name:

Managing groundwater access in Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands), Vietnam

Key words:

Ground water, surface water, economic optimalisation


Australian National University,Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Tay Nguyen,University of Economics HCMC, Institute for water resources planning, DHI Water and Environment Leif Basberg: [email protected]

Web link: Project period:

2005-2007

Location: Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands) Summary of research results and conclusions:

The work is ongoing the integrated surface water groundwater model that will be used as a basis for economic optimalisation should be ready late summer 2005. The objectives of the project are as follows; 1. To understand the dynamics of groundwater flows, surface groundwater relationships and sustainable groundwater levels in the Tay Nguyen region of Vietnam, particularly relating to the Dak Lak Plateau and to employ these data to analyse the physical impacts of alternative use regimes over the forecast period. 2. To determine the use allocation of groundwater resources that provide for social improvement on the basis of economic, social and environmental criteria using extended cost-benefit analysis. 3. To consider alternative policy options for securing improved groundwater use practices and determine the most practical and cost-effective institutional framework to provide incentives for the improved use of the resource using the New Institutional Economics framework. 4. To facilitate the use of the research findings in the development of policy initiatives and institutional frameworks. 5. To build the capacity of Vietnamese individuals and organisations involved in resource and environmental management.


Tay Nguyen can expect to face severe economic, social and ecological consequences resulting from critical water shortages and degradation. The 2003 droughts in Tay Nguyen demonstrate the economic, social and ecological losses resulting from these land practices. Groundwater tables fell by 1.5 to 2 meters on average resulting in severely constrained domestic water supply for 100,000 households in the region. Total agricultural losses from the drought fro Dak Lak province, one of four provinces in Tay Nguyen, were estimated at AUD 23 mill.

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Project name:

Hydrogeological Modeling in The Red River Catchment

Key words:

Red River Delta, Hanoi, Arsenic, Iron, Landfills, hydrogeology, recharge, modeling, GMS, MODPATH, groundwater abstraction, lowering of water table


MsCE Thesis by Anne Esbjørn Supervisors: Toben Orbel Sonnenborg DTU , Peter Engesgaard KU and Leif Basberg DHI Contact Leif Basberg, [email protected]

Web link:

Project period:

2003-2004

Location:

Hanoi, Vietnam


In the area of Hanoi, located in the Red River catchment in the north of Vietnam, a large drawdown area of regional extension has been created, as a response to high abstraction rate from the lower aquifer from Pleistocene. In large parts of the area around Hanoi city the hydraulic heads have been declining with statistic significance. Mainly the lower aquifer has been target to groundwater abstraction and lowering of the piezometric surface. This has resulted in an increasing downward hydraulic gradient from the upper aquifer from Holocene to the lower aquifer. The aquifer systems are recharged by Red River and because of the high drawdown in the lower aquifer the flow direction is expected to be in the direction from the river to the two aquifers.

High downward vertical hydraulic gradient between the upper and the lower aquifer has been created and increased as a result of increasing abstraction. High arsenic concentrations have been detected in the aquifer systems. Investigations carried out by UNICEF and EAWAG showed concentration up to 331 µg/l -3045 µg/l and 213 µg/l -436 µg/l for the upper and the lower aquifer, respectively. Water from both the upper and the lower aquifer is supplying water to the people in Hanoi. WHO's recommended maximum concentration of arsenic in drinking water is 10 µg/l. The concentrations found in the groundwater in Hanoi were significantly higher in large parts of the area. Reduction of FeOOH was expected to be the source of arsenic release to groundwater, caused by degradation of peat. Prior to the high abstraction from the area, arsenic was expected to be a minor problem. Lowering of water level may have caused increased degradation of peat and following increased FeOOH reduction and arsenic release. High arsenic concentration in the aquifer will therefore be related to areas with lowering of water level and presence of peat and arsenic containing layers.

A steady state numerical model was created and used to illustrate the likely spreading of arsenic. GMS4.0, MODFLOW was used to simulate the

32


distribution of hydraulic heads. It was found that due to the high abstraction a large drawdown area has been created in the area around Hanoi west from Red River. By using GMS4.0, MODPATH pore water velocity and directions were simulated and compared to estimated values, based on observed heads and borehole profiles. By simulating situations prior to the significant abstraction from the area took place, the situation before and after a lowering of water level can be evaluated. Due to the change in abstraction there has been a change in flow direction. In the past the flow direction is likely to have been upward but at present the hydraulic gradient is downward. Additionally the abstraction has caused a lowering of water level. It will therefore be concluded that lowering of water levels has lead to increasing arsenic release. Increasing drawdown, mainly in the lower aquifer, has created and increased the downward hydraulic gradient and contributed to the spreading of arsenic..


Arsenic contamination is a major problem for water supply in the red river delta. The reported work to contribute to the further understanding of the transport mechanisms and recharge to the aquifer and contains a good review of current status. For persons working with groundwater in the red river delta it is a good starting point and reference.

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Project name:

“Pure and Applied Chemical Research: Efficient use of modern instrumentation in basic research and within industry, agriculture and environment”

Key words:

Chemistry, industry, agriculture, environment


Dept. of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Erik W. Thulstrup

Web link:

Project period:

2004-07

Location:

HoChiMinh City, Vietnam/Roskilde University Denmark


The project deals with fairly basic research on systems (molecules) of relevance in many connections. The project started effectively in August 2004, so most studies have not yet been completed. Among the first results are: Quang Ton That, Kim Phi Phung Nguyen, Poul Erik Hansen, “Schiff bases of gossypol: an NMR and DFT study”. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 43 (2005) pp 302-308 N.C. Son., B. K. V. Hansen, J. Spanget-Larsen, "Electronic States of Emodin. Ultraviolet-Visible Linear Dichroism (LD) Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations". Electronic Newsletter PSOS: Polarization Spectroscopy of Ordered System. (2005). See also: http://www.rub.ruc.dk/dis/chem/psos/2005/emodin.html Farahnaz Nour-Mohhamadi, Nguyen Doan Sau, Gerrit Booshloo, Anders Hagfeldt and Torben Lund, “Determination of the light induced degradation rate of the solar cell sensitizer N719 on TiO2 nano crystalline particles”. Submitted.

Please specify to which of the following programmes your results are of particular relevance ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP
x x
34

https://webmail.ruc.dk/horde/util/go.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rub.ruc.dk%2Fdis%2Fchem%2Fpsos%2F2005%2Femodin.html&Horde=5badd3fb37a89e179b6cee965a40d240

3.1.2 Eco-systems, biodiversity, wetland conservation and environmental planning Project name:

Assessment of the importance of U Minh Tuong to natural resource and biodiversity conservation

Key words:

Peat swamp forest, natural resource management, biodiversity


Finn Danielsen and Sanne S. Nielsen (NORDECO, Copenhagen, Denmark) Local vietnamese institutions

Web link:

Project period:

1995

Location:

U Minh Tuong, Mekong Delta


The research documented the importance of the peat swamp (Melaleuca) forests to biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use


Effectivurgentlyimportalost

X

e integration of wetl needed in the Mekonce and key life-sup

and conservation ang Delta, otherwi

port ecosystems su

x

nd land-use development is se biodiversity values of global ch as peat swamp forests will be

35

Project name:

Coastal buffer and conservation zone management in the Lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Farming and Natural Resources Economics

Key words:

Stakeholder & conflict assessment, action research, P. monodon and S. paramamosain culture, mangrove forest management, integrated coastal area management, multi-use natural resource management


Stig Møller Christensen, SMConsulting ApS, [email protected] Nico Portefee Hjortsø, KVL, [email protected]

Web link:

Project period:

2000-2003

Location:

Mekong Delta, Vietnam


1. A rapid stakeholder and conflict assessment methodology was developed 2. Novel design of extensive shrimp-mangrove farming and semi-intensive production of mud crab, including better management practices resulting in a higher income generation potential 3. A multi-methodology approach to develop a forest and fishery decision support system 4. Demonstration that application of soft-system methodology is capable of producing ‘holons’ (systems) for improved socially feasible and systemically desirable natural resource management


1. Allows a planner to gain a comprehensive insight into complex systemic interactions between natural resources, stakeholders and their interdependencies – very useful when designing new natural resource projects/programmes or activities (ASPS, FSPS, ESP) 2. A number of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture models were developed and performance analysis of these indicated that they were able to generate higher income at lower risks than existing production methods – this information has direct relevance to the fishery sector programmes (FSPS) 3. The decision support system is considered a highly useful platform for dealing with complex coastal natural resource utilization issues and it is capable of improving cross-sectoral planning (ASPS, FSPS, ESP) 4. A methodology with explicit focus on action making it suitable for defining developmental projects which are better adapted to the local context – including the culture – compared to contemporary project development methodologies (ASPS, FSPS, ESP)

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Project name:

Nam Mat & Ca River Basin Environmental Assesment (under the Resource Policy Support Initiative)

Key words:

Transboundary watershed management impact assessment road development


Collaborative teams of staff from Hanoi Agricultural University, National University of Laos, World Resources Institute, Roskilde University, University of Copenhagen and Nordeco. Nordeco participants: Hanne Hubertz , Mikkel Funder (RUC/Nordeco), Aage Jørgensen

Project period:

1997-1999 (With follow-Up activities to 2001)

Location:

Ca River Basin (transboundary). Vietnam: Nghe An/Ha Tinh Province, Laos: Xiengkhuang/Hua Pan Province


The study undertook an in-depth interdisciplinary assessment of environmental and social impacts from infrastuctural development in the transboundary Ca River Basin. The methods used in the study combined a range of techniques, including GIS, Participatory Rural Appraisal and standard socioeconomic surveys methods to gauge the indirect impacts of road development on shifting cultivation, forest resources and livelihoods in a watershed perspective. It concluded that, while immediate environmental impacts would be limited and some socioeconomic impacts would be beneficial, the infrastructural development of the area would have substantial indirect impacts by triggering increased socioeconomic marginalization and resulting forest degradation. The study provided recommendations for mitigating /reducing these negative impacts.


Although done as a capacity building exercise, the combination of methods and the findings produced are of direct relevance to other similar contexts where the less apparent effects of infrastructural development need to be assessed – whether from an agricultural, watershed or other environmental perspective.

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Project name:

Local use of wetland resources

Key words:

wetland resource use patterns, sustainability, natural resource management


Sanne S. Nielsen (NORDECO, Copenhagen, Denmark) Anita Pedersen Le Trong Trai, FIPI, MARD Le Dinh Thuy, IEBR, National Centre for Sciences and Technology

Web link:

Project period:

1994-1996

Location:

Red River Delta, Nam Ha Province, Northern Vietnam


Based on a case study in Nam Ha Province, our findings documented current levels of exploitation of coastal wetland resources in Northern Vietnam and described present and potential resource use conflicts and proposed mitigating measures


The findings provide robust data on artisanal use of Vietnams wetland resources. The data can provide valuable input into efforts to improve natural resource management in coastal areas of Vietnam

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Project name:

Developing a Land Cover Model to Assess Agricultural Production and the Relative Carrying Capacities of the Highlands and Lowlands in Northern Vietnam

Key words:

Natural Resource Management; Land Use; Land Cover; Modeling


Stephen J. Leisz ([email protected])

Web link:

Project period:

September 2003 – September 2006

Location:

Nghe An Province, Vietnam


The traditional view of policy makers in Vietnam is that the uplands of the country are under populated, due to low population density figures and the prevailing view that most of the uplands is made up of unused land, while the lowlands are over populated. My research is investigating this contention. Initial findings suggest that the conventional way that land is classified in the uplands of Vietnam does not recognize many of the traditional uses of the land and the natural resources found on the land, resulting in the classification of much of the uplands as “unused.” Rather, when looked at from the perspective of how upland people actually use the land, almost all of the land in mountainous upper Ca River Basin is used. Further, when the actual production from the land is considered in conjunction with the population level of the area, initial findings suggest that the population pressure on the resource base of the uplands is actually higher than the population pressure on the lowland natural resource base. These findings, taken together, suggest that the current policies that, taken as a whole, encourage migration of lowland people to the uplands in Vietnam is actually counter-productive and will lead to worsening of the situation vis-à-vis the degradation of upland natural resources, with attendant impacts on water resources and “down-stream” resource bases.


The northern uplands in Vietnam are home to the poorest populations of the country as well as the source of most of the water resources in the north of the country; and also to much of the countries remaining bio-diversity. If the environmental situation in these areas worsens attendant effects will be felt in the different river basins and in the downstream urban areas. On a wider, global, basis, destruction of the bio-diversity will have affects that may not be quantifiable.

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Project name:

The Bau Ngam project (Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province

Key words:

Aquatic ecosystems, freshwater lakes, ecosystem services


Ole Pedersen ([email protected]), Ole Vestergaard and Pham Bach Viet

Web link:

NONE

Project period:

1998

Location:

Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province


The Bau Ngam lake is located in a coastal Maleluca forest and hosts a unique community of aquatic vegetation. The entire area is surrounding by vulnerable nature types which need specific attention in terms of environmental management. The province is currently reallocating people from the North to this area adding an extra stress factor to this sensitive ecosystem.


Environmental protection of sensitive freshwater ecosystems – inventories and management

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Project name:

Prediction of the resilience and recovery of disturbed coastal communities in the tropics (PREDICT). Financiación: CE (ref: IC18-CT98-0292) Duración: 1 Octubre 1998 -31 Abril 2002

Key words:

Coastal communities, mangroves, seagrasses, siltation, eutrophication


IMEDEA, Baleares, Spain, Hanoi National University, Vietnam, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal, University of Wales, UK, IIIHEE, Delft, The Netherlands, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, The Philippines, Freshwaterbiological laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Contact: Lars Kamp Nielsen, Ferskvandsbiol. Lab. (mailto: [email protected])

Web link:

Visit the predict WEB site at: http://www.imedea.csic.es

Project period:

1998 - 2002

Location:

Halong Bay, Nha Trang


The growth and expansion of seagrasses and mangroves are influenced by sediment conditions created by sediment loading from siltation and eutrophication. The resilience and the recovery of disturbed communities are species specific


Knowledge transfer on rehabilitation of destructed coastal ecosystems

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41

http://www.imedea.uib.es/%7Epredict/index.html

Project name:

University Support to Environmental Planning and Management (USEPAM) Vietnam component Regional MIFRESTA project in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos

Key words:

tropical forest, deforestation, agriculture, swidden agriculture, mountain highlands, remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS), environmental information systems (EIS), land use, land cover, soil and carbon, capacity building, applied research


Michael Schultz Rasmussen (contact person) Associated professor Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen Phone: +45 35 32 25 78, fax: +45 35 32 25 01, secretary: +45 35 32 25 00 E-mail: [email protected] Stephen Leisz, Long term advisor and PhD student (see separate table) E-mail: [email protected] Kjeld Rasmussen, Associate professor E-mail: [email protected] Bo Elberling, Associated professor (see separate table) E-mail: [email protected] Christian Tøttrup, PhD student E-mail: [email protected] Rikke Folving, PhD student E-mail: [email protected] All Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen We are working closely together with the other USEPAM partners from - CARES, Hanoi Agricultural University, Hanoi - National University of Laos - Royal University of Phnom Penn and - Department of Geography and International Development Studies, University of Roskilde,

42




Project name:

U-NEXUS (University-Network Exchange on Urban Sustainability – the former DUCED-I&UA)

Key words:

Urban Environmental Management: Environmental management in Industry; Sustainable Energy & CDM; Public Participation; EIA; Water Management.


Researchers from universities in Denmark (Aalborg University, Roskilde University, Technical University of Denmark, Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Copenhagen Business School) and from collaborating university partners in Thailand, Malaysia (and possibly South Africa) Contact person: Soeren Jeppesen, Head of Secretariat ([email protected])

Web link:

www.U-Nexus.dk (see sections on: research networks and on: projects )

Project period:

The collaboration has been going on since 1998 and continues in its third phase, where Vietnam also is included.

Location:

Collaboration projects take place in Denmark, Thailand, Malaysia (and South Africa). Members of the network have been involved in a number of projects in Vietnam. Researchers (Jan Andersen, Henning Schroll and Soeren Lund) from Roskilde University are involved in the USEPAM-project (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). There is further involvement of several researchers in activities with colleagues and institutions in Vietnam, including Eskild Holm Nielsen, Arne Remmen and Olav Juul Soerensen from Aalborg University, Michael Soegaard Joergensen & the Centre for Cleaner Production, Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Schaumburg-Müller, Michael W. Hansen and Soeren Jeppesen from Copenhagen Business School.


Establishment of international research network & collaboration, including joint international publication; capacity development of local/Asian researchers and Curriculum development at higher educational institutions. Examples of results include: a. Evaluation of Vietnamese experiences on Pollution prevention in industries, b. Processes of translation and appropriation of global environmental standards in Asian contexts focused on textiles, automobile, electronics and food & beverages industries, c. environmental upgrading on third world enterprises, particularly SMEs, d. barriers to public participation and limitations of EIA in Asian countries, e. utilization of sustainable energy mechanisms in Asian countries.

Please specify to which of the following programs your results are of particular relevance ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP Describe the relevance to the selected sector(s):

The research results are relevant in terms of: a) showing experiences in establishing research collaboration, ensuring capacity development and harnessing the potential (for example leading to Asian institutions being capable of accessing EU-funds), b) providing experiences on improving important aspects of Urban Environmental issues in Asia (environmental management in industry, including small businesses; pollution prevention & cleaner production initiatives; CDM, sustainable energy; sustainable housing, and public participation).

X (x)

43

Project name: Environmental Indicators Pilot Study

Keywords

Participants: Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research, University of Aarhus (Lead)

Cantho University Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) World Bank (Funding)

Web link: http://biology.au.dk/cenTER/EnvInd_WB.html

Project period

Location: Lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Summary of results:

Potential environmental indicators have been suggested and tested within this study. The selection of indicators was made on the basis of best performance in relation to: sensitivity cost of sampling, ease of sampling, manpower requirements and the developmental stage of the analysis technique (these parameters were assessed in relation to conditions in Vietnam (LMD) and the expected scenario over the next five years). The testing of the indicators was performed on four test series within eight months. The recommended indicators are ready for implementation in a general Coastal Environmental Monitoring System. INDICATORS TESTED: Physical Indicators (Land area changes in mangrove zones, Sedimentation changes in mangrove zones, Impact of storms and floods). Ecological Indicators (Water- Nutrients, In situ pollutants, Aquaculture management, External pollutants; Soil – Salinity, Acidity, Organic material, Sediment). Biological Indicators on Land (Mangrove Forest – Biodiversity, Productivity, Recruitment; Biological Indicators in Water – Biodiversity, Aquatic species in the mangrove zone, Phyto- and zooplankton, Zoobenthos; Production - Abundance of fish/shellfish in bag-net fishery, Growth of aquaculture species in ponds, Quantity and quality of hatchery seed, Recruitment). Socio-economic Indicators (Social, Economic, Income, Investment)


The recommended indicators are ready for implementation in a general Coastal Environmental Monitoring System.

xx x

44

3.1.3 Socio-economic aspects, livelihoods and rural development

Project name:

“Sustainable Livelihoods in Southeast Asia. A Grassroots informed approach to food security. The Case of Vietnam” The full project included Vietnam, Laos and Thailand

Key words:

Livelihoods, food security, poverty monitoring, development cooperation, participatory research, social capital, excluded groups, policy analyses, assessing livelihoods, rural changes, urban rural linkages.


For the Vietnam team: Dr. Irene Nørlund, IDS, Roskilde University, Associate Professor/now Research Associate, Vietnam. Pietro Masina, Ph.D. candidate, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Roskilde University, Vietnam and Coordinator of the project. Prof. Bui Huy Khoat, and Dinh Thi Ngoc Bich, Coordinator, Centre of European Studies, National Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi, Vietnam. Thailand: Dr. Michael Parnwell, Centre of South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull, UK working on Thailand. Dr. Wathana Wongsekiarttirat, Deputy Dean of the Faculty, Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand and Dr. Suriya Veeravongs, Assistant Director, Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute (CUSRI). Laos: Dr. Jonathan Rigg, Department of Geography, University of Durham, UK, Laos. NAFRI, the National Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Dr Bounthong Bouahom, Deputy Director General of the Institute, Linkham Douangsavanh, Head of Socio-Economic Unit, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute. IZI Metodi, Analysis and evaluation consultant, Rome, Mr. Valerio Levi.

Web link:

www.ruc.dk/ssc/forskning/INCO-devOnly the project document and the final report for INCO Dev in EU can be found at the website

Project period:

Support by RUF: 1.1.2003 – 31.8.2003 Full international project run 1.1. 2001-30.9.2003

Location:

Project was a cooperation between International Development Studies, Institute of Social Sciences, both located at RUC, and Centre for European Studies, Hanoi, Vietnam


- Crises and stresses are occurring in all communities, but. In the Red River Delta, market fluctuation is the main stress, whereas natural calamities are still important in the northern highlands.

- Food security is no longer the main issue, new types of problems related to modernisation and new lifestyles shows that increasing living standards have taken place with new demands in the livelihood. Increased generation gaps are one of the results.

- Integration in world market happens both in the remote and the areas closer to cities. It depends on the type of production.

- Differences between various communities is considerable, and the main problems depends on multiple factors from size of landholding, access to resources (including forestry), access to market, knowledge and possibility to

45

http://www.ruc.dk/ssc/forskning/INCO-dev

apply new technologies, falling number of children, access to and utilisation of modern consumer goods like television, availability of electricity, access to roads, modernisation of lifestyles which demands higher consumption, access to capital, ethnic coherence and social organisation and network.

- The poorest have still difficulties to take part in the main trend of development and the state social policies are only of partial help. It is usually top-down decided with little check on the ground.

- Agriculture and land holding are no longer the only factor for rural households. The income is supplemented by many other off-farm activities, where seasonal migration to cities is one of important ones.

- The market plays a surprisingly important role everywhere. New lifestyles encourage households to increase the incomes, but also to become more indebted.

- In spite of major differences and level of economic development between the three countries, Vietnam, Laos and Thailand, most of the general development trends are surprisingly similar. However, the level of income and poverty different: Situation best in Thailand, followed by Vietnam and Laos with a lower level of living standards.

- In the Vietnamese context, participatory approaches are still not much developed in the national research institutes. They have however become quite popular in the development agencies, but usually in a more instrumental way to assess and prepare projects and other encounters. The research project has encouraged research in the field, which is still important to promote in a planning culture where the ideas often seem more important than realities.

- Poverty monitoring is not in general based on reliable materials, but the knowledge by people and authorities is thorough in the localities. Monitoring systems could use the local knowledge available, but better systems to define criteria and collect information are needed.


The pappropplannefocuse

x
x
articipatory methodriate tool to understad to be carried out. d analyses.

x

ology developednd the general conIt can furthermore

x

by the project might be an ditions in areas where projects are be refined for more specific and

46

Project name:

Etniske grupper/hill tribes/minoriteter i Sydøastasiens højland

Key words:

Ethnic identity, land rights, upland agriculture, watershed management, sustainability issues of investment


Kirsten Ewers

Web link:

Kirsten Ewers, 2003 Poverty, Environment and Ethnic Minorities (Fattigdom, Miljø og Etniske Minoriteter i Viet Nam), paper in (Danish) book “VIETNAM, fra Kommandostyre mod Retssamfund) (eng. “VIETNAM, from command governance towards governance based on law”) published by MS November 2003 (ed. Thorkild Høyer) 2000-2001, SIDA, Team Leader: Evaluation of the Sida financed Forestry Co-operation Programme (FCP) and the Mountain Rural Development Programme (MRDP) in Viet Nam,

Project period:

1990s with Quaker Service Viet Nam Studies for Sida 2000 - 2001 related to evaluation of the MRDP

Location:

Son La Province + Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Phu Tho, and Ha Giang provinces


The village is preferable to the commune as institutional basis for NRM activities which means that a modality for sub-subsidiarity needs to be identified, if one wishes to use the Democracy Decree 29, 1998, to support decentralization, since it identifies the commune as the main actor. User groups, interest groups as well as mass organizations (women’s union) make up institutional modalities at village level that can be linked in a nested hierarchy with commune and district dependent on the characteristics of the resources in question. District Extension service has a tendency to choose to work with farmers that ‘have capacity’ meaning land and manpower and often the very poor on most degraded land receives no agricultural extension. An area-program approach must include means and monitoring framework to assess targeting of the poorer households without immediate capacity. Sector staff usually works towards sector targets rather than longer-term solutions within an eco-system framework, thus projects need to build in institutional mechanisms and incentives for cross-sectoral planning. The multi-sectoral approaches may prove more cost-effective by pulling resources from a wider range of service providers. The application of multi-sectoral area planning is constrained, however, by the lack of appropriate analytical tools and knowledge. There is a need to support development and testing of analytical tools such as bio-physical mapping (land hazards, soil capability, forest functions, and biodiversity etc) and socio-economic mapping (poverty, gender, tenure, existing traditional institutions and indigenous knowledge) at lowest appropriate level to provide a framework for investments in agriculture and environment.

Please specify to which of the following programmes your results are of particular relevance ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP
x x
47

Describe the relevance to the selected sector(s):

Agriculture sector: - Land tenure may be highly complex, adapt to local realities and culture, focus on land tenure security rather than land titling -Identify who is affected and prioritize sequence of actions -Build in mechanisms that ensures targeting poorest households, through incentives and participatory monitoring - Use the PRSP selectively to support a targeted approach to the resource poor households -Conduct pilots; fine tune through participatory monitoring before scaling up. Define indicators as success criteria in a participatory manner with stakeholders -Address variation in transaction costs for local government officers and local institutions to work effectively -Identify means through program approach to put land on policy agenda; facilitate comprehensive debate -Enforcement of existing laws women Environment sector: -The ecosystem and natural resources produce the free goods and services that keep poor people alive

-Around 30% of total number of poor are minority people whose habitats are located in areas that provide ecosystem services and biodiversity protection for the rest of the country. Modalities for compensation for guardianship may be piloted.

-The linkage between poverty and environment provides a vehicle for poverty reduction in ODA through the environment assistance framework, which may be more cost-effective than through other ODA sectors which tend to loose the linkages to poverty reduction when implemented.

-Thus, identify clearly the linkages between environment and poverty reduction, which ODA can address and let these linkages guide program design. Analyze environment as source and sink functions for its poverty linkages and identify target groups and level of investment

-Draft a list of all modalities under given regulatory framework that allow for public participation in enviroment-related investment and use this as a checklist when projects/components are designed -Establish a results framework or LFA for all planned investments and link environmental and poverty reduction indicators as inter-dependent variables. Define monitoring arrangements up front and budget for studies for lessons learnt.

-Define up front ways to bring back lessons learnt to policy level. Define together with all stakeholder and map clearly the time, personnel and status needed to undertake proper policy feed back beyond what happens through the PSC.

48

3.2 Research results from Vietnam of relevance to one sector

3.2.1 Agriculture Project name:

Genetic diversity among indigenous breeds of poultry in Vietnam and it’s implications for disease resistance - with reference to the identification of suitable breeds for poultry production at village level

Key words:

Poultry; Commercial breeds; Indigenous breeds; Ri; Luong Phuong; Disease resistance; Helminths; Bacteria; Ascaridia galli; Salmonella Enteritidis; Pasteurella multocida;


Torben Wilde Schou; Anders Permin; Jens Peter Christensen, KVL Helle Juul-Madsen, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences Cu Huu Phu; Nguyen V. Khong; Truong Van Dung, NIVR Nguyen Van Duc, NIAH

Web link: Project period: 2000 – 2005 (Field work in Vietnam: March – November 2002) Location:

National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR) 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi National Institute of Animal Husbandry (NIAH) Thuy Phuong, Tu Liem, Hanoi


The objective of the project was to examine and compare the degree of natural resistance to typical poultry diseases in the indigenous breed, Ri, and the commercial breed, Luong Phuong. Parasitological and bacteriological as well as clinical and immunological parameters were used to evaluate the establishment, persistence and resistance/susceptibility to the roundworm Ascaridia galli, the bacteria Salmonella Enteritidis and Pasteurella multocida in three experimental infection studies, respectively. Furthermore, the possible influence of the chicken Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), which is a specific part of the genome known to be involved in the immune response, was also evaluated. An initial study performed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites (helminths) among chickens purchased at markets of Hanoi, found that the Ri chickens were significantly more parasitized than the Luong Phuong chickens. However, a select few of the parasite species were found to be more prevalent in the Luong Phuong chickens, including the roundworm A. galli. In our experimental infection study with this parasite we also found that the Luong Phuong chickens harboured more worms, suggesting that the Ri chickens are naturally more resistant to A. galli. In an experimental infection study with S. Enteritidis we found significantly more Luong Phuong chickens excreting Salmonella, but a higher specific immune response in the Ri chickens. This would suggest that Ri chickens, in general, elicit a more responsive immune defence against S. Enteritidis, ensuring a lesser degree of susceptibility to this pathogen compared to Luong Phuong chickens. In our infection study with P. multocida, we found that the Ri chickens were much more susceptible to infection. This was demonstrated by a significantly

49

higher mortality as well as a significantly higher proportion of the Ri chickens having systemic infection at the end of the experiment compared to the Luong Phuong breed. The base line serum concentration of Mannan Binding Lectin (MBL), which is an important component of the innate immune system, is known to be under genetic control, and several studies have shown that low levels of serum MBL increase susceptibility to several infectious diseases. In our study, we found that the Ri chickens had a significantly higher base line concentration of serum MBL compared to the Luong Phuong chickens. Furthermore, we found that Ri chickens with systemic infection due to P. multocida had a significantly lower concentration of serum MBL than chickens with no systemic infection. This suggests that the concentration of base line serum MBL may be of importance to P. multocida infection in Ri chickens. Final analysis of the data on the MHC of the chickens remains to be carried out. However, initial analyses support the hypothesis that indigenous chickens have a greater genetic diversity compared with commercial chickens which have been exposed to inbreeding as well as breeding strategies focused on production traits. In Vietnam, it is the general opinion that the indigenous Ri chickens are more robust and resistant to disease than commercial breeds. However, from our results it must be concluded that the situation is more complex. Ri chickens seem to be more resistant to certain pathogens, yet more susceptible to others. However, as our results have shown, it is likely that genetic resources associated with disease resistance are present among Ri chickens. It would obviously be of importance to identify genes, other than the MHC, associated with disease resistance as this could be used directly in breeding programmes to increase poultry health and hereby production.


StrategiincludeThe profocusessmallhobreed. This princreasigenetic before sub-com
X
es for an increased the exploitation of ject is of relevance on disease resistalder farmers, the ind

oject is of particularng in the poultry presources are lost.

decisions are made ponents, but also in

productivity of vgenetic resources to the Small Livesnce in two chickigenous Ri breed a

relevance as Luoroduction, presentIt is therefore impon which breeds t official breeding p

illage poultry in Vietnam should associated with disease resistance. tock Component of the ASPS as it en breeds that are important to nd the commercial Luong Phuong

ng Phuong chickens at present are ing a considerable risk that local ortant to consider these concerns

o use, not only in new projects or rogrammes.

50

Project name:

Fair trade and organic tea farming: The case of the Thien Hoang Organic Tea Farmer Cooperative

Key words:

Fair trade, organic farming, cooperatives


Ms Lanie Stockman, Masters of Development Studies student, The University of Melbourne, email: [email protected]

Web link:

Not applicable

Project period:

December 2004

Location:

Minh Lap Village, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam


The research is a case study of the Thien Hoang Organic Tea Farmer Cooperative, the only organization in Vietnam registered by the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO). The cooperative, in its fourth year of operation, has very recently expanded from 7 members to 43. The interviews with the 7 initial members found the cooperative farmers did not demonstrate a clear understanding of fair trade and were ambivalent about whether they were receiving a better income through fair trade. While there was a view among farmers that they were getting better tea prices and would do so in the future, others were disappointed payments were slower in coming, compared to the local tea market where payments are immediate. Much clearer was the farmers’ understanding of organic farming, its benefits to consumers’ health and the environment as well as the potential to increase income by having a product of high quality. Two members expressed frustration at the difficulty in controlling the Helopeltis bug organically and the image problem in the local market of organic green tea being less aromatic and attractive in appearance than conventional tea. Ultimately the research found the cooperative was meeting all of the Fairtrade Standards for Tea for Small Farmers’ Organizations set by the FLO in terms of social, economic and environmental development. However, a prime concern has been that the cooperative has not been able to meet the demand for its tea from overseas buyers and follow up research should investigate the evolution of the cooperative and its future economic viability with its expanded membership.


This capotentiaThe resas slow

se study may serve al of other fair trade a

earch revealed some payment for sales an

s a contribution togricultural project

of the issues related confusion amon

further investigation into the s in Vietnam. d to fair trade in this context such g cooperative members about the

51

fair trade concept, as well as difficulty in meeting demand. In addition the case study emphasizes some of the difficulties for producers in organic tea cultivation and areas of support that may be required from external organizations.

52

Project name:

Capacity Enhancement Program for Improved Seed Health

Key words:

Seed Pathology, Farm saved seed, Seed Health, Seed Technology


Dr. Dung, National centre for Variety Evaluation and Seed Certification Jan Torp, Danish Seed Health Centre for Developing Countries

Web link:

www.shc.kvl.dk

Project period:

2003-2005

Location:

Hanoi


Survey of seed borne pathogens on major in Northern, Southern and Central Vietnam, seed testing and improvement technologies accessible to farmers and extensionists


The SeetechniqSteering
X
d Component of theues developed during Committee of the p

ASPS make use o the program. A rerogram

f receommendations and presentative of the ASPS is in the

53

Project name:

Various inter-linked research projects, including as well collaborative research and institution building over almost 5 years with a variety of Vietnamese institutions (including CIEM, ILSSA, and MARD)

Key words:

Development economics, data system development, social accounting matrices (SAMs), economic modeling, financial sector analysis, and household and enterprise surveys


Finn Tarp (contact [email protected]), Henning Tarp Jensen, John Rand, Mikkel Barslund, Theo Larsen and others

Web link:

http://www.econ.ku.dk/ftarp/ and http://www.econ.ku.dk/rand/

Project period:

2000 – present

Location:

Vietnam, national and 7 provinces across Vietnam


A variety of research studies, including 3 books, 4 refereed journal and book articles, 12 working papers and 2 miscellaneous reports published since 2000 (see attached list)


The datsystemawell as assessminequalhouseho

Publications list Books: 1999 Social Accounting MaA New Social Accounting 2004, 71 pages. From Monobank to Comm170 pages. Internationally refereed j‘Trade and Income GrowtSystems Research, Vol. 14(
x
a systems and econotic quantitative econagricultural and ruraents of issues such a

ity), globalization, trlds’ access to resour

trix for Vietnam. HMatrix for the Yea

ercial Banking: F

ournal articles anh in Vietnam: Esti2), 2002, pp. 157-1

mic modeling toolomic analysis of bl development in Vs growth and poveade liberalization aces, and local bus

anoi: The Gioi Pur 2000. Hanoi:

inancial Sector

d book chaptersmates from a Ne84.

s generated are needed for any oth general macroeconomic as ietnam. This includes rty reduction (including impact on nd WTO accession, rural

iness development.

blishers, 2001, 81 pages. Science and Technics Publishing House,

Reforms in Vietnam. NIAS Press, 2005.

: w Social Accounting Matrix’. Economic

54

http://www.econ.ku.dk/ftarp/

http://www.econ.ku.dk/rand/

‘Economic Structure and Development in An Emergent Asian Economy: Evidence from a Social Accounting Matrix of Vietnam’. Journal of Asian Economics. Vol. 13(6), 2003, pp. 847-871. ‘Trade Liberalisation and Spatial Inequality: A Methodological Innovation in Vietnamese Perspective’. Review of Development Economics. Vol 9(1), 2005, pp. 69-86. ‘Globalization, Economic Reform, and Structural Price Transmission: SAM Decomposition Techniques with an Empirical Application to Vietnam’. Forthcoming as Chapter 14 in A. de Janvry and R. Kanbur (eds.) Poverty, Inequality and Development: Essays in Honor of Erik Thorbecke, Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Working and discussion papers (in various stages of publication): ‘Modelling Vietnamese Economic Growth and Trade from a General Equilibrium Perspective’. Paper for seminar on >Vietnam and the WTO: Guidelines for Economic Analysis=, Central Institute of Economic Management, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2001. ‘Trade and Income Growth in Vietnam: Estimates from a New Social Accounting Matrix’. CIEM/NIAS Discussion Paper DP0201. Hanoi, Vietnam 2002. ‘Economic Structure and Development in an Emergent Asian Economy: Evidence from a Social Accounting Matrix of Vietnam’. CIEM/NIAS Discussion Paper DP0202. Hanoi, Vietnam 2002. ‘Household Income Determination in Vietnam: A Structural Analysis with Implications for Market Reform’. CIEM/NIAS Discussion Paper DP0203. Hanoi, Vietnam 2002. ‘Vietnam=s Accession to the World Trade Organization: Economic Projections to 2020’. CIEM/NIAS Discussion Paper DP0204. Hanoi, Vietnam 2002. ‘Financial Sector Reforms in Vietnam: Selected Issues and Problems’. CIEM/NIAS Discussion Paper DP0301. Hanoi, Vietnam. ‘Dragon by the Tail, Dragon by the Head: Bilateralism and Globalism in East Asia’. CIEM/NIAS Discussion Paper DP0303. Hanoi, Vietnam. ‘Vietnam’s WTO Accession and the Agricultural Sector: Projections to 2020’. 2003 report prepared for Vietnam’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, under sponsorship of the Danish government. ‘Trade Liberalization and Spatial Inequality in Vietnam: Methodological Innovations in Vietnamese Perspective’. FØI Working Paper No. 03/2003. Danish Research Institute of Food Economics, Copenhagen. ‘Globalization, Economic Reform, and Structural Price Transmission: SAM Decomposition Techniques with an Empirical Application to Vietnam’. A Paper presented at the Conference in Honour of Erik Thorbecke entitled ‘Poverty, Inequality and Development’. Cornell University. 10-11 October 2003. ‘SME Growth and Survival in Vietnam: Did Direct Government Support Matter’. Discussion Paper 04-13, Institute of Economics, University of Copenhagen, 2004. ‘Credit Constraints and the Cost of Capital in Vietnamese Manufacturing’. Discussion Paper 05-01, Institute of Economics, University of Copenhagen, 2005.

Miscellaneous other studies ‘NIAS Nytt – A Special Issue on Vietnam on Economic Reform and Development in Vietnam’. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, No. 4, 2003. Feasibility Study Concerning Possible Future Danish Budget Support and Support to Complementary Activities in Vietnam. A report to Danida, Copenhagen and Hanoi, April 2004.

55

http://www.econ.ku.dk/ftarp/miscellaneous/Docs/VNBudgetSupportRep.pdf

http://www.econ.ku.dk/ftarp/miscellaneous/Docs/VNBudgetSupportRep.pdf

3.2.2 Fisheries Project name:

Support to Data Analysis and Multidisciplinary Advice Provided to Decision-makers.

Key words:

Fisheries management, multidisciplinary, adaptive management, decision-making


Jesper Raakjær Nielsen, Institute for Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development (IFM), Holger Hovgaard, Danish Institute of Fisheries Research (DIFRES), Stuart Reeves, DIFRES and Poul Degnbol, IFM, Research Institutes for Marine Fisheries (RIMF) under direction of Dao Manh Son and Dang Van Thi, Vietnamese Institute for Fisheries Economics and Planning (VIFEP) under direction of Pham Thi Hong Van and National Directorate of Aquatic Resource Exploitation (NADAREP) under direction of Vu Van Dai and Le Tran Nguyen Hung.

Web link:

Project period:

2003-2005

Location:

National level


The research has been conducted on behalf of the Assessment of the Living Marine Resources of Vietnam, Phase II (ALMRV II).

ALMRV II supports multidisciplinary research in fisheries management, and a number of projects are presently under implementation. An analysis of collected data from the enumerator program and scientific survey program has been initiated to describe the state of fish stocks based on sustainability indicators. These analyses are providing the background for multidisciplinary advice provided to decision makers. As scientific body for providing multidisciplinary advice provided to decision makers a Marine Fisheries Specialist Team (MFST) has been established with the support from ALMRV II. The first training of the Marine fisheries Specialist team in providing multidisciplinary advice in fishery management were initiated in 2003 with support from international consultants. The training of the Marine Fisheries Specialist Team in providing multidisciplinary advice in fishery management is a process that needs continued support from international consultants as a part of the scientific capacity building at RIMF, VIFEP and MOFI.


As part of the research training has been given to MFST on how to provide multi-disciplinary advice for adaptive fishery management based on indicators. The research is highly relevant for Ministry of Fisheries (MOFI) in particular NADAREP in their plans to implement adaptive fisheries management in Vietnam utilizing advice form MFST.

x

56

Project name:

Development of fisheries profiles as input to multidisciplinary planning for sustainable capture fishery development at provincial level

Key words:

Fisheries, capture, marine, planning, sustainability, fisheries profiles, multidisciplinary advice, participation


Christoph Mathiesen Institute for Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development (IFM)

Web link:

Project period:

2005

Location:

Vietnam, Ba Ria Vung Tau province


To ensure a participatory approach and facilitate data collection and strengthen awareness about the possibilities of indicator based fisheries management at province level, a Working Group was established in Ba Ria Vung Tau province. The external consultant team met three times with the Working Group to discuss the local need for planning and how to meet these through data collection and training. The discussions made it clear that the immediate expectation from province authorities were that the consultant should deliver a final plan, including an implementation strategy. The province decision makers do not seem ready to take full responsibility in formulating and implementing the plan and participate in the data collection and the analysis of the necessary data (fisheries profile). The consultancy team found it relevant to put extra effort into explaining the possibilities of multidisciplinary indicator management which does not solely rely on predicting the state of the fish resources, but allows management to adapt to biological, economic and social changes as they happen over time. In the process of data collection and evaluations in the three Working Group meetings, the province authorities showed increasing understanding of their management potentials by taking responsibility, identify constraints and formulating their specific requests for external assistance instead of leaving it to the consultancy team to decide.


The work is delivering input to decision makers in Vietnamese fisheries management at central and local levels.

x

57

Project name:

Multidisciplinary planning for sustainable freshwater aquaculture development

Key words:

Freshwater aquaculture, planning sustainability, rapid development, multidisciplinary


Christoph Mathiesen Institute for Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development (IFM)

Web link:

Project period:

2004

Location:

Vietnam, Ha Tinh, Hghe An and Ba Can provinces


The requirement for external support for Vietnamese freshwater aquaculture planning comes from the need to implement policies in a rapidly developing, but minimally controlled freshwater aquaculture sector. In the southern provinces, which provide most aquaculture production, poorly planned freshwater aquaculture development has created extensive environmental problems, uncontrolled production and difficulties in meeting quality and food safety standards Unsustainable development can be prevented if development is carefully planned and monitored. However, to pursue the overall objective of sustainable development, it is necessary that decision makers agree on specific and measurable strategies. To define adequate and realistic actions for the implementation of a plan, a thorough understanding is required of: 1) multidisciplinary causalities behind key constraints and opportunities within the existing local freshwater aquaculture sector and 2) a clear definition of the decision makers’ objectives and their tentative plans for meeting set targets. An external consultant (IFM) was employed in 2004 to facilitate the planning process in Ha Tinh Province. Through close corporation with local stakeholders a series of principles for sustainable aquaculture planning were developed on the basis of empirical experiences. In short these principles are: 1) Peoples’ participation; 2) Cross sectoral involvement of key stakeholders; 3) The use of an external facilitator throughout the planning process, 4) Establish Aquaculture Planning Steering Committee; 5) Integration of economic, social, environmental and production/technical factors; 6) Correlation of objectives at all levels of decision making (national, provincial, district, commune and farmers); 7) Detailed action plan for implementation; 8) A process of continuous monitoring and adaptation of the plan; 9) Use of scenarios as a pointer for planning rather than for prediction of development (i.e. precautionary use); 10) Simple realizable district/province planning guidelines, needing only limited outside input.

58


The work is delivering input to decision makers in the Vietnamese aquaculture management at central and local levels.

x

59

Project name:

Assessment of the living marine resources in Vietnam (ALMRV Phase 1)

Key words:

Marine fisheries in Vietnam. Data collection. Creation of data base. Estimation of total catches Education. Institutional strengthening.


Research Institute of Marine Fisheries (RIMF), Haiphong, Vietnam Danish Institute for Fisheries Research (DIFRES), Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Per J. Sparre. (Coordinator), Sten Munch-Petersen, Rasmus Nielsen

Web link:

www.dfu.min.dk

Project period:

1996 - 1998

Location:

Haiphong, Vietnam


A data-sampling programme covering the major marine fisheries in 11 of the 26 coastal provinces in Vietnam was established. In this connection also a database for compiling biological as well as fishing fleet and effort data was developed. 1 years data (1996-1997) were the basis for the first scientifically founded estimate of the total catches by marine fisheries in Vietnam. Estimates of the fish resources in deeper waters were obtained from experimental fisheries. Not all the specific objectives of ALMRV Phase 1 were fully achieved. However, the objective of institutional strengthening and education can be considered a success, and is the basis for the current continuation as ALMRV Phase 2


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http://www.dfu.min.dk/

Project name: Assessment of the Living Marine Resources in Vietnam (ALMRV Phase II)

Key words:

Marine fisheries. Fisheries Statistics. Fisheries research. Fisheries management. Institutional strengthening.


Ministry of Fisheries (MOFI), Vietnam (implementing institution); Research Institute of Marine Fisheries (RIMF), Haiphong, Vietnam Danish Institute for Fisheries Research (DIFRES), Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Steen Christensen (Coordinator, email: [email protected]), Karl-Johan Stæhr, Stuart Reeves, Holger Hovgaard

Web link: www.dfu.min.dk Project period: 1999 – 2005 Location:

Ministry of Fisheries, Hanoi, Vietnam Research Institute of Marine Fisheries, Haiphong, Vietnam


ALMRV II provided support to the Fisheries Sector Programme with the objective to:

• Establish a multidisciplinary information base including biological, economic and social data

• Strength of the multidisciplinary fishery research capacity • Improve the multidisciplinary management advisory capacity for

Vietnamese fisheries. Activities included:

• Data collection by extensive biological and economic survey programmes;

• Multidisciplinary assessment of data from the major fisheries and resources

• Establishment of resource and fishery profiles supporting fisheries management

• Establishment and training of multidisciplinary research and advisory teams

Capacity building and strengthening of research institutes and fishery administrations at national and local (provincial) levels.


The ALMRV objectives are essential for establishment and management of efficient and sustainable fisheries.

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Project name: Knowledge in fisheries management (KNOWFISH) Key words:

Vietnam. Lower Mekong Delta. Shrimp fisheries. Local ecological knowledge. Scientific knowledge. Knowledge based fisheries management.


Vietnam: Research Institute of Marine Fisheries (RIMF) Institute of Fisheries Economics and Planning (IFEP) Can Tho University (CTU) Hanoi National Polytechnic University (HPU)

Denmark: Institute for Fisheries Management (IFM), Denmark (Coordinator, Doug Wilson, Coordinator, email: [email protected]) Danish Institute for Fisheries Research (DIFRES), Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Steen Christensen, email: [email protected]) Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research (cenTER)

Funded by: EU INCO-DEV programme Web link: www.ifm.dk; www.dfu.min.dk Project period: 2002 – 2005 Location: Lower Mekong Delta, Ca Mau province, Vietnam Summary of research results and conclusions:

The objective of Knowfish was to improve the understanding of the information needs and appropriate institutional structures for fisheries management.

The research objectives were: 1. Analyse candidates for indicators of resource system health and exploitation that are robust, less costly than traditional stock assessment parameters, and compatible with the management institutions in developing countries 2. Analyse how these candidate indicators relate to existing institutions ans social contexts that influence the quality, content and use of scientific information, including both research based information and information generated in cooperation with stakeholder groups 3. Evaluation of the ability and willingness of co-management institutions to use multiple sources of knowledge in management decision making, and what difference this use of multiple sources of knowledge makes in the actual management of fishing behaviour. The 7 cases were: 1) lake fisheries in Malawi; 2) freshwater fisheries in Zambia; 3) shrimp fishery at Sofala Bank, Mozambique; 4) pelagic fishery in South Africa; 5) fisheries in Mekong River system, Kampassak province, Laos; 6) coastal fisheries of the Mekong Delta, Dam Doi district, Vietnam; 7) coastal fisheries in Khan Hoa Province, Vietnam. DIFRES was involved in cases 3, 6, and 7.

Please specify to which of the following programmes your results are of particular relevance ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP Describe the relevance to the selected sectors:

Identification of resource and fisheries indicators that are recognized by all stakeholders would strengthen fisheries management and contribute to better collaboration and compliance.

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3.2.3 Water Project name:

An analysis of gender perspectives in water and sanitation in a rural area of Dalat, Vietnam. With recommendation for gender balanced intervention

Key words:

Water, sanitation, gender equity, empowerment


Doan Y Uyen Dalat Sanitation Project No 29, 3 thang 4 Road, Dalat City, Vietnam Tel: +84 63 834303 Mobile: +84 91 8127728 Fax: +84 63 829 101 E-mail: [email protected]

Web link:

Project period:

8th April to 17th May, 2004

Location:

Xuan Tho Commune, Dalat City, Vietnam


Gender inequalities are still a barrier to improvement in water and sanitation conditions, particularly in rural areas. More than men, women do most of the reproductive and productive jobs that are related to water and sanitation. On average a women has to work three times as much as a man. However, men have always played more important social role and enjoyed a higher social status than women. Men are considered the breadwinners of their family and responsible for hard work and important issues whereas what women do is regarded as light work and of minor importance. Women are responsible for health, hygiene and sanitation in the family. In addition, they have to take charge of the children's hygiene education and to give instructions on personal hygiene and on the use of sanitation facilities. Lack of water and sanitation facilities inconveniences women more than men, more so when women's need for sanitation facilities are much stronger. Since women’s work is closer associated with water and sanitation, they have gained experience in assessing the type and design of sanitation facilities suitable to all the family members, especially to the children. Nevertheless, men make all decisions concerning investments in water and sanitation, the type, design and location of such facilities within the house, as they enjoy greater power in decision-making. Women are not able to take part in community activities as frequently as men because of their workload and lack of time. This has even put them at a more serious disadvantage and has taken away their opportunities to express their concerns at meetings. Gradually, they become timid and avoid getting into contact with others and eventually lose self-confidence. Men do not trust women's ability to take decision or to take part in community activities. They believe that women are not aware of the socio-economic situation and do not have knowledge of technical issues and thus, cannot take

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sensible decisions. Another excuse is that the community does not always hold women's opinions in high regard. Though women are under the influence of these social norms and values, they are fully aware of the unfair distribution of work and the power to decide. But they are in no position to negotiate with men. Furthermore, women are heavily influenced by social pressures, which recognize them as responsible for the family peace. This limits women's ability to act as they are. Based on the above identified obstacles for gender equity, recommendations are suggested as below:

- IEC activities should be specifically designed in order to target men and women separately. For long-term change, children could also be targeted through school-based program.

- Women’s work is closer associated with water use and sanitation needs. Planning of new development activities and programmes must take into consideration the different situations and experiences of women and men. Development initiatives may in fact contribute to gender inequity, if a gender sensitive approach is not applied to all the steps of water and sanitation interventions

- PHAST method should be adopted so that active participation can be obtained, making it possible for both men and women to express opinions and perceptions.


It is crucial that recommendations as the ones presented above feed into the formulation of new programmes and strategies for water and sanitation development. The recommendations can contribute to a higher degree of equity within water and sanitation, taking into consideration the realities of women and men’s work, their life situations and how they relate to water use and sanitation.

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Project name:

Water Resources Research in Vietnam. The mobilization of arsenic and the relation to the dynamic interaction between groundwater and surface water in the Red River Plain.

Key words:

Arsenic, contamination, groundwater, surface water, water resources, Red River Plain, Vietnam


Participants: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DHI Water and Environment, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi University of Science, Northern Hydrogeological and Engineering Geology Division. Contact person: Sr. Scientist Klaus Hinsby, GEUS

Web link:

To be established

Project period:

2004-2007

Location:

Red River Plain, Hanoi, Vietnam


First multi-level sampling wells are installed and initial screening analyses are performed confirming very high levels of arsenic in the upper aquifer at the selected test site. The drilling and installation of wells in the test site is still on-going

Please specify to which of the following program’s your results are of particular relevance ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP Describe the relevance to the selected sector(s):

Arsenic contamination in groundwater poses severe health hazards to poor people in many flood plain areas where the drinking water and irrigation is based on ground water. In Vietnam urban and rural water supply in flood plains are increasingly being converted to groundwater due to its good bacteriological quality.

However, this development results in new serious problems with arsenic in drinking and irrigation water. In an international perspective this project aims at contributing to remediate the serious arsenic problems encountered especially in Bangladesh, West Bengal and Vietnam where more than 50 million poor people are affected by high arsenic contents in groundwater and crops. The main objective in the project is to obtain a fundamental understanding of the processes controlling the groundwater arsenic content in the flood plain aquifers of the Red River Basin in Vietnam, through detailed hydrogeological and geochemical investigations. The ultimate objective and further perspective to be achieved in a possible subsequent project phase is to upscale this understanding to a regional scale and develop tools applicable for prediction of stream-aquifer

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interaction and arsenic contamination in regional flood plains. In this way the project aims at providing knowledge and tools of crucial importance for the management of groundwater resources in flood plains where the water supply for drinking water and irrigation in many places is seriously threatened by arsenic.

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3.3 Other inputs of relevance to Danida programmes in Vietnam

3.3.1 Inputs from other parts of the worls Project name:

Improving water use efficiency in crop plants under partial root zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategy

Key words:

Water saving; Fresh water resources; Alternate irrigation; Abscisic acid; Irrigation use efficiency; More crop per drop; Soybean; Tomatoes; Potatoes


Docent Christian Richardt Jensen; Postdoc Fulai Liu; Ph.D.-student Ali Shahnazari, Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, RVAU. Andi Bahrun, Universitas Haluoleo, Indonesia. Senior Scientist Mathias Neumann Andersen, Dept. Agroecology, DIAS

Web link:

http://netforum.dsr.kvl.dk/perl/person/type-agsci?persid=8389 http://webserver.rad.net.id/Hi-Ed-Net/unhalu.htm http://www.agrsci.org/content/view/full/2116

Project period: 2004 – 2008 Financed by SJVF, EU and respective institutes

Location: China (Beijing); Indonesia (Anduonohu) and Denmark (Taastrup and Foulum)


The project investigates and develops a new system of irrigation that is based on the plants inherent capabilities to save water by transmitting hormonal signals to the shoots from roots sensing dry soil. Irrigation water savings of up to 50 % has been recorded with little decrease in yield of soybeans and maize (Bahrun et al. 2002, J. Exp. Bot. 53, 251-263. Andersen et al., 2002, Plant Physiol. 130, 591-604. Liu et al., 2005. Plant Sci. 168, 831-836, Shahnazari et al. 2005. In: Maize Adaptation to Marginal Environments. Proc. International Conference. March 6-9, 2005, Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchassima, Thailand. P 75-80). PRD-irrigation can be adapted to most crops and irrigation systems, but research needs to be done locally to optimize system performance.


Fresh water is becoming a scarce resource with increasing competition between environment and different sectors, with agriculture being the largest consumer in many countries. Any substantial reduction of irrigation water needs will therefore have a large impact on increasing water resources availability to other sectors such as household consumption and industry. Also for environmental protection it is important to reduce abstraction for irrigation from rivers and lakes. The flow of water in these systems especially during the dry season is important for their function as habitats, both in terms of quantity and quality, and can therefore also influence inland fisheries.

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http://netforum.dsr.kvl.dk/perl/person/type-agsci?persid=8389

http://webserver.rad.net.id/Hi-Ed-Net/unhalu.htm

http://www.agrsci.org/content/view/full/2116

Project name:

Gender and poverty impact monitoring for the agricultural sector programme support (asps), Uganda

Key words:

Agricultural Sector Programme. Outputs, outcomes, and impacts. Gender and poverty.


Helle Munk Ravnborg, Anne Sørensen, Henrik Nielsen, Bernard Bashaasha, Zerupa Akello, Michael Kidoido, Sarah Kasozi, Veronica Wabukavo; Contact person Jannik Boesen.

Web link:

e-mail: [email protected]

Project period:

2000-2004

Location:

Uganda


This approach to monitoring poverty adds great value to earlier efforts in several ways:

• It provides a means of monitoring changes in poverty and gender relations for the ASPS and could be extended to similar development programmes

• Complements on-going poverty monitoring efforts in a gender sensitive manner

• Is more systematic at capturing local perceptions of poverty than other approaches

• Provides comparable district level poverty and gender relations estimate • It provides a means of assessing the reach, outcome and impact of

specific interventions • Avoids the assumptions associated with poverty measures based only on

consumption data • It turns qualitative and essentially location specific poverty perceptions

into a quantitative and absolute poverty index through careful sampling, extrapolation analysis and validation


Developed a methodology to measure and compare poverty and gender impacts of a sector programme, over time and space

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http://www.diis.dk/

3.3.2 Training courses Project name:

Support to Capacity Building at the Water Resources University is part of the WAterSPS Component 1 "National Capacity Building"

Key words:


Hanoi Water Resources University, Asian Institute of Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde University (Denmark)

Web link:

www.watersps.org.vn (component 1.3)

Project period:

2002-2006

Location:

Hanoi Water Resources University


By project completion the following shall have been achieved: - 20 lecturers retrained abroad through 3-4 months short term courses; - 70 lecturers retrained in Vietnam through short term courses, seminars and workshops and attachment to other Danida projects; - 50 lecturers trained in English language; - 11 graduates supported for MSc studies, mainly at AIT; - 7 graduates supported for PhD studies, mainly at DTU; - Set up of two advanced lecture rooms and two computer laboratory rooms; - Course curricula and contents revised for courses given in the area of Integrated Water Resources Management, Demand Responsive Approaches, and Water Resources Economics; - Course curricula and materials updated, developed or revised for 15 courses at BSc, MSc and PhD level; - WRU library upgraded with books and library software; - Improved internet access for staff and students - Updated applied research and educational software


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http://www.watersps.org.vn/

Project name:

The Cantho Aarhus University Link in Environmental Sciences

Key words:


Can Tho University, University of Aarhus

Web link:

http://www.mesam.info/html/caules.html

Project period:

2001-2006

Location:

VIETNAM, Can Tho University


>60 bachelors in environmental sciences upgraded to masters and trained in carrying out research in environmental problems in the Mekong Delta


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Project name:

Course on isozymes and microsatellites

Key words:

Aquaculture, genetics, species identification,


Staff members from RIA 1, 2 and 3 and RIMF Don Griffiths, SUFA

Web link:

-

Project period:

November 1- November 30, 2004

Location:

RIA 1, Bac Ninh


12 persons got introduction to the application of genetic markers for species identification, hybridisation, population studies and very brief introduction to marker assisted selection. All the participants tried to do lab exercises with isozymes and microsatellites. SUFA has a report in English and most likely now in Vietnamese.


For improving the breeding stocks in aquaculture, these techniques are very useful. By these techniques it is possible do provide genetic characterisation of stocks, to reveal unintended hybridisation and to apply marker assisted selection.

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3.3.3 Research proposals Project name:

Sustainable improvement of pig and poultry production in Vietnam with emphasis on the use of local feed resources

Key words:

Small livestock, nutrition, feed, longitudinal survey, socio-economic consequences


Charlotte Lauridsen (contact person) Partners: National Institute of Animal Husbandry (Hanoi), Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Ho Chi Minh), Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS)

Web link:

Project period:

This is a proposal, and the project plans were scheduled from 2004-2006 (incl.)

Location:

Field trials and research trials in Vietnam


The project proposal was sent to Ole Sparre in January 2004. The project is very relevant for the ASPS, and the contact between the Danish and Vietnamese partners is still active amongst others through meetings in 2004-2005.


The target group of the project is the smallholders. Though this is a wide concept, and may include farmers being very poor, poor, or medium-rich, the project group believes that smallholders in general will benefit from the results of the project. As the feed availability is a major constraint within the agricultural system in Vietnam, the main purpose of the project will be to deal with the use of local feed resources. The project group intends to conduct the planned on-site experiments among smallholders, which are involved in the ASPS, small livestock.

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Project name:

Improvement of smallholder poultry production in North Vietnam through use of a dynamic modelling management tool “SimFlock” and analysis of inputs and outputs over time

Key words:

Poultry, input-output analysis, dynamic modelling


Contact persons at National Institute of Animal Husbandry (NIAH), Hanoi: Deputy Director Vu Chi Cuong. E-mail: [email protected] and Head of Department Luong Tat Nho, Department of Economics and Farming Systems. E-mail: [email protected] person at KVL: Charlotte Vesterlund McAinsh. Department of Production Animals and Horses. E-mail: [email protected] staff from Hanoi Agriculture University will be involved

Web link: Project period:

3 years

Location:

Thanh Hoa and Thai Binh Provinces in North Vietnam

Summary of project proposal:

A variety of factors act over time to influence productivity of poultry and thus dynamic management tools are useful. McAinsh and Kristensen (2002) developed a dynamic simulation model ”SimFlock” which can simulate the dynamics of a traditional chicken flock at smallholder level. SimFlock simulates outputs e.g. total number of chickens produced, egg production and net return after entering flock or area specific biological parameters. Biological parameters include hatchability, egg production, growth and survival of various age groups and full-grown weights. Further, some decision parameters like farmer’s needs for meat consumption, slaughtering and selling age of chickens are included. The simulation model helps the user to better understand the dynamics of smallholder poultry production and the correlations between parameters. SimFlock can also identify the parameters of most influence on production. Thus improvement of these parameters will have the largest impact on output. However, before the model can be used on a specific real world flock (e.g. a management tool at farm/flock level), it needs to be further developed. I.e. a seasonal component needs to be added expressing the variations in feed supply, mortality and especially market prices throughout the year. To improve the traditional chicken production several factors have to be in place: The farmers need some resources as basic feeds and knowledge on feeding, management etc. They need access to different inputs as breeding stock, supplementary feeds and vaccines, access to services like credit, extension and veterinarians as well as access to the market for the products. All this cannot be arranged by the individual farmer and is at present not organised by the community or state. However, experiences from elsewhere have shown that implementation of such an enabling environment is crucial to the success of production and thus income generation and ultimately poverty alleviation. The opportunity for using poultry as a tool for poverty alleviation is therefore first and foremost to train the farmers in the different aspects of production and to make sure that all the needed inputs and services are available for the farmer. A

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simulation model is thus useful since it can help identify the most effective improvements on the basis of predicted production output under different given circumstances. Comparing different systems can increase our knowledge about poultry production systems further. Hence, it is important that existing systems in Vietnam are studied and compared. Objectives of the research project: • To analyse the performance of existing poultry production systems in Vietnam (based on existing information and data as well as new data collection); • To use collected data in dynamic modelling to identify constraints as well as correlations between inputs and outputs, especially economic inputs and outputs; • To compare different production systems through dynamic modelling • To provide research results as support to the ASPS - Small Livestock Component training and development activities;


The proposed project will provide a new tool to management and extension in relation to smallholder poultry production, also at specific farm level. Similar tools do not exist. Most families in rural Vietnam keep poultry in scavenging or semi-scavenging systems. The systems are developed to a different extent in the different provinces of Vietnam (Danida, 1999). Smallholder poultry production accounts for as much as 80% of total national production (Danida, 1999). A report made by MARD/DANIDA (2001), where 120 households in 4 different communes in the Thanh Hoa Province were interviewed, show that around 85% of households keep chickens in small flocks of 8-12 hens. Cooperation with ASPS is of high priority. Hence, it is important that data gathered and simulation results as well as the model are made available to ASPS stakeholders and beneficiaries. Some of the data needed as input to the model could possibly be gathered by M.Sc. or Ph.D. students in the ASPS. Common meetings will be held to utilise the skills and capacities of each partner in the best possible way.

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Project name:

Biological research as a basis for on-farm application of integrated rodent management in lowland irrigated ricefields.

Key words:

rats, rice, rodent control, IPM, ecology


- Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, Danish Instititue for Agricultural Sciences Kongens Lyngby, Denmark (contact: Prof. dr. Herwig Leirs, [email protected]) - National Institute for Plant Protection, Ha Noi, Viet Nam (contact: Nguyen Phu Tuan, M.Sc.) - Faculty of Agronomy - Ha Noi Agriculture University No 1 (contact: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Dinh)

Web link:

Project period:

36 months

Location:

- Hung Yen province, about 60 km south-east of Ha Noi - National Institute for Plant Protection, Ha Noi,


General objectives - To minimise economic losses to rodent damage in Vietnam lowland irrigated ricefield systems through sustainable ecologically-based management strategies, relying on a minimal use of chemical rodenticides. - To transfer knowledge about such strategies to farmers - To reinforce the agricultural rodent research basis in Vietnam Immediate objectives - To develop and support capacity at NIPP to identify rodent species involved in rice field damage - To study the biology and ecology of the dominant rodent species in rice fields, with special focus on the house rat Rattus rattus which recently has started spreading in the rice fields in considerable numbers - To assess the usefulness of nest boxes for barn owl in rodent management - To improve community approaches in rodent management strategies with special attention for Trap Barrier Systems -To allow a NIPP staff member to start a PhD-education on rodent biology and management


Rodents are a significant agricultural problem in Vietnam. Rats are considered the number one pre-harvest pests of lowland irrigated rice crop, especially in the Mekong and Red River delta. The problem has escalated in the past decade and recorded losses have increased from 50,000 ha in 1993 to more than 500,000 ha in 1998 and 1999. Rats also damage winter crops and can be vector for a number

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of diseases of humans and farm animals. Rat control in Vietnam is currently based on a number of approaches, most of which are not effective, or undesirable for environmental reasons. The chemical rodenticides that are used are highly risky for non-target organisms, and their effectiveness is often compromised by poor application methods. Bounty systems result in enormous numbers of captured rats but this is still a minor fraction of the population and rapidly replaced by the ongoing reproduction. Plastic fences protect the crop for a short period, but are quickly destroyed by gnawing activities of the rodents. A promising solution is the combination of such fences with traps placed in holes in the fences and the attraction of rats to the fences by planting an early crop within the fence (Trap Barrier System with Trapping Crop TBS+TC). Ecologically-based rodent management at village-level combines TBS+TC with a number of other techniques and habitat sanitation. An important aspect which is not yet well investigated is the incorporation of biological control with natural predators. Rodent management is a labour-intensive activity, in Vietnam fields mostly carried out by women, often at times of the year when the workload is high already. The present project should result in improved yield without increasing the need for hand labour in these very busy periods. A smaller reliance on chemical rodenticides will reduce the associated risks for humans and the environment. Biological control with predators will improve the quality of the environment and increase the sustainability of the village-wide approach. The research in this project will increase the understanding of rodent biology at farmer level and in the sub-Plant Protection Department staff. This will have a multiplicator-effect in the dissemination of sustainable local rodent control strategies that will contribute to food security, increase rice yield and development of sustainable and ecologically sustainable agricultural production in Vietnam.

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Project name:

Protection of Vietnamese rice and maize varieties against biotic and abiotic stress using biotechnology

Key words:

rice, maize, biotechnology, stress, Vietnam, DNA markers, Biotechnology


WP1 (Co-ordination) Ahmed Jahoor, KVL WP2 (Disease resistance in rice) Ahmed Jahoor, KVL WP3 (Barley genes for enhanced reistance in rice) Søren K. Rasmussen, KVL WP4 (Drought tolerance in rice) Gunter Backes, KVL WP5 (Drought tolerance in maize)Thomas Lübberstedt, DIAS Co-ordinator for Vietnamese Part Dr. Le Ham and several other partners from different institutes

Web link:

Project period:

Three years

Location:

KVL, DIAS and several Vietnames intitutes


The main object of the project is to provide tools to select and improve varieties that are resistant to biotic and tolerant to abiotic stresses. A set of rice and maize varieties, lines and landraces will be selected. Two populations will be developed for biotic and abiotic stresse, respectively. DNA markers including microsatellites AFLP and candidate gene will be employed to conduct association approach for the detection of QTLs (association-based QTL mapping, ABQM) in the germplas consisting of 192 lines. The populations and the 192 lines will be screened in Vietnam for the traits included in the framework, whereas genetic linkage maps will be developed in Denmark. A segregation based QTL analysis will be conducted based on the data obtained in field and/or lab and genetic linkage map to detect loci underlying these traits. In addition, naturally occurring resistance factors identified in barley and wheat will be transferred to rice to increase resistance to fungal blast or the insect brown hopper and weevils. The framework will take full advantage of the complete sequence of the rice genome that has been published. Such resistant varieties can be planted without the help of pesticides that are costly and damage the environment and human health, besides being not always effective. Further the improvement of drought tolerance varieties will facilitate to grow rice and maize in unirrigated fields that are mostly belonging to poor farmers in Vietnam. Consequently, planting of such resistant varieties to biotic and abiotic stressed will certainly improve income of poor farmers and thereby the living standard of the farmers. In this framework, exchange of the scientist is planned. Particularly, scientists from Vietnam will be hosted at Danish institutes to help in humane capacity building. Further aim of the project is also to transfer know-how from Denmark to Vietnam

Please specify to which of the following programmes your results are of particular relevance

ASPS FSPS WSPS ESP x

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Describe the relevance to the selected sector(s):

This proposal would have studied the genetic diversity in existing Vietnamese material. Further it would have improved disease resistance, insect resistance and drought tolerance in Vietnamese rice and maize. Further it would have provided biotechnogical tools to accelerate practical breeding goals. It would have certainly improved the livelihood of poor farmers via growing improved material well as the human resources via training the scientist from Vietnam.

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Project name:

Researching Poverty Alleviation Model in Northern Mountainous Areas based on Sustainable Development

Key words:

Poverty alleviation, Northern mountainous areas, Agriculture, Sustainable development, Model, Ethnic minority


Danish Research Institutions: - The Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS) - International Development Studies (IDS) Roskilde University Centre (RUC) - The Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen Vietnamese Research Institution: - National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection (NIAPP) Contact person: Mr. Vu Cong Lan, Head of Int’l Cooperation and Project Management Division Tel: 04 8213317 Fax: 04 8214163 Email: [email protected]

Web link:

www.niapp.org.vn

Project period:

One year, including 6 months for research and 6 months for demonstration model

Location:

Son La province, Vietnam


Research results: - Appropriate research methodology and policies on poverty alleviation in

mountainous rural areas are proposed and applied - Proper model of cultivation on sloping land to be expanded in the

mountainous areas


- This research is in line with common effort of the Government of Vietnam on poverty alleviation, complying with Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (CPRGS) and with National Target Programmes such as Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction (HEPR) Programme

- This research also fits with development goal of the Agricultural Sector Programme Support (ASPS) to alleviate poverty in rural area based on sustainable development.

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http://www.niapp.org.vn/

Project name:

Transfer of technology and information to farmers in Son La province in searching a sustainable development approach for poverty alleviation in the northern mountains

Key words:

Technology transfer, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, mountainous areas, ethnic minority


Danish Research Institutions: - The Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS) - International Development Studies (IDS) Roskilde University Centre (RUC) - The Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen Vietnamese Research Institution: - National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection (NIAPP) Contact person: Mr. Vu Cong Lan, Head of Int’l Cooperation and Project Management Division Tel: 04 8213317 Fax: 04 8214163 Email: [email protected]

Web link:

www.niapp.org.vn

Project period:

One year, including 6 months field survey and 6 month in-door research

Location:

Son La province, Yen Chau district for field survey


Research results: - Understanding on upland agricultural practices as well as ethnic minority society, in order to find out the way for accessing them in pursuit of common goal on attacking poverty as a common goal of both Vietnamese and Danish researchers and development cooperation. -The scientific contribution will be a deeper study of selected areas in order to understand the transfer of knowledge from local and central levels in relation to the various agricultural systems of the different ethnic groups -Recommendations of proper methodology on technology and information transfer


- This research is in line with common effort of the Government of Vietnam on poverty alleviation, complying with Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (CPRGS) and with National Target Programmes such as Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction (HEPR) Programme

- This research also fits with development goal of the Agricultural Sector Programme Support (ASPS) to alleviate poverty in rural area based on sustainable development.

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http://www.niapp.org.vn/

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