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Name: _______________________________________ ____ Date: ___________________

ELA 8, period: ______ ELA 8 notes

Poetry TermsTypes of PoetryWhat is poetry?Poetry is language used in a unique, musical way to communicate ideas or experiences more powerfully than can be communicated in prose. Prose is writing that is not poetry.There are two types of poetry:1. Lyric Poetry - Highly musical form of verse that conveys the ideas and emotions of the speaker. These poems may cover subjects from life and death to everyday experiences. Lyric poems are often short.

"Mother To Son"by Langston Hughes

Well, son, I'll tell you:Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.It's had tacks in it,And splinters,

5 And boards torn up,And places with no carpet on the floor—Bare.But all the time I'se been a-climbin' on,

10 And reachin' landin's,And turnin' corners,And sometimes goin' in the darkWhere there ain't been no light.So, boy, don't you turn back.

15 Don't you set down on the steps.'Cause you finds it's kinder hard.

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Don't you fall now—For I'se still goin', honey,I'se still climbin',

20 And life for me ain't been no crystal stair. 2. Narrative Poetry - Tells a story and contains characters, a setting, and a plot. These poems contain rhyme, rhythm, imagery, and figurative language. Narrative poems are often long.

“Paul Revere's Ride”by Henry Wadsworth LongfellowListen, my children, and you shall hearOf the midnight ride of Paul Revere,On the eighteenth of April, in 'Seventy-five;Hardly a man is now alive

5 Who remembers that famous day and year. He said to his friend, "If the British marchBy land or sea from the town to-night,Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry archOf the North Church tower as a signal light, --

10 One, if by land, and two, if by sea;And I on the opposite shore will be,Ready to ride and spread the alarmThrough every Middlesex village and farm,For the country folk to be up and to arm."

15 Then he said, "Good night!" and with muffled oarSilently rowed to the Charlestown shore,Just as the moon rose over the bay,Where swinging wide at her moorings layThe somerset, British man-of-war;

20 A phantom ship, with each mast and sparAcross the moon like a prison bar,And a huge black hulk, that was magnified By its own reflection in the tide.

Meanwhile, his friend, through alley and street,

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25 Wanders and watches with eager ears,Till in the silence around him he hearsThe muster of men at the barrack door,The sound of arms, and the tramp of feet,And the measured tread of the grenadiers,

30 Marching down to their boats on the shore.

Then he climbed the tower of the Old North ChurchBy the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread,To the belfry-chamber overhead,And startled the pigeons from their perch

35 On the sombre rafters, that round him madeMasses and moving shapes of shade, --By the trembling ladder, steep and tall,To the highest window in the wall,Where he paused to listen and look down

40 A moment on the roofs of the town,And the moonlight flowing over all.

Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead,In their night-encampment on the hill,Wrapped in silence so deep and still

45 That he could hear, like a sentinel's tread,The watchful night-wind, as it wentCreeping along from tent to tent,And seeming to whisper, "All is well!"A moment only he feels the spell

50 Of the place and the hour, and the secret dreadOf the lonely belfry and the dead;For suddenly all his thoughts are bentOn a shadowy something far away,Where the river widens to meet the bay, --

55 A line of black that bends and floatsOn the rising tide, like a bridge of boats.

Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride,Booted and spurred, with a heavy stride,On the opposite shore walked Paul Revere.

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60 Now he patted his horse's side,Now gazed at the landscape far and near,Then, impetuous, stamped the earth, And turned and tightened his saddle-girth;But mostly he watched with eager search

65 The belfry-tower of the Old North Church,As it rose above the graves on the hill,Lonely and spectral and sombre and still.And lo! As he looks, on the belfry's heightA glimmer, and then a gleam of light!

70 He springs to the saddle, the bridle he turns,But lingers and gazes, till full on his sightA second lamp in the belfry burns!

A hurry of hoofs in a village street,A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark,

75 And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a sparkStruck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet:That was all! And yet, through the gloom and the light,The fate of a nation was riding that night;And the spark struck out by that steed, in his flight,

80 Kindled the land into flame with its heat.

He has left the village and mounted the steep,And beneath him, tranquil and broad and deep,Is the Mystic, meeting the ocean tides;And under the alders, that skirt its edge,

85 Now soft on the sand, now loud on the ledge,Is heard the tramp of his steed as he rides.

It was twelve by the village clockWhen he crossed the bridge into Medford town.He heard the crowing of the cock,

90 And the barking of the farmer's dog,And felt the damp of the river fog,That rises after the sun goes down.

It was one by the village clockWhen he galloped into Lexington.

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95 He saw the gilded weathercockSwim in the moonlight as he passed,And the meeting-house windows, blank and bare,Gaze at him with a spectral glare,As if they already stood aghast

100At the bloody work they would look upon.

It was two by the village clockWhen he came to the bridge in Concord town.He heard the bleating of the flock,And the twitter of birds among the trees,

105 And felt the breath of the morning breezeBlowing over the meadows brown.And one was safe and asleep in his bedWho at the bridge would be first to fall,Who that day would be lying dead,

110 Pierced by a British musket-ball.

You know the rest. In the books you have read,How the British Regulars fired and fled, --How the farmers gave them ball for ball,From behind each fence and farm-yard wall,

115 Chasing the redcoats down the lane,Then crossing the fields to emerge againUnder the trees at the turn of the road,And only pausing to fire and load.

So through the night rode Paul Revere;120 And so through the night went his cry of alarm

To every Middlesex village and farm, --A cry of defiance and not of fear,A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door,And a word that shall echo forevermore!

125 For borne on the night-wind of the Past,Through all our history, to the last,In the hour of darkness and peril and need,The people will waken and listen to hearThe hurrying hoof-beats of that steed

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130 And the midnight message of Paul Revere.

Poetry Literary Terms3. Line - a group of words written horizontally across the page.4. Stanza - a group of lines.

"I Am Cuter than a Button"  by Jack Prelutsky  I am cuter than a button,

I am neater than a pin,  I have freckles on my forehead,  and a dimple on my chin.

5 I have eyes as blue as bluebirds,  I have shiny golden hair,  and a little cherry birthmark-  I will never tell you where.

How many lines are in this poem?

How many stanzas can be found in poem?

Types of Stanzas5. Couplet - a two-line stanza.  Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind;

And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind.

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  -from William Shakespeare, A Midsummer’s Night Dream

6. Tercet/Triplet - a three-line stanza.   The sun on Sunday morning calls, come and play.

the morning’s sun calls, come out and play,but first, I have a Sunday duty to pay. 

-from Judi Van Gorder, "Burn Out Blues"7. Quatrain - a four-line stanza.

  Little Bo-Peep has lost her sheep,and doesn't know where to find them;leave them alone, And they'll come home,wagging their tails behind them

  -from a nursery rhyme

Rhyme - a repetition of sounds at the end of words.

 8. End Rhyme - rhyme that occurs at the end of  lines of poetry.   I spied a beauty across the street

A charming girl I’d like to meet

 9. Internal Rhyme - rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry.  She sent a glare and a hateful stare

My cat refused to leave my chair.

 10. Slant Rhyme - end rhyme that is close to sounding the same but is not exact.

I worked so hard this entire week So I purchased some ice cream across the street.

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11. Sight Rhyme - end rhyme similar in spelling but different pronunciation.

My love has left me all alone  My dreams and future now are gone.

Sight Rhyme Examples:

12. Meter/Rhythm - a collection of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. This emphasizes the musical quality of the language.

Write your name below in the open box.

"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" Thomas Gray The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the leaThe plowman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

5 Now fades the glimm'ring landscape on the sight,And all the air a solemn stillness holds,

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Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tow'r

10 The moping owl does to the moon complainOf such, as wand'ring near her secret bow'r,Molest her ancient solitary reign.

"Eve"Ralph Hodgson

Eve, with her basket, was Deep in the bells and grass, Wading in bells and grass Up to her knees,

13. Rhyme Scheme -a pattern of end rhymes in a poem. Rhyme scheme is noted by giving a letter of the alphabet, beginning with a, to each line. Lines that rhyme are  given the same letter.

"Neither Out Far, nor in Deep"Robert Frost'The people along the sand All turn and look one way. They turn their back on the land. They look at the sea all day.

5 As long as it takes to pass A ship keeps raising its hull; The wetter ground like glass Reflects a standing gull. The land may vary more;

10 But wherever the truth may be--- The water comes ashore, And the people look at the sea. They cannot look out far. They cannot look in deep.

15 But when was that ever a bar To any watch they keep?'

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14. Traditional Verse - poetry that has a regular meter/rhythm and a regular rhyme scheme.

15. Free Verse - poetry that does not have a regular meter or pattern of rhymes.

“Fog” by Carl Sandburg

The fog comeson little cat feet.

 It sits lookingover harbor and city

5 on silent haunchesand then moves on.

16. Repetition - a technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for emphasis.

"War is Kind"Stephan Crane

Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind,Because your lover threw wild hands toward the skyAnd the affrighted steed ran on alone,Do not weep.

5 War is kind.

Hoarse, booming drums of the regiment,Little souls who thirst for fight,These men were born to drill and die.The unexplained glory flies above them.

10 Great is the battle-god, great, and his kingdom--A field where a thousand corpses lie.

Do not weep, babe, for war is kind.

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Because your father tumbles in the yellow trenches,Raged at his breast, gulped and died,

15 Do not weep.War is kind.

Swift blazing flag of the regiment,Eagle with crest of red and gold,These men were born to drill and die.

20 Point for them the virtue of slaughter,Make plain to them the excellence of killingAnd a field where a thousand corpses lie.

Mother whose heart hung humble as a buttonOn the bright splendid shroud of your son,

25 Do not weep.War is kind!

17. Speaker - the voice that talks to the reader.

The speaker may be the poet or a character created by the poet.

Who is the speaker in this poem?

“Theme for English B”

Langston Hughes, 1902 - 1967 The instructor said,

Go home and write a page tonight. And let that page come out of you— Then, it will be true.

I wonder if it’s that simple?I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem.

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I went to school there, then Durham, then hereto this college on the hill above Harlem.I am the only colored student in my class.The steps from the hill lead down into Harlem,through a park, then I cross St. Nicholas,Eighth Avenue, Seventh, and I come to the Y,the Harlem Branch Y, where I take the elevatorup to my room, sit down, and write this page:It’s not easy to know what is true for you or me at twenty-two, my age. But I guess I’m what I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you:hear you, hear me—we two—you, me, talk on this page.(I hear New York, too.) Me—who?Well, I like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love.I like to work, read, learn, and understand life.I like a pipe for a Christmas present,or records—Bessie, bop, or Bach.I guess being colored doesn’t make me not likethe same things other folks like who are other races.So will my page be colored that I write?Being me, it will not be white. But it will bea part of you, instructor. You are white— yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. That’s American.Sometimes perhaps you don’t want to be a part of me. Nor do I often want to be a part of you.But we are, that’s true! As I learn from you, I guess you learn from me— although you’re older—and white— and somewhat more free.

This is my page for English B.

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18. Paraphrase - the restating of information in one's own words.

“The Pitcher” by Robert Francis

His art is eccentricity, his aimHow not to hit the mark he seems to aim at,

His passion how to avoid the obvious,His technique how to vary the avoidance.

5 The others throw to be comprehended. HeThrows to be a moment misunderstood.

Yet not too much. Not errant, arrant, wild,But every seeming aberration willed.

Not to, yet still, still to communicate10 Making the batter understand too late.

Figurative Language and Sound Devices

1. imagery-language that appeals to the six senses

2. simile-a comparison between two unlike things, using the words like or as

“My Cat”

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Natasha Niemi

Eyes like a green-yellow crayon, Almost as bright as a ripe orange. My cat rules my heart and my actions. I am as a puppet on strings

5 When he purrs against me Like I am a warm blanket heating him in the cold.

3. metaphor-a comparison between two unlike things that does NOT contain the words like or as

by Emily Dickinson

Hope is the thing with feathersThat perches in the soul,And sings the tune–without the words,And never stops at all,

4. personification-a description of an object, an animal, a place, or an idea as if it was human or had human qualities

“My Town”Sharon Hendricks

The leaves on the ground danced in the windThe brook sang merrily as it went on its way.The fence posts gossiped and watched cars go bywhich winked at each other just to say hi.

5 The traffic lights yelled, ”Stop, slow, go!”The tires gripped the road as if clinging to life.Stars in the sky blinked and winked outWhile the hail was as sharp as a knife.

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5. hyperbole-when the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect.

“My Dog”Sharon Hendricks

His bark breaks the sound barrierHis nose is as cold as an ice box.The wag of his tail causes hurricanesHis jump causes falling rocks.

5 He eats a mountain of dog foodAnd drinks a water fall dry.But though he breaks the bankHe's the apple of my eye.

6. onomatopoeia-the use of words (made-up or real) whose sounds suggest their meaning

"Running Water”Lee Emmett

water plops into pondsplish-splash downhillwarbling magpies in treetrilling, melodic thrill

5 whoosh, passing breezeflags flutter and flapfrog croaks, bird whistlesbabbling bubbles from tap

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7. alliteration-the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words

"Spinning Dry"Denise Rodgers

If I had a choice, when it's time to get cleanI'd like to jump into our washing machinefor sudsing and soaking and rolling and churningand bobbing and bubbling and twisting and turning.

5 Next come my chance to feel just like a flyeras I get to hop out and spin in the dryer.I'd roll all around with a fluttering flopping,just floating and turning with no thought of stopping.

It sounds like such fun, this incredible fling, 10 that I wouldn't mind if I got static cling.

8. assonance-the repetition of vowel sounds in two or more syllables

Try to light the fireThe crumbling thunder of seasI must confess that in my quest I felt depressed and restless

"I lie down by the side of my bride"/"Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese"/"Hear the lark and harden to the barking of the dark fox gone to ground" by Pink Floyd

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9. idiom-an expression that has meaning different from the meaning of its individual words

“Backwards Idioms”Jonathon Fernandez

I'm the one and many,Nutty with no screws loose,A couple eggs short of the breakfast and the cooked goose.I'm cooler than the side of the pillow that you sleep on,

5 I blend in with the crowd, even when I'm wearing neon,Beyond excellent,feeling like a million cents,Ever since,I stopped,

10 Using my uncommon sense. I'm the cat's woof,With the bark to match my teeth,I'm the bee's knees, legs, arms, eyes, feet.I'll stop when Heaven freezes, or when the lady sings it,

15 Snug in a rug but not a wall-hugging insect.

Plot Map and Story Elements

climax

falling action

rising action

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resolution

exposition -- characters -- setting -- hints of potential conflict

Parts of a Story

What Drives a Story?

1. Setting - The time and place of the action. The time might be the historical era, the season, or the time of day. The place might be a country, a neighborhood, or a room. Setting often affects the action and the characters' feelings.

2. Characters - The people, animals, or imaginary creatures that take part in the story. The characters' behavior directly affects what happens in the story.

3. Conflict - A struggle between forces. This keeps the action moving forward. A conflict can be external or internal.

External Conflict -Struggle between a character and an outside force. This force might be another character, a group of characters, or nature.

Internal Conflict -Struggle within a character's mind. This kind of conflict occurs when a character must deal with opposing thoughts and feelings.

4. Plot - The series of events in a story. The story begins by introducing the main character who has a conflict. As the story moves on, the conflict becomes more complicated, and the

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character must find a solution. Once the problem is solved, the character adjusts, and the story ends.

5. Exposition Introduces the setting and the characters Sets up or hints at the conflict

6. Rising Action

Shows how the conflict unfolds and becomes more complicated

Suspense builds

7. Climax The most exciting moment and the turning point Often results in a change for the main character - Epiphany Epiphany -a sudden insightful increase of understanding

(lightbulb, “Ah ha!” moment)

8. Falling Action Suspense eases Reveals how the main character begins to resolve the

conflict

9. Resolution or Denouement Ties up loose ends Sometimes offers an unexpected twist before the story ends

Elements of Drama

1. Drama/Play - major genre, or category, meant to be performed (play, film, TV, radio, etc...) 2. Tragedy - errors and mistakes lead to  misdirected actions that eventually result in a catastrophe or calamity

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3. Comedy - errors and mistakes lead to  prosperity and happiness

4. script - written form of the drama

5. plot - action of the play, grows from a conflict, usually between the characters

6. scene - piece of the action in a drama; usually changes when the setting changes; collection of these make up an act

7. act - grouping of scenes, usually grouped as part of the plot

8. cast of characters - list of all the characters or players in a drama

9. dialogue - the lines of conversation spoken by the characters

10. stage direction - instructions for actors and stage crew, usually set in italics

11. theme - the life lesson, message, or idea expressed by the elements in the play. It is what the story teaches the reader.

English Literary Terms1. genre- a category in which a work of literature is classified. The four major categories are fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama

2. protagonist - main character in a story, play, or novel; this individual is involved in the main conflict and undergoes changes as the plot runs its course

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3. antagonist- the force working against the main character in a story, play, or novel

4. central idea- the most important idea about the topic that a writer or speaker conveys

5. fiction- writing that tells an imaginary story; basic elements are plot, characters, setting, and theme; examples are short stories and novels

6. nonfiction- writing that tells about real people, places and events; conveys factual information; examples are biographies, autobiographies, speeches, and letters

7. drama- a form of literature meant to be performed by actors in front of an audience

8. poetry- a type of literature in which words are carefully chosen and arranged to create effects; sound devices, imagery, and figurative language is used to express emotions and feelings

9. short stories- a short work of fiction that centers on a single idea and can be read in one sitting; has one main conflict that involves the characters that keeps the story moving

10. novels- a long work of fiction; since story is considerably longer, characters and storyline can be developed more thoroughly

11. biography- true account of person’s life written by another person; told from 3rd person point of view

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12. autobiography- writer’s account of his or her own life; told from 1st person point of view

13. memoir- autobiographical writing in which an author shares personal experiences about the impact of significant events on their lives

14. connotation- the ideas and feelings associated with the word, as opposed to its dictionary meaning

15. denotation- a word’s dictionary meaning

16. anecdote- a brief account of an interesting incident or event that is usually intended to entertain or make a point

17. allusion- reference to a famous person, place, event, or work of literature within a novel/short story

18. characterization - the way a writer creates and develops characters; four basic methods: 1. narrator’s direct comments, 2. describe character’s physical appearance, 3. character’s own thoughts, speech, and actions, 4. other character’s thoughts, speech, and actions

19. character trait- qualities (physical or expressions of personality) shown by a character

20. dialect- form of a language spoken in a particular place/region or by a particular group of people

21. dialogue - written conversation between two or more people that is usually set off with quotation marks in fiction

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22. flashback - an interruption in present events of action that took place at an earlier time to help a reader understand a character’s current situation

23. foreshadowing- hints and clues that suggest future events in a story

24. 1 st person p.o.v. - method of narration; narrator is a character in the story; uses the pronouns “I” or “we” in the narration

25. 3 rd person limited p.o.v. - method of narration; narrator is outside the action and not one of the characters; uses the pronouns “he” or “she” in the narration; tells only what one character thinks, feels, and observes

26. 3 rd person omniscient p.o.v. - method of narration; narrator is outside the action and not one of the characters; uses the pronouns “he” or “she” in the narration; sees into the minds of all the characters; all-knowing

27. irony- a special kind of contras between appearance and reality---usually one in which reality is the opposite of what it seems; when you expect one event to happen, but the opposite happens instead

28. narrator- the voice that tells the story

29 symbol- a person, a place, an object, or an activity that stands for something beyond itself (i.e. color black stands for death)

30. mood- feeling or atmosphere a writer creates for the reader

31. tone- expresses the writer’s attitude toward his or her subject

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32. theme- life lesson, meaning, moral or message about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader; it’s what the story teaches the reader

33. suspense- feeling of growing tension and excitement felt by the reader; makes reader curious about outcome of story

Persuasive Terms1. argument- speaking or writing that expresses a position on a problem and supports it with reasons and evidence; often takes into account other points of view

2. counterargument- an argument made to oppose another argument; a good argument anticipates opposing viewpoints and provides information to disprove them

3. claim- In an argument, it’s the writer’s position on an issue or problem

4. support- any information that helps to prove a claim