World History - World War 1 / Russian Revolution - A New Kind of War

A New Kind of War World War 1 =

________________ largest conflict in history up to that time.

______________ = Mobilized 8.5 million men

______________ = Mobilized 9 million men

______________ = Mobilized 12 million men

______________ = Mobilized 11 Million men

1 In 4 who fought in the World War did not come back again.

Children in Montenegro That’s not counting the maimed, blind, and mad!

Stalemate on the Western Front

German forces fought their way through

_________ toward ________ = Belgians resisted more than German Generals expected plan for quick defeat slowed.

___________________________ = Russia mobilized more quickly than expected + Won small victories German generals shifted troops to east ______________ forces in west.

(September 1914) British + French troops pushed back German drive along Marne River = ________________________ Germany’s hopes of quick victory on Western Front gone.

Both sides =

_________________________ to protect armies from fierce enemy fire turned into a long ____________________________.

From _____ – ______ warring armies on the Western Front = faced one another vast system of deep trenches.

Millions of soldiers lived out in the ________ + sharing food with _____ + sharing bed with ____.

Between opposing trench lines = “_________ ________” every house + tree long gone + many shell

holes.

Soldiers = Go “_______________” charging into “no man’s land” with luck soldiers overrun a few enemy trenches.

The enemy would counterattack = similar results struggle continued back + forth for a few _______________________ of territory.

Stalemate ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Battle lines in France would remain ___________ ______________ for four years.

To break the stalemate = __________________ massive offensives from both sides in 1916.

German forces = tried to overwhelm the French at ____________ French forces held firm: “They shall not pass”

____________ struggle = half million casualties.

___________________ = Offensive at the Somme River 60,000 British soldiers killed or wounded in one day!

5 month battle = 1 million casualties ___________________________ .

Technology of Modern Warfare

Enormous casualties = Western Front destructive power of ______________________.

Rapid Fire Machine Gun + Long Range Artillery gun = significantly improved weaponry.

_____________ = mowed down waves of soldiers.

__________ = flying debris from Artillery shells killed + wounded even more soldiers than guns.

Artillery allowed troops to shell the enemy from more than _________________ away.

Trench Design = Front Line Trenches were dug in a _______________ pattern prevents enemy from firing down the line.

______________________ = perpendicular to front line trenches routes for mail + food + supplies + reinforcements + transport of wounded soldiers.

Poison Gas:

(1915) First Germany then Allies = began using ___________________ (New Weapon).

Poison Gas = ____________ or ______________ its victims + caused agonizing burns + blisters.

Poison Gas could be _____________= one of most dreaded hazards of the war.

Poison Gas = ___________________________ shifting winds could blow the gas back on the soldiers who launched it.

Tanks, Airplanes, and Submarines:

WW1 = Advancements in technology _______

_________________ led opposing forces to use tanks + airplanes + submarines against each other.

(1916) Britain introduced the first armored __________ = Mounted with machine guns rolled on sturdy tracks + navigated through barbed wire + over rough terrain of “no man’s land”.

The First Tanks Broke down often = __________ to break the ___________________.

________________ = trained to leap over barbed wire carried vital information to the front lines.

________________ = first used to observe enemy troop movements.

(1915) Germany = _______________ bombed English coast.

Zeppelins ________________________________________.

Both sides later equipped ___________________ _____________ = Pilots known as “flying aces” spectacular “______________________”.

Fight in the sky had little effect on fighting on the ground.

____________ = much more important than Airplanes German

______________ did tremendous damage to Allied side.

U-Boats nicknamed from the German word for submarine; Unterseeboot.

German U Boats sunk vital merchant ships carrying supplies.

To defend against attack = Allies

organized _______________ protected by warships.

Convoys _________________________________________

Battle on Other European Fronts_______________________ = battle lines shifted back and forth sometimes over large areas.

Eastern Front = not marred with Trench Warfare Casualties even ________ + results just as ____________.

Russian Losses on the Eastern Front:

(August 1914) Russian Armies Pushed into Eastern Germany = Suffered disastrous defeat at ____________ causing Russia to retreat.

Russia = ___________________________ poorly equipped to fight a modern war.

Some Russian troops even lacked _______________.

New Combatants in the Balkans and Southern Europe:

(1915) ____________ joined Central Powers + helped defeat Balkan rival Serbia.

(1915) ____________ declared war on _______________ + later on ____________________.

(1916) _________________ joined the Allies hoping to gain land in Hungary ___________________________.

Secret Treaty with Allies promised ____________ some ________________ ruled lands inhabited by Italians.

Over next 2 years = Italians + Austrians fought eleven battles along Isonzo River.

(October 1917) Austrians +

Germans = launched major offensive _________________________.

Italians retreated in disarray Later British + French forces help stop the ________________________ from advancing into Italy.

War Around the World

World War 1 = Global Conflict _________ allied w/ ____________ + used War as excuse to seize German outposts in _________ + ____________.

The Ottoman Empire Joins the Central Powers:

Due to Strategic location = __________________ was a desirable ally had the Ottoman Turks jointed the allies the Central Powers would have been almost completely encircled.

(October 1914) ____________________ Joined the _______________________ = cut off crucial supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles.

Dardanelles a vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.

(1915) Allies sent a massive force of British + Indian + Australian + New Zealander troops = attempt to open the strait

________________.

Turkish Troops trapped the Allies on the peninsula + Beaches = 10 months + 200,000 Casualties ________________________________________.

Meanwhile = Turkey fought Russia in ________

______________ Turkey’s northern border.

Region = home to ethnic ______________ some lived under ____________ rule + some lived under ______________ rule.

Armenians = _________ minority in Ottoman Empire + did not have same rights as Muslims.

As Russians advanced = some ________________ joined + helped Russian army against Turks.

Ottoman government used this cooperation as a reason to deport the entire Armenian Population to ___________ + _______________________-.

During the deportation = between_________ and _____ Million Armenians died planned massacres + starvation due to marching without food.

Many Armenians fled to other countries _____________ = almost no Armenians in historic homeland in _________.

Turks = hit hard in Middle East vast areas with Arab Nationalists who revolted against Ottoman rule.

(______) Husayn ibn Ali = declared a revolt against Ottoman Rule.

British = Send T.E. Lawrence ______________ ____________.

Lawrence = _________________________ led guerrilla raids against Turks + dynamited bridges + supply trains.

Ottoman Empire = lost great deal of territory including key city of __________________.

War and the Colonies:

European Colonies = drawn into war ________ overran __________ colonies in ________ + ____.

Nations also turned to _____________ = troops + laborers + supplies.

______________ recruited = British India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand + __________ recruited = French West Africa.

Some colonists were reluctant to serve rulers who did not treat them fairly.

Others viewed service as a step toward ___________ or __________________.