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GCSE GeographyPaper 1

Living with the Physical Environment

Knowledge Atlas

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KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Year 10 Unit 10 – Natural Hazards - Living With The Physical Environment Section AGCSE Geography Year 10 Unit 11 – Tectonic Hazards - Living With The Physical Environment Section A

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1.1 A natural hazard is when a natural event effects people and human activities1.2 Atmospheric hazards include rain, lightning, drought (climatological hazard), snow, tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons), tornadoes, storm force wind. Hydrological hazards include flooding.1.3 Geological hazards include volcano, earthquake, landslide, mudflow, avalanche.

1.4 Hazard risk is the probability of being affected by a natural event.

1.5 Factors affecting risk: 1) urbanisation (over 50% of people live in cities and some are at risk from earthquakes (Los Angeles, Tokyo, Istanbul). 2) Climate change causes a warmer atmosphere with more energy. It increases extreme weather like storms and flooding and some areas suffer droughts). 3) Farming on fertile floodplains have caused people to live next to rivers increasing the risk from floods. 4) Poverty has forced people to live on unstable slopes and suffer floods and landslides like in Lima, Peru.

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2.1 Describing Maps: use names, the key, the scale, compass direction and write in relation to each other.2.2 An earthquake is a sudden and violent period of ground shaking caused by a sudden movement of the Earth’s crust. This occurs mainly at the edges of the tectonic plates.2.3 the Earth’s crust is split into plates that float on the molten rock of the mantle. 1) The younger, thinner Oceanic Crust that can be destroyed and constructed. 2) The older, thicker Continental Crust that is not destroyed nor constructed.2.4 Plates move due to the convention currents rising from the core and cooling whilst dragging the tectonic plates cross the surface of the Earth.2.5 A volcano is a landform that has access to the magma (molten rock in the mantle) and can erupt lava, gas, ash and rocks.2.6 Like earthquakes, volcanoes are distributed in long belts at the plate margins (e.g. the Pacific Ring of Fire and the Mid Atlantic Ridge)

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3.1 Constructive plate margins: 1) where two plates are moving apart 2) the upper part of the mantle melts and the hot magma rises 3) the plates move apart due to slab pull form the convention current and the molten magma rises into the space and cools to form solid rock. This forms part of the oceanic plate. 4) this sometimes fractures causing shallow weak earthquakes. 5) Some magma erupts producing a lava that is runny and spreads before cooling. This causes the gentle slopes of a shield volcano.3.2 Destructive plate margins (Type A – continental to continental – neither sinks in the collision – fold mountains form – earthquakes violent. Type B – continental to oceanic – oceanic plates forced down – fold mountains – earthquakes and volcanoes: 1) the pressure of an oceanic and continental plate moving towards each other can cause the crust to crumple and form fold mountains. 2) The plates fracture and cause large earthquakes. 3) the denser oceanic plate is subducted (pulled down) into the mantle creating a deep sea trench. 4) The oceanic plate melts and the magma rises through the crust producing the viscous (sticky) lava of the violent eruptions from composite volcanoes.

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4.1Earthquake in L’Aquila, Italy (2009): Primary effects – 300 dead, 67000 homeless (social), 10000 collapsed building inc. san Salvadore hospital (social), $1bn damage (economic). Secondary effects – Paganino mudflow (environmental), university reduction in students (economic/social). Immediate responses – hotels gave free rooms, Red Cross 40000 tents and £170,000 donation for water and food. Long term responses – no tax in 2010, free education, 15 years of rebuilding.4.2 Earthquake in Gorkha, Nepal (2015): Primary effects – 9000 dead, 1 million homeless (social), destroyed half the schools and 26 hospitals (social), $15bn damage (economic). Secondary effects – rice crop ruined (economic/social/environmental), Immediate responses – Red Cross 225000 tents and $126m from DEC. Long term responses – rebuilding, repair irrigation channels, Everest tourism.4.3 Tectonic events occur in High Income (HIC), Newly Emerging (NEC) and Low Income (LIC) countries. The effects of an earthquake differ due to the ability to predict, protect against and prepare for the hazard. Equally the country’s ability to manage the effects and respond to the devastation can be affected by its level of wealth and resources.

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5.1 8% of the 7 billion people on Earth live near volcanoes.

5.2 50% of the 320 million people in the USA are living at risk of earthquakes.

5.3People choose to live in hazardous areas as 1) E+V don’t happen very often 2) People prioritise money , food and family 3) plate margins coincide with coast line where beneficial trade has developed 4) some people are not aware of the risks 5) fertile soils for farming 6) rich mineral resources 7) geothermal energy benefits 8) fault lines give easier access to water 9) better building design to withstand earthquakes 10) early warning for evacuation5.4Geothermal energy powers 90% of Iceland. Water is turned into steam in the hot magma found in the permeable rock. Boreholes are drilled underground to pipe the water (then steam ) to drive the power station turbines. Hellisheidi power plant provides renewable electricity and hot water for the capital Reykjavik.5.5 When lava is weathered it releases extremely fertile minerals which are rich in nutrients and provide for fertile farming. Volcanic soils are found on 1% of Earth but support 10% of its population.5.6 Tourists visit volcanoes for spectacular views, relaxing hot springs and a sense of adventure. 100 million visit every year generate significant benefits for Low Income Countries and local people.5.7 Settlements develop where valuable minerals are found and jobs are created. East Java, Indonesia has one of the largest sulphur lakes in the world. Sulphur is used to make matches, medicines and fertiliser. Despite the dangers of sulphur dioxide causing respiratory disease and in the last 40 years 74 miners have died from fume inhalation the miners earn much more than other local work ($6 per day).

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6.1 Monitoring means using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events

6.2 Prediction means using historical evidence and monitoring to make predictions about where and when a tectonic event may happen6.3 Protection means designing buildings that will withstand tectonic hazards

6.4 Planning means identifying and avoiding places most at risk

6.5 Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction: 1) seismologists use radon (gas) detection in the soil and groundwater which escapes from cracks in the Earth’s surface 2) Seismometers measure tremors (foreshocks) 3) Smart phones have GPS (Global Positioning Systems) which can detect ground movements 4) animals can act strangely before an earthquake.6.6 Earthquake Protection: earthquake resistant buildings have 1) rolling weights on roof to counteract shock waves 2) automatic shutters over windows 3) rubber shock absorber foundations 4) birdcage interlocking steel framework6.7 Earthquake Planning: 1) furniture fastened to walls 2) resident have Disaster kits with food, water, torches, radios 3) school earthquake drills6.8 Volcano Monitoring and Prediction: 1) Satellites (GPS) and tiltmeters measure ground deformation 2) Seismometers measure small earthquakes pre-eruption 3) gas trapping bottles collect sulphur6.9 Volcano Protection: Buildings cannot withstand lava flows, lahars or the weight of ash – so evacuation plans are made. On some occasions earth embankments or explosives can be used to divert lava away from buildings6.10 Volcano Planning: 1) evacuation strategies 2) exclusion zones 3) residents can be educated to avoid injury and death by covering eyes, nose and mouth.

KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Year 11 Unit 3 – Climate Change – Living with the Physical Environment Section A –

The Challenge of Natural HazardsSe

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1.1 During the last 2.6 million years (The Quaternary Period) the Earth’s climate has fluctuated regularly and significantly. Overall, the climate has been cooling.1.2 The cold troughs on the graph are the glacial periods when glaciers covered much of North America and Europe. The spikes on the graph are the inter-glacial period (between the glaciations) when it is relatively warm and there are many fewer glaciers. Again this occurs regularly in Earth’s history.1.3 Today’s temperatures have rapidly increased and are higher than virtually any other time in the Quaternary Period.

1.4 Before thermometers the temperatures can be recorded by 1) ocean sediments: the remains of organisms like plankton contain the oxygen isotopes which reveal the levels of oxygen, nutrients and sea surface temperature. (oxygen holds more neutrons in the nucleus if it is warmer. 2) Ice cores: as the snow becomes compacted in the glacier it traps ancient atmosphere which shows the level of oxygen, methane and carbon dioxide.

1.5 Other evidence for climate change includes 1) Shrinking glaciers: some say mountain glaciers will disappear by 2035 and the Artic has thinned by 65% in since 1975. 2) Rising sea level: up by 15cm in the last 100 years due to glaciers and ice caps melting and warmer water having a greater volume (thermal expansion). 3) Seasonal changes: tree flowering and bird migration is occurring earlier. 65% of birds nested 9 days earlier than in 1970.

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2.1 Natural causes of climate change 1: Orbital geometry – the way the Earth moves in relation to the suna) Eccentricity: the path of the Earth around the Sun. It takes 100,000 years to go from completely circular to completely elliptical (egg shaped). When it is elliptical Earth gets more solar energy and it is likely to be an interglacial.b) Axial tilt: the Earth spins on its axis. That axis tilt changes between 21.5 degrees and 24.5 degrees over 41000 years. The more the tilt the more solar energy to the northern hemisphere land mass and it is likely to be an inter-glacial.c) Precession: Earth wobbles like a spinning top. This wobble cycle takes 26,000 years and will have a modifying effect on the climate.2.2 Natural causes of climate change 2: Sun spots – the solar activity of the Sun. The more Sun spots there are the greater the solar activity such as flares releasing energy towards the Earth. It is an 11 year cycle between the maximum and minimum number of sun spots. The more solar activity the more likely it is to be an interglacial.2.3 Natural causes of climate change 3: volcanic activity. Volcanic ash can block out the Sun for short periods producing global cooling. The increase in sulphur dioxide can act as mirror and reflects solar energy straight out again when it enters the atmosphere. This can cause long term cooling producing volcanic winters and may, in combination with other factors, lead to glacial periods. (Mt. Tambora, Indonesia cooled Earth by 0.5 oC). Volcanoes also release carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and this can trap solar radiation in the atmosphere and lead to global warming and an interglacial period.3.1 The Greenhouse Effect is a natural phenomenon. Without the atmosphere’s natural ability to trap some of the Sun’s energy our planet would not support life. Stage 1) Short-wave infrared radiation (heat from the Sun warms the surface of the Earth and the atmosphere. 2) Some is absorbed and some reflects as longwave radiation. Of the reflected amount some escapes back into space and some is trapped by naturally occurring greenhouse gas (CO2, Methane and the water vapour held in clouds). 3) The enhanced greenhouse effect refers to human induced global warming. Human activity has increased the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: the burning of fossil fuels (burning trees, coal, oil and gas) releases more CO2, vehicles release Nitrous Oxides, farm animals, landfill and rice growing increases the methane. 4) This means the layer of greenhouse gases is thicker and less radiation (heat) is able to escape. Therefore the atmosphere warms.Note: The albedo viscous circle of warmer=less ice=less radiation reflected/more absorbed=warmer=less iceNote: deforestation not only burns trees releasing CO2 but also means that there are less trees to absorb CO2.3.2 Human causes of climate change 1: burning fossil fuels – counts for 50% of greenhouse gas emissions. Coal, oil, gas and burning trees are used in transport, building, heating, cooking, in power stations to generate electricity. As populations grow and countries’ develop there is an increase in fossil fuel burning.Human causes of climate change 2: agriculture – counts for 20% of emissions. Livestock digestion and decaying matter in rice paddy fields produce methane (25 times more global warming potential than CO2). Rice is Asia’s staple diet and they have a fast growing population and developing countries eat more

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meat. Either way the world’s growing population and development will lead to an inevitable riser in emissions.Human causes of climate change 3: vehicles, sewage treatment and fertilisers – contribute 8% of emissions via Nitrous Oxides (which are 125 times more powerful than a molecule of CO2). As development and population increases so does the demand for vehicles, fertilisers and the amount of sewage.Human causes of climate change 4: deforestation – there is a loss of forests on a huge scale to clear land for agriculture, log wood for construction and paper, build roads through remote areas and make room for the expansion of urban areas. In these ways you can see how deforestation is linked to burning fossil fuels, agriculture, vehicles and a positive correlation with increasing development and population. During photosynthesis trees absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. However, burning trees (slash and burn) not only hampers the amount of CO2 that can be absorbed but also releases all the CO2 which is stored in the tree.3.3 The relationship between the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and the temperature is complex. In the last thousand years the trends of CO2 in the atmosphere and temperature have follows the same pattern. But not perfectly. There appears to be a lag between the CO2 increase then followed by the temperature increase. It is certainly true that since the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s both are rapidly rising but some scientists pose the question as it which comes first – is CO2 the cause or the effect of higher temperatures?

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4.1 The trend of predicted surface temperature change is that it increases northwards in the northern hemisphere. 6-8oC changes in North America and Europe become 10OC increases in the Artic. The southern hemisphere increases between 2 and 5OC. This largely due to the greater proportion of land in the north.4.2 You should remember the effects of global warming in terms of the key categories of economic, environmental, social and then positive and negative. Aim for two each with specific places. Be aware of calling something positive but that it has a difficult consequence.Economic positive 1: Winter heating bills decrease in the UKEconomic positive 2: Windier weather may produce additional power on UK wind farmsEconomic negative 1: Lower Mekong fishing would decline due to rising sea levels affecting water qualityEconomic negative 2: Canada’s north west shipping passage is free of ice helping tradeSocial positive 1: Fewer deaths and injuries in Europe due to cold weatherSocial positive 2: Drought puts pressure on food and water production in sub-Saharan AfricaSocial negative 1: Health in east Africa will decline as malaria spreadsSocial negative 2: UK – skin cancers increaseEnvironmental positive 1: Europe – crops yields will increase – but will require more water via irrigationEnvironmental positive 2: Increased length of growing seasons in Europe.Environmental negative 1: India – warner rivers affect the River Ganges dolphin populationEnvironmental negative 2: Australia – Great Barrier Reef dies as sea is acidic due to atmosphere CO2

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5.1 There are four main methods of mitigating the effects of climate change. To mitigate means to manage the effects so that they are less severe and impactful.1) Alternative energy sources: this will reduce the burning of fossil fuels and the emissions of CO2. Countries can use renewable sources of energy like hydroelectric power, solar, wind, wave and tidal energy. Nuclear power is also emission free. The UK aims to produce 15% of its power this way by 2020. It is taking a lot of financial investment and the building of extensive renewable energy sites and nuclear power plants like Hinckley Point in Somerset.2) Carbon Capture: this aims to reduce the impact of coal burning (USA, China and India all get more than 50% of their energy from coal). By using technology 90% of the CO2 emissions can be capture and stored. It is transported by pipes into suitable geological reservoirs.3) Planting trees: trees act as carbon sinks as photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere. They also release moisture creating clouds which can block sunlight and make it cooler. Plantation forests can absorb CO2 at a faster rate than normal for up to 50 years.4) International Agreements: in 2005 The Kyoto Protocol had 170 countries agree to reduce CO2 emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2012. USA and Australia refused to sign. In 2009 in Copenhagen Accord pledged to help developing nations cope with the impacts of climate change. But the agreement was not legally binding. In 2015 the Paris Agreement was legally binding to limit temperature increase to 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels. The problems that this is an aim and not a firm commitment.

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6.1 There are three main methods of adapting the things we do in order to reduce the effects of climate change.Agricultural adaptation in LICs (e.g. Gambia, Africa): they can grow drought resistant crops, get farmers educated in water harvesting, make improvements to irrigation systems, shade new seedlings with bigger leafy tress in order to stop excessive water loss, use cropping system patters to maximise the climate (sun and rain).Managing Water Supply: In the Himalayas millions of people get water from glacial melting. The receding glaciers threaten the long term water security. So in India water is collected in small diversion canals and it can be used all year round not just when the glacier is melting. Also in Chile water droplets are caught from the fog by 1mm mesh nets. A 40 square metre net costs $1000 and catches 4000 litres of water per day.Reducing risk from rising sea levels: the Maldives (islands in the Indian Ocean) are only 2.4m above sea level. It may become uninhabitable by 2020. So they are building a 3m sea wall, building houses on stilts, restoring coastal mangrove forests to trap sediment and increase the width of sediment protection, ultimately relocate people to Sri Lanka.

KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Year 10 Unit 12 – Weather Hazards - Living With The Physical Environment Section A

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1.1 The atmosphere is 100km thick but the weather occurs in the 10km directly above the surface of the Earth. The global atmospheric circulation affects the Earth’s weather.1.2 Latitude is the most important influence on global atmospheric circulation. As the Earth is curved the Equator receives direct rays from the Sun. Solar energy is called insolation and is high at the Equator. At higher latitudes towards the poles the Sun’s rays are spread due to the angle of the surface.1.3 The pattern of global atmospheric circulation is the same in both hemispheres. Winds move from areas of high pressure to low pressure. They curve and distort due to the rotation of the Earth.

1.4 Air that is rising forms areas of low pressure. Air that is sinking forms areas of high pressure. Together, the low pressure at the Equator and high pressure at the poles makes a simple convection cell. Between the Equator and the Tropics it is called the Hadley Cell – warm air rises at the Equator and then cools, it sinks at the tropics becoming warmer making hot dry desert conditions. The opposite happens in the Ferrel Cell between the Tropics and the Polar front (UK).

1.5 Tropical areas have air that is rising in the Equatorial Low – low pressure belt. Hot deserts (arid regions) are found at 30o N and S where the air is sinking making a belt of high pressure. Therefore, there are few clouds, little rainfall and is hot in the day but very cold at night as the land’s heat is lost quickly without clouds to hold it in. The UK is a temperate region between 50 and 60o N. It is on the boundary of cold polar air moving south and warm sub-tropical air moving northwards. This makes it unstable, with rising air, low pressure. This forms clouds and rain. Surface winds come from the south-west and bring warm and wet conditions (from sub-tropical Atlantic). Sometimes cold polar air from the north and east can bring snow and cold winters.

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2.1 Tropical storms have different names depending upon their location. Hurricanes in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. Typhoons in the west North Pacific. Cyclones in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans.2.2 Tropical storms form over warm oceans (27oC +). They form in the summer and autumn when the ocean surface is warm enough. They form between 5-15o North and South of the Equator. This is because there is not enough spin at the equator from the rotation of the Earth. Spin (the Coriolis Effect) is best slightly away from the straight-forward direction at the Equator. In the northern hemisphere tropical storms bend to the right which causes clouds to swirl anticlockwise – vice versa in the southern hemisphere.2.3 Tropical storms form by 1) a strong upward movement of air drawing water vapour up from the ocean. 2) the evaporated air cools as it rises and condenses to form thunderstorm clouds. 3) As the air condenses it releases heat which powers the storm and evaporate even more water from the ocean. 4) smaller thunderstorms join together to form a giant spinning storm. At 120km per hour it is classed as a tropical storm. 5) The storm develops an eye with very low pressure and air descends rapidly. The outer edge is the eyewall with the strongest wind and heaviest rain. 6) As the storm, moves west (Earth rotation direction is east) it continues to gather strength over the ocean. 7) On reaching land it dies as the evaporation fuel is cut off and the friction with the land weakens it.2.4 Tropical storm features 1) at the start of the tropical storm (leading edge) the temperature and air pressure fall. Air rises, clouds form and it becomes windy. 2) As the storm continues, the air pressure falls more rapidly, wind increases, cumulonimbus clouds form where rainfall is heaviest. 3) In the centre of the storm is the eye which is calm and clear. The Sun appears and it gets warmer. Air pressure is low. 4) after the eye wind and heavy rainfall increase dramatically again, the temperature drops and air pressure begins to rise. 5) In the final part (the last edge) of the storm, the air pressure and temperature rise. Wind and rain decrease.

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3.1 As global temperature increases sea level rises due to thermal expansion (When a substance is heated, the kinetic energy of its molecules increases - the water’s volume becomes larger). Rising sea levels will also lead to more storm surges (a rising of the sea as a result of wind and atmospheric pressure changes associated with a storm. – low pressure in the eye lifts the surface of the water).3.2 A warmer atmosphere can hold more water. Heavy rainfall will increase.3.3 Intensity: Tropical storms will increase between 2-11% by 2100. Every 1oC rise in ocean surface temperature increases wind speed by 5%.3.4 Frequency and distribution: The regions which have tropical storms are not expected to change. Category 4 and 5 storms are expected to become more frequent. Categories 1 to 3 will decrease in frequency.4.1 Typhoon Haiyan, Nov 2013 hit the Philippines. Wind = 275km/h. Storm surge = 15m.

4.2 Primary Effects: 6000 dead (social), 30000 fishing boats destroyed (economic), Crops destroyed and widespread flooding (environmental). Secondary Effects: 14 million homeless (social), jobs lost and shops destroyed (economic), landslides blocked roads (environmental).4.3 Immediate responses: Aid agencies gave food, water and shelter. French field hospitals. Long-term responses: UN, UK and US financial aid, Oxfam replaced fishing boats, cyclone shelters built.

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5.1 Reducing the effects of tropical storms by Monitoring and Prediction: the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite monitors Earth every 3 hours for 16km high clouds which cause tropical storms. NASA uses Global Hawk Drones with radar and microwaves to understand storm formation and improve forecasting models.5.2 Protection in cyclone shelters: built on raised ground, built on stilts to be above floods, shutters over windows, strong concrete construction.5.3 Planning: educate people, have a disaster supply kit, having fuel in vehicles, storing loose objects, knowing the evacuation procedure and shelter location.

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6.1 The UK has its share of extreme weather. Weather is driven towards the UK by south-westerly prevailing winds. Fuelled by the warm and moist conditions of the Atlantic Ocean, strong winds and rain batter the exposed western areas. Meeting point of Arctic air (north) bringing snow/cold, cold polar winters (east), hot and sunny heatwaves from the south, the southwest brings tropical Atlantic heavy wind and rain.6.2 Extreme weather can be in the form of thunderstorms, prolonged rainfall, drought and extreme heat, heavy snow and extreme cold, strong winds. These can often be associated with the primary effect – flooding.6.3 Boscastle, Cornwall Case study: Aug 2004. Combines thunderstorms, prolonged rainfall, strong winds (and floods). 200mm of rain fell in 24 hours. The ground was already saturated. Towering thunder clouds formed over the town. 58 homes destroyed (social). Business and tourism affected (economic).

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7.1 The increasing extreme weather could be due to climate change: more energy in the atmosphere could lead to more intense storms, atmospheric circulation could be affected bringing floods to normally dry regions and heatwaves to new regions.7.2 The jet stream (fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents found in the atmosphere) can become stuck resulting in a long period of one type of weather. If it sticks to the south wet and windy weather can dominate from the Atlantic. If it sticks to the north hot and dry weather can dominate.7.3 There are some top-down actions to manage extreme weather risks.Cold Weather: UK councils clear 500km of roads, Public Health England make media announcements for people to stay safe, charities raise public awareness of the risk to the elderly.Flood: The Thames Barrier protects London, Environment Agency monitors river levels and gives warnings, high insurance for houses on flood plains deters building.Storms: Met Office predictions and forecasts, weather warnings on smartphones, airlines cancel services to maximise safety.Drought: hosepipe bans, water companies can apply to the government for drought orders and turn off supply, water saving devices in the home.

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G.1Check the number of marks available and aim to make that many points in full sentences that connected and complex.G.2 Remember to re-read your extended written answers to maximise the SPAG marksG.3 Always check the key words in the questions then refer to the definitions of key geography questions words at the back of the booklet.

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8.1 Somerset is a county in south west England. It is an area of low lying farmland and wetland on the moors between the Bristol Channel, the Quantock Hills and the Mendip Hills. 2014 had the wettest Jan on record. 350mm came from successive Atlantic depressions. High tides and storm surges topped the river banks. Rivers had not ben dredged for 20 years and were clogged with sediment.8.2 600 houses flooded, residents and farms evacuated (social), Bristol to Taunton railway collapse, £10m cost (economic), sewage contamination and reoxygenation of waters before pumping back to rivers (environmental).8.3 Immediate responses: local community groups helped evacuation, shopping and travel to school by boat along roads.Long term responses: Rive Tone dredged, flood defences built, potential tidal barrage at Bridgwater.

KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Year 9 Unit 2- Tropical Rainforests - Living With The Physical Environment Section B

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1.1 Location and distribution: found between the Tropic of Cancer (23O N) and Tropical of Capricorn (23O

S). Amazon Basin (mainly Brazil), Central Africa and South East Asia (mainly Malaysia) are main areas.1.2 Climate: Annual temperatures are 26OC with little variation. Annual rainfall exceeds 2,500 mm.1.3 Biodiversity: the variety of plant and animal life 1.4 Biomass: the total quantity of organisms1.5 Nutrients: Dead plants and animals provide nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth. Nutrient Cycle: the exchange of organic+inorganic matter back into producing living matter.1.6 Heavy rainfall leaching (washing out) the soil of its nutrients leaving infertile red iron-rich soil (latosol)1.7 Photosynthesis: the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water1.8 Fast growing trees are Emergents (e.g. kapok). They grow higher than others to reach to sunlight to help photosynthesis.1.9 Leaves have flexible bases so they can turn and face the Sun. Leaves have drip tips to protect it against the weight of heavy rain.1.10 Epiphytes live on branches and collect nutrient from air and water not soil

1.11 Buttress roots are massive and support tall trees. Their increased surface area helps O2 + CO2 exchange

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2.1 Describing Maps: use names, the key, the scale, compass direction and write in relation to each other.2.2 Deforestation the large scale cutting down of trees2.3 Malaysia Deforestation case study: 67% of the country is covered by this natural vegetation.2.4 Impact – soil erosion due to wind and rain – the forest used to help protect the soil.2.5 Impact – Loss of biodiversity. 600 plant species. Undiscovered medicinal qualities.2.6 Impact – contribution to climate change as the trees cannot store the greenhouse gas CO2.2.7 Threat: Logging – destroys habitats but gets money from exports and provides new access for settlements and energy projects. Selective logging only cuts down fully grown trees and does not harm ecological valuable ones.2.8 Threat: Dams – Bakun Dam flooded 700km2 of forest but provides energy for population+ industry.2.9 Threat: Mineral Extraction – gas and oil drilling requires deforestation but provides lots of energy and export revenue.2.10 Threat: Commercial Farming – rainforest is cleared for oil palm plantations. Malaysia is the world’s largest exporter.2.11 Threat: Subsistence farming and population pressure – slash and burn of vegetation provides nutrients for farming but the fires can destroy forest. The government makes it worse by moving people out of the cities to the countryside. This transmigration reduces urban pressure.

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3.1 Protect: Medicine – 2000 tropical plants have anti-cancer properties3.2 Protect: Resources – sustainably grow and farm hardwood, nuts and rubber3.3 Protect: Water – 20% of the world’s fresh water comes from the Amazon Basin3.4 Protect: People – indigenous tribes live in harmony with environment and resources without causing long term harm3.5 Protect: Climate – rainforests provide 28% of Earth’s oxygen, absorb and store CO2 and prevent it becoming too hot and dry.3.6 Management: Selective Management System of the Malaysian Government in a 40 year cycle – specifically mark trees to cut, logging licenses and prosecution for illegal logging and replanting trees3.7: Management: Education and Ecotourism – Gidaudan (Swiss company) protects 150,000 hectares of forest in Venezuala. Aripao people encouraged to store tonka beans to increase quality and value. Posada Amazonas Ecotourism project supports 6000 locals in Peru through $4m of 35,000 annual tourists. They buy local produce, learn about the forest and minimise their impact.3.8 Management: International Factors – NGOs like WWF promote conservation, the Forest Stewardship Council has its label on products sourced from sustainably managed forests and some rich countries have cancelled the poor country’s debt in a “debt for nature agreement” which protects against deforestation.

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G.1Check the number of marks available and aim to make that many points in full sentences that connected and complex.G.2 Remember to re-read your extended written answers to maximise the SPAG marksG.3 Always check the key words in the questions then refer to the definitions of key geography questions words at the back of the booklet.

KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Year 9 Unit 1- Ecosystems - Living With The Physical Environment Section B

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1.1 Ecosystem: a biological network of interconnected plants and animals organisms and their physical environment (soil, precipitation and sun).1.2 Biotic: living parts of the ecosystem 1.3 Abiotic: non-living parts of the ecosystem1.4 Photosynthesis: the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water1.5 Nutrients: a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth. Nutrient Cycle: the exchange of organic+inorganic matter back into producing living matter1.6 Decomposers: scavenger animals and detritivore bacteria which break down organisms and return nutrients to the soil as humus.1.7 Food Chain(Web): interrelationships between feeding groups in each Trophic Level1.8 Trophic level: each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, consisting of organisms sharing the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy1.9 Biomass: the total quantity of organisms 1.10 Local ecosystems: habitats 1.11 Global ecosystems: biomes1.12 Physical linkages: animals eating organisms 1.13 Chemical linkages: mild acids in the nutrient cycle1.14 Trophic Levels have fewer members as each gets higher1.15 Primary Producers are plants that use photosynthesis and take nutrients from the soil.1.16 Primary Consumers: plant eating animals (herbivores)1.17 Secondary Consumers: animals that feed on herbivores (carnivores)1.18 This can continue with Tertiary and Quaternary Consumers. The highest level is also known as the 1.19 Top Carnivore which eats animals from all levels.

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2.1 Describing Maps: use names, the key, the scale, compass direction and write in relation to other things.2.2 Biodiversity: the variety of plant and animal life2.3 Deciduous trees shed leaves in Autumn to conserve energy and grow leaves in spring to maximise photosynthesis.2.4 The Epping Forest ecosystem is based on the importance of deciduous trees.2.5 Epping Forest has a thick leaf litter, a high nutrient cycle and fertile humus (organic content) in soil.2.6 Epping Forest loses nutrients by the heavy rainfall leaching (washing out) the soil.2.7 Epping Forest is very accessible due to proximity to a high population in London and the M25 and M11 to transport people from the southeast and Essex.2.8 Epping Forest is managed for timber resources and recreation.2.9 Physical factors that affect ecosystem balance are extreme weather (droughts, heavy rain and storms)

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3.1 Human factors that affects ecosystem balance are deforestation and climate change3.2 Removing an organism from a food web would mean the levels above would have less to eat and therefore could decline or over-rely on other food sources and so take other organisms out of balance.3.3 Yellowstone National Park did a managed reintroduction of Grey Wolves. This reduced the Elk population which reduced grazing pressure and more trees grew. In turn this stabilised river banks and improved other habitats.

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4.1 Global ecosystems form broad belts around the world from east to west due to the global atmospheric circulation pattern. Slight variations are due to ocean currents, winds and the distribution of land and sea.4.2 Tundra is found 60-70o north. It is not in the southern hemisphere due to a lack of land at these latitudes.4.3Deserts are found at approx. 30o north and south of the Equator due to sub-tropical high pressure belts. The sinking air stops clouds from forming.4.4 Describing Map Graphs: use HOLT (One sentence on the trend –overall pattern, one sentence on the odd things not fitting the trend you stated, one sentence on high point, one sentence for low point)

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G.1Check the number of marks available and aim to make that many points in full sentences that connected and complex.G.2 Remember to re-read your extended written answers to maximise the SPAG marksG.3 Always check the key words in the questions then refer to the definitions of key geography questions words at the back of the booklet.

KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Y10 Unit 1 – Cold Environments - Living With The Physical Environment Section B

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1.1 Cold environments experience temperatures that are at or below 0oC for long periods of time1.2 Antarctica and the Arctic are the coldest environments. Northern Canada, Iceland and northern Russia also experience very cold winters.1.3 The location of cold environments are categorised as polar (Further from sea/Always below freezing/Ice accumulates/Ice caps), tundra (South of ice caps/Not permanent ice/Frozen ground/No trees) or alpine (High altitude areas/Thin air holds little heat/Cold winds/Glaciers)

1.4 Characteristics – Polar = winter is below -50oC, low precipitation, frozen soil, some moss and lichen, polar bears adapted to retain heat by thick fur, layer of fat and black nose. Tundra = winter can be -20oC, low bushes and small trees, top soil melts in summer becoming waterlogged, migrating birds and insects, more complex food chains

1.5 Climate graphs are made of a red line for temperature read to the right axis and a blue bar for precipitation read to the left axis1.6 When describing graphs in geography use the writing frame of HOLT: State the overall TREND, then the aspects which are ODD and do not fit the trend. Further back this up with the LOW and HIGH aspects. Always refer to specific facts and data in the sentences for HOLT.

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2.1 Vegetation adaptations: 1) the roots are spread out and shallow due to the permafrost hard ground 2) there are dwarf varieties to enable survival in the strong winds 3) Quick photosynthesis though flowers whose petals focus the sun as the growing seasons are short 4) Leathery leaves help retain water 5) Hairy stems help to retain heat 6) Bright red berries attract birds. In turn this improves seed distribution2.2 At the base of the tundra food web are producer species including shrubs, lichens and mosses. Next are the primary consumers - Arctic Hare, Lemming, Musk Ox and Caribou. Top predator is the Artic Wolf.

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inhabited group of islands in the world. 60% is covered by glaciersOpportunities for Development 1: Mineral Extraction – the main economic activity, 300 people employed in coal miningOpportunities for Development 2: Energy developments – Longyearbyen has Norway’s only coal-fired power station, geothermal potential from the Mid Atlantic Ridge constructive plate marginOpportunity for Development 3: Fishing – one of the richest fishing ground sin world with 150 species, monitored by Norway and Russia to ensure fishing is sustainable and that the ecosystem is protectedOpportunities for Development 4: Tourism – 70,000 =visited Longyearbyen, 30,000 were cruise passengers, 300 jobs, Adventure tourists explore the natural environment hiking, wildlife safaris, snow mobiles and Northern Lights

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4.1 Challenges of Development 1: Extreme temperatures – working outdoors in extreme temperatures and limited light is demanding. The construction work on houses, roads, mining and harbour facilities has to be carried out during the brief summer months. Permafrost can provide solid foundations. But the melting can lead to unstable conditions and cracking.Challenges of Development 2: Services – water and sewage pipes need to be kept above the ground to prevent them causing any thaw in the permafrost. Roads also have to be raised above the surface. All services are important for tourist as well as locals.Challenges of Development 3: only one airport, only 50kmn of roads, most people use snow mobiles.

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5.1 Cold environments are extremely fragile and can be easily damaged by human activities. Tundra vegetation takes a long time to become established. It is a delicate ecosystem that can be easily disturbed.Threat 1: Off-road vehicle damage in Alaska – people may be hunting, walking or fishing off road and the melting top soil can become very soggy. Tyre tracks cause problems for decades in the Wrangell-St Elias National ParkThreat 2: Oil Spill in Siberia – trees killed, risk of fire, polluted river is lifeless.Need for protection – 1) indigenous people (e.g. Inuit in Canada) depend on the cold environment ecosystem to survive. 2) Home to many species of animals and vegetation. Unspoilt wildernesses act as outdoor laboratories to study the effects of climate change. 3) Beauty attracts tourists 4) Opportunities for fishing and forestry.Managing Threats 1: use of technology on the trans-Alaskan pipeline – pumping stations solved the problem of crossing rivers and mountains, pipelines raised solved the problem of melting permafrost and stopping caribou from migrating.Managing Threats 2: action by governments, Alaska, USA – the West Arctic Reserve protects 9 million hectares from oil drilling, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration oversees sustainable fisheries.Managing Threats 3: international agreements – the Antarctic Treaty – the 1959 treaty controls tourism and protects it for scientific research.Managing Threats 4: Conservation Groups – WWF in Canada – works with local communities to manage critical ecosystems in Beaufort Sea, research in to polar bears, narwhals and Greenland Sharks.

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G.1Check the number of marks available and aim to make that many points in full sentences that are connected and complex.G.2 Remember to re-read your extended written answers to maximise the SPAG marks

G.3 Always check the key words in the questions then refer to the definitions of key geography questions words at the back of the booklet.

KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Year 10 Unit 6+7 – Physical landscapes in the UK + River Landscapes in the UK

- Living With the Physical Environment Section CSe

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1.1 The key word – relief – is used when describing physical landscape features of height about sea level, steepness of slopes and shapes of landscape features.1.2 Relief is often most dependent upon an areas geology (the type of rocks that form the landscape).1.3 Tough resistant rocks like granite and slate often form mountains. Weaker rocks like clay and limestone form low-lying plains and gently rolling landscapes.1.4 a landscape is an area whose character is a result of the action and interaction between natural and human factors.1.5 the uplands made by the tough resistant rocks are found in Scotland’s Grampian Mountains, the Cumbrian Mountains in the Lake District and the Cambrian Mountains in Wales.1.6 the lowlands are found in the North and South Downs and the Fens of East Anglia.

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2.1 A long profile shows the gradient of a river as it journeys from source (highland start) to mouth (end at the sea). A cross-profile is a section taken sideways across a river channel and/or a valley.2.2 The upper course is the highest part of the river and it begins with the source. There is the middle course of the river where the gradient (steepness) reduces. Finally, the lower course is virtually flat as the river reaches the mouth (the end) where it enters the sea.2.3 A long profile shows the gradient of a river as it journeys from the source (highland start of the river) to the mouth (the river end at the sea). A cross-profile is a section taken sideways across a river channel and/or valley.2.4 Profile Characteristics

Upper Hydraulic action (erosion by air being forced in the cracks in rock), abrasion (rocks in the water eroding the river’s bed and banks) and attrition (particles of sediment hitting other particles and eroding them to a smaller size). Vertical erosion. V-shaped valley. Shallow, narrow channel. Some traction, saltation at high flow.

Middle Lateral erosion is more important as meanders wind sideways across the floodplain. Wider deeper channel

Lower Suspension dominant. . Deposition of fine material. Widest deepest channel.2.5 The river’s load (sediment particles) can be transported by…Traction – rolling the largest material which is always in contact with the bedSaltation – as the material becomes smaller stones it bounces along the bed in a hopping motionSuspension – the carrying of fine material that floats within the riverSolution – the dissolved load from rocks which are soluble.2.6 The river’s characteristics change as it flows downstream…It gets wider – the lateral (sideways) erosion increases and the channel holds more water from the extra tributaries and rainfall that enter itIt gets deeper as the river erodes the bed and as it holds more waterThe size of each particle (the load) gets smaller – the erosion of the water and the attrition has broken the particles into smaller pieces. They get rounder, smoother and smaller.The discharge and velocity increase – the amount of water carried in the channel is greater and the volume passing a certain point is higher in the lower course (it might look slower but more water is passing by). Discharge is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs): Discharge – velocity x the cross-sectional area.2.7 Interpreting cross-sections: if the contour lines are close then the land is steep, if they are far apart then the land is flatter. Check the numbers on the orange lines.3.1 The Hjulstrom Curve shows the different critical velocities at which erosion, transport and deposition occur.

The word fluvial = river

3.2 Fluvial processes…Hydraulic action – the force of the water hitting the bed and banks – the air in the water erodes more material when the river flows fast.Abrasion – when the load carried by the river hits the bed or banks and erodes more particles into the river.Attrition – when stones knock against each other making them smaller and more rounded.Solution – when the slightly acidic water flows over limestone or chalk and slowly dissolves it.

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4.1 Interlocking spurs are projections of high land that alternate from either side of a valley projecting into the valley floor. They are formed by fluvial erosion in the upper course where the rocks are hard. Stage 1 = in the upper course flow is low. Most energy is used up in friction and deepening the v-shaped channel. Stage 2 = Freeze thaw broadens the valley and rocks fall down the hill side as scree which the river then removes. Stage 3 = the river winds around the obstacles of hard rock in its path.4.2 Rapids are fast-flowing turbulent (white water) sections of a river where the bed has a steep gradient in the upper course. Bed rock also has an effect when alternate bands of hard and soft rock make different rates of erosion and makes the bed uneven.4.3 Waterfalls are formed in the upper course in places where more resistant rock lies on top of a softer rock. Stage 1 = a plunge pool develops as the water falls on to the softer rock. It is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion. Stage 2 = this causes undercutting of the harder rock on top. Stage 3 = an overhang of hard rock develops as the softer rock is eroded backwards. Stage 4 = Eventually the overhand collapses. Stage 5 = the waterfall retreats upstream in this way. Stage 6 = this leaves a gorge (a steep sided valley) where the water fall used to be.4.4 Meanders are bends in the river in the middle course where vertical erosion reduces and lateral (sideways) erosion takes over. The meander snakes across the flat flood plain as the outer bend of the meander has fast flowing water (high energy) causing more erosion and it deeper. The outside bank is called the river cliff. The inside bend is shallow and where deposition occurs. It has slow flow water and low energy. It is known as the river beach. Ox-bow lakes will form when the outer bends of two meanders come together and the river takes a new faster course by bypassing the meander. The old meander silts up and stands as a lake.4.5 Levees are natural landforms on top of the river banks. Normally the river is held within its channel but in times of flood the banks are overtopped. Heavy sediment is dropped near the channel whilst the lighter material is carried further away. This sees the river banks grow in height and the floodplain become fertile with fine silt.5.1

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5.3 Flashy hydrograph occurs when – granite near the surface which makes it impermeable, the soil is saturated (meaning it cannot soak the precipitation up), rain is torrential, slopes are steep.Delayed hydrographs occur when – chalk or limestone is near the surface (porous or permeable allows the water to soak underground, unsaturated soil, drizzle, gentle slopes.

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6.1 Hard engineering = the use of technology to control rivers, Soft engineering = working within the natural constraints of a river to increase the lag time, Multi-purpose project = a large scale venture with more than one aim- flood control, water supply and helping navigation of ships upstream.6.2 Kielder Dam and Reservoir in Northumberland has…Economic advantages = boosting tourism by 300,000 visitors a year brining £6m and planting 150 million trees for forestry brings employment.Environmental advantages = new habitats for red squirrels and hydroelectric power for 10,000 people.Social advantages = 200,000 million litres of drinking water for North East England.Economic cost = £167 million to build and soils became less fertile downstream and reduced crop yields.Environmental costs = concrete dam stops fish migrating up the river and flooded an area of natural beauty and wildlife habitats.Social costs = 58 families were displaced by the reservoir.6.3 Channel Straightening is when a meandering section of a river is engineered to create a widened, straightened, deeper course. This more efficient course improves navigation and reduces flood risk.Social benefits = fast flowing water removes sediment build up thereby reducing flood risk to homesEconomic benefit = improved navigation for trade transport + insurance for homes is cheaperSocial cost = the sediment from the straightened section moves downstream – causing floods thereEconomic cost = dredging a river to remove silt cost £1 million per mileEnvironmental cost = the changes can destroy habitats, concrete lining is unattractive6.4 Embankments are artificially raised river banks. This allows more water to be contained in the river and reduces flooding.Social benefit = homes are safer from flooding + attractive walkwaysEnvironmental benefit = the earth bank provide habitats for voles and ottersEconomic benefit = they are cheap compared to other methods of hard engineeringSocial cost = deprives people of easy access to the river + a false sense of securityEconomic costs = high maintenance costs + increases dredging required downstreamEnvironmental costs = if the embankment is breached the water stays on the land for a long time as it cannot recede back into the channel6.5 Flood Relief Channel – an artificial back up channel (like a bypass) to take potential flood water.Social benefit = removes the risk of flooding of homes (3,000 in Exeter), footpaths, cycle ways, boating and birdwatchingEconomic benefit = insurance costs lowerEnvironmental benefit = artificial reed beds provide new habitatsSocial cost = people living in the path of the relief channel have to move so it can be madeEconomic cost = expensive and takes 12 years to buildEnvironmental = the building of the channel disturbs habitats7.1 Soft engineering - adapting to a river and living with it. These methods are cheaper but less effective.7.2 Flood Plain Zoning = putting land uses that would have a low impact from flooding nearer to the river and vice versa. This low cost way of restricting building on the flood plain keeps the impermeable surfaces to a minimum and therefore decreases the chances of flooding. However, restricting where houses can be built is increasing house prices. For that reason many flood plains are already built on.7.3 Planting Trees - to stabilise the banks and intercept the water entering the river. This creates new habitats, looks good and increases water storage. However, the trees cover grass for grazing.7.4 Flood Warning and Preparation. A cheap way that depends on good communication. It saves a lot expense on hard engineering. It saves lives but not property damage (completely). It only works if people listen and are educated to respond correctly.

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7.5 River restoration improves the health of the river environment. It can store water, create habitats and looks nice. Can cost £1 million and uses agricultural land.

Sec 8.1 Managing floods in Banbury: a town of 45,000 people in the Cotswolds. On floodplain of River

Cherwell. Damaged 150 homes and businesses. The heavy rain of 2007 again caused floods.8.2 Risk reduction: 3km earth embankment created a flood storage area, can store 4 million cubic meters of water. Raising the road (A361) to prevent flooding. Pumping station. Biodiversity Action Plan (river restoration) with ponds and trees to absorb and store excess water. The scheme cost £18 million and protects £100 million worth of property and business.

KNOWLEDGE MAPGCSE Geography Year 10 Unit 2 – Glacial Landscapes in the UK - Living with the Physical Environment

Section C – Physical Landscapes in the UK

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1.1 A glacier is a mass of ice that has accumulated over many years as the summer melt is not more than the winter snow. The fallen snow gets heavier and heavier and squeezes out all of the air from between the flakes. In this way it becomes glacier ice.1.2 Glaciers move very slowly under the action of accumulation at the source and gravity.1.3 Alpine glaciers slowly flow down mountains and continental glaciers are forced outwards from the centre of the accumulation.

1.4 The UK was last glaciated by ice from the Scandinavian ice sheet this was in the Late Devensian 25000 years ago. There was also alpine glaciation spreading form the Scottish Highlands, Lake District and Snowdonia. The ice reached as far south as South Wales and North Norfolk.

1.5 The freeze-thaw process is a type of physical weathering and occurs in glaciated areas. 1) Water from summer rain or snow melt seeps into rock cracks. 2) Temperature falls at night freezing the water in the rock cracks. 3) Water expands by 10% when it turns to ice putting pressure on crack sides. 4) In a 24-hr cycle ice melts, sinks deeper into the rock and refreezes. 5) Repeated free-thaw, contraction and expansion shatters the rock.1.6 Plucking is when meltwater beneath a glacier freezes and bonds the base of the glacier to the rocky surface below. As the glacier moves fragments of rock will be plucked away.1.7 Abrasion is the sandpaper effect caused by the plucked rock in the base of the glacier scouring and scratching the valley floor. It leaves scratches (striations) that can show the direction of movement.1.8 As the glacier moves downhill it transport the weathered, plucked and abrasion material. It pushes loose material in a process called bulldozing.1.9 Roche moutonnée is a rock hill shaped by the passage of ice to give a smooth up-ice side and a rough, plucked and cliff-girt surface on the down-ice side. The upstream surface is often marked with striations.2.1 Corrie – a steep sided bowl where the glaciers starts.2.2 Pyramidal peak – several corries erode backwards to a central point.2.3 Arête – a sharp knife edge ridge between two eroding corries2.4 Hanging valley - Smaller glaciers used to flow into the main glacier. But its erosion power was less so it now looks higher up.2.5 U-shaped valley (glacial trough) - Abrasion and plucking cause steep sides and a flat valley floor.2.6 Ribbon lake – long narrow lakes where the glacier depressed and eroded away a band of less resistant rock.2.7 Truncated spur – the existing interlocking spurs of the mountain and cut through by the bulldozing glacier.2.8 A terminal moraine forms at the snout (end) of a glacier, marking its maximum advance. Lateral moraines are parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. Ground moraine is the material dragged along by the glacier and left behind when the ice melts forming uneven hilly ground. Medial moraines form when the lateral moraines of two glaciers meet and become the centre of the new glacier.2.9 Drumlins – smooth egg-shaped hills around 10m high and 100s of metres long. Found in cluster on the floor of the glacial trough. Made from moraine that has been streamlined they have a blunt end which faces up valley and a pointed end facing down valley.2.10 Erratics - a huge boulder which is out of place. It has been transported by the glacier large distances down valley. It seen by now sitting on a completely different rock type.

Section 2 for Lessons 3 + 4

2.11 1:50000 OS Map extracts are used in the exam. For every 1cm on the map this is 50000cm on the real ground. Therefore 2cm = 1km on the map (which is 1000m or 100,000cm).

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G.3 Always check the key words in the questions then refer to the definitions of key geography questions words at the back of the booklet.

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3.1 The aims of UK National Parks are 1) to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage 2) Promote opportunities for understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of national parks by the public 3) seek to foster the economic and social well-being of local communities within national parks.3.2 Land uses in UK glaciated areas: 1) Farming/Extensive Agriculture = soils are thin and acidic, they cannot grow crops and so are good for sheep grazing. Glacial troughs are covered with thick soil and good for crops. 2) Forestry = Large plantations of conifer trees like the acidic soil. They produce soft wood for construction timber or paper but block out the light hampering wildlife and blocking the view of tourists. 3) Quarrying = upland glaciated areas are made of hard resistant rock like limestone used for cement and road building. Lowland areas have sand and gravel used in concrete and construction. 4) Tourism = spectacular scenery where people enjoy the outdoor activities of biking, skiing, walking and climbing.3.3 There are different degrees of conflict in glaciated upland areas between the development/exploitation and the conservation/recreation. For instance Military Training would be in conflict with Walking and Climbing. Also, Wind Turbines are in conflict with Wildlife Conservation.3.4 Development and conservation needs can be balanced by management: 1) ensuring maximum visitor numbers do not exceed the carrying capacity 2) Using signs to show out of bounds areas 3) Seasonal closure to give areas a chance to recover 4) Restricting activities like camping and quad biking4.1 The Lake District is a honeypot site (a location attracting a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, place pressure on the environment and local people) It combines physical attractions (lake, mountains, England’s best scenery) with human attractions (Beatrix Potter, cultural towns like Bowness and Grasmere)

4.2 Impacts of tourism: Social = 15 million/year visitors, 89% by car, 20% 0f houses are holiday homes which increases the price, jobs are seasonal and poorly paid. Economic = £1bn/year supports hotels and shops, jobs for locals, traffic congestion slows business communications. Environmental = Footpath erosion, litter, car damage to verges, pollution damages ecosystems, walkers trample crops, dogs disturb sheep.4.3 Managing tourism: Honeypot Management = footpath repair, reinforcement and signage, parking on waffle carparks, litter bins. Property Management = building more affordable homes for locals. Environmental; Management = speed restrictions for boats, fences. Managing Traffic Problems = build bigger roads on the edges of the national park, scenic routes to split the traffic, lorry restriction, traffic calming measures.