Yield of cassava per hectare         Soil and fertilizer that is good for cassava         Good cassava variety to be grown for processing, how many hours can the harvested cassava root stay fresh before it starts to affect the production.         Chinese/Thai/European technology/machinery for producing flour/starch and the estimated cost for a 300 mt per day plant         Products and derivatives of products that can we manufactured from cassava roots especially modified starch or high value added products such as sorbitol in toothpaste.         Yield of cassava flour per ton of cassava root         Yield of tapioca starch per ton of cassava root         Yield of glucose per ton of cassava root         Water requirements and wastewater treatments/the biogass that can be generated from 300 mt per day plant         By products that can be sold or must get rid off         Anything else that is interesting

          Yield of cassava per hectare

http://www.mtec.or.th/images/stories/mtec_pre/docs/news/EU/Howeler.pdf

http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/0605_Bellagio_Cassava_Production.pdf

         Soil and fertilizer that is good for cassavaftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y2413e/Cassava is produced between 30o north and south latitudes, and near the equator up to analtitude of about 1800 masl. Because of the crop’s tolerance to drought and low soil fertility,it is generally produced in marginal areas with poor soils, and/or high risk of drought.Cassava grows best in areas with a mean temperature of 25-29oC, and a soil temperature ofabout 30oC; below 10oC the plant stops growing. While the crop grows best in areas with anannual well-distributed rainfall of 1000-1500 mm, it can tolerate semi-arid conditions withrainfall as low as 500 mm, and may have a competitive advantage over other crops underthose conditions. Cassava can grow on a wide range of soils, but is best adapted to welldrained,light-textured, deep soils of intermediate fertility. Under high fertility conditions topgrowth may be stimulated at the expense of root growth. Optimum soil pH is between 4.5 and6.5. The crop does not grow well in poorly drained soils, gravelly or saline soils, or in soilswith a hardpan (Onwueme and Sinha, 1991).

         Good cassava variety to be grown for processing, how many hours can the harvested cassava root stay fresh before it starts to affect the production.

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_-_Cassava.pdfCassava roots, when left attached to the main stem, can remain in the ground for several months without becoming inedible; farmers do often leave cassava plants in the field as a security against drought, famine or other unforeseen food shortage. It is from this property that cassava has earned its name as a 'famine reserve crop'. However, once the roots have been harvested, they start deteriorating within 2 to 3 days, and rapidly become of little value for consumption or industrial applications. Some varieties deteriorate so fast they become inedible 24 hours after harvest (Booth, 1976) while others have been reported to stand for 7 to 11 days at room temperature without any sign of discoloration (Montaldo, 1973). From a biochemical point of view, primary deterioration of CASSAVA: Post-harvest Operations cassava roots is associated with a conversion of some of the starch to sugars (Booth et al 1976), an accumulation of cyanogenic glucosides, a decrease in linamarase activity (Kojima et al. 1983), and the onset of a number of enzymatic reactions leading to the accumulation of coloured compounds (Wheatley and Schwabe, 1985).

http://www.kari.org/biennialconference/conference12/docs/THE%20EVOLUTION%20AND%20ORGANISATION%20OF%20CASSAVA%20VALUE%20CHAINS%20IN%20GLOBAL.pdfThere are sweet and bitter cassavas. Sweet cassavas are normally used in direct human consumption. Bitter cassavas, which have higher starch content, are used as animal feed or processed into industrial inputs.

         Chinese/Thai/European technology/machinery for producing flour/starch and the estimated cost for a 300 mt per day plant

Stamex 150t/day starch THB176,000,000 or USD5,677,491 excluding land, civil, water treatment and power generationPower generation additional THB 120-150mil

         Products and derivatives of products that can we manufactured from cassava roots especially modified starch or high value added products such as sorbitol in toothpaste.

http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/0605_Bellagio_Cassava_Production.pdf

http://www.nodai.ac.jp/cip/iss/english/9th_iss/fullpaper/4-1ku-pattaranat.pdfCassava Chips/Pellets : They are used in various industries as follows:- 1. Animal Feeds: It is used as the ingredients of animal feeds; 2. Alcohol: It is used for producing alcohol for the liquor manufacture and the disinfectant. 3. Gasohol: To be used for producing Ethanol and mixed with fuel which is a renewable

energy source;

Cassava Starch : It is used in various industries, for instance, 1. Food and Beverage: The cassava starch will be used in both its original form and its other modified forms, for instance, the instant noodle, sago, seasoning sauce including beverages; 2. Sweeteners: They are glucose and fructose which are used as the sweeteners in the beverage industry; 3. Textile Industry: It is used for slipping the thread and to make the thread being without hair during the weaving and to fortify the thread including the cloth printing in order to make the cloth being shining and durable; 4. Paper Industry: To mix it with the paper in order that the paper pulp to be tough and thick; 5. Glue Industry: To use it for producing glue including any products whose their mixture is the glue; 6. Plywood Industry: To use it in form of glue made from cassava starch in the process of plywood manufacture in order to make the plywood become qualified, tough and durable; 7. Medicine Industry: To use it as the diluent of capsule medicine and pill; 8. Monosodium Glutamate: To use it for producing the MFG for seasoning food;

9. Bio-Degradable Material Products: To use the cassava starch to be transformed as product by mean of adding the bio-degradable substance to be in place of plastic.

Yield: Depends on starting starch content of cassava, processing equipment and efficiencyhttp://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/0605_Bellagio_Cassava_Production.pdf

         Yield of cassava flour per ton of cassava root

http://idosi.org/wjdfs/wjdfs6(1)/7.pdf

         Yield of tapioca starch per ton of cassava roothttp://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y1177e/Y1177E04.htm

         Yield of glucose per ton of cassava root

http://www.cassavabiz.org/postharvest/gsyrup01.htm

         Yield of ethanol

Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Fuel Ethanol Produced from Cassava in ThailandThe production costs of cassava roots estimated by farmers are in the range of Bt 980 to Bt 1,140 a tonne [In 2006, 1 USD equals

approximately 38 Bt]. A detailed breakdown cost structure is shown in Fig. 2. Selling their product to processing plants, farmers get an average profit of about Bt 183 to Bt 427 a tonne depending on product

market price. The market price of cassava roots in the last few months of 2006 has fluctuated from Bt 1,250 to Bt 1,500 a tonne.

The feedstock cost of ethanol conversion is the cost of cassava chips on the open market plus transportation cost. It amounts to Bt3,900 to Bt 4,200 a tonne of raw material. This brings the cost of raw material to the Bt 11.71−Bt 12.61 range per litre of ethanolproduced, given a conversion rate of about 333 litres of ethanol per tonne of cassava chips [9]. The cost of the ethanol productleaving the ethanol factory is termed ex-distillery price. It represents production cost (Bt 18.08) plus distillery profit margin (Bt 3.62).

         Water requirements and wastewater treatments/the biogass that can be generated from 300 mt per day plant

120 vs. 140 cum per hour per Stamex

         By products that can be sold or must get rid offInfiltration of waste water into the soil. In many sites, especially those where small- andmedium-scale processors predominate, waste water is minimally treated by channelinginto shallow seepage areas, ideally situated away from natural water courses andgroundwater abstraction points.• Storage in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons. Some of the starch factories in Brazil, India (inKerala), Vietnam and Thailand have built anaerobic and aerobic lagoons to treat wastewater before disposal. These units are of varying efficiency, require a large area of landand are capital intensive. In anaerobic digestion of cassava waste, cyanide is released inthe fermentation liquor and then liberated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions.The removal of cyanide has been shown to be sufficiently fast to maintain a cyanideconcentration in the reactor, which is non-inhibitory for methanagenic bacteria (Cuzinand Labat, 1992).• Anaerobic digesters. Traditionally anaerobic digestors have been used for the treatment ofagricultural wastes. These processes require large tanks or bioreactors and long retentiontimes of 20-25 days. Recent advances in treatment technology and knowledge of

microbial process control have led to the development of high-rate anaerobic treatmentprocesses, some of which are being contemplated or used by the cassava starch industry.High-rate anaerobic treatments make use of microbial films to achieve high cell residencetime. These processes operate in low hydraulic retention time and can process largeamounts of organic material. Biofilm processes used by the industry comprise differentengineered configurations, such as fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed, recycled bed andupflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). All these reactors can handle loads up to 20-30 kg COD/m3/day). All of these processes require a relatively small reactor size, and avastly reduced requirement for land and capital. The following systems are frequentlyused:a. Fixed bed: (anaerobic filter, packed bed filter, packed bed, submerged filter,stationary fixed film reactors). The principle of operation is that the support materialis also the surface for attachment of the microorganisms and can act as an entrapmentmechanism for unattached flocs. Many support types are used, including quartz,plastic, clay, oyster shells, stones, polymer foam, activated carbon and sand.b. Fluidized bed reactor: In this type of reactor most of the biomass is attached as filmsto small-sized inert media. The biomass-covered particles are lifted (fluidized) by thehigh vertical velocity of the incoming waste. Various support materials are used, suchas sand, PVC, and granular activated carbon.c. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB): This type of reactor consists of a densebed of granular sludge (microorganisms) placed in a reactor that is designed to allowupward movement of liquid waste. Waste water entering at the reactor bottom isdistributed across the cross-section and flows upward through the bed of sludgegranules retained in the system. Sufficient upflow velocities are maintained in thereactor to facilitate sludge blanket formation and to provide a greater surface area for

contact between sludge granules and waste water.

         Anything else that is interesting

www.kfeedia.org/_down/20110802_3.ppt

Thai cassava varieties and details in Adobe PDFhttp://www.tapiocathai.org/English/K1_e.html

HB 80HB 60KU 50

Rayong

http://www.tapiocathai.org/English/I1_e.html

Production Stage With engine power With animal power ์ With human

labourFirst land preparation

Two-wheel or four-wheel tractor with mould board plough / rotary tiller / disk plough / ridge tiller / tooth plough

Wooden plough / tooth harrow / mould board / plough

Hoe

Second land preparation

Four-wheel tractor with tooth plough /disk harrow / rotary disk / ridge tiller

Planting Planting machine* ------------- By handEradication of plant pests and diseases

Tractor-driven sprayer /Two-wheel tractor with plough / Back-packed sprayer

  Back-packed sprayer / Hoe / Blade

Fertilization-----------------

-------------- Broadcast by handHoe

Irrigation Water pump -------------- ----------------Harvesting Digger

Tapioca root collector*Tapioca root transporter*

-------------- BladeHoe

 *To be further developed and adopted.

     Source : Faculty of Agriculture,Kasetsart University

Also, Kasetsart University offers some local cassava knowledge:

http://www.cmtevents.com/speakerprofiles.aspx?ev=120212&Dr. Klanarong Sriroth received his Doctor of Engineering in Biotechnology from The Technical University of Berlin, Germany in 1986. He was one of the key persons who established the public awareness for the significant roles of Science & Technology to the competitiveness of Thai cassava industry. Consequently, with the collaboration between National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and Kasetsart University, Cassava and Starch Technology Research Unit, a specialized unit on cassava, was established in 1995 and he has been active as the unit director since then. 

http://www.thaitapiocastarch.org/article01.aspSittichoke WenlapatitCassava and Starch Technology Research Unit. Kasetsart University[National Science and Technology Development Agency.Ministry of Science. Technology and Energy )

Klanarong SrirothDepartment of Biotechnology. Faculty of Agro-Industry. Kasetsart Universityaapkrs@nontri.ku.ac.th

Here are some leading starch equipment makers from around the world:

ISI of Demark http://www.starch.dk/isi/starch/cassavastarch.aspHovex of Germany/Netherlands http://www.hovex.com/home.htmlTGP of Thailand http://www.thaigermangroup.comEBS Brazil ??ZJSE Queyuanburu ??

per http://www.lookmach.com/news_2011-2-22/79721.html.  The article was written in Chinese and the English is horrible but one gets the point:

2, the world's major cassava starch processing equipment manufacturers       Cassava starch equipment on behalf of a major manufacturer of Hovex the Netherlands, Thailand, Denmark's ISI's TGP �p �p EBS Brazil and India, China ZJSE UPE.       3, the major manufacturers of equipment technology is relatively       2005 Organization for the Advancement of African cassava can be processed per hour of cassava starch, starch equipment 3t technical data were summarized and compared.       In addition to the rate of starch, the water and power consumption is to determine the processing efficiency of the two important parameters. In this respect Denmark's ISI and the Netherlands Hovex consumption is smaller than Brazil and Thailand TGP EBS greater consumption. Refined to take part usually includes two processes centrifuge and cyclone. Brazil and Thailand TGP EBS uses a centrifuge, which used three times EBS centrifuge for sperm extraction and dehydration; and TGP by 2 centrifuge, this process can get higher quality products.       Although the essence of the Netherlands Hovex that they take part include centrifugal separation, but also in the cyclone technology, you can achieve better starch granules and fiber separation. This process proved to be achieved, will throw in a centrifuge starch and fiber, but the need to carefully control the water currents, which may cause fibers "out", especially in the cyclone separator, the fibers from the spin above the exhaust stream, and below the outflow of starch from the cyclone.       In short, Denmark and the Netherlands Hovex ISI is more technically known. Thailand's TGP close to 3, but its large water and power consumption. 3 gives the impression that the provision of equipment is better quality and technical support (including Germany Westalia provided centrifuges).   

   Hovex processing chain used less than other competitors, so less equipment used. This makes Hovex less maintenance costs, this should be their main advantage.       In addition, Hovex less associated with the processing part, initially gave the impression that compared to other suppliers and inadequate processing. However, Hovex statement that their extraction and refining better skill than others, so will need less processing link.       Hovex The process is simple, but their quality is very high. Hovex have to face a problem is the need to provide users with additional instructions to explain their cassava processing on the "inadequate." Hovex in the refining part is a combination of centrifugation and hydrocyclone process. They explained that compared to centrifugation, the process, after the cyclone will achieve a better starch granules and fiber separation, it would be better final product.       Hovex fine fiber is extracted by steam diverted from side to complete, compared to other competitors during processing by the main stream of steam, this will mean that they can only process a small flow. Hovex Another major advantage is that water consumption is very low.       Finally, from the steam, water consumption, emissions much �p �p �p equipment prices with power �p �p area and many other indicators of labor required for the consolidation of view, the Netherlands Hovex has obvious advantages, followed by Denmark, the ISI, China ZJSE again and India UPE, the last of the EBS Brazil and Thailand TGP. One of China's international reputation ZJSE Queyuanburu in several other manufacturers, the future need to step up publicity.

3D animation video of 300t/day cassava starch plant with centrifuge and hydrocyclone http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHnKPDLyYiQ&feature=BFa&list=PLF235C5F2920F2ECD

http://teca.fao.org/es/read/4521Improved efficiency in starch extraction using hydrocyclone technologyHydrocyclones divide a fluid stream into two output streams. In essence they act as static centrifuges in which the liquid suspension is concentrated into the underflow, with low solids in the overflow stream. A hydrocyclone consists of a cone shaped body and upper cylindrical section, usually made of polyurethane. The feed slurry or suspension is fed tangentially to the top of the cylindrical section under pressure, around a central opening called the vortex finder. The motion of the liquid fed into the cyclone develops high centrifugal forces creating a primary vortex adjacent to the cyclone wall into which the suspended particles migrate and are forced downwards to the discharge point via a spigot. A secondary upward moving vortex is developed along the central axis of the hydrocyclone, in which fine material discharges with the majority of water via the vortex finder. For further details see 'Wet cassava storage and preservation' byMARDER, R. and TRIM, D. .

Laboratory trials showed favourable results. The techniques were adapted and field trials conducted in India and Colombia. These showed that over 60% of the water used could be re-cycled, with a reduction of the total water consumption, and a reduction in the volume and loading of effluent by over 50%. Successful, long-term confirmatory trials were carried out in India under commercial factory operating conditions for the production of sago and starch. There was no financial benefit to be obtained by operating the hydrocyclone, but the cost of operation may be offset by the savings made from extracting water, and environmental benefits resulted from the reduced effluent volumes. Together with the broader socio-economic issues it was established there was a case for the wider-scale promotion and adoption of the technology (MARDER et al. 1996).

Overall, the hydrocyclone can be used as part of an integrated pollution control strategy by conserving water, and reducing effluent generation whilst maintaining product quality and production levels. With over 1000 cassava starch processing units within South India the wide scale adoption of the technology would considerably reduce environmental impact and benefit producers in areas of water scarcity.

http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/1967/Wet-cassava-preservation.pdf

Alternative process method http://sgm-cn.com/en/pros.php?s=26

1. Raw material receiving unitMaterial receiving unit is the first link of cassava starch processing. The primary purpose of this unit is the cassava preliminary removing impurity and the smooth storing in inside of raw material storage tank.Cassava is conveyed to the cassava yard after weighingby wagon balance, and then is conveyed into the cassava storage hopper by forklift.The key of this unit is to remove sand and other impurities of cassava during the harvest, the sand stick to the cassava can drop through the vibrating screen. Preliminary de-sanding and removing impurity can relieve machine burden of de-stoning and cleaning unit.Attention must be taken that cassava should not be damaged in cassava purchase.Damaged cassava is easily decayed, and decayed cassava is vulnerable to infect around cassava. Bad cassava material has a big influence to starch quality.  2. Raw material conveying unitCassava stored in the cassava hopper is conveyed to the large inclination-angle belt conveyor through conveying belt at the bottom of the hopper, and further is conveyed into cleaner to remove impurities by the large inclination-angle belt conveyor, removing sand and other impurities mixed in the materials at harvest time. 3. De-stoning, cleaning and crushing unitClean raw materials for cassava processing play an important role, so de-stoning and cleaning unit of pretreatment stage is the most important. The purpose of this unit is to get rid of sandstone, clay of cassava, and to deposit cleaned cassava in the cassava temporary hopper.

 Cassava is conveyed into the blades washer, blades washer adopts counter-current cleaning principle. Water flow (used for washing) and the materials movement direction is opposite. Certain level of cleaning water is poured into the cleaning trough, cassava raw materials almost float on the surface of water and move forward along rolling blades through internal trough. The cassava rotates and clashes each other in the water, getting rid of the soil and impurities on the surface of them in the greatest degree. Heavier sand and other heavy impurities sink to the bottom of the trough. Meanwhile, waste water outflows through the overflow outlet below the first trough, discharged soil and impurities sink to the drain outlet, and finally are discharged from there. In the end, the root pieces (materials) are conveyed to the next production link, through maximum cleaning of unloading fence. Finally the cassava cleaned by the three-grade blades washer, fall into the crusher through the big inclination-angle belt conveyor to carry on the preliminary slicing of cassava tuber. Cassava is cut into small piece to ensure rasping efficiency of rasper. Cubage of raw material temporary storage bin generally is designed to store washing quantity for one to two hours.  4. Rasping and pumping unitRasping unit is the most important link to influence cassava starch extraction rate. Efficient rasper can release cassava starch particles from cassava cells thoroughly, guaranteeing the combination starch content of cassava residue to the minimum. At the bottom of the temporary warehouse links a discharging outlet of special design which connects a feeding spiral with adjustable speed. Feeding spiral has three outlets, two rasper connectors and one overflow outlet. A length of short connection with gate valve is between rasper and feeding spiral. When the system is to feed, the gate valve of the rasper is turned on first, next the feeding spiral frequency is adjusted according to need, and then the feeding spiral is start-up and beginning feeding. Cassava slurry below the rasper is pumped into de-sanding unit with a fiber pump. The stainless steel rasper with special design is easy to operate. Concise file clamping system ensures the file working in its best position. Loading and unloading of the file is very simple, need not use special tools, ordinary staff can accomplish it. Stainless steel sieve plate is a whole structure and can be replaced without tools, and it can make rasper reach the highest efficiency and get high starch extraction rate. The distance between the file and the fixed block is 1 ~ 2mm, ensuring higher rasping efficiency. The whole production line capacity can be adjusted through the feeding spiral with adjustable speed.  5. hydro-cyclone and de-sanding unitCassava slurry got from rasping is pumped into the de-sand cyclone through a fiber pump. Materials with certain pressure enter into the de-sand cyclone along the tangent, cassava slurry in the hydro-cyclone is rotating with high speed, light starch and cassava residue etc. overflow from the top of the hydro-cyclone, while heavy sand is discharged from the bottom of the hydro-cyclone. At the bottom of the ceramic vortex tube has  a sand catch pot which connects pressure recoil water to guarantee starch not being

discharged from underflow outlet, and the sand in the sand catch pot is discharged regularly through two air valve.Ceramic vortex tube of special manufacture is durable; the air valve with unique design can discharge sand automatic periodically. 6. Centrifugal extraction unitCentrifugal extraction unit is another key units of the whole production line to influence cassava starch extraction rate, good centrifugal screen and process technology can help extract out all the free starch from broken cassava cells.Extraction unit is a centrifugal sieve group composed by three centrifugal sieves, each centrifugal sieve equips with a fiber pump and a de-foam pump. Cassava slurry came from de-sander enters into the first level extraction sieve, under the action of centrifugal force of sieve basket high speed rotating.cassava starch goes through the screen, and the residue stayed on the surface of sieve basket was thrown away lately. The front of the sieve basket, has certain pressure flushing water which spays from nozzles to make cassava residue roll continuously, and then extract starch of cassava residue thoroughly. Sieve basket back also designs flush water, but the back recoil water is periodically opened to guarantee pectin and cassava residue non-clogging screen. Starch milk is pumped to hydro-cyclone for washing by de-foam pump, and cassava residue is pumped to the second stage centrifugal sieve by fiber pump. Cassava residue containing some cassava starch is extracted starch further in the second centrifugal sieve, starchy water is pumped into the process water of the extraction unit by de-foam pump, cassava residue sequentially is pumped to the third stage extraction sieve by fiber pump. Similarly, the third stage extraction sieve still carries on starch extraction, screened materials still enter the process water of extraction unit, and cassava residue is pumped to cassava residue dehydration unit.Three-grade of centrifugal sieve group can ensure all free starch to be collected to extraction system, making cassava residue not contain free starch, the extraction rate of starch. Unique process design and excellent equipment performance guarantee complete extraction of free starch from cassava residue.  7. Cassava residue de-watering unitCassava residue pumped from the extraction unit proceeds with de-watering by a centrifugal sieve, the working principle is the same as an extraction sieve. Cassava residue finally is delivered out of the workshop through a screw conveyor, and the water of cassava residue still returns to process water system of extraction unit. 8. Concentrating and refining unitConcentrating and refining unit is the most important one of the whole production line, starch quality can be guaranteed fully in hydro-cyclone refining unit. Impurities of starch slurry will be eliminated thoroughly through physical method, without influencing the quality of starch product.Starch slurry sieved from the first stage centrifugal sieve enters into the 16 grades concentration hydro-cyclone washing unit, process water pumped from the other end of the hydro-cyclone washes starch with countercurrent method. The whole hydro-cyclone can be divided into three parts, first starch slurry is de-watered and concentrated through concentrated hydro-cyclone, concentrated starch milk enters into the subsequent washing unit, and then overflowed cell sap enters into two-stage recovery hydro-cyclone for recycling contained starch. The most effluent overflowed out of hydro-cyclone, containing abundant fibrous impurities is discharged directly; a small minority enters into

the process water system of extraction unit again. Starch milk of hydro-cyclone is pumped to a stainless steel starch milk storage tank with blender.Clean process water adds from last stage of hydro-cyclone to mix and wash starch milk, then the overflow mixes with former stage starch milk, washes and separates. Series of countercurrent washing like this makes fibers and cell sap are discharged out of hydro-cyclone along water. Adopting 13-stage washing can guarantee washing effect of hydro-cyclone, which could remove fiber, protein contained in starch milk better, in this way, the starch milk came from hydro-cyclone has no impurities at all. 9. Fine fiber separation unitFine fiber separation unit is assorted unit to concentration and refining unit; its main purpose is to reduce working pressure of hydro-cyclone. When fiber and impurities in the starch slurry are too much, fine fiber sieve can be opened to discharge part of the fine fiber of hydro-cyclone out of cyclone system to ensure overmuch fine fiber can be discharged from hydro-cyclone. Waste water containing fine fiber came from the first level of overflow of hydro-cyclone enters directly into inlet of the fine fiber sieve, starch containing in fine fiber is extracted through the fine fiber sieve as extraction unit; the starchy cell sap and starch slurry extracted from the first level of starch extraction sieve together re-enter into the hydro-cyclone, the separated fine fiber directly enters into the cassava residue spiral discharge of dehydration sieve or into the cassava residue de-watering unit together with the cassava residue came from extraction unit. Fine fiber separation unit plays a good auxiliary function in the working of hydro-cyclone; it can discharge large amount of fine fiber of hydro-cyclone out of cyclone system in time, at the same time it can discharge cell sap on the poor raw material situation.  10. Starch de-watering unitStarch milk with too big moisture content came from hydro-cyclone can’t directly dry, so first starch milk needs de-water to make starch moisture content be about 40%. When centrifuge filter de-watering and after the rotating drum working at a full speed, the inlet valve automatically and periodically opens, the suspension enters into the rotating drum with full speed through the feed pipe, solid content of the suspension is evenly distributed on semi-auto surface by centrifugal force, and liquid is mostly separated by centrifugal separation through filter screen and drum wall holes, discharged through the tangential liquid outlet of machine housing; along with the extension of the  feeding time, the thickness of solid material layer inside the drum is also increasing. reaching the scheduled time, inlet valve shuts down automatically and feeding stops. After a certain period of feeding stop time, the flush valve automatically opened, washing water sprays on solid content through a washing water pipe, the flush valve automatically closes after a certain period of time; under conditions of continuous full speed rotating of the rotating drum, liquid content is constantly separated, solid content is fully dried after a certain time of continuous separation. At this time scraper cuts with rotation into solid material layer along the radial direction of the rotating drum, the removed materials to be delivered out of machine through the aggregate trough along the inclined discharge hopper, scraper resets after the discharging. Meanwhile, flush valve opens, washing water cleans filter screen to make it reuse; washing filter ending means that a complete operational period is finished, at this moment feeding valve opens again to enter the next

cycle period. Filter cake is scraped by scraper and conveyed into the feeding hopper of the flash dryer by the belt conveyor of food-grade. Because the operation of centrifuge filter is intermittent, therefore two centrifuge filters equipped together work at the same time to ensure the feeding continuity of the flash dryer. Centrifuge filter is characterized by excellent performance, and simple and stable operation. low moisture content of de-watered starch, so it can reduce the energy consumption of subsequent air drying. 11. Flash drying unitFlash dryer will further dry the de-watered starch to commodities starch required moisture content. Air passes through the filter and is heated to the required temperature by the heat exchanger, and then hot air is sucked into the flash dryer by draught fan. De-watered starch is conveyed to the feeding spiral with hopper, and then conveyed to the feeding inlet of flash dryer through spiral conveyer; starch enters into the cyclone separator through air pipe along with hot air of flash dryer; dried starch separates with air in cyclone separator; wet air leaves cyclone separator and discharged through draught fan. Starch enters into finished product spiral through air locker below the cyclone separator. The big bend pipe flash dryer by special design practically proves that the energy consumption reduces 30-40% than average.  12. Screening and storage unitStarch is conveyed to the starch well-distribution bunker by finished product spiral, and then the starch is conveyed to the bucket elevator through the leveraged feeder starch below the starch well-distribution bunker, finally the starch is conveyed into the two-way conveying spiral. Starch returns to the starch well-distribution bunker through two-way conveying spiral, if the moisture content of starch can’t reach standard; starch enters into the double storehouse vibrating sieve through two-way conveying spiral, if the moisture content of starch can reach standard. The vibrating screen sifts and clarifies dried starch, removes gelatinous and thick grain of the fine starch, makes the fineness of the finished product starch meet the standard. The starch screened enters directly into the stainless steel starch bunker for temporary storage. The sieve mesh number of the selected double storehouse vibrating sieve its sieve mesh is increasing from top to bottom gradually, and guarantees no blockage of the starch screening and the fineness of starch. Adopting the starch well-distribution bunker can guarantee the balance of the finished product; starch could reach the moisture standard through the recycling of the starch well-distribution bunker, if the dried starch is too dry or too wet. Especially when the flash dryer is under the unstable starting up condition, the moisture content of starch can be ensured to reach standard equally through the starch well-distribution bunker.  13. Weighting and packing unitThe starch of storehouse will be packed into 25 kg per bag by automatic packer.

http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2002/03/nigeria/nigeria_rice.htm

http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/cs5.pdf

http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2002/03/nigeria/pictures/crop_calendar_nigeria.pdf

http://www.iita.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=c853d84b-1c26-4d83-963a-3b940a9a248b&groupId=25357 though you can likely only open it in “incognito window” so I’ve attached it as “Starting a Cassava Farm.pdf”

http://www.iita.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=8e05fd78-7344-4a97-aa2a-e99af14bd3ac&groupId=25357though you can likely only open it in “incognito window” so I’ve attached it as “Improved cassava variety handbook – IITA”

http://www.danforthcenter.org/GCP21/Poster_Sessions/Poster_Session12.pdf

http://www.cassavabiz.org/agroenterprise/farming.htm

Site selection Choose an accessible well-drained fertile soil.

VarietiesThe following varieties are recommended for their high yield and processing quality: TMS 30572, NR 8082, NR8083, TMS 4(2) 1425, TMS 81/00110, TMS 92/0326. An additional 10 varieties are in the process of being released.

Weed control and land preparation A total herbicide – Round up (a glyphosate) should be applied at the rate of 4–5 l/ha 10 days before land preparation.

For cost effectiveness and optimum plant population, mechanization and planting on ridges are recommended.

Liming It is recommended that 5 (50 kg) bags of agricultural lime be applied /ha during land preparation.

Planting and planting material1. Planting starts in April and can be extended to October.2. The quantity recommended for 1 ha is 60 bundles of cassava stem.3. Stem cuttings 25 cm long should be planted at a spacing of 1 m x 1 m.4. Maintain 100% planting rate by replacing dead or nonviable stems.

Post-planting weed controlWhere a total herbicide was not used before land preparation, it is recommended that a selective pre-emergence herbicide be applied within three days after planting. Five litres of Primextra is recommended /ha.

Fertilizer use, type and rateThe following fertilizers and their rate/ha are recommended• NPK 15:15:15–12 (50 kg) bags• NPK 20:10:10–9 (50 kg) bags• NPK 12:12:17–15 (50 kg) bags

Apply fertilizer at 8 weeks after planting. Apply fertilizer in a ring, 6 cm wide and 10 cm from the plant or broadcast with care around the plant, making sure the fertilizer does not touch the stem or leaves.

Yield Yield of 25 t/ha and above can be obtained with good agronomic practices and management.

NoteTo reduce cost of production and attain high yields, it is recommended that land preparation be fully mechanized. A power tiller can be used if the total land area under cultivation is not more than 250ha

Production cost for one hectare of cassava to ensure yield of 25 t/ha and above

    N1 Land preparation 10,000.002 Cassava cuttings (60 bundles @ N300/bundle) 18,000.003 Planting (8 pd* at N500/pd) 4,000.004 Pre-emergence herbicides (5 liters at N1000/l) 5,000.005 Fertilizer (20:10:10, 9 bags at N2500/bag) 22,500.006 Insecticides (2 liters at N1000/l) 3,000.007 Application of herbicide 3,000.008 Application of insecticide 3,000.009 Application of fertilizer (8 pd at N500/pd) 4,000.0010 One weeding (20 pd at N500/pd) 10,000.0011 Harvesting (35 pd at N500/pd) 17,500.00  Total 100, 000.00

* pd = person days. Farm labor wage rates vary by locationNote: Fixed capital investments are not included. Such capital investments include knapsack or boom sprayers, tractors or power tillers, stem cutters, planters, and harvesters. With planters and harvesters, manual labor use can be minimized.

http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5458E/x5458e0c.htm

Table 1: Comparative performance of early and recent improved cassava varieties of IITA in southwestern Nigeria

Variety Root yield (t/ha)

% of check

Harvest duration (months)

Root HCN content (mg/100g)

Source of clone

TMS 4(2)1425

20.9 211.1 9-15 3.12 IITA

TMS 30001 13.2 133.3 9-15 3.95 IITATMS 30572 14.4 145.5 9-15 4.99 IITATMS 50395 14.4 145.5 9-15 4.99 IITA60506 (check)a

9.9 100.0 15-18 4.51 FDAR

http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/3986.pdf