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Syllabus of Pharmacology

Introduction

1. The characteristics, goal and mission

Pharmacology is an essential course that contributes basic theory, elementary

knowledge and scientific principals to diseases prevention and rational use of drug. It

is also a double bridge that links medicine and pharmacy, basic medicine and clinical

medicine. The scope of pharmacology involves function sciences (physiology,

pathology, biochemistry and molecular biology), morphology (human anatomy,

embryology, parasitology) and clinic (internal medicine, surgery, gynecology,

pediatrics) and many other disciplines. Pharmacology is characterized by wide range

of contents and profound theories, making it an indispensable course for medical and

pharmaceutical research as well as clinical and production practice. The goal of

pharmacology includes: 1) to clarify the action of drug and underlying mechanism,

support rational use of drug, maximization of drug effect and avoidance from adverse

effect; 2)to develop new drug and novel purpose of existing drug; 3) to provide

supports and methods for other life science researches.

2. Basic requirements for teaching

1) Pharmacology theory

The theory of pharmacology has its vertical extent and connections with other parallel

disciplines. Learning of pharmacology theory should be on the basis of knowledge on

physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, physiopathology, etc. Its close

relationship with clinical practice extends the width and depth of pharmacology.

The goal of teaching includes:

Deliver basic theory and principals;

Discover new drug and explore cell physiological, biochemical and pathological

process;

Introduce the latest progress and basic research ideas and means;

Initiate scientific way of thinking, in terms of drug usage and basic pharmacology

research.

2) Pharmacology experiment

Pharmacology is an experimental science, of which the theory is obtained from the

experimental studies, including nonclinical and clinical study. It is the experimental

studies that accumulate the rich content of pharmacology, and promote the

development of modern pharmacology. This is why experiments represent a critical

role in pharmacology teaching. To improve the teaching effect, we modified and

rearranged traditional pharmacology experiments to a new set of experiments ranging

from micro to macro, from qualitative to quantitative, from system organ to cellular

and molecular level that reflects modern developments. New research means and

results and new concepts and theories are incorporated in these experiments. The

students are trained to apply knowledge to practice during the designing, independent

conducting, analyzing and discussing of the experiments. In the experiments, we

encourage students to think independently, design the experiments themselves and put

thinking into practice. That enables students to integrate what they learned in the

classroom with practice, and achieved desirable results.

3. Schedule and content

The teaching schedule is set to accommodate the actual situation of our college. There

are 2 portions:

1) Basic pharmacology is scheduled on fourth grade or fifth grade. A total of 90

classes are taught by faculty of pharmacology department. The content includes

general pharmacology, efferent system pharmacology, central nervous system

pharmacology, cardiovascular pharmacology, internal organs and hormone systems

pharmacology and pharmacology of chemotherapeutic drugs, etc. General

introduction covers the general principles of pharmacology, including

pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and drug interaction. For each organ systems,

the pharmacodynamic (such as the pharmacological effects of drugs, drug action

mechanisms, drug clinical use and adverse reactions) and pharmacokinetic (in vivo

drug processes) characteristics of drugs are detailed.

2) Clinical pharmacology is scheduled on seventh grade. The textbook and the

lectures are presented by PUMCH department of clinical pharmacology. 90 classes

are divided into 70 classes of theory (6 lectures) and 20 classes of experiments, except

for 2 classes of examination.

4. Teaching method and characteristics

Theories:

1) Lecture. Various teaching methods are furnished in pharmacology lectures.

Multimedia courseware in aid of blackboard is the common way of teaching.

Animations are also used to illustrate the mechanism of drugs, making the abstracts

lively and easy to understand.

2) “Problem based learning” (PBL) mode. The core of PBL is group discussion, with

a typical group of 25 students. The teacher will give a case briefing and then a

question is forwarded. The students will speak in turn to address the question. At the

present stage, all PBL class are hosted by professors and the topic of PBL class circles

antibiotics and endocrine system drugs. The key of PBL teaching is steering the

discussion, thus a successful PBL class calls for more preparation work.

3) English-Chinese teaching. For Eight-year medical students, the lectures are given

in English, with Chinese annotations on key points. PPTs are present in English (or

mainly in English with Chinese annotations on medical vocabulary). Experiments are

taught in English. The experience of English-Chinese teaching indicate a positive

effect that can be enhanced by perseverance.

Experiments:

1) Comprehensive experiments, which include:

Experimental skills training, including commonly used functional and versatile

experimental technique and skills, and traditional physiology, pathophysiology and

pharmacological experiments (e.g., receptor dynamics and pharmacokinetics

experiments).

Integrated function experiments, in which a combination of normal function

measurements, physiological stimulates assessments, pathological model preparation

and drug effect evaluations, are performed.

Enlightenment experiment, specifically, receptor binding assay and Adenylate

cyclase activity assay. These 2 experiments are designated to train medical students

scientific literacy and molecular pharmacology research methods, especially on

receptor theory. Enlightenment experiments need 6 to 8 classes to complete.

2) Exploratory experiment. The students will choose a subject and design the

protocol by themselves under directions of teacher. A summary report should be

prepared after study execution and data analysis. The subject should be intermediate

in difficulty and duration.

3) Scientific research practice. For higher grade students, the faculty can admit

1-2 students for scientific research practice. We believe that scientific research

practice is helpful in making a doctor to be a medical researcher. Through

participation in research activities, not only a student’s thinking skills and practice

experience is added, but also knowledge, sense of innovation and motivation of a

student is activated.

The experiment and practice program list above in all will advantage the teaching of

pharmacology. The students will benefit from these programs in aspects of self

learning capacity and problem-resolving ability. A comprehensive training of

designing, executing and analyzing cultivate the student’s awareness of integrating

theory with practice and a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts.

5. Textbook and reference

1) Yang baofeng. Pharmacology, 6th Edition. People’s medical publishing house,

2003.

2) Xu shuyun. Clinical Pharmacology, 3rd Edition. People’s medical publishing

house, 2004.

3) Yang shijie. Pharmacology, 1st Edition. People’s medical publishing house, 2001.

4) Hardman JG, Limbird LE. Goodman &Gilman’s .The Pharmacological Basis of

Therapeutics, Tenth edition, USA: McGraw-Hill Company,New York, 2001.

5) In-house teaching materials of pharmacology experiments.

Chapter1 introduction of pharmacology

1. Purpose

Understand the pharmacology disciplines, the development history of

pharmacology. Understand the pharmacology study object, study method and

mission in medicine and medical research status, grasp the basic rules of the

pharmacological effects.

2. hours: 2 hours

3. Teaching content：

(1) overview of pharmacology：outline of pharmacology development

(2) The significance of pharmacology ： The content of basic pharmacology

(3) receptor ： outline of receptor development ， essential conception of

receptor (4) drug label（chemical name，common name，trade mark）(5) research methods in pharmacology

(6) drug discovery and clinical drug evaluation

(7) The new drug definition and classification

(8) The main approaches and find new drug evaluation of basic requirements

(principle and content )

(9) preclinical evaluation ： Including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic

and toxicology research

(10) clinical drug evaluation：including phase1，2，3 trials

(11) factors affecting drug effects and principles of rational using drugs

Chapter2 pharmacodynamics

1.Purpose

Understand the basic function, drug dependent, structureactivity relationship,

drug treatment principle and scope, safety and index poison effect.

2. hours: 2 hours

3. Teaching content：(1) The basic function of drugs, ： changes in the level of organ function and

the reform of the humoral ingredients.

(2) The basic rules of the drug ： selectivity ， dose-effect relationship of

drug，dose，LDso，ED50，therapeutic index,adverse reaction

(3) The principle of drugs, the second messenger ， receptors, information

across the membrane

Chapter3 pharmacokinetics

1 purpose：Grasp the relation between Transmembrane transpor and process of drug in the

body.grasp the conception of Bioavailability,compartment ，apparent volum of

distribution，pharmacodynamics ,plasma drug concentration and Half-life

2.Hhours: 2 hours

3. Teaching content：(1) Transmembrane transport

(2) Process of drug in the body

(3) Absorption： Bioavailability，first-pass effect

(4) Distribution ， drug-plasma protein binding ， organ blood flow

Barriers,apparent volume of distribution

(5) Excretion：renal excretion,biliary excretion

(6) Biotransformation,enzymes involved in drug biotransformation

(7) Plasma drug concentration and Half-life

(8) First-order rate process,Zero-order rate process

Chapter 4 General of autonomic drugs

1. Purpose:

Grasp the classification of the autonomic drugs pharmacology; the main transmitters

and receptors’ classification, type, distribution; autonomic transmitters’ synthesis,

transport, reserve, release and metabolism.

2. Credits：2 credit hours

3. Content：(1) Classify autonomic nerve by transmitter and describe their physiological

function; the biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism of adnephrin and

acetylcholine.

(2) Classify autonomic nerve system by transmitter receptor; the distribution and

function of α- and β-adrenoreceptor, M and N cholinergic receptor and other

receptors.

(3) The General action principle of autonomic nerve system drugs: influence on the

receptor directly or influence on the biosynthesis, transport and storage of the

transmitter.

Chapter 5 Cholinomimetic drugs

1. Purpose:

Grasp the conception and classification of the choline receptor agonists; understand

the N-like and M-like function of acetylcholine. Grasp the pharmacological action,

clinical application and adverse reaction of carpiline and neostigmine.

2. Credits：0.7 credit hours

3. Content：(1) Conception and classification of the choline receptor agonists.

(2) N-like and M-like function of acetylcholine

(3) The M-like function (ocular function) induced by pilocarpine

(4) Anti-cholinesterase drugs’ pharmacological action, in vivo process,

characteristics and clinical application of physostigmine and neostigmine

Chapter 6 Organophosphate poisoning and cholinesterase drugs

1. Purpose:

Understand the principle, symptom, prevention and cure of organophosphate

poisoning; Grasp the mechanism of action and clinical application of alexipharmic


3. Content：(1) The mechanism of the inhibition of cholinesterase induced by organophosphate;

the appearance of acute poisoning, N-like and M-like function, the symptom of

central nerve, the treatment of acute poisoning, the function and application of

atropine.

(2) Cholinesterase drugs: the mechanism of the resurrection of Cholinesterase

induced by pralidoxime iodide, and synergy and adverse rection of atropine.

Chapter 7 Anticholinergic agents aimed on M-Cholinergic receptor

1. Purpose:

Grasp the characteristics, action and adverse reaction of atropine, anisodamine,

hyoscine.

2. Credits：2 credit hours

3. Content：(1) Atropine’s competitive blocking function on M-Cholinergic receptor, and its

function characteristics, clinical application, adverse reaction, toxic symptom and

rescue principle.

(2) Anisodamine, hyoscine’s function characteristics on central and periph, clinical

application and the comparison of them and atropine.

Chapter 8 Anticholinergic agents aimed on N-Cholinergic receptor

1. Purpose:

Understand the ganglion (N1 and N2 receptor) blockers’ pharmacological function

and clinical application. Grasp the two major kinds of anticholinergic agents aimed on

N2-Cholinergic receptor (skeletal muscle relaxant).


3. Content：(1) Ganglion blockers selective block the N-receptor. The characteristics, use, major

adverse reaction and contraindication of mecamylamine.

(2) Skeletal muscle relaxant’s effect on N2-receptor, the different mode of action

between of the non-depolarizing muscular relaxants and depolarizing muscular

relaxants and their characteristics, drug interaction and application.

(3) Celocaine’s action characteristics, in vivo process, clinical application and

adverse rections

Chapter 9 Adrenomimetic

1. Purpose:

Grasp the conception and classification of the adrenergic receptor agonists.

Understand the mechanism and pharmacological function of drug active αreceptor, β1

receptor and β2 receptor. Grasp adrenalin, noradrenalin and isoprenalin’s function,

application, adverse reactions and contraindication. Understand the action

characteristics and application of dopamine, ephedrine, Alamin, between

hydroxylamine and dobutamine.


3. Content：(1) The chemical structure and SAP of Adrenomimetic.

(2) Noradrenalin: the absorption of different DDS, the main elimination ways, the

effect of MAO and COMT in the metabolism of CA. the major targets of noradrenalin

are αand β1 receptors. Its effect on cardiovascular system and clinical application,

adverse reaction and prevention and cure.

(3) Adrenalin: Active α and β receptors. Its pharmacological function, clinical

application, side effects and contraindication. Grasp drenalin, noradrenalin and

isoprenalin’s pharmacological function, reaction, adverse reaction and

contraindication.

(4) Isoprenalin: Active β1 and β2 receptors

(5) Familiar with Inter-hydroxylamine, dopamine, ephedrine, phenol D-dopa’s

function characteristics and application.

Chapter 10 Adrenoreceptor antagonist

1. Purpose:

Understand the blocking function on αand βreceptor, and the classification,

characteristics and Pharmacological action ofαand βreceptor antagonist.


3. Content：Grasp the function mechanism, clinical meaning, action and use of adrenoreceptor

antagonist phentolamine, phenol cumming and tolazoline.

Chapter 11 Local Anesthetics

1. The purpose of requirements:：Grasp the pharmacological action, mechanism of action and clinical application of

local anesthetics

2. Hours: 0.5 hours

3. Teaching content：

(1) Essential conception of Local Anesthetics ， Fashion of Local Anesthetics

action，Mechanism of Local Anesthetics action。(2) Understant the fashion of Local Anesthetics action:surface

anesthesia 、 infiltration anesthesia ， conduction

anesthesia，subarachnoidal，epidural anesthesia.

(3) Grasp the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Local Anesthetics such as

procaine、tetracaine、lidocaine

Chapter12 Introduction of Central nervous system（CNS）Pharmacology

1. Objective and Requirements

Master the classification of CNS drugs and their mechanism of action.

2. Hours: 2 hours

3. Teaching Content:

(1) From the point view of anatomy, biochemistry and physiology of CNS to

comprehend its transmitter , β receptor as well as its characteristics of

pharmacological effects.

(2) Main function of CNS.

(3) Transmitter and receptor of CNS.

(4) Pharmacological Characteristics of CNS.

(5) The Classification of CNS by mechanism of action.

Chapter 13 General Anesthetics


To master clinical indicators of narcotic phases and their physiological basis, the

commonly used pharmacology of general anesthetics, the principle and effect of

combined anesthesia medication and herbal anaesthesia.

2. Hours: 1.5 hours


(1) Concept of general anesthetics. The clinical indicators and pharmacological

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basis of phases of general anesthesia.

(2) Pharmacological characteristics of commonly used inhalation anaesthetics

such as ether, halothane and nitrous oxide: the role of strength, induction period,

recovery period, advantages, disadvantages and safety.Concept of minimum effective

alveolar gas concentration.The pharmacological action and clinical application of

commonly used intravenous anesthetics such as thiopental, ketamine, Sodium

Oxybate etc.

(3) Concept of combined anesthesia: preanesthetic medication, induction of

anaesthesia, basal anesthesia, dissociation anesthesia, neuroleptanalgesia,

hypothermic anesthesia, muscle relaxant and the principle of herbal anaesthesia.

Chapter 14 Antianxietics & Sedative Hypnotics


Comprehend the drug metabolism feature of benzodiazepine (BZDP), Master the

BZDP and barbiturates drugs from their mechanism of action, clinical application and

adverse reaction. Comprehend the effective feature of other sedative hypnotics.

2. Hours: 2 hours


(1) Concept of sedative hypnotics. Compare the similarities and differences which

between pharmacological sleep and physiological sleep.

(2) Drug metabolism feature of BZDP: drugs action of site and mechanism, and

tolerance, addiction and other adverse reaction of drugs such as apauvin,

chlordiazepoxide, estazolam etc.

(3) Barbiturates: pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs such as agrypnal,

amobarbital, secobarbital and penthiobarbital sodium and their mechanism of drug

action and clinical application.

(4) Other sedative hypnotics feature of action

Chapter 15 Antiepileptic & Anticonvulsant Drug


Comprehend the classification of epilepsia and its etiopathogenesis,

Master the pharmacological action of diphenylhydantoin sodium and drug’s anti-

epileptic mechanism, the pharmacological action of ethosuximide, magnesium sulfate,

carbamazepine and BZDP , and their use and adverse reaction.

2. Hours: 1.5 hours


(1) Classification of epilepsia.

(2) Mechanism of action and clinical application of antiepileptic, and adverse

reaction and therapeutic principle.

(3) Barbiturates & BZDP: the relationship of antiepileptic effect with Brain Stem

ascending reticular activation system and brain GABA. The feature of barbital

barbitone, apauvin, desoxyphenobarbital(PPM).

(4) Hydantoins: thepharmacological action and adverse reaction of

diphenylhydantoin sodium.

(5) Succinimide: the pharmacological action and adverse reaction of ethosuximide

(ES).

(6) Others: mechanism of action and clinical application of valproate

sodium，apauvin and arbamazepine.

(7) Anticonvulsant: anticonvulsant effect and clinical application of magnesium

sulfate.

Chapter 16 Anti-Parkinson Drug


Master pharmacological action, clinical application, adverse reaction of anti-

parkinsonism drugs.

Comprehend the application of anticholine drugs treating Parkinson's disease.

Comprehend the pharmacology basis of anti-Parkinson's disease combined

medication.

2. Hours:1.5 hours


(1) Pathological change and clinical situation of Parkinson's disease.

(2) Larodopa(L-dopa,LD): mechanism of action, pharmacological action and

clinical application.

(3) Anticholine drugs: the therapy effect and principle of Parkinson's disease and

its adverse reaction.

(4) Other: the feature of drug action of Bromocriptine (Brc.) and adamantanamine

(AM).

(5) Master the pharmacology basis of anti-Parkinson's disease combined

medication.

Chapter 17 Psychotolytic


Master chlorpromazine which pharmacological action, drug use and major adverse

reaction. Comprehend drug action feature of other Psychotolytic.

2. Hours: 2.5 hours


(1) Concept of mental subnormality, classification of Psychotolytic.

(2) Antipsychotic drug.

(3) Master chlorpromazine which drug mechanism of action, clinical application

and adverse reaction.

(4) Comprehend drug action feature of other psychotolytic such as chlorpiprazine

(PPZ), eskazine (TFZ), anatensil (FPZ), serenelfi (HPD).

(5) Anti-manic & anti-depressant drugs.

(6) Anti-manic drugs: physiological disposition, mechanism of action and

application of lithium carbonate (Li2O3).

(7) Anti-depressant drugs: antidepressant effects of drugs such as tricyclic

antidepressant (TCAD), dynaprin etc. Drug effects of monoaminoxidase (MAO)

suppressant, and clinical application, adverse reaction of the drug.

(8) Anti-anxiety drug (see sedative hypnotics).

Chapter18 Analgesics

1． The purpose of requirements:：Grasp the pharmacological action, in vivo process, clinical application and adverse

reaction of phenylbutazong,aspirin,paracetamol

Grasp the action characteristics,clinical application and adverse reaction of

morphine,pethidine,pentazocine

Understand the harmfulness of analgesic drugs abuse

2. Hours: 2 hours

3. Teaching content：(1) Opium’s history, clinical application , pharmacological action and adverse

reactions, the classification of the analgesics

(2) Pharmacological action of morphine ， opiate receptor classification and their

physiological function

(3) Pharmacokinetic characteristics and clinical application of pethidine, codeine, and

methadone

(4) The pharmacokinetic characteristics of opium receptor antagonist such as

naloxone

Chapter19 central stimulates

1．The purpose of requirements:：Grasp the characteristics, action and adverse reaction of caffeine, nikethamide,

dimefline.

2. hours: 0.5 hours

3. Teaching content：Central stimulates’ conception, clinical application and the importance of etiological

treatment

(1) Drugs mainly act on cerebral cortex

(2) Grasp the pharmacological action, clinical application and adverse reaction of

caffeine

(3) Drugs used for stimulating respiratory center

(4) Pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs such as nikethamide lobeline and their

clinical application

Celocaine’s action characteristics, in vivo process, clinical application and adverse

rections

Chapter20 antipyreti analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs

1．The purpose of requirements:：Grasp the mechanism of action of antipyreti analgesic and anti-inflammatory

drugs

Grasp the pharmacological action, in vivo process, clinical application and adverse

reaction of phenylbutazong, aspirin,paracetamol

2. Hours: 2 hours

3. Teaching content：Grasp the role of antipyreti analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs principle

(1) Salicylates ：aspirin ’s pharmacological action, clinical application and adverse

reactions

(2) Aniline ： phenacetin’s characteristics in vivo process, pharmacological action

and adverse reactions

(3) Pyrazoketone ： pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs such as

phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, aminophenazone metamizole sodium and their

clinical application

(4) Other anti-inflammatory organic acids ： pharmacokinetic characteristics and

adverse reactions of indometacin, mefenamic acid and brufen

Drugs affecting Cardiovascular function

Learning guide：Drugs affecting on cardiovascular system are involved in Chapter

24-30. The aim of the study is to be familiar with the function of cardiovascular

system, myoelectricity physiology and drug classification. Master pharmacological

effects shared in common; pharmacological effects, clinical application and major

adverse reactions of key drugs.

Chapter 21 drugs used in ion channels of cardiovascular system

【Class hours】1 hour

【Teaching requirements】To understand the classification of calcium-channel inhibitors and pharmacological

actions, clinical application and major adverse reaction about major drugs.

【Contents】Classification, pharmacological actions, clinical uses of calcium-channel inhibitor

drugs and pharmacological actions, clinical application and major adverse reaction

about major drugs.

【Main points and Difficult points】1. Main points: pharmacological actions, clinical uses of calcium-channel

inhibitor drugs

2. Difficult points: classification of calcium-channels and acting

mechanism of calcium-channel inhibitors.

Chapter 22　Anti-arrhythmic drugs

【Class hours】3 hours

【Teaching requirements】1. To master the developing mechanism of arrhythmia and antiarrhythmic

mechanism; choice drugs to control the arrhythmias;

2. To master the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs and pharmacological actions,

clinical application and major adverse reaction about major drugs(Quinidine,

procainamide, Lidocaine, Sodium Phenytoin, Propranolol, Amiodarone, Verapamil).

3. To understand the electrical physiology of myocardium.

【Contents】

1. Normal electrical physiology of myocardium and electrical

physiological mechanism of arrhythmia.

2. Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, pharmacological actions,

antiarrhythmic mechanism and major side effects.

【Main points and Difficult points】1. Main points：mechanism of arrhythmia; classifications of

antiarrhythmic drugs, antiarrhythmic mechanism and how to choose the

antiarrhythmic drugs for different types of arrhythmia.

2. Difficult points：electrical physiology of myocardium;

developing mechanism of arrhythmia; acting mechanism of antiarrhythmics.

Chapter 23 diuretics

【Class hours】2h

【Teaching requirements】1. To understand the physiological basis of diuretics.

2. To master actions, uses and adverse reactions about furosemide and

hydrochlorothiazide.

3. To understand the diuretic properties and acting mechanism of spironolactone and

triamterene .

4. To understand the actions and uses about mannitol.

5. To understand main traits, clinical uses, major adverse reactions of bumetanide and

indapamide; reasonable combination of diuretics, e.g., Spironolactone and

Hydrochlorothiazide.

【Contents】1. Concept of diuretics and physiological basis and classifications of diuretics.

2. Acting properties, acting mechanism, side effects and clinical uses about high-

ceiling diuretics, thiazides and potassium-sparing diuretics.

3. High-ceiling diuretics: pharmacokinetics, actions, uses and side effects of

furosemide.

4. Thiazides：pharmacokinetics, actions, uses and side effects.

5. Potassium-sparing diuretics：spironolactone and triamterene.

6. Concept of osmotic action; actions, uses, side effects and cautions about mannitol.

【Main points and Difficult points】

1. Main points：Renal urinary physiology and urinary formation.

2. Difficult points：Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide.

Chapter 24 Drugs used in congestive heart failure

【Class hours】4h

【Teaching requirements】1. To master pharmacological actions, acting mechanism, clinical uses, adverse

reactions and preventive and cure of toxication for cardiac glycosides.

2、To master pharmacological basis and significance of ACEI on the treatment of

CHF, and to understand the β receptor blockers acting mechanism on CHF.

3. To understand pharmacological basis and significance of vasodilators and PDE

inhibitors on CHF.

【Contents】 1. Pathophysicological basis of CHF.

2. Pharmacological actions, acting mechanism, clinical uses, adverse reactions and

preventive and cure of toxication for cardiac glycosides.

3. Other drugs (diuretics, ACEI, β receptor blockers, vasodilators.


1. Main points：Pharmacological actions, acting mechanism, clinical uses, adverse

reactions and preventive and cure of toxication for cardiac glycosides.

2. Difficult points：The changes of myocardium structure and functions, and

nervous-humour system regulations; acting mechanism of digoxin, ACEI andβ

receptor blockers.

Chapter 25 Antianginal drugs

【Class hours】2h

【Teaching requirements】1. To master antianginal mechanism and clinical uses about nitroglycerin, calcium

channel blocking drugs and propranolol.

2. To understand the pharmacological basis of nitroglycerin combine with propranolol

to treat the angina pectoris.

3. To understand the developing basis of angina pectoris and classifications of angina

pectoris; and the antianginal mechanism.

【Contents】1. Pathological causes and types of angina pectoris.

2. Antianginal mechanism and clinical uses about nitroglycerin, calcium channel

blocking drugs and propranolol.


1. Main points ： Antianginal mechanism and clinical uses about nitroglycerin,

calcium channel blocking drugs and propranolol.

2. Difficult points ：Pathological causes and types of angina pectoris ；Dilating the

blood vessels and antianginal mechanism of nitroglycerin.

Chapter 26 Agents used for hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia

【Class hours】1h

【Teaching requirements】1. To master the pharmacological actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions about

HMG-CoA recuctase inhibitors.

2. To understand the pharmacological actions and clinical uses about cholestyramine

and colestipol.

3. To understand the clinical uses of nicotinic acid, fibric acids derivatives and

probucol.

【Contents】1. Pharmacological actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions about HMG-CoA

recuctase inhibitors, bile acid-binding resins, nicotinic acid, fibric acids derivatives

and probucol.

2. Acting properties of polyenoic fatty acids and antioxygen agents.


1. Main points：concepts of high lipoproteins and hyperlipidemias.

2. Difficult points ： actions of these drugs and actions and uses of HMG-CoA

recuctase inhibitors.

Chapter 27 Antihypertensive drugs

【Class hours】3h

【Teaching requirements】1. To master pharmacological actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions of diuretics,

β receptor blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers and ACEI on the hypertension.

2. To understand the classification of antihypertensive drugs; the hypotensive actions,

uses and side effects of clonidine, prazosin and sodium nitroprusside, and how to use

in combine with other drugs.

【Contents】1. Concept of hypertension, types of hypertension, detriment to health and progression

of treatment. Classifications of antihypertensive drugs and therapeutic significant.

Hypotensive properties, acting mechanism, adverse reactions and indications about

sympathetic inhibitors and vasodilators.

2. Central sympathetic inhibitors: hypotensive properties, acting mechanism, adverse

reactions and indications about clonidine and moxonidine.

3. Drugs act on sympathetic nerve ending: hypotensive properties, acting mechanism,

adverse reactions and indications about reserpine, trimetaphan and mecamylamine.

4. Adrenaline receptor blockers:

1) α-blockers: prazosin

2) β-blockers: propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol.

3) α andβ-blockers: labetalol

5. Vasodilators: sodium nitroprusside, hydralazine.

6. Diuretics: hypotensive properties, acting mechanism, and clinic uses of thiazides.

7. ACEI: Retin-angiotonin system roles in cardiovascular system regulation; actions

and uses of captopril and enalaprol, and AT1 receptor blocker.

8. Uses of calcium channel blocker in treating hypertension.

9. Using principles of antihypertensive drugs.

【Main points and Difficult points】1. Main points：hypotensive properties, acting mechanism and clinical uses about

diuretics, ACEI, AT1 receptor blockers, β-blockers and calcium channel blockers.

2. Difficult points：hypotensive mechanism of antihypertensive drugs.

Chapter 28:

Chapter 29：on the digestive system and the role of histamine and

antihistamines

1. The purpose of requirements:

Understanding of the drug classification of digestive system, peptic ulcer drugs have

focused on the role of theory and application; understanding the relationship between

histamine and allergy, have H1, H2 receptor distribution and effects, as well as the

role and application of antihistamines H1, H2 receptor antagonist.

2. Hours: 1 hour

3. Teaching content:

(a) the classification of peptic ulcer drugs

(b) Antacids: Antacids clinical application. The advantages and disadvantages of

various drugs and the significance of the combined medication.

(c) mucosal protection of the principle of the role of medicine, clinical

applications

(d) the characteristics of the clinical role of H2 receptor antagonist drug

(e) the role of the characteristics of anti-Helicobacter pylori drugs

Chapter 30：role in the respiratory system drugs


Understanding of sputum, cough, wheezing among the dialectical relationship

between the master ammonium chloride, bromide benzyl ammonium cyclohexyl,

codeine, cough Biqing, compound liquorice tablets, such as the role and application.

2. Hours: 1.5 hours

3. Teaching content: outline sputum, cough, asthma symptoms among the three

relations.

(a) Expectorant drugs: definition of the role of the treatment of bronchitis.

Nausea and expectorant drugs: ammonium chloride, Campanulaceae,

away from the role and clinical application.

Phlegm dissolved drug: Bromo benzyl ammonium cyclohexyl, acetyl-L-

cysteine the role and clinical application.

(b) Cough: Codeine, cough Biqing back cough cough medicines, such as the role

of the key features and applications.

Cough expectorant compound: Compound of glycyrrhiza

(c) Antiasthmatic drugs: to be adrenergic drugs (isoproterenol, epinephrine

hydroxymethyl tert-butyl), M cholinergic receptor blocker drugs (Normosecretol),

theophylline Class (aminophylline) , Disodium cromoglycate, adrenal cortex

hormones in anti-asthmatic effect principle, clinical application and medication

attention.

Chapter 31：adrenocortical hormone drugs


Adrenocorticotropic hormone grasp the main physiological and pharmacological

effects, clinical uses, adverse reactions and application of the attention.

2. Hours: 3 hours

3. teaching content, drug classification, structure-activity relationship.

(a) Mineralocorticoid categories: the role of aldosterone category, uses.

(b) Glucocorticoids role.

Physiological role of: sugar, protein, fat, water and salt metabolism in the

role.

Pharmacological effects: anti-inflammatory, anti-immune, anti-bacterial

endotoxin, anti-shock, blood, central nervous system. Respectively, described the

performance of these roles and performance of these possible reasons for the

occurrence, from the favorable and unfavorable note two aspects of anti-inflammatory

effects and anti-immune role.

(c) The fundamental role of glucocorticoid way.

(d) Glucocorticoid Clinical Applications: severe acute infection, relieve symptoms

and to gain time, all kinds of inflammation, allergic reactions and autoimmune

diseases, shock, certain blood diseases, replacement therapy, local treatment of skin

diseases.

(e) Adverse reaction: similar adrenocortical hyperthyroidism, long-term drug use

lead to dysfunction, induced or exacerbated by infection-induced gastric ulcer, the

extension of wound healing. Occasions used with caution and contraindications.

(f) Of the pros and cons of the dual nature of this type of drug. Abuse can cause

serious consequences. Discontinuation of long-term drug problems.

(g) Corticotropin: role, purpose.

Chapter 32：sex and contraceptives


Understanding and application of the role of contraceptives. Grasp of the clinical

application of sex hormones.

2. hours: 2 hours.


(a) Review the hypothalamus, pituitary and gonadal regulation between.

(b) Estrogen.：

Estradiol, estrostilben, ethinylestradiol in vivo role in the process, uses and adverse

reactions.

(c) progesterone: Category. Of the uterus, ovulation, the role of the breast, uses,

side effects. Progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate and

norethisterone process and the role of in vivo characteristics of the side effects.

(d) Of androgen: the promotion of male sexual organs and sexuality, to pay

development, the role of anti-estrogen, inhibiting pituitary gonadotropin secretion,

promoting the assimilation of protein metabolism. Hematopoietic excited. Application

of adverse reactions.

Testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylacetate.

(e) The concept of assimilation hormone: (Nandrolone, Liuzhou Kangli

characteristics).

(f) Of contraceptives:

Contraceptives inhibit ovulation, short-acting and long-acting

formulation and usage of contraceptives (norethindrone tablets compound, compound

A to Progesterone tablets, contraceptive needle on the 1st), pharmacological effects,

adverse reactions, contraindication.

Anti-implantation contraceptives: the role of common adverse reactions,

usage.

Trichosanthin and prostaglandins: the role of termination of pregnancy.

Prostaglandins on the uterine smooth muscle and the role of corpus luteum.

Male birth control drugs: the role of gossypol contraception.

Chapter 33：thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs


Understanding of thyroid hormone preparations and their clinical application. Grasp

the role of antithyroid drugs principle, clinical uses, adverse reactions and application

of the attention.

2. Hours: 2 hours.


Briefly review the physiological and biochemical thyroid hormones:

thyroxine T3, T4 of the biosynthesis, storage and release. With the hypothalamus,

pituitary relationship of mutual constraints. Hormone to promote cellular growth and

differentiation and the role of energy metabolism, clinical applications and adverse

reactions.

Antithyroid drugs: anti-thyroid drugs commonly used mechanism of action,

pharmacological effects and adverse reactions. Iodine and iodide: endemic goiter and

hyperthyroidism on the therapeutic effect.

Radioactive iodine in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism value.

Chapter 34：insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents


Master of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents the role of principle. IP applications

and the application of clinical attention.

2. Hours: 2 hours.


(a) The history of the development of insulin

(b) The hypoglycemic effect of insulin Principle

(c) The dose of insulin to treat diabetes computing principles. Commonly used

short-acting formulations points (such as ordinary insulin). Medium effect (such as

low protamine zinc insulin). Long-lasting (such as protamine zinc insulin) principle

and the principle of selection. Attention to adverse reactions and applications.

Oral hypoglycemic agents Category: iodine acid-methyl urea has small urea, urea and

C sulfochlorophenol glybenclamide. Islet B cells can stimulate the release of insulin,

only the loss of pancreatic function in patients has not been completely effective.

Biguanides complete loss of pancreatic function in patients still valid. Caused by

lactic acidosis

Teaching Syllabus of Pharmacology

Chapter 35 the pandect of antibiotics

1. Objective

Understand the definition, research directions,now-exsiting problems and brief history

of antibiotics. Grasp main classes and mechanism of action of antibiotics,grasp drug-

resistant strains and mechanism of bacterial drug resistance.

2. Teaching hour: 3 hours

3. Teaching content

(1) Definition of chemotherapy:the relationship between host and infectious

agents.

(2) Commonly used terms of : antimicrobial spectrum, chemotherapy index .

(3) Brief history of the development of antibiotics: the now-exsiting

problems,research directions and research methods of antibiotics.

(4) Classification of antibiotics and all kinds of mechanism,

(5) The origin of drug-resistant strains, mechanism of bacterial drug resistance

and the designing of novel antibiotics.

Chapter 36 Introduction of antibiotics

1. Objective

Grasp the antimicrobial spectrums, indications and resistance of commonly used

antibiotics,pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and their prevention and treatment.

2. Teaching hour:3 hours

3. Teaching content

(1) Beta-lactam antibiotics,tetracyclines,aminoglycosides and macrolides.

(2) Others:rifampicin

(3) Methods:on the basis of self-study,discuss on clinical cases in class.

Chapter 37 Sulfonamide and other synthetic antimicrobial drugs

1. Objective：(1) Application and evaluation of Sulfonamide.

(2) Grasp antimicrobial spectrum, indications, pharmacokinetics and clinical

uses of sulfonamides.

(3) Grasp mechanism and significance of integration of sulfonamides and

trimethoprim.

(4) Comprehend antibacterial usage in urinary tract infection.

2. Teaching hour: 1.5 hours

3. Teaching content

(1) The history of sulfonamide. Relationship among chemical structure,

pharmacological action and pharmacokinetics. antimicrobial spectrum and

indications. Relationship among pharmacokinetics, drug selection and

toxicity.Adverse effects and their prevention.

(2) Grasp the characteristics and Selective usage of commonly used

sulfanilamide: SD、SIZ、SMZ. Disadvantage of long-acting Sulfanilamides.

(3) Principle of potentiation of Sulfanilamide by trimethoprim (TMP),

Combination with SMZ. Evaluation on use of SMZ+TMP combinedwith antibacterial.

Pharmacological action,mechanism of action, adverse effects of urinary tract

infection treatment.

Chapter 38 Anti-tuberculosis drugs and antileprotics

1. Objective

(1) Grasp pharmacological action,resistance, adverse effects and clinical uses of

anti tuberculosis drugs(streptomycin isoniazid, aminosalicylic Acid, rifampin,

ethambutol),therapeutic principles of antituberculosis.

(2) Understand surveys of antileprotics.

2. Teaching hour: 1.5 hour

3. Teaching content

(1) Antituberculosis action, resistance, clinical significance and clinical uses of

streptomycin.

(2) Pharmacological action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and

their prevention and treatment, indications and clinical uses of isoniazid. anti

tuberculosis activity, resistance, adverse effects and clinical uses of aminosalicylic

acid

(3) Rifampin is semi-synthetic product of rifamycin B, mechanism of

antibacterial activity, resistance, adverse effects, clinical uses of it.

(4) Mechanism of antituberculosis, adverse effects, and their prophylaxis and

treatment of ethambutol.

(5) Therapeutic principle of antituberculosis: early treatment, combination

medication, long-term treatment, intermittent treatment, and its evaluaton.

Chapter 39 Cancer chemotherapy(drugs affecting immunity)

1. Objective

(1) Comprehend therapeutical principle of immunosuppression agents, main

indication, adverse effects, characteristics of commonly used immunosuppression

agents.

(2) Grasp mechanism of anti-malignant tumor agents, indication and adverse

effect of them.Comprehend the relationship between cell proliferation cycle and

cancer chemotherapy.

2. Teaching hour: 4 hours

3. Teaching content

(1) Overview: status of anti-malignant tumor agents on cancer chemotherapy.

cell proliferation kinetics and chemotherapy of malignant tumor.

(2) Classification of drugs mechanisms indications and adverse effects of﹑ ﹑

various drugs

(a) Alkylating agent: chlormethine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil,

formylmerphalan, carmustine, thiophosphoramide and busulfan cross-link with DNA

and inhibits its replication.

(b) Antimetabolites: Folic acid antagonist: methotrexate; purine antagonist:

mercaptopurine. Pyrimidine antagonist: Fluorouracil, DNA synthesis antagonist:

cytarabine (ara-c), cyclo-C. Antibiotics: actinomycin D, bleomycin ,mitomycin C,

plicamycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin.

(c) Plant alkaloids: vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, affecting spindle

formation. Camptothecine, hydroxycamptothecin, harringtonine.

(d) Hormones: adrenal cortical hormone; androgen, estrogen.

(e) Other agents: razoxane, L-asparaginase, Interferon. Pharmacology of

drug combination

(f) Drugs affecting immunity

Basic Knowledge of cellular and humoral immunity and types of

allergic reaction.therapeutical principle of immunosuppression agents, main

indication, adverse effects

Drugs: Corticosteroids cyclophosphamide mercaptopurine

methotrexate azathioprine.

Evaluations of immunostimulants (immunomodulating drugs),

levamisole, polysaccharides.

Teaching contents (lectures)

(1) Lecture about receptors (3 class hours)

(2) Lecture about pharmacology progression (2 class hours)

Experiments (20 class hours)

Experiment 1

The ED50 and LD50 determination of pentobarbital sodium

(1) Objectives and requisitions

Master the method of ED50 and LD50 determination.

Understand the theories about pharmacodynamics and dose-effect relationship further.

(2) Class hours

3 class hours.

(3) Experiment contents

Learn the principles of experimental animals' randomization, the arrest and

administration methods, as well as the calculation and the purpose of LD50 and ED50

determination.

Experiment 2

The effect on blood pressure of drugs from autonomic nerve system


Observe the effect on rabbit blood pressure of adrenergic transmitters, cholinergic

transmitters as well as the agonistic and antagonistic drugs.

(2) Class hours

4 class hours.


Learn and master the methods of animal(rabbit) anaesthesia and carotid arterial

cannula.

Learn the acute blood pressure assay method.

Observe the changes of the blood pressure after drug administration to analyse the

drugs' funtional sites and mechanisms.

Experiment 3

The inhibition of morphine on guinea ileum longitudinal muscle contraction caused

by electric stimulation and the antagonistic action of Naloxone (the PA2 value

determination)


Comprehend the assay and express methods of the agonists and antagonists' effects on

the ex vivo tissues, as well as the basic research methods and the basic theories of

receptors.

(2) Class hours

4 class hours.


Preparation of guinea ileum longitudinal muscle.

The inhibition determination of morphine on guinea ileum longitudinal muscle

contraction and calculation of the IC50.

The antagonistic action determination of Naloxone and calculation of PA2.

Experiment 4

Radiate ligand-receptor binding assay


Master the determination and the calculation methods of the radiate ligand-receptor

binding assay.

(2) class hours

4 class hours.


Extraction of the opioid receptor protein.

Determination and calculation of the radiate ligand-receptor binding assay data,

plotting and analysis.

Experiment 5

Determination of the adenyl cyclase activity in rat caudate nucleus


Comprehend the relationship between the dopamine receptor and the adenyl cyclase,

as well as the mechanism of the drugs' action.

Comprehend the radioimmunoassay principals and its application in pharmacology

research.

(2) Class hours

5 class hours.


Determination of the adenyl cyclase activity and the effect on dopamine receptors.

Determination of cAMP contents.

Teaching Schedule of Pharmacology

No. CourseTheories

class hours

Experiments

class hours

1 Introduction 2

2 Pharmacodynamics 2

3 Pharmacokinetics 2

4 The ED50 and LD50 2

determination of pentobarbital

sodium

5General view of autonomic nerve

system2

6 Cholinergics 1

7Organophosphate poisoning and

acetylcholine esterase1

8Anticholine drugs (target M,N

choline receptors)1

9 Adrenomimetics 1/2

10 Adrenoceptor antagonistic drugs 1/2

11

The effect on blood pressure of

drugs from autonomic nerve

system

4

12 Local anesthetics 1/2

13 Lecture about receptors 2

14General view of central nervous

system drugs2

15 General anesthetic 1.5

16Sedative hypnotics and

antianxietics2

17 Antiepileptic and Antispasmodics 1.5

18Anti-Parkinson's disease and other

basal ganglia diseases drugs1.5

19Psychotolytics,antidepressant and

antimanic drugs2

20 Analgesics 2

21IC50 of morphine and PA2 of

Naloxone determination4

22 Central stimulants 1/2

23Antipyretic,analgesic and

antiinflammatory drugs2.5

24 Alimentary system drugs 1.5

25

26 Respiratory apparatus drugs 1.5

27Radiate ligand-receptor binding

assay4

28 Antihypertensive drugs 4

29Cardiotonic glycoside and anti-

cardia insufficiency drugs3

30 Calcium channel blockers 3

31 Antiatherogenic agents 2

32anticoagulation,antiplatelet and

thrombolytic drugs1

33 Diuretics 3

34 Antibiotics (1) 3



37Adenyl cyclase activity

determination5

38General view of endocrine

secretion and hormone drugs1

39 Corticoids 2

40parathormone and antithyroid

drugs2

41 Insulin and oral antidiabetics 2

42 Sexual hormones 2

43Antineoplastic agents and immune

depressants4

44 Pharmacology progression 2

45 Evaluation 2

Relationship with other courses

Pharmacology is based on physiology, biochemistry, pathematology, pathogenic

microbiology and immunology. It is a very important basic medical science which

offers the theories for the rational clinical administration.

Course evaluation

The evaluation is mainly with the theories. The experiment contents are 5 to 10%.

Textbooks and references

1..Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology 6th edition Rang HP, Dall MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ , Churchill Livingstong, Elsevier, 2007

2.Golan DE ， et al. Principle of Pharmacology, The pathophysiologic basis of drug therepy 2nd ed. 2008 3.Farrell SE, Priciples of Pharmacology, Workbook 2nd ed, 2008 Lippincott.4.Finlel R.,et al. eds, Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology 4 th

ed. Lippincott 2009

5. 杨世杰主编《药理学》（8 年制规划教材），人民卫生出版社，2005 年6. 张德昌主编《医学药理学》中国协和医科大学出版社 1998 年 Department of Pharmacology

Written by Caiying Ye,

Dechang Zhang

Checked by Dechang Zhang

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