Unit 1

Geosphere

Review Book

Name: ___________KEY___________

Sections/Vocabulary I need to review the most are….

15. Transform Boundary – where two tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other; form long faults, shallow earthquakes; conserve Earth’s crust16. Faults – a fracture in Earth along which movement has occurred17. Focus – place along a fault line from which an earthquake originates18. Epicenter – the location on Earth’s surface directly above the focus (origin) of an earthquake

19. Magnitude – a measure of the size of seismic waves, or the amount of energy released at the source of an earthquake

20. Magma – a body of molten rock found at a depth in the Earth; includes any dissolved gases and crystals

21. Mechanical Weathering – when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing the rock’s composition; ice wedging

EEn.1.1.3 – How Stars Produce Energy

1. Burning is a type of combustion where _flames_ can be seen.

- Most of the energy from burning is converted into ___light____ energy.

- An example of burning is _a candle_____

2. Combustion is a reaction that takes place without ____flames_______.

- More energy in the form of ___heat_____ is produced.

- An example of combustion is _a lightbulb

22. Chemical Weathering – the process where the internal structure of a mineral/rock is altered by the removal/addition of elements; dissolving of limestone by acid rain

23. Erosion – movement of weathered materials from one location to another24. Deposition – final stage of erosion process when sediments are laid down on the ground or settle to the bottom of a body of water25. Foliation – a zone of weakness in a sedimentary rock 26. Mass movement – movement of loose sediments and weathered rock due to the force of gravity27. Soil – a combination of minerals, organic matter, water and air; produced over long periods of time by the processes of weathering, erosion and deposition

Unit 1 Objectives

EEn.1.1.3 – Explain how the Sun produces energy which is transferred to the Earth by radiation.

EEn.2.1.1 – Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes and earthquakes impact the lithosphere.

EEn.2.1.2 – Predict the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes and faults based on information contained in a variety of maps.

EEn.2.1.3 – Explain how natural actions such as weathering, erosion (wind, water and gravity), and soil formation affect Earth’s surface.

EEn.2.1.4 – Explain the probability of and preparation for geohazards such as landslides, avalanches, earthquakes and volcanoes in a particular area based on available data

Nuclear Fission:

- nuclei are ___split_____

- process used in _nuclear__ __power__ plants

- Draw a simple picture of nuclear fission:

Nuclear Fusion :- nuclei are ___combined______

- the way in which the _Sun___ produces energy

- Draw a simple picture of nuclear fusion:

8. Igneous Rock – crystallize from magma; examples are obsidian and basalt9. Sedimentary Rock – form from compacted and cemented sediments; examples are sandstone and shale10. Plate Tectonics – theory that explains the structure of Earth’s crust as rigid plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle11. Mantle Convection – transfer of thermal energy by movement of heated matter; ridge push and slab pull12. Lithosphere – rigid outer shell of Earth including the crust and solid uppermost part of the mantle13. Convergent Boundary – where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other; form trenches, island arcs, folded mountains; destroy Earth’s crust14. Divergent Boundary – where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other; form volcanoes, earthquakes, high heat flow; create Earth’s crust

Electromagnetic Spectrum/Waves:

Label the diagram from largest to smallest

- Waves with ___small__ wavelengths and ____high____ frequencies have the most energy.

- Humans can only see the __visible___ light part of the spectrum with the naked eye.

- On Earth, only some _infrared, some ultraviolet, some __radio_ and all __visible___ light wavelengths make it to the surface.

Unit 1 Vocabulary:

1. Nuclear Fission – when large nuclei are split into smaller nuclei; emit neutrons and heat energy; process used in nuclear power plants2. Nuclear Fusion – when smaller nuclei combine into larger nuclei; emits massive amounts of energy; process used by stars to produce energy3. Radiation – the transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic waves4. Electromagnetic Waves/Spectrum – the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation according to wavelengths5. Cosmic Rays – immensely high energy radiation; mainly originate outside the Solar System6. Rock Cycle – the model that illustrates the origin of the three basic rock types and the relationships between Earth materials and processes7. Metamorphic Rock – form from changes in temperature and pressure; examples are slate and marble

Mass Movement:

It is the _movement__ of rock and soil _down__ __slope__ due to __gravity__ and caused by _weathering___ and __erosion__ .

Water Saturating surfaces creating mudflows

Over-steepened

Slopes

Water cuts under the bank of a river

Removal of

Vegetation

Taking away plants and roots

Earthquakes Shake loose soil creating a landslide

Energy Transfer in Stars:Remember the dance…

#1 _nuclear_ __fusion__ in the Sun’s __core__ .

#2 Energy is passed from one particle to another through _conduction___.

#3 Energy rises to the surface by __convection__ .

#4 _Radiatioin_ of energy out into space by electromagnetic waves.

Draw a sketch of this process below:

See diagram on the board

Types of Mass Movement:

Based on the kind of __material__, how it _moves__ and _the speed__ of movement.

Examples are (list 5): Rockfall, slides, slumps, creep, flows

Types of Geohazards:

It is impossible to know exactly when and where a geohazard will occur, so being __PREPARED__ is extremely important!

Examples of geohazards include: earthquakes, volcanoes, mudslides, landslides, avalanches, floods, falling rock

Things that can be done to protect against geohazards include (list at least 5):

Dams, levees, wire netting, breaks, special building codes, seismographs, having an emergency plan

Energy transfer:

Conduction – energy transfer when particles __touch___ each other.

Example:The bottom of a pot gets hot when it’s set on the eye of a stove.

Convection – energy transfer through a _fluid__( __liquids__ and __gases__)

Example:Water boiling in a pot

Radiation – energy transfer by _electomagnetic_ _waves___

Example:Movement of energy from the Sun to Earth

Solar Forces:

MUST be in equilibrium (balance)!

The inward force of __gravity_ of a star must be in balance with the outward push of _thermal__ _pressure__ from nuclear fusion in the core.

Erosion is the __movement___ of __eroded__ material from _one__ location to __another_ .

Rates of erosion are _slower__ in areas where there is a lot of vegetation (grass, trees, etc.), but are _faster____ in areas with sparse vegetation.

Human activities that _remove____ vegetation help to __increase___ erosion rates.

Examples of human activities that can impact erosion rates include (list at least 4 of each): Positive Impact Negative Impactplanting trees deforestationresponsible poor construction land use practicespasture rotation overgrazingcontour plowing unsustainable

farming practices

EEn.2.1.1

The Rock Cycle, Plate Tectonics,Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Label the Soil Profile:

How Soil Forms:

Soil formation requires five things: _parent__ _material____ , _topography__ , __climate___ , __organisms___ and ____time______

Soil creates __soil___ ___horizons____

__Energy____ is needed to changes rocks from one type to the next.

__Sedimentary____ rocks are made from __sediments____ . The energy for this process is external and comes from the ___Sun____ .

__Igneous_____ rocks are made from ___magma____. The energy for this process is internal and comes from _Earth’s__ __core__ .

__Metamorphic__ rocks are made from other ___rocks________. The energy for this process is also internal and also comes from _Earth’s___ _core___.

O – Organics - layer of organic material

A – Topsoil – organic & mineral material mix

B – Subsoil – parent material in sediment form

C – Substrate – parent material in large chunks

R – Bedrock – parent material in huge slabs

Importance of topography in soil formation:

Because mountain areas tend to have steep slopes, soil tends to __erode___ __away____ resulting in very ___thin___ soil.

__Valleys___ tend to collect the sediments washed away from mountainsides often resulting in very __thick____ , ____rich____ soil.

Importance of climate in soil formation:

Areas that are cool and dry with very little _vegetation_ tend to have mostly __physical___ weathering.

Areas that are warm and moist with _abundant___ vegetation tend to have mostly __chemical___ weathering.

Draw and label the Rock Cycle:

See diagram on board

Label the Earth’s main layers: Soil:

Is an _important__ product of __weathering___ .

Support __plant___ growth.

There are four major components:1. __mineral__ matter

2. __organic__ matter (decayed things)

3. _water__

4. __air_____

Different ratios of these components contribute to the creation of different types of soil.

Oceanic = younger rocks

Continental = older rocks

Contains ____82_____% of Earth’s total volume

_____liquid___ due to extreme heat

___solid___ due to extreme pressure

CRUST

MANTLE

OUTER CORE

INNER CORE

Continental Drift:

Theory proposed by __Alfred__ __Wegener__ in 1915 (over 100 years ago!)

This was the accepted theory before __plate__ _tectonics__ .

This theory states that continents had once been joined together into a super-continent called _Pangaea___.

Rate of Weathering:

Rates of weathering are dependent on three factors:

1. Rock characteristics – what does the rock look like (is it big, does it have a smooth surface or are there a lot of cracks and pits, etc.).

2. Climate – what is the average _temperature__ and _moisture_ levels where the rock is found.

3. _differential__ ___weathering__ - different parts of a rock may weather at different rates depending on the rock’s composition

EEn.2.1.2 – Predicting Earthquakes and Volcanoes from Maps

In the _short__ term, it is very difficult to predict exactly when and where a volcano or earthquake will happen.

In the __long___ term, however, it is possible to predict if an earthquake or volcanic activity is likely in an area over the next 30 – 100 years.

The _Ring__ of __Fire__ is an area along plate boundaries around the rim of the _Pacific__ Ocean where earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely to occur.

Earthquakes and volcanoes are possible anywhere two __tectonic__ _plates__ meet.

In the 1950s/1960s, continental drift was replaced by the theory of _plate__ _tectonics__.

This new theory took into account the motion of the continents by __tectonic___ activity and _mantle__ __convection__ .

Plate tectonics is caused by mantle convection.

_rising_ mantle = __divergent__ boundary

= __ridge___ push

__falling__ mantle = _convergent___ boundary

= __slab___ pull

EEn.2.1.3 – Weathering, Erosion & Soil

Mechanical weathering – when _physical_ _forces_ break down rocks (_temperature_ & _pressure_)

1. _frost_ _wedging__

2. _unloading____

3. __biological___ _activity_

Chemical weathering - _transformation__ of a rock from one form to _another___

1. water ( _hydrolysis_ )

2. oxygen ( _oxidation__ )

3. carbon dioxide ( _carbonic_ acid )

4. _acid__ rain

Evidence for Continental Drift Theory:

1. continental _jigsaw_ __puzzle___

2. _matching__ __fossils___

3. similar _rock__ __types__ and __structures__

4. similar _ancient__ climates

Types of Boundaries:

Convergent Boundary:

- Where two tectonic plates move _together__.

- _destroy___ the Earth’s crust.

- Land formations found at these boundaries are:trenches, island arcs, folded mountains

- Examples of places where this boundary type is found include (list at least 5):Cascade Mountain Range, Himalayas, Mariana Trench, Japan, Aleutian Islands

Draw a sketch of this type of boundary:

SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD

Where volcanoes form:

Divergent Boundaries:

- The magma chamber is _close_ to the surface.

- Form __shield___ volcanoes.

- This type of volcano looks like:SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD

Convergent Boundaries:

- The magma chamber is formed from a melted __subducted__ plate.

- Form _cinder____ _cone___ volcanoes.

- This type of volcano looks like: SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD

Divergent Boundary:

- Where two tectonic plates move __apart__.

- _create____ the Earth’s crust.

- Land formations found at these boundaries are:upwelling, rift valleys, shallow seas, ocean ridges (seafloor spreading)

- Examples of places where this boundary type is found include (list at least 5):Black Hills, SD; East African Rift Valley; Red Sea; Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge;

Draw a sketch of this type of boundary:

SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD

Volcanoes:

There are three factors that affect the force of a volcanic eruption…

1. magma _composition___

more _silica___ = __thicker__ lava

more iron/magnesium = __thinner_ lava

2. magma __temperature_____

hotter magma = a more forceful explosion

3. amount of _dissolved___ gasses

the higher the gas content the more explosive the eruption

_viscosity___ is a substance’s resistance to flow.

Triangulation of an Earthquake’s Epicenter:

Must use the data from a minimum of _three___ seismographic stations.

The data is used with a time-distance__ graph to plot a distance from the seismograph station.

Draw an example of a triangulation given the stations below:

A

B

C

Earthquakes:

Occur at _faults__ between tectonic plates.

Focus = point _inside_ the Earth where an earthquake occurs.

Epicenter = point on Earth’s _surface__ directly above the _focus___ .

Label the focus and epicenter on the diagram

below:

EEpicenter

FFocus

Destructive Earthquake Forces:

Magnitude – a measure of the amount of energy released at the __focus____ .

- can ONLY be measured at the earthquake’s __location__

Intensity – a measure of the amount of __shaking__ that occurs during an earthquake.

- can be measured _anywhere__ on Earth.

- Generally, the deeper the focus and lower the magnitude, the less damage and earthquake does.

- Circle the scenario that would do the MOST damage…

A – shallow focus, 3.6 magnitude

B – shallow focus, 7.1 magnitude

Transform Boundary:

- Where two tectonic plates move _past___ each other.

- __conserve____ the Earth’s crust.

- Land formations found at these boundaries are:long, shallow faults

- Examples of places where this boundary type is found include (list at least 5):San Andreas, Alpine (New Zealand), Chaman (Pakistan), North Anatolian (Turkey), Dead Sea

Draw a sketch of this type of boundary:SEE DIAGRAM ON BOARD

Types of Faults:

Convergent Boundary = __reverse__ fault

Color the picture of this fault type

Divergent Boundary = __normal____ fault

Color the picture of this fault type

Transform Boundary = _strike-slip___ fault

Color the picture of this fault type

__foreshocks happen before an earthquake.

___aftershocks happen after an earthquake.

A __seismograph__ is an instrument used to record the vibrations of an earthquake.

Wave Types:

1. Surface waves – travel along Earth’s _surface__

- They are the _slowest__ moving, so they are the _last__ to arrive at a seismograph station.

2. Body waves – travel through the Earth

- P-waves: _fastest_ moving; arrive at a station _first__ ; __push_-_pull__ through the Earth’s layers

- S-waves: arrive at a station _second__; move at right angles (cause particles to _shake___).