English IV AP - Mrs. J. Bernard Name: __________________________________The Renaissance Period Date: __________________________________Poem Selections and Analysis Period: __________________________________

PASTORAL POEMS AND SONNETS

Discuss Pastoral poems.

Give an example of a few lines that demonstrate the qualities of a Pastoral poem.

A pastoral is a poem that presents shepherds in idealized rural settings.

Renaissance poets like Marlowe and Raleigh used the pastoral form to express their feelings and thoughts about love and other subjects.

Shepherds in pastorals tend to use courtly speech. The poems usually have musical or songlike rhyme

quality. The imagery derives from commonplace country

settings, as the following lines suggest:And we will sit upon the rocks,Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks.

THOMAS MARLOWE ANNOTATIONS FOR YOUR CLOSE READINGA. Summarize LinesB. Circle Important/Unfamilar WordsC. Note Sound Devices and Figurative Language

“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”

Come live with me and be my love,And we will all the pleasures proveThat valleys, groves, hills, and fields,Woods, or steepy mountain yields.

5 And we will sit upon the rocks,Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,By shallow rivers to whose fallsMelodious birds sing madrigals.

And I will make thee beds of roses10 And a thousand fragrant posies,

A cap of flowers, and a kirtleEmbroidered all with leaves of myrtle;

A gown made of the finest woolWhich from our pretty lambs we pull; a

15 Fair lined slippers for the cold,With buckles of the purest gold;

A belt of straw and ivy buds,With coral clasps and amber studs:And if these pleasures may thee move,

20 Come live with me, and be my love.

The shepherds’ swains shall dance and singFor thy delight each May morning:If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me and be my love.

Prove – ExperienceMadrigals – Complicated songs for several voicesKirtles – Skirt; dress; gownSwains – Young boys

Write a brief summary of the poem, “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.”

The speaker in this poem is a shepherd who is trying to persuade his beloved to accept his offer of love. He imagines the idyllic life they will share: carefree days full of endless delight and eternal springtime.

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SIR WALTER RALEIGH ANNOTATIONS FOR YOUR CLOSE READINGA. Summarize LinesB. Circle Important/Unfamiliar WordsC. Note Sound Devices and Figurative Language

“The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd”

If all the world and love were young,And truth in every shepherd’s tongue,These pretty pleasures might me moveTo live with thee and be thy love.

5 Time drives the flocks from field to foldWhen rivers rage and rocks grow cold,And Philomel becometh dumb;The rest complains of cares to come.

The flowers do fade, and wanton fields10 To wayward winter reckoning yields;

A honey tongue, a heart of gall,Is fancy’s spring, but sorrow’s fall.

Thy gowns, thy shoes, thy beds of roses,Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies

15 Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten—In folly ripe, in reason rotten.

Thy belt of straw and ivy buds,Thy coral clasps and amber studs,All these in me no means can move

20 To come to thee and be thy love.But could youth last and love still breed,Had joys no date nor age no need,Then these delights my mind might moveTo live with thee and be thy love.

Fold – Pen where sheep are kept in winterPhilomel - the nightingaleWanton – luxuriantGall – Bitter substance

Write a brief summary of the poem, “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd.”

Raleigh wrote this poem in response to Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love;” the speaker is the young woman Marlowe’s shepherd addresses. She rejects the shepherd’s offer of love, arguing that his vision is unrealistic and that love based on beauty and youth will wither and die.

INDEPTH ANYALSIS OF THE POEMS ALWAYS CITE STRONG AND THOROUGH TEXTUAL EVIDENCERecall /Comprehension1. Describe the life that the shepherd invites

his love to share with him in “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.” How will they be dressed? How will they spend their time? What gifts does the shepherd offer his beloved ?

1.

2. What does the shepherd ask from his love in return?

2.

3. In pastoral writing the harsh realities of country life do not exist. Which details of the shepherd’s description in “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” seem distinctly idealistic? What realistic, gritty details of a shepherd’s life can you imagine?

3.

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4. In “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd,” what flaws does the nymph find in the shepherd’s idyllic vision? Clarify In Raleigh’s poem, under what conditions might the nymph agree to live with the shepherd?

4.

Text Analysis: Identify Pastoral Elements

5. What details does Marlowe use to create an idealized portrait of the rural life of shepherds?

5. Common Core Focus Pastoral Elements

Make Inferences6. Reread lines 1–4 of “The Nymph’s Reply to

the Shepherd.” What does this statement suggest about the nymph’s attitude toward the shepherd?

6.

Draw Conclusions7. How would you describe the nymph’s view of

each of the following subjects? Cite evidence from Raleigh’s poem.

• lovers’ words• the value of love tokens• planning for the future

7.

8. What is the tone of the nymph’s response in “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd”?

8.

Analyze Imagery9. In “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd,”

note Raleigh’s use of imagery that reflects seasonal change. What idea is conveyed through this imagery?

9.

Compare Speakers10. There are many lines in “The Nymph’s Reply

to the Shepherd” that parallel lines in “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.”

What do the statements reveal about each poet’s perspective on passion?

10. Common Core Focus - Compare SpeakersMarlowe’s speaker

Raleigh’s speaker

Make Judgments11. Raleigh was not the only Elizabethan poet

who was inspired by “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.” What qualities do you think made Marlowe’s poem so popular

11.

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and intriguing? Support your opinion with evidence from the poem.

12. Idyllic (pleasant/peaceful) escape with a loved one still has a strong appeal, whether the retreat is a remote island or a mountaintop hideaway. How is this romantic escape motif used today in literature, television, movies, and advertising?

12.

Poetic Form: Spenserian Sonnet

The Spenserian sonnet is a variation on the English sonnet. Consists of three four-line units, called quatrains,

followed by two rhymed lines, called a couplet. Each quatrain addresses the poem’s central idea,

thought, or question, and the couplet provides an answer or summation.

What is unique to the Spenserian sonnet is the interlocking rhyme scheme (abab bcbc cdcd ee) that links the three quatrains.

As you read the following Spenserian sonnets, notice therhymes that connect one quatrain to the next, and the wayin which the sonnet’s main idea is developed and resolved.

EDMUND SPENCER ANNOTATIONS FOR YOUR CLOSE READINGA. Summarize LinesB. Circle Important/Unfamiliar WordsC. Note Sound Devices and Figurative LanguageD. Chart the Rhyme Scheme

“Sonnet 30”“My Love is Like to Ice, and I to Fire”

My love is like to ice, and I to fire;How comes it then that this her cold so greatIs not dissolved through my so hot desire,But harder grows the more I her entreat? a

5 Or how comes it that my exceeding heatIs not delayed by her heart-frozen cold:But that I burn much more in boiling sweat,And feel my flames augmented manifold?What more miraculous thing may be told

10 That fire which all things melts, should harden ice:And ice which is congealed with senseless cold,Should kindle fire by wonderful device.Such is the pow’r of love in gentle mind,That it can alter all the course of kind.

Augmented manifold: greatly increasedKind: natureCongealed: solidified

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 30.”

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“Sonnet 75”“One Day I Wrote Her Name Upon the Strand”

One day I wrote her name upon the strand,But came the waves and washéd it away:Again I wrote it with a second hand,But came the tide, and made my pains his prey.

5 “Vain man,” said she, “that dost in vain assay,A mortal thing so to immortalize.For I myself shall like to this decay,And eke my name be wipéd out likewise.”“Not so,” quod I, “let baser things devise

10 To die in dust, but you shall live by fame:My verse your virtues rare shall eternize,And in the heavens write your glorious name,Where whenas death shall all the world subdue,Our love shall live, and later life renew.” b

Strand: beach.Assay: try.Quod: said.Eke: also.

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 75.”

INDEPTH ANYALSIS OF THE POEMS ALWAYS CITE STRONG AND THOROUGH TEXTUAL EVIDENCERecall13. What is the central idea in “Sonnet 30,” in

lines 1–4?

14. In “Sonnet 30,” to what does the speaker compare himself and his beloved?

15. In “Sonnet 75” what does the seashore symbolize? Why is it an effective symbol in the sonnet?

16. Recall In “Sonnet 75,” what happens when the speaker writes his lover’s name in the sand? For what might the writing on the sand be a symbol?

17. Paraphrase in “Sonnet 75,” how does the speaker’s lover describe him and his actions (lines 5– 6)?

18. In “Sonnet 75,” How does the speaker’s beloved respond to what happens? What do you think she means by what she says? How

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do his views about immortality differ from hers?

19. Note the words Spenser uses In “Sonnet 75,” in his end rhymes. In what ways are they related to the central ideas in this sonnet?

Text Analysis20. Identify Paradox A paradox is a statement that seems to

contradict ordinary experience but actually reveals a hidden truth. What paradox does Spenser develop in “Sonnet 30”?

21. Examine Spenserian Sonnet Reread lines 13–14 of “Sonnet 30.” Does

this couplet suggest that the speaker has overcome the heartache expressed in the preceding quatrains? Support your answer.

21. Common Core Focus Spenserian Sonnet

22. Summarize Central Ideas in Poetry What would you say is the theme or

themes of each poem?

22. Common Core Focus Summarize Central Ideas in Poetry“Sonnet 30”:

“Sonnet 75”:

23. Draw Conclusions In these two sonnets, how would you

characterize the speaker’s views about the following?• a beloved woman (“Sonnet 75,” lines 9–12)• romantic love (“Sonnet 30,” lines 13–14; “Sonnet

75,” lines 13–14)• the value of his poetry (“Sonnet 75,” lines 11–14)

23. A beloved woman:

Romantic love:

The value of his poetry:

24. Assuming these two sonnets are about the same speaker and woman, how has their relationship changed between “Sonnet 30” and “Sonnet 75”?

25. Compare Texts In “Sonnet 75,” Spenser allows the

speaker’s lover to respond directly to the speaker. Compare her statements with those

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of the nymph in Raleigh’s “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd.” In what ways are their responses similar?

Poetic Form: Shakespearean Sonnet

Shakespeare wrote very complex and sophisticated sonnets, moving beyond the traditional themes of love and beauty. TheShakespearean sonnet form, also known as the English sonnet, has the following characteristics:• The sonnet contains three quatrains and a

couplet.• The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.• There is often a turn, or shift in thought, which

occurs in the third quatrain or the couplet.

As you read the Shakespearean sonnets, notice the way Shakespeare sets up his subjects in the early quatrains and employs the turn near the end.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE A. Summarize LinesB. Circle Important/Unfamiliar WordsC. Note Sound Devices and Figurative LanguageD. Chart the Rhyme Scheme

“Sonnet 18”“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?”

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

5 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed; aAnd every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

10 Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

fair from . . . untrimmed: beauty eventually fades, due to misfortune or natural agingthou owest: you own; you possesswhen . . . growest: when in immortal poetry you become a part of time

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 18.”

26. What images does Shakespeare use in lines 1–6 to illustrate why summer is less temperate, or moderate, than the subject of the poem?

Interpret27. Reread lines 13–14 of “Sonnet 18.” According to the speaker, what will allow the subject of the poem to become immortal?

Make Inferences28. Summer is the favorite time of year for many people. Why might Shakespeare have

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chosen to focus on the ways in which his subject is different from summer instead of describing how they are similar? Explain.“Sonnet 29”“When in Disgrace With Fortune and Men’s Eyes”

When in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyesI all alone beweep my outcast state,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,And look upon myself and curse my fate,

5 Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,Featur’d like him, like him with friends possess’d,Desiring this man’s art, and that man’s scope,With what I most enjoy contented least;Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,

10 Haply I think on thee, and then my state,Like to the lark at break of day arisingFrom sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven’s gate,For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth brings,That then I scorn to change my state with kings.

bootless: futile; uselessfeatur’d like him: with his handsome featuresthis man’s art . . . scope: this man’s skill and that man’s intelligence.haply: by chancelark: the English skylark, noted for its beautiful singing

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 29.”

29. Reread lines 13–14. In what way is this couplet related to the poem’s second quatrain?

Summarize30. What emotions does the speaker describein the first two quatrains of “Sonnet 29”? Whatcircumstances stir up these feelings? In the second quatrain, what does the speaker say he envies?31. What remembrance changes the speaker’s state of mind?

32. What simile does the speaker use in lines 11-12 to describe his new state of mind? Does this simile strike you as a good description of joy?Analyze Tone33. How does the speaker’s tone change over the course of the poem?

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“Sonnet 116”“Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds”

Let me not to the marriage of true mindsAdmit impediments; love is not loveWhich alters when it alteration finds,Or bends with the remover to remove.

5 O no, it is an ever-fixéd markThat looks on tempests and is never shaken;It is the star to every wand’ring bark,Whose worth’s unknown, although his height

be taken.Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and

cheeks10 Within his bending sickle’s compass come,

Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,

But bears it out even to the edge of doom.If this be error and upon me proved,I never writ, nor no man ever loved.

Impediments: obstacles.5 mark: a landmark seen from the sea and used by sailors as a guide in navigation.7–8 the star . . . taken: the star—usually the North Star—whose altitude sailors measure in order to help guide their ships. A bark is a sailing ship.10 within . . . come: come within range of Time’s curving sickle.12 bears . . . doom: endures even to Judgment Day, the time when, Christian teachings predict, the world will end and God will make his final judgment of all people.

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 116.”

Paraphrase34. What does the speaker say about love in lines 9–12 of “Sonnet 116”?

Analyze Metaphors35. What metaphors does Shakespeare use in lines 5–8 to describe love? What do they suggest about the nature of love?

Make Inferences36. What view of love does the speaker react against in the poem? What is the speaker implying about bad relationships? Explain.

37. What metaphors in this sonnet describe the steadiness of love?

38. How is time personified in this poem?

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39. What does the speaker mean to express in the final couplet?

40. Why might this poem be appropriate for a marriage ceremony?

“Sonnet 130”“My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun”

My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.I have seen roses damask’d, red and white,But no such roses see I in her cheeks,And in some perfumes is there more delightThan in the breath that from my mistress reeks.I love to hear her speak, yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound;I grant I never saw a goddess go,My mistress when she walks treads on the ground.

And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rareAs any she belied with false compare.

3 dun: grayish brown.5 damask’d: mottled; spotted or streaked with different colors.8 reeks: is exhaled (used here without the word’s present reference to offensive odors).14 as any . . . compare: as any woman misrepresented by exaggerated comparisons.

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 130.”

41. Shakespeare’s sonnets are highly complex. While he does write about the traditional themes of love and beauty, he often uses new patterns of imagery, conceits, and allusions to reveal those themes.A conceit is an extended metaphor that compares two dissimilar things on several points. What are the elements of the conceit in this poem? What is being compared? How does the conceit reveal the theme of the poem?42. Does his description tell you his real opinion of her?

43. How does the final couplet change the meaning of the poem?

Can LOVERS see clearly?Discuss44. The speaker in “Sonnet 130” says that he sees his mistress’s faults clearly yet still loves her. Does he mean that he loves her in spite of

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her imperfections, or is he saying something else about love? Explain.

Recall45. What details does the speaker provide in “Sonnet 130” about his mistress’s appearance?Clarify46. What does the speaker suggest in lines 11–12 of “Sonnet 130”?

Summarize47. How does the speaker of “Sonnet 130” feel about his mistress?

Examine Shakespearean Sonnet48. Where does the turn occur in “Sonnet 29”?What does this shift in thought reveal about the speaker?

Analyze Simile49. Reread lines 10–12 of “Sonnet 29.” How does the comparison to the lark reflect the change that the speaker experiences?

Analyze Imagery50. Which images does Shakespeare use in “Sonnet 130” to suggest the type of ideal woman glorified in traditional love sonnets?Interpret Themes51. What ideas about the effects of time does Shakespeare convey in “Sonnet 18” and “Sonnet 116”?

Make Judgments52. Compare the views of beauty expressed in “Sonnet 18” and “Sonnet 130.” Which sonnet do you consider more complimentary of the poem’s subject? Explain why.

Compare Texts53. In what ways do the speakers of the following poems idealizelove? Compare and contrast the themes, citing specific details.• Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” (page 314 )• Spenser’s “Sonnet 30” (page 320)• Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 116”

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Historical Context54. Shakespeare wrote his sonnets during the English Renaissance, a period of great social, religious, and political change.England was ruled at the time by a very powerful female monarch—Queen Elizabeth I—and though the changes were modest, women’s rolein society was evolving. In what ways does Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 130” reflect this context?Poetic Form: Petrarchan Sonnet

In reading sonnets by Spenser and Shakespeare, you’ve learned about two variations on the sonnet form. Two centuries earlier, Petrarch perfected his own form of the sonnet. The 14 lines of the Petrarchan sonnet are divided into two distinct parts.• The octave (first 8 lines) introduces a situation, presents a problem, or raises a question. Its rhyme scheme is usually abbaabba.• The sestet (the last 6 lines) is where the speaker comments on or resolves the problem or question. Its rhyme scheme is usuallycdcdcd or cdecde.

Most of Petrarch’s sonnets are about love, specificallyunrequited love or love from afar. As you read the followingsonnets, notice the relationship between the structure andthe content of the poems.

FRANCESCO PETRARCH“Sonnet 90”“Upon the Breeze She Spread Her Golden Hair”

Upon the breeze she spread her golden hairthat in a thousand gentle knots was turned,

and the sweet light beyond all measure burned

in eyes where now that radiance is rare;

5 and in her face there seemed to come an airof pity, true or false, that I discerned:I had love’s tinder in my breast unburned,was it a wonder if it kindled there? a

She moved not like a mortal, but as though10 she bore an angel’s form, her words had

thena sound that simple human voices lack;

a heavenly spirit, a living sunwas what I saw; now, if it is not so,the wound’s not healed because the bow

14 the wound’s . . . slack: I still ache with love for her, even though her beauty has faded. Petrarch alludesto Cupid, Roman god of love, often portrayed as an archer whose arrows pierce the heart and cause someoneto fall in love.

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grows slack.

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 90.”

55. Reread lines 1–8. What situation does Petrarch describe in this octave?

When does love becomeOBSESSION?Discuss56. The speaker in “Sonnet 90” says thathe still aches for this woman, years after fallingin love with her. Is the speaker expressinga rational emotion or do his feelings border onobsession? Explain.

“Sonnet 292”“The Eyes I Spoke of Once in Words That Burn”

The eyes I spoke of once in words that burn,the arms and hands and feet and lovely facethat took me from myself for such a spaceof time, and marked me out from other

men;

5 the waving hair of unmixed gold that shone,the smile that flashed with the angelic rays bthat used to make this earth a paradise,are now a little dust, all feeling gone.

And yet I live, hence grief and rage for me,10 left where the light I cherished never

shows,in fragile bark on the tempestuous sea.

Here let my loving song come to a close,the vein of my accustomed art is dry,and this, my lyre, turned at last to tears.

bark: sailing ship; tempestuous: stormy.14 lyre (lFr): a stringed instrument that poets traditionally plucked to accompany the oral performanceof their poetry

Write a brief summary of “Sonnet 292.”

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57. What idea or emotion doesPetrarch convey through theuse of metaphors in lines 5–6?

Clarify58. In “Sonnet 90,” how has the speaker’s beloved changed since he first fell in love with her?

Clarify59. What has happened to the speaker’s beloved in “Sonnet 292”?

Paraphrase60. In your own words, what is the poet saying in lines 12–14 of “Sonnet 292”?

Examine Petrarchan Sonnet 61. In the octave of “Sonnet 90,” the speakerdescribes the experience of falling in love. How does Petrarch use the sestet to develop a more complicated view of love? Cite details in your answer.

Interpret Lines62. Reread lines 10–11 of “Sonnet 292.” What feeling does Petrarch express through the metaphor of being left “in fragile bark on the tempestuous sea”?Draw Conclusions63. What ideas does Petrarch convey in these sonnets aboutthe nature of beauty, poetic inspiration, and love at first sight?

64. What characteristics of love and the speaker’s beloved are emphasized throughthe metaphors in these two sonnets?

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Make Judgments65. Is each speaker truly in love with the woman he describes, or is he really just experiencing obsession? Support your opinion with examples from the sonnets.Compare Texts66. Reread Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 130” on page 330. Some of his imagery is intended as a parody of Petrarch’s sonnets.Using a chart like the one shown, pick out examples of Petrarchan imagery from “Sonnet 90” and “Sonnet 292” that Shakespeare pokes fun at in “Sonnet 130.”

Petrach’s Image Shakespeare’s Parody“the sweet light beyond allmeasure burned /in [her] eyes”

“My mistress’ eyes arenothing like the sun”

Historical Context67. A Petrarchan scholar said that Petrarch’s expressions of love were nothing more than “a great fiction to compensate for a real state of affairs in which it was a man’s world and aviolent one at that.” If Petrarch were writing today, how might he alter his portrayal of women?

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