Stimulus MC Review HP 1-4

Chapter 1

Stimulus-based Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the following quotation.

“Moctezuma enjoyed no sleep, no food, no one spoke to him. Whatsoever he did, it was as if he were in torment. Ofttimes it was as if he sighed, became weak, felt weak. . . . Wherefore he said, “What will now befall us? Who indeed stands [in charge]? Alas, until now, I. In great torment is my heart; as if it were washed in chili water it indeed burns.” And when he had so heard what the messengers reported, he was terrified, he was astounded. . . . Especially did it cause him to faint away when he heard how the gun, at [the Spaniards’] command, discharged: how it resounded as if it thundered when it went off. And when [the shot] struck a mountain, it was as if it were destroyed, dissolved . . . as if someone blew it away. . .

And when [the Spaniards] were well settled, they thereupon inquired of Moctezuma as to all the city’s treasure . . . Much did they importune him; with great zeal they sought gold. . . . Thereupon were brought forth all the brilliant things; the shields, the golden discs, the devils’ necklaces, the golden nose crescents, the golden leg bands, the golden arm bands, the golden forehead bands.”

Friar Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, c. 1550, trans. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, 1975

1. This passage best serves as evidence of which of the following?a. The emergence of a caste system defined by Spanish settlersb. The forces that fueled European exploration and conquestc. The resistance Europeans faced in changing American Indian beliefs and worldviewsd. A debate among the Spanish over how “civilized” Native Americans were

2. Which of the following resulted most directly from events such as those described in the passage above?a. The conversion of Native Americans to Christianityb. The establishment of rigid, racially segregated New World population groupsc. The development of the encomienda system as a means of resource extractiond. The formation of broad political alliances among Native American tribes encountered by Spanish explorers

3. Which of the following events in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries represents a continuation of the processes described in the excerpt above?a. Indian attempts to forge political alliances with Europeansb. The expansion of Spanish mission settlements in Californiac. The Constitution’s failure to define precisely the relationship between native tribes and the national governmentd. Attempts by the U.S. government to gain dominance over the North American continent through military and other means

The following questions refer to the following engraving from the 1590s, The Village of Secoton, by John White.

Service Historique de la Marine Vincennes, France/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Gallery

4. This image best serves as evidence of which of the following?a. The attempts by American Indians at cultural preservation of their beliefs and worldviewsb. How poorly the Spanish understood native peoplesc. How new crops from the Americas stimulated European growthd. How native peoples adapted to and transformed their diverse environments

5. As a primary source, the image above is best understood asa. a statement by a colonizing European of a belief in white superiority.b. evidence that some native societies developed permanent villages.c. proof of the limited ability of American Indians to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.d. representative of the lack of natural resources in the diverse environments faced by native populations in North America.

The following questions refer to the following quotation.

“Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an impudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to Christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws, which, to a people so rude and licentious, hath proved even intolerable. . . . While the magistrates, for their profit, put the laws severely in execution against the Indians, the people, on the other side, for lucre and gain, entice and provoke the Indians . . . to drunkenness, to which those people are so generally addicted that they will strip themselves to their skin to have their fill of rum and brandy. . . .

Some believe there have been vagrant and jesuitical [French] priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem [chief to chief], to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate the English nation out of the continent of America. . . . Others impute the cause to some injuries offered to the Sachem Philip. . .

But the government of the Massachusetts . . . do declare [that because of the sins of the people] . . . God hath given the heathen commission to rise against them. . . . For profaneness in the people not frequenting their [church] meetings.”

Edward Randolph, “A Short Narrative of My Proceedings,” 1675

6. The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history?a. The racial stereotyping of American Indian groupsb. An awareness of the presence of inequalities in American society, and the struggle to

eradicate themc. Migration, followed by trade, settlement, and economic developmentd. Debates over the proper relationship between religion and government

7. The beliefs and concerns depicted in the excerpt above most immediately resulted in which of the following?a. Colonial resistance to imperial controlb. Greater religious evangelism and diversityc. Increased intensity and destructiveness in European–American Indian warfared. The formation of new political alliances between various tribes and European powers

Source-based Multiple Choice

Choose the letter of the best answer.

The following questions refer to the following map, “The Growing Power of the American Merchant, 1750.”

8. This map would be most useful to historians analyzinga. the differences in imperial goals in the various European models of colonization.

b. the growing mistrust between colonial settlers and European leaders.c. mercantilist aims and priorities of Britain in the Atlantic world.d. the growth of ideas on race in this Atlantic System.

9. The process of transactions depicted on the map above most directly led to controversies overa. regional distinctiveness among the British colonies.b. colonial resistance to perceived corruption in the imperial system.c. accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture.d. Protestant evangelism and religious toleration.

The following questions refer to the following excerpt.

“At last to my new master’s house I came, At the town of Wicocc[o]moco call’d by name,Where my Europian clothes were took from me,Which never after I again could see.

A canvas shirt and trowsers then they gave,With a hop-sack frock in which I was to slave: No shoes nor stockings had I for to wear, Nor hat, nor cap, both head and feet were bare.

Thus dress’d into the Field I nex[t] must go, Amongst tobacco plants all day to hoe,At day break in the morn our work began, And so held to the setting of the Sun.

My fellow slaves were just five Transports more, With eighteen Negroes, which is twenty four. . .

We and the Negroes both alike did fare, Of work and food we had an equal share. . .”

Poem by indentured servant James Revel, c. 1680

10. This source most likely originated in which colonial region?a. In one of the New England coloniesb. In a French colony just after the emergence of the Atlantic slave tradec. In a Spanish colony just prior to the Pueblo Revoltd. In a colony in the Chesapeake

11. The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in U.S. history?a. Landowner competition over resourcesb. The economic and class tensions resulting after migration to the Western Hemispherec. The struggles of governmental organizations to address the effects of mass migrationsd. Intellectual movements challenging the established order

12. The agricultural needs of the crop described in this passage most directly contributed to which of the following?a. The emergence of the Atlantic slave tradeb. The development of more effective means of enslaving native peoples

c. A decline in the belief in European racial and cultural superiorityd. The development of a close-knit, homogeneous society

Source-based Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the following quotation.

“I Shall disclose several Principles of Natural Knowledge; plainly discovering the Law of Nature; or the true sentiments of Natural Reason, with Respect to Mans Being and Government. . . . I shall consider Man in a state of Natural Being, as a Free-Born Subject under the Crown of Heaven, and owing Homage to none but God himself. It is certain Civil Government in General, is . . . an Incomparable Benefit to Mankind, yet . . . needs be acknowledged to be the Effect of Humane Free-Compacts and not of Divine Institution; it is the Produce of Mans Reason, of Humane and Rational Combinations, and not from any direct Orders of Infinite Wisdom. . . .

The Prime Immunity in Mans State, is that he is most properly the Subject of the Law of Nature. He is the Favourite Animal on Earth; in that this Part of Gods Image, viz. Reason is Congenate with his Nature, wherein by a Law Immutable, Instampt upon his Frame, God has provided a Rule for Men in all their Actions; obliging each one to the performance of that which is Right, not only as to Justice, but likewise as to all other Moral Vertues, which is nothing but the Dictate of Right Reason founded in the Soul of Man. . . .

The Second Great Immunity of Man is an Original Liberty Instampt upon his Rational Nature. He that intrudes upon this Liberty, Violates the Law of Nature. . . .

The Third Capital Immunity belonging to Mans Nature, is an equality amongst Men; Which is not to be

denyed by the Law of Nature, till Man has Resigned himself with all his Rights for the sake of a Civil State; and then his Personal Liberty and Equality is to be cherished, and preserved to the highest degree.”

John Wise, A Vindication of the Government of New England Churches, 1717

13. The ideas expressed in the excerpt above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?a. Enlightenment ideasb. The growth of ideas about racec. The continued presence of multiple European powers in North Americad. European desires for new sources of wealth, and converts to Christianity

14. The belief expressed in the excerpt above has the most in common with which of the following?a. Republican motherhoodb. The Second Great Awakeningc. Manifest Destinyd. The Dred Scott decision

15. Which of the following groups would most likely have supported the point of view of the excerpt?a. The British governmentb. French-Indian fur tradersc. Indentured servantsd. Puritans

The following questions refer to the following painting, George Whitefield Preaching, by John Collet.

© Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.

16. The painting above best serves as evidence ofa. the British government’s indifference to colonial governance.b. the political thought of the Enlightenment.c. the colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican self-government.d. colonial religious fervor and diversity.

17. Movements similar to those depicted in the painting above most directly led toa. growth of a religious faith that led colonials to see themselves as a chosen people blessed with liberty.b. difficulties in trade and finance within the North American colonies, leading to British attempts to integrate the

colonies into a hierarchical imperial structure.c. debates and controversies over the morality of slavery, and increased British efforts to limit the practice in the

colonies.d. debates about the proper role of women in society.

Source-based Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the following image of the Boston Tea Party.

Library of Congress

18. The activities undertaken in the image above had their most direct origins ina. perceived constraints on the colonial economy.b. the spread of Enlightenment ideas.c. greater religious independence and diversity.d. the British government’s relative indifference to colonial governance.

19. The image above best serves as evidence ofa. the production of commodities that were valued only in Europe.b. the uniting of the British colonies by colonial elites.c. the colonial belief in the superiority of republican self-government.d. arguments over the rights of British subjects.

20. Which of the following events or trends in the nineteenth century most closely parallel the controversy depicted in the image above?a. The Second Great Awakeningb. Resistance to the assertion of federal authority by state governmentsc. Political debates over laissez-faire economic policyd. The Market Revolution

The following questions refer to the following two excerpts.

[T]he Colonies, had all along neglected to cultivate a proper understanding with the Indians, and from a mistaken notion, have greatly dispised them, without considering, that it is in their power at pleasure to lay waste and destroy the Frontiers. . . . Without any exageration, I look upon the Northern Indians to be the most formidable of any uncivilized body of people in the World. Hunting and War are their sole occupations, and the one qualifies them for the other, they have few wants, and those are easily supplied, their properties of little value, consequently, expeditions against them however successful, cannot distress them, and they have courage sufficient for their manner of fighting, the nature and situation of their Countrys, require not more.

William Johnson to the British Lords of Trade, 1763.

“Brethren, in former times our forefathers and yours lived in great friendship together and often met to strengthen the chain of their friendship. As your people grew numerous we made room for them and came over the Great Mountains to Ohio. . . . Soon after a number of your people came over the Great Mountains and settled on our lands. We complained of their encroachments into our country, and, brethren, you either could not or would not remove them. . . . Therefore, brethren, unless you can fall upon some method of governing your people who live between the Great Mountains and the Ohio River and who are now very numerous, it will be out of the Indians’ power to govern their young men, for we assure you the black clouds begin to gather fast in this country. . . . We find your people are very fond of our rich land. We see them quarrelling every day about land and burning one another’s houses. So that we do not know how soon they may come over the River Ohio and drive us from our villages, nor do we see you brethren take any care to stop them.”

John Killbuck Jr., or Gelelemend, to the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, December 1771.

21. Which of the following most directly resulted from the issues described in the two passages above?a. Indian nations shifted their alliances among competing European powers.b. New distinctive backcountry cultures were created.c. Resistance to imperial control within the colonies increased.d. Western migration extended republican institutions into new territories.

22. Which of the following changes over time between the writing of the first and second passages was the most contextually significant?a. The increase in flow of trade goods and diseasesb. The French withdrawal from North America and subsequent attempts of Native American groups to reassert

their powerc. The diminishing regional distinctiveness among the British coloniesd. Colonizing efforts that led to an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture

Source-based Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the following map, “Land Division in the Northwest Territory.”

23. This map best serves as evidence ofa. the creation of new settlements in the West, with distinctive backcountry cultures.b. the enactment of policies that began to encourage orderly incorporation of new territories into the nation.c. the challenges that the United States faced in safeguarding its borders from European powers.d. states manifesting republican fears of both centralized power and excessive popular influence.

24. The map above reflects most directly which of the following continuities in U.S. history?a. The concept of Manifest Destiny and the sense of a unique national missionb. The tendency to cling to regional identitiesc. Debates over the proper relationship between the federal and state governmentsd. The failure to define precisely the relationship between American Indian tribes and the national government

The following questions refer to the following excerpt.

Mr. Martin proposed to vary article 7, sect. 4 so as to allow a prohibition or tax on the importation of slaves. . . . [He believed] it was inconsistent with the principles of the Revolution, and dishonorable to the American character, to have such a feature [promoting the slave trade] in the Constitution.. . .

Mr. [Oliver] Ellsworth [of Connecticut] was for leaving the clause as it stands. Let every state import what it pleases. The morality or wisdom of slavery are considerations belonging to the states themselves. . . .

Col. [George] Mason [of Virginia stated that] this infernal trade originated in the avarice of British merchants. The British government constantly checked the attempts of Virginia to put a stop to it. The Western people are already calling out for slaves for their new lands, and will fill that country with slaves, if they can be got through South Carolina and Georgia. Slavery discourages arts and manufactures. The poor despise labor when performed by slaves. They prevent the immigration of whites, who really enrich and strengthen a country. . . .

Every master of slaves is born a petty tyrant. They bring the judgment of Heaven on a country. As nations cannot be rewarded or punished in the next world, they must be in this. By an inevitable chain of causes and effects, Providence punishes national sins by national calamities. . . . He held it essential, in every point of view, that the general government should have power to prevent the increase of slavery. . . .

Gen. [Charles C.] Pinckney [argued that] South Carolina and Georgia cannot do without slaves. . . He contended that the importation of slaves would be for the interest of the whole Union. The more slaves, the more produce to employ the carrying trade; the more consumption also; and the more of this, the more revenue for the common treasury. . . .

[[POSITION SOURCE LINE AS SHOWN BELOW, INDENTED WITH HANGING INDENT]] The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787

25. Which of the following resulted most directly from the debate described in the passage above?a. Property qualifications were established for voting and citizenship.b. Greater political democracy was called for in new state and national governments.c. A solution to the slave issue was postponed, setting the stage for recurring conflicts.d. The ideals set forth in the excerpt had reverberations in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future

rebellions.

26. The passage above best serves as evidence ofa. continued debates about the proper balance between liberty and order.b. an increased awareness of the inequalities in society.c. the ways in which U.S. policies encouraged western migration.d. debates leading to the creation of political parties.

27. The excerpt quoted above would be most useful to historians analyzinga. the series of compromises worked through to form a national government.b. how calls for greater guarantees of rights resulted in the addition of the Bill of Rights.c. the debates among American political leaders about politics and society, religion and governance.d. why difficulties over trade, interstate relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central

government.

Source-based Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the following excerpt.

It is universally known that the causes for which we declared war are no obstruction to peace. The practice of blockade and impressment having ceased by the general pacification of Europe, our government is content to leave the principle as it was. . . .

We have no further business in hostility, than such as is purely defensive; while that of Great Britain is to humble or subdue us. The war, on our part, has become a contest for life, liberty and property—on the part of our enemy, of revenge or ambition. . . .

What then are we to do? Are we to encourage him by divisions among ourselves—to hold out the hope of a separation of the states and a civil war—to refuse to bring forth the resources of the country against him? . . . I did think that in a defensive war—a struggle for all that is valuable—that all parties would have united. But it is not so—every measure calculated to replenish the treasury or raise men is opposed [by New England] as though it were determined to strike the “star spangled banner” and exalt the bloody cross. Look at the votes and proceedings of congress—and mark the late spirit . . . that existed in Massachusetts, and see with what unity of action every thing has been done [by New England] to harass and embarrass the government. . . .

To conclude—why does the war continue? It is not the fault of the government—we demand no extravagant thing. I answer the question, and say—it lasts because Great Britain depends on the exertions of her “party” in this country to destroy our resources, and compel “unconditional submission.”

Thus the war began, and is continued, by our divisions.

Hezekiah Niles, Niles’ Weekly Register, January 28, 1815.

28. The passage above best serves as evidence ofa. public debates about territorial expansion.b. U.S. attempts to dominate the North American continent.c. resistance from state governments in response to federal attempts to assert authority.d. the nation’s transformation into a more participatory democracy through the creation of various political

parties.

29. Which of the following debates or movements in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century represents a parallel to the issues described in the excerpt above?a. The considerable home front opposition faced by both the Union and the Confederacy as they mobilized to

wage the Civil Warb. The rise of an often violent nativist movement, aimed at limiting immigrants’ influence and powerc. The highly visible campaign that abolitionists mounted against slaveryd. Questions about America’s role in the world, argued between imperialists and anti-imperialists

30. During the period from 1800 to 1820, the arguments described in the excerpt above created the strongest divisions between the:a. North and the Midwest.b. South and the Midwest.c. Democrats and the Whigs.d. Federalists and the Democratic Republicans.

The following questions refer to the following 1812 cartoon by artist William Charles, “A scene on the frontiers as practiced by the humane British and their worthy allies!”

“Bring me the scalps, and the King our master will reward you,” says the British officer in the cartoon. The verse at the bottom urges “Columbia’s Sons” to press forward their attacks; otherwise, “The Savage Indian with his Scalping knife, / Or Tomahawk may seek to take your life.”Library of Congress

31. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of this cartoon?a. Federalistsb. The Britishc. Midwestern whitesd. American Indian tribes

32. The controversy highlighted in the cartoon above led most directly toa. regional interests trumping national concerns.b. expansion efforts and a sequence of wars.c. the creation of an independent U.S. global presence.d. attempts at national compromise.

Source-based Multiple Choice

Choose the letter of the best answer.

The following questions refer to the banner of the Society of Pewterers of New York City, carried in the Federal Procession, July 23, 1788, celebrating the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

The ribbon at top right reads, “The Federal Plan Most Solid & Secure/Americans Their Freedom Will Endure/All Art Shall Flourish in Columbia’s Land/And All her Sons Join as One Social Band.”

© Collection of the New York Historical Society, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library.

33. The ideas expressed in the image above most clearly show the influence ofa. the creation of political parties to promote the agendas of various regional interest groups.b. radical and populist movements pushing more extensive reforms.c. the Market Revolution’s widening of the gap between the emerging middle and working classes.d. the development of a culture reflecting the interests of an emerging urban middle class.

34. At the time of the image’s creation, which of the following groups would most likely have supported the views expressed by this banner?a. Abolitionistsb. Free African Americansc. Federalistsd. Democratic Republicans

The following questions refer to Map 8.3, “The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821.”

35. The issues highlighted in the map above led most directly toa. a truce over the issue of slavery.b. a sequence of wars to control American Indian populations.c. a debate about whether to expand into new territories.d. U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade.

36. Which of the following actions or events from the middle of the nineteenth century compares most closely to the events that this map describes?a. The Dred Scott decisionb. The Kansas-Nebraska Actc. The U.S. victory in the Mexican-American Ward. The regional economic specialization that fueled the internal slave trade