Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment

Answer Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did science affect humans’ conception of the natural world in the 20th century? What new technologies and discoveries affected this conception?

What new technologies in communication and transportation, and how did they impact conceptions about size and distance?

What new scientific paradigms changed the way people understood the natural world and humans themselves?

How did scientificdiscoveries affect humans’ability to feed themselves?

How did medical innovationsaffect humans’ survivalrates?

Advancements in communications technology, medicine, transportation, and science deepened humans’ understanding of the natural world and their ability to affect it.

New communication and transportation technologies, such as automobiles, airplanes, radio, and the internet, greatly reduced people’s conceptions of time and distance as they allowed people, information, and goods to travel extremely quickly and allowed access to places which were previously hard to reach (remote islands, etc.).

Developments in the field of physics such as the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics improved humanity’s understanding of the nature of the Universe and the behavior of its contents. Developments in cosmology, most notably the Big Bang Theory, led to new insight into the origin of the Universe and its evolution. Developments in psychology by figures such as Sigmund Freud improved human understanding of the functioning of our minds.

Improvements in genetic modification, selective breeding, and hybridization as well as the introduction of new farm equipment and fertilizers led to the so-called Green Revolution which greatly enhanced crop yields and subsequently human food production.

Improvements in public hygiene and medical technique greatly reduced people’s chance of infection. The introduction of antibiotics, beginning with penicillin (discovered 1928), provided an easy and effective treatment for nearly all bacterial infections and greatly decreased one’s chance of death by these types of diseases.

Automobiles Airplanes/Helicopters The Internet Radio Intermodal Shipping Satellites

Einstein’s theory of relativity

Quantum mechanics the Big Bang theory psychology

genetically modified crops

hybrid crops Green Revolution

polio vaccine & Jonas Salk

antibiotics-penicillin artificial heart Eradication

What new energytechnologies affected the 20th century?

Development and widespread use of vaccines, such as the polio vaccine invented by Jonas Salk 1955, led to massive decreases in the number of infections by a very large number of diseases and the eradication of smallpox and rinderpest in 1979 and 2001 respectively. Improvements in medical technology, such as artificial hearts and MRIs, have made it easier to detect and treat several medical conditions. All of these advancements have greatly increased human lifespans and survival rates.

During the 20th century, the use of oil for energy increased dramatically, being used to power ships, cars, aircraft, and some electrical power plants. As oils cost rose and its environmental impact became clearer, new sources of power, such as nuclear power and renewable power (wind, tidal, solar, etc.) have been introduced and used to produce electricity and power large seagoing vessels (nuclear).

oil (early) nuclear “green” energies,

renewables

How did humans’ relationship to the environment change in the 20th century? What negative consequences in the 20th century accompanied the benefits of industrialization?

The widespread industrialization of the 20 th and preceding centuries has led to a massive increase in the human population. This has placed strain on the Earth’s limited resources, as demand outstrips what is available, and led to increased competition. This industrialization has also led to deforestation (as trees are cut down faster than they are regrown), desertification (due to over farming, deforestation, and climate change), and widespread pollution from factories, vehicles, and other sources (compromising the quality of the air and water). Pollution in the form of chlorofluorocarbons has led to a depletion of the planet’s ozone layer. Emission of greenhouse gases has led to global climate change and has compounded many of the other problems stemming from industrialization.

population explosion and limited resources

greenhouse gases and global warming

desertification deforestation Ozone depletion

What caused some of the major demographic changes of the 20th century? A general answer here.

Disease contributed. What were some diseases associated with poverty that continued to threaten human survival? Where were these a major problem in the20th?

What new, emergentepidemic diseasesthreatened humans?

Disease, advancements in technology relating to birth control and family planning, decolonization, migration, and displacements of people due to conflict all led to major demographic changes in the 20th century.

Malaria is a tropical disease spread by mosquito bites. Tuberculosis is a dangerous airborne lung infection. Cholera is a waterborne disease that can be contracted from contaminated water. During the 20 th century, these diseases were a major problem in the developing world where people lacked proper sanitation and medical care to prevent them.

The 1918 influenza pandemic was an outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus which killed 3-5% of the global population and reduced average life expectancy by 12 years. Most likely originating in a military hospital camp in France, the virus was able to spread easily via the unsanitary conditions and massive troop movements associated

Malaria TB Cholera

1918 influenza pandemic

Ebola virus HIV/AIDS

What diseases associatedwith more sedentarylifestyles and longer life expectancies became a new problem?

How did technology regarding birth control and family planning impact global demographic patterns?

How did new military technology affect wartime casualties?

How did new tactics affectwartime casualties?

with WWI. Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic fever which originated in Sudan in 1976. It spreads through the exchange of bodily fluids and kills between 25 and 90 percent of infected individuals depending on the strain. There have been several major outbreaks of the disease since 1976 including an ongoing epidemic in West Africa. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is spread through the exchange of certain bodily fluids and leaves infected individuals vulnerable to other infections such as tuberculosis. It is responsible for approximately 1.2 million deaths per year.

Sedentary lifestyles, increasing consumption of foods with high levels of fat, sugar, and salt, and longer lifespans have led to the spread of new medical conditions such as heart disease, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and obesity.

The spread and development of technology relating to birth control and family planning, such as contraception pills, has allowed women greater control over their fertility and led to decreased birth rates and infant mortality rates in developed nations.

Military casualties increased with the introduction of more destructive weaponry and tactics, often in response to one another. The introduction of the machine gun led to the development of trench warfare to protect soldiers from its fire. Trench warfare led to the development of chemical weapons and tanks to breach enemy defenses. Nuclear weapons were introduced in 1944 and held the potential to easily kill hundreds of thousands of people, such as in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The policies of total war led aerial bombing to be directed not just at soldiers but also at civilian populations, with some cities being largely destroyed, especially by

Diabetes heart disease Alzheimer’s

“the pill

machine guns tanks airplanes nuclear weapons—the

atom bomb trench warfare firebombing Hiroshima, Dresden,

Nanjing

incendiary weapons (like Dresden). Attacks on civilians also extended to ground campaigns, such as in the rape of Nanjing.

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences

Answer Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did the overall global political order shift as the century progressed? What did NOT change?

Older, land-based empires such as the Ottoman,Russian, and Qing empires collapsed. What external and internal factors contributed to each?

Colonies gainedindependencewhere/when?

Some colonies gained

During this time period, the overall global political order, initially dominated by Europe, was challenged by the emergence of new states as European imperial powers weakened and colonies gained independence. Several older empires collapsed and were replaced with new regimes with varying influence on world events (USSR vs. Turkey). Despite this, the Global North, especially the West, remained the most industrialized area and the dominant power.

Prior to the 20th century, the Ottoman empire was in decline due to inflation, corruption, failure to keep up with technologic advance, failure to reform inefficient political systems, wars with neighboring states, and many nationalist movements seeking independence from the empire. After its defeat in WWI, the empire was split up by the victorious Allied powers. Following this, Mustapha Kemal/Ataturk led a Turkish nationalist movement which created the nation of Turkey from the central regions of the Ottoman Empire. In Russia, military losses, economic inferiority, famine, corruption, inequality, and a growing dissatisfaction among peasants and workers culminated in the October Revolution of 1917 in which the Bolshevik party, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the provisional government, which had been established a few months prior, and created the USSR. In Qing China, bureaucratic decay, military losses (especially in the Opium Wars), failure to industrialize, exploitation by foreign powers, internal resistance (such as in the Taiping Rebellion), and a refusal to reform on the part of the government (led by figures such as the extremely conservative Dowager Empress Cixi) resulted in the collapse of the dynasty in early 1912.

During the 20th century, colonies across Africa and Asia gained their independence from European imperial powers. India gained its independence from the British empire following many yeas of struggle in 1947. South Africa gained its independence from the British empire in 1934. Vietnam gained independence from France in the 70s following the Vietnam War.

Mustapha Kemal/Ataturk

Lenin and Trotsky Dowager empress Cixi

independence throughnegotiation.

Other colonies achieved independence via armed struggle.

Various resistance and protests groups in both India and Britain, such as the Indian National Congress, Muslim League, and the Quit India Movement, led the British to relinquish control of India in 1947, splitting it into the primarily Hindu India and the primarily Muslim East and West Pakistan. In the British Gold Coast (Ghana) Kwame Nkrumah led protests, boycotts, and strikes organized by his Convention People’s Party. These won gradual concessions from the British government concluding in Ghana’s independence in 1957.

In Algeria, resistance to French rule was led by the National Liberation Front, established in the mid-1950s. This organization led a guerilla fighting campaign against the French, resulting in a brutal civil war. Despite losses in the field, the FLN was able to negotiate Algeria’s independence, which it received in 1962. In Vietnam, the demise of many rival organizations left the Communist Party of Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc), as the primary group in resistance to the French. This group used guerilla tactics to gain control of North Vietnam, after defeating the French at Dien Bien Phu, and later the whole country with its victory in the Vietnam War.

Partition of India 1947 Gold Coast

Algeria and the FLN Vietnam and Ho Chi

MinhDien Bien Phu

What new anti-imperial movements challenged the status quo during the age of imperial rule and contributed to the end of empires and the restructuring of states?

Nationalist leaders and their movements

Regional, religious, and

Between 1900 and the present, many nationalist, communist, ethnic, and religious movements formed to oppose imperialism. They often contributed to the independence movements of various colonies and contributed to the end of large empires throughout the world.

Mohandas Gandhi was an influential member of the Indian National Congress and a leader of the Indian independence movement. His policy of satyagraha (truth force) advocated for nonviolent means of resistance and civil disobedience to achieve independence. Ho Chi Minh led the Communist Party of Vietnam in its struggle against the French and later the US. He successfully employed guerilla tactics to win Vietnam’s independence. Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of the independence movement in the British Gold Coast (Ghana). He led the resistance movement through his Convention People’s Party and won independence in 1957.

Mohandas K. Gandhi and non-violence (satyagraha)

Ho Chi Minh Kwame Nkrumah

ethnic movements challenged both imperial rule inherited colonial boundaries

Some transnational movements sought to unitepeople across national boundaries

Movements to redistributeland and resourcesdeveloped in Latin America, Africa, and Asia sometimes advocating socialism and communism…why?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah led British India’s Muslim League, an organization founded after fear that the Indian National Conference, the leading nationalist group at the time, would favor Hindus over Muslims if it took control. Their influence led to the partition of India of India by the British. The Quebecois movement in Canada advocated for the independence of the province of Quebec on the grounds of the ethnic differences between Quebec and the rest of Canada. The Biafra Secessionist Movement was a struggle between the primarily Muslim Hausa ethnic group in North Nigeria and the primarily Christian Igbo ethnic group in the southeast. This struggle has led to a civil war (1967-1970) and continued fighting to the present.

Pan-Arabism/Africanism promote solidarity and a common cultural identity among their respective peoples and advocate for unification of the Arab or African states respectively. Communism advocates unity among the working classes of all nations and supports the creation of a unified communist state.

In Latin America, a large poor population, economic exploitation by foreign powers, and internal domination by a small, European-descended upper class led to the creation of movements aimed at redistributing land and wealth to promote equality and win the support of the poor majority. These movements often advocated socialism or communism as these ideologies advocate for and work well with this goal.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League in British India

The Quebecois separatist movement

The Biafra secessionist movement

Pan-Arabism Pan-Africanism communism

Along with political changes, what demographic and social changes occurred?

What were some major population resettlementsrelated to the redrawing of old colonial boundaries?

Since 1900, the world has seen many social and demographic changes resulting from migrations, genocides, and the displacement of refugees from areas of conflict.

The redrawing of national boundaries following decolonization has led to several population resettlements and migratory movements. Following the British partition of India, several million people left their homes as Indian Muslims headed for Pakistan and vice-versa. Following WWI, many Jews from across the world migrated to the newly created state of Israel. It also led to the movement of many Palestinian people to the areas of the region not under Israeli control. The partition of the Ottoman Empire in into several European controlled mandates following its defeat in WWI led to the creation of many of the modern states in the Middle East and movements of

India/Pakistan partition Israeli/Palestinian

question Division of the Middle

East into mandates

What are some examples offormer colonial peoplesmigrating to former imperial metropoles? Why did this occur?

How did the proliferation of conflicts lead to ethnicviolence such as attempts at genocide?

How did the proliferation ofconflicts lead to displacement of peoples?

people as they migrated to countries which better fit their religious/ethnic identity.

Following decolonization, many citizens of former colonies migrated to industrialized nations in search of economic opportunities. In many cases, these people simply migrated to the imperial power that once controlled their nation as they had some degree of shared cultural background.

In the Ottoman Empire during WWI, the Armenian minority was subjected to discrimination, deportation through death marches, rape, murder, and theft as a result of their religion and position as scapegoat for military losses. Before and during WWII in Germany, the Nazi Party perpetrated a genocide against the Jewish people in the areas they controlled, first relegating them to sectioned-off areas and later attempting to exterminate them in concentration and death camps. In Cambodia between 1975 and 1979, the Khmer Rouge regime killed several million people suspected of opposing the government, being connected with foreign governments, being of foreign descent, and/or being a member of religions such as Christianity or Buddhism. In Rwanda, tension between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups led the Hutu majority government to institute a genocide against the Tutsi people in 1994 in which both government forces and various Hutu militias killed nearly a million ethnic Tutsis, around 20% of Rwanda’s population.

Conflict between Israel, various Muslim groups, and its Arab neighbors has led to the displacement of around 4 million Palestinian refugees fleeing the fighting. War and ethnic cleansing of non-Arabs by the government in the Darfur region of Sudan has led to the displacement of more than 2 million people since 2003.

South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the US

Armenia The Holocaust Cambodia Rwanda

Palestinians Darfurians

How were WWI and WWII the first “total wars”? What are the defining characteristics of total war?

Total wars are ones where the entire resources of belligerent countries are involved in the war effort and where the entire country is considered a legitimate target, not just military installations. WWI and WWII were the first wars fought with this mentality and level of commitment.

Strategic Bombing Conscription

How did states mobilize all their peoples in order to wage war?

Many states, including the US and Germany, used conscription, compulsory military recruitment, to raise large armies for their wars in the 20th Century. Colonial empires, especially Britain, recruited soldiers from their colonies, Gurkha and ANZAC soldiers, to boost their numbers.

Gurkhas from India ANZACS conscription

What were the causes of global conflict in the 20th c.? i.e. WWI and WWII

How did the balance of

global power shift in the middle of the 20th century after the end of WWII

What new alliances and new types of conflicts did the Cold War era produce?

How did the Cold War end?

Global conflict in the 20th Century was caused by imperialism, ethnic tension, nationalism, rivalry between large powers, competition for resources, and economic crises such as the Great Depression.

After the end of WWII, the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics became the world’s two dominant superpowers. Their opposing systems of capitalism and communism led to an ideological war and competitions of every possible kind (the Cold War) that lasted until the 1990s.

Competition between the US and USSR led to the creation of several alliances to help one side defend against the other. These included NATO, SEATO, and CENTO on the American side and the Warsaw Pact on the Soviet side. While neither superpower could directly attack the other for fear of nuclear retaliation, they both supported various groups which shared their views (directly or indirectly) in numerous proxy wars such as the Vietnam War or the Korean War.

The Cold War ended with the collapse of the USSR in 1991, following a military

Superpowers Capitalist/communist

ideological struggle

NATO, CENTO, SEATO

Warsaw Pact proxy wars

coup, and widespread abandonment of its Marxist-Leninist ideology. Although conflict dominated

much of the 20th century, many individuals, groups, even states opposed this trend:

Who were some of the ‘individuals & groups who challenged war?

Some promoted the practiceof non-violence as a way tobring about political change.

Some groups and individualsopposed the existing economic, political, and,social orders and insteadpromoted alternatives to theexisting order.

Guernica was a painting by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso depicting the bombing of the Spanish city of the same name during the Spanish Civil War. It was aimed at criticizing the war and especially the bombing of civilians by German and Italian forces. The anti-nuclear movement during the Cold War decried the use of nuclear technology and advocated for disarmament and an end to the use of nuclear power. Thich Quang Duc was a Buddhist monk who killed himself in 1963 by setting himself on fire to protest the persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government.

Gandhi was one of the pioneers of non-violent resistance. His philosophy of satyagraha (truth force) advocated nonviolence as a way of bringing about political change. Later leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, adopted the technique of nonviolence to bring about change in their own countries (the end of segregation and Apartheid respectively).

Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong proposed various form of socialism as alternatives to the existing order, aiming to promote equality and rapid industrialization in their home countries. The Non-Aligned Movement is a group of 120 countries aimed at ensuring the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of its members and opposing racism, imperialism, and bloc politics. The movement developed in the 1940s and 50s with a significant milestone being the 1955 Bandung Conference between many Asian and African powers. The movement is generally considered to have been founded in 1961. The Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa was a British organization which coordinated the international opposition to South Africa’s policy of Apartheid. They encouraged boycotts of South African goods and got several international organizations, such as the British Commonwealth and the Olympics, to expel South Africa in order to pressure its government into ending the policy, which it did in 1994. The global uprisings of 1968 were a series of social conflicts and protests throughout the world which opposed state repression, colonialism, and autocratic rule. They included the

Pablo Picasso & his work Guernica

the anti-nuclear movement during the Cold War

Thich Quang Duc & self-immolation

Gandhi and satyagraha

Martin Luther King, Jr. Nelson Mandela

Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong

The Non-Aligned Movement—an alternative to the leading Cold War political blocs. The Bandung Conference 1955

The Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa

Participants in the global uprisings of 1968

Tiananmen Square

How did militaries and militarized states often respond to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that often further intensified conflicts?

What were some of the movements that used violence against civilians in order to attempt to achieve political goals?

May 1968 protests in France, the beginning of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia. The Tiananmen Square protests in China were a series of student-led demonstrations in the first half of the year demanding greater freedoms, government accountability, and the return of worker control over industry. These protests were forcibly suppressed by the Chinese military.

Francisco Franco took power during the Spanish Civil War with German and Italian support. He led a partially fascist regime which catered to landlords, the Catholic church, and the military, while oppressing the general public, until 1975. Augusto Pinochet overthrew Chile’s president, Salvador Allende, in a 1973, CIA-backed military coup. His regime liberalized Chile’s economy and opened the country to foreign investment and privatized industry, improving the economy but increasing inequality. His regime was also guilty of many human right abuses. Idi Amin took power in Uganda during the 1971 military coup. His regime was guilty of human rights abuses, political repression, and economic mismanagement. Following the end of the Cold War, the US promoted a New World Order of cooperation between the world’s superpowers. This New World Order was meant to maintain the current political landscape and attack states seen as violating international laws (such as in the case of intervention in Iraq in 2003). The proliferation of conflict led to a buildup of the arms industry as governments cooperated closely with weapons producers to enlarge their military forces and sell arms to other countries.

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) refers to a succession of armed movements dedicated to gaining Irish independence, which share the name. The original movement fought in Ireland’s War of Independence (1919-1921) and has been succeeded by several groups which have broken away from each other over various disagreements. Recently, several of these groups have been involved in fighting to gain Norther Ireland independence form the UK. The ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) is a Basque nationalist movement operating in northern Spain and southwestern France which aims to create an independent Basque state. Since 1959 they have engaged in a campaign of bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings to effect this goal and are considered a terrorist organization by the EU and US. Al-Qaeda is a militant Sunni Islamist organization which has perpetrated a number of attacks around the world with the intention of destroying what those they see as opposed to Islam as well as what they see as corrupting beliefs/influences. They are considered a terrorist organization by the UN.

protestors promoting democracy in China

The promotion of military dictatorships in places such as Spain (Franco), Chile (Pinochet), and Uganda (Idi Amin)

The US promotion of a New World Order after the Cold War

The build-up of the “military-industrial complex” and arms trading

IRA in Northern Ireland ETA and Basque

separatism in Spain al-Qaeda

What were some of the ways that all these global conflicts influenced popular culture?

The Dada movement was an anti-war art movement in Europe which protested bourgeois, nationalist, and colonial interests which they believed to be the root cause of war. James Bond is a fictional British secret service agent created by Ian Fleming in 1953. Socialist Realism was a style of art that sought to glorify communist values; it became the dominant and official art style of most communist nations in the 20th century. Video games have been influenced by global conflicts and many have adopted them as their setting and influenced the point of view that the information is presented.

Dada movement in art in the years after WWI

James Bond Socialist Realism Video games

Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

Answer Concepts and Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

The 20th century saw a great deal of warfare and economic collapse. In response to these problems new ideas about governments and how they relate to the economy developed.

In Communist states, how did governments seek to control their nationaleconomies?

How did the role played bythe government in nationaleconomies change even in the US and Europe (and why

In response to the problems of the 20th century, governments developed new economic systems and programs such as Marxism-Leninism, the New Deal, and corporatism.

Governments in Communists states controlled their economies by dictating what would be produced, often in periods of five years (Five-Year Plans). They also sought to improve both their control of and the efficiency of farms through collectivization, or grouping many small farms into one large one. However this often led to resistance and a drop in production. These policies were often enacted with the goal of improving industrialization and were often accompanied with a general economic program to that effect (such as the Great Leap Forward in China).

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, governments in Europe and the US began to play a greater role in their economies in order to help recovery. They provided jobs to the unemployed and funded the creation of art and public works projects under programs such as the New Deal. These initiatives fell in line with the economic

Five-Year Plans collectivization The Great Leap

Forward

Mussolini’s Corporate State

The New Deal, the Great Depression and

did the role of thegovernment increase)?

After WWII, in newlyindependent states, how didgovernments take a strongrole in guiding economic lifeto promote development?

Toward the end of the 20th century, how and why did governments encourage free market economics and promote economic liberalization?

theories of John Keynes which advocated spending as a means of boosting the economy. Fascist states adopted the principle of corporatism, which put industries together into groups called corporations, in order to facilitate state control of the economy.

Following WWII, many newly independent states took on a strong role in their economies to protect them and encourage development. In Egypt, General Abdul Nasser launched programs which redistributed land, subsidized essential goods, and promoted education in an effort to aid peasants. Additionally, he restricted foreign investment in Egypt, in order to protect its economic independence, and emphasized industrialization and production increases to better compete with developed nation, one example being the state-directed growth of the cotton industry or the nationalization of the Suez Canal. In East Asia, countries began to encourage an export economy, selling to industrialized nations. Beginning with Japan, and later South Korea, China, Taiwan, and others, East Asian nations encouraged increasing production of consumer goods, especially in sectors such as technology and automobiles.

In the US during this period, Ronald Reagan enacted laissez-faire economic policies and encouraged free trade in an effort to improve economic growth and reduce inflation. In Britain, Margaret Thatcher implemented policies of deregulation, privatization, and cuts to direct taxes with the goal of reducing the high inflation rate and unemployment rate in UK at the time. In China, Deng Xiaoping opened the country to foreign investment, encouraged privatization, and established the Four Modernizations (goal for development in the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology). These policies were aimed at rejuvenating China’s economy and repairing the damage done during the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. Under Augusto Pinochet, the country of Chile saw extensive privatization, increases in foreign investment, and encouragement of free trade. These policies boosted Chile’s economy but also led to increases in inequality.

Keynesian economics

Nasser and Egypt The encouragement of

export oriented economies in East Asia

US and Ronald Reagan

Britain and Margaret Thatcherprivatization

China under Deng XiaopingThe Four Modernizations

Chile under Pinochet

In the 20th century, what new international organizations formed to maintain world peace and facilitate international cooperation?

Following WWI, the League of Nations was founded with the intent of preventing future war, peacefully resolving disputes, and promoting human rights. Its inability to enforce its policies let to its dissolution. Following WWII, the United Nations was created with the same goals as the League of Nations but with more power to enforce its decisions. The International Criminal Court was established to try people for crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes.

The League of Nations The United Nations The International

Criminal Court

What new economic institutions sought to spread principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world?

What humanitarian organizations developed to respond to a variety of crises throughout the world?

How did regional trading blocs promote the movement of capital (investment $) and ?goods across borders?

How did multinational corporations begin to challenge state authority and autonomy?

During the 20th century, several international organizations were created to encourage free trade. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank were founded with the goal of helping developing nations get back on their fee with the long term intent of creating new markets. The World Trade Organization helps negotiate trade deals and sets rules for member nations to promote free trade.

During the 20th century, many humanitarian organizations developed to help people respond to various crises. The Red Cross/Crescent and Doctors Without Borders provide medical care to those who need in the wake of war and natural disaster and in areas without sufficient medical resources. The World Health Organization tracks disease worldwide and coordinates responses to epidemics throughout the world. Organizations such as UNICEF have been established to provide developmental aid to those in developing countries.

Regional trading blocs have been established in order to promote the exchange of goods in and the economic health of the region they were established in by eliminating barriers to free trade (tariffs, different currencies, etc.). Examples include the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and Mercosur (the Southern Common Market).

Multinational corporations, those with operations in several countries, such as Royal-Dutch Shell, Coca-Cola, and Sony have begun to challenge state authority and autonomy by manipulating global markets and influencing local governments to create market situations favorable to them.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

World Bank World Trade

Organization (WTO)

The Red Cross UNICEF Amnesty International Doctors Without

Borders World Heath

Organization (WHO)

The European Union

NAFTA ASEAN Mercosur

Royal Dutch Shell Coca-Cola Sony

What new movements protested the inequality of the consequences of global integration

The 20th century saw the emergence of several groups opposed to globalization. Groups such as the World Social Forum were protested the inequality and disregard for human rights which resulted from globalization. Many groups formed to resist what they saw as corruption of their culture through globalization and foreign influence. Groups such as Greenpeace and the Green Belt Movement in Kenya formed to protest the environmental damage resulting from globalization (pollution, extinctions, Climate Change, etc.). They organized events such as Earth Day to promote their movements.

Greenpeace Green Belt movement

(Kenya) Earth Day World Social Forum

What are some examples of how the notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world?

How did increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes lead to the formation of new cultural identities

and exclusionary reactions ?

What new forms of spirituality developed in the later 20 th century ?

How was religion applied to political issues?

During this period, the notion of human rights gained much ground around the world. The UN Universal Declaration of Rights details a list of rights humans inherently possess and is more or less instituted by all member nations. Feminist movements resulted in large gains in the rights of women during this time, beginning with female suffrage early in the 1920s and 1930s. The abolition of policies such as Apartheid, American Jim Crow Laws, and the White Australia Policy signified growing acceptance of the concept of universal rights regardless of race.

The Negritude movement was a movement beginning in 1930s France which promoted an African cultural identity and pan-African nationalism against French imperialism.

Globalization often led to xenophobia (a “fear” of foreign people and influence) that resulted in race riots, attacks on certain racial/ethnic groups, and citizenship restrictions, restrictions placed on who can become a full citizen (such as in the case of immigration quotas and the policies of certain presidential candidates).

During the 20 th century (especially the 1970s) many New Age religions developed on the Western World, often emphasizing a holistic approach to divinity and the self. The Hare Krishna movement (also known as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness) is a Hindu religious organization founded in 1966 with the intention of spreading the practice of bhakti yoga. Falun Gong is a Chinese spiritual practice based on the tenets of compassion, truthfulness, and forbearance. The practice, based in Buddhist and Taoist tradition, was founded in 1992 and emphasizes the cultivation of morality and virtue.Religion was applied to politics in the form of fundamentalist movements which were a defensive reaction to the “corrupting” effects of globalization and modernity.

UN Universal Declaration of Rights

women’s rights the end of the White

Australia Policy, Apartheid, Jim Crow laws, etc.

Negritude movement in Africa

xenophobia race riots citizenship restrictions

New Age religions Hare Krishna Falun Gong

Liberation Theology fundamentalist

How did the global nature of culture affect sports?

Music and film?

Fundamentalist movements often led to the creation of militant organizations intent on undoing what they saw as corruption by force.

Globalization in this period led to the creation of several international sports competitions aimed at promoting both sports and international unity. They included the Olympics, World Cups for several sports, the Havalanta Games, The Commonwealth Games and the Pan American Games.

Globalization and improving communication technology has led to the diffusion of music and film and global growth in these areas. Examples include Bollywood, the Mumbai film industry, and reggae, a musical genera from Jamaica.

movements

Olympics World Cup Soccer Cricket Havalanta Games Pan American Games

Reggae Bollywood