VII. THE BALEFUL BLACK CODES One of the first things the new

Southern governments did was pass black codes

Varied in severity from state to state All tried to regulate affairs of freed

blacks and assure a stable and subservient labor force

Work contracts resembled slavery itself

Blacks were left out of the political process

Although a few new rights were recognized (freedomish, marriage) they mocked the idea of emancipation

VII. THE BALEFUL BLACK CODES

Freedmen lacked capital, had little to offer except labor

Many blacks and poor landless whites became slaves to soil and creditors and slipped into the status of sharecroppers (crop-lien system)

This lasted well into the 20th century After the Civil War many in the north

wondered if these people were still being enslaved, had the North really won the war?

VIII. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

December 1865 Congressional delegations from the south came to reclaim their seats, northerners shut them out

Voters across south turned to experienced leaders, many leaders were tainted with association of Confederacy

While war went on Republican leaders had a free had and passed legislation favorable to the North

Politicians became attached to northern business interests, western farmers and free labor.

Congress passed tariff legislation, financing of a transcontinental railroad, Homestead Act (offered land to settlers that occupied the land for 5 years), Morrill Land Grant Act (provided land for colleges)

VIII. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

Republicans worried that he South would increase power in Congress

Blacks were now counted as a whole person, not 3/5ths of a person

South gained 12 electoral votes, 12 more Congressional members

Republicans feared that they would perpetuate black codes, get rid of Republican economic program

IX. JOHNSON CLASHES WITH CONGRESS

1866 Republicans wanting to keep Johnson in check pass Civil Rights Bill to strike back at the Black Codes

Johnson tried to veto, overturned by Congress Civil Rights bill became 14th Amendment1. Citizenship to all persons regardless of race2. Reduced representation if conditions not met3. Disqualified former Confederates from federal and

state office4. Guaranteed federal debt5. Did not grant the right to vote Issue between Congress and President was

Reconstruction to be carried on with or without 14th Amendment

1866 Congressional elections showed country favored Republican plan

X. REPUBLICAN PRINCIPLES AND PROGRAMS

Republicans won a veto proof control of Reconstruction policy in Congress

Radicals opposed rapid restoration of Southern states (led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner)

Wanted to transform society and economy of south with federal government

Moderates did not want states to take away rights of A-A’s but did not want federal government involved in people’s everyday lives

Both groups wanted blacks to have the right to vote

XI. RECONSTRUCTION BY THE SWORD

1867 Reconstruction Act divides south into 5 military districts controlled by Union general and policed by Union army

Had to ratify 14th Amendment and guarantee suffrage for black men

Purpose was to create electorate that would vote states back into Union and free federal government from direct responsibility of protection of black rights

1870 15th Amendment passed that guaranteed suffrage in the Constitution

XI. RECONSTRUCTION BY THE SWORD

Military Reconstruction of the South took away power of president as commander in chief and set up regimes that were possibly unconstitutional

By 1870 all states had met conditions of readmission into the Union

When federal troops left states they swiftly went back to old governments and became solidly Democratic (Redeemers)

Passage of 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments disappointed advocates for women’s rights, many had been abolitionists and viewed the causes as similar

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton actively campaigned against passage of the 14th Amendment