vijayapadam inner pages - modelquestionpapers new questionpapers/orukkam 2014... · 3 co-ordinator...

1

hnP-b-]Yw

kmaqlyimkvXw

]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn

Xømdm°nbXv :

2

BapJw

Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn Fkv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn. ]co-£-bn¬

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øn¬ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\v A¿lX t\Sm-\m-ImsX t]mIp-

∂-h-cpsS FÆw a‰p hnj-b-ßsf At]-£n®v IqSp-X-em-Wv. CXv adn-I-S-

°p∂Xn\mbn ap≥h¿j-ß-fn-embn \nc-h[n ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ub‰v Gs‰-

SpØv \S-Øn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. ESTEEM (Enhancing Social ScienceTeaching Efficiency Through Electronic Media) DVD, esteempalakkadtªmKv, hnZqc hnZym- ymk ]cn-io-e\w [SALT - Social Science AdvancedLearning Tool] XpS-ßnbhbpsS IrXy-amb D]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS tkmjy¬

k-b≥kv ¢mkvap-dn-Isf IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-Ihpw A¿∞-]q¿W-hp-am-

°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√.

hcpw-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Fkv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn. ]co£ Fgp-Xp∂ F√m Ip´n-

I-sfbpw hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øn¬ Db¿∂

tKUp-amWv ‘hnP-b-]Y’ØneqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øn¬

D+¬ FØm≥ ]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mbn F√m ]mT- m-K-

hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ßfpw DØ-c-kq-Nn-Ibpw AS-ßnb h¿°vjo-

‰p-Ifpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Nn -bmb ]cn-io-e\ ]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ, hnhn[ \ne-hm-c-°m-cmb hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mbn A[ym-]-I¿

Gs‰SpØpsIm≠v Cu e£yw \nd-th-‰-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. Cu

h¿jsØ Fkv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn. ]co-£-bn¬ \ΩpsS Pn√bv°pw A`n-am-

\-I-c-amb hnPbw Dd-∏m-°mw.

Gh¿°pw hnP-bm-iw-k-Iƒ....

sI.-]- m-I-c≥

]n≥kn-∏mƒ

Ub‰v ]me-°mSv

3

Co-ordinator

T.M. Safeena BeegomLecturer, DIET Palakkad

Team Members

1. E.C. Mohanan (HSA)GHSS Kottayi

2. C. MohanadasanGVHSS Cherpulasseri

3. Jayaprakash. T. (HSA)

CBKM GHSS Puthupariyaram.

4. K. Sasidharan (HSA)ASRAM, HS, Malampuzha

5. A. RamachandranMNKMGHSS Pulappatta

6. Mohammed Iqbal (HSA SS)GHS Koppam

7. Prakash Manikandan (HSA SS)PTMYHSS Edappalam

8. Manoj (HSA SS)GHSS Pattambi

9. Kripal Raj (HSA SS)VIMHS Vadavannur

4

hnP-b-]Yw]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn

kmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXw

5

bqWn‰v 1

A¥co-£-Ønse ]Xn- m-k-ßƒ

][m\ Bi-b-ßƒ

l A¥-co£a¿±sØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ.

l BtKmf a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ, a¿±-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ÿm\-am-‰w.

l A¥-co-£-a¿±hpw Im-‰p-Ifpw.

l B¿ZX B¿Z-Xsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ.

l L\o-I-cWw hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ.

l hnhn-[-Xcw taL-ßƒ

l h¿jWw - hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ

l ag hnhn-[-Xcw

`qan-bn-te°v hcp∂ kuc-hn-In-cWw ]q¿W-ambpw utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ FØp-∂n-√m-sb∂pw kuc-hn-In-c-W-ßƒ qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw ua-hn-In-c-W-ßƒ A¥-co-£sØ NqSp-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]In-b-Iƒ N¿®-sN-øm\pwhni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw ¢mkn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.

NnXsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xmsg \¬In-bn- p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°v IqSn DØcwIs≠-Ø-s´.

6

l NnX-Ønse ua-hn-In-c-W-hpw, kuc-hn-In-c-Whpw GXv Xcw-K-cq-]-Øn-emWv IS∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv?

l ùtam-]-cn-Xew BKn-c-Ww-sN-øp∂ kqcym-X-]\w FX iX-am-\-amWv?l taL-ßfpw s]mSn-]-S-e-ßfpw FX iX-am\w BKn-cWw sNøp∂p?l ]Xn- -e-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂Xv FX iX-am\w?

]h¿Ø\w : 1

\nco-£n®v h¿°vjo‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kuc-hn-In-cWw iX-am\w

...........................(A) 35

taL-ßfpw s]mSn-]-S-e-ßfpw BKn-cWw sNøp∂p ........................(B)

...........................(C) 51

BsI kuc-hn-In-cWw 100%

ùahn-In-cWw iX-am\w

taL-ßfpw s]mSn-]-S-e-ßfpw BKn-cWw sNøp-∂p. ........................(D)

...........................(E) 17

BsI ua-hn-In-cWw ........................(F)

ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Øn-te°v FØn-t®-cp∂ kuc-hn-In-cWw ........................(G)

BsI 100%

7

kqNnI:

A - A¥co£w ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p-∂p.B - 14%C - `utam-]-cn-Xew BKn-cWw sNøp-∂p.D - 34%E - t\cn v iq\ym-Im-i-Øn-te°v t]mIp-∂p.F - 51%G - 49%

]h¿Ø\w : 2

]c-kv]-c-_-‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A, B tImf-ß-fn¬ Ia-s∏-SpØn FgpXpI.

a¿±w, ck-_m-tcm-ao-‰¿, a¿±-Øns‚ GI-Iw, a¿±w Ipd-hv, Htc a¿±-ap≈ ]tZ-iw,hmbp-hns‚ mcw, a¿±w Af-°m≥, D®-a¿±w, sFtkm-_m¿, lIvtSm-]m-kv°¬, a¿±wIqSp-X¬, \yq\-a¿±w.

A Bhmbp-hns‚ mcw a¿±w

.... ....

.... ....

.... ....

.... ....

.... ....

]h¿Ø\w : 3

Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v bmX-sN-øp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn\v Nne Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv A¥-co-£-a¿±-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hyXym-k-ß-fm-emWv F∂v So®¿]d-™p. GsX√mw LS-I-ßƒ Fß-s\-bmWv CXn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xv F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

w Xm]w (Xm-]hpw a¿±hpw hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-Øn-em-Wv)

w ]tZ-i-Øns‚ Dbcw (D-bcw IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v a¿±w Ipd-bp-∂p)

w B¿ZX (B¿ZX IqSp-X-ep≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a¿±w Ipd-bp-∂p)

8

]h¿Ø\w : 4

kqcys‚ Ab-\-am‰w a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v am‰-ap-≠m-°p∂sXßs\? NphsS X∂n-´p-≈ NnX-ßƒ \nco-£n®v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

00

23½0

am¿®v

N

S

23½0

00

23½0 Unkw-_¿

N

S

00

23½0 Pq¨

N

S

amkw a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ a¿±-ta-J-e-IƒbYm¿∞ ÿm\Øv hS-t°m v \oßp∂p sXt°m v \oßp∂p

am¿®v üüüüü

Pq¨ üüüüü

sk]vXw-_¿ üüüüü

Unkw-_¿ üüüüü

Im‰p-Iƒ Zni ZniDØ-cm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬ Z£n-Wm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬

hmWn-Py-hm-X-ßƒ hS-°p- -In-g°v sX°p- -In-g°v

]›n-a-hm-X-ßƒ

[phobhmX-ßƒ

DØ-c-kq-NnI

]›n-a-hmXw : sX°v ]Sn-™mdv hS°v ]Sn-™mdv

[phobhmXw : Ing°p\n∂v, Ing°p\n∂v

l C¥y-bn¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ a¨kq¨Im-‰p-Iƒ GsX√mw?

DØ-c-kq-NnI

sX°v ˛ ]Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨, hS°v ˛ Ing°≥ a¨kq¨

9

]h¿Ø\w : 5

l BtKm-f-a¿±-ta-J-e-I-fpsS NnXw \nco-£n®vXmsg ]´n-I-bn-te°v Ah-bpsS ÿm\w,a¿±-kz- m-hw, Ah-bpsS cq]o-I-cW kml-N-cy-ßƒ F∂nh ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI.

a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ ÿm\w a¿±-kz- mhw a¿±-ta-J-e-bpsScq]o-I-cW ImcWw

1. a[y-tcJm \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je

2. Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-Je(D-Ø-cm¿≤-tKm-fw)

3. Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±taJe(Z-£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-fw)

4. D]-[p-hnb\yq\-a¿± taJe(D-Ø-cm¿≤tKmfw)

5. D]-[p-hnb \yq\a¿±-ta-Je Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKmfw

6. [phob D®-a¿±ta-Je(D-Ø-cm-¿≤-tKm-fw)

7. [phob D®-a¿±-ta-Je(Z£nWm¿≤-tKm-fw)

`qa-[y -tc-J-bpsSCcp-h-iØpw 50

hsc

DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Ønse 300

A£mw-i-Øn¬

Z£n -Wm¿≤ -t K m - f - Ø n ¬600 ]tZ-iØv

DØ-cm -≤ -tKm -f -Øn¬ 600 ]tZ-iØv

Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ 600 ]tZiw

DØ-c-[p-h-Øn¬900 mKØv

Z £ n - W - [ p - h -Øn¬ 900 mKØv

\yq\-a¿±w

D®-a¿±w

D®-a¿±w

\yq\a¿±w

\yq\-a¿±w

D®-a¿±w

D®-a¿±w

Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ kqcy-]-Imiw e`n-°p-∂p.

`qa-[y-tc-Jm-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw Db¿∂hmbp kmµX IqSn Xmgv∂nd-ßn-b-Xn-\m¬.

`qa-[y-tc-Jm-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw Db¿∂hmbp kmµX IqSn Xmgv∂nd-ßn-b-Xn-\m¬.

i‡amb tImdn-tbm-enkv ]`m-h-Øn¬ [phnb hmXw Npg‰n Fdn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

i‡amb tImdn-tbm-enkv ]`m-h-Øn¬ [phnb hmXw Npg‰n Fdn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

[ph-]-tZ-iØv kqcy-]-Imiw Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ XWp-∏m-bn-cn-°pw.

[ph-]-tZ-iØv kqcy-]-Imiw Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ XWp-∏m-bn-cn-°pw.

DØ-c-kq-NnI

10

NnXw \nco-£n®v Ic-°m‰pw IS¬°m‰pw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒc≠v Kq∏mbn N¿®sNøp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Ic-°m‰pw IS¬Im‰pw XmcXaywsNbvXvIpdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

NnX hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Ic-Im‰pw IS¬Im‰pw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-Xn\v IcbpwISepw Ak-¥p-en-X-ambn NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw XWp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

CXn-t\mSp _‘-s∏´ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ So®¿ \¬Ip-∂p.w ]I¬ ka-bØv Ic-bm-tWm, IS-emtWm BZyw NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xv?w cmXn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ic-bmtWm, IS-emtWm BZyw XWp-°p-∂Xv?

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

NnXw \nco-£n®v Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

a) CXv GXv Aÿn-c-hm-X-Øns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p?

b) GXv A¿≤-tKm-f-Øn-emWv hoip-∂Xv?

DØ-c-kq-NnI:w ]Xn-N-I-hmXww DØ-cm¿≤-tKmfw

11

A Bw ]`m-X-ß-fn¬ ]p¬sIm-Sn-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Xpjmcw

Pe-IWw

w Pem-i-b-ßƒ°v apI-fn¬ L\o- -hn®v aqS¬a™vcq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.

w ]¿∆-X-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ L\o- -hn®v t\¿Ø aqS¬a™vcq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

hnhn[Xcw taL-ßfpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

Xnc-›o-\-X-e-Øn¬]mfn-bmbn ImW-

s∏-Sp∂p

Nmc-\n-d-Øn-ep≈

Iq\-Iƒ

c da

bknd

kv

\nw_

kv

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

A tImf-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh B tImf-Øn¬\n∂v FSp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.

\¬In-bn- p≈ NnX-Øn¬ a[y- m-KØv taL-ß-fpsS t]cpw- Np‰pw Ah-bpsSkhn-ti-j-X-Ifpw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

DØ-c-kq-NnI:

(a) kvSm‰kv ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. (c) shfpØ \nd-Øn¬Xqh¬sI- p-t]mse ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

(b) Iypap-ekv (d) Nmc-\n-d-Øn-tem, Idp-∏p-\n-d-Øntem

D≈ taLßƒ

12

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

L\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ê-ambn hen-∏-ta-dnb Pe-I-Wn-I-Iƒ°v A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Xßn-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bmsX `qan-bn-te°p ]Xn-°p∂ ]Xn- m-k-sØ-bt√m ag F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv ˛ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ agsb FX-bmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°p∂p? Ah-tb-sX√mw? Hmtcm∂pw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-sXßs\sb∂pw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Fgp-Xp-I.

DØ-c-kq-NnI:

kwh-l-\-hr-jvSn, ssie-hr-jvSn, NI-hm-X-hr-jvSn, Hmtcm-∂n-t‚bpwcq]o-I-c-Whpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Fgp-X-Ww.

1. kwh-l-\-krjvSn

l ùtam]-cn-X-e-Ønse hmbp NqSp-]n-Sn®v apI-fn-te°v Db-cp-∂p.AtXm-sSm∏w \ocm-hnbpw Db-cp-∂p. Db-c-Øn¬h®v L\o- -hn®vXWpØv ag-bmbn s]øp∂p.

l D®-bv°p-tijw CSn-an-∂-tem-Sp-IqSnb ag-bmbn s]øp-∂-Xn-\m¬Cu agsb D®-en-X-hrjvSn F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. `qa-[y-tcJm`mKØv km[m-c-W-am-Wv.

2. ssie-hrjvSn

l IS-en¬\n∂pw hcp∂ \ocmhn]qcn-X-hmbp ]¿∆-X-ß-fn¬ XńDb-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw L\o- -hn®v ]¿∆-Xs®-cp-hn¬ ag-bmbns]øp-∂p.

l Im‰n\v A`n-ap-J-amb mKØv ]¿∆Xs®cp-hn¬ ag e`n-°p-IbpwIm‰n\v ]Xn-ap-J-amb adp- m-KØv ag e`n-°p-∂n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ag \ng¬]-tZ-i-am-Wv.

3. NI-hm-X-hrjvSn

l NI-hm-X-ß-fp-ambn _‘s∏´p-≠m-Ip-∂p. NI-hm-X-ß-fpsS a[y-`m-KØv DjvW-hm-bphpw ioXhmbphpw- Iqń-apń DjvW-hmbpDb-cp-Ibpw Ahn-sS-sh®v XWpØv ag-bmbn s]øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv NI-hm-X-hr-jvSn.

13

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

NnXw \nco-£n®v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

1. NnX-Øn¬ F, _n, kn, Un NI-hmXw ]Xn-N-I-hmXw

Ch GsX∂v Is≠-Øp-I. F, _n kn, Un

2. tIµ-Øn¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv \yq\-a¿±w D®-a¿±w

3. Np‰p-]mSpw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv D®-a¿±w \yq\-a¿±w

4. hmbp ]h-ln-°p-∂Xv tIµ-Øn-te°v Np‰n-te°v

5. Zni DØ-cm¿≤tKmf-Øn¬ FXn¿L-Sn-Im-c-Zni LSn-Imc Zni

6. Zni Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ LSn-Im-c-Zni FXn¿L-Sn-ImcZni

14

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

]mtZ-inI hmX-ßsf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Im‰ns‚ t]cv hoip∂ Imew hoip∂ ]tZiw kz`mhw

eq sabv, Pq¨ C¥y-bnse hc≠

DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew DjvW-°m‰v

Nn\q°v ssiXy-Imew hSs° Ata-cn-°-bnse hc≠

tdm°o-kns‚ DjvW-°m‰v

Ingt° Ncnhv

ankvS¬ bqtdm-∏nse B¬]vkns‚ ioX-°m‰v

sXt° Ncn-hn¬

s^m≥ B¬]vkns‚ hSs° hc≠

Ncn-hn¬ DjvW-°m‰v

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ _mjv]o-I-c-W-tØmXv IqSptam Ipd-bptam Is≠-Øp-I.

IqSp-X¬ Pe e`y-X-bp≈ ]tZiw

Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e-bp≈ ]tZiw

Cu¿∏-ap≈ hmbp

DØ-c-kq-NnI

Pe e`yX IqSp-X-ep≈ ]tZiw _mjv]o-I-cWw IqSp∂p Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e-bp≈ ]tZiw ˛ _mjv]o-I-cWw IqSp-∂p ˛ Cu¿∏-ap≈ hmbp ˛ _mjv]o-I-cWwIpd™ tXmXn¬.

15

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14

tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p-I.

a) Hcp \n›nX Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep≈ hmbp-hn\v Bt]-£nI B¿ZXDƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp∂ \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhv

b) hmbp \ocmhn ]qcn-X-am-Ip-tºm-gp≈ Xm]\ne ]qcn-Xm¶w

c) A¥-co-£-Ønse \ocmhn Pe-I-W-ß-fmbn lnam¶wamdp∂ ]Inb

d) \n›nX Dujvam-hn¬ hmbp-hn\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ L\o-I-cWwIgn-bp∂ \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhpw B ka-bØvhmbphn¬ D≈ \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhpw XΩn-ep≈A\p-]m-Xw.

DØ-c-kq-NnI

a) ]qcnXm¶w b) lnam¶w c) L\o-I-cWw d) Bt]-£nI B¿ZX

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 15

A) ]`m-X-ß-fn¬]p¬s°m-Sn-I-fn¬

ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Pe-IWw

B) Pem-i-b-ß-fpsS apI-fn¬t\¿Ø \ocmhn L\o- -hn®v

C) ]¿∆X ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\ocmhn L\o- -hn®vcq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.

D) Db¿∂p s]mßp∂hmbp kq£va-[q-fn-I-fn¬

L\o-`-hn-°p-∂p.

1) Xpjmcw 2) t\¿Ø aqS¬a™v

3) aqS¬a™v 4) taLw

DØ-c-kq-NnI

tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°pIF ˛ 1 _n ˛ 3kn ˛ 2 Un ˛ 4

16

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 16

kwh-l-\-hrjvSn qa-≤y-tcJm ]tZ-iØv k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-amWv. F¥p-sIm≠v?

DØ-c-kq-NnI

l \ocmhn\nd™ hmbp NqSp]n-Sn®v Db¿∂p-s]m-ßp-∂p.l CXv Db-c-ß-fn¬sh®v XWpØv L\o- -hn®v ag-bmbn s]øp-∂p.l hmbp NqSp-]n-Sn-®p-b-cp-∂Xv qa-≤y-tcJ ]tZ-iØv km[m-c-W-am-Wv.l tIcfw qa-≤y-tc-Jbv°v kao-]-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v kwh-l-\-hrjvSn D≠m-Im-dp≠v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 17

sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ tIc-f-Øn¬ i‡-amb ag-s]-øn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬sXm -SpØ Xan-gv\m- n¬ Imcy-amb ag-In- p-∂n-√. Imc-W-sa¥v?

DØ-c-kq-NnI

l sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ Zni-bn¬\n-∂mWv Im‰p-ho-ip-∂-Xv.l kap-tZm-]-cn-X-e-Øn-eqsS hcp∂ Cu Im‰n¬ [mcmfw \ocm-hn-bp-≠m-hpw.l Cu Im‰ns\ tIc-f-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-bn¬ ]›n-a-L´w XS-bp-∂p.l Im‰n\v ]Xn-ap-J-amb Ing-°≥ mK-ØmWv Xan-gv\mSv. AhnsS ag-\ng¬ ]tZ-i-am-

bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 18

Ad-_n-°-S-enepw _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-enepw NI-hmXw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p. Ch-bn¬GXm-bn-cn°pw C¥y-bpsS XocØv h≥ \miw D≠m-°p-I. F¥p-sIm≠v?

DØ-c-kq-NnI

l C¥y DØ-cm¿[tKmf-Øn-em-Wv.l DØ-cm¿[-tKm-f-Øn¬ Im‰ns‚ k©m-c-Zn-i-bpsS hyXn-bm\w he-tØm- m-Wv.l NI-hm-X-ßƒ DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ FXn¿L-Sn-Im-c-Zn-i-bn¬.l _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-ense NI-hm-X-ßƒ C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥ Xoc-tØ°v \oßpw.l C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥Xo-cØv Ah IqSp-X¬ \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ D≠m-°pw.l Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ Im‰v ]Sn-™m-tdm v \oßpw.l AXp-sIm≠v Ah C¥y-bpsS XocØv Imcy-amb \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ D≠m-°p-I-bn-√.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 19

BtKm-f-a¿±-ta-J-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Fgp-Xp-I.

a) BtKmf a¿±-ta-Je F∂m¬ F¥v?b) Ah-bpsS t]cv?c) A£mwi ÿm\w?

17

d) a¿±-kz- mhwe) a¿±-ta-Je cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ ImcWw

DØ-c-kq-NnIa) BtKm-f- a¿±ta-Je:˛ `qan-bn¬ Nne \n›nX A£mw-i-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Htc a¿±-

amWv A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu A£mwi taJ-e-Isf BtKmf a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂p.

b) i) a[y-tcJm \yq\-a¿±-ta-Jeii) Dt]mjvW D® a¿±-ta-Je (D-Ø-cm¿≤-tKm-fw)iii) D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je (D-Ø-cm¿≤-tKm-fw)iv) [phob D®-a¿±-ta-Je (D-Ø-cm¿≤-tKm-fw)v) Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-Je (Z-£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-fw)vi) D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je (Z-£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-fw)vii) [phob D®-a¿±-ta-Je (Z-£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-fw)

c) A£mwi ÿm\wi) `qa-[y-tc-Jbv°v Ccp-h-ihpw 5 UnKn apX¬ 10 UnKn hsc a[y-tcJm \yq\-

a¿±-ta-J-e.ii) 30 UnKn hS°pw 30 UnKn sX°pw tIµo-I-cn®v Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-J-e.iii) 60 UnKn hS°pw sX°pw tIµo-I-cn®v D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-J-e.iv) 90 UnKn hS°w 90 UnKn sX°pw [phob D®a¿±-ta-J-e.

d) a¿±-kz- mhwi) a[y-tcJ \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je \yq\-a¿±wii) Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-Je D®-a¿±wiii) D]-[phob \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je \yq\-a¿±wiv) [phob D®-a¿±-ta-Je ˛ D®-a¿±w

e) a¿±-ta-Jem cq]o-I-cWwi) a[y-tcJm ]tZ-iØv h¿≤n® NqSp-Im-cWw hmbp NqSp-]n-Sn®v hnI-kn®v apI-

fn-te°v Db-cp-∂p.ii) Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-Je :˛ `qa-[y-tcJm ]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw NqSp-]n-Sn®v Db-

cp∂ hmbp Cu taJ-e-bn¬ XWp-Øn-dßn tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂p.iii) D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je:˛ i‡-amb tImdn-tbm-enkv ]`m-h-Øns‚ e-

ambn [ph-]-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw hoip∂ Im‰v Npg‰n am‰-s∏-Sp-∂p.iv) [phob D®-a¿±-ta-Je:˛ Xm]w G‰hpw Ipd®v e`n-°p∂ [ph-ß-fn¬ XWp∏v

IqSp-X-em-Wv. AXv [phob D®-a¿±-ta-Je cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.

18

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 20

ÿnc-hm-X-ß-sf-∂m-se¥v? Ah FXhn[w? Ah Hmtcm-∂n-t‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fgp-XpI?

ÿnc-hm-X-ßƒa) h¿jw apgp-h≥ \n›nX a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Htc Zni-bn¬ ÿnc-ambn

hoip∂ Im‰p-Iƒ.

b) aq∂p-Xcw ÿnc-hm-X-ßƒ.

1. hmWnPyhmX-ßƒ

2. ]›n-a-hm-X-ßƒ

3. [phob hmX-ßƒ

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

1. hmWn-Py-hm-X-ßƒ

s Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-J-e-I-fn¬\n∂pw qa-[y-tcJm \yq\-a¿±-ta-J-e-bn-te°vhoip-∂p.

s 300N 300S ¬\n∂pw ]qPyw UnKn qa-[y-tcJ ]tZ-i-tØ°v hoip-∂p.

s h¿jw apgp-h≥ Htc Zni-bn¬ hoip-∂p.

s tImdn-tbm-enkv ]`mhw ImcWw Znim-hy-Xn-bm\w D≠m-Ip-∂p.

s DØcm¿≤- tKm-f-Øn¬ hS-°p-In-g-°≥ hmWn-Py-hm-X-ambpw Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ sX°p-In-g-°≥ hmWn-Py-hm-X-ambpw hoip-∂p.

s kap-Z-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hln-®p-sIm≠p hcp∂ \ocmhn h≥I-c-I-fpsS Ing°p`m-KØv \√ agbv°p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

s ]Sn-™m-tdm v t]mIp-t¥mdpw \ocmhn Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ag e`n-°p-∂n-√.

s AXp-sIm≠v h≥I-c-I-fpsS ]Sn-™mdv mKØv DjvW-a-cp- q-an-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂p.

2. ]›n-a-hm-X-ßƒ

s Dt]mjvW D®-a¿± taJ-e-bn¬\n∂pw D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-J-e-I-fn-te°vhoip-∂p. 300N 300S ¬ \n∂pw 600N 600S te°p- ho-ip-∂p.

s DØ-cm¿≤tKmf-Øn¬ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ Zni-bn¬\n∂pw Z£n-Wm¿± tKmf-Øn¬ hS-°p-]-Sn-™mdv Zni-bn¬\n∂p hoip-∂p.

s Z£n-Wm¿± tKmf-Øn¬ hnkvXr-X-ß-fmb kap-Z-ß-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ Im‰n\v i‡nIqSp-X-em-Wv.

19

s AXpsIm≠v Z£n-Wm¿± tKmf-Øn¬ hoip∂ ]›n-a-hm-X-ßsf tdmdnwKvt^m¿´o-kv, yqdn-bkv n v‰o-kv, kvIoanwKv knIvÃokv F∂n-ßs\ \mhn-I¿ hnfn-°p-∂p.

3. [phob hmX-ßƒ

s [phob D®-a¿±-ta-J-e-I-fn¬\n∂pw D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-J-e-I-fn-te°vhoip-∂p.

s 900N 900S F∂o A£mw-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw 600N 600S te°p hoip-∂p.

s [phob hmX-ßƒ D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-J-e-I-fn-se-Øp-tºmƒ t\¿In-g-°p-\n∂pw hoi-p-∂-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Chsb [phob ]q¿∆obhmX-ßƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

s AXn-i-‡hpw ssiXy-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb Im‰p-I-fm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 21

a¨kq¨ Im‰p-Isf°pdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

DØ-c-kq-NnI

s EXp-°ƒ F∂¿∞-ap≈ ‘auknw’ F∂ Ad_n ]Z-Øn¬\n-∂mWv a¨kq¨F∂ hm°p-≠m-b-Xv.

s Z£n-tW-jy, Z£n-W-]q¿t∆-jy, BkvtX-en-b, ]q¿∆m-^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-emWv a¨kq¨ Im‰v hoip-∂-Xv.

sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨

s kap-Z-sØ-°mƒ thK-Øn¬ Ic NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ th\¬°m-eØvIc-bn¬ \yq\-a¿±hpw kap-Z-Øn¬ D®-a¿±-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

s sX°p-In-g-°≥ Gjy h≥I-c-bn¬ th\¬°m-eØv \yq\-a¿±hpw C¥ymalm-k-ap-Z-Øn¬ D®-a¿±hpw Bbn-cn-°pw.

s Z£n-Wm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬ sX°p-In-g°v Zni-bn¬\n∂pw hoip∂ Im‰v qa-[y-tcJ IS∂v DØ-cm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂p.

s sImdn-tbm-enkv ]`mhw ImcWw Zni-hy-Xn-bm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. CXmWv sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨Im-‰mbn hoip-∂-Xv.

s [mcmfw \ocmhn hln-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂p.

s Ic-bnse \yq\-a¿± mK-tØ°v Im‰v hen-®-Sp-∏n-°p∂p.

s AXn-\m¬ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d-≥ a¨kq¨ C¥y-bn¬ \√ agbv°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

20

hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨

s ssiXy-Im-eØv kqcy≥ Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Ønse Ic XWp-°p-∂p.

s Ic-bn¬ D®-a¿±hpw kap-Z-Øn¬ \yq\-a¿±-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

s At∏mƒ Ic-bnse D®-a¿±-ta-J-e-bn¬\n∂pw kap-Z-Ønse \yq\-a¿± taJ-e-bn-te°v Im‰v hoip-∂p. CXmWv hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨.

s CXv C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥Xo-c-ß-fn¬ \√ agbv°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

s B‘-]-tZ-iv, Xan-gv\m-Sv, I¿Æm-S-I, tIcfw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-epw ag e`n-°p∂p.

v v v

21

bqWn‰v ˛ 2

`qan-im-kvX-Ønse \qX\ kt¶-X-ßƒ

][m\ Bi-b-ßƒ

l `qan-sb-°p-dn®v a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]≠p-Xp-Sßn ]e ]c-º-cm-KX am¿K-ßfpwD]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

l hnZq-ckwthZ\w, qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ, Pn.-]n.-F-kv. XpS-ßnb \yqX\ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ qan-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hni-I-e-\-Øn\pw Ct∏mƒD]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

l kv]¿i-_‘w IqSmsX utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se, hnh-c-ßƒ, ]Xn- m-k-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp kwth-ZI D]-I-cWw hgn hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w.

l `qXe Ombm-K-l-Ww, BIm-inb hnZqc kwth-Z-\w, D]-Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\wF∂o aq∂p-hn[w am¿§-ß-fp-≠v.

l BIm-iob NnX-ßƒ 60% Hmh¿em-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv FSp-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ FSp-°p∂ NnX-ßƒ ÃocntbmkvtIm∏n-eqsS ho£n-®m¬ Xnam-\-Zriyw e`n-°p∂p.

l BImiob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn\v ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. D]-Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-bpw.

l D]-Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn\v tkmX-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv sshZyp-X-Im-¥nIhnIn-c-W-am-Wv. utam-]-cn-Xe hkvXp-°ƒ sshZyp-X-Im-¥nI hnIn-c-WsØ ]Xn-

-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv hyXykvX Af-hn-em-Wv.

l Iºyq- ¿ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy D]-tbm-Kn®v tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøm≥Ign-bpw. Hmh¿te hni-I-e-\w, irwJem hni-I-e\w BhrØn hni-I-e\w F∂ohni-I-e\ km[y-X-Iƒ CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

hnt\m-Z-bm-Xbv°pw a‰pw t]mIp-tºmƒ \mw hnhn[ ImgvN-Iƒ Iyma-d-bn¬]I¿Øm-dp-≠v. CØ-c-Øns‚ `qX-e-Ønse hnh-c-ßsf kv]¿i-_‘w IqSmsX]I¿Øp-∂-XmWv hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w. kwth-Z\ D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ ÿm\-Øn-\mWv^vfm‰vt^mw F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ^vfm‰pt^mw FhnsS Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p F∂-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\sØ aq∂m°n Xncn-°mw. _eq-Wp-Iƒ, hnam-\-ßƒ, D]-K-l-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw sk≥kdp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°mw. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

22

kwth-Z-\-coXn πm‰p-t^m-ans‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒÿm\w

`qXe Ombm-K-lWw

l `qXew(Iyma-d)(D-b-c-ap≈]tZiw)

l sNdnb ]tZ-isØ hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-amIq.

l hy‡X Ipdbpwl sNdnb ]tZiw amXwl Zznam\ Zriyw

BImiobhnZqc kwth-Z\w

l _eq-Wp-Iƒhnam\w(Iym-a-d-Iƒ)

l hnam-\-Øns‚Ipep°w

l ]d -∂ p - b - c m -\p≈ ÿew

l C‘\w \nd -bv°m\pw Cd-°m\pw

l sNe-th-dn-b-Xv.l sNdnb ]tZ-i-

Øns‚ hnh-ti-J-cWw amXwkm[y-am-Ip-I-bp-≈q.

l hnkvXrXn Ipd™ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw.

l Bh-iy-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnh-c-ti-J-cWwkm-[y-am-Wv.

l hy‡-X-tbmsS NnXo-I-cn-°mw.

l 60% Hmh¿em-t∏m-Sp-IqSnNnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

D]-Kl hnZqckwth-Z\w

l IrXna D]-K-l - ß - f n ¬L S n - ∏ n ®sk≥k - d p -Iƒ (`q-ÿncD ] - K - l -ßfpw kuc-ÿnc D]-K-l-ßfpw)

l kvIm\-dp-IƒD] - tbm - K n -°p∂p.

l sNe - th - d nbam¿Kw.

l kvIm\-dp -IƒD] - tbm -K n® vkwth-Z\w \S-Ø-Ww.

`qÿnc D]-K-lWw

l 36000 km hsc Db-c -Øn¬ `qan -tbm -sSm∏w`aWw sNbvXv Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿnc-ambn hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww.

l `qan-bpsS IqSp-X¬ ]tZ-i-ßƒ \nco-£W ]cn-[n-bmWv.

kuc-ÿnc D]-Klw

l 800-900 km Db-c-Øn¬`aWwsNøp-∂p.

l \n›n-X-kabw CS-hn´ v[ph-ß-fn-eqsS `qansbNp‰p-∂p.

l Hcp ]tZ -i -Øns‚Bh¿Øn-®p≈ NnXo-I-cWw \S-Ømw.

23

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

hnZqc kwth-Z-\-Øn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ ]I¿Øm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-amWv kwth-ZIw (sk≥k¿). hnh-c-ßƒ ]I¿Øp-∂-Xn\v Hcp Du¿÷w Bh-iy-amWv. sshZypXIm-¥nI hnIn-cWw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kqcy-]-Im-iw, As√-¶n¬ IrXna]Imi tkmX-mWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Imiw D]-cn-Xe hkvXp-°-fn¬Xń ]Xn- -en-°p-∂-Xn\v ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv kwth-Z\ ]Inb km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv.CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\sØ Fßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p? hni-Z-am-°p-I.

]Xy£ hnZqc kwth-Z\w ]tcm£ hnZqc kwth-Z\w

IrXna ]Im-i-tkm-X-ns‚klm-b-tØmsS hnZqc kwh-Z\w\S-Øp-∂-XmWv ]Xy£ hnZqckwth-Z-\w.

DZm-l-cWw : Iymad D]-tbm-Kn®vNnXo-I-cn -°p-tºmƒ Iymadkwth-Z-I-ambpw ^vfmjv sse‰vIrXna ]Im-i-hp-am-Wv.

kqcy-]-Im-i-Øns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ hnZqc kwth-Z\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn -\mWv ]tcm£ hnZqckwth-Z-\-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. kqcy-]-Imiw hkvXp-°-fn¬ Xń ]Xn-

-en-∏n-°p-∂ Du¿÷sØ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

DZm-l-cWw : D]-K-l-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kvIm\-dp-Iƒ.

l kvs]IvS¬ knKvt\®¿, kvs]jy¬ dk-eyq-j≥ Chsb°pdn-®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm°p-I.

kvs]IvS¬ knKvt\®¿

ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Hmtcm hkvXphpw ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂ sshZyp-X-Im-¥nI hnIn-c-W-Øns‚ Af-hns\bmWv CXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hkvXp-°-fpsS ùXnI kz`mhwhyXy-kvX-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]Xn-]-en-∏n-°p∂ Du¿÷-Øns‚ Af-hn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n¬D≠mhpw.

kvt]jy¬ dk-eyq-j≥

Hcp sk≥k-dn\v th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ `qX-e-Ønse G‰hpw sN-dnbhkvXphns‚ hep-∏-amWv kvt]jy¬ dk-eyq-j≥. Hcp D]-K-l-Nn-X-Øn\v 1 ao‰¿kvt]jy¬ dk-eyq-j≥ F∂p-]-d-™m¬ 1 ao‰¿, \ofhpw 1 ao‰¿ hoXnbpw D≈ qXehkvXp-hns\ ]Xn- -en-∏n-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂m-Wv.

24

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

h\w, ua-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-]-T-\w, Pe-hn- -h-]-T-\w, qhn-\n-tbm-K-]-T-\w, a’y-hn- h ]T\wF∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kwÿm\Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw GsX∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

DØckqNnI

KFRI - h\wCESS - `ua-]-cn-ÿnXnCWRDM - Pe-hn- h ]T\wCMFRI - a’y-hn- -h-]-T\w

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn\v C∂v [mcmfw km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. CXn-t\mSv _‘-s∏´ Hcp Nm¿´v NphsS \¬Ip-∂p. Nm¿´v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ip´n-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p.

D]-Kl

hnZqc kwth-Z\wC B

C

FÆ ]cy-th-jWw

F E

D

DØ-c-kq-N\

A. kap-Z-]-cy-th-jWw B. h\-]-cn-]m-e\w C. qk¿s∆

D. [mXp-k-ºØv Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v E. hcƒ®, sh≈-s∏m°w Is≠-Ø¬

F. Irjn-ÿew Is≠-Ø¬

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

`qhnhchy-h-ÿ-bpsS hni-I-e\ km[y-X-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]kvXm-h-\-I-fmWvNphsS \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb hni-I-e\ km[y-X-Ifpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-I.

a. A]-I-S-\n-c°v Ipd™ kpc-£n-X-amb tdmUv Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

b. \ne-hn-ep≈ tdmUv hoXn-Iq- p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ \jvSw Xn -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

c. Hcp-ÿ-e-Øv hyXykvX Ime-L- -ß-en¬ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w a\-n-em-°p-∂Xn\v.

25

DØ-c-kq-NnI

a. irwJem hni-I-e\w

b. BhrØn hni-I-e\w

c. Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

ÿm\ob hnh-c-ß-tfbpw Ah-bpsS hnti-j-W-ß-tfbpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pwho-s≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw hni-I-e\w \SØp∂Xn\pw `q]-S-ßƒ, ]ń-I-Iƒ, Km^p-IƒF∂n-h-bn-eqsS Ahsb ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw D≈ Hcp Iºyq- -d-[n-jvTnX hnh-c-k-©-b-amWv qhn-h-c-hy-hÿ.

`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS D]-tbm-K-ßƒ enÃp-sN-øp-I.

l hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX ]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.l ÿm\nb hnh-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p∂Xn-

\v.l hnh-c-ß-fpsS ÿm\ob _‘-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\v.l `qXe hnh-c-ßsf ÿm\o-b-ambn ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v.l ]tXyI Bh-iy-ßƒ°v Km^p-Iƒ, ]ń-I-Iƒ, q]-S-ßƒ, Km^p-Iƒ Xøm-

dm-°p-∂Xn-\v.l thK-Ønepw Imem-\p-kr-X-ambpw hnh-c-ßƒ Iqń-tN¿°p-∂-Xn-\v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-sb-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.

1. BhrØn hni-I-e\w

2. irwJem hni-I-e\w

3. Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w

DØ-c-kq-N\

1. BhrØn hni-I-e\w

Hcp _nµp-hn\v Np‰pw hrØm-Ir-Xn-bntem As√-¶n¬ tcJob khn-ti-j-X-IsfNp‰n CS-\m-gn-t]m-sesbm, taJe krjvSn®v hni-I-e-\w-sN-øp∂ `qhn-hc hyh-ÿ-bpsS hni-I-e-\-amWnXv.

DZm-l-cWw : tdmUv, hnam-\-Øm-hfw XpS-ßn-bh \n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ FX-sbms°]tZ-isØ Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww, Hgn-hm-°-Ww Fs∂√mw Is≠-Ømw.

26

2. irwJem hni-I-e\w

`q]-S-Ønse tcJob hnj-b-ßsf amX-sa-SpØv irwJ-e-bm°n hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tdmUp XS--s∏-Sp∂ kµ¿ -Ønepw a‰pw G‰hpw Ffp-∏hpw Xnc-°p-Ip-d-™-Xp-amb tdmUp Is≠-Øm≥ Cu hni-I-e\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.

3. Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w

Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS _‘w Ah-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂am‰w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hni-I-e\w \SØn `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Ønse am‰w \K-c-Øns‚hnI-k\w XpS-ßnb hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

t•m_¬ s]mkn-j-\nwKv knÃ-sØ-°p-dn®v eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

DØ-c-kq-N\ :

l `utam-]-cn-X-e-h-kvXp-°-fpsS ÿm\w I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

l 20000˛20200 hsc Km Db-c-Øn-ep≈ 24 D]-K-l-ß-fpsS tiWn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v ÿm\\n¿Wbw \SØn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

l IrXna D]-K-l-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ knKv\epIƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v GPS¬ A£mw-iw, tcJmwiw, ka-bw, Dbcw F∂nh IrXy-ambn Is≠Øn hnh-c-ßƒ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂p.

l ÿm\w \n¿Wbn°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

v v v

27

bqWn‰v ˛ 3

h≥I-c-Iƒ]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

h≥I-c-I-fpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn h¿°vjo‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬.

h≥Ic A£mwiw tcJmwiw A¿≤-tKmfw kap-Z- IS-∂p-`m-K-ßƒ t]m-Ip∂

][m\A£mw-i-

tcJ

Gjy 100111sX°v 260E -1690401W DØ-cm¿≤ ]k-^nIv 23½0 - N810121hS°v tKmfw kapZw 66½0 - N

C¥y≥alm-k-apZw

bqtdm∏v 340511N 240331]Sn-™mdv DØ-cm¿≤ A‰vem‚nIv B¿ńIv810471N 600021Ing°v tKmfw C¥y≥ hrØw

almkapZw

B^n° 340511S- 250111W - DØ-cm¿≤ A‰vem‚nIv 23½0 - N370311N 510241E tKmfw C¥y≥ 23½0 - S

Z£n-Wm¿≤ almkapZwtKmfw

A‚m¿ń° .... ...... ...... sX°≥ A‚m¿ńIvkapZw hrØw

28

l a¨kq-Wns‚ KXnl ..........................................

h≥Ic-Ifpw Ah-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ A£mw-i-tc-J-Ifpw GsX√mw?

Gjy ˛ `qa-[y-tc-J, DØ-cm-b-\-tc-J, B¿ńIv hrØw

bqtdm∏v ˛ B¿ńIv hrØw

B^n° ˛ `qa-[y-tc-J, DØ-cm-b-\-tc-J, Z£n-Wm-b-\-tcJ

A‚m¿ń° ˛ A‚m¿ńIv hrØw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

Gjy-bnse Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Ifpw ss\]pWn-Ifpw kky-Pm-e-ßfpw XΩn¬A\p-tbm-Py-ambh Iqń-tN¿°p-I.

t `qa≤y-tcJm Imem-hÿ t tX°v, Nµ-\w, hn∏≥, apf

t a¨kq¨ Imem-hÿ t ap¥n-cn, Hen-hv, Hmd©v XpS-ßn-bh

t acpZ Imem-hÿ t d∫¿, alm-K-Wn, Cuń

t Xcp amXr-I-bn-ep≈ Imem-hÿ t ]p¬s®-Sn-Iƒ, I≈n-apƒ sNSn-Iƒ

t saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ t ]b¿h¿§-ßƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

Gjy-sb sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS qJfiw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ Imc-W-amb GsX-¶nepw \mev Imcy-ßƒ FgpXn ka¿∞n-°p-I.

kqN-I-ßƒ

t `q]IrXnt Imem-hÿt kky-Pm-e-ßƒt P\-kwJym hnX-cWw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

Gjy-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ Nne LS-I-ßƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hn´p-t]m-bh Iqń-t®¿°p-I.

l `qJ-fi-Øns‚ ÿm\wl hnkvXrXnl kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n-∂p-≈ Dbcwl ]¿∆-X-ß-fpsS ÿm\w

29

taJ-e-Iƒ Imem-hÿm A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]tZ-i-ßƒ

t ]Sn-™m-d≥ bqtdm-]y≥Imem-hÿ

t h≥Ic Imem-hÿ

t saUn‰-td-\n-b≥Imem-hÿ

t ssSK

t Xpµ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

bqtdm-∏nse Imem-hÿm khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Ah A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ ]tZ-i-ßfpwDƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp ]ńI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

h≥Ic-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]ńI A, B, C tbmPn∏n°p-I.

A B C

1. Gjy A. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ acp- qan E. shfpØ acp- qan

2. bqtdm∏v B. G‰hpw henb h≥Ic F. Ccp≠ qJfiw

3. B^n° C. G‰hpw XWp-∏p-≈ h≥Ic G. DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬

4. A‚m¿ń° D. DjvW acp- q-an-I-fn-√mØ h≥Ic H.]mao¿s° v

DØ-c-kq-NnI

1. B - H2. D - G3. A - F4. C - E

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

B^n-°-bpsS q]-IrXn hn -h-ßsf FX-bmbn Xncn-®n- p-≠v. Ahbv°v Hmtcm-∂n\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

t ]oT- q-an-Iƒ DZm:

t .......................... DZm:

t .......................... DZm:

t .......................... DZm:

30

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

‘Ccp≠ qJfiw’ F∂-dn-b-s∏- n-cp∂ B^n-°-bn¬ hnhn[ C\w [mXp-°-fpsSIs≠-Ø¬ B qJ-fi-Øns‚ apJ-OmbXs∂ am‰p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. GsX√mw[mXp-°-fmWv ][m-\-ambpw B^n-°-bn¬ C∂v J\\w sNbvsX-Sp-°p-∂-Xv? hnhcwXøm-dm-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

ÿnc-ambn a\p-jy-hm-k-an-√mØ qJ-fi-amb A‚m¿ń-°-bn¬ a\p-jys‚ i≤IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? sNdp-hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.

t kapZ hn -h-ßƒ

t [mXp-°-fpsS tiJcw

t a’y-k-ºØv

t I¬°cn \nt£]w

t hnt\m-Z-k-©mc ]m[m\yw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

C¥y-bpsS A‚m¿ń°m ]cy-th-jWw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv 1979 apX-em-Wv. CXn-\p-tijw A‚m¿ń-°-bn¬ C¥y FX Kth-jW tIµ-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bn- p≠v? Ah-bpsSt]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

(3) Z£nW KwtKmXn

ssaXn

...............

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

a‰p h≥Ic-I-fn¬\n∂pw hyXy-ÿ-ambn A‚m¿ń-°-bnse Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Gh?

t AXn-ssi-XysØ AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv.

t kkyπh-I-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤yw.

t ]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øn\v km[y-a-√.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥, Xpµ Imem-h-ÿbpw Ah-bnse kkyPme-ßfpw Xmc-X-ayw-sN-øp-I.

31

DØ-c-kq-NnI

saUn‰td\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ anX-amb NqSpw anXamb XWp∏pw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂p.anX-amb ag-°m-ehpw hc≠ th\-ep-amWv. ap¥n-cn, Henhv XpS-ßnb ]gh¿§-ßƒIrjn-sN-øp-∂p. Xpµm-Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬ XWp-∏p-Iq-Sn-bXpw h¿jw-ap-gp-h≥ a™p-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-Wv. XWp-∏ns\ AXn-Po-hn-°p∂ ]mbepw ]p√p-Ifpw amX-amWv hf-cp-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

h≥I-c-Ifpw Ah-bnse ]¿∆-X-ßƒ, \Zn-Iƒ, acp- q-an-Iƒ F∂nh ]´n-I-bm-°pI.

h≥Ic ]¿∆X-ßƒ \Zn-Iƒ acp- q-an-Iƒ

Gjy t lnam-ebw t kn‘p t tKm_nt lnµp-Ipjv t KwK t _“-]pX t Xm¿t Ip≥ep≥ t alm-\Zn t Atd-_y≥t AƒØo≥ t tKmZm-hcnt Ac-°≥tbma t IrjvW

t bq - okvt tPm¿Zm≥t sa°mßv

bqtdm∏v t bqdmƒ t thmƒKmt B¬]vkv t bqdmƒt Im°-kkv t F¬_vt _m¬°≥ t Um\yq_vt kvIm‚n-t\-hn-b≥ t ssd≥

t t]m

B^n° t A‰vekv t ss\¬ t klmdt sI\nb t kmw_kn t Ie-lmcnt dph≥kmcn t tImwtKm t \_o_v

t Hmd©vt ss\K¿

v v v

32

bqWn‰v ˛ 4

C¥y uXnI qan-imkvXw

][m-\m-im-b-ßƒ

l C¥y A£mwi ÿm\w : 80 4” S - 3706” N htcbpwtcJmwi ÿm\w : 680 7” E - 970 25” E htcbpwhym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p.

hnkvXo¿Æw 3287782 N.-In.-ao-‰-dm-Wv.

l `utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-J-e,DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-ew, D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT- q-an, Xoc-]-tZ-i-ßfpw Zzo]p-Ifpw F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

l DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-J-esb B taJ-e-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]¿∆X \nc-I-fpsSASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ lnam-e-b≥ \nc-Iƒ, Sm≥kv lnam-e-b≥, Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ (]q¿∆m-N¬) F∂n-ßs\ aq∂m°n Xncn-°mw.

l DØ-c-a-lmka-Xew cq]-s∏- n- p-≈Xv kn‘p, KwK, _“-]pX F∂o aq∂v\Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw hln-®p-sIm≠phcp∂ Ah-km-Zßƒ\nt£-]n-®m-Wv.

l ]©m_v ˛ lcn-bm\ ka-X-ew, acp-ÿ-en- -_w-Km¿ ka-X-ew, KwKm-k-a-X-ew, _“-]pX Xmgvhc F∂n-ßs\ DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-esØ \membn Xncn-°mw.

l D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT- q-an hfscb[nIw ]g-°-ap≈ qhn- m-K-am-Wv.

l D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT- q-an-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ][m\ `qhn- m-K-ß-fmWv Bc-h√n]¿∆-X-\nc, amƒhm ]oT- q-an, hn‘y- -i-Xv]pc ]¿∆-X-\n-c, tOm´m \mKv]q¿,]oT- q-an, U°m≥ ]oT- q-an, ]›n-a-L´w, ]q¿∆-L- w, IØn-bm-hm¿ I®vD]-Zzo-]v...

l Xoc-]-tZ-ihpw Zzo]p-Ifpw F∂ qhn- m-K-Øn¬ KpP-dm-Ønse dm≥ Hm^vI®v apX¬ KwKm- -_-“-]pX sU¬‰ hsc D≈ mKw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

l Chsb Ing-°≥Xoc-sa∂pw ]Sn-™m-d≥Xo-c-sa∂pw c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.

33

C¥y-bpsS ÿm\w A£mwi tcJmwi ÿm\w F∂n-h-bn¬ [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

]h¿Ø\w 1A[ymbw 4˛¬ NnXw 4-1, 4-2 F∂o `q]-S-ßƒ hni-I-e-\w-sNbvXv Nph-sSsImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-I. C¥y-bpsS A£mwitcJmwi ÿm\w.

34

A£mwiw DØc A£mwiw 804’\pw 3706’\pw CS-bn¬

tcJmwiw ]q¿∆ tcJmwiw 6807’ \pw 97025’ \pw CS-bn¬Ans:

C¥y-bpsS samØw hnkvXo¿Æw.

Ans: 32,87782 N.-In.-ao.C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-ap-X¬ sX°p-h-scbpw Ing-°p-ap-X¬ ]Sn-™m-dp-h-tcbpwD≈ \ofw.

Ans: hS-°p-ap-X¬ sX°p-h-tc-bp≈ \ofw 3214 In.-ao. Ing°v apX¬ ]Sn-™m-dp-h-sc-bp≈ \ofw 2933 In.-ao.

35

C¥y-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ][m\ A£mw-i-tc-Jbpw AXv IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂kwÿm-\-ß-fpw.

Ans: DØ-cm-b-\-tcJ 23030’ - N.

DØ-cm-b\tcJ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ kwÿm-\-ßƒ:˛

Ans: KpP-dm-Øv, cmP-ÿm≥, a[y-]-tZ-iv, OØo-kvL-Vv, Pm¿J-fiv, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ, Xn]p-c, antkm-dmw.

DØ-calm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw C¥ym-N-cn-X-Øn¬ F∂ Bibw ]I-S-am-°p∂]h¿Ø-\w.-

]h¿Ø\w 3`q]Sw 4 - 3 \nco-£n®v DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Fgp-Xp-I.

DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-J-e-bnse ][m\ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ, sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v[mcW-t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

]h¿Ø\w 2DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-J-e-bnse ][m\ ]¿∆-X-ßƒ sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈n®v Hcp vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

âââââ âââââ

DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-Je

lnam-e-b≥\nc-Iƒ

Sm≥kv lnam-e-b≥\nc-Iƒ

âââââââââââââââ âââââ âââââ

lnamZn lnamN¬ knhm-enIv


Imc-t°mdw eUm°v kkv°¿

âââââau≠v

(tKm-Uvhn≥HmÃn≥)

âââââ

Im©≥PwKâââââ

\wK-]¿∆Xwâââââ

âââââIng-°≥

ae-\n-c-Iƒ


Pb

-¥nb

âââââ ââââââââââ

Kmt

cm

Jmk

nantk

m\

mK

]mS

vssI

_w

36

Ans : 1. hfsctbsd e-]p-jvSn-bp≈ Cu ka-X-e-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv C¥y-bn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw £y-[m-\y-ßfpw Icnºpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

2. At\Iw \K-c-ßfpw hyh-km-b-tI-µ-ßfpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cu taJetemI-Ønse P\-km-µ-X-tb-dnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ H∂mWv.

3. tdmUv sdbn¬ F∂o KXm-K-X-am¿§-ß-fpsS \s√mcp irwJe Chn-sS-bmWv.

NnXw 4 - 3

37

D]Zzo-]ob ]oT- q-an-bnse qhn- m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

]h¿Ø\w 4sSIvÃv t]Pv No. 69 ¬ NnXw 4 - 7 ]cn-tim-[n®v D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT- qan taJ-e-bn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp∂ 9 ][m\ qhn- m-K-ßƒ GsX-√m-amWv F∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

NnXw 4 - 7

Ans : 1. Bc-h√n ]¿∆-X-\n-c.2. amƒhm ]oT- qan3. hn‘ym-]¿∆-X-\nc4. kXv]pc ]¿∆-X-\nc5. tOm´m \mKv]q¿6. ]›n-a-L´w7. ]q¿∆-L´w8. U°m≥ ]oT- qan9. IØn-b-hm¿, I®v D]-Zzo]v

38

Ing-°≥ Xoc-k-a-X-e-ß-tfbpw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-k-a-X-e-ß-tf-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn\v.

]h¿Ø\w 5C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥ Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fp-tSbpw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fp-tSbpw

3 hoXw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

Ing-°≥ Xoc-k-a-Xew ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-k-a-Xew

1. kpµch\-]-tZiw apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

2. ]q¿∆-L- -Øn\pw _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en\pw CS-bn¬ ÿnX-sN-øp-∂p.

3. Xmc-X-tay\ hoXn-Iq-Snb Cu Xmc-k-a-X-e-Øn\v 80 apX¬ 160 In.aohsc hoXn-bm-Wv.

1. dm≥ Hm v I®v apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcnhsc hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

2. ]›n-a-L- -Øn\pw Ad-_n-°-S-en-\p-an-S-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

3. GI-tZiw 64 In.ao. hoXn-bp≈CSpßnb Xoc-k-a-X-ew.

C¥y-bnse ]c-º-cm-KX EXp-°-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

]h¿Ø\w 6C¥ybn¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ EXp-°ƒ (A-h-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ) Ah A\p- -h-s∏-

Sp∂ amk-ßƒ F∂nh ]´n-I-bn¬s∏Sp-Øp-I.

EXp°ƒ amk-ßƒ

1. hk¥w am¿®v ˛ G]n¬

2. Kojvaw sabv ˛ Pq¨

3. h¿jw Pqsse ˛ BKÃv

4. icØv sk]v‰w-_¿ HIvtSm-_¿

5. tla¥w \hw-_¿ Unkw-_¿

6. inincw P\p-hcn s^_p-hcn

C¥ybpsS Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ lnam-e-b-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w, AXns‚ ]m[m\ywF∂nh-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

]h¿Ø\w 7lnam-eb ]¿∆X \nc-Iƒ C¥y≥ Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? Ipdn∏v

Xøm-dm-°p-I.

39

Ans : lnam-e-b-]¿∆Xw C¥y-bpsS hS-°p- m-KØv Hcp tIm -t]mse ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. DØc Gjy≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p hoip∂ ioX-°m-‰p-Isf XS-™p-\n¿ØnDØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßsf AXn-ssi-Xy-Øn¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p. amX-a-√, C¥y D]- q-J-fisØ apgp-h\pw a¨kq-Wp-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-Øn-em-°p-∂Xv lnam-e-b-am-Wv.

C¥ybpsS uXnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂ Bibw a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

]h¿Ø\w 8NphsS \¬In-bn- p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p-I.DØc]¿∆-X-ta-J-e, DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-ew, D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT- q-an, Xoc-k-a-X-e-ß-fpw,

Zzo]p-Ifpw Pb-¥n-b, Ncp-ÿ-en, IØn-b-hm¿, sIm¶¨, kkv°¿, JmZ¿, B\-ap-Sn,Kƒ^v Hm^v a∂m¿.

Ans :

A B C

1. DØc-]¿∆-X-ta-Je Pb-¥nb kkv°¿

2. DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew Ncp-ÿen JmZ¿

3. D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT- qan IØn-b-hm¿ B\-apSn

4. Xoc-k-a-X-e-ßfpw sIm¶¨ Kƒ^v Hm^v a∂m¿Zzo]p-Ifpw

C¥ybpsS ImW-s∏-Sp∂ aÆn-\-ß-fpsS ]tXyIXI-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.]h¿Ø\w 9

NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah GXn\w asÆ∂v Is≠Ønt]scgp-Xp-I.

1. ssPhmwiw [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ aÆv.2. \Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnepw sU¬‰m ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ aÆv.3. eh-Wmwiw IqSp-X-ep≈ aÆv.4. emhm ine-Iƒ°v A]-£bw kw -hn®v cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ aÆv.5. Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw IqSp-X-ep≈ aÆv.

Ans :1. ]¿∆-X-aÆv 2. F°¬aÆv 3. acp- q-an-aÆv 4. Idp-Ø-aÆv5. sNΩÆv

40

C¥ybpsS mK-amb Zzo]p-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.]h¿Ø\w 10

B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]p-Ifp-tSbpw e£-Zzo-]n-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ]´nI-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]p-Iƒ e£-Zzo-Iƒ

1. Ch _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. (In-g-°v)

2. Dƒ°-S¬ Zzo]p-Iƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

3. GI-tZiw 200 Zzo]p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

4. Cu Zzo]v kaq-l-Øn¬ `qcn-`mKwZzo]p-I-fnepw P\-hm-k-an-√.

5. C¥y-bnse GI A·n-]¿∆Xw_mc¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

1. Ch Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. (]-Sn-™m-dv)

2. ]hng Zzo]p-I-fm-Wv.

3. 36 Zzo]pI-fmWv Cu Zzo]v kaq-l-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.

4. 10 Zzo]p-I-fnse P\-hm-k-ap-≈q.

5. ChnsS A·n-]¿∆-X-ßƒ C√.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

C¥y-bnse hnhn[ `q]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-fnse aÆn-\-ßfpw Im¿jn-I-hn-f-Ifpw]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

DØ-c-kq-N\:

`q]-IrXn hn`mKw aÆn-\-ßƒ Irjn

DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-Je ]¿∆X aÆv _m¿en, tKmX-ºv, tNmfw, tXbneNph-∂-aÆv B∏nƒ, Im∏n, kpK-‘Zhyßƒem‰-ssd‰v aÆv

DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew F°¬aÆv s\√v, Icn-ºv, tKmX-ºv, ]pI-bne,acp- qan aÆv FÆ-°p-cp-°ƒ

D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT- qan Idp-Ø-aÆv s\√v, dmKn, ]pI-bn-e, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ,(]-cpØn Icn-a-Æv) \ne-°-Se

Xoc-tZiw sN¶¬aÆv tXbn-e, Im∏n, d∫¿, sXßv, Iip-amhvem‰-ssd‰v IapIvNph-∂-aÆv

41

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

\Zn-I-fpsS D¤-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \Zn-Isf c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw. Ah-tb-sX√mw?

lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-Iƒ

kn‘p, KwK, _“-]pX alm-\-Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW,Imthcn, Xm]vXn

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-I-fpsS D¤-hw, t]mj-I-\-Zn-Iƒ, Hgp-Ip∂ kwÿm-\-ßƒ, FØn-t®-cp∂ kapZw F∂n-h-bpƒs∏-SpØn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

\Zn D¤-h-ÿm\w t]mj-I-\Zn kwÿm-\-ßƒ FØp∂ kapZw

kn‘p Sn_-‰nse Qew, chn, PΩp Imivao¿ Ad-_n-°-S¬am\k ktcm-h¿ sN\m-_v,

XSm-I-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ _nbm-kv,ssIemk ]¿∆Xw kXvePv

\Zn D¤-h-ÿm\w t]mj-I-\Zn kwÿm-\-ßƒ FØp∂ kapZw

KwK KwtKmXn bap-\, tkm¨ DØ-cm-©¬, _wKmƒAfIm]pcn tImkn, LmK, DØ¿]-tZiv, Dƒ°-S¬lnam\n tKma-Xn, _olm¿,

tkm¨sI≥, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ,t_´ph, Nw_¬ Qm¿Jfiv

_“-]pX ssIemk SnkvX, am\-kv, AcpWm-N¬ _wKmƒ]¿∆-X-\nc eqln-Xv, ]tZ-iv, Dƒ°-S¬Ifnse kph≥kncn BkmwsNabpßvsZßvlnam\n

42

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14

D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

\Zn D¤hw t]mj-I-\-Zn-Iƒ kwÿm-\-ßƒ FØp∂ kapZw

alm-\Zn ssa°-em-ae C_v, sS≥ a[y-]-tZiv, _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬\nc-Iƒ Hdo-k,

OØo-kvJVv

tKmZm-hcn ]›n-a-L´w Cµm-h-Xn, alm-cm-jvS, _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬(\m-kn-Iv) i_cn B‘m-]-tZiv,

OØo-kvJVv

IrjvW ]›n-a-L´w òa, XpwK`X alm-cm-jvS, _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬alm-_-te-iz¿ B‘m-]-tZiv

Imthcn ]›n-a-L- w, I_-\n, I¿Wm-S-I, _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬_“-Kncn Aa-cm-hXn Xan-gv\mSvIp∂p-Iƒ

\¿ΩZ ssa°-em-ae lnc¨ OØo-kvJ-Vv, Ad-_n-°-S¬\nc-Iƒ _©¬ alm-cmjvS

Xm]vXn apƒØmbv ò\¿, a[y-]-tZ-iv, Ad-_n-°-S¬]oT- qan Kn¿W alm-cmjvS

lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-I-tfbpw D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-I-tfbpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsSASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xmc-X-ayw-sN-øp-I.

lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-Iƒ

t \ofw IqSp-X¬

t AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb hrjvSn-]-tZiw

t ag-bn¬\n∂pw th\¬°m-eØv a™p-

cp-Inbpw sh≈w e`n-°p-∂p.

t h¿jw apgp-h≥ Pew Hgp-°p-≠v.

t Pe-k-ºØv IqSp-X¬.

t ]¿∆-X -ta -J -e -bn¬ Bg-ta -dnb

XmgvhcIƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

t Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-KX km[yX IqSp-X-

em-Wv.

t hnim-e-amb U¬‰-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

t \ofw Ipdhv

t hrkvXrXn Ipd™ hrjvSn-]-tZ-iw.

t agsb amXw Bi-bn-°p-∂p.

t th\¬°m-eØv h‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂p.

t Pe-k-ºØv Xmc-X-tay-\-°p-d-hv.

t Bg-ta-dnb XmgvhcIƒ krjvSn-°p-

∂n-√.

t Pe-K-Xm-KX km[y-X-°p-d-hv.

t Ing-t°m-s´m-gp-Ip∂h U¬‰-Ifpw

]Sn-™m-tdm- p-≈h Agn-ap-J-ßfpwkrjvSn-°p∂p.

43

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 15

]›n-a-L- -Øns‚ Ing-°≥ sNcn-hp-I-fn¬ ag Xosc Ipd-bp-Ibpw F∂m¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥ sNcn-hp-I-fn¬ I\Ø ag e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥a¨kq¨Im-esØ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. Imc-W-sa¥v? ag-bpsS Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿbv°vImc-W-am-Ip∂ a‰p Imc-W-ßƒ Gh?

DØ-c-kq-N\:

sX°p]Sn-™m-dp-\n∂p hoip∂ (a¨kq¨) Im‰p-Isf ]›n-a-L´w XS-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]Sn-™m-dp- m-KØv i‡-amb ag e`n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Ing-°p- m-K-sØ-Øp-tºmƒIm‰ns‚ Cu¿∏w Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ing-°p- m-KØv ag Ipd-bp-∂p.

t kap-Z-km-ao]yw

t ]¿∆-X-ß-fpsS ÿm\w

t Im‰ns‚ Zni

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 16

sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥Im-‰ns‚ D]-im-J-Iƒ GsX√mw? Ah C¥y-bnse Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-\-sa¥v?

t Atd_y≥ imJ ˛ ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ hym]I ag-

s]-øn-°p-∂p.

t _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ imJ ˛ Ing-°≥ Xoc-k-a-X-e-ßƒ, DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xe

]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ag-s]-øn-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 17

A tImfw B, C tImf-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-∏n-s®-gp-Xp-I.

A B C

ssiXy-Imew ______ ]©m-_n¬ ssiXy-Im-e-ag

DjvW-Imew amwtKm-j-h¿ ______

hS-°p-In-g-°≥ ______ HIvtSm-_¿ NqSva¨kq¨Imew

A

B

C

A. ]›na Akz-ÿX

B. Im¬ ss_imen

C. a¨kq-Wns‚ ]n≥hm-ß¬

44

18. `q]-S-ßƒ \nco-£n®v C¥y-bnse \Zn-Iƒ, kwÿm-\-ßƒ, ]¿∆-X-ßƒ, ]oT- q-an-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Is≠-Øp-a-t√m?

47

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 19

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ \Zn-Isf lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ, D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-Iƒ F∂nhbpsSt]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn®v ]´n-I-bn-em-°p-I.

XnkvX, C_v, am\-k, XpwK- -Z, _nbnkv

Nn\m-_v, I_-\n, BK¿

DØ-c-kq-N\:

lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-I-fpsS D]-Zzo-]nb \Zn-I-fpsSt]mj-I-\-Zn-Iƒ t]mj-I-\-Zn-Iƒ

XnkvX C_vam\kv XpwK`Z_nbmkv I_\nNn\m_v BK¿

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 20

C¥y-bnse Xoc-k-a-X-e-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ vtfmNm¿ v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Xo-c-k-a-X-e-ßƒ

â ââ

]›na Xocka-Xew(]Sn-™mdv)

]q¿∆- Xocka-Xew(In-g-°v)

âKpP-dmØv

â âsIm¶¨ ae-_m¿

âKpP-dmØv

Xoc-]-tZiw

â âalm-cm-jvS,

tKmh,I¿Wm-SIhS-°vXocw

sX°≥I¿Wm-S-IhpwtIc-f-Xo-chpw

tImd-a-fi¬â â

hS-°≥kn¿°m¿kv

â âXan-gv\mSv

Xochpw B‘-bpsS sX°≥

Xochpw

Hdo-k,]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ

XochpwB‘-]-tZ-i-

Øns‚hS-°≥

Xoc]tZiw

v v v

48

bqWn‰v ˛ 5

C¥y kmº-ØnI qan-imkvXw

][m-\m-im-b-ßƒ

l C¥y-bpsS Im¿jn-I-ta-Je sshhn-[y-am¿∂-Xm-Wv.l hnf-Isf Jmcn- v, dm_n, sskZv F∂n-ßs\ h¿§o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.l hnf-Isf £y-hnf, \mWyhne, tXm -hnf F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.l Irjn-b-[n-jvTn-Xhpw [mXp A[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb hyh-km-b-ßƒ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v.l hyh-kmb hnI-k-\-Øn¬ KXm-KX kuI-cy-ßƒ ][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p.l hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-Whpw \K-c-h¬°-c-W-hpw.

D] Bim-b-ßƒ

Im¿jnI Imeßƒ à

Jmcn vdm_nsskZv

`£y-hn-f-Iƒ à

s\√vtKmXºvtNmfw

\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ à

]cpØnNWwIcnº

tXm -hn-f-Iƒ à

tXbneIm∏nd∫¿

hyh-kmbw àIrjn A[n-jvTnXw ˛]cp-Øn, Icnºv[mXp A[n-jvTnXw ˛Ccp-ºp-cp-°v, cmk-hy-h-kmbwh\-hn- h A[n-jvTn-Xw- - X-Sn, t]∏¿Ce-IvtSm-WnIv hyh-kmbw Iºyq- ¿

KXm-KXw à

tdmUv ˛ tZio-b-]m-X, kwÿm-\-]m-X,Pn√m tdmUp-Iƒ

dbn¬ ˛Pe-K-Xm-KXw ˛ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw,

kap-Z-K-Xm-KXwthyma-K-Xm-KXw ˛ tZio-bw, A¥¿t±-iobw

49

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

C¥ybnse hnhn[ Im¿jnI Imeßƒ hy‡-am-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

hnf Imew DZm-l-cWw

(a) ...................... Pq¨ apX¬ s\√v, tNmfw, Nmh,sk]vXw-_¿ hsc dmKn, \ne-°-Se

dm_n sk]vXw-_¿ Ah-km\w (b) ..................apX¬ s^_p-hcn hsc

sskZv (c) ...................... ]g-ßfpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw

(a) Jmcn v

(b) t\m¿Øv C¥y tKmX-ºv, IS-e, _m¿en, ISpIv etc.kuØv C¥y - \ne-°-S-e, Nma

(c) am¿®v apX¬ Pq¨ hsc

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

hyh-kmbw Nne ]tXyI ÿe-ß-fn¬ tIµo-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ ImcWw hni-Ie\w sNøpI. \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv Bcw- n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp hyh-km-b-Øns‚t]cv \n¿t±-in-°p-I.

t AkwkvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS e`y-Xt KXm-KX kuI-cy-ßƒt am\-h-hn- h (sXm-gn-em-fn) e`yXt A\p-tbm-Py-amb q]-IrXnt hn]Wn kuIcywt Du¿÷ e`yXt hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kuIcywt A\p-tbm-Py-amb Imem-hÿ

ta¬]-d™ A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-ßfpw Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°fpw hn]-Wnbpwe`y-am-Ip∂ ]tZ-i-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp hyh-kmbw \n¿t±-in-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

s\√n-t‚bpw tKmX-ºn-t‚bpw Irjn°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb qan-imkvX LS-I-ßƒ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

50

s\√v tKmXºv

Dujvamhv 240C 100C - 200C

ag 150 cm 50 cm

a‰n\w Ifn-a-Æv, F°¬aÆv \o¿hm¿®-bp≈

^e- q-bn-jvTamb aÆv

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

tdmUv, dbn¬ KXm-K-XsØ At]-£n®v Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn-\p≈ ta∑-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?t h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Nc-°p-\o-°-Øn\v klm-b-Iw.t hmbp-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-cWw Ipd-hv.t \n¿ΩmW ]p\-cp-≤m-cW sNehv Ipd-hv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

C¥y-bnse ]©-kmc hyh-kmb tIµ-ßƒ Icnºv D¬]m-Z\ taJ-ebv°v kao-]-amWv ImWs∏Sp-∂-Xv. CXn-\p-≈ ImcWw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

˛ Icn-ºn≥X≠v hnf-sh-Sp-Øm¬ Npcp-ßnb ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ \osc-Sp-°Ww ˛ A√mØ-]£w \ocns‚ Afhpw kptIm-kns‚ Afhpw KWy-ambnIpd-bpw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

“hyhkmb hnI-k-\-Øn¬ hnhn[ KXm-K-X-am¿§-ß-fpsS ]¶v” F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

t tdmUv irwJ-ebpw hyh-kmb hnI-k-\-hpw.t dbn¬ KXm-K-Xhpw Nc-°p-\o-°-hpw.t Pe-K-Xm-KXw A¥m-cmjvS hmWnPy Pe-]m-X-Iƒ.t Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpsS hyh-kmb ]k-‡n.t A¥m-cmjvS hnam-\-Øm-h-f-ßfpw hyh-kmb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

tIcfØn¬ dbn¬K-Xm-KXw C√mØ Pn√-Iƒ GsX√mw? AXn-\p≈ `qan-imkvX]c-amb Imc-W-ßƒ F¥v?

CSp-°n, hb-\mSv Ip∂p-Ifpw ae-Ifpw \nd™ ]tZ-iw.

dbn¬ KXm-K-X-Øn\v \nc-∏mb ]tZ-i-amWv A\p-tbm-Pyw.

51

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

Irjn A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ ][m-\-ambpw DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw [mXp A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT- q-an-bnepw tIµo-I-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Imc-W-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

t Irjn-b-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ ˛ ]cp-Øn,NWw, d∫¿, Icnºv e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xe ]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv.

t [mXp-°ƒ ˛ Ccp-º-bncv, I¬°-cn, amwK-\okv, NpÆmºpI√v XpS-ßn-bh][m-\-ambpw e`n-°p-∂Xv D]-Zzn]ob ]oT- q-an-bn-e-am-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

C¥y-bn¬ tdmUv irwJe IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv GXv q]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-fn-emWv? F¥p-sIm≠v?

DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-ew, Xoc-k-a-X-ew, D]-Zzn-]ob ]oT- q-an.

tdmUv \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw \nc-∏m¿∂ ka-X-e-ßfpw ]oT- q-an-I-fp-amWv A\p-tbm-Pyw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

Qm¿J-finse s_m°mtdm Kmaw Hcn-°¬ Im¿jnI Kma-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒB Kmaw Hcp Ccp-ºp-cp°p hyh-km-b-\-K-c-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Imc-W-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

t I¬°-cn-\n-t£-]-ß-fpsS Is≠-Ø¬t Ccp-º-bn-cns‚ km∂n-[ywt NpÆm-ºp-I-√v, tUmf-ssa‰v F∂o Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS e`y-Xt tdmUv dbn¬ KXm-K-X-am¿§-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xnt sIm¬°Ø Xpd-apJ kuI-cywt Pe-ssh-Zyp-Xn-bpsS e`y-Xt am\-h-hn- h e`y-Xt hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kuI-cy-ßƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-X-Xp-I.

F√m Xpd-ap-J-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-Ww.

t BZyw ]Sn-™mdv mKsØ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

t G‰hpw sXt° A‰Øv XqØp-°p-Sn.

t Ing-°p- m-K-Øp-≈-hsb Ia-Øn¬ ]cn-Nbs∏Sp-Øp-I.

52

s]mXp-]-co-£bv°v kwÿm-\-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb `q]-S-amWv e`y-am-hp-I.AØcw q]-S-ß-fn¬Xs∂ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-Ww.

t am¿°v sNbvXv Xpd-ap-J-Øns‚ t]cv Fgp-Xp-I.

CtX-t]mse dbn¬th tkmWp-I-fpsS Bÿm-\-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

hnhn[Xcw tdmUp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

tZio-b-]m-X-Iƒ : t kwÿm\˛X-e-ÿm-\-ßƒ, hyh-km-b -\-K-c-ßƒ, hmWn-Py-\-K-c-ßƒ F∂n-hsb XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.

t \n¿Ωm-Whpw ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw tIµ-k¿°m¿.

kwÿm\]mX-Iƒ : t kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ ]mX-Isf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.

t \n¿Ωm-Whpw \ho-I-c-Whpw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿.

Pn√m tdmUp-Iƒ : t Pn√-bnse hnhn[ mK-ßsf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.

t Pn√, tªm°v ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ \n¿Ωm-Whpw ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw \S-Øp-∂p.

KmaoW tdmUp-Iƒ: t Smdp-sN-bvXXpw Smdp sNøm-Ø-Xp-amb tdmUp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

t \n¿Ωm-Whpw ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ.

53

13. `q]Sw \nco-£n®v C¥y-bnse Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS ÿm\w F∂nhIs≠-Øp-I.

54

bqWn‰v 6

C¥y am\-hnI qan-imkvXw

][m-\m-im-b-ßƒ

l P\-kwJym hnX-cWw ˛ IpSn-tb‰w ˛ hmk-ÿe-ßƒ ˛ tIcf amXrI ˛ \K-c-hXvI-c-Ww.

D] Bim-b-ßƒ

l P\-kwJy P\-kwJym hni-I-e\w P\-kwJym hnX-cWw P\-km-µX P\-kwJym hf¿®.

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

kvXo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw ]mb-L-S\ ]¶m-fnØ \nc°v Bi-b-Xz-\n-c°v km£-cXm \nc°v Bi-b-Xz-\n-c°v km£-c-Xm-\n-c°v Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw IpSn-tb‰w Imc-W-ßƒ ˛ Fan-K‚ v ˛ Can-K‚ v.

]h¿Ø\w / tNmZyw

1. P\kwJym hni-I-e-\Øns‚ ]m[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

l aqey-\n¿Æb kqNnI

l am\-hti-jn-bpsS e`yX Adn-bm≥

l ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ßƒ Xn -s∏-Sp-Øm≥

KmaoWhmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ

\Kchmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ

hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ

âââââ âââââ

â âH‰-s∏´ hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ ]´Ww

â âlmwe‰v \Kcw

â âKmaw satSm s]mfn-‰¬ \Kcw

âsaKem-s]m-fnkv

55

l P\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhiywa\n-em-°m≥.

l P\-kwJym hni-I-e-\-Øn-\v.

l a‰p cmPy-ß-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-Xn-\v.

l P\-kwJym \bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

l P\-kwJym ]iv\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw.

2. C¥y-bpsS F√m mK-ß-fnepw P\-kwJym hnX-cWw Hcp-t]m-se-b-√. P\-kwJymhnX-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ GsX√mw?

˛ Imem-h-ÿ, q]-IrXn, Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-ßƒ, KXm-KX hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abkuI-cy-ßƒ, [mXp-°-fpsS \nt£-]w, Pe-e- y-X.

3. \K-c-h-XvI-c-Ww, krjvSn-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ hni-I-e-\w-sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

tNcn-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw ]cn-kc aen-\o-I-cWw Pe-£m-aw, ]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ˛ amen-\y-]-iv\w, h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ.

4. IpSn-tb-‰-Øns‚ A\-¥-c- -e-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

KpW-ßƒ tZmj-ßƒ

kmwkvImcnI hn\n-abw sXmgn-en-√mbva

a\p-jy-hn- -h-Øns‚ ssIam‰w ]m¿∏nS ]iv\-ßƒ

`mj-bpsS hn\n-a-bw, hf¿® tNcn-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

kmº-ØnI hnI-k\w Pe-£m-ahpw ]I¿®-hym-[nbpw

tNcnI-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

Btcm-Ky-]-iv\-ßƒ

amen-\y-]-iv\-ßƒ

5. hmk-ÿew cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ GsX-√m-am-sW∂v ]´nI-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

`q]-Ir-Xn, Pe-e- y-X, aÆns‚ e-]p-jvSn, KXm-KX kuI-cy-ßƒ, Imem-h-ÿ.

6. tIc-f-Øns‚ P\-kwJymLS-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv HcpIpdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

56

P\-kwJym LS\ C¥y tIcfw

P\-\-\n-c°v 1000\v 26 17.2

ac-W-\n-c°v 1000\v 8.5 6.4

inip-a-c-W-\n-c°v 1000\v 68 14

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw 65.4 71

km£-c-Xm-\n-c°v 64.8% 91%

P\-kwJym hf¿® 2.11% 1.31%

kvXo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw 1000\v 933 1058

7. hnhn-[-Xcw IpSn-tb-‰-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-am-°p-I.

A¥¿t±-iob IpSn-tb‰w ˛ Hcp cmPy-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp cmPy-tØ-°p≈IpSn-tb-‰w.eg: ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Kƒ^v \mSp-I-fn-te-°v.

A¥¿ kwÿm\ IpSn-tb‰w ˛ cmPy-Øn-\-I-Øp-Xs∂ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te-°p≈ IpSn-tb-‰w.eg: Xan-gv\m- n¬\n∂v sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-te-°v.

Xt±-iob IpSn-tb‰w ˛ kwÿm-\-Øn-\-IØv Hcp ]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂vas‰mcp ]tZ-i-tØ-°v.eg: ]me-°m- p-\n∂v Xr»q-cn-te-°v.

tZim-¥-c-K-a\w Emmigration ˛ Hcp cmPy-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp cmPy-tØ°v IpSn-tb-dp-∂-Xv. (C-¥y-bn¬\n∂v Ata-cn-°-bn-te°vIpSn-tb-dp-∂-Xv)

tZim-¥-cm-K-a\w Immigration˛ Hcp cmPy-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp cmPy-tØ°v h∂p-tN-cp∂ IpSn-tb-‰w. (io-e-¶-bn¬\n∂pw C¥y-bn-te°v h∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xv).

8. IpSn-tb-‰-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-am-°pI.

\n¿_-‘nX LS-I-ßƒ BI¿jnX LS-I-ßƒbp≤w]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ßƒ]Ir-Xn-t£m`w BI¿j-I-amb tPmenZmcnZyw Db¿∂ iºfwsXmgn-en-√mbva sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ

57

9. C¥y-bn¬ P\-kw-Jym-h-f¿® ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ ˛ CXp-aqew D≠m-hp∂ kmº-Øn-Ihpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-hp-amb ]iv\-ßƒ F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

ZmcnZyw, \nc-£-c-X, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, ]iv\-ßƒ, Zmcn-Zyw, sXmgn-en-√m-bva,]m¿∏nS ]iv\w, tNcn-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw, BtcmKy]iv\-ßƒ, kmº-ØnI]iv\-ßƒ, ]cn-kc aen-\o-I-c-Ww, ]ń-Wn.

10. tIµo-IrX hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ, hnk-cnX hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

l a\p-jy-hm-k-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb LS-I-ßƒ D≈ ÿeØv tIµo-IrX hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. DZm: ê-]p-jvS-amb aÆv Pe-e- y-X, KXm-KXkuIcyw, \√ Imem-h-ÿ, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ etc.

l A\p-Iq-e-a-√mØ LS-I-ßƒ D≈ ÿeØv hnk-cnX hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

11. \K-c-hm-k-ÿ-e-ßsf h¿§o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-Wv. hy‡-am-°p-I.

]´Ww : Hcp e£-Øn¬ Xmsg P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ sNdp ] -W-ßƒ.

\Kcw : Hcp e£-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp-≈Xpw tkh-\-ta-J-e-bv°v IqSp-X¬ ]m[m-\y-ap≈Xpamb ]tZ-iw.

satSm s]mfn-‰≥ \Kcw : ]Øv e£-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ \K-c-ßƒ.

saK-em-s]m-fnkv : At\Iw \K-c-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp h≥ \Kckap-®-bw.

12. \¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ \K-c-ßsf Xcw-Xncn°pI.

(a) U¬ln (b) t`m∏m¬ (c) Pmwj-Uv]q¿ (d) tImb-º-Øq¿

(e) I≠ve (f) BK (g) sIm¬°Ø (h) sNss∂ (i) Pe-‘¿

(j) aod‰v (k)Aen-KVv (l) hmc-Wmkn (m) Aar-Xk¿ (n) Xncp-∏Xn

(o) aq∂m¿ (p) Duń

a, b `c-W-\-K-c-ßƒc, d hyh-kmb \K-c-ßƒe, f KXm-KX \K-c-ßƒg, h hmWn-Py-\-K-c-ßƒi, j kpc£m \K-c-ßƒk, l hnZym- ymk \K-c-ßƒ

58

m, n aX / kmwkvIm-cnI \K-c-ßƒo, p kpJ-hmk \K-c-ßƒ

13. C¥y-bnse tZiob P\-kw-Jym-\-b-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

l P\-kwJym hf¿® \nb-¥n-°p-I.

l cmjvS-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-KXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

l IpSpw-_m-kq-X-W-Øn\pw IpSpw-_-t£-a-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-IƒP\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-I.

l apgp-h≥ ]uc-∑m¿°pw Btcm-Ky-hpw.

l hnZym- ym-khpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I.

14. Hcp-Iq´w hmk-ÿ-e-ßsf Db-c-Øn¬\n∂p ho£n-°p-tºm-ƒ Ahsb \ap°vHmtcm-∂mbn ImWp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Ah-sb√mw tN¿∂v Hcp ]tXyI cq]-am-XrIkrjvSn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. CXv ]e BIr-Xn-bn¬ cq]w-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. `q]-IrXn, KXm-K-Xw, PetkmX-kp-Iƒ XpS-ßnbhbpsS kzm[o-\-amWv hmk-ÿ-e-am-Xr-I-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS kzm[o-\-amWv hmk-ÿe amXr-I-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sm≥Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CØcw hmk-ÿe amXr-I-Iƒ GsX√mw?

lllll tcJob amXrI

tdmUp-Iƒt°m \Zn-Iƒt°m kam-¥-c-ambn hcn-h-cn-bmbn Ccp-h-iØpImWp∂ amXrI

lllll hrØm-Imc amXrI

Pem-i-b-Øn\p Np‰ptam Bcm-[-\m-e-b-Øn\p Np‰ptam hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬cq]-s∏- -Xv.

lllll XntImW amXrI

tdmUp-I-tfm, \Zn-Itfm ]c-kv]cw Jfin-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bv°n-S-bnseÿeØp cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-h.

lllll \£X amXrI

\nc-h[n tdmUp-Iƒ tNcp∂ mKØv cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hmk-ÿ-ew.

v v v

59

bqWn‰v 7

Hscm‰ qan

][m-\m-im-b-ßƒ

l `qan-bnse Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Bhmk hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tN¿∂-XmWv ssPh-a-fi-ew.

l inem-a-fi-ew, hmbp-a-fi-ew, Pe-a-fiew F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv ssPh-a-fi-ew.

l ssPh-a-fi-e-Ønse Hmtcm Bhm-k-hy-hÿbpw _tbm-ap-I-fm-Wv.

l ][m\ _tbm-ap-I-fmWv h\-ßƒ, acp- q-an-Iƒ, ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ, Pem-i-b-ßƒ, D∂-X-X-S-ßƒ.

l AssPh Ah-ÿ-bn-ep≈ qansb ua-fiew F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

l `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øse kap-Z-ßƒ, XSm-I-ßƒ, \Zn-Iƒ, lnam-\n-Iƒ F∂o Pe-tkm-X-kp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv Pe-a-fi-ew.

l `qansb Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ hmXI ]nfi-amWv hmbp-a-fiew (A-¥-co£w).

l `qh¬°w apX¬ am‚n¬h-sc-bp≈ mK-amWv inem-a-fi-ew.

l inem-a-fi-ew, hmbp-a-fi-ew, Pe-a-fiew Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂n¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ßƒ ssPh-a-fi-esØ _m[n-°p-∂p.

l a\p-jys‚ hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ssPh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns\ _m[n-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø-\w-˛1

ssPh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

l Pohkm∂n-≤y-ap≈ afi-e-amWv ssPh-a-fi-ew.

l inem-a-fiew, Pe-a-fiew, hmbp-a-fiew F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-embn hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂p.

]h¿Ø-\w-˛2

ssPh-a-fi-e-Ønse Hmtcm Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbpw _tbm-ap-I-fm-Wv. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ D]-Kq-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v GXp _tbm-an¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂pIs≠Øp-I.

DØ-c-kq-NnI

1. Dt]mjvW taJ-em-h-\-ßƒ 1. h\-ßƒ2. ssiXy-a-cp- q-an-Iƒ 2. acp- q-an-Iƒ

60

3. DjvW-ta-Jem kmh∂ 4. ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ5. Pem-i-b-ßƒ 6. kap-Z-ßƒ7. D∂-X-X-S-ßƒ 8. ]¿∆X Ncn-hp-Iƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

a\p-jys‚ GsX√mw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Pe-a-fi-e-Ønse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsbkzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv? hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

DØ-c-kq-N\î:

t Jc-am-en\yßfpsS \nt£]w

t a’y-Øns‚ Aan-X-Nq-jWw

t kap-Z-ß-fnse anssk¬ ]co-£Ww

t BWh ]co-£Ww

t I∏-ep-I-fnse C‘\ tNm¿®

t hyh-km-bnI amen-\y-ßƒ \nt£-]n-°¬

t .........................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

]hng∏p‰p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ Ah-bpsS \mi-sØ-°p-dn®v bm-\IambIs≠-Ø-ep-I-fmWv D≠m-bn- p-≈-Xv. Im¿_¨U-tbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ Afhv IqSp-∂Xv]hn-g-∏p-‰p-Isf Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂p?

DØc kqN\:

t A¥co£ Im¿_¨U-tbm-IvsskUv ag-sh-≈-hp-ambn tN¿∂v Im¿t_m-WnIv

Aæ-ambn amdp-∂p.

t CXv kap-Z-Øns‚ AæX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.

t Cu AæX ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-Iƒ ªo®n-ßn\p hnt[-b-am°n Po¿Æn-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-

am-Ip-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

BtKm-f-Xm-]-\w-aqew kap-Z-Pe Dujvamhv h¿≤-\-hn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CXp-aqew D≠m-Ip∂ A\-¥-c- -e-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

DØ-c-kq-N\:

t kap-Z-Pe]hm-l-ß-fpsS Hgp-°v, kz`mhw F∂n-h-bn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

61

t kap-Z-Pe]hm-l-ß-fpsS Hgp-°v, kz`mhw F∂n-h-bn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

t B¿ń-Iv, A‚m¿ńIv taJ-e-bnse a™p-cpIn kap-Z-Pe \nc∏v Db-cm-\n-S-bm-Ip∂p.

CXp-aqew Xmgv∂ Xoc-ßƒ sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip-∂p.

t Xoc-]-tZ-isØ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ XI-cm-\n-S-bm-Ip-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

hyh-kmb \K-c-ß-fmb jmßvlm-bvt]m-ep≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ hml\ KXm-K-XwIao-I-cn-°p-hm≥ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ G¿s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CØ-c-samcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ Ahsc t]cn-∏n-®Xv?

DØ-c-kq-NnI:

t hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬\n∂pw hml-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ ]pI-bn¬ AS-

ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ hmX-I-ßƒ kqcy-]-Im-i-Øm¬ cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏ vaqS¬a-™p-t]m-ep≈ ]Xn- mkw D≠m-Ip-∂p.

t CXns\ kvtamKv F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

t kvtamKv \K-c-ß-fnse hml\ KXm-K-X-Øn\pw P\-Po-hn-X-Øn\pw XS--am-Ip∂p.

t amcI-amb izmk-tIm-i-tcm-K-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

t Aæ ag-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? CXp-sIm-≠p≈ tZmj-ßƒ ]ń-I-bm-°pI Bhm-

k-hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-°p∂ ]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ F¥v?DØ-c-kq-NnI:

t hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬\n∂pw A·n-]¿∆X kvt^mS-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂

kƒ^¿ Utbm-IvsskUv A¥-co-£-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.

t kƒ^¿ Utbm-IvsskUv ag-sh-≈-Øn¬ ebn®v Aæ-agbp≠m-Ip-∂p.

t kkym-h-cWw (h-\-ßƒ) \in-°p-∂p.

t a\p-jy-cpƒs∏S Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°v amc-I-tcm-K-ßfpw Poh-lm-\nbpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.

t ip≤-P-e-tkm-X-p-Iƒ aen-\-am-Ip-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

ssPhafi-e-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns\ _m[n-°p∂ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. N¿®m-°pdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

DØ-c-kq-NnI:

t h\-\-io-I-cWw

62

t Ip∂n-Sn-®n¬

t J\-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

t hn -h-ß-fpsS Aan-X-Nq-jWw

t Aim-kvXob hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

Pe-kw-c-£-W-Øn\pth≠n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Umap-Iƒ _tbm-ap-I-fn¬ Fs¥√mw]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ D≠m-°p∂p?

DØ-c-kq-NnI:

t \ZnIfpsS Hgp°v XS--s∏-Sp-∂p.

t Pe-Øns‚ D]-cn-Xe Dujvamhv h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ \in-

°p-∂p.

t Pem-i-b-Øn\v ASn- m-KØv kqcy-]-Imiw e`n-°msX kky- -P-¥p-Pm-e-ßƒ

\in-°p-∂p.

t F°¬\n-t£]w C√m-Xm-hp∂tXmsS AanX cmk-h-f-]-tbmKw \S-tØ-≠n-

h-cp-∂p.

t Pe-Øn-\-S-bn-em-Ip∂ Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ No™-fn™v aotY≥, Im¿_¨ Utbm-

IvsskUv F∂nh A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v hnSp-∂-Xn-\m¬ BtKm-f-Xm-]\wh¿≤n-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pw kwXp-en-Xm-h-ÿbv°pw hnLm-S-I¿ hln-°p∂]¶v hy‡-am-°p-I.

DØc-kq-N\:

t \in-®p-t]m-Ip∂ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ hnL-Sn-∏n®v aÆns‚

`mK-am-Ip-∂p.

t `qh¬°-Ønse aqe-I-ßƒsIm≠p \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS mK-

ßƒ ho≠pw AssP-h-tem-I-Øns‚ mK-ambn amdp-∂p.

t ssPh-a-fi-e-Øn¬ CXp-aqew ]pXnb hkvXp-°tfm, mc-°q-Sp-Xtem D≠m-

Ip-∂n-√.

63

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

_tbm-ap-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \¬Inb vtfmNm¿ v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

_tbm-ap-Iƒ

âIc-`mK _tbm-ap-Iƒ

âPe-`m-KsØ _tbm-ap-Iƒ

â

h\-ßƒ acp-`q-an-Iƒ ]p¬taSp-Iƒ

D∂-X-X-S-ßƒ

âip≤-

P-em-i-b-ßƒ

âkapZßƒ

âlllll DjvW-

ta-Jemh\ßƒ

lllll ssiXytaJemh\-ßƒ

âlllll hc≠

acp- q-an-Iƒlllll Xoc-tZi

acp- q-an-Iƒ

âlllll kmh∂lllll sÃ∏n

âlllll ]¿∆X

sNcn-hp-Iƒ

âlllll XSm-I-ßƒlllll Ipf-ßƒ

âlllll IS-ep-Iƒ

v v v

64

8. hnIk\hpw kaqlhpw

][m\ Bibßƒ

l ap≥h¿jtØ°mƒ cmPyØns‚ D¬]mZ\Ønep≠mhp∂ h¿≤\hmWv hf¿®.

l P\ßfpsS hcpam\Ønepw PohnX KpW\nehmcØnepw D≠mIp∂ Db¿®bmWvhnIk\w.

l Nne kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ cmPyßsf XcwXncn°m\pwXmcXaywsNøm\pw km[n°pw.

l BZyImeØv ]Xnio¿j hcpam\hpw ]n∂oSv uXnI KpW\nehmc kqNnIbpwCt∏mƒ am\h hnIk\kqNnIbptSbpw ASnÿm\ØnemWv cmPyßfpsShnIk\w IW°m°p∂Xv.

l ]cnÿnXn°v tZmjwhcmsXbpw, hµw Xeapd°mbn hn`hßƒ am‰nsh®p≈hnIk\amWv kpÿnc hnIk\w.

l kpÿnchnIk\Øn\v hnLmXamhp∂ \nch[n ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \Ωp°p Np‰pw\S∂phcp∂p. CXns\Xnsc kmaqlyCSs]S¬ A\nhmcyamWv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂hsb hnIk\w, hf¿® F∂nßs\ XcwXncn®v]´nIs∏SpØpI.

(a) AcnbpsS D¬]mZ\w h¿≤n®p.

(b) ZmcnZyw Ipd™p.

(c) km£cX h¿≤n®p.

(d) ImdpIfpsS FÆw IqSn.

(e) hymhkmbnI hf¿® IqSn.

(f) F√mh¿°pw hoSv e`yam°n.

Answer key :l hnIk\w ˛ b, c, f hf¿® a, d, ehnIk\w

P\ßfpsS hcpam\Ønepw PohnX KpW\nehmcØnepap≠mhp∂ Db¿®.

hf¿®

ap≥h¿jtØ°mƒ D¬∏mZ\Ønep≠mhp∂ h¿≤\hv.

65

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

XcwXncn®v ]´nIs∏SpØpI. (hnIk\w, hf¿®)

(a) P\ßfpsS hcpam\Ønepw PohnX KpW\nehmcØnepw D≠mhp∂ Db¿®.

(b) cmPyØns‚ D¬]mZ\Øn¬ ap≥h¿jsØ At]£n®v D≠mhp∂ h¿≤\hv.

(c) kmºØnIamb ]InbbmWv.

(d) D¬]mZ\w h¿≤n∏n®pw \oXn]q¿∆Iambn hnXcWwsNbvXpw km[yam°mw.

(e) Htc kabw kmºØnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb ]Inb.

(f) P\ßfpsS Bhiyßƒ \ndth‰m\p≈ cmPyØns‚ tijn h¿≤n∏n°p∂p.

Answer key :hnIk\w : a, d, e hf¿® : b, c, f

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

hnIk\w t\Sp∂Xn\pw kmaqly\oXn Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw k¿°m¿ \S∏nem°p∂]≤XnIƒ ]´nIs∏SpØq.

l s]mXphnXcW kºZmbw i‡ns∏SpØpI.l

l

l

Answer key :l s]mXphnZym`ymkwl s]mXpP\mtcmKy ÿm]\ßƒl IpSpw_iol almflmKm‘n tZiob sXmgnepd∏v ]≤Xnl t£a s]≥j\pIƒl t£a]≤XnIƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

]Xnio¿j hcpam\Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ amXw cmPyßfpsS hnIk\wIW°m°p∂Xns‚ ]cnanXnIƒ N¿®sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

Answer key :]Xnio¿jhcpam\w icmicn hcpam\ambXn\m¬ hcpam\ hnXcWØnse

AkaXzw Is≠Øm≥ Ignbn√.

66

tZiobhcpam\w P\ßƒ°nSbn¬ Fßs\ hnXdWw sNbvXncn°p∂p F∂vIs≠Øm≥ Ignbn√.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

ùXnIKpW\nehmc kqNnI am\hhnIk\ kqNnI F∂nhbpsS LSIßƒIs≠Øn ]ńI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

ùXnI KpW\nehmc kqNnI am\h hnIk\ kqNnIl ASnÿm\ km£cX l ]Xnio¿j hcpam\wl l

l l

l l

Answer key :ùXnI KpW\nehmc kqNI : ASnÿm\ km£cX inipacW \nc°v,

]Xo£nX Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw.am\hhnIk\ kqNnI : ]Xnio¿jhcpam\w, km£cXhpw samØ kvIqƒ

]thi\ \nc°pw, ]Xo£nX Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

am\hhnIk\ kqNnIbmWv sa®s∏´ hnIk\ kqNnIbmbn IW°m°p∂Xv.N¿®sNbXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

Answer key :

ùXnIKpW\nehmc kqNnIbn¬ P\ßfpsS hcpam\Øn\v ]m[m\yw C√.kmaqlnI LSIßƒ aXta ]cnKWn°p∂p≈q. am\h hnIk\kqNnIbn¬hcpam\Øn\pw kmaqlnI Ahÿ°pw Hcpt]mse ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

C¥ybpsS am\hhnIk\dnt∏m¿´v 2009.

h¿jw am\h hnIk\ aqeyw

1990 0.4891995 0.5112000 0.5662005 0.5962006 0.6042007 0.612

67

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

am\h hnIk\aqeyØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ (Db¿∂˛CSØcw˛Xmgv∂) ]ńIhniIe\wsNbvXv \nKa\ßƒ FgpXpI.

Answer key :1. 1990¬ C¥y Xmgv∂ am\hhnIk\w t\Snb cmPyßfpsS hn`mKØnembncp∂p.

2. C¥ybpsS hf¿® ]Sn]Snbmbn h¿≤n®phcnIbmWv.

3. 2007 htcbpw Db¿∂ am\h hnIk\w t\Snb cmPyßfpsS ]ńIbn¬ C¥yFØnbnń√.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

kpÿnchnIk\Øns‚ e£yßƒ h¿§oIcn®v ]ńIs∏SpØpI.

ÿncX BtcmKyIcamb ]cnÿnXn

hf¿® kmaqlyklh¿ØnXzw

XpeyX ]p\:ÿm]n°m\mhmØ ]IrXnhn`hßfpsS kwc£Ww

]¶mfnØw kaqlNe\mflIX

Imcy£aX kmwkvImcnI kzXzt_m[w

kmaqlye£yßƒ kmºØnI e£yßƒ ]mcnÿnXnI e£yßƒXpeyX hf¿® BtcmKyIcamb ]cnÿnXnl l l

l l l

DØckqNnI kmaqly Ne\mflI, kmwkvImcnI kzXzwkmaqlye£yßƒ XpeyX, ]¶mfnØw, kmaqly klh¿ØnXzwkmºØnI e£yßƒ hf¿®, Imcy£aX, ÿncX]mcnÿnXnI e£yßƒ BtcmKyIcamb ]p\:ÿm]n°m\mhmØ

]cnÿnXn, Du¿÷w]IrXnhn`hßfpsSkwc£Ww

]Zkqcy≥ ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

kpÿnchnIk\ e£yßƒ

hf¿®

68

Answer key :BtcmKyIcamb ]cnÿnXn, ]p\:ÿm]n°m\mhmØ hn`hßfpsS icnbmb

D]tbmKw, ÿncX, XpeyX, ]¶mfnØw, hf¿®.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂hsb kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\v klmbIamhp∂h,hnLmXamhp∂h F∂nßs\ ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

(a) AanX IoS\min\n D]tbmKw(b) Ip∂nSn°¬(c) LED _ƒ_pIfpsS D]tbmKw(e) Ai≤amb sshZypXn D]tbmKw(f) h\\ioIcWw(g) Im‰n¬\n∂v sshZypXn(h) hb¬ \nIØ¬(i) agsh≈ kw`cWw(j) s]mXpÿeØv amen\yw \nt£]n°¬(k) BWh\nebßƒ ÿm]n°¬(l) Pew IcpXtemsS D]tbmKn°¬

Answer key :kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\v hnLmXamhp∂h.

a, b, e, f, h, j, k

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

\nßfpsS ]tZiØv Ct∏mƒ \S°p∂Xpw kpÿnc hnIkØn\v hnLmXw\n¬°p∂Xpamb GsX¶nepw Hcp ]h¿Ø\w Is≠ØpI. AXv Fßs\ kpÿnchnIk\Øn\v hnLmXw \n¬°p∂p F∂v N¿®sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂ cmPyßsf hnIkzc cmPyßƒ hnIknX cmPyßƒF∂nßs\ ]´nIs∏SpØn Aßs\ Adnbs∏Sm\p≈ ImcWw hy‡am°pI.

l Im\U l HmkvtSenb l tkmamenb

l ]m°nÿm≥ l P∏m≥ l \yqknem‚ v

Answer key :hnIknXcmPyßƒ : Im\U, HmkvtSenb, P∏m≥, \yqknem‚ v

hnIkzccmPyßƒ : tkmamenb, ]m°nÿm≥

69

hnIknXcmPyßƒ : Db¿∂ ]Xnio¿j hcpam\hpw sa®s∏´PohnX\nehmchpw ]pe¿Øp∂ cmPyßƒ.

hnIkzc cmPyßƒ : Ipd™ ]Xnio¿j hcpam\hpw Xmg v∂PohnX\nehmchpw ]pe¿Øp∂ cmPyßƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

kpÿnchnIk\w kw_‘n®v almflmKm‘nbpsSbpw ap≥ ][m\a¥nCµncmKm‘nbpsSbpw ImgvN∏mSpIƒ hniIe\wsNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

Km‘nPn : ]IrXn hn`hßƒ IcpXtemsS D]tbmKn°Ww. AXv \ΩpsSBKlßƒ \ndth‰m\p≈XmWv. AXymKlßƒ\ndth‰m\p≈X√.

CµncmKm‘n : hnIkzccmjvSßfnse ]cnÿnXn ]iv\ßƒhnIk\an√mbvabptSXmWv. hnIknXcmPyßfn¬hnIk\Øns‚ ]cnWnX^eambmWv ]cnÿnXn ]iv\ßƒD≠mhp∂Xv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

]cnÿnXn kwc£WØn\mbn C¥ybn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ kwLS\IƒGsX√mw?

Answer key :h\w ]cnÿnXn a¥mebw.

aen\oIcW \nb¥W t_m¿Uv.

v v v

70

9. C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿbnse hnhn[ taJeIƒ

][m\ Bibßƒ

l ]mYanI taJe, ZznXobtaJe, XrXobtaJe F∂nßs\ kºZvhyhÿsbaq∂v taJeIfmbn XcwXncn®ncn°p∂p.

l ]mYanI, ZznXob, XrXob taJeIfnse ]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]ckv]cw_‘s∏ńcn°p∂p.

l aq∂v taJeIfpw samØw tZiob D¬∏∂Ønte°v kw`mh\sNøp∂p.

l Hmtcm taJebn¬\n∂pw sXmgn¬ e`yX D≠mhp∂p.

l D¬]mZ\bqWn‰pIsf \nb¥Whpw DSaÿmhImihpw A\pkcn®vs]mXptaJe, kzImcytaJe F∂nßs\ XcwXncn®ncn°p∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßsf ]mYanIw, ZznXobw,XrXobw F∂nßs\ ]ńIs∏SpØpI.

I®hSw, ]iphf¿Ø¬, sIńS\n¿ΩmWw, Irjn, a’y_‘w,_m¶nwKv, _nkn\v, hyhkmbw, ssUhnwKv, tlm´¬, sSet^m¨_qØv, ac∏Wn, a’ywhn¬]\, Bip]Xn

Answer key :

]mYanIw ZznXnbw XrXnbwIrjn sIńS\n¿ΩmWw I®hSwa’y_‘\w ac∏Wn _nkn\v]iphf¿Ø¬ hyhkmbw ssUhnwKv

tlm´¬a’ywhn¬]\_m¶nwKvsSet^m¨ _qØvBip]Xn

71

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

A tImfØn\v A\ptbmPyamb kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ B, CtImfßfn¬\n∂v Is≠Øn FgpXpI.

A B C]mYanI taJe _m¶nwKv a’y_‘\w

ZznXnb taJe Irjnbpw A\p_‘ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw hyhkmbw

XrXob taJe sI´nS\n¿ΩmWw hnZym`ymkw

Answer key :

A B C]mYanI taJe Irjnbpw A\p_‘ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw a’y_‘\w

ZznXob taJe sI´nS\n¿ΩmWw hyhkmbw

XrXob taJe _m¶nwKv hnZym`ymkw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

hn´pt]mbh ]q¿Ønbm°q.

]IrXnbpambn t\cn´v\S°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

]IrXnbpambn t\cn´v\S°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

ZznXob taJe

XrXob taJe

..........................................................

..........................................................

..........................................................

..........................................................

72

Answer key :

1. D¬]mZ\ taJe

2. hyhkmb ]InbbneqsS km[\ßƒ D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ ]h¿Ø\w.

3. a‰p≈h¿°v tkh\ßƒ \¬Ip∂ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

]©kmc D¬]mZ\hpambn _‘s∏ v ]mYanI ZznXob XrXob taJeIfpsS_‘w ImWn°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

]©kmc D¬]mZ\w

]mYanItaJe ZznXnb taJe XrXob taJe

Icnºv D¬]mZ\w (b) ............................ (c) ............................ C≥jzd≥kv

Answer key :

(b) hyhkmbimebn¬ ]©kmc (c) _m¶nwKv

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

]cpØn I¿jIcpsS ]h¿Ø\ßƒ XpWnhyhkmb bqWn‰pItfbpw,hfw\n¿amWimebnse ]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]cpØn I¿jItcbpw klmbn°p∂p. CXvXmsg]dbp∂ GXv _‘tØbmWv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv?

ZznXobtaJe ↔ XrXob taJe

ZznXobtaJe ↔ ]mYanI taJe

XrXobtaJe ↔ ]mYanI taJe

Answer key :

ZznXobtaJe ↔ ]mYanI taJe

73

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

hnhn[ taJeIfn¬\n∂v GDP bnte°p≈ hnlnXw

C¥y tIcfw C¥y tIcfw C¥y tIcfw

]mYanI taJe2007˛2008

ZznXob taJe2007˛2008

XrXob taJe2007˛2008

Km^v hniIe\wsNbvXv A\ptbmPyamb 5 Is≠ØepIƒ FgpXpI.

Answer key :

1. XrXob taJebn¬\n∂p≈ hnlnXamWv 2007-2008¬ tIcfØntebpwC¥ybntebpw tZiob hcpam\Øn¬ IqSpX¬.

2. ]mYanI taJebn¬\n∂p≈ hnlnXw IpdhmWv.

3. ]mYanI taJetb°mfpw IqSpX¬ ZznXob taJe kw`mh\ sNøp∂p.

4. ]mYanI ZznXob taJe hnIkn°ptºmƒ tkh\ßfpsS BhiywIqSnhcnIbpw CXv XrXob taJebpsS hf¿®°v ImcWamhpIbpw sNøp∂p.

5. aq∂v taJeIfpsSbpw hf¿® ]ckv]c_‘nXamWv. B\p]mXnIambhf¿®bmWv cmPyØn\v A`nImayw.

74

taJeC¥ybn¬ sXmgn¬e`yXbpsS iXam\w

1973 1983 1993 2004-2005]mYanI taJe 74.4 69.9 64.9 56.5ZznXob taJe 10.8 13.3 14.2 18.7XrXob taJe 14.8 16.8 20.9 24.8

Source : National Sample Survey

Answer key :1. 1973 apX¬ 2005 hsc ]mYanI taJebnemWv sXmgn¬e`yX IqSpX¬.

2. Cu ImeL´Øn¬ XrXob taJebnse sXmgn¬e`yX IqSnhcp∂p.

3. ]mYanI taJebnse sXmgn¬ e`yX Ipd™v hcnIbmWv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

]ńI hniIe\wsNbvXv 5 Is≠ØepIƒ FgpXpI.

4. ZznXob taJebnepw sXmgn¬ e`yX IqSnhcp∂p.

5. ]mYanI taJebnse D¬]mZ\w h¿≤n°pIbpw B taJebpsS P\ßfpsSBinX\nc°v IpdbpIbpw, ZznXob, XrXob taJebn¬ Bib\nc°v IqSpIbpwsNøp∂Xv kºZvhyhÿ°v KpWIcamWv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ sXmgnepIsf kwLSnX taJe, AkwLSnX taJeF∂v XcwXncns®gpXpI.

A[ym]I≥ sIńS\n¿amW sXmgnemfn

I¿jI sXmgnemfn sNdpInS hym]mc sXmgnemfn

_m¶v Poh\°m¿

¢m¿°v IpSn¬ hyhkmb sXmgnemfn

dbn¬th Poh\°m¿ _m¿_¿ sXmgnemfn

kwLSnXtaJe A[ym]I¿, _m¶v Poh\°m¿, ¢m¿°v, dbn¬thsXmgnemfn

AkwLSnXtaJe I¿jI sXmgnemfn, sIńS\n¿ΩmW sXmgnemfn, sNdpInShym]mc sXmgnemfn, IpSn¬ hyhkmb sXmgnemfn,_m¿_¿ sXmgnemfn.

Answer key :

75

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

AkwLSnX taJesb At]£n®v kwLSnXtaJebnse sXmgnemfnIƒFs¥√mw kuIcyßƒ D≈hcmWv. N¿®sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

Answer key :sXmgn¬ kpc£\nbam\pkrX thX\w\n›nX tPmenkabwA[nItPmen°v ]tXyI thX\wthX\tØmSpIqSnb Ah[n s]≥j≥]khw, amcItcmKw F∂nh°v ]tXyI Ah[n

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ hyhkmbimeIsf DSaÿmhImiØns‚ASnÿm\Øn¬ ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

sI¬tSm¨ lnµpÿm≥ em‰Ivkvlnµpÿm≥ tamt´m¿kv sIm®n≥ dnss^\dnFACT At∏mtfm Stb¿kvC‚K¬ tIm®v mIvSdn VKC N∏¬kv

Answer key :

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ kzImcytaJem ÿm]\ßƒsI¬tSm¨ lnµpÿm≥ tamt´m¿kv

FACT VKC N∏¬kvC‚K¬ tIm®v mIvSdnlnµpÿm≥ em‰IvkvsIm®n≥ dnss^\dnAt∏mtfm Stb¿kv

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

kzImcyÿm]\ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\ßfpw k¿°m¿ ÿm]\ßfpsS]h¿Ø\hpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw N¿®sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

Answer key :

kzImcy ÿm]\w ˛ em`w amXw e£yw

k¿°m¿ ÿm]\w ˛ em`tØmsSm∏w P\ßfpsS t£ahpw e£yanSp∂p.

Umw \n¿ΩmWw, tdmUv hnIk\w, Bip]XnIƒF∂nh \n¿Ωn°p∂p.

76

10. ]Whpw [\Imcy ÿm]\ßfpw

][m\ Bibßƒ

l Hcp cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]Ww \n¿WmbIamb ]¶vhln°p∂p.

l Hcp kºZvhyhÿbn¬ hnhn[Xcw [\Imcy ÿm]\ßƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p.

l C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿbn¬ hmWnPy_m¶pIƒ \√ ]¶v hln°p∂p≠v.

l tIm¿ _m¶nwKv, C‚¿s\‰v _m¶nwKv XpSßn ]e B[p\nI kt¶Xßfpw _m¶nwKvtaJebn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn®n´p≠v.

l C¥ybpsS tIµ_m¶mWv dnk¿∆v _m¶v.

l C¥ybn¬ _m¶nXc [\Imcy ÿm]\ßfpw ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v.

l kaqlØnse Xmg v∂ hcpam\°m¿°v kmºØnI tkh\ßƒe`yam°p∂Xn\mWv ssatIm n\m≥kv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1] nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI. (_m¿´¿ kºZmbw kw_‘n®v Hcp eLphnhcWw \¬IpI)

_m¿´¿ kºZmbØns‚ ]cnanXnIƒ

l km[\ßfpsS aqeyw IW°m°p∂Xnse _p≤nap v.

l

l

l

DØckqNnI :

l \¬Ip∂ k[\Øn\\pkcn®v aqeyap≈ km[\ßƒ e`n°mØ Ahÿ.

l CjvSs∏Sp∂ km[\ßƒ e`n°mØ Ahÿ.

l hmßp∂ hkvXphns‚ aqeyhpw \¬Ip∂ hkvXphns‚ aqeyhpambn tbmPn°mØAhÿ.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

\nXyPohnXØn¬ ]Ww D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ Nne kµ¿`ßƒ]cnNbs∏SpØpI (]mT]pkvXIØnse DZmlcWßƒ) ]WØns‚ [¿ΩßƒImWn°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

77

]WØns‚ [¿Ωßƒ

l hn\nab am[yaw

l

l

DØckqNnI :

hn\nabam[yaw (Medium of Exchange)Afhns‚ GIIw (Measure of value)aqeytiJcØns‚ GIIw (Store & Value)IW°pkq£n∏ns‚ GIIw (Unit of account)hnfw_nX sImSp°ens‚ GIIw (Deferred payment) (`mhnbn¬

sImSp°msa∂Xv)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

vtfmNm¿´ns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ N¿®sNbvXv \nKa\ßƒ cq]s∏SpØpI.

_m¿´¿ kºZmbw

â]WØns‚ Bhn¿`mhw

â]mtZinI ]WanS]mSv \SØp∂ hy‡nIƒ

â]mtZinI ]WanS]mSv \SØp∂ ÿm]\ßƒ

â_m¶v

DØckqNnI :

_m¿´¿ kºZmbØns‚ ]cnanXnIƒ ˛ ]WØns‚ [¿Ωßƒ ˛ ]WØns‚BhiyIX ˛ ]WanS]mSv \SØp∂ hy‡nIfpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ ]mtZinI]WanS]mSv \S°p∂ ÿm]\ßfmbn hf¿∂ph∂p. _m¶pIfpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛_m¶pw kzImcy [\Imcyÿm]\hpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkßƒ.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°I.

kzImcy [\Imcy ÿm]\w _m¶pIƒ XmcXaywsNø¬.

78

kzImcy [\Imcy ÿm]\w _m¶pIƒ

l IqSpXepw hmbv]sbSp°p∂Xn\v l kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßƒl IqSpX¬ kuIcyw

l l

l l

DØckqNnI :

kzImcy [\Imcy ÿm]\wkmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ kpXmcya√, hmbv]°v ]eni IqSpX¬, CS]mSpImsc

NqjWw sNøp∂p. F√mh¿°pw tkh\w e`n°p∂n√.

_m¶pIƒIqSpX¬ BfpIƒ°v tkh\w e`yamhp∂p. ]enibptSbpw NqjWØnt‚bpw

Afhv Ipdhv, P\ßfn¬ kºmZyioew h¿≤n®p. hmbv]bpsS km[yXkºZvhyhÿbpsS hf¿®°v klmbIambn. F√m hn`mKw P\ßƒ°pw tkh\w.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ _m¶pIsf XcwXncn®v ]ńIs∏SpØpI.

SBI, sÛd¬ _m¶v, Pn√m klIcW _m¶v, tZ\m _m¶v, I\dm _m¶v, kuØvC¥y≥ _m¶v, t]m∏pe¿ n\m≥kv, tKmIpew n\m≥kv, C¥y≥ _m¶v, klIcWA¿_≥ _m¶v, ImØen°v kndnb≥ _m¶v, ]mtZinI klIcW kwLßƒ,sImia‰w.

DØckqNnI :

hmWnPy _m¶pIƒ

s]mXptaJe kzImcytaJe klIcW _m¶pIƒ

kzImcy]WanS]mSvÿm]\ßƒ

Fkv._n.sF

Fkv._n.Sn.

I\dm _m¶v

C¥y≥ _m¶v

tZ\m _m¶v

sÛd¬ _m¶v

kuØv C¥y≥ _m¶v

ImØen°v kndnb≥ _m¶v

Pn√m klIcW _m¶v

]mtZinI klIcWkwLßƒ

klIcW A¿_≥_m¶v

apØq‰v

sImia‰w

t]m∏pe¿

tKmIpew

79

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

vtfmNm¿ v ]q¿Ønbm°q.

\nt£]ßƒ

âkºmZy

\nt£]ßƒ(Savings Deposits)

(a) _______________________________________

â(b) _____________

__________________________A°u≠nep≈]Ww Ft∏mƒthWsa¶nepw]n≥hen°mw ]eni e`n°n√

âÿnc \nt£]ßƒ

(c)_______________________________________

â(d)_________________________________

IrXyambImebfhn¬\n›nX XpI

]tXyIImebfhnte°v\nt£]n°p∂p.

DØckqNnI :

(a) hy‡nIƒt°m ÿm]\ßƒt°m an®ap≈ XpI \nt£]n°mw. Ft∏mƒthWsa¶nepw ]n≥hen°mw. Ipd™ ]eni e`n°pw.

(b) ]NenX \nt£]ßƒ (Current Deposits)(c) \n›nX Imebfhnte°v \nt£]n°p∂p. Db¿∂ ]eni e`n°p∂p.

Imemh[n°ptijta ]n≥hen°m≥ Ignbq.

(d) Bh¿Ø\ \nt£]w (Recurring Deposits)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

]Zkqcy≥ ]q¿Ønbm°q.

DØckqNnI :

IUn‰v Im¿Uv, aWn Sm≥kv ¿, tem°¿ kuIcyw, C˛t]bvsa‚ v, sSbn≥ hnam\Sn°‰v _p°nwKv, C≥jzd≥kv AS°¬, sSent^m¨ _n¬ ASbv°¬, samss_¬doNm¿PnwKv.

_m¶pIfpsSa‰v tkh\ßƒ

F.Sn.Fw.

80

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

_m¶pIfpsS tZikm¬°cWØn\v CSbmb kmlNcyw kw_‘n®v HcpN¿®m°pdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

N¿®m kqNIßƒ

l hmWnPy_m¶pIfpsS [\klmbw h≥InS hyhkmbßƒ°wkº∂hn`mKßƒ°pw amXambncp∂p.

l sNdpInS hyhkmbßfpsSbpw Im¿jnI taJebpsSbpw XI¿®.

l _m¶pIfpsS e£yw kmaqlnI ]ptcmKX IqSnbmhWsa∂ t_m[w.

l Im¿jnI KmaoW kºZv hyhÿtbmSp≈ AhKW\ Hgnhm°¬.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

vtfmNm¿ v ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

DØckqNnI :

(A) _m¶ns‚ tkh\ßƒ \¬Ip∂p. sN°v D]tbmKn®v ]Ww ]n≥hen°m≥Ignbn√. Unam‚ v Um^v‰v \¬Ip∂n√.

(B) kz¿W]WbØnt∑¬ hmbv], hoSn\v hmbv], lb¿ ]¿t®kv hmbv], Nn´nIƒ\SØ¬.

(C) sNdp\nt£]Icn¬\n∂pw ]Ww kamlcn®v Hmlcn ItºmfØnepw a‰vBkvXnIfnepw \nt£]n°p∂p.

_m¶

v C

Xc [

\I

mcy

ÿm]

\ß

ƒ

â_m¶nXc[\Imcy Iº\nIƒ

â

]tXyIXIƒ

A

tkh\ßƒ

B

âayq®¬ ^≠v â]tXyIXIƒ

C

tkh\ßƒ

D

âC≥jzd≥kvÿm]\ßƒ

â

]tXyIXIƒ

E

tkh\ßƒ

F

81

(D) sNdpInS \nt£]Icn¬\n∂v ]Ww kamlcn®v Hmlcn°tºmfw, IS∏Xßƒ,`qan CS]mSv, kz¿Æw XpSßnbhbn¬ \nt£]n®v em`\jvSßƒ \nt£]I¿°vhoXn®v \¬I∂p.

(E) hy‡nIfpsS Poh\pw kzØv hIIƒ°pw ]cnc£ \¬Ip∂ ÿm]\w.

(F) BtcmKy C≥jzd≥kv, A]IS C≥jzd≥kv, hkvXphIIƒ°p≈ C≥jzd≥kv,Ajzd≥kv.

Xmgv∂hcpam\°m¿°v

kmºØnItkh\w

ssat

Im

^n\

m≥k

v

DØckqNnI :

kºmZyioew hf¿Ø¬, kzbwsXmgnen\v klmbw ]ckv]c klmbhpwklIcWhpw hf¿Ø¬ kvXoim‡oIcWw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

SoNm¿ v ]q¿Ønbm°q.

82

CeIvtSmWnIv _m¶nwKv tIm¿ _m¶nwKv

l Ipd™ kabØn\p≈n¬ l _m¶ns‚ imJIƒ XΩn¬_m¶nwKv ]h¿Ø\ßƒ sNømw. ]ckv]cw _‘n∏n°p∂p.

l ho´nencp∂v temIsØhnsSbpw l GXv imJbn¬\n∂pw a‰v_n√Sbv°m≥ km[n°p∂p. imJbpsS tkh\w e`yamIp∂p.

l sNehv hfsctbsd Ipdhv l D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v kab\jvSan√,ImØp\n¬t°≠Xn√.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

]´nIs∏SpØpI.

_m¶nwKv cwKsØ \qX\ ]hWXIƒ CeIvtSmWnIv _m¶nwKv, tIm¿ _m¶nwKv.

DØckqNnI :

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

]Zkqcy≥ ]q¿Ønbm°q. hniZoIcWw \¬Iq.

dnk¿∆v _m¶vHm^v C¥y

t\m´v ASn®d°¬

DØckqNnI :

t\m v ASn®nd°¬, _m¶pIfpsS _m¶vKh¨sa‚ns‚ GP‚ v D]tZjvSmhv, hmbv]m ]Ww ]Zm\Øns‚ \nb¥n°¬

v v v

83

11. BtKmfh¬°cWw

]T\]tabw

l 1990˛Iƒ°ptijw C¥ybpsS kmºØnI\bØnep≠mb am‰w Fßs\ D¬∏∂hn]Wnsb _m[n®p.

l BtKmfh¬°cWw.

l BtKmfh¬°cWsØ XzcnXs∏SpØnb LSIßƒ.

l BtKmfh¬°cWw ]›mØew

l DZmch¬°cWw

l kzImcyh¬°cWw

l hntZi aqe[\w

l _lpcmjvS Iº\nIƒ

l A¥mcmjvS kwLS\Iƒ

l BtKmfh¬°cWw C¥ybn¬

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11990\v apºpw 1990\v tijhpap≈ C¥ybpsS D¬∏∂ hn]Wn XmcXaywsNøpI.

1990 apºv 1990\ptijw

l D]t`mKhkvXp°ƒ Xt±i l hntZi Iº\nIfpsS D¬∏∂ßƒIº\nIfn¬ D¬∏mZn∏n®p. ItºmfØn¬ btYjvSw e`n°p∂p.

l aqe[\ \nt£]w \SØp∂Xn\v l aqe[\ \nt£]w hntZiIº\nIƒ\nb¥Ww. t\cn v \SØp∂p.

l Cd°paXn Np¶w \¬IpI. l Cd°paXn Np¶w Ipd®p.

l Cd°paXn \ncp’mls∏SpØn l hntZikmt¶XnIhnZyB`y¥c hyhkmbw kzoIcn°p∂Xn\pff \nb¥Wwkwc£n°s∏´p. FSpØpIf™p.

l Cd°paXn _Z¬ kmºØnI\bw l s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ kzImcykzoIcn®p. h¬°cn°s∏´p.

l Ib‰paXnsb t]m’mln∏n°p∂\bw.

84

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 21990\v tijw C¥ybpsS kmºØnI\bØnep≠mb am‰w Fs¥ms°bmWv?Is≠ØpI.

DØckqNnIl kzImcyh¬°cWw

l Cd°paXn DZmch¬°cWw.

l Ib‰paXnbneq∂nb kmºØnI \bw

l hntZi aqe[\ \nt£]w \nb¥Ww FSpØpIf™p.

l D¬∏∂ hn]Wnbn¬ hntZiIº\nIfpsS IS∂pIb‰w.

l F√m ]iv\ßƒ°pw ]cnlmcw ItºmfamsW∂ Nn¥mKXn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3kmºØnI\bØnep≠mb am‰ßƒ P\ßfpsS PohnXsØ Fßs\kzm[o\n®p?

DØckqNnIl I¿jIcpsS ]iv\ßƒ h¿≤n®p.

l kztZin hyhkmbßfpsS XI¿®.

l hntZi aqe[\ \nt£] h¿≤\hv.

l sXmgn¬taJebnse h¿≤\hv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4BtKmfh¬°cWsØ XzcnXs∏SpØnb LSIßƒ Hcp ]Zkqcy\neqsSNnXoIcn°pI.

DØckqNnI

BtKmfh¬°cWwXzcnXs∏SpØnb

][m\ LSIßƒ

→A¥mcmjvSkwLS\IfpwIcmdpIfpw

→ _lpcmjvSIº\nIƒ

(hntZi aqe[\\nt£]w)→

hnhckmt¶XnIcwKØp≠mb hf¿®

(C‚¿s\‰v)

→hm¿Ømhn\nabcwKØp≠mb

am‰ßƒ

→KXmKXcwKØp≠mbam‰ßƒ

(P‰v hnam\w,Is≠bv\¿

I∏¬)

85

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5Xmsg ]dbp∂ hkvXpXIƒ AXmXp ]Inbbpambn _‘s∏SpØpI.

DØckqNnI

l Hcp kºZvhyhÿbpsS ]h¿Ø\Ønep≈ k¿°m¿ \nb¥WßfpwCSs]SepIfpw ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂Xv DZmchXv°cWw.

l Hcp cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ s]mXptaJebpsS ]¶mfnØwIpdbpIbpw kzImcytaJebpsS ]¶mfnØw Iq´pIbpw sNøpI.kzImcyh¬°cWw.

l apXemfnØ cmPyßƒ kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\Ønep≈ k¿°m¿ \nb¥Ww]camh[n Ipdbv°pIbpw hy‡nIƒ°w kzImcy ÿm]\ßƒ°pw ]camh[nkzmX¥yw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXXv setk s^b¿ t]mfnkn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6DZmch¬°cWw Xmsg ]dbp∂ cwKßfn¬ FXtØmfw A`nejWobamWv?

hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw, kmaqlyt£aw, s]mXphnXcWw.

DØckqNnIl hnZym`ymk BtcmKy tkh\ßƒ

(kuP\y hnZym`ymkw, kuP\y BtcmKy]cn]me\w F∂nh e`ya√mXmIp∂p)

l kmaqly kpc£m ]≤XnIƒ

Ak¥penXamb kmºØnI hnXcWw Pohn°m\p≈ AhImi \ntj[w.

l s]mXp hnXcW kºZmbw

(Ipd™ hnebv°v £ykm[\ßƒ e`ya√).

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7BtKmfh¬°cWsØ XpS¿∂p≠mb hntZi\nt£]Øns‚ khntijX Hcp

vtfmNm¿´neqsS AhXcn∏n°pI.

DØckqNnIhntZi \nt£]w

]Xy£ hntZi \nt£]w t]m¿´v t^mfntbm \nt£]was‰mcp cmPysØ hyhkmbwIrjn, Du¿÷w F∂nhbn¬

\nt£]n°p∂p.

as‰mcp cmPysØ _m¶v \nt£]wt_m≠pIƒ, HmlcnIƒ

XpSßnbhbn¬ \nt£]n°p∂p.

86

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8hntZi \nt£]w Hmlcn ItºmfsØ Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂vhnebncpØpI.

DØckqNnIl Hmlcn ItºmfØn¬ \nt£]w \SØp∂p.

l HmlcnIƒ°v IrXnaambn Bhiyw krjvSn°s∏Sp∂p.

l Hmlcnhne Dbcp∂p.

l em`w.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9_lpcmjvSIº\nIfpsS khntijXIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

DØckqNnIl Hcp cmPyØv cPnÃ¿ sNbvXv \nch[n cmPyßfn¬ ]h¿Øn®phcp∂p.

l amXrcmPyw hnIknX cmPyßƒ.

l sImtfmWnb≥ NqjWØns‚ ]pXnb cq]w.

l hnIkzc cmPyßfpsS B`y¥c \bßfnep≈ CSs]S¬.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10]pXptImf\n hmgvN (Neo-Colonisation) F∂XpsIm≠v F¥mWpt±in°p∂Xv?

DØckqNnIl _lpcmjvS Iº\nIƒ hnIkzccmPyßfpsS B`y¥c\bßƒ, \nbaßƒ

F∂nh Xßƒ°\pkrXam°p∂p.

l aqe[\w hnIkzccmPyßfn¬ \nt£]n°p∂p. AhnsSsØ sXmgnepwItºmfhpw NqjWwsNøp∂p.

l ]camh[n em`w e£yw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11hnIknX cmPyßƒ, hnIkzc cmPyßƒ F∂nhsb XmcXaywsNbvXv ]´nIXømdm°pI.

87

hnIknXcmPyßƒ hnIkzc cmPyßƒ

kmºØnI hnIk\w Db¿∂Xv kmºØnI hnIk\w ]cnanXw

kmt¶XnIhnZy hnIk\w Db¿∂Xv kmt¶XnIhnZy th≠Xbn√

P\kwJy Ipdhv P\kwJy IqSpX¬

DØckqNnI

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12BtKmfh¬°cW \bßƒ \S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbn, hnIknX cmPyßƒcq]wsImSpØ A¥mcmjvS kwLS\Iƒ GsXms°bmWv Is≠ØpI.

DØckqNnIl A¥mcmjvS \mWb \n[n (IMF)l temI _m¶v (World Bank)l temI hym]mc kwLS\ (WTO)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13A¥mcmjvS \mWb\n[nbpsS Bÿm\taXv? \nehn¬h∂ h¿jtaXv?

DØckqNnIl 1945˛¬ hmjnwKvS¨ D.C.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14temI_m¶v \nehn¬ h∂ h¿jtaXv? Bÿm\taXv?

DØckqNnIl 1945˛¬ hmjnwKvS¨ D.C.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 15A¥cmjvS \mWb\n[n [¿Ωßƒ Hcp ]Zkqcy\neqsS NnXoIcn°pI.

88

→→

→→

_P‰v, [\Imcyw, hntZihn\nabw F∂nhbn¬

AwKcmPyßƒ°vD]tZiw

BtKmfhym]mcØns‚hf¿®bv°mhiyamb]Ww Is≠ØpI.

AwKcmPyßƒ°v hmbv]hn\nab\nc°n¬

ÿncXbp≠m°pI.

DØckqNnI

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 16temI_m¶ns‚ [¿Ωßƒ tcJs∏SpØpI.

DØckqNnIl kmºØnIcwKw ]p\:ÿm]n°phm≥ klmbw \¬IpI.

l c≠mw temIalmbp≤waqew XI¿∂ AwKcmPyßfpsS hnIk\]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v kmºØnI klmbw \¬IpI.

l hntZi \nt£]w t]m’mln∏n°pI.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 17A¥mcmjvS kwLS\Iƒ BtKmfh¬°cWsØ i‡ns∏SpØp∂sXßs\?

DØckqNnIl kmºØnI ]Xnk‘nbp≈ cmPyßƒ hmbv]sbSp°p∂p.

l kwLS\Iƒ \n¿t±in°p∂ D]mZnIƒ \S∏mt°≠Xmbn hcp∂p.

l Cu D]m[nIƒ BtKmfoIcWsØ ]pjvSns∏SpØp∂hbmbncn°pw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 18temIhym]mc kwLS\bpsS Bÿm\w GXv? \nehn¬h∂ h¿jtaXv?

DØckqNnIl P\oh 1995

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 19GATT F∂XpsIm≠pt±in°p∂sX¥v? CXns‚ e£yßsfs¥ms°?

89

DØckqNnIl General Agreement on Trade and Tarriff - GATTl temIhym]mcw \nb¥n°m\mbn cq]oIcn® Hcp A¥mcmjvS kwLS\bmWnXv.

l ]n∂oSv Xocphtbbpw hym]mctØbpw kw_‘n® Hcp Icmdmbn \nehn¬h∂p.

l BtKmfhym]mcØn¬ \n∂pbcp∂ \nb¥Wßsf cmPyßfpsS Iq´mbN¿®bneqsS \o°pI F∂Xv e£yw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 201986 DdptKz h´ N¿®IfpsS (P\oh) ]m[m\yw Is≠ØpI?

DØckqNnIl Km´n\p]Icw 1995˛¬ temI hym]mckwLS\ (WTO) \nehn¬h∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 211 temIhym]mc kwLS\ (WTO) bpsS ][m\ e£yßƒ Fs¥ms°?

DØckqNnIl Cd°paXn Xocph (km[\ßƒ, tkh\ßƒ) F∂nhbv°p≈Xv L´w L´ambn

Ipdbv°pI.

l Ib‰paXn k_vknUn Ipdbv°pI.

l Irjn°v \¬Ip∂ k_vknUn Ipdbv°pI.

l am[yaßƒ, sSentImw, _m¶nwKv, C≥jqd≥kv taJeIfn¬ hntZi\nt£]wA\phZn°pI.

l hntZi\nt£]ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ ]cnKW\ sImSp°pI.

l t]‰‚ v \nbaw ]cnjvIcn°pI.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 22t]‰‚ v \nbaw F∂mse¥v? C¥y kzoIcn® t]‰‚ v \btaXv? Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnIl ]pXnb kmt¶XnIhnZytbm D¬∏∂tam, ]pXnb D¬∏mZ\ coXntbm

I≠p]nSn°p∂h¿°v \n›nX ImetØ°v \¬Ip∂ kwc£Ww.

l c≠pXcw t]‰‚pIfp≠v. (]Inb t]‰‚pw, D¬∏∂ t]‰‚pw).

l C¥ybptSXv ]Inb t]‰‚n¬\n∂pw D¬∏∂ t]‰‚nte°v amdn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 23BtKmfh¬°cWØns‚ eambn C¥y kzoIcn® \S]SnIƒ Fs¥ms°?

90

DØckqNnIl s]mXptaJebn¬ ]h¿Øn®ncp∂ ]e hyhkmbßfpw kzImcyh¬°cn®p.

l s]mXptaJebv°p amXambn \o°nsh®ncp∂ ]e taJeIfpwkzImcytaJebv°v Xpd∂psImSpØp.

l hyhkmbtaJeIfn¬ k¿°mcns‚ \nb¥Wßƒ ]cnanXam°n.

l hntZi kmt¶XnI IcmdpIƒ DZmcam°n.

l hntZi_m‚ v s\bnw D]tbmKn°phm≥ A\phmZw \¬In.

l Cd°paXn Xocph L´w L´ambn Ipd®p.

l hy‡nIfpsS hcpam\ \nIpXn \nc°n¬ IpdhphcpØn.

l Im¿jnI k_vknUn Ipd®p.

l Iº\nIfpsS BZmb\nIpXn \nc°v Ipd®p.

l Nc°v \nIpXn Ipd®p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 24c≠p ]Xn‰m≠pIfntesdbmbn C¥ybn¬ kmºØnI ]cnjv°mcßƒ\S∏nem°ns°m≠ncn°pIbmWt√m. Cu ]cnjv°mcßƒ \ΩpsS cmPyØvFs¥√mw ]Xn^e\ßƒ D≠m°nsb∂v hnebncpØpI.

DØckqNnIl s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ kzImcyh¬°cn®p.

l Itºmf hym]\w

l hn]Wnbn¬h∂ am‰ßƒ

l C¥y≥ kºZvLS\bpsS hf¿®m \nc°v

l hntZi \nt£]w

l hntZi\mWb IcpX¬ tiJcw

l kmºØnI AkaXzw

l Cd°paXnbpsS DZmch¬°cWw Im¿jnItaJe XI¿Øp.

l s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS kzImcyh¬°cWw

l t]‰‚ v \nba ]cnjv°cWw

l tkh\ taJeIfn¬\n∂pw k¿°mcns‚ ]n∑m‰w

l sXmgn¬ kpc£nXXzw C√mXmbn.

l sNdpInS ]cºcmKX hyhkmbßƒ XI¿∂p.

91

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 25_´≥ hpUvkv CcÍfmb A¥mcmjvS \mWb\n[n, temI_m¶v F∂oÿm]\ßfpsS [¿Ωßƒ Is≠Øn ]ńI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

IMF - A¥mcmjvS \mWb\n[n IBRD - temI_m¶v

l lkzIme kmºØnI l Zo¿LIme kmºØnI ]iv\ßƒ]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°m\p≈ ]cnlcn°m≥ klmbw \¬Ip∂p.kmºØnI klmbw \¬Ip∂p.

l l

l l

l l

DØckqNnI

IMF - A¥mcmjvS \mWb\n[n IBRD - temI_m¶v

l hntZi hn\nab\nc°v \nb¥Ww l hntZiImcy \nt£]wt]m’mln∏n°p∂p.

l aqe[\w kzcq]n°p∂Xv l aqe[\w HmlcnIfneqsSbpwHmlcIfneqsS. hmbv]IfneqsSbpw kzcq]n°p∂p.

l AwKcmPyßƒ°v hmbv] l c≠mwtemI almbp≤waqew XI¿∂\¬IpI. kmºØnIcwKw ]p\:ÿm]n°m≥

[\klmbw \¬IpI.

l AwKcmPyßƒ°v _P‰v, l AwKcmPyßfpsS hnIk\[\Imcyw hntZihn\nabw ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v kºØnIklmbwF∂nhbv°v D]tZiw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 26BtKmfh¬°cWØns‚ KpWêßƒ Is≠ØpI.

DØckqNnIl Dev]mZ\w h¿≤n°p∂p.

l Ib‰paXn h¿≤n°p∂p.

l AXncpIfn√mØ temIw krjvSn°p∂p.

l imkvXkmt¶XncwKØv hf¿®.

l hm¿Ømhn\nabcwKsØ IpXn®pNm´w.

l aqe[\\nt£]ßfpsS Hgp°v.

92

l hntZi D¬∏∂ßƒ ItºmfØn¬ e`n°p∂p.

l Ipd™hne°v km[\ßƒ e`n°p∂p.

l sXmgn¬ km[yXIƒ.

l kmwkvImcnI ssIam‰w.

l am\hhn`h Ib‰paXn

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 27BtKmfh¬°cWØns\Xnsc ]h¿Øn°p∂ temIkwLS\Iƒ GsXms°?

DØckqNnIl temI tkmjy¬ t^mdw

l Gjy≥ tkmjy¬ t^mdw

l bqtdm]y≥ t^mdw

v v v

93

12. kºZvhyhÿbpw k¿°mcpw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ ]Xhm¿ØIƒ ]cntim[n®v kmºØnIt£a]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ k¿°mcns‚ CSs]S¬ h¿≤n®Xns‚ ]m[m\ywhnebncpØpI.

XohhmZw t\cnSp∂Xn\v k¿°m¿ i‡amb\S]Sn ssIs°m≈pw

sXmgnehkcßƒ h¿≤n∏n°m≥ k¿°m¿ ]tXyIsXmgn¬Zm\ ]≤XnIƒ°v cq]w\¬In.

hb\m´n¬ ssS_¬ saUn. tImtfPv Bcw`n°p∂Xn\vk¿°m¿XeØn¬ AwKoImcw \¬In.

BPL IpSpw_ßƒ°v kaK BtcmKy C≥jqd≥kv ]≤Xn

DØckqNnIl hntZi BIaßsf ]Xntcm[n°pI k¿°mcns‚ ][m\ NpaXebmWv.

l P\ßfpsS A[zm\tijn ]tbmP\s∏SpØmXncn°p∂ AhÿbmWvsXmgnen√mbva. Ch ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\v ZmcnZ \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤XnIfpwsXmgn¬Zm\ ]≤XnIfpw k¿°m¿ \S∏nem°p∂p.

l kºZvhyhÿbpsS ]ptcmKXnbv°v ASnÿm\ kuIcyßƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xvk¿°m¿ \nt£]w hgnbmWv.

l kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhpambn ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂h¿°v kmaqlykpc£Dd∏phcpØp∂ ]≤XnIƒ°v k¿°m¿ cq]w\¬Ip∂p.

DZm:˛ BtcmKy C≥jqd≥kv ]≤Xn

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

temIØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ hnhn[ kmºØnIhyhÿbpsS khntijXIƒXmcXaywsNøpI.

94

apXemfnØw tkmjyenkw ani kºZv hyhÿ

l kzImcy kzØhImiwl D]t`m‡mhns‚

]cam[nImcwl BkqXWØns‚

A`mhwl kzX¥ Itºmf

hyhÿl emt`—l kmºØnI AkaXzw

l kzImcykzØhImian√.

l s]mXp DSaÿX

l tIµoIrX BkqXWw

l kmaqlyt£aw e£yw

l kmaqlnI kmºØnI

kaXzw

l IpØIbpsS A`mhw

l kzImcy, s]mXptaJeIfpsS kzm[o\w.

l kmºØnIBkqXWw.

l D¬∏∂ßƒXncs™Sp°phm\p≈ kzmX¥yw

l apXemfnØØns‚bpwtkmjyenkØns‚bpw\√ hißƒ.

DØckqNnI

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hcpam\am¿§ßƒ ImWn°p∂ vtfmNm¿ v \n¿Ωn°pI.

DØckqNnI

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hcpam\am¿§ßƒ→→ →

\nIpXn hcpam\w \nIpXn CXchcpam\ßƒ

→→

]Xy£ \nIpXn

→

]tcm£ \nIpXnIƒ→→ → → → →

Iº

\n B

Zmb

\nI

pXn

hml

\ \

nIpX

n

sI

ńS

\nI

pXn

→

sX

mgn¬

\nI

pXn

hy‡nKXhcpam\\nIpXn

`q\

nIpX

n

→→ → → → →

hn¬

∏\

\nI

pXn

hnt

\mZ

\nI

pXn

IÃ

wkv U

yqń

→

tkh

\ \

nIpX

n

FI

vssk

kv U

yqń

aqe

yh¿≤

nX \

nIpX

n

l ôkv

l ]ng

l ]eni

l hmbv]Iƒ

l em`w

l Km‚pIƒ

95

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

\nIpXn \¬ImXncn°p∂Xn\p≈ ]hWX kaqlØn¬ ]ehn[Øn¬\ne\n¬°p∂p. (hkvXp°ƒ hmßn°ptºmƒ _n√v hmßmXncn°pI, _n√vbYm¿∞amtWm F∂v ]cntim[n°mXncn°pI, \nIpXnshń∏v XpSßnbh) Cu]hWXIƒ kaqlØnse t£a]h¿Ø\ßsf Fßs\sb√mw _m[n°psa∂vIs≠ØpI?

DØckqNnI

l k¿°mcn\v e`n°p∂ ][m\ hcpam\am¿§amWv \nIpXn.

l kºZvhyhÿbn¬ CSs]Sp∂Xn\p≈ k¿°mcns‚ Hcp]IcWamWv \nIpXn.

l hkvXp°ƒ hmßptºmƒ _n√v hmßmXncn°pI hgn D]t`m‡mhv hym]mcn°vem`w D≠m°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv.

l _n√v XcmXncn°pI hgn hym]mcn°v e`n°p∂ em`Øns‚ bYm¿∞ hnlnXa√k¿°mcnte°v ASbv°p∂Xv.

l hcpam\ \nIpXn ASbv°ptºmƒ hcpam\w Ipd®v ImWn°m\p≈ Hcp Xzc\nIpXnZmbI¿°v D≠v.

l hnIk\]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pw t£a]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pw k¿°mcn\v ^≠vIpdbp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

C¥ybn¬ tIµk¿°m¿ NpaØp∂ ][m\ \nIpXnItfsXms°?

DØckqNnI

l Iº\n BZmb \nIpXn

l hy‡nKX hcpam\ \nIpXn

l bqWnb≥ FIvsskkv Uyqń

l IÃwkv Uyqń

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

C¥ybn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ NpaØp∂ ][m\ \nIpXnItfsXms°?

DØckqNnI

l hn¬∏\ \nIpXn

l Ãmºv Uyqń

l kwÿm\ FIvsskkv Uyqń

96

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

C¥ybn¬ Xt±i kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßƒ NpaØp∂ ][m\\nIpXnItfsXms°?

DØckqNnI

l sI´nS \nIpXn

l sXmgn¬ \nIpXn

l hnt\mZ \nIpXn

l ]cky \nIpXn

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

hnhn[Xcw _P‰pItfsXms°?

DØckqNnI

l k¥penX _P‰v ˛ sNehv = hcpam\w

l IΩn _P‰v ˛ sNehv IqSpX¬ hcpam\w Ipdhv

l an® _P‰v ˛ sNehv Ipdhv hcpam\w IqSpX¬

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

B[p\nIImeØv s]mXpNnehv h¿≤n°p∂Xns‚ ImcWßƒ Is≠ØpI.

DØckqNnI

l B`y¥c kpc£ (tZic£)

l P\kwJym h¿≤\hv

l P\t£a ]h¿Ø\ßƒ (hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw, kmaqlyt£aw....)

l PohnXkuIcyßƒ sa®s∏SpØ¬.

l \Kch¬°cWw

l \mWys∏cp∏w

l hnIk\ sNehv h¿≤n°p∂p. (tdmUv, sdbn¬, ASnÿm\ kuIcy hnIk\w)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

kmºØnIamµyw temIcwKØv h≥ Ipg∏ßƒ°nSbm°n. C¥ybpw AXns‚`ojWn t\cnSp∂p. kzImcytaJe Xg®phfcp∂ Cu ImeL´Øn¬ C¥ybnses]mXptaJebpsS ]m[m\ysa¥v?

97

DØckqNnI

l C¥ybnse s]mXptaJe i‡ambXpImcWamWv BtKmf kmºØnIamµyØnepw C¥ybv°v ]nSn®p\n¬°m\mbXv.

l kzImcytaJe em`m[njvTnXamWv.

l s]mXptaJe, s]mXpP\t£aw e£yam°n ]h¿Øn°p∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

Hcp kºZvhyhÿbn¬ k¿°m¿ CSs]S¬ A\nhmcyamb kmaqly]iv\ßƒFs¥ms°?

DØckqNnI

l AkaXzw eLqIcn°pI.

l ASnkYm\ kuIcyhnIk\w.

l ZmcnZyhpw sXmgnen√mbvabpw Ipdbv°pI.

l ]cnÿnXn kwc£Ww

l kmaqlytkh\w

l ÿncX ssIhcn°pI

l kmaqlykpc£m ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

l Iakam[m\hpw ]Xntcm[hpw

l kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

v v v

98

kmaq-ly-imkvXw kmaq-ly-imkvXw kmaq-ly-imkvXw kmaq-ly-imkvXw kmaq-ly-imkvXw I

hnP-b-]Yw]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn]ØmwXcw A[nI]T\kmaKn

99

1. B[p\nI temIØns‚ DZbw

][m\ Bibßƒ

C¥ym kapZtemIw, a[y[cWymgn temIw, \thm∞m\w C‰enbn¬, \thm∞m\kmlnXyw, \thm∞m\ Ie, aX\hoIcWw, ]XnaX\hoIcWw, qanimkvX]cambI≠p]nSpØßƒ, Ah-bpsS eßƒ, imkvX]ptcmKXn, ⁄mt\mZbw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

\thm∞m\Øns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ ImWn°p∂ ]Zkqcy≥ ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

\thm∞m\w bp‡nNn¥

Answer key : hna¿i\_p≤n, At\zjWXzc ]mtZinI `mjIfpsS hf¿®,am\hnIX.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

`qanimkvX]camb I≠p]nSpØßfpsS Hcp ][m\ eamWv sImtfmWnb¬kmamPyßfpsS DZbw. a‰p eßƒ Gh?

Answer key : Im¿jnIhn`hßƒ ]Ncn®p (]∏mb, t\¥°mb, IS®°, Nmb,]pIbne) ASnaI®hSw hym]Iambn. IpSntb‰w. ]mNo\kwkvImcßfpsS XI¿®(C≥I, amb≥, sSmƒs‰Iv, Bkvs‰Iv).

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

Xmsg \¬Ip∂ kw`hßƒ ImeKW\m IaØn¬ FgpXpI.

1. hmkvtImUKma C¥ybnseØn.2. Xp¿°nIƒ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ IogS°n.3. sImfw_kv Atacn°bpsS Ingt°XocØv FØn.4. _¿ØtemantbmUbkv B^n°bpsS sXt° A‰Øp≈ ap\ºn¬ FØn.5. s^¿Un\m‚ v saK√s‚ t\XrXzØn¬ temIw Np‰m\p≈ bmX.

Answer key : No. 2 (1453), 4 (1488), 3. (1492) No. 1 (1498), 5. (1519)

100

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

Xmsg \¬Inbn´p≈ A, B tImfßfn¬ hn´pt]mb mKßƒ ]qcn∏n°pI.

A B

1. Keoentbm Keoen _________

2. _________ ]n≥kn∏nb amØa‰n°

3. tIm∏¿ \n°kv _________

4. _________ PohnIfpsS imkvXob h¿§oIcWw

A

B

C

D

Answer key : A. kucbqY kn≤m¥wB. sFkIv\yq´≥C. ZqcZ¿in\nD. Imƒen\bkv

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

C‰enbn¬ \thm∞m\w Bcw`n°m\p≈ ImcWßƒ ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

Answer key : `qanimkvX]camb ÿm\w Ing°≥cmPyßfpambp≈ hmWnPyw ˛I®hS\Kcßƒ cWm[nImcnIfpsS t]m’ml\w.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

15, 16 \q‰m≠pIfn¬ bqtdm]y≥ `cWm[nImcnIsf `qanimkvX]cambI≠p]nSpØßfnte°pw ]cythjWßfnte°pw \bn® kmlNcyßƒ Gh?

Answer key : am¿t°mt]mtfmbpsS k©mcIYIƒ, Ing°≥ cmPyßfnsekpK‘ZhyßfpsS BhiyIX, \mhnIcwKsØ apt∂‰w, kpc£nXamb IS¬am¿§wIs≠Ø¬.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

\thm∞m\ImeØv kmlnXycwKØv kw`mh\Iƒ \¬Inbh¿ AhcpsS ][m\IrXnIƒ/ kw`mh\Iƒ, mj F∂nh ImWn°p∂ ]´nIbn¬ hn´pt]mb mKßƒ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

101

A B C

1 am\hnIXbpsS ]nXmhv C‰menb≥

s_m°m®ntbm 2 C‰menb≥

Zms¥ Unssh≥ tImaUn 3

4 tUmÏntlmt´m kv]m\njv

Cdmkvakv 5 U®v

sP^ntNmk¿ Im‚¿_dnIY 6

7 Dt´m]y Cw•ojv

\nt°mtfmam°ysh√n 8 C‰menb≥

Answer key : 1. s]tSm¿°v, 2. Z°mad¨, 3. C‰menb≥, 4. sk¿hmt¥, 5.hnVvVnØsØ hmgvØ¬, 6. Cw•ojv, 7. k¿tXmakvaq¿, 8. cmPmhv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

16-mw \q‰m≠n¬ ItØmen°m k`bnep≠mb \hoIcW iaßfpsS ][m\ImcWßƒ FgpXpI.

Answer key : \thm∞m\w k`bpsS [m¿ΩnI A[:]X\w (]m]]cnlmc hnev]\)k`bnse AgnaXn ˛ hmWnPyØnep≠mb hf¿® ˛ tZicmjvSßfpsS DZbwcmPm°≥amcpsS A[nImcw h¿≤n°¬.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

bqtdm∏n¬ aX\hoIcWiaßƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSpØhcpw AhcpsSkw`mh\Ifpw cmPyßfpw ImWn°p∂ Hcp ]ńI Xømdm°pI.

Answer key :

am¿ń≥ eqY¿ P¿Ω\n 95 kn≤m¥ßƒ

Dƒdn°v kznwKvfn kzn‰vk¿em‚ v kznwKvfnbm\nkw

tPmÏm¬hn≥ ^m≥kv lyqt·m´pIƒ

sl≥dn F´ma≥ Cw•≠v B•n°≥ k`

102

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

\thm∞m\Iesb kº∂am°nb IemImc≥am¿ Bsc√mw?

Answer key : enb\m¿tUm Umhn©n ˛ ssat°¬ B©tem ˛ Snjym≥ ˛sUmW‰mtem _qWekvIn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

Umhn©nbpsS IemkrjvSnIƒ am\hnIXbpsS ]Xncq]ßfmbncp∂p. Cu]kvXmh\bpsS km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.

Answer key : tamtWmenk. Ahkm\sØ AØmgw ˛ I\ymadnbw ˛ am\hnIX]ISamWv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

Xmsg \¬Ip∂ kqNIßƒ GXv ]kvXmh\bpambn _‘s∏´XmsW∂vIs≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI kqNIßƒ.

C≥Iznknj≥, “kqNnI”, Cutimk`

Answer key : ]Xn\hoIcWw ˛ ItØmen°m \hoIcWw ˛ Ct·jykv etbmf(Cutimk` Pkyq´v ]mXncnkwLw) “kqNnI” (k` \ntcm[n® ]pkvXIßƒ)C≥Iznknj≥ (sshZnI tImSXn).

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

]mNo\ImeØpw a[yImeØpw hmWnPy kmwkvImcnI hn\nabw \S∂ncp∂c≠v hmWnPy am¿§ßƒ FgpXpI.

Answer key : ]´pXpWn∏mX, kapZ]Yw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14

⁄mt\mZbNn¥bpsS ASnÿm\ Bibßƒ imkvX]ptcmKXn°vklmbn®Xv Fßs\?

Answer key : hkvXpXIfnepw sXfnhpIfnepw Du∂nb bp‡nbneqsS ImcyßƒAdnbphm\pw A]KYn°m\pw ⁄mt\mZb Nn¥I≥am¿ ian®p.

v v v

103

2. hnπhßfpsS Imew

][m\ Bibßƒ

1. Cw•≠nse B`y¥ckacw: ImcWßƒ Ãph¿ v cmPm°≥am¿ s]‰oj≥Hm v ssd‰v \o≠ ]m¿esa‚ v tIma¨sh¬Øv ImeL´w. c‡clnXhnπhw.AhImi\nbaw.

2. ^©v hnπhw : ImcWßƒ ˛ ^m≥knse tZiob AkwªnbpsScq]oIcWhpw ]h¿Ø\ßfpw. eqbn ]Xn\mdmas‚ h[w. s\t∏mfnb≥ bpKw.

3. hyhkmb hnπhw : apXemfnØ kn≤m¥ßƒ, tkmjyenÃv kn≤m¥ßƒ.

4. Im¿jnI hnπhw : Xpd∂hb¬ hyhÿ. NXp¿h¿j Irjn]≤Xn ˛hf®psI´¬ ]ÿm\w.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

Cw•≠nse B`y¥ckacØns‚ Hcp ][m\ImcWw a[yh¿§Øns‚Db¿®bmWv. a‰p ImcWßƒ Is≠ØpI.

Answer key : Ãph¿´v cmPm°≥amcpsS tkz—m[n]Xyw ˛ a[yh¿§Xm¬]cyßƒkwc£n°p∂ ]m¿esa‚ v aX]camb ImcWßƒ (]yqcn´≥ k`, B•n°≥k`).

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

Cw•≠ns‚ NcnXØn¬ s]‰oj≥ Hm^v ssd‰v apX¬ _n¬Hm^v ssd‰v(AhImi\nbaw) hscbp≈ kw`hßƒ Dƒs∏SpØn vtfmNm¿´v \n¿Ωn°pI.

Answer key :s]‰oj≥ Hm v ssd‰v

â\o≠ ]m¿esa‚ v

âB`y¥cbp≤w

âHenh¿tImwsh¬ A[nImcØn¬

âdw]v ]m¿esa‚ v

â

104

Nmƒkv H∂mas‚ h[w

âtIma¨sh¬Øv ImeL´w

âcmPhmgvNbpsS ]p\:ÿm]\w

âc‡clnXhnπhw

âAhImi\nbaw (Bill of rights)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

cmPm°≥amcpsS tkz—m[n]XyØn\pw kmaqly AkaXzØn\pw FXncmbhnπhambncp∂p ^©v hnπhw. Cu ]kvXmh\bpsS km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.

Answer key : ^©v kaqlw aq∂v FtÃ‰pIƒ. 1Dw, 2Dw FtÃ‰pIƒ,hntijm[nImcßƒ, aq∂mw FtÃ‰n\v AhImi \ntj[w cWm[nImcnIfmbncp∂eqbn 14, eqbn 15, eqbn 16 F∂nhcpsS tkz—m[n]Xy kao]\ßƒ.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

A tImfØn\v A\ptbmPyambXv B tImfØn¬\n∂v FSpsØgpXpI.

Answer key :

A B1. dqtm A imkvXob tkmjyenkw

2. Imd¬amIvkv B kmaqlnI DSºSn

3. Su¨sj≥Uv ]`p C hm´¿eq

4. BUwkvanØv D NXp¿h¿j Irjn]≤Xn

5. s\t∏mfnb≥ E apXemfnØ kn≤m¥w

Answer key : 1B, 2A, 3D, 4E, 5C

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

^©v hnπhhpambn _‘s∏ v Xmsg \¬Ip∂ kw`hßƒ ImeKW\mIaØn¬FgpXpI.

1. ^m≥kns\ dn∏ªn°mbn ]Jym]n°p∂p.

105

2. _mkvXobns‚ ]X\w.3. _¿en≥ imk\ßƒ4. s]mXpc£mkanXn \nehn¬h∂p.5. eqbn ]Xn\mdmas\ h[n°p∂p.6. eqbn ]Xn\mdma≥ ^©v ]m¿esa‚mb FtÃ‰vkv P\d¬ hnfn®ptN¿Øp.7. sS∂okv tIm¿ v ]Xn⁄.8. hm´¿ eq b≤w.9. s\t∏mfnb≥ A[nImcØn¬.10. UbdIvSdnbpsS cq]oIcWw.11. ]pXnb \nba\n¿ΩmWk`°v cq]wsImSp°p∂p.12. tZiob Akwªn cWLS\ Xømdm°n.

Answer key : No. 6, 7, 2, 12, 11, 1, 5, 4, 10, 9, 3, 8.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

^m≥kn¬ s\t∏mfnb≥ `cWIaØn¬ D≠m°nb ]cnjv°mcßƒhnebncpØpI.

Answer key : tZiob sFIyw. a[yh¿§Øns‚ Db¿®. I¿jI\v Irjn`qan. _m¶vHm v ^m≥kv. s]mXphnZym`ymkw cmjvSØns‚ ISa. \nbakwlnX yqUenkwAhkm\n®p. dn∏ªn°¬ cWcoXn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

hyhkmbhnπhw kmamPyXzØn\pw sXmgnemfn ]ÿm\ßfpsScq]oIcWØn\pw ImcWambn. Ch ImWn°p∂ c≠v vtfmNm¿ v Xømdm°pI.

Answer key :

hyhkmb hnπhw

â

Nm¿´v ˛ 1 Nm¿´v ˛ 2

hyhkmb hnπhw

âAanX Dev]mZ\w

â

AanX Dev]mZ\w

âapXemfnØw

â

aqe[\ \nt£]w

âtImf\nh¬°cWw

â

apXemfnØw

âkmamPyXzw

â

sXmgnemfn NqjWw

âsXmgnemfn ]ÿm\ßƒ

106

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

apXemfnØØns‚ NqjWßƒs°Xnsc Db¿∂ph∂ Bibw GXv? AXns‚][m\ C\ßfpw h‡m°fpw Bsc√mw?

Answer key : tkmjyenkw

1. Dt´m∏nb≥ ˛ tdm_¿ v Hmh≥Nmƒkv yqdnb¿sk‚ v sska¨

2. tÃ‰v tkmjyenkw ˛ eqbn ªm¶v

3. kn≥Un°enkw ˛ ]qt[m≥

4. ^m_nb≥ ˛ _¿WmUvjm

5. imkvXob tkmjyenkw ˛ Imd¬amIvkv

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

hnb∂ktΩf\Øns‚ e£ysa¥mbncp∂p?

Answer key : ^©v hnπhØns‚ apºp≈ kmlNcyØnte°v bqtdm∏ns\sIm≠pt]mhpI.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

Dt´m∏nb≥ tkmjyenkØn¬\n∂pw imkvXob tkmjyenkw Fßs\hyXymks∏´ncn°p∂p?

Answer key : Dt´m∏nb≥ = ]mtbmKnI ]cn]mSnIfpsS A`mhw.imkvXob tkmjyenkw = ]mtbmKnI ]cn]mSnIƒ D≠v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

Im¿jnI hnπhØns‚ ^eambn Cw•≠n¬ \nehn¬h∂ hf®v sI´¬]ÿm\Øns‚ ][m\ esa¥mbncp∂p?

Answer key : I¿jI¿ Irjn`qanbn¬\n∂v ]pdØmhpIbpw kº∂cmb qhpSah¿§wcq]wsIm≈pIbpw sNbvXp.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

Xpd∂hb¬ hyhÿbn¬\n∂v NXp¿h¿jIrjn]≤Xnbnte°p≈ am‰wI¿jIsc klmbn®Xv Fßs\?

107

Answer key : `qanbpsS e]pjvSn h¿[n®p.`qan XcninS¬ Hgnhmbn.I∂pImenIƒ°v th≠X £Ww.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

Cw•≠n¬ sXmgnemfnIƒ°v thm´hImiw e`n®Xv Fßs\?

Answer key : Nm¿´nÃv ]ÿm\Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\^eambn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14

s]‰oj≥ Hm^v ssd‰v, AhImi\nbaw (Bill of rights) F∂nhbpsS ][m\e£ysa¥v?

Answer key : Cw•≠nse cmPm[n]XysØ \nb¥n°pI.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 15

^m≥knse tZiob AkwªnbpsS ][m\ ]cnjv°mcßƒ FgpXpI.

Answer key : ^m≥kn¬ GIcq]amb cWhyhÿ^yqUenkw \n¿am¿P\w sNbvXp.F√m hn`mKßƒ°pw Xpey \nIpXn.ssIkvXhk` `cWIqS\nb¥WØn¬ k`bpsS `qkzØv

tZikm¬°cn®p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 16

Xmsg \¬Ip∂ h¿jßfpw kw`hßfpw Dƒs∏SpØn Time line \n¿Ωn°pI.

1628 ˛ AhImi\nbaw

1688 ˛ s]‰oj≥ Hm v ssd‰v

1689 ˛ ^©v hnπhw

1789 ˛ c‡clnX hnπhw

1815 ˛ Cw•≠nse ]cnjv°cW \nbaw

1832 ˛ hm´¿eq bp≤w

Answer key : 1628 ˛ s]‰oj≥ Hm v ssd‰v

1688 ˛ c‡clnX hnπhw

1689 ˛ AhImi\nbaw (Bill of Rights)1789 ˛ ^©v hnπhw

1815 ˛ hm´¿eq bp≤w

1832 ˛ Cw•≠nse ]cnjv°cW \nbaw

108

3. kmamPyXzØns‚ hf¿®

][m\ Bibßƒ

1. apXemfnØØns‚ hnIknXcq]amWv kmamPyXzw apXemfnØ ]Xnk‘nIƒ.2. kmamPyXzØns‚ hym]\w C¥y ssN\. hSt° Atacn°, sXt° Atacn°,

B^n°.3. sXmgnemfnh¿§ apt∂‰w.4. 18˛mw \q‰m≠nse tImf\nIfnse Ahÿ.5. _m¬°¨ ]Xnk‘n.6. bqtdm∏nse tZiobX.7. tImf\nhncp≤ ]ÿm\ßƒ.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

kmamPyXzØns‚ A[n\nthiØn\v 18-mw \q‰m≠n¬ C¥ybnse kmlNcywA\pIqeambncp∂p. Cu ]kvXmh\bpsS km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.

Answer key : apKƒ`cWØns‚ XI¿®.At\ym\yw Ieln®ncp∂ \m´pcmPyßƒ.kmºØnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb Po¿ÆX.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

C¥ybn¬ Cw•ojpIm¿ \SØnb I¿Æm´nIv bp≤ßƒ, πmknbp≤w, _Ivkm¿bp≤w F∂nhbpsS eßƒ ]cntim[n°pI.

Answer key :

1. I¿Æm´nIv bp≤ßƒ ˛ ^©pImsc ]cmPbs∏SpØn

2. πmknbp≤w ˛ kmamPyØn\v ASnØdbn´p.

3. _Ivkm¿bp≤w ˛ _wKmƒ, _olm¿, Hdo F∂nhnSßfn¬\n∂v \nIpXn ]ncn°m\p≈ A[nImcw(Znhm\n) Cw•ojpIm¿°v e`n®p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

ssN\ kmamPyXz A[n\nthiØn\v hnt[bamb kmlNcyw hnebncpØpI.

109

apXemfnØw

âsXmgnemfn NqjWw

âsXmgnemfn ]ÿm\ßƒ

â

Answer key : ssN\bnse hym]mckm[yXIƒ. Idp∏v I≈°SØv, Idp∏v bp≤w ssN\bpsS ]cmPbw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

apXemfnØw kmamPyXzambn hnIkn®sXßs\sb∂v ImWn°p∂ vtfm Nm¿ vXømdm°pI.

apXemfnam¿°v em`w Ipd™p

âapXemfnØsØ ]Xnk‘nbnem°n

âDev]mZ\w tImf\nIfnte°v am‰p∂p

âkmamPyXzØns‚ hym]\w

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIfpsS cq]oIcWØn\v CSbm°nb kw`hßƒGsX√mw?

Answer key : Atacn°≥ tImf\nIfpsS ta¬ _n´ojv ]m¿esa‚ v \nIpXnNpaØn˛ tImf\nIfpsS ]Xntj[w “ ]mXn\n[yan√msX \nIpXn C√” F∂ tImf\n°mcpsSapZmhmIyw tIm≠n\‚¬ tIm¨KpIƒ ˛ bp≤w ˛ tImf\nIfpsS hnPbw ˛1783 ]mcokv DSºSn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

_m¬°¨ ]Xnk‘n ]uckvXy bqtdm]y≥ kakybnte°v \bn®Xv Fßs\?

Answer key : _m¬°¨ D]Zzo]v Xp¿°n kmamPyØns‚ `mKw ˛ Xp¿°nbpsSXI¿® _m¬°¨ D]Zzo]n\v ASpØ ]tZißƒ ssIøS°m\p≈ djy≥iasØa‰p bqtdm]y≥ i‡nIƒ FXn¿°p∂p.

110

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

19-mw\q‰m≠n¬ tZiobX i‡ns∏´Xns‚ êambn GIoIcn°s∏´ c≠vbqtdm]y≥ cmPyßƒ Gh? AhbpsS GIoIcWØn¬ ]¶phln® kwLS\Ifpwt\Xm°fpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ ]ńI Xømdm°pI.

Answer key :

1. C‰en 2. P¿Ω\n

Im¿s_mWmcn tkmƒshdn≥bßv C‰en (kwLS\Iƒ) (hym]mckJyw)

t\Xm°ƒ t\Xm°ƒ

tPmk^v ao\n sÛdnIv hn√yw IVKmcn _mƒUn HmtØmt^m¨hnIvS¿ CΩm\ph¬ II _nkvam¿°vIhq¿ ]`p

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

kmamPyXzi‡nIƒ B^n°sb hoXwsh®Xns‚ khntijXIƒ Gh?

Answer key : 1. bp≤ßƒ C√msX km[n®p.2. hfsc thKØn¬ hoXwsh®p.3. kwL¿jßƒ°v N¿®bneqsS ]cnlmcw I≠p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

C‰enbpsSbpw P¿Ω\nbpsSbpw GIoIcWØnepw C¥ybnse tImf\nhncp≤kacØnepw \mw ImWp∂Xv tZiobXbpsS c≠v cq]ßƒ BWv. Ah GsX∂vIs≠Øn Hmtcm∂ns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ FgpXpI.

Answer key : 1. BI-aWmflI tZiobX (C‰en, P¿Ω\n) AXncpIhn™tZiobX kmamPy hn]peoIcW e£yw.

2. ]Xntcm[mflI tZiobX (C¥ybse tImf\nhncp≤ kacw).cmjvSobhpw kmºØnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb ASnaØsØ]Xntcm[n°p∂ tZiobX.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

Xmsg \¬Ip∂ cmPyßƒ ]¶mfnIfmb c≠v ssk\nIkJyßƒ H∂mw

111

temIbp≤Øn\v apºmbn bqtdm∏n¬ cq]wsIm≠p. Ah GsX∂v Is≠ØncmPyßsf ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

djy, P¿Ω\n, ^m≥kv, BkvSnb, C‰en, _n´≥.

Answer key :

XncmjvS [mcW XncmjvS kJyw

djy P¿Ω\n

^m≥kv C‰en

_n´≥ BkvSnb

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

A tImfØn\v tbmPn®Xv B tImfØn¬\n∂v FSpsØgpXpI.

A B1. tUmk¨bmXvsk≥ A \mjW¬ Atmkntbj≥ t^m¿

s]m´£≥ Hm v te_¿

2. tjmK¨ cWw B ssN\bpsS hntamNI≥

3. sska¨ s_mfnh¿ C P∏m\nse yqU¬ cWw

4. tPmskUnkm≥ am¿´n≥ D Atacn°≥ ]knU‚ v

5. tPm¿Pv hmjnwKvS¨ E sh\nkpebpsS hntamNI≥

6. tPm¨tZml¿Øn F A¿P‚o\bpsS hntamNI≥

Answer key : 1. B, 2. C, 3. E, 4 F, 5. D, 6 A

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

kmamPyXzi‡nIƒ tImf\nIfn¬ cWw \SØm≥ kzoIcn® X¥ßƒ Gh?Answer key : s]mXp`cWw, ssk\yw, s]meokv F∂nhbpsS klmbØm¬

Iakam[m\w.

]m›mXy \oXn\ymbw, ]m›mXy hnZym`ymkw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

Xmsg \¬Ip∂ h¿jßfpw kw`hßfpw Dƒs∏SpØn Time line \n¿Ωn°pI.

112

h¿jßƒ kw`hßƒ1783 _Ivkm¿bp≤w

1868 πmkn bp≤w

1882 P¿Ω≥ GIoIcWw

1871 bqtdm∏n¬ hnπhßƒ

1870 XncmjvS kJyw

1848 C‰enbpsS GIoIcWw

1757 P∏m\n¬ tjmK¨ cWw Ahkm\n®p

1764 Atacn°≥ tImf\nIƒ kzmX¥ywt\Sn

h¿jßƒ kw`hßƒ

1757 πmkn bp≤w

1764 _Ivkm¿bp≤w

1783 Atacn°≥ tImf\nIƒ kzmX¥ywt\Sn

1848 bqtdm∏n¬ hnπhßƒ

1868 P∏m\n¬ tjmK¨ cWw Ahkm\n®p

1870 C‰enbpsS GIoIcWw

1871 P¿Ω\nbpsS GIoIcWw

1882 XncmjvSkJyw cq]wsIm≠p

Answer key :

v v v

113

4. temIbp≤hpw XpS¿®bpw

][m\ Bibßƒ

1. kmamPyXzØns‚ hf¿® temIbp≤Øn\v ImcWambn.

2. H∂mw temIbp≤w bqtdm]y≥ cmjvSobØn¬ ]Xnk‘nIƒ krjvSn°pIbpwtemIØn¬ \nch[n cmjvSob, kmºØnI, kmaqlnI am‰ßƒ°vCSbm°pIbpw sNbvXp.

3. djy≥ hnπhw tkmhnb‰pbqWnb≥ F∂ tkmjyenÃv cmjvSØns‚DZbØn\pw temIcmjvSßfnse sXmgnemfnh¿§Øn\v ]pØ\pW¿∆pw \¬In.

4. Atacn° temIcmjvSobØn¬ FØpIbpw ]iv\ßfn¬ CSs]SpIbpwsNbvXp. kmºØnIamµyw ]Xnk‘nIƒ krjvSn®p.

5. kmamPyXzhncp≤kacßƒ, tImf\nhncp≤ kacØns‚ hyXykvX cq]ßƒ.

6. C‰enbn¬ ^mknkw, P¿Ω\nbn¬ \mknkw, P∏m\nse GIm[n]Xywkvs]bn\nse B`y¥c ]iv\ßƒ.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

H∂mwtemIbp≤sØ kmamPyXzbp≤w F∂v hnfn°p∂sX¥psIm≠v ˛N¿®sNømw.

Answer key : l kmamPyXzcmPyßƒ tImfWnIƒ°pth≠n a’cn°pIbpwtImfWn cmPyßsf IøS°nsh®v AhcpsS kºØvsIm≈bSn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

l CXv temIØv ]Xnk‘nIƒ krjvSn®XmWv H∂mwtemIbp≤Øn\nSbm°nbXv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

samtdm°≥ ]Xnk‘n, _mƒ°≥ ]Xnk‘n, ]uckvXy bqtdm]y≥ kakyF∂nh H∂mwtemIbp≤Ønte°v \bn® kw`hßfmWv. hniZam°pI.

Answer key :samtdm°≥ ]Xnk‘nl 1904-¬ _n´\pw ^m≥kpw tN¿∂ clky[mcW ]Imcw CuPn]vXn¬

kzX¥ambn CSs]Sm≥ _n´s\ A\phZn®m¬ samtdm°bpsS ta¬^m≥kn\p≈ B[n]Xyw AwKoIcn°mw F∂mbncp∂p. CXv P¿Ω\n FXn¿Øp.

l ^m≥kns‚ `mKamb _m©v tImwtKmbpsS Hcp`mKw P¿Ω\n°v \¬Im\pw]Icw samtdmt°m ^m≥kn\v \¬Im\pw kΩXn®v X¿°w ]cnlcn®p.

114

_mƒ°≥ ]Xnk‘nl _mƒ°≥ ]tZißƒ°pth≠n P¿Ω\nbptSbpw djybptSbpw Xm¬]cyßƒ

t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ kwL¿jw.l P¿Ω≥`mj kwkmcn°p∂ ]tZißfpw P\ßfpw H‰cmPyamIWsa∂

Bhiyw P¿Ω\n°p≠mbncp∂XpsIm≠v _mƒ°≥ ]tZißƒ°pth≠nbp≈BkvSnbbpsS AhImiw P¿Ω\n ]n¥pW®p.

l F∂m¬ hwiobXbpsS t]cn¬ …mhv hwiPsc H∂n®ptN¿°Wsa∂sk¿_nbbpsS hmZsØ djybpw ]n¥pW®p.

]uckvXy bqtdm]y≥ kakyl (Xp¿°n) Hmt´mam≥ kmamPyØns‚ A[o\Xbnembncp∂ Ing°≥ bqtdm∏nse

]tZißƒ ssIøS°p∂Xn\mbn \S∂ kwL¿jamWXv.l kmamPyXzi‡nIƒ temIw IogS°m\p≈ a’cßfpsS eamWv kwL¿jw

hym]Iam°nbXv. CXns‚ ^eambn cmPyßƒ XΩn¬ AhnizmkØnt‚bpw]ckv]c kv]¿≤bptSbpw A¥cobap≠m°nbXv.Chsb√mw temIbp≤Øn\v ImcWambn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

hnπhm\¥cw XI¿∂ djy≥ kºZvhyhÿ sa®s∏SpØm≥ djy≥`cWm[nImcnIƒ kzoIcn® \S]SIƒ?

Answer key :(1) bp≤Ime IayqWnkwl Irjn`qan Gs‰SpØv P\ßƒ°v hnXcWwsNbvXp.l hyhkmbimeIfnse DXv]∂ßƒ sXmgnemfnIƒ°v thX\ambn \¬In.

(2) ]pØ≥ kmºØnI \bwl bp≤Ime IayqWnkw D≠m°nb ]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°m≥ ]pØ≥

kmºØn\bw \S∏nem°n.l Irjn°m¿°v CjvSap≈ IrjnsNøm\pw DXv]∂ßƒ s]mXphn]Wnbn¬

hn¬°m\pw A\phZn®p.l sXmgnemfnIƒ°v thX\w ]Wambn \¬In.l kzImcytaJebnepw hyhkmbßƒ A\phZn®p.

(3) ]©h’c]≤XnIƒl DXv]mZ\ hnXcW taJeIfn¬ k¿°m¿ \nb¥Ww.l sXmgnemfnIƒ°pw km[mcW°m¿°pw anI® PohnXkuIcyßƒ D≠m°n.l hyhkmb Im¿jnItaJeIfn¬ ]ptcmKXn.

115

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

tkmhnb‰pbqWnbs‚ hntZi\bØns‚ ]tXyIXIsf°pdn®v Ipdn∏vXømdm°pI.

Answer key :l 1921 Cdm≥, A^vKm\nÿm≥, Xp¿°n F∂o cmPyßfpsS ]cam[nImcw

Dd∏phcpØm≥ Icmdnsem∏ph®p.l A¥¿t±iobcwKØv ]pXnb \ne]mSpIƒ kzoIcn®p.l eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kn¬ AwKambn.l tImf\nhmgvNbpw kmamPyXzhpw FXn¿Øp.l tImf\nIfpsS kzX¥ykacØn¬ klmbw \¬In.l temIsØºmSpw sXmgnemfn kwLS\Isf klmbn®p.l BkqXW˛kmºØnI\bØn¬ ]e cmPyßƒ.l klmbw \¬In ]©h’c ]≤XnIƒ.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

H∂mwtemIalmbp≤Ønse ssk\nI kJyßƒ GsX√mw? AhsbkJyßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ XcwXncn°pI.

kJyI£nIƒ tIµi‡nIƒ

_n´≥, ^m≥kv, Atacn° P¿Ω\n, lwKdn, BkvSnb

_¬Pnbw, C‰en, P∏m≥, _ƒtKdnb, Xp¿°n

t]m¿®pK¬, djy, dpta\nb,

Kokv, tam≠n\ntKm, sk¿_nb

Answer key :

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

H∂mwtemIalmbp≤Øns‚ A\¥c^eßsfs¥√mw?

Answer key :l B[p\nI bpt≤m]IcWßfpw bp≤apdIfpw ]co£n°s∏´p.l temIcmPyßfnse hyhkmb XI¿®.l cmjvSßfpsS kmºØnI XI¿®.l Gjybnepw B^n°bnepw tImfWnIfpsS i‡ns∏S¬.l djy, P¿Ω\n lwKdn, Xp¿°n F∂nhnSßfnse cmPhwiMMfpsS XI¿®.l ]pXnb cmPyßfpsS cq]oIcWw.l temIcmPyßfnse ]´nWn, Bƒ\miw...

116

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

H∂mwtemIalmbp≤m\¥cw tkmhnb‰pbqWnb\pw Atacn°bpw kzoIcn®kmºØnI ]cnjvImcßƒ XmcXayw sNøpI.

Answer key :

tkmhnbddp bqWnb≥

l \yqX\ kmºØnI\bhpw ]©h’c ]≤XnIfpw.

l DXv]mZ\˛hnXcW taJeIfn¬Kh¨sa‚ v \nb¥Ww.

l sXmgnen√mbva ]cnlcn®vsXmgnemfnIsf Dev]mZ\Øn¬]¶mfnIfm°n.

l I¿jI¿, sXmgnemfnIƒ F∂nh¿°v anI® PohnX kuIcywHcp°n.

l Im¿jnI˛hyhkmbtaJeIfn¬h≥ ]ptcmKXnbp≠m°n.

l kmºØnI XpeyX \S∏nem°n.

Atacn°

l 1933˛se \yqUo¬ ]cnjvIcWw.

l kzImcytaJe°v ]q¿W \nb¥Ww.

l kºØv Ipd®pt]¿°v amXw.

l kmaqlykpc£nXXzw F√m hn`mKØn\pw C√.

l sP.Fw.sIbv≥kns‚ anikºZvhyhÿ apt∂m´ph®p.

l Atacn°≥ _m¶pIfpsS \neÿncs∏SpØn.

l hnZymebßƒ, tdmUpIƒ, sshZypX\nebßƒ Bcw`n®p.

l sS∂kn]men AtXmdn‰n ]≤XnIƒPohnX\nehmcw Db¿Øn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

^mjnkØns‚ P¿Ω≥ cq]amWv \mknkw. Ch c≠nt‚bpw kz`mhhpwcoXnIfpw hnebncpØn ]kvXmh\bpsS km[pX ]cntim[n°pI.

Answer key :l ln‰ve¿ P¿Ω\nbnepw aptkmen\n C‰enbnepw A[nImcØn¬h∂p.

l IayqWnÃv ]m¿´ntbbpw sXmgnemfn kwLS\Itfbpw \ntcm[n®p.

l hy‡nkzmX¥yØn\v \nb¥Ww G¿s∏SpØn.

l ]Xw, tdUntbm, kn\na F∂nhbv°v \nb¥Ww G¿s∏SpØn.

l ]mtZinI k¿°mcpIsf \ntcm[n®p.

l ]nSn®S°¬ \bw.

l sXmgnemfn t\Xm°sf h[n®p.

l h≥ Bbp[tiJcWhpw ssk\nIkJyßfpsS cq]oIcWhpw.

l aptkmen\n ‘IdpØ Ip∏mb°m¿’ F∂pw ln‰ve¿ ‘Xhn´pIp∏mb°m¿’ F∂pt]cmb tk\ cq]oIcn®p.

117

l hocmcm[\, hwiobX, qXImealXzh¬°cWw, bp≤s°mXn F∂nhbnepwkam\X.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

H∂mw temIalmbp≤m\¥cw hnPbn® cmPyßƒ Xømdm°nb k‘nIfpwDSºSnIfpw as‰mcp temIbp≤Øn\v hgnsXfn®p. GsX√mw k‘nIfpwhyhÿIfpamsW∂v ]cntim[n°pI.

Answer key :

DSºSn

1. thgvkmbv DSºSn

hyhÿIƒ

l P¿Ω\nbpsS A¬ssk≥kv ˛ semssd≥]tZiw, k¿]tZisØ I¬°cnJ\nIƒF∂nh ^m≥kn\v hn´psImSp°pI.

l P¿Ω\nbpsS Nne `mKßƒ sU≥am¿°v,s_¬Pnbw, tlmf≠v F∂nh¿°v hoXn®p.

l P¿Ω\nbpsS tImf\nIƒ ]¶ph®p.

l P¿Ω\nbpsS ssk\nIi‡n sh´n°pd®vI∏epIƒ ASnbdsh®p.

l P¿Ω\nsb bp≤°p‰hmfnbm°n.

l \jvS]cnlmcØpI P¿Ω\nbn¬\n∂pCuSm°n.

l bpt≤m]IcWßƒ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xn¬\nb¥Ww G¿s∏SpØn.

2. sk‚ v P¿sabv≥ DSºSn l BkvSnb, lwKdn F∂o kzX¥ cmjvSßfpsSD≠m°¬.

3. Sbm\ƒ DSºSn

4. s\bn DSºSn l _mƒ°≥ bp≤Øn¬ _ƒtKdnb t\Snbÿeßƒ hn´psImSp°¬

5. skhvd DSºSn l Gjym ssa\dn\v ]pdØp≈ Xp¿°nbpsS]tZißƒ hn´psImSp°¬.

Cu DSºSnIƒ tXm‰h¿°v Fßs\ tZmjIcamIp∂p F∂v N¿®sNøp∂p.

118

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

F¥mWv ‘ X\m° ’ ]≤Xn? CXns\ P∏m\nse ^mjnkw F∂phntijn∏n°p∂sX¥psIm≠v?

Answer key :l _mc≥X\m° kmamPyXz hn]peoIcWØn\v hmZn®p.

l BIaW\bw thWsa∂v X\m° hmZn®p.

l temIw IogS°m≥ ssN\ IogS°Wsa∂pw ssN\ IogS°m≥ a©qdnbIogS°Wsa∂pw AXn\v sImdnb IogS°Wsa∂pw X\m° ]Jym]n®p.CXmWv X\m° ]≤Xn.

l P∏ms‚ kmamPyXz hn]peoIcWØn\v X\m°m satΩmdnbw F∂ ]≤Xn^mjnkw ]Jym]n®p.

l tSmtPmbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ mjnkw hym]n∏n®p.

l P∏m≥ am©qdnb BIan®p IogS°n.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

kvs]bn\n¬ P\d¬ ^mt¶m \SØnb B`y¥c Iem]wØns‚ ]›mØewF¥v? ]cymhkm\w Fßs\?

Answer key :l 1931 ¬ cmPhmgvN Ahkm\n∏n® kvs]bn≥ dn∏ªnIv Bbn.

l dn∏ªn°≥ IayqWnÃv Bibßsf ]m¿´nIfpsS Ass\Iyw.

l Iakam[m\\ne XI¿∂v A`y¥c kwL¿jw.

l 1936 ¬ \S∂ sXcs™Sp∏n¬ CSXp˛heXp]£ßƒ Xpeyko‰pt\Sn.

l ^mt¶m mjnÃv t\XrXzw Gs‰SpØp.

l P¿Ω\nbpw C‰enbpw ^mt¶msb XpW®p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

DNnXambn A, B, C tImfßƒ tN¿sØgpXpI.

A B CC‰en P\d¬ ^mt¶m t_mƒtjhnIv

P¿Ω\n aptkmfn\n _u¨ j¿ v

djy ln‰ve¿ ªmIv j¿ v

kvs]bn≥ se\n≥ ^emRvPnkw

119

Answer key : A B CC‰en aptkmfn\n ªmIv j¿ v

P¿Ω\n ln‰ve¿ _u¨ j¿ v

djy se\n≥ t_mƒtjhnIv

kvs]bn≥ P\d¬ ^mt¶m ^emRvPnkw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

]©h’c]≤XnIƒ tkmhnb‰p bqWnb\nep≠m°nb am‰ßƒhnebncpØpI.

Answer key :l hyhkmb ssk\nIi‡nbmbn amdn.

l hyhkmb hmWnPytaJeIfn¬ kzImcy ]¶mfnØw C√mXm°n.

l 1929 se temI kmºØnIamµyw _m[n°mØ cmPyambn amdn.

v v v

120

5. c≠mw temIalmbp≤hpwkmamPyXzØns‚ XI¿®bpw

][m\ Bibßƒ

l c≠mw temIbp≤Ønte°v \bn® temIkmlNcyßƒ.l c≠mwtemIbp≤w, DSºSnIƒ, bp≤Øns‚ KXnhnKXnIƒ.l c≠p temIalmbp≤ßƒ XΩnep≈ X¥]chpw kmt¶XnIhpamb

hyXymkßƒ.l Bt^m˛Gjy≥ ]p\:cp∞m\w, tImf\nIfnse hntamN\ ]ÿm\ßƒ.l ssN\okv hnπhw.l tkmjyenÃv hym]\w ioXbp≤w.l sFIycmjvSkwLS\bpw temIkam[m\hpw.l \h kmamPyXzw ]n¬°me apXemfnØw.l tkmhnb‰p bqWnbs‚ XI¿®.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

c≠mwtemIbp≤Øn\nSbm°nb BtKmf kmlNcyßƒ Is≠Øn]´nIs∏SpØpI.

Answer key :l tImf\nIƒ°v th≠nbp≈ a’cw.l Itºmfßƒ°pth≠nbp≈ a’cw.l bp.Fkv.Fkv.B¿.s‚ hf¿®.l sXmgnemfnh¿K apt∂‰w.l ]oW\ \bw.l eoKv Hm^v \mj≥kns‚ ]cmPbw.l 1˛mw temIalmbp≤Øn\v tijap≠mb DSºSnIƒ.l bp.Fkv.Fkv.B¿.t\mSv a‰p cmPyßƒ°p≠mb iXpXm]camb \ne]mSv.l ^mjnÃv A[n\nthiI≥.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

ln‰e¿, aptmen\n, tSmtPm F∂nhcpsS \ne]mSpIfmWv c≠mw temIbp≤Øn\vImcWambXv. Cu A`n]mbtØmSv \nßfpsS ]XnIcWw hniZoIcn°pI.

Answer key :l Cu A`n]mbtØmSv tbmPn°p∂p.

121

l thgvkmbv DSºSnbnse A]am\Icamb hyhÿIƒ.l bp≤m\¥c cmPyßƒ tImf\nIƒ IogS°p∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ a’cßfn¬

G¿s∏´Xv.l P¿Ω\n, C‰en, P∏m≥ F∂o cmPyßfn¬ hf¿∂ AIamflI tZiobX.l 1929˛se kmºØnIamµyw D≠m°nb AXr]vXn.l P¿Ω\n ssd≥ ]tZiw Xncn®p]nSn®Xv.l ln‰vedpsS t]mf≠mIaWw.l C‰en A_nko\nbsb BIan®Xv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

P¿Ω\nbpsS djy≥ BIaWamWv c≠mwtemIalmbp≤Øns‚ KXn am‰nbXv.\nßƒ IcpXp∂pt≠m? hnebncpØpI.

Answer key :l bp≤Øns‚ BZyL´Øn¬ hnPbw P¿Ω\n°mbncp∂p.

l hnPbØns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ ln‰ve¿ 1939˛se A\mIaWk‘n AhKWn®vtkmhnb‰v bqWnbs\ BIan®p.

l F∂m¬ tkmhnb‰p bqWnbs‚ ]Xntcm[w AXnPohn°m≥ ln‰e¿°mbn√.

l tkmhnb‰p bqWnb\nse ]XnIqe Imemhÿ.

l tkmhnb‰p bqWnb≥ i‡ambn bp≤Øn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpw bp≤KXnkJyI£nIƒ°v A\pIqeamhpIbpw sNbvXp.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

P¿Ω\ntbmSv ]oW\\bw kzoIcn°m≥. _n´t\bpw ^m≥knt\bpw t]cn∏n®LSIßsfs¥√mw? CXns‚ ]XymLmXsa¥mbncp∂p?

Answer key :l tkmjyenÃv Bibßƒ°v e`n® kzoImcyX.

l ln‰ve¿ tkmhnb‰pbqWnbt\bpw IayqWnktØbpw C√mbva sNøpsa∂]Xo£.

l _n´\nepw ^m≥knepw D≠mb kmºØnI ]Xnk‘n.

l tkmhnb‰v bqWnbt\mSp≈ iXpX.

l _n´s‚ ssk\nIi‡n P¿Ω\ntbmSv FXn¿°m≥ k÷\ambncp∂n√.

l Atacn°bpsS klmbw _n´\pw ^m≥kn\pw e`n°n√ F∂ Nn¥mKXn.

l thgvkmbv DSºSn P¿Ω\ntbmSv sNbvXXv A\ymbamsW∂ tXm∂¬.

122

CXns‚ eambn

l ln‰ve¿ IqSpX¬ A]ISImcnbmbn.l P¿Ω\nbn¬ mknÃv hf¿®°v thZnsbmcp°n.l ln‰vedpsS e£yw djybmsW∂ [mcWh∂p.l CXv c≠mwtemIbp≤Ønte°v ImcWambn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

tkmjyenÃv cmPyamb tkmhnb‰v bqWnb≥ \mknIfpsS P¿Ω\nbpambnA\mIaW k‘nbnte¿s∏´Xns‚ e£ysa¥mbncp∂p?

Answer key :l DS≥ hcm≥t]mIp∂ \mkn BIaWsØ XSbphm\mhiyamb kmhImiw

e`n°phm\pw Hcp°ßƒ ]q¿Ønbm°phm\pw Dt±in®ncp∂p.

l kmdnÃv `cWw aqew D≠mb `cWapcSn∏pw A`y¥c ]iv\ßfpw]cnlcnt°≠Xmbncp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

c≠mw temIalmbp≤Øn¬ hgnsbmcp°nb kw`hßfpw êßfpwDƒs∏SpØn ]ńIs∏SpØpI. N¿®bneqsS [mcWbnseØpI.

ImcWßƒ

1. kmamPyXz a’cßƒ2. AXnXohtZiobX3. thgvkmbv DSºSn4. ayqWn®v DSºSn5. A®pX≠v i‡n6. kJyi‡n7. tkmhnb‰p bqWnb≥ P¿Ω≥

A\mIaW k‘n8. ]oW\ \bw9. ^mjnkw, \mknkw10. 1929˛se kmºØnIamµyw11. kvs]bn\nse A`y¥cbp≤w12. P¿Ω\nbpsS t]mf≠mIWw13. k¿∆cmPykJyØns‚ ]cmPbw14. P∏ms‚ t]ƒ lm¿_¿ BIaWw

êßƒ

l kmºØnI XI¿®l Irjn, hyhkmb XI¿®l UNObpsS cq]oIcWwl imkvX˛kmt¶XnIhnZyIfpsS

Zpcp]tbmKwl k¿∆kwlmcnbmb Bbp[ßfpsS

]tbmKw.l bqtdm]y≥ B[n]XyØn\v

Ahkm\wl Gjy≥ B^n°≥ tImf\nIƒ°v

kzmX¥ywl ioXkachpw im‡nItNcnIfpwl A`bm¿∞n ]hmlw

Answer key :

123

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

c≠mwtemIbp≤ImesØ ssk\nI kJyßsf _‘s∏SpØn XmsgsImSpØncn°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°n Xes° v \¬IpI.

Answer key :

A®pX≠v i‡nIƒ kJyI£nIƒ

C‰en _n´≥

P¿Ω\n ^m≥kv

P∏m≥ ssN\

Atacn°

tkmhnb‰pbqWnb≥

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

c≠mwtemIbp≤hpambn _‘s∏´ I]Sbp≤w F∂mWv? CXv bp≤Øns‚KXnsb Fßs\ kzm[o\n®p?

Answer key :l 1939 sk]vXw_¿ amkw c≠mwtemIbp≤w Bcw`ns®¶nepw 1940 G]n¬ hsc

_n´\pw ^m≥kpw bp≤Øn¬ t\cn´ v ]s¶Sp°msX t]mf≠ns\

klmbn®psIm≠ncp∂p.

l P¿Ω\n t]mf≠ns\ IogS°n bqtdm∏nse t\m¿s∆ sU≥am¿°v XpSßnb

cmPyßfpw IogS°n.

l i‡amb bp≤w \S°mØ ImebfhmWv I]Sbp≤w.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

c≠mwtemIbp≤Øn¬ AWpt_mw_v ]tbmKØnte°v \bn® ImcWßƒFs¥√mw? B‰wt_mw_v ]tbmKn°msXXs∂ P∏ms\ ]cmPbs∏SpØm≥Ignbpambncpt∂m?

Answer key :l kJyI£nIƒ°v P¿Ω\ntbbpw C‰entbbpw IogS°nbXpt]mse P∏mt\bpw

IogS°mambncp∂p.

l tkmhnb‰pssk\yw P∏m≥ IogS°p∂Xn\pap≥]v P∏ms\ ]cmPbs∏SpØm≥

Atacn° BKln®p.

l ]k^nIv ]tZiw XßfpsS \nb¥WØnem°m≥ Atacn° BKln®p.

124

l temI ssk\nI ta[mhnXzw Atacn°°v t_m[ys∏SpØWambncp∂p.

l \qX\ Bbp[ ]co£Ww.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

H∂mwtemI bp≤Øn\ptijw h≥ kmºØnIi‡nbmbn hf¿∂ Atacn°

1929-kmºØnIamµyØn\v Ccbmbn. CXnte°p \bn® kmlNcyßƒ GsX√mw?

l AanXamb kzImcyh¬°cWw.

l DXv]mZ\cwKØp\n∂p≈ Kh¨sa‚ v ]n≥am‰w.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

c≠mwtemIbp≤m\¥cw cq]oIcn°s∏´ ssk\nI kJyßƒ Ah cq]oIcn®

h¿jw AhbpsS Bÿm\ßƒ F∂nh A, B, C tImfßƒ ]cntim[n®v Is≠ØpI.

A B C

\mt‰m (NATO) 1955 _¬kv

knbmt‰m (SEATO) 1959 _mt¶m°v

skt‚m (CENTO) 1954 A¶md

hmgvkm (WARSAW) 1949 tamkvtIm

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12

hnb‰v\mw kacw, Z£nWm^n°bnse tZiobkacw, ssN\okv hnπhw F∂nh]cntim[n®v hyXykvXX Is≠ØpI.

Answer key :

hnb‰v\mw kacw Z£nWm^n°bnse ssN\okv hnπhwtZiob kacw

c≠mwtemIbp≤m\¥cwi‡n]m]n®Atacn°bpsSkmamPyXzapJwshfns∏SpØp∂XmWvhnb‰v\mw kacw.

Z£nWm^n°bn¬\ne\n∂n cp∂h¿WhnthN\Øns\Xnscbp≠mb t]mcm´amWvZ£nWm^n°≥ kacw.

^yqU¬`cWIaØns\XnscI¿jI¿, IayqWnÃv]m¿´n F∂nhbpsSt\XrXz Øn¬\SØnb P\Iobkacw.

125

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13

c≠mwtemIalmbp≤Øn\v tijw Gjybnepw bqtdm∏nepw \nehn¬h∂tkmjyenÃv cmPyßƒ ]ńIs∏SpØpI.

l t]mf≠v

l sNt°mt…mhm°nb

l lwKdn

l dpam\nb

l _ƒtKdnb

l bptKmt…hnb

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14

_nójv kmamPyw kqcy\kvXan°mØ kmamPyw F∂phnfn°p∂sX¥psIm≠v? Cu hntijWw XIcm\nSbm°nb kmlNcyw]ńIbm°pI.

Answer key :

Gjybntebpw B^n°bntebpw IqSpX¬ tImf\nIƒ _n´t‚Xmbncp∂p.Cßs\ hnimeamb kmamPyØns‚ Hcp`mKØv kqcy≥ AkvXan°ptºmƒadp`mKØv kqcy≥ DZn®pIgn™ncn°pw.l tImf\nIfn¬ \S∂ tImf\nhncp≤ kzmX¥ykacßƒ _n´\v ASn®a¿Øm≥

Ign™n√.l _n´\nepw cWam‰w D≠mbn.l tkmhnb‰pbqWnbt‚bpw Atacn°bptSbpw CSs]S¬.l UNO bpsS kam[m\ iaßƒ.l Atacn°bptSbpw bp.Fkv.Fkv. Bdnt‚bpw hf¿®.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 15

ioXkacw (Cold War) F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂sX¥v? CXvcq]s∏Sm\nSbm°nb temIkmlNcyßƒ hniZam°pI.

Answer key :l Bib]camb hyXymkßfmWv tkmhnb‰v bqWnbt‚bpw Atacn°bptSbpw

t\XrXzØn¬ tkmjyenÃv tNcnbpw Atacn°bpsS t\XrXzØn¬ c≠ptNcnIƒ temIØp≠mbXv.

l ]ckv]cw iXpXbnemsW¶nepw Xpd∂ bp≤ßsfm∂pw D≠mbn√.l tImf\nhncp≤kacßfn¬ Cu tNcnIfpw Hmtcm ]£Ømbncp∂p.

126

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 16

tkmhnb‰v bqWnbs‚ XI¿® A¥¿t±iobcwKØp≠m°nb ]XymLmXßƒhy‡-am-°p-I.

Answer key :l tkmhnb‰pbqWnb≥ XI¿∂v ‘15’ kzX¥ cmPyßƒ \nehn¬h∂p.l kmamPyXzØns‚ \mSyßƒ tNmZywsNøs∏Sm\mfn√mXmbn.l Ccp [phtemIw XpS¿∂p GI[phtemIw Db¿∂phcp∂p.l UNO t°m a‰p cmPyßƒt°m GIm[n]XysØ ]Xntcm[n°m≥ Ignbp∂n√.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 17

tNcntNcm]ÿm\w cq]s∏Sphm\nSbm°nb kmlNcyßƒ Fs¥√mw?cq]oIcWØn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inbhcmsc√mw? C∂sØ ]k‡nsb¥v?

Answer key :l ]pXpXmbn cq]wsIm≠ Bt^m˛Gjy≥ cmPyßfpsS ]ÿm\amWv.l ioXkacsØ Bib`n∂Xbn¬ Hcp]£tØmSpw tNmcmsX \n¬°m≥

CjvSs∏´ cmPyßfmbncp∂p CXn¬.l i‡amb kmamPyXzhncp≤ \ne]mSv kzoIcn®p.l CcptNcnbpw s]SmsX c≠p tNcnIfn¬\n∂pw ]camh[n klmbw

t\SnsbSp°m≥ ian®p.l A¥mcmjvS ]iv\ßfn¬ kPohambncp∂p.l Phl¿em¬ s\lvdp, Snt‰m, Ka¬ A_vZpƒ\mk¿, kp°m¿tWm F∂nhcmWv

]ÿm\Øns‚ cq]oIcWØ\v t\XrXzw\¬InbXv.l tNcntNcm ]ÿm\Øn\v C∂pw ]k‡nbp≠v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 18

amdnb kmlNcyØn¬ UNO t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIƒ N¿®sNbvXv Ipdn∏vXømdm°pI.

Answer key :l UNO Ct∏mƒ h≥i‡nIfpsS (Atacn°, _n´≥, ^m≥kv, ssN\, djy)

\nb¥WØnemWv.

l Cu ÿncmwKßfpsS ‘hot‰m’ A[nImcw ]iv\ßƒ krjvSn°p∂p≠v.

l USSR-s‚ ]X\w \S∂Xn\m¬ UNO apXemfnØ cmjvSßfpsS ]£wImWn°p∂p.

l aq∂mwtemIcmjvSßtfmSv AhKW\.

127

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 19

\hkmamPyXzhpw ]n¬°me apXemfnØhpw hnIkzc cmPyßsf Fßs\_m[n°p∂p? ImenI kmlNcyØn¬ hnebncpØpI.

Answer key :l hnIkzccmPyßfpsS kºZvhyhÿsb ]Xnk‘nbnem°p∂p.

l IMF, temI_m¶v t]mep≈ A¥mcmjvS ÿm]\ßfpsS hmbv]Iƒ e`n°m≥ISpØ \n_‘\Iƒ ]ment°≠nhcp∂p.

l k_vknUnIfpw CfhpIfpw t£a]h¿Ø\ßfpw \n¿Øem°phm≥\n¿_‘nXcmhp∂p.

l kzX¥ Itºmf hyhÿ \S∏nemt°≠nhcp∂p.

l kztZin D¬]∂ßƒ°v hnebnSnhpw Ib‰paXn Ipdhpw.

l sXmgnen√mbva, hcpam\°pdhv.

l cmjvSØns‚ \ne\n¬]n\v ojWnbmhp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 20

ssSwsse≥ \n¿Ωn°pI1. c≠mwtemIalmbp≤w Ahkm\n®p.2. tamkvtIm ktΩf\w3. P∏ms‚ t]ƒ lm¿_¿ BIaWw4. XnI£nkJyw5. tkmhnb‰v P¿Ω≥ A\mIaWk‘n

Answer key :l 1939 - tkmhnb‰v ˛ P¿Ω≥ A\mIaWk‘nl 1940 - XnI£nkJywl 1941 - P∏m≥ t]ƒlm¿_¿ BIaWwl 1943 - tamkvtIm ktΩf\wl 1945 - c≠mwtemIbp≤w Ahkm\n®p

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 21

ssSwsse≥ Ias∏SpØpI1. Bt^m Gjy≥ ktΩf\w2. ssN\bn¬ IayqWnÃv ]m¿´n cq]oIcn®p3. P\Iob ssN\ dn∏ªn°v cq]oIcn®p

128

4. USSR inYneambn5. UNO cq]oIcWw

Answer key :

l 1921 - ssN\bn¬ IayqWnÃv ]m¿´n cq]oIcn®p.

1945 - UNO cq]oIcn®p

1949 - P\Iob ssN\ dn∏ªnIv cq]oIc®p.

1955 - Bt^m Gjy≥ ktΩf\w

1991 - USSR inYneambn

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 22

tkmhnb‰v bqWnbs‚ XI¿®tbmsS temIkmlNcyØn¬h∂ am‰ßƒFs¥√mw? Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

l GI[phtemIØn\v Atacn°bpsS t\XrXzw

l tkmjyenÃv cmPyßfnte°v apXemfnØ hym]\w

l hmgvkm DSºSnbpsS ]k‡n C√mXmbn.

l [\Imcyÿm]\ßfn¬ Atacn°≥ ta[mhnXzw

l BtKmfh¬°cWhpw IpØIIfpsS IS∂pIb‰hpw

l P\m[n]XyØns‚ hym]\w

l \hkmamPyXzØns‚ hym]\w

v v v

129

6. 19˛Dw 20˛Dw \q‰m≠pIfnse ss[jWnI ]hWXIƒ

]T\e£yßƒ :Bibßƒ

l ⁄mt\mZbtØmSp≈ ]XnIcWw ˛ Imev]\nIX XØzNn¥bnepwkmlnXyØnepw.

l P¿Ω≥ BibhmZw slK¬ t]mkn‰ohnkw, Imƒ am¿Ivkv.

l Um¿hns‚ ]cnWmakn≤m¥w.

l Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠nse ]pXnb imkvXNn¥Iƒ Bt]£nIX, Izm≠w Xnbdn.

l kmlnXyhna¿i\Ønepw XØzNn¥bnepw h∂ ]pXnb ]hWXIƒ.

l Zriy˛imhyIeIfpw am[yaßfpw hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZybpw.

l hnhn[ XØzNn¥I≥amcpw AhcpsS Z¿i\ßfpw.

l ]cnWmakn≤m¥hpw Um¿hn\pw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1⁄mt\mZb kn≤m¥ßtfmSp≈ A]nbØn¬\n∂pamWv Imev]\nIXbpw

BibhmZhpw DSseSpØXv. CXn\nSbm°nb kmlNcyßƒ hniIe\wsNøpI.

DØckqNnIl bp‡nNn¥l imkvXoho£Wwl tZiobXl hkvXp\njvTX

XpSßnbhbmWv ⁄mt\mZb Bibßƒ. Ch am\hcmin°vKpWwsNø∂Xs√∂ Zm¿i\nIcpsS Nn¥bmWv Imev]\nIXbnte°pwBibhmZØnte°pw \bn®Xv.

l imkvXNn¥°pw bp‡n°pw ]Icw `mh\°pw sshImcnIX°pw ]m[m\ywe`n®p.

l Bfl\njvTX, ss\k¿KnIX, ]]©kuµcyw, Nn¥mkzmX¥yw `mhpIXzwF∂nh°v ]m[m\yw e`n®p.

l imkvXobho£Ww, bp‡nNn¥, tZiobX, hkvXp\njvTX, _u≤nI⁄m\w,Cµnb⁄m\w, am\hnIX, hna¿i\_p≤n, \nco£W at\m`mhw F∂nhbmWv⁄mt\mZb khntijXIƒ.

130

l sshImcnIX, ss\k¿KnIX, mhpIXzw, Bfl\njvTX, mh\, ]_©kuµcyw,Nn¥mkzmX¥yw, a\pjymhImißƒ F∂nhbmWv Imev]\nIXbpsSkhntijXIƒ.

l ]IrXnbn¬ CuizcssNX\yw Z¿in°p∂p.

l ]IrXnZriyßƒ mh\mflIambn \nco£n°p∂Xn\v ]m[m\yw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2hyhkmbhnπhØns‚ A\¥c^ew Imev]\nIXsb kzm[o\n®pthm?

hna¿i\mflIambn ]cntim[n°pI.

DØckqNnI1. hyhkmbh¬°cWØns‚ eambp≠mb \Kch¬°cWw.

2. tamiamb sXmgnemfn apXemfn_‘w.

3. sXmgnemfnIfpsS ZpcnXPohnXw.

4. ^mIvSdn kºZmbw Bcw`n®tXmsS a\pjy≥ bm¥nIPohnbmbn.CXns\Xnscbp≠mb am\hnINn¥bpsS DW¿∆mWv Imev]\nIX.

5. ZpcnXPohnXw Iem˛kmlnXyImc≥amsc kzm[o\n°pIbpw am\hnIXkmlnXykrjvSnIfnepw kzm[o\n®p.

6. Iebpw kmlnXyhpw ]IrXnsb hmgvØpIbpw tZiobXsb DtØPn∏n°pIbpwsNbvXp.

7. Imev]\nIX a\pjymhImißƒ°pw cmjvSßfpsS ]cam[nImcØn\pw]m[m\yw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXXneqsS ]pXnb Nn¥m[mcIƒ D≠mbn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3⁄mt\mZbØnt‚bpw Imev]\nIXbptSbpw Bibßƒ ]mT`mKw hmbn®v

]Zkqcy≥ Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnI

⁄mt\mZbw

hna¿i\_p≤n bp‡nNn¥

imkvXobho£Ww

hkvXp\njvTm kao]\w

Cµnb⁄m\w

tZiobX_u≤nI⁄m\w

131

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4P¿Ω≥ BibhmZw (Idealism)]Xy£m\p`hhmZw (Positivism)ùXnIhmZw (Meterialism)Ch XmcXaywsNbvXv kmayhyXymkßƒ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

Imev]\nIX

sshImcnIX t]aw

`mhpIXzw

Bfl\njvTX

`mh\

]]©kuµcywss\k¿KnIX

Nn¥m kzmX¥yw

]IrXnbn¬ CuizcssNX\yw

DØckqNnI

BibhmZw ]Xy£m\p`hhmZw ùXnIhmZw

l CΩm\ph¬Im¥v AKkvsXtImßvXv Imƒam¿Ivkv

l a\pjya\kv Bibw ùXnI kmlNcyßƒ ùXnIhkvXp°ƒ ˛cq]s∏SpØp∂p. Bibw cq]s∏SpØp∂p. \ne\n¬°p∂ bmYm¿∞yw

l BibØn\mWv BibØn\v c≠maXmWv BibØn\v c≠mw]m[m\yw ]cnKW\ ]cnKW\

l BflobX°v ]m[m\yw BflobX°v ]m[m\yan√. BflobX°v ]m[m\yan√.

l Bibßƒ kmaqly ùXnIkmlNcyßfmWv ùXnIi‡nIfmWvPohnXsØ am‰nadn°p∂p. am‰Øn\v ASnÿm\w. am‰Øn\Snÿm\w.

hkvXp°ƒ XΩnep≈]ckv]c ]h¿Ø\ØneqsSNn¥bp≠mIp∂p.kIe ]Xn`mkßfpwamdp∂p

132

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5Imev]\nIXtbmSp≈ ]Xntj[amWv bYm¿∞ ]ÿm\w. hnebncpØpI.

Imev]\nIhmZw bYm¿∞ ]ÿm\w

l `mh\bn¬ AhXcn∏n®p. hkvXp°sf AtX cq]Øn¬AhXcn∏n®p.

l sshImcnIX°v ]m[m\yw sshImcnIX°v ]m[m\yw\¬Inbn√.

l Bfl\njvTamb kao]\w hkvXp\njvTamb kao]\w

l ss\k¿KnIX°v ]m[m\yw hkvXp°tfbpw hkvXpXItfbpwhkvXp\njvTambn AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

l `qXImew Adnbm\p≈ Pn⁄mk Bbncp∂n√

l ¢mkn°ens\Xncmb Bbncp∂n√Iem]ambncp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6]cnWmakn≤m¥w hnhn[ taJeIfnep≠m°nb am‰ßƒ Fs¥√mw? tkmjy¬

Um¿hn\nksa∂m¬ F¥v? Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnI

l temIw krjvSn°s∏´XmsW∂ kn≤m¥sØ ]cnWmakn≤m¥w \ncmIcn°p∂p.

l temIw ]cnWan®p≠mbXmsW∂v sXfnbn°p∂p.

l NcnXw, kmaqlyimkvXw, \chwiimkvXw XpSßnb taJeIfn¬]cnWmakn≤m¥w henb am‰ßƒ D≠m°n.

l kmaqlyimkvX hnjbßfnte°p≈ ]cnWmakn≤m¥Øns‚ ]tbmKamWvtkmjy¬ Um¿hn\nkw.

l DØaambtX AXnPohn°pIbp≈q F∂ kn≤m¥w kmamPyØztØbpwA[n\nthiØn\pwth≠n D]tbmKs∏SpØn.

l P¿Ω≥ \mknIƒ hwialXzw Db¿Øn]nSn°p∂Xn\pw ]cnWmakn≤m¥wD]tbmKs∏SpØn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7DZmØ (Libaralism)Øns‚ khntijXIƒ Is≠Øn _n´\nse a[yh¿K

Nn¥Ifmbncp∂p DZmcXmhmZsa∂v ka¿∞n°pI.

DØckqNnI

l a[yh¿K cmjvSob k¶¬∏amWv DZmcXmhmZw.

133

l ]m¿esa‚dn cWtØmSv Xm¬]cyw ]ISn∏n°p∂p.

l \nbahmgvNbpw a\pjymhImi \nbaßfpw apt∂m´ph°p∂p.

l hy‡nkzmX¥yØn\v ]m[m\yw\¬IpIbpw ]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw F∂Bibw apt∂m´ph°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

l tZiobXbpambn ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿ØpIbpw ]cºcmKX cmP`cWØn\vFXncmhpIbpw sNbvXp.

l Xpey AhImiØn\v ]m[m\yw \¬In P\ßfpsS kzmX¥yhpwAhImißƒ°pw kwc£Ww e£yamIp∂p

Cßs\ hyhkmbhnπhsØ XpS¿∂p≠mb Cw•≠nse kº∂hyhkmbnIƒ^mIvSdnIfn¬ AanXNqjWw \SØn. Ah¿ ]m¿esa‚ns\ \nb¥n°pIbpw]m¿esa‚dn cWhyhÿ ÿm]ns®Sp°m\pw ian® a[yh¿KNn¥mKXnbmbncp∂pDZmcXmhmZw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8imkvXcwKsØ I≠p]nSpØßƒ kmaqlnI˛NcnXtaJeIfn¬ am‰ßƒ

hniZoIcn°m≥ klmbIambn. ⁄mt\mZbw, B[p\nIimkvX I≠p]nSpØßƒF∂nhbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hniIe\wsNøpI.

DØckqNnI

l ⁄mt\mZbw A‘hnizmksØ FXn¿Øp.

l bp‡ncmlnXysØ FXn¿Øp.

l At\zjWt_m[w hf¿∂p.

l imkvXt_m[w hf¿∂p.

l kmaqly˛cmjvSob Nn¥Iƒ ]NmcØn¬ h∂p.

l ]cnWmakn≤m¥w \nehnep≈ hnizmk ]amWsØ FXn¿Øp.

l ]X˛cmjvSob˛aXkzmX¥yw hf¿Øm≥ klmbn®p.

l ‘A\ptbmPycpsS AXnPohn°¬’ F∂ kn≤m¥w apt∂m´ph®v Bt^m˛Gjy≥cmPyßfnse tImf\nh¬°cWsØ \ymboIcn®p.

l hwialna Db¿Øn∏nSn°m≥ \mknIƒ Ch D]tbmKs∏SpØn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 920˛mw\q‰m≠nse imkvXhf¿® kaqlØn¬ krjvSn® ]Xn^e\w Fs¥√mw?

N¿®mIpdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnI

l 20˛mw\q‰m≠n¬ imkvXw ]ptcmKXn ]m]n®p.

134

l B‰w hn`Pn®pw kwtbmPn∏n®w Du¿Pw DZv]mZn∏n°msa∂v Is≠Øn.

l ssk\nI Bhiyßƒ°mbn ùXnIimkvX I≠p]nSpØßƒD]tbmKs∏SpØn.

l lntcmjnabnepw \mKkm°nbnepw B‰Øns‚ hn\miIcamb D]tbmKw \SØnZpc¥ßƒ hnX®p.

l imkvX]XnÌfmb amIvkv πm¶v, sFÃo≥, GWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uv F∂nhcpsSI≠p]nSpØßƒ \∑bpw Xn∑bpw D≠m°n.

l _lncmImihml\ßƒ \n¿Ωn®v IrXna D]Klßƒ hnt£]n®v]IrXnhn`hßsfbpw Imemhÿtbbpw]‰n ]Tn°m≥ XpSßn.

l P\nXI kmt¶XnIhnZybnepw P\nXI kmt¶XnIhnZybpw hf¿∂p hnIkn®p.

l t¢mWnwKneqsS Poh≥ krjvSn°m\mIpsa∂v sXfnbn®p.

l hnhch\nabcwKØv ]ptcmKXn hn⁄m\w hnc¬XpºnseØn®p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10⁄mt\mZb BibßfpsS A]NbØn\nSbm°nb kmlNcyßƒ

hniIe\wsNøpI.

DØckqNnI

l hyhkmbhnπhsØ XpS¿∂p≠mb \Kch¬°cWw.

l bqtdm∏nse mIvSdn kºZmbw.

l sXmgnemfnIfpsS ZpcnXPohnXhpw tamiamb sXmgnemfn apXemfn _‘ßfpw.

l sXmgnemfnIfpsS ZpcnXßƒ IemkmlnXyImc∑msc kzm[o\n°pIbpwNn¥tbbpw mh\tbbpw ]tNmZn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp.

l ]IrXn am‰nadn°s∏´p.

l ⁄mt\mZbNn¥Ifn¬ Zm¿i\nI¿ kwibw ]ISn∏n°pIbpw A]nbwhfcphm\pw CSbm°n.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11hyhkmbhnπhØns‚ Zpc¥êØns‚ kzm[o\Øm¬ XØzNn¥bnepw

kmlnXyhna¿i\Ønepw 20˛mw\q‰m≠nep≠mb ]ÿm\ßfmWv B[p\nIXbpw(Modernism) DØcm[p\nIXbpw (Post Modernism) ka¿∞n°pI.

DØckqNnI

l hyhkmbhnπhw ss[jWnINn¥bn¬ am‰whcpØnbXns‚ êambnkmlnXyØn¬ ]pXpkao]\ßfpw ssienIfpw cq]s∏´p.

l ]]©tØbpw ]IrXntbbpw IogS°msa∂ Nn¥mKXn A`ykvXhnZycn¬D≠mbn.

135

l sXmgnemfnIfpsS ZpcnXPohnXØns\Xnscbp≈ ]Xntj[w IebnepwkmlnXyØnepw ]Xnên®XmWv B[p\nIX.

l ¢mn°¬ k¶¬∏ßsf FXn¿Øv B[p\nIhmZnIƒ Aaq¿Øamb coXnIfpwssienIfpw BhnjvIcn°pIbpw Hcp IrXn°v ]e A¿∞Xeßfps≠∂vhmZn°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXmWv DØcm[p\nIX. CXv kn≤m¥ßƒ°XoXambHcp PohnXkmlNcyamWv.

l antj¬, pt°m, gm°v, sZdoZ, tNmwkvIn F∂nh¿ ChbpsS h‡m°fmWv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1219, 20 \q‰m≠pIfn¬ cq]s∏´ ss[jWnI ]hWXIfpw AXns‚ h‡m°tfbpw

]ńIbm°pI.

ss[jWnI ]hWXIƒ h‡m°ƒ

Imev]\nI ]ÿm\w Nmƒkv Un°≥kvthUvkvh¿Øv, hnIvS¿ lyqtKmbpPn≥ tZe tImtPm¨ tIm¨Ã_nƒs_tYmh≥slK¬

ss[jWnI ]hWXIƒ h‡m°ƒ

en_dnenkw tPm¨ temIv

bYm sYm hmZw B¬Ûv temUv sS∂nk≥amXyp B¿t\mƒUvtdm_¿ v _uWnwKv

P¿Ω≥ BibhmZw CΩm\ph¬Im¥v, slK¬

]Xy£m\p`hhmZw AKsÃ tImßvXv

ùXnIhmZw Imƒ am¿Ivkv

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13Xmsg sImSpØn´p≈ Imev]\nI IemImc≥amcpsS cmPyhpw kmlnXytaJeIfpw

Is≠Øn ]ńIs∏SpØpI.

136

1. Nmƒkv Un°≥kv ˛ Cw•ojv kmlnXyw ˛ t\mh¬

2. hneyw thUvkvh¿Øv ˛ Cw•ojv kmlnXyw ˛ IhnX

3. hnIvS¿ lyqtKm ˛ ^©v kmlnXyw ˛ t\mh¬

4. tPm¨ tIm¨Ã_nƒ ˛ _n´ojv IemImc≥ ˛ NnXIe

5. _tYmh≥ ˛ P¿Ω≥ kwKoXw ˛ kwKoXw

6. slK¬ ˛ P¿Ω≥ Nn¥I≥ ˛ XXzNn¥

7. bpPn≥ sZetIm ˛ ^©v IemImc≥ ˛ NnXIe

DØckqNnI

v v v

137

7. C∂sØ C¥y

1. kzX¥ C¥y t\cn´ ][m\ sh√phnfnIfnsem∂mbncp∂p \m´pcmPyßfpsSkwtbmP\w. \m´pcmPyßsf C¥y≥ bqWnb\n¬ tN¿°p∂Xn\mbn \S∂][m\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ enÃv sNøpI.

2. \m´pcmPyßfpsS kwtbmP\hpambn _‘s∏´ H∂mbncp∂p hn.]n.tat\m≥]≤Xn. CXnse ][m\ hyhÿIƒ enÃv sNøpI.

3. C¥y≥ bqWnb\n¬ ebn°m≥ Ahkm\ \nanjw hsc hnkΩXn®\m´pcmPyßfnsem∂mWv Pq\KUv. a‰p c≠p \m´pcmPyßƒ Gh?

4. Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂ ]tZißfn¬\n∂v 1947˛\v tijhpw t]m¿®pKokv, ^©vA[o\ ]tZißfmbn \ne\n∂hsb ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

t]m≠nt®cn, tKmh, amln, ZmZ, \mK¿lthen, bm\w.

5. A tImfØn\v A\ptbmPyambh B, C tImfØn¬\n∂pw sXcs™SpsØgpXpI

A B CC¥y hn`P\w t]m‰n iocmaep t_mws_ ]≤Xn

\m´pcmPyßfpsS kwtbmP\w hnt\m_m`msh kndn¬ dmUn¢n^v

]©h’c ]≤XnIƒ Idm®n ]tabw `qZm\ ]ÿm\w

`mjm kwÿm\ cq]oIcWw hn.]n.tat\m≥ ]≤Xn eb\Icm¿

`q]cnjvIcWw au≠v_m‰¨ ]`p ^mkn¬ Aen

6. 1956-se kwÿm\ ]p\kwLS\m \nba]Imcw \nehn¬ h∂ GsX¶nepw 4kwÿm\ßfpsS t]cv FgpXpI.

7. `mjmSnÿm\Øne√msX ]mtZinI hmZØns‚ kΩ¿±Øm¬ cq]wsIm≠kwÿm\amWv DØcm©¬. a‰p c≠p kwÿm\ßƒ GsX√mw?

8. A tImfØn\v A\ptbmPyambh B, C tImfØn¬\n∂pw sXcs™SpsØgpXpI.

A B CBWh\nebw _lncmImi KthjWw Aøq_vJm≥

tlman.sP.`m` tNcntNcm]ÿm\w ISROPhl¿em¬ s\lp F._n.hmPvt]bv 1956em¬ _lZq¿ imkvXn sSws_ \hmkv sjco v

emtlm¿ ]Jym]\w XmjvsI‚ v Icm¿ hntZi\bw

138

9. lcnXhnπhØns‚ t\´ßfpw tIm´ßfpw ]ńIs∏SpØpI.

10. C¥y≥ cWLS\bpsS ][m\ khntijXIfn¬ GsX¶nepw aqs∂Æw enÃvsNøpI.

11. C¥ybn¬ hnZym`ymk taJebnep≠mb Nne ][m\ t\´ßfmWv XmsgX∂ncn°p∂Xv. Ah ImeKW\mIaØnsegpXpI.

l hnZym`ymk AhImi\nba\w

l tUm. cm[mIrjvW≥ IΩoj≥

l e£vaWkzman apXenbm¿ IΩoj≥

l tImØmcn IΩoj≥

l k¿P‚ v IΩoj≥

12. ]©h’c]≤XnIfneqsS C¥y ssIhcn® ]ptcmKXn kw_‘n®v eLpIpdn∏vXømdm°pI.

DØckqNnI

1.

l tÃ‰v Un∏m¿ vsa‚ns‚ cq]oIcWw.

l \m´pcmPyßsf kwÿm\ßfmbn AwKoIcn®Xv.

l \m´pcmPyßsf C¥y≥ bqWnb\n¬ ebn∏n°m\p≈ P\Iob kacßƒ.

l ssk\nI \S]SnIƒ

2.

l `qanimkvX]cambn kmao]yap≈ \m´pcmPyßsf ap≥ _nójv ]hiyItfmSpIqńt®¿Øp.

l hnkvXrXnbp≈ \m´pcmPyßsf Aßs\Xs∂ kwÿm\ßfmbn AwKoIcn®p.

l hen∏w Ipd™hbpw Htc mj kwkmcn°p∂hbpamb \m´pcmPyßsf sFIykwÿm\ßfm°n.

l X¥][m\amb kwÿm\ßsf tIµ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ t\cn´p≈\nb¥WØnem°n.

3.

l sslZcm_mZv

l Imivao¿

139

4.

t]m¿®pKokv ]tZißƒ ^©v ]tZißƒ

tKmh amln

ZmZ, \mK¿lthen t]m≠nt®cn, bm\w

A B CC¥y hn`P\w au≠v_m‰¨ ]`p kndn¬ dmUn¢n^v

\m´pcmPyßfpsS kwtbmP\w hn.]n.tat\m≥ ]≤Xn eb\Icm¿

]©h’c ]≤XnIƒ Idm®n ]tabw t_mws_ ]≤Xn

`mjm kwÿm\ cq]oIcWw t]m‰n iocmaep ^mkn¬ Aen

`q]cnjvIcWw hnt\m_m`msh `qZm\ ]ÿm\w

5.

6. B‘]tZiv, tIcf, _wKmƒ, _olm¿, Bmw, t_mws_, PΩpImivao¿,a[y]tZiv....

7. DØcm©¬, Pm¿JVv, OØokvKUv.

8. A B CBWh\nebw sSws_ 1956tlman.sP.`m` _lncmImi KthjWw ISROPhl¿em¬ s\lp tNcntNcm]ÿm\w hntZi\bw

em¬ _lZq¿ imkvXn XmjvsI‚ v Icm¿ Aøq_vJm≥

emtlm¿ ]Jym]\w F._n.hmPvt]bv \hmkv sjco v

9. t\´ßƒ

l DXv]mZ\ h¿≤\hvl `£y Cd°paXn Ipd™p.l `£y kzbw]cym]vXXn t\Sn.l sXmgnehkcßƒ h¿≤n®p.

tIm´ßƒ

l AanXamb cmkhfw, IoS\min\n, ]tbmKßƒl ]cºcmKX Im¿jnI coXnIƒ \jvSs∏´p.l ssPhsshhn[yw, ]cnÿnXn tIm´ßƒ.

140

10. l \nbaØn\p apºn¬ F√mhcpw Xpey¿.l ]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiwl ]n∂m°mhÿbnep≈h¿°p ]tXyI ]cnKW\.

11. kqNIßƒ

l Im¿jnItaJebnse b¥h¬°cWw.l Im¿jnItaJebnse BkqXWanIhv.l \qX\ IrjncoXnIƒ.l `t£ymev]mZ\ h¿≤\hv.l hyhkmbcwKsØ ]ptcmKXn.l Ccpºpcp°v, hkvX\n¿ΩmWw, I¬°cn J\\w F∂nhbpsS hf¿®.

12. l k¿P‚ v IΩoj≥l tUm. cm[mIrjvW≥ IΩoj≥l e£vaWkzman apXenbm¿ IΩoj≥l tImØmcn IΩoj≥l hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaw

v v v

141

8. tIcf∏pXpa]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

1. _nójpIm¿ tIcf°cbmsI XßfpsS `cWØn≥ Iognem°m≥ \SØnbhnhn[ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnIl ]ckv]cw Ieln°p∂ \m´pcmPyßƒ.

l _n´≥ klmbnbmbn h∂v A[nImcnbmbn amdn.

l 1723¬ thWmSv cmPmhv _nójpImcpambn D≠m°nb k‘n.

l 1791se sIm®n˛_nójv kulm¿± k‘n.

l 1792¬ ssakq¿ cmPmhv Sn∏phpw Cw•ojpImcpambn D≠m°nb iocwK]´WwDSºSn.

l iocwK]´W DSºSnbneqsS ae_m¿ _nójv A[o\Xbnembn.

l 1795¬ Cw•ojpImcpw, XncphnXmwIqdpambp≠m°nb k‘n.

l ssk\nI klmb hyhÿ]Imcw 1805se Cw•ojv XncphnXmwIq¿ k‘n.

l 1805se k‘nbneqsS XncphnXmwIqdns‚ sNehpIfpsS \nb¥WwCw•ojpIm¿°mbn.

l 1805se k‘nbneqsS XncphnXmwIqdns‚ `cWw Gs‰Sp°m\p≈ A[nImcwCw•ojpIm¿°v e`n®p.

]h¿Ø\w 22. thepØºn, tIcfh¿Ω F∂nhcpsS sNdpØp\n¬∏pw, IpdnNy¿Iem]hpw

hnebncpØn tIcfØn¬ _nójv hncp≤ Iem]ßƒ°v hgnsbmcp°nbXvAhcpsS \nIpXn ]ncnhnse NqjWamtWm F∂v ]cntim[n°pI.

DØckqNnIl cmPm°≥amcpw ]`p°∑mcpw Iº\nIfpsS A[o\XbnemhWsa∂ ]Jym]\w.

l ae_mdn¬ h≥tXmXn¬ \nIpXn NpaØn.

l \nIpXn \¬ImØhsc \n¿Zm£Wyw in£n®p.

l \nIpXn ]ncnhv DtZymKÿcpw P\ßfpw XΩn¬ X¿°ßƒ km[mcWbmbn.

l ]g»nbpsS A[nImcw shń°pd®p.

l ]g»nbpsS \nIpXn ]ncn°m\p≈ A[nImcw Cw•ojpIm¿ FSpØIf™p.

thepØºnl Znhm≥ thepØºn Iº\ns°Xnsc kzoIcn® kzX¥\ne]mSpIƒ.

142

l `fimcØn¬\n∂v h≥XpI ssI∏‰m\p≈ _nójpImcpsS iaßsf Znhm≥XS™p.

l kmºØnI NqjWw \SØp∂ _n´s\Xnsc Iem]w \SØm≥ Ip≠dhnfw_cØneqsS Znhm≥ P\ßsf t]cn∏n®p.

l _nójv A[n\nthiØns\Xnsc ]menbØ®s‚ Iem]w.

IpdnNy Iem]wl _nójpImcpsS Db¿∂ \nIpXn.

l \nIpXn ]Wambn \¬IWsa∂ DØchv.

l \nIpXn IpSn»nI hcpØnbh¿°p t\sc \SØnb AIaßƒ.

l Irjn°m¿°v qanbnep≈ AhImiw \ntj[n®p.

l `qhpSa P∑namcmbn.

l P∑namcpsS IqcXIƒ.

l kmºØnI NqjWØns\Xnsc P\Iob apt∂‰w.

]h¿Ø\w 3, 4, 5“km[mcW°mcpsSbpw Irjn°mcpsSbpw PohnXØn\pta¬ ZpcnXßƒD≠m°nbh¿s°Xnsc \S∂ ]Xntj[ßfmWv I¿jI Iem]ßƒ”. Cu]kvXmh\ hniIe\w sNøpI.

As√¶n¬

_nójv P∑n Iq´psIńs‚ _enbmSpIfmbncp∂p I¿jI P\X. Cu]kvXmh\bpsS kmwKXyw ]cntim[n°pI.

As√¶n¬

\ΩpsS \mSns‚ ss]XrI kzØv sIm≈bSn°m≥ th≠n D≠m°nb _nójvP∑n Iq´psI´pw AhcpsS \b]cn]mSnIfpw KmaoW PohnXØn\v Fs¥√mw]bmkßƒ hcpØnsh®p? At\zjW°pdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnIl `q\nIpXn ]Wambn NpaØm≥ XpSßn.

l `q\nIpXn Gdnb tXmXn¬ h¿≤n∏n®p.

l bYm¿∞ Irjn°m¿°v qanbn¬ ÿncmhImiw C√mbncp∂p.

l `qanbpsS AhImiw P∑nam¿°v amXambn.

l P∑namcpsS NqjWhpw IqcXbpw h¿≤n∏n®p.

l hym]Iambn IpSnsbmgn∏n®p.

l ISpØ ZmcnZyw.

143

l `q\nbaßƒ P∑n°\pIqeambncp∂p.

l k¶o¿Æamb PmXnhyhÿ P∑nXzØn\v i‡n]I¿∂p.

l I¿jIcpsSbpw ]m´ IpSnbm∑mcpsSbpw kwc£WØn\v bmsXmcphn[\nbaßfpw C√mbncp∂p.

l ZpcnXhpw \nXyZmcnZyhpw I¿jIsc Iem]ßfnte°v \bn®p.

l P∑namcpsSbpw DtZymKÿcpsSbpw IqcXIfpw NqjWhpw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6]≠mc∏´ hnfw_chpw P∑nIpSnbm≥ hnfw_chpw qhpSaÿXbn¬ hcpØnbam‰ßƒ Fs¥m°? I¿jI¿°v Cu am‰ßƒ FXamXw klmbIcambn?N¿®sNøpI.

DØckqNnIl XncphnXmwIqdn¬ 19˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ k¿°m¿ `qan Irjn°m¿°v ]m´Øn\v

sImSpØp.

l Dev]mZ\ h¿≤\hpw Xt±i \nIpXn hcpam\Ønse h¿≤\hpamWv CXve£yanSp∂Xv.

l _n´ojpIm¿°v I∏w sImSp°m\pw ]´mfsØ Xo‰nt∏m‰p∂Xn\pw CXvBhiyambncp∂p.

l `q DSaÿs‚ AYhm P∑nbpsS CjvSm\njvSßfmbncp∂p IpSnbms‚ hn[n\n›bn®ncp∂Xv.

l ]≠mc∏m´ hnfw_chpw P∑nIpSnbm≥ hnfw_chpw qanbpsS IbhnIbØn\vImcWambn.

l `qan ]m´Øn\v \¬InbXv XncphnXmwIqdn¬ IrjnbneqsSbpw I®hSØneqsSbpwHcp a≤yh¿§w Db¿∂phcp∂Xn\v ImcWambn.

l ]m´`qanbn¬ DSaÿmhImiØn\v ]tNmZ\ßƒ D≠mbn.

l ]≠mc∏m´ hnfw_cØneqsS ]m´`qanbn¬ ]m´°mc\v DSaÿmhImiw e`n®p.

l `qanbn¬ DSaÿmhImiw e`n®Xv bYm¿∞ Irjn°m¿°mbncp∂n√.

l IpSnbm≥amcpsS ÿnXn ZpcnX]q¿Æambncp∂p.

l \nba \n¿ΩmWßƒ kº∂cpsS (P∑nIfpsS) Xmev]cyØn\vA\pIqeambncp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7`qhpSaÿXbn¬ h∂ am‰w Im¿jnIcwKØv hcpØnb am‰ßƒ N¿®sNbvXvIm¿jnI ]ptcmKXn°v CXv klmbIcambncpt∂m F∂v Is≠ØpI.

144

DØckqNnIl s\¬IrjnbpsS ÿm\Øv \mWyhnfIfpsS Irjn hym]Iambn.

l h\taJeIƒ tXm´hnfIƒ°pw \mWyhnfIƒ°pw hgnamdn ssltd©v ae_m¿IpSntb‰ßƒ D≠mbn.

l tIcfØns‚ aetbmcw \mWyhnfIfpsS tIµambn.

l Im¿jnI]ptcmKXn°v \mWyhnfIfpsS DXv]mZ\w klmbambn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8_nójv Iº\nIƒ tIcfØn¬ \SØnb aqe[\ \nt£]w tIcfØns‚kmaqly˛kmºØnI cwKßfn¬ GsX√mw XcØn¬ kzm[o\w sNepØn?hniZam°pI.

DØckqNnIl tXm´w taJebn¬ _nójpIm¿ aqe[\and°n.

l I®hSw _m¶nwKv taJeIfn¬ aqe[\ \nt£]w \SØn.

l tIcfhpw temI Itºmfhpw XΩn¬ _‘s∏SpØp∂Xn\v sIm®nbn¬ tNw_¿Hm^v tImtagvkns‚ Bcw`Øn\v hgn sXfn®p.

l _nójv aqe[\w C¥ybnte°v ]hln®p.

l tIcfØn¬ hyhkmbßƒ Bcw`n®p.

l tkh\taJebn¬ sXmgnehkcßƒ D≠mbn.

l kmaqlnI_‘ßfn¬ am‰ßƒ D≠mbn.

l hnZym`ymk hym]\Øn\v ImcWambn.

l kmºØnIcwKØv DW¿∆v ]ISambn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9kmamPyXzhnIk\Øns‚ `mKambp≠mb ]pXnb sXmgn¬ taJeIfpwkmºØnIcwKØp≠mb hf¿®bpw B[p\nI hnZym`ymk hym]\Øn\vt]cIambn. tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk hf¿®bpsS NcnXw hniIe\wsNbvXvCu ]kvXmh\ hnebncpØpI.

DØckqNnIl kvXo˛]pcpj hyXymktam kmapZmbnI `n∂XItfm C√msX F√mh¿°pw

hnZym`ymkw.

l hnZym`ymk afieØn¬ A]Nbw.l iqZ¿°v hnZym`ymk \ntj[w.l kvXo hnZym`ymkØn\v Xncn®Sn.

145

anj\dnamcpsS ]h¿Ø\êambn tIcfØn¬ hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ D≠mbam‰ßƒ.

l N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰nl e≠≥ anjv skmssk‰n

l _mk¬ Chm©en°¬ anj≥

l hnZym`ymkw B[p\nIh¬°cn°s∏´p.

l tIcf P\XbpsS hnZym`ymktØmSp≈ ImgvN∏mSv amcn.

l ]m›mXy hnZym`ymkw kmaqly ]cnh¿Ø\sØ thKØnem°n.

l kzmX¥Nn¥mKXnbpsS hf¿®

l A®SnhnZybpsS Bcw`w.

l hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßfn¬ F√mh¿°pw ]thi\w.

l B[p\nI BibßfpsS ]NcWw.

l k¿°m¿ \S∏nem°nb atXXchpw ]ptcmKa\]chpamb hnZym`ymkw.

l Cw•ojv mjbv°v ]m[m\yw e`n®p.

l _nójv mjbv°v ]m[m\yw e`n®p.

l _nójv `cW kwhn[m\hpw hIp∏pIfpw krjvSn® sXmgnehkcßƒhnZym`ymk kºmZ\Øn\v apJy t]cI i‡nbmbn.

l _nójpImcpsS kmamPyXz hnIk\Øns‚ êambn \SØnb ]h¿Ø\w]tcm£ambn ]ptcmKa\ kaqlØns‚ krjvSn°v ImcWambn.

l kvIqfpIƒ, tImtfPpIƒ F∂nh ÿm]nXambn.

l XncphnXmwIq¿ k¿∆Iemime ÿm]nXambn.

l s]ÏpńIƒ°v ]tXyI hnZymebßƒ ÿm]n®p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10_nójv cWImeØv ae_mdn¬\n∂v hyXykvXambn XncphnXmwIq¿ cmPyØvBtcmKytaJe Db¿∂ \nehmcw ]pe¿Øn F∂p ]dbp∂p. F¥mbncn°pwCXn\v CSbm°nbXv? N¿®mIpdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnIl ae_m¿ t\cn´v _nójv cWØn≥ Iogn¬.

l _nójpIm¿°v AhcpsS t£aambncp∂p e£yw. P\t£aambncp∂n√.

l am¿Ømfih¿Ω, [¿ΩcmP F∂o \m´pcmPm°∑mcpsS ]_p≤ `cWwXncphnXmwIqdn¬.

l ]ptcmKa\]chpw P\t£aIchpamb ]cnjv°mcßƒ.

146

l Bbneyw Xncp\mfns‚ ImeØv Xncph\¥]pcw \KcØns‚ kZv`cWØn\pwipNoIcW ]h¿Ø\Øn\pw N´ßƒ \n¿Ωn®p.

l Bip]XnIfpsS ÿm]\w.

l ]mcºcy NnIn’bpsS ÿm\Øv Cw•ojv NnIn’.

l hkqcn aeº\n XpSßnb kmwIanI tcmKßfpsS hym]\w.

l tKmhkqchn ]tbmKw G¿s∏SpØn.

l ioaqew Xncp\mfns‚ ImesØ NnIn’m hIp∏ns‚ hnIk\w.

l k¿°m¿ Bip]XnIfn¬ ]co£mtbmKyXbp≈ ZnjKzc∑mcpsSbpwikvXInb hnZKv≤cpsSbpw \nba\w.

l kvXoIƒ°pw IpńIƒ°pw ]tXyI Bip]Xn.

l Bbp¿thZ tImtfPns‚ ÿm]\w.

l sshZyimeIƒ°v k¿°mcns‚ [\klmbw.

l Bbp¿thZ NnIn’°v t]m’ml\w.

l kzmXn Xncp∂mƒ Xncph\¥]pcØv [¿Ωmip]Xn ÿm]n®p.

l XncphnXmwIqdn¬ hkqcnhmIvkn≥ \n¿ΩmWime Bcw`n®p.

l XncphnXmwIqdn\v ]pdØv saUn°¬ hnZym`ymkØn\v t]mIp∂ s]ÏpńIƒ°vkvtImf¿jn∏v.

l ssSt^mbvUv t]hnj_m[ F∂nhbvs°Xnsc hmIvkn\pIƒ XncphnXmwIqdn¬e`yam°n.

l BtcmKytaJebn¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ tamU¬.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11\thm∞m\ \mbIcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂ kmapZmbnI \hoIcW]h¿Ø\ßfpw PmXn hnthN\ßƒ°v FXncmb kacßfpw kmamPyXzhncp≤kacßƒ°v ASnØd ]mIn. N¿®mIpdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnI

Aø≥Imfn (1863˛1942)l B[p\nIImesØ kmaqly ]cnjvI¿Ømhv.l P\\w Xncph\¥]pcØn\SpØp≈ shßm\qcnse ]peb kaqlØn¬.l A[:IrXcpsS AhImißƒ°pth≠n ]h¿Øn®p.l 1907¬ km[pP\ ]cn]me\ tbmKw Bcw`n®p.l lcnPt\m≤mcW ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ êambn Xncph\¥]pcw Pn√bnse

s]mXp\ncØpIfn¬ kzX¥ambn k©cn°m\p≈ kzmX¥yw ]peb¿°vt\SnsbSpØp.

147

l 1941¬ \ncymX\mbn.

h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ auehnl apkveow kmaqly ]cnjvI¿Ømhv.l `mjm ]finX≥ (Ad_n, t]¿jy≥, D¿±p, aebmfw).l apkveow kapZmbØns‚ kmaqly D∂a\Øn\pth≠n ]h¿Øn®p.l CkvemanI A\mNmcßƒs°Xnscbpw Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw

t\SnsbSp°m\pap≈ ]h¿Ø\w.l apkveow Zo]nI F∂o ]Xßƒ kz¥w ]Xm[n]XyØn¬ ]kn≤s∏SpØn.l apkveow almP\ k`bv°v cq]wsImSpØp.

hn.Sn.`´Xncn∏mSvl \ºqXncn kapZmbØnse kmaqly ]cnjvI¿Ømhv.

l kapZmbØnse A\oXnIƒs°Xnsc ]XnIcn®p.

l kaqlØn¬ D≠mtI≠ kaqe ]cnh¿Ø\ambncp∂p e£yw.

l ]ikvX \mSIamb “ ASp°fbn¬ \n∂v AcßtØ°v” hn.Sn.bpsSkmlnXyssh`hØn\pw Zo¿Lho£WØn\pw DØa DZmlcWw.

l kmapZmbnI `n∂XIƒ ad∂v ]ckv]cw kvt\ln°pI CXmbncp∂p At±lwkaqltØmSv sNbvX Blzm\w.

io\mcmbWKpcpl \thm∞m\ \mbIcn¬ ][m\n.

l PmXnhyhÿbvs°Xnsc ]NcWw \SØn.

l Hcp PmXn, Hcp aXw, Hcp ssZhw a\pjy\v F∂Xmbncp∂p Kpcphns‚ B]vXhmIyw.

l kwLSn®p i‡cmIm\pw hnZysIm≠v ]_p≤cmIm\pw Blzm\wsNbvXp.

l Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw t\Sm\pw hmWnPyhyhkmb kwcw`ßfn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpwsNøWsa∂v Cughscbpw ]n∂m° hn`mK°mscbpw Kpcp DZvt_m[n∏n®p.

N´ºnkzmanIƒl A_m“WcpsS Db¿sØgpt∂¬∏n\v ian®p.

l thZ]T\Øn\pw Cuizcmcm[\bv°pw A_m“W¿°pw AhImiaps≠∂v]Ncn∏n®p.

l \mb¿ kapZmbØs‚ kmaqly B≤ymflnI hf¿®bv°pth≠n ]h¿Øn®lnµp k\ymkn.

l kmaqly kmºØnI ]ptcmKXn e£yw.

148

kmaqly]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS ]h¿Ø\ ^eambnkaqlØn¬ h∂ am‰ßƒ

l aXßfnepw PmXnIfnepw D≠mbncp∂ ImelcWs∏´ BNmcßƒ ItaWA]Xy£ambn.

l \qX\hpw ]ptcmKa\]chpamb kmaqlyho£Ww ssIh∂p.

l Iq´pIpSpw_w, ]n¥pS¿®mhImiw, hnhmlhyhÿ, ssiih hnhmlw,_lp`mcymXzw _lp ¿ØrXzw apXembhbnse√mw am‰ßƒ D≠mbn.

l kaqlØns‚ ASnØ´nep≈ h¿§ßfpsS i‡nsb¥∂dn™p.

l AhImit_m[w D≠mbn.

l cmjvSob Aht_m[w ssIh∂p.

l CXv kzmX¥y ]ÿm\Ønte°v P\ßsf sIm≠psNs∂Øn®p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12`mjmSnÿm\Øn¬ kwÿm\w cq]oIc°s∏Sp∂Xns‚ eambn Hcp ]tZiØvF¥pam‰amWv D≠mIpI? tIcf kwÿm\ cq]oIcWØns‚ ]›mØeØn¬hnebncpØpI.

DØckqNnIl tIcf∏ndhn°v tijw \S∏m°nb `q]cnjv°cW \nbaßƒ am‰ßƒ°v

ImcWambn.

l Im¿jnIcwKØv NqjWw Ipd™p.

l Im¿jnI DXv]mZ\w h¿≤n®p.

l tIcf∏ndhn°v tijw \S∂ hnZym`ymkcwKsØ ]cnjv°cW ]cn]mSnIƒ.

l tIcfsØ hnZym`ymkcwKØv C¥ybnse CXc kwÿm\ßsf°mƒ ap∂n¬FØn®p.

l BtcmKytaJebn¬ hf¿®.

l tIcf BtcmKyamXrI temI i≤ t\Sn.

l C¥ybnse kºq¿Æ km£cXbp≈ kwÿm\w.

l XpS¿ km£cXm ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\w.

l tIcfw temIØn\v amXrI.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13B[p\nI tIcfw cq]s∏Sp∂Xn\nSbm°nb kmlNcyßƒ hniZam°pI.

149

As√¶n¬

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]oIcWØnte°v \bn® kmlNcyßƒ hniZam°pI.

DØckqNnIl `qanimkX]camb GIoIcWw.

l kmºØnI ]ptcmKXn.

l `mjbpsSbpw, kwkv°mcØns‚bpw hf¿®.

l `cW]camb GIoIcWw.

l km[mcW°m¿°v `cWØns‚bpw \oXn\ymbØns‚bpw KpWêßƒe`yam°¬.

l ]mtZinI hnIk\w.

l `mjm]camb GIoIcWw.

l kmwkv°mcnI GIoIcWw.

l tIcf ]tZiv tIm¨Kkv IΩn‰n sIm®n, cmPy]`m afiew, XncphnXmwIq¿tÃ‰v tIm¨Kkv F∂nhbpsS kwbp‡ tbmKw, sFIy tIcf ]ndhn°mbnBcw`n® ]h¿Ø\ ]cn]mSnIƒ.

l 1947˛48 h¿jßfnse sFIytIcf I¨sh≥j\pIƒ.

l 1948se mjm kwÿm\ IΩoj≥ sXfnshSp∏v (Fkv.sI.[m¿ IΩoj≥)

l 1948se ]me°ms´ sFIy tIcf I¨sh≥j≥.

l sIm®n˛XncphnXmwIq¿ \m´pcmPy kwtbP\w.

l io cmaephns‚ \ncmlmchpw PohXymKhpw.

l 1955se mjm kwÿm\ ]p\:kwLS\m IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´v.

l 1956se kwÿm\ ]p\:kwLS\m \nbaw.

l 1957¬ A[nImcØn¬ h∂ C.Fw.Fkv.a¥nk`bpsS anI® ]h¿Ø\w.

l `q]cnjv°cWw, hnZym`ymkw XpSßnb Ht´sd taJeIfnse \nba\n¿ΩmWßƒ(Im¿jnI_‘ _n¬, hnZym`ymk _n¬).

l 1958¬ Im¿jnI _‘ _n√v, hnZym`ymk _n√v ]n∂oSv A[nImcØn¬ h∂a¥nkÌfpsS Pt\m]Imc]Zamb ]h¿Ø\ßƒ.

l B[p\nI tIcfw cq]s∏Sm≥ ImcWambn.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 15_nójv cWw tIcfØnse KmaoW taJeIfn¬ D≠m°nb ]XymLmXßƒFs¥ms°? hnebncpØpI.

150

DØckqNnI

l _nójv cWw hcp∂Xn\papºv Kmaßƒ GXm≠v kzbw ]cym]vXambncp∂p.

l _nójv cWw h∂tXmsS Kmaßfn¬ Nc°pIfpsS DXv]mZ\w Ipd™p.

l Cw•≠nse D¬∏∂ßƒ Cd°paXn sNøs∏´p.

l AkwkvIrX hkvXp°ƒ Cw•ojpIm¿ ISØns°m≠pt]mbn.

l KmaoW sXmgn¬taJe XI¿∂p.

l IpSpw_ßƒ ]ńWnbnembn.

l _nójpIm¿ h≥ em`w D≠m°n.

v v v

151

9. P\m[n]Xyw

][m\ Bibßƒ

l P\m[n]XyØns‚ Bhn¿`mhw

l aqeyßƒ

l ]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyw, ]mXn\n[y P\m[n]Xyw

l P\m[n]Xyw Hcp PohnXcoXnbmWv

l sXcs™Sp∏v

l P\m[n]XyØns‚ ta≥aIƒ, t]mcmbvaIƒ

l P\m[n]Xyw t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1

‘P\m[n]Xysa∂m¬ P\ßfpsS A[nImcamWv’ Cu ]ÿm\ km[qIcn°p∂XcØn¬ Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ vtfm Nm¿´v ]q¿ØoIcn°pI.

DØckqNnI :

P\m[n]Xyw

P\m[n]Xyw

P\ßƒDemos

A[nImcwCratos

P\ßƒ âA[nImcw â P\m[n]Xyw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

NphsS \¬Inbncn°p∂ hnhcßsf ]Xy£P\m[n]Xyw, ]tcm£ P\m[n]XywF∂ coXnbn¬ ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

l ]pcmX\ Kokn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂p.

l C¥ybn¬ \nehnep≈Xv.

l \oXnbpw \ymbhpw Ah¿Xs∂ \S∏m°p∂p.

l P\kwJybnep≠mb h¿≤\hv.

l `cWI¿Øm°sf \dp°n v Is≠Øp∂p.

152

]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyw ]tcm£ P\m[n]Xyw

l l

l l

l l

l P\ßƒ ]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°p∂p.

l ]uc≥am¿ t\cn v cWØn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂p.

l ]Xn\n[nIfneqsS cWØn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂p.

DØckqNnI :

]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyw ]tcm£ P\m[n]Xyw

l ]pcmX\ Kcokn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂p. l C¥ybn¬ \nehnep≈Xv.

l \oXnbpw \ymbhpw Ah¿Xs∂ l P\kwJybnep≠mb h¿≤\hv

\S∏nem°p∂p

l `cWI¿Øm°sf \dp°n v l P\ßƒ ]Xn\n[nIsf

Is≠Øp∂p sXcs™Sp°p∂p.

l ]uc≥am¿ t\cn v cWØn¬ l ]Xn\n[nIfneqsS cWØn¬

]¶mfnIfmIp∂p. ]¶mfnIfmIp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3

]tcm£P\m[n]XyØns‚ Nne khntijXIƒ Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂p.GsX¶nepw aq∂v khntijXIƒ IqSn Dƒs∏SpØn hn]peoIcn°pI.

l ]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw.

l kzX¥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥.

DØckqNnI :

l \nbahmgvN

l `cWLS\sb AwKoIcn°p∂p

l kzX¥yambn ]h¿Øn°p∂ cmjvSob]m¿´nIƒ

l P\ßƒ°v AhImißƒ D≠mbncn°pw.

l IrXyamb Imebfhnep≈ sXcs™Sp∏v

153

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4

kmaqlnI kmºØnI AkaXzw Ipd°p∂Xn\pth≠n \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚ vhnhn[ \bßfpw ]≤Xnfpw BkqXWw sNbvXn´p≠v. AØcØnep≈ GsX¶nepwc≠v ]≤XnIfpsS t]cv FgpXpI. AkaXzw Ipd°p∂Xn¬ ChbpsS ]¶vhniZoIcn°pI.

(a)(b)

DØckqNnI :

(a) hm¿≤IyIme s]≥j≥(b) hn[hm s]≥j≥(c) kºq¿Æ BtcmKy C≥jqd≥kv ]≤Xn(d) s]mXphnXcW kºZmbw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5

P\m[n]XyØns‚ AhNbsØ ]Xntcm[n°m≥ Nne ]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyam¿§ßƒ \nehnep≠v. GsX√mamWv B am¿§ßƒ?

l lnX]cntim[\

l

DØckqNnI :

l lnX]cntim[\ (Referendem)l Xncn®phnfn°¬ (Recall)l P\lnX ]cntim[\ (Plebisite)l A`nIaw (Initiative)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6

‘C¥y≥ P\m[n]Xyw t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIfn¬ ][m\s∏´hbmWv ZmcnZyhpw\nc£cXbpw’ ˛ Fßs\bmWv \nc£cX P\m[n]XyØns‚ hnPbØn\vhneßpXSnbmbn \n¬°p∂Xv ka¿∞n°pI.

DØckqNnI :

l ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkw P\m[n]XyØns‚ i‡nbmWv.

l `cWØn¬ InbmflIambn ]¶ptNcm≥ km[n°msX hcp∂p.

l kmaqly cmjvSob AkaXzØ\v ImcWamIpw.

l \nehnep≈ \nbaßƒ a\nem°m≥ _p≤nap´p≠mhp∂p.

154

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7

P\m[n]XysØ PohnXcoXnbm°n am‰phm≥ Hcp hy‡nbn¬ D≠mbncnt°≠GsX¶nepw \mev KpWßƒ FgpXpI.

l

l

l

DØckqNnI :

l a‰p≈hcpsS hnizmkßtfmSpw BNmcßtfmSpw klnjvWpX ]pe¿ØpI.

l BKl\nh¿Øn°mbn P\m[n]Xyam¿§ßƒ amXw kzoIcn°pI.

l cmjvSob ]h¿Ø\Ønepw PohnXØnepw a‰p≈htcmSv _lpam\w ]pe¿ØpI.

l Xm≥ Dƒs∏sS F√mhcpw hna¿i\ hnt[bcmsW∂v a\nem°n ]h¿Øn°pI.

l a‰p≈hcpsS A`n]mbsØ _lpam\n°pI.

l \nbahmgvN AwKoIcn°pI.

l F√mhcpsSbpw A`n]mbtØbpw cmjvSob kzmX¥ytØbpw AwKoIcn®v]h¿Øn°pI.

l F√m hy‡nItfbpw Xpeycmbn ImWpI.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8

‘C¥y≥ P\m[n]Xyw t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIƒ’ ˛ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp skan\m¿kwLSn∏n°p∂Xn\v Xocpam\n®p. Fs¥√mw hnjbßƒ Dƒs∏SpØn thWwCXn\mhiyamb ]_‘w Xømdm°phm≥ ian®pt\m°pI.

DØckqNnI :

l kmaqly kmºØnI AkaXzw.

l \nc£cX

l P\kwJym h¿≤\hv

l ]mtZinI AkaXzw

l `mjmhmZw

l h¿§obX

l PmXobX

l XohhmZw

l hnLS\hmZw

Cu kqNIßƒ D]tbmKn®v ]_‘w Xømdm°pI.

155

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9

P\m[n]XysØ i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xn\v Bhiyamb aps∂mcp°ßfn¬][m\s∏´XmWv kzX¥am[yaßƒ ˛ C∂sØ am[yaßƒ P\m[n]XyØn¬AhcpsS NpaXeIƒ kzX¥hpw \njv]£hpambn \ndth‰p∂pt≠m?hna¿i\mflIambn hniIe\w sNøpI.

DØckqNnI :

l Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw P\m[n]Xy Bibßfpw P\ßfn¬FØn°p∂p.

l AgnaXn, kzP\]£]mXw, XohhmZw XpSßnb P\m[n]Xyhncp≤]h¿Ø\ßƒ Xpd∂pIm´p∂p.

l A`n]mb ]IS\tØbpw, A`n]mb cq]oIcWtØbpw klmbn°p∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10

P\m[n]Xyw kwc£n°m\pw \ne\n¿Øm\pw cmjvSob]m¿ńIƒA\nhmcyamtWm? F¥psIm≠v?

DØckqNnI :

l cmjvSob]m¿ńIƒ A\nhmcyamWv (AsX).

l P\ßsf kwLSn∏n°p∂p.

l P\]¶mfnØw Dd∏m°p∂p.

l P\m[n]Xyw kzbw A\pjvTn°p∂p.

l cmjvSob hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip∂p.

l A`n]mb cq]oIcW \SØp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11

‘Hu]NmcnIambn \Ωƒ C¥ybn¬ P\m[n]Xyw \S∏m°nsb¶nepw ]eImcWßfmepw ]q¿Æambn A\p`hthZyam°phm≥ \ap°v Ign™nń√’ XmsgX∂ncn°p∂ kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Cu ]ÿmh\ km[qIcn°pI.

l ZmcnZywl \nc£cXl kmºØnI AkaXzwl AgnaXnl A[nImc tIµoIcWw

DØckqNnI :

l Cu kqNIßsf hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØn Ipdn∏v Xømdm°Ww.

v v v

156

10. tZiotbmZvKY\w1. tZiotbmZvKY\w F∂ hm°psIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂sX¥v?2. C¥ybn¬ tZiotbmZvKY\w t\cnSp∂ ][m\ sh√phnfnIƒ enÃv sNøpI.3. a\pjy≥ Dƒs∏´n´p≈ Iq´mbvaIƒ GsX√mw?4. tZicmjvSØns‚ khntijXIfn¬ H∂mWv Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂Xv.

Ahtijn°p∂h FgpXpI.

l \n›nX AXn¿Øn

l

l

5. Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂ `mjIsf Ct¥m Bcy≥ `mjIƒ, ZmhnU `mjIƒF∂nßs\ XcwXncn°pI.

kwkvIrXw, Xangv, aebmfw, lnµn

6. aX\nct]£X F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂sX¥v?

DØckqNnI

1. tZintbmZvKY\w F∂Xv Hcp kΩni k¶ev]amWv. kmaqlnIhpw cmjvSobhpwaX]chpw ]mtZinIhpw kmºØnIhpamb ]e am\ßfpap≠v. sshhn[yßƒ\nd™ C¥y≥kaqlsØ Nne sshImcnI i‡nIƒ GIoIcn®vGIkaqlambn \ne\n¿Øp∂p. CXns\ tZiotbmZvKY\ ]InbbmbnIW°m°mw. \ΩpsS cmPysØ inYneam°p∂ F√m i‡nIsebpw]Xntcm[n°pI F∂XmWv tZiotbmZvKY\Øns‚ [¿Ωw.

2. l `oIchmZwl PmXobXl cmjvSob AÿncXl hn`mKob ]hWXl ]mtZinI hmZwl h¿§obX

3. l IpSpw_wl ka]mb°m¿l kaqlwl kapZmbwl Kmawl \Kcwl tZiw

157

4. l AwKXzwl \nbamhenl ]ucXzw

5. Ct¥m Bcy≥ mjIƒ ZmhnU mjIƒ

lnµn, kwkvIrXw Xangv, aebmfw

6. Hcp tZiob aXan√msX GsXmcp aXØn\pw AhchcpsS BNmcm\pjvTm\ßƒA\ph¿Øn°p∂Xn\pw ]Ncn∏n°p∂Xn\pw AhImiap≈Xpw F√maXßsfbpw Xpeyambn ]cnKWn°pIbpw _lpam\n°pIbpw sNøp∂AhÿsbbmWv aX\nct]£X F∂XpsIm≠p A¿∞am°p∂Xv.

v v v

158

11. a\pjymhImißƒ][m\ Bibßƒ

l a\pjymhImißsf°pdn®v [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.

l a\pjymhImißƒ cq]s∏´ kmlNcyw a\nem°p∂Xn\v.

l [m¿ΩtZiob a\pjymhImi ]Jym]\w AXns‚ ]m[m\yw hniIe\wsNøp∂Xn\v.

l kvXoIfpsSbpw Ip´nIfptSbpw AhImißƒ Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.

l a\pjymhImi ewL\ßsf°pdn®v [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.

l tZiob kwÿm\XeØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ a\pjymhImi IΩoj\pIfpsS]h¿Ø\sØ°pdn®v [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.

l tZiob ˛ A¥¿tZiobXeØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ a\pjymhImi]ÿm\ßsf°pdn®v a\nem°p∂Xn\v.

l D]t`m‡mhns‚ AhImißƒ Ahsb°pdn®v [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1F√m PohPmeßƒ°pw qapJØv Pohn°m\p≈ AhImiap≠v. CXn¬\n∂pw

hyXykvXambn a\pjymhImiØn\p≈ ]tXyIX F¥v? hniZam°pI.

DØckqNnI :

l kz¥w kmlNcyØn¬ A¥p‰ PohnXw \bn°m≥.l AXv XSs∏SpØm≥ B¿°pw A[nImcan√.l CXv P∑kn≤amWv.l `cWIqSw Dd∏phcpØp∂XmWv.

XpSßnbh FgpXp∂Xn\v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2Hcp ]Jym]\wsImt≠m `cWm[nImcnbpsS DØchneqsS D≠mbhb√

temIsØ a\pjymhImißƒ. ^©v hnπhpw, Atacn°≥ kzmX¥ykacw. a‰vtemI kw`hhnImkßƒ F∂nhbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ ]cntim[n®v sXfnhpIƒ\¬IpI.

DØckqNnI :

l kaXzw, kzmX¥yw, kmtlmZcyw F∂o ^©v hnπhmibßƒ a\pjymhImi]Jym]\w.

l Atacn°≥ tImf\nIfpsS kzmX¥y ]Jym]\w.

159

l dqtm, thmƒ´b¿ F∂o Nn¥I≥amcpsS kzm[o\w.

l ]ucmhImiw a‰v kzmX¥ykacßƒ, cWLS\ AhImiw Dd∏m°nbXv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3sFIycmjvSkwLS\bpsS cq]oIcWw a\pjymhImi ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v

thKX Iq´n F∂v ]dbp∂Xv F¥psIm≠v?

DØckqNnI :

l bp≤w XSbm≥ a\pjymhImi [zwk\w sNdp°m≥.l temIkam[m\hpw kpc£bpw Dd∏m°n.l bp.F≥.s‚ e£ywXs∂ kam[m\]camb a\pjy PohnXkmlNcyw Hcp°pI

F∂XmWv.

CXn¬ GsX¶nepw c≠v Bibßƒ FgpXp∂Xn\v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4km¿∆tZiob a\pjymhImi ]Jym]\Øn¬ ]Xn]mZn°p∂ AhImißfn¬

G‰hpw anI® aqs∂Æw FgpXpI.

DØckqNnI :

l kzmX¥ytØmsS Pohn°m\pw hy‡n kpc£nXXzw A\p`hn°phm\pap≈AhImiw.

l ASnaØØn¬\n∂p≈ tamN\w.

l \nbaØn\v ap∂n¬ XpeyXbpw Xpey \nba]cnc£bpw.

l cmPysØhntSbpw k©cn°m\pw Xmakn°m\pap≈ AhImiw.

l tkz—m]camb AdÃnt\m XS¶ent\m \mSpISØent\m Btcbpwhnt[bcm°cpXv.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5tIcfob kaqlØn¬ hr≤kZ\ßƒ h¿≤n°p∂Xmbp≈ ]Xhm¿ØIƒ

i≤n®n´p≠t√m. hm¿≤IyImesØ kwc£Ww F¥psIm≠mWv ]mbambhcpsSAhImiambn IW°m°p∂Xv?

DØckqNnI :

l a\pjymhImiamb A¥kp‰ PohnXhpw kpc£bpw ]mbambh¿°pwAhImis∏´XmWv.

l ]mbambh¿ IqSpX¬ klmbhpw ]cnKW\bpw A¿ln°p∂p.

l AhcpsS bu∆\w, A≤zm\w F∂nh kaqlØn\mbn sNehgn®p.

160

l hm¿≤IymIme s]≥j≥.

l htbmP\tIµw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6sSbn≥ bmX°nsS kvXoIƒs°Xnscbp≠mhp∂ BIaWßsf°pdn®v

\nch[n ]Xhm¿ØI¬ \mw hmbn°mdp≠t√m ˛ CØcw kmlNcyßfn¬kvXoIfpsS GsXms° AhImißfmWv \ntj[n°s∏Sp∂Xv?

DØckqNnI :

l kzX¥ambpw \n¿`bambpw bmXsNøm\p≈ AhImiw.

l hy‡nIfpsS Pohn°m\p≈ AhImiw.

l hm¿ØIsf hniIe\w \SØp∂Xn\v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7a\pjymhImi kwc£WØn\v HutZymKnI kwhn[m\ßƒ \nehnep≠v.

GsX√mamWh? ChbpsS CSs]Sen\v Hcp DZmlcWw FgpXpI.

DØckqNnI :

l tZiob a\pjymhImi IΩoj≥.

l kwÿm\ a\pjymhImi IΩoj≥.

l kaImeoI a\pjymhImi ]iv\ßfn¬ GsX¶nepw H∂v DZmlcn°p∂Xn\v.

Eg. F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ ZpcnX_m[nXcpsS ]iv\w.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8hyhkmb ˛ \KchnIk\Øns‚ `mKambn \S°p∂ IpSnsbmgn∏n°epIƒ

Hcp a\pjymhImi ]iv\ambn IW°m°m≥ Ignbptam? GsX√mw AhImißfmWvChnsS \ntj[n°s∏Sp∂Xv. \nßfpsS A`n]mbw tcJs∏SpØpI.

DØckqNnI :

l a\pjymhImi ewL\amWv.

l Pohn°phm\p≈ AhImiw.

l sXmgnseSp°phm\p≈ AhImiw F∂nßs\ Is≠Øp∂Xn\pwA`n]mbs∏Sp∂Xn\pw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 9a\pjymhImi kwc£WØn\pth≠n ]h¿Øn°p∂ Hcp A¥mcmjvS

kwLS\bpsS t]scgpXpI. CØcw kwLS\Iƒ \SØp∂ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v HcpDZmlcWw FgpXpI.

161

DØckqNnI :

l PUCLl Bw\Ãn C‚¿\mjW¬

l kn‰nk¨ t^m¿ sUtamIkn.

l a\pjymhImi kwLS\Iƒ CSs]´ GsX¶nepw Hcp ]iv\whniZoIcn°p∂Xn\v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10a\pjymhImi kwc£WØn\v k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ°v \n¿ÆmbI ]¶v

hln°m≥ Ignbpw. CØcØnep≈ kwLS\IfpsS t]cpIƒ NphsS tN¿°p∂p.Ahsb tZiobXeØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂h, A¥¿t±iobXeØn¬]h¿Øn°p∂h F∂v XcwXncn°pI.

l PUCL l ]o∏nƒkv Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ tkmjy¬

PÃokv

l lyqa≥sd‰vkv hm®v l t•m_¬ hm®v

l kn‰nk¨ t^m¿ sUtamIkn l ]o∏nƒkv bqWnb≥ t^m¿

sUtamIm‰nIv ssd‰vkv

l Bw\Ãn C‚¿\mjW¬ l Gjymhm®v

DØckqNnI :

tZiob kwLS\Iƒ A¥¿t±iob kwLS\Iƒ

l PUCL l Human Rights Watch

l kn‰nk¨ t^m¿ sUtamIkn l Amnesty International

l ]o∏nƒkv Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ l Global watchtkmjy¬ PÃokv

l ]o∏nƒkv bqWnb≥ t^m¿ l Asia watchUtamIm‰nIv ssd‰vkv

IrXyambn XcwXncn®v FgpXp∂Xn\v 1 kvtIm¿ hoXw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11D]t`m‡r X¿°]cnlmc t^mdØneqsS ]cnlcn°mhp∂ GsX¶nepw Hcp

]iv\w Nq≠n°mWn°pI.

162

DØckqNnI :

l D]t`m‡mhv hnesImSpØv hmßp∂ km[\ßfpsSbpw tkh\ßfpsSbpwKpWw, Afhv, Xq°w F∂nh icnbmb coXnbn¬ e`n°p∂ns√¶n¬ ˛

˛ ]k‡amb Hcp ]iv\Øns‚ AhXcWw (2 kvtIm¿)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12¢mn¬ \S∂ N¿®bn¬ IpńIfmWv a\pjymhImi ewL\ßƒ°v IqSpX¬

hnt[bcmIp∂Xv F∂ A`n]mbw Db¿∂ph∂p ˛ Cu c≠`n]mbtØmSv \nßƒtbmPn°p∂pt≠m? IpńIfpambn _‘s∏´ GsX¶nepw aq∂v AhImißƒkqNn∏n°pI.

DØckqNnI :

l tbmPn°p∂p.

l amXm]nXm°fn¬\n∂pw th¿s]SmXncn°m\p≈ AhImiw.

l BtcmKyØn\p≈ AhImiw.

l hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ AhImiw.

l hnthN\ßfn¬\n∂p≈ kwc£Ww.

l ab°pacp∂pt]mep≈ lm\nIcamb hkvXp°fn¬\n∂p≈ kwc£Ww.

GsX¶nepw aqs∂Æw kqNn∏n°p∂Xn\v (3 kvtIm¿).

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13Ct∏mgsØ kwÿm\ a\pjymhImi IΩoj≥ sNb¿am≥ BcmWv? IΩoj≥

CSs]´ Hcp ]iv\w Is≠Øn hniIe\wsNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnI :

l sNb¿am≥ ˛ PÃnkv io. sP._n.tImin.

l Hcp ]iv\w Is≠Øn hniZoIcn°p∂Xn\v.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14hnZym`ymk AhImi \nbaw C∂v auenImhImiambncn°p∂p. CXneqsS

kwc£n°p∂ ][m\ AhImitaXv? C∂v Cu \nbaØn\p≈ ]k‡n F¥v?

DØckqNnI :

l IpńbpsS hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ AhImiw.

l 6\pw 14\pw CSbn¬ ]mbap≈ IpńIƒ°v \n¿_‘nXhpw kuP\yhpambhnZym`ymkw c£nXmhns‚ ISa / at‰sX¶nepw ]k‡n FgpXp∂Xn\v.

v v v

163

12. kam[m\hpw kpc£nXXzhpwA¥¿t±iob kwLS\IfneqsS

][m\ Bibßƒ

l k¿∆cmjvSkJyw cq]wsIm≠ kmlNcyw a\nem°p∂Xn\pw AXns‚]cmPbsØ°pdn®v hniIe\w \SØp∂Xn\pw.

l sFIycmjvSkwLS\ (UN)bpsS cq]oIcWw.

l UN e£yßƒ, LS\, hnhn[ GP≥knIƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®v [mcWt\Sp∂Xn\v.

l NAM tNcntNcm ]ÿm\w cq]oIcWw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1sFIycmjvSkwLS\bpsS Hcp LSIamWv c£mkanXn. a‰v \mev LSIßfpsS

t]scgpXpI.

UN

DØckqNnI :

l s]mXpk`l skIt´dnb‰vl A¥mcmjvS \oXn\ymb tImSXnl kmºØnI kmaqly Iu¨kn¬l SÃnjn∏v Iu¨kn¬

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2

sFIycmjvSkwLS\bpsS ]ndhnbpambn _‘s∏´ kw`hßfpw h¿jßfpwImeKW\mIaØn¬ FgpXpI.

164

kw`hßƒ h¿jw

˛ sFIycmjvSkwLS\ \nehn¬h∂p. 1943˛ kam[m\Øn\mbn Hcp kwLS\ F∂ 1945

e£yhpambn tamkvtIm tIm¨^d≥kv

˛ sUw_m¿´≥ HmIvkv ktΩf\w 1942˛ A‰vem‚nIv Nm¿´¿ 1944˛ hmjnwKvS¨ ktΩf\w 1941

kw`hßƒ h¿jw

˛ sFIycmjvSkwLS\ \nehn¬h∂p. 1945˛ sUw_m¿´≥ HmIvkv ktΩf\w 1944˛ kam[m\Øn\mbn Hcp kwLS\ F∂ 1943

e£yhpambn tamkvtIm tIm¨^d≥kv

˛ hmjnwKvS¨ ktΩf\w 1942˛ A‰vem‚nIv Nm¿´¿ 1941

DØckqNnI :

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3‘kam[m\w F∂Xv bp≤an√mØ Ahÿ amXa√, a\pjycminbpsS kzÿXbpw

]ptcmKXnbpw IqSnbmWv’. Cu ]kvXmh\tbmSv \nßƒ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m?F¥psIm≠v? hniZoIcWIpdn∏v Xømdm°pI.

DØckqNnI :

l tbmPn°p∂p

l Imemhÿm hyXnbm\w

l `oIc]h¿Ø\ßƒ

l ]I¿®hym[nIƒ

l ZmcnZyw XpSßnb ]iv\ßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnebncpØWw.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4Iq´mbvabneqsS temIkam[m\hpw kpc£nXXzhpw Dd∏phcpØpI F∂XmWv

sFIycmjvS kwL\S e£ywhbv°p∂Xv. UN\v apºv Cu e£yw ap≥\n¿Øn]h¿Øn® temI kwLS\ GXmWv? AXn\v B ZuXyw ]q¿ØoIcn°m\mtbm?hnebncpØpI.

165

DØckqNnI :

l k¿∆cmjvSkJyw

l C√ F∂ Bibw

l bp≤w XSbm\mbn√ c≠mw temIalmbp≤ kmlNcyw

l bp≤m\¥cw 1946¬ ]ncn®phntS≠nh∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5sFIycmjvSkwLS\bpsS LS\bn¬ G‰hpw ]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂Xv

kpc£mkanXnbmWv F∂v ]dbm≥ ImcWsa¥v?

DØckqNnI :

l ÿncmwKßƒ ssN\, _n´≥, ^m≥kv, djy, Atacn°.

l hot‰m A[nImcw

l kp][m\ Xocpam\ßƒ FSp°p∂p

l A\pIqe Xocpam\ßƒ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6temIt£ahpw kpc£nXXzhpw ap≥\n¿Øn ]h¿Øn°p∂ ]tXyI

GP≥knIƒ UN\v D≠v. GsX¶nepw aqs∂ÆØns‚ t]cpIƒ FgpXpI.

DØckqNnI :

l WHOl UNESCOl FAOl IMFl World Bank

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7AB tImfßƒ A\ptbmPyambXv FgpXpI.

A BKo≥]okv hm¶mcn aØmbv

Nn]vtIm ]ÿm\w a\pjymhImi ewL\w

tem_bm≥ ]cnÿnXn Iamt‚mkv

Ko≥ _¬‰v ]ÿm\w kpµ¿em¬ _lpKpW

Bw\Ãv C‚¿\mjW¬ C¥ybnepw bqtdm∏nepw ]h¿Øn°p∂p

166

DØckqNnI :

A BKo≥]okv ]cnÿnXn Iamt‚mkv

Nn]vtIm ]ÿm\w kpµ¿em¬ _lpKpW

tem_bm≥ C¥ybnepw bqtdm∏nepw ]h¿Øn°p∂p

Ko≥ _¬‰v ]ÿm\w hm¶mcn aØmbv

Bw\Ãv C‚¿\mjW¬ a\pjymhImi ewL\w

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8ioXkacw Ahkm\n°pIbpw Ccp tNcnIƒ C√mXmhpIbpw sNbvX ]pXnb

temIkmlNcyØn¬ tNcntNcm ]ÿm\Øns‚ ]k‡nsb¥v?

DØckqNnI :

l c≠mwtemIalmbp≤m\¥cw \hkzmX¥ cmPyßfpsS Iq´mbva.

l A¥¿t±iob _‘ßfn¬ kzX¥amb \ne]mSv.

l kam[m\Ønepw klh¿ØnXzØnepw A[njvTnXamb hntZi\bw.

l h¿Æ˛hwi hnthN\ßsf FXn¿°p∂p.

l kmºØnIambn ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ cmPyßfpsS Xm¬]cyØn\v Du∂¬\¬Ip∂p.

v v v

167

tkmjy¬ kb≥kv ˛ h¿°vjo‰v

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ : F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw sNbvXp ]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1 : Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°pI`qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-Øn-tebv°v \bn® kml-N-cy-ßƒ GsXms°?

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2\thm-∞m\w Bcw- n-®Xv C‰-en-bn-em-Wv. AXn-\n-S-bm-°nb Imc-W-ß-fn¬ NneXv

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

a[y-h¿K-Øns‚ hf¿®

kpÿn-c-amb Kh¨sa‚ v

.........................................................

.........................................................

.........................................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3\thm-∞m\ ImeØv kmlnXyw ˛ imkvXw ˛ Ie F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]apJ

ÿm\w hln®h¿ Bscm-s°-sb∂v Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

\thm-∞m\w

kmlnXyw imkvXw Ie

âââââ âââââ âââââtXma-kvaq¿

.....................................

.....................................

tIm∏¿\n-°kv

.....................................

.....................................

enb-\m¿tUm Umh≥©n

.....................................

.....................................

168

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4am\-hn-I-X, XXz-im-kvXw, bp‡n-Nn-¥, hna¿i-\-_p≤n F∂n-hbv°v ]m[m\yw

\¬In cNn-°-s∏´ Nne ][m\ IrXn-I-fp-sSbpw AhbpsS cN-bn-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw ]ńIXmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

`mj kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ KŸw ]Xn-]mZyw

kv]m\njv ........................ tUmÏzn-Ivtkm v .............................

.................... tNmk¿ ................................... kmaq-lnI hna¿i\w

P¿Ω≥ .......................... ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w ..............................

U®v Fdm-kvakv ................................... ]ptcm-lnX ZpjvsN-bvXn-Iƒ

.................... Ums‚ ................................... ...............................

C‰m-en-b≥ .......................... ]n≥kv ...............................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5‘`qanimkvX-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ’, AXns‚ e-ßƒ F∂nh Is≠Øn

]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ ê-ßƒ

........................................................... ...........................................................

........................................................... ...........................................................

........................................................... ...........................................................

........................................................... ...........................................................

........................................................... ...........................................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 61. \thm-∞m\w C‰-en-bn¬ Bcw- n-°m-\n-S-bm-°nb kml-N-cy-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-

bm-bn-cp∂p?

2. \thm-∞m\ Ime-L- -Øn¬ kmln-Xyw, imkvXw, Ie F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse][m-\-s∏´ t\ -ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

3. \thm-∞m\ ImesØ ]tXy-I-X-I-fn¬ NneXv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Is≠Øn ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

\thm-∞m\w

kzX¥ Nn¥

169

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 7hym]mccwK-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn Cw•-≠n¬ a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ hf¿®sb

klmbn® LS-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

a[y-h¿Kw

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬\n∂vhmWnPy taJ-e-bn-te-°p-≈am‰w

hmWn-Py-°-º\ncq]o-I-cn-®p.

kº-∂-amb hym]mc-h¿K-Øns‚ hf¿®

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 8Cw•-≠nse c-W-]-c-amb kwL¿j-Øn-te°v \bn® kw -h-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´

Hcp ssSw sse≥ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.

1689

1688

1649

1640

1628

s]‰o-j≥kv Hm v ssd‰vkv

temwKv ]m¿en-sa‚ v

_n¬ Hm v ssd‰vkv

tIma¨sh¬Øv Ime-L- -Øns‚ Bcw`w

c‡-c-lnX hnπhw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 91. _mkvXn-b≥ tIm´ cmP-hm-gvN-bp-sSbpw ]`p-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xo-I-am-b-sX-ßs\?

2. _mkvXn-b≥ tIm´ XI¿∂Xv ^©v hnπ-h-Øn\v XpS-°w-Ip-dn®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-bmtWm?

3. _mkvXn-b≥ tIm -bpsS ]X\w (Pqsse 14) ^m≥kn¬ tZiob Zn\-ambn C∂pwBN-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-sa¥v?

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 10^©p-hn-π-h-Øns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ ]cm-Pbw hsc-bp≈ kw -h-

ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Hcp ssSw sse≥ \n¿Ωn-°mtam?

170

1815

1792

1799

1806

1789

1. _¿en≥ imk\w

2. _mkvXn-bs‚ ]X\w

3. hm´¿eq bp≤w

4. tZiob I¨sh≥j≥

5. s\t∏m-fn-b≥ A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-SpØp

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 11A tImf-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh B, C tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-XpI.

A B C

eqbn XVI _q¿jzmkn Kn√-‰n≥

tdm_-kv]n-b¿ Syq¿tKm \K-c-hmkn

a[y-h¿Kw sat‰-WnIv tZiob Akwªn

hnb∂m ktΩ-f\w tIma¨kv kmº-ØnI ]cn-jvImcw

sS∂okv tIm¿ v ]Xn⁄ `oIc hmgvN BkvXnb

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 12A tImf-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh B, C tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-XpI.

A B C

eqbn ªm¶v ^m_n-b≥ tkmjy-enÃv tÃ‰v tkmjy-enkw

]qtKm¨ Iq v Dev]mZw ]¶n-S¬ Dt´m-]y≥ tkmjy-enkw

Imd¬am¿Ivkv Iq´p-Sa kº-Zmbw tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ as‰mcp cq]w

tdm_¿ v Hmh≥ aqe-[\w P\m-[n-]Xyw

_¿WmUv jm kn≥Un-°-enkw imkvXob tkmjy-enkw

171

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 13Xe-s°- p-ambn tbmPn-∏n-°p-I.

1a\p-jym-[zm-\-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv bt¥m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ÿm\w t\Sn.

^mIvSdn \nbaw

2apX-em-fn-am-cpsS Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ k¿°m¿ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°¬ \bw

Nm¿ńÃv ]ÿm\w

3]`p-°-∑m-tcbpw cmPm-hn-t\bpw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v _nójv ]m¿en-sa‚ v ]mm-°nb\nbaw

hyh-kmb hnπhw

4sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v thm -h-Imiw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\mbn Cw•-≠n¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ ]ÿm\w

]cn-jvI-cW \nbaw

5apX-em-fn-am-cpsS hnhn[ Nqj-W-Øn\pw kz¥wPohn-X-Zp-cn-X-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmb ]Xn-tj[w

et-s -b¿ kn≤m¥w

6

^mIvSdn ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂-Xn\pw kvXo sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]hrØn kabw 10 aWn-°q¿B°p∂Xn\pw 9 hb-n\p Xmsgbp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS _me-the XS-bp-∂-Xn-\pw.

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS sFIyw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 14hnπ-h-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

c‡-c-lnX hnπhw

_n¬ Hm v ssd‰v

.................................................

.................................................

^©v hnπhw

.................................................

.................................................

a\p-jym-h-Imi ]Jym-]\w

hnπhßƒ

hymh-km-bnI hnπhw

.................................................

^mIvSdn kº-Zmbw

.................................................

Im¿jnI hnπhw

.................................................

.................................................

Im¿jnI b¥-ßƒ

172

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 15]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

Ata-cn-°≥kzmX-¥y-k-acw

]mXn-\n-[y-an-√msX \nIp-Xn-bn√

1873 se ]mcokv DS-ºSn

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 16A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬\n∂v Is≠Øn Hgn™ If-ßƒ \nd-bv°q.

sNdp-Ø

p-\n¬

∏v k

acw

hwi

-a-lna

BI-anItZio-bX

]Xn-tcm[tZio-bX

tImf\

n ka-c-ß

ƒ

173

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 17ssN\sb [m¿Ωn-I-ambpw, hmWn-Py-]-c-ambpw XI¿°p-hm≥ _n´≥ \S-Ønb

ia-Øns‚ e-am-bn-cp∂p “ Idp-∏p-bp≤w” Cu ]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n®v A`n-]m-b-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 18tImf\n hncp≤ ka-c-ßƒ tZio-b-Xbv°v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ C¥y- -ssN-\- -P-∏m≥ F∂o cmPy-ß-fnse tImf\n hncp-≤- k-a-cßƒ XmcXaywsNøp-I.

C¥y ssN\ P∏m≥

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 19temI-bp-≤-Øn-\n-S-bm-°nb A¥m-cmjvS ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]´nI

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ _‘-s∏´ cmPy-ßƒ Imc-W-ßƒ

]uckvXy bqtdm-]y≥ kaky djy, _n´≥, ]jy, ...............................................

tlmf≠v ...............................................

_mƒ°≥ ]Xn-k‘n ............................................... ...............................................

............................................... ...............................................

samtdm-°≥ ]Xn-k‘n ............................................... ...............................................

............................................... ...............................................

_mKvZmZv sdbn¬ ............................................... ...............................................

............................................... ...............................................

t_mkv\n-b≥ ]Xn-k‘n ............................................... ...............................................

............................................... ...............................................

174

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 20]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

H∂mw temIalm-bp≤w

kmam-PyXzw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 21vtfm Nm¿ v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kJy I£n-Iƒ H∂mw temI-bp≤w tIµ i‡n-Iƒ

â â_n´≥

....................

....................

P¿Ω\n........................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 22A¥m-cmjvS kwL-S-\-bpsS A`mhw H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn-\p≈ Imc-W-am-bn-

cp∂p. F∂m¬ temI-bp-≤-Øn\p tijw eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kv (k¿∆-cmPy kJyw)F∂ kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- p. Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS e£y-ßƒ, LS-I-ßƒ, ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]cm-P-b-ßƒ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

e£y-ßƒ

LS-I-ßƒ

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

]cm-Pb Imc-W-ßƒ

175

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 23djy≥ hnπhØn\n-S-bm-°nb Imc-W-ßƒ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

cmjvSobImc-W-ßƒ..................................

kmaq-lnIImc-W-ßƒ..................................

kmº-ØnIImc-W-ßƒ..................................

Nn¥m-]-c-ambImc-W-ßƒ..................................

s]s -∂p-≠mb

ImcWw..................................

djy≥hnπhw

.................

.................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 24bp≤m-¥c djybv°v kmº-Øn-I-cw-KØv \nc-h[n ]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.

kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-bv°m≥ Nne kXz-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p. Ah-bn¬][m-\-s∏- -XmWv bp≤-Ime IΩyq-Wn-khpw ]pØ≥ kmº-Øn-I-\-b-hpw. CXns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

djy-bnsekmº-ØnI \bw

bp≤-Ime IΩyq-Wnkw ]pØ≥ kmº-ØnI \bw

]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

...........

.................................

A[nIDev]-∂-

ßƒ P\-ßƒ°v

kl-I-cWÿm]-\-ßƒ

...........

.................................

à à à à à

176

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 25P\m-[n-]Xy c-W-I-ahpw mjnÃv c-W-I-ahpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

kzmX¥yw / Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ^mjnkw P\m-[n-]Xyw

A`n-]mb kzmX¥yw]ucm-h-ImiwaX-hn-izmkw`cWIawIa-k-am-[m\wthm -h-ImiwkmwkvIm-cnI ]h¿Ø\wam[ya kzmX¥ywcmjvSob ]m¿ń-I-fpsSkzmX¥ywhntZi \bw

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]h¿Ø\w ˛ 26Xmsg sImSpØ kqN-\-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS c≠mw temI-bp-≤-ap-≠m-hm-\n-S-

bmb kml-N-cy-ßsf hne-bn-cpØn Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.

1929-30kmº-ØnI amµyw

1931-33a©q-dn-b≥]Xn-k‘n

1934-36A_n-ko-\-b≥

]Xn-k‘n

sXmgn-en-√mbva]ń-Wn, ZmcnZyw

hym]m-cm-h-iym¿∞w P∏m≥

a©q-dnbBI-an®p

apk-eo\n A_n-ko-\nb BI-an-®p.

eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kv\njvInbw

1936-38ln‰ve¿ thgvkmbn

DS-ºSn\ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p.

1938ayqWnIv DS-ºSn

1939ln‰ve¿

sNt°m-…mhmIyIog-S-°p∂p

BkvSnbP¿Ω-\n-tbmSv

Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p.

ln‰ve¿ kpU-‰≥em‚ vIog-S-°p-∂p. _n´≥- -

^m≥kvAwKo-I-cn-°p∂p.

ayqWn°v Icm-dns\ \ncm-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

sNt°m-…m-hm-Iyapgp-h≥ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.

âââââ âââââ âââââ

âââââ âââââ âââââ

177

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 27c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn¬ temIw c≠p im‡nI tNcn-I-fmbn amdn. CXn-epƒs∏´

cmPy-ßsf Is≠Øn Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kJyI£n-Iƒ

Ata-cn°

A®p-X≠pi‡n-Iƒ

P∏m≥

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 28Gjy-bn-tebpw B^n-°-bn-tebpw tImf\n hmgvN°v A¥ywIpdn-®Xv c≠mw temI-

bp-≤-Øn\p tij-am-bn-cp-∂p. _n -\n¬\n∂pw kzmX¥yw t\Snb cmPy-ß-fpsS ]´nIXøm-dm-°p-I. temI-`q-]-S-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS kzX-¥-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ÿm\wIs≠Øp-I.

h¿jw Gjy B n°

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 29Hcp kam-[m-\-]m-e\ GP≥kn F∂ \ne-bn¬ bp.-F-≥. -\n-c-h[n ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-

l-cn-®n- p-≠v. F∂m¬ amdnb temI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S\ t\cn-Sp∂ ][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Fs¥ms°?

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 30sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S-\-bpsS e£y-ßƒ, LS-I-ßƒ, ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, sshI-ey-

ßƒ/sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I.

e£y-ßƒ

LS-I-ßƒ

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

sshI-ey-ßƒ (]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ)

178

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 31ssSwsse≥ Xøm-dm-°pI

13. 1945, 1942, 1938, 1940, 1939

(Xn-I£n kJyw, P∏ms‚ t]ƒ lm¿_¿ BI-a-Ww, C‰en Iog-S°n ayqWn°vDS-º-Sn, P¿Ω≥ tkmhy‰v DS-º-Sn).

14. 1949, 1945, 1980, 1950, 1952

(auau el-f, ssN\ P\-Iob dn∏-ªn°v, knw_m_vsh kzX-¥-bm-bn. hnb‰v\mwdn∏-ªn-°v, sImdn-b≥ bp≤w)

15. 1962, 1912, 1994, 1957, 1976

(B-^n-°≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-v, s\¬k¨ at≠e B^n-°≥ ]kn-U≠v,sI\nb kzX-¥-bmbn, hnb‰v\mw GIo-I-c-Ww, Lm\ kzX-¥-bm-bn)

16. 1945, 1949, 1991, 1971, 1955

(_m-µq°v ktΩ-f-\w, tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿® ssN\°v UNOhn¬AwKXzw, sFIycmjvS kwL-S\ cq]o-I-c-Ww, \mt‰m kJy cq]o-I-c-Ww)

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 32tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p-I. (A tImfØn\v Xpey-am-bXv B, C bn¬\n∂pw tN¿°p-I)

A B Ct]ƒ lm¿_¿ Lm\ s]cn-kvtSm-bn°

tlmNn-an≥ _mµq°v tKmƒUvtImÃv

Izman F≥Ipa tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ 1955

tNcn-tNcm ]ÿm\w hnb‰v\mw P∏m≥

tKm¿_-t®hv Ata-cn° Ct¥m- -ssN\

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 331. C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xsb \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ A`n-]mb hyXymkw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?

2. _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS ‘`n∂n-∏n®p cn°¬’ X¥w C¥y hn -P-\-Øn\v Imc-W-amtbm?

3. Zzncm-jvS-hm-Z-tØmSv Indial National Congress s‚ kao-]\w F¥m-bn-cp∂p?

4. apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂-bpsS Bhiyw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?

5. C¥ym hn -P-\-sØ-°p-dn®v alm-fl-Km-‘n-bpsS A`n-]mbw H‰-s∏´ i_vZ-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-™Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

6. F¥mWv Mount Batten ]≤Xn?

7. Alnw-kmfl am¿§-Øn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-SpØ kzmX¥yw lnwk-bnepw AI-a-ØnepwIem-in-®-sX-ßs\?

179

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 34C¥ybnse \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Xmsg sImSpØ

]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

]tZiw h¿jw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS C¥y-bn¬ ]n∂oSv h∂\ne-]mSv tN¿°-s∏´ coXn am‰w kwÿm\w/

tIµ- -cWw

Pp\-KUv ........... ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ ................................ KpP-dmØv kwÿm\ebn-°m≥ BKlw Øns‚ mK-ambn

Imivao¿ 1947 ................................ cmPm-hns‚ ]Jym-]\ ..............................Oct 26 ØneqsS

sslZ-c-_mZv ............ kzX-¥-]-≤Xn ............................... B‘ kwÿm\Øns‚ mKw

t]m≠n-t®cn 1954 ................................ C¥y-bpsS A`y¿∞\ ..............................

tKmh ........... kzmX-¥-\n-e-]mSv ssk\nI \S-]Sn ..............................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 35C¥y≥ c-W-L-S-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Xmsg sImSpØ ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-

°p-I.

C¥y≥`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

][m\khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

h¿Æ-hn-th-N-\-Øn\vFXncv

Nqj-W-hn-cp≤ at\m- mhw

tImf-\n-hn-cp≤at\m- mhw

180

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 36kzmX-¥y-Øn\v tij-ap≈ C¥y-bnse kw -h-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hcp

ssSwsse≥ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.

1954

1950

1952

1953

1961

1. C¥y dn∏-ªn-°mbn

2. t_mws_ kwÿm\ hn -P\w

3. ^©p-Im¿ C¥y hn´p

4. kwÿm\ ]p\:kwL-S\ IΩo-j≥

5. C¥y-bnse BZysØ s]mXp-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 37A tImfØn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh B, C tImf-ß-fn¬\n∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-sØ-gpXpI.

A B C\m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lp \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P\w

hn.-]n.-ta-t\m≥ C¥y≥ bqWn-b≥ B‘ kwÿm\w

P\-Iob kacw PÃokv ss^k¬ Aen tÃ‰v Un∏m¿ vsa‚v

BZy s]mXp-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v k¿Zm¿ h√- mbv ]t´¬ C¥y≥ bqWn-b≥

t]m´n cmaep Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e≥

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 38B[p-\nI C¥y-bpsS imkvX-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]´nI Iao-I-cn-

°p-I. A tImf-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn B, C tImf-ßƒ Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

A B C

1. tlman.-sP.- m` ISRO BWh ]co-£Ww2. ASn-ÿm\ imkvX Xpº imkvX-am¿§-Z¿i\w

Kth-jWw3. ][m-\-a¥n Automic Energy Commission 19454. tdm°‰v hnt£-]W Council of scientific & Nmµ-bm≥

tIµw Industrial Research5. _ln-cm-Imi s]mIm≥ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Kth-jWw6. cmP-ÿm≥ Tata Institute of Fundamental Nµ-bm≥

Research

181

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 39C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ GsXms°? Ch

C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-°m≥ k¿Zm¿ h√- mbv ]t´¬ kzoI-cn® \S-]Sn F¥m-bn-cp∂p?

C¥y°v ho≠pw Hcp kzmX-¥y-k-acw th≠n-h-∂-Xns‚ ImcWw F¥mWv?

^©v, t]m¿®p-Kokv tImf-Wn-Iƒ C¥y≥ bqWn-bs‚ `mK-ambn amdn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Fs¥ms° ]bm-k-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-hpI?

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 40sImtfm-Wn-b≥ c-W-Im-e-Øp-\n∂v kzX¥ C¥y°v Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂

taJ-e-I-fn¬ D≠mb hyXymkw F¥mWv?

]c-am-[n-Imcw C¥y≥ P\-ßƒ°v e`n®p

thm -h-Imiw .............................................

kmº-ØnI \bw Xpey hnX-cWw

hntZ-i-\bw .............................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 41H∂mw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤Xn apX¬ 11˛mw ]©-h-’c ]≤Xn (2007˛2011)I-fpsS

Du∂¬ taJ-esb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n X∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw Is≠-ØpI.

1. Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS hf¿®°v ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hln® ]¶v F¥m-bn-cp∂p? AXns‚ e-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

2. C¥y-bpsS hymh-km-bnI hf¿®bv°v ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS kw`m-h\F¥mWv?

3. “kzbw ]cym-]vX Kmaw” F∂ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kz]v\w km£m¬°-cn-°m≥]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ F¥v I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv \n¿t±-in-®n- p-≈Xv?

4. ‘kzX¥ C¥y-bpsS’ kmº-ØnI ASn-Ød ]mIp-∂-Xn¬ ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hln® ]¶v hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

182

]©h’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

]≤Xn h¿jw Du∂¬ taJe

1. 1951˛56 Im¿jnI ]ptcm-KXn

2. 1956˛61 hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-Ww, ]tXy-In®pw h≥InS ASn-ÿm\ hyh-km-b-ßƒ.

3. 1961˛66 hyh-kmb hnI-k-\w, Im¿jnI hnI-k\w F∂n-h-bn-eqsStZiob hcp-am\ h¿≤-\-hv.

4. 1969˛74 hf¿®m-hÿ Dd-∏n-°¬, Pohn-X-Kp-WX h¿≤n-∏n-°¬, aqe-[\ \nt£]w h¿≤n-∏n-°¬, Im¿jnI hnI-k-\w, Xpey-Xbpwkmaq-ly-\o-Xnbpw Dd-∏m-°¬.

5. 1974˛79 Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Ø¬, hf¿®m \nc°v h¿≤n-∏n-°¬.

6. 1980˛85 ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷-\w, sXmgn-en-√mbva ]cn-l-cn-°¬.

7. 1985˛90 `t£ym¬]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°¬, sXmgn-e-h-kcw h¿≤n-∏n-°¬.

8. 1992˛97 kmº-ØnI ]cn-jvI-cW \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS PohnX KpW-ta∑h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw kmº-ØnI hnI-k\w t\S-epw.

9. 1997˛2002 kmaq-ly-\o-Xnbpw Xpey-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°¬, KmaoW taJ-e-bpsShnI-k-\hpw Im¿jnI hnI-k-\hpw, Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-amb sXmgn-e-h-kcw krjvSn-°epw ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-hpw.

10. 2002˛2007 hf¿®m \nc°v h¿≤n-∏n-°¬, km¿∆-XnI ]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw e`y-am-°¬.

11. 2007˛2011 hf¿®m \nc°v h¿≤n-∏n-°¬.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 42Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ F∂n-ßs\ hn -Pn-bv°-s∏´p InS∂ tIcfw

Cw•ojv CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS Iogn-em-b-sX-ßs\ F∂v hy‡-am-°q.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 43“tIc-f-Øn¬ _nójv hncp≤ Iem-]-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°nb Imc-W-ßƒ” F∂

hnj-b-Øn¬ N¿® \SØn Ipdn-∏p-X-øm-dm-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 44tIc-f-Ønse Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \S∂ _nójv

hncp≤ Iem-]-ßfpw Ah-bpsS kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm≠v X∂n-cn-°p∂]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

183

Iem-]-ßƒ t\XrXzw kml-N-cy-ßƒ ^e-ßƒ kam-\-X-Iƒ

]g»n Iem]w

thep-ØºnZf-h-bpsS Iem]w

]men-b-Ø-®s‚ Iem]w

a∏nf elf

Ipdn-Ny¿ elf

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 45tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ NcnX ]›m-Ø-e-sØ-°p-dn®v At\z-j-W-

°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kqN\:-

1. sFIy-tI-cf kwbp‡ tbmK-ßƒ2. sIm®n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kwtbm-P\w3. kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\m IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿ v4. `mjm kwÿm\ IΩo-j≥5. iocm-a-ep-hns‚ Poh-XymKw6. kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\m \nbaw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 46C¥y≥ tZio-bX cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p klm-bn® LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏p Xøm-

dm-°q.

l Ncn-X-]-c-amb LS-I-ßƒl

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 47C¥y≥ tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn\v XSw \n¬°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ Gh?

kqN\:

l h¿§o-bXl

l

184

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 48]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ am¿§-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kqN\:

l ]uc≥am¿ t\cn v ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip-∂p.l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 49“B[p-\nI ImeØv ]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xyw A]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-Wv.” Cu ]kvXm-h-

\-tbm-Sp≈ \nß-fpsS A`n-]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 50Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 51A¥m-cm-jvS-X-e-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-bv°p∂ a\p-jym-h-Imi kwL-S-\-Iƒ

GsXms°?

kqN\:

l PUCLl

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 52A\p-tbm-Py-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

........................................... Imem-hÿ

Hcp ]tZ-iØp lkz-Im-e-b-f-hn¬

A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ A¥-co-£-Øns‚ ...........................................

Ahÿ

185

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 53kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ vtfmNm¿ v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 54BIr-Xn-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ taL-ßsf A\p-tbm-Py-

ambn Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.

kvSm‰kv taL-ßƒ Nmc-\n-d-Øntem Idp-∏p-\n-d-Øntem ImWp∂ ag-ta-L-ßƒ

kndkv taL-ßƒ Xnc-›o\-X-e-Øn¬ ]mfn-I-fmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Iypap-ekv taL-ßƒ Xqh¬s°- p-Iƒ t]mse ImWp∂p

\nw_kv taL-ßƒ Nmc-\n-d-Øn¬ Iq\-Iƒt]mse ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 55h¿j-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ?

l a™v

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 56πm‰vt^m-ans\ ASnÿm\am°n hnZqc kwth-Z-\sØ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.

l `qXe Ombm-K-lWw

l

l

186

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 57Ãocn-tbm-s]-b¿, Ãocn-tbm-kvtIm∏v Ãocn-tbm-kvtIm-∏nIv hnj≥ Ch A\p-tbm-

Py-ambn tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.

ÃocntbmkvtIm∏v sXm -Sp-Øp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Bh¿Øn-®p≈

c≠v NnX-ß-fm-Wv.

Ãocn-tbm-s]-b¿ Ãocn-tbm-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS ImWp∂ Xnam\ Zriy-

ßƒ

Ãocn-tbm-kvtIm-∏nIv hnj≥ BIm-iob NnX-ßsf Xnam\ cq]-Øn¬ ImWp-

hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 58hnZqc kwth-Z\ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-sIm-≠p≈ D]-tbmKw?

kqN\:

l Im´p-Xobpw a‰pw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 59`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]tbm-K-km-[y-X-Iƒ?

kqN\:

l hnh-c-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\X Ipd-bp-∂p.

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 60]´n-I-bnse kqN-\-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v A, B, C Ch ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

h≥I-c-bpsS t]cv ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

.............A............

.............B............

.............C............

]q¿Æ-ambpw DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

DjvW-a-cp- q-an-I-fn√

G‰hpw hen-∏-ta-dnb cmPyw Cu h≥I-c-bn-emWv

kqbkv I\m¬ Cu h≥I-c-bpsS sX°p-]-Sn-™mdp mK-Øm-Wv.temI-Ønse G‰hpw \ofw-Iq-Snb \Zn Cu h≥I-c-bn-emWv.

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ h÷w J\\w sNøp-∂Xv Cu h≥I-c-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv.

187

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 61A‚m¿´n-°-bn-te°v a\p-jy-i≤ Xncn-bm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

kqN\:

l XqI¬

l

l

l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 62A‚m¿´n-°-bn-ep≈ C¥y-bpsS Kth-jW tIµ-ßƒ?

kqN\:

l ssaXn

l

l

l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 63DØ-cm-b-\-tcJ (23½0 N) IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

kqN\:

l KpP-dmØv

l

l

l

l

188

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 64`utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y-sb q]-Ir-Xn Xncn®v

Xmsg sImSpØ q]-S-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

kqN\:

l Xoc-]-tZ-i-ßƒ

l

l

l

l

189

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 65

C¥y-bpsS kwkv°m-chpw P\-Po-hn-Xhpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-JebpsS ]m[m\yw FX-am-X-ap-s≠∂v ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°q.

kqN\:

l hntZ-io-bm-I-a-W-Øn¬ \n∂v Hs´ms° kwc-£n-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.

l

l

l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 66

vtfmNm¿´n¬ hn´p-t]m-bh FgpXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

DØ-c-]¿∆-X-ta-Je

........................... Sm≥kv lnam-e-b≥\nc-Iƒ

Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ

lnamZn

..............

knhm-enIv

Imc-t°mdw

Kmtcm

190

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 67

X∂n- p≈ q]-S-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse ][m-\-s∏´ \Zn-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

191

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 68

C¥y-bnse ][m\ aÆn-\-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw ImWn-°p∂ q]SamWv NphsS X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch Hmtcm∂pw Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

hnf hnf-hn-d-°p∂ Imew hnf-sh-Sp-°p∂ Imew ][m\ hnf

Jmcn v ............................... a¨kq-Wns‚ BZy-hmcw s\√v

........................... \hw-_¿ a[yw .................................. ..................................

........................... .................................. .................................. ..................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 69

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-I.

kqN\: th\-ens‚ Bcw- w, Pq¨, dm_n, tKmX-ºv, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, sskZv, ...............

192

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 70

Xmsg X∂n- p-≈h ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kqN\: d_¿, Im∏n, tXbn-e, NWw, Icn-ºv, s\√v, tKmX-ºv................, ..........................

`£y-hnf \mWy-hnf tXm -hnf

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 71

Xmsg sImSpØ q]-S-Øn¬ A, B, C F∂o ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tdmUv KXm-KXw sa®-s∏- -Xm-Wv. F¥p-sIm≠v?

193

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 72

IpSn-tb-‰-Øns‚ KpW-ßfpw tZmj-ßfpw Fgp-Xp-I. (3 FÆw hoXw)

kqNnI:

KpWw tZmjw

kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-abw km[y-am-Ip∂p tNcn-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-°p∂p

....................................... .............................................

....................................... AanX hn -h-Nq-jWw

....................................... .......................................

....................................... .......................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 73

Ft∂m¿, lm¬Un-b, I≠ve, sIm®n XpS-ßnb Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ q]-S-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

194

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 74

Pe-kw- -c-Wn-I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-°p∂ ]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒIs≠Øn Fgp-Xmtam?

kqN\:

l aÆns‚ e-]pjvSn \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 75

kap-Z-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Aæ-h¬°-cWw ]hn-g-Zzo-]p-Isf \in-∏n-bv°p-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 76

kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-hp-ambe£y-ßƒ hni-I-e-\w-sNbvXv ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kmº-ØnIw kmaq-lnIw ]mcn-ÿn-XnIw

hf¿® XpeyX Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-ÿnXn

............................ ............................ ............................

............................ ............................ ............................

............................ ............................ ............................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 77

NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\w, kmº-ØnIhf¿® F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-s®-gp-Xp-I.

l Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bnse Dev]m-Z\ h¿≤-\hv.

l KmaoWtaJ-e-bn¬ ]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-µ-ß-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®p.

l ]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w IqSn

l Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw IqSn

l tKmX-ºns‚ Dev]m-Z\w IqSn

l inip-a-c-W-\n-c°v Ipd-™p.

195

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 78

`uXn-I-Kp-W-\n-e-hmc kqNn-I-bn¬ GsX√mw Imcy-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv?CXns‚ ][m\ ]cn-anXn F¥v?

kqN\:

l ASn-ÿm\ km£-cX

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 79

F¥mWv kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Øn\vhnLmXw krjvSn-bv°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kqN\:

l Ip∂n-Sn-bv°¬

l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 80

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ apJy khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

kqN\:

l temIsØ apgp-h≥ H‰ Itºm-f-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂p.

l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 81

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ?

kqN\:

l _lp-cmjvS Iº-\n-I-fpsS NqjWw

l

l

l

l

l

196

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 82

]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

]W-Øns‚[¿Ω-ßƒ

hn\n-a-b-am-[yaw

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 83

_m¶p-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-tebv°v \bn® kml-N-cy-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXvIpdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kqN\ :

l ]W-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kpK-a-am°n

l

l

l

l

l

l

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 84

“_m¶pIƒ [\-Imcy CS-\n-e-°m-cmbn ]h¿Øn-bv°p∂p” Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kqN\ :

l _m¶p-Iƒ \nt£]w kzoI-cn-bv°p-∂p, hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p.

l

l

l

l

l

197

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 85

]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI

hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-I-fpsS[¿Ω-ßƒ

\nt£]w kzoI-cn-bv°¬

hmbv] \¬I¬

a‰p-≈h

Id‚ v Ut∏m-kn-‰v.................................................

]W-hmbv].................................................

tem°¿ kuIcyw.................................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 86

]Zkq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kl-I-cW_m¶v

KmaoW P\-ß-fn¬kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿ØpI

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 87

]pØ≥ Xe-apd _m¶p-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e-\w-sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 88

_m¶p-I-fp-tSbpw _m-¶n-Xc [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Xmc-X-ayw-sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kqN\:

l I\dm _m¶v

l LIC

198

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 89

temI-Ønse ][m\ cmjvS-ßsf kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]´n-I-bmbn Xøm-dm-°q.

tkmjy-enÃv ani kºZv hyhÿ apX-em-fnØ

kº-Zvhy-hÿ kºZv hyhÿ

djy C¥y Ata-cn°

............................ ............................ ............................

............................ ............................ ............................

............................ ............................ ............................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 90

k¿°m¿ CS-s]-S¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v Xmsg tcJ-s∏-SpØq.

kqN\:

ASnÿm\ kuIcy hnI-k\w

........................................................................

........................................................................

........................................................................

........................................................................

]h¿Ø\w ˛ 91

apX-em-fnØ tkmjy-enÃv ani kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠ØntcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

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