viral emerging and re emerging diseases
TRANSCRIPT
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VIRUSES
1]Infecting CNS-Japanese encephalitis
2]Infecting RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-SARS
-Pandemic influenza
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History
Geographical distribution
Transmission
Clinical features
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prevention and Control
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Genus Flavivirus
Name derived from
the Latin flavus meaning “yellow”
Single stranded, enveloped RNA virus
Morphology not well defined
Different genotypes with single serotype
Replication-Regional lymphnodes
Invasion of CNS-via-Blood
I.P-5 to 15 days
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1940 to 1978
› Disease spread with epidemics in China,
Korea, and India [Tamilnadu-1955]
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Endemic in
temperate and
tropical regions of
Asia
Disease control by
vaccination
Japan
China
Korea
Indonesia
India Philippines
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The three southern states of Tamil Nadu (TN), Andra Pradesh, Karnataka were reporting higher incidence.
JE is emerging as a public health problem in Kerala
In a few villages of Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, a known JE-endemic area (Chidambaram, Virudhachalam, Thittakudi)
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Vector-borne
Enzootic cycle
› Mosquitoes: Culex species
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
› Reservoir/amplifying hosts
Pigs, bats, Ardeid (wading) birds
Possibly reptiles and amphibians
› Incidental hosts
Horses, humans, others
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Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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35,000-50,000 cases annually
Most asymptomatic or mild signs
Children and elderly
› Highest risk for severe disease
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Prodromal stage: 1-6 days
Acute encephalitis
› Headache, high fever, stiff neck, stupor
› May progress to paralysis, seizures,
convulsions, coma, and death
Neuropsychiatric sequelae
› 45 to 70% of survivors
In utero infection possible
› Abortion of fetus
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Laboratory diagnosis required
Tentative diagnosis
› Antibody titer: HI, IFA, CF, ELISA
› JE-specific IgM in serum or CSF
Definitive diagnosis
› Virus isolation: CSF, brain
No specific treatment
› Supportive care
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Vector control
› Eliminate mosquito breeding areas
› Adult and larvae control
Vaccination
› Equine, swine, humans
Personal protective measures
› Avoid prime mosquito hours
› Use of repellants containing DEET
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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o Caused By- Varient of corona virus
o Emerging disease-2002-03
o Rapid spread in asian countries
o WHO-8422 cases
-916 deaths from 30 countries
o MOT-Respiratory dropletso -Direct contact
-Possible fecal tranmission
o I.P-2 to 7 days
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High fever
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Virus isolation: inoculate suitable cell culture with patient specimens
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When infected by SARS-CoV antibodies
(e.g. IgM and IgG) are produced /
change in level
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA)
Immunofluorescence assay (IFA):
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Clinical history & observation
Chest radiography: important role
› 70-80% patients have abnormal chest
radiographs
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o Immunomodulatory therapy
-Corticosteroido Antiviral Agents
-Ribavirin
oProtease inhibitor -Lopinavir-ritonavir co-formulation
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Principle: to break the chain of transmission from infected to healthy person
3-step protocol of disease confinement› Case detection
› Prompt isolation
› Contract tracing Daily health check
Voluntary home isolation
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Creation of emergency operating center
Institutional support
› Efficient quarantine measures
› Legislation
International collaboration—WHO
› Travel alerts and restrictions
› Coordination for research
› Agreement of countries on containment
protocol
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Seasonal Influenza
› A public health problem each year
› Usually some immunity built up from previous exposures to the same subtype
› Infants and elderly most at risk
Influenza Pandemics
› Appear in the human population rarely and unpredictably
› Human population lacks any immunity
› All age groups, including healthy young adults
Seasonal Epidemics vs. Pandemics
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1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
H1N1
H2N2
H3N2
1918: “Spanish Flu” 1957: “Asian Flu” 1968: “Hong Kong Flu”
20-40 million deaths 1-4 million deaths 1-4 million deaths
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The new virus must be efficiently transmitted from one human to another
A new influenza virus emerges to
which the general population has
little/no immunity
The new virus must be able to replicate
in humans and cause disease
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Viral Re-assortment
Reassortment in pigs
Reassortment in
humans
Pandemic Influenza
Virus
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Human Influenza
Type of infection Upper and lower respiratory
Fever Yes
Headache Yes
Cough Yes
Respiratory symptoms Varies; sore throat to difficulty
breathing
Gastrointestinal
symptoms
Uncommon, except children,
elderly
Recovery 2-7 days
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Isolation Precautions
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Source: Rosie Sokas, MD MOH UIL at
Chicago
Droplet precautions:
Surgical Masks
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Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
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Thank you