11

Virgil’s Virgil’s AeneidAeneid

22

Virgil (70-19 BCE)Virgil (70-19 BCE)

• Born near MantuaBorn near Mantua

• Studied philosophy, Studied philosophy, medicine, poetrymedicine, poetry

• Eclogues, GeorgicsEclogues, Georgics won him fame and won him fame and favor.favor.

• AeneidAeneid unfinished at unfinished at deathdeath

• Written for Augustus, Written for Augustus, as national epicas national epic

33

Homer & Homer & AeneidAeneid

AeneidAeneid• 2nd, Literary Epic2nd, Literary Epic

• Heroic Values: Stoic Heroic Values: Stoic Ideal, fate and dutyIdeal, fate and duty

• Narrative Meaning Narrative Meaning SymbolicSymbolic– Images: hunting, storms, Images: hunting, storms,

snakes, strugglessnakes, struggles– History…Propaganda History…Propaganda

Homeric EpicsHomeric Epics• Oral, formulaicOral, formulaic

• Heroic Values: Heroic Values: Individual HonorIndividual Honor

• Narrative Meaning Narrative Meaning TransparentTransparent– Images: animals, Images: animals,

weather, chaos/orderweather, chaos/order– History…EducationHistory…Education

44

History of RomeHistory of Rome

Royal PeriodRoyal Period (800-509 BCE) (800-509 BCE)– Founding legendsFounding legends– Overthrow of Etruscian kingsOverthrow of Etruscian kings

Republican PeriodRepublican Period (509-27 (509-27 BCE)BCE)– Established Established res publicares publica (SPQR) (SPQR)– Expansion and civil unrestExpansion and civil unrest– Julius Caesar rise and deathJulius Caesar rise and death– Octavian defeats AnthonyOctavian defeats Anthony

Principate of AugustusPrincipate of Augustus (27 (27 BCE - 14 CE)BCE - 14 CE)– Augustus as Augustus as princepsprinceps and and

imperatorimperator– ““Reconstitution” of Republic: Reconstitution” of Republic:

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Imperial AgeImperial Age (14-476 CE) (14-476 CE)– Death of AugustusDeath of Augustus– Split in 284 (Diocletian)Split in 284 (Diocletian)– Reunification by Constantine Reunification by Constantine

in 330in 330

Byzantine PeriodByzantine Period (565-1453 (565-1453 CE)CE)– Continuation of Eastern Continuation of Eastern

EmpireEmpire– Fall of Constantinople to Fall of Constantinople to

MuslimsMuslims

55

History of RomeHistory of Rome

Royal PeriodRoyal Period (800-509 BCE) (800-509 BCE)– Founding legendsFounding legends– Overthrow of Etruscian kingsOverthrow of Etruscian kings

Republican PeriodRepublican Period (509-27 (509-27 BCE)BCE)– Established Established res publicares publica (SPQR) (SPQR)– Expansion and civil unrestExpansion and civil unrest– Julius Caesar rise and deathJulius Caesar rise and death– Octavian defeats AnthonyOctavian defeats Anthony

Principate of AugustusPrincipate of Augustus (27 (27 BCE - 14 CE)BCE - 14 CE)– Augustus as Augustus as princepsprinceps and and

imperatorimperator– ““Reconstitution” of Republic: Reconstitution” of Republic:

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Imperial AgeImperial Age (14-476 CE) (14-476 CE)– Death of AugustusDeath of Augustus– Split in 284 (Diocletian)Split in 284 (Diocletian)– Reunification by Constantine Reunification by Constantine

in 330in 330

Byzantine PeriodByzantine Period (565-1453 (565-1453 CE)CE)– Continuation of Eastern Continuation of Eastern

EmpireEmpire– Fall of Constantinople to Fall of Constantinople to

MuslimsMuslims

66

Julius Caesar & PompeyJulius Caesar & Pompey

77

• Caesar and Pompey co-councilCaesar and Pompey co-council

• Caesar’s success in GaulCaesar’s success in Gaul

• Marched on Rome, Pompey Marched on Rome, Pompey withdrawalswithdrawals

• Caesar effectively did away with the Caesar effectively did away with the crumbling Republic, instituting reformscrumbling Republic, instituting reforms

• Assassinated by SenatorsAssassinated by Senators

88

Octavian & M. AntonyOctavian & M. Antony

99

• TriumvirateTriumvirate

• Antony marries Octavia, falls for Antony marries Octavia, falls for Cleopatra (Egypt), and falls out of Cleopatra (Egypt), and falls out of favor with Romans.favor with Romans.

• Octavian defeats Antony in Egypt Octavian defeats Antony in Egypt (31)(31)

• Returns to Rome as Augustus (27)Returns to Rome as Augustus (27)

1010

1111

1212

Episodes from Episodes from AeneidAeneid

• Book IBook I– ProloguePrologue– Juno’s WrathJuno’s Wrath– At CarthageAt Carthage

• Book IIBook II– Trojan HorseTrojan Horse– Fate of PriamFate of Priam– Leaving TroyLeaving Troy

• Book VIIIBook VIII– At At

PallanteumPallanteum– Shield of Shield of

AeneasAeneas

• Book XIIBook XII– Conflict with Conflict with

TurnusTurnus– Death of Death of

TurnusTurnus

• Book IVBook IV– Passion of Passion of

DidoDido– Aeneas’ Aeneas’

EscapeEscape– Death of Death of

DidoDido

• Book VIBook VI– Travel to Travel to

UnderworldUnderworld– Heroes of Heroes of

RomeRome

1313

Book IBook I

• Books 1-6 are Books 1-6 are Virgil’s Virgil’s OdysseyOdyssey

• ProloguePrologue

• Wrath of JunoWrath of Juno

• Jupiter’s ProphecyJupiter’s Prophecy

• In CarthageIn Carthage

• Aeneas and DidoAeneas and Dido

• Venus intervenesVenus intervenes

1414

ProloguePrologue

I I sing of arms and of a man: his fatesing of arms and of a man: his fatehas made him fugitivehas made him fugitive; ; he was the firsthe was the firstto journey from the coasts of Troy as farto journey from the coasts of Troy as faras Italy and the Lavinian shores.as Italy and the Lavinian shores.Across the lands and waters he was batteredAcross the lands and waters he was batteredbeneath the violence of High Ones, forbeneath the violence of High Ones, forthe savage Juno’s unforgetting anger;the savage Juno’s unforgetting anger;and many sufferings were his in war –and many sufferings were his in war –until he brought a city into beinguntil he brought a city into beingand carried in his gods to Latium;and carried in his gods to Latium;from this have come the Latin race, the lordsfrom this have come the Latin race, the lordsof Alba, and the ramparts of high Rome.of Alba, and the ramparts of high Rome.

1515

ProloguePrologue

I I sing of arms and of a man: his fatesing of arms and of a man: his fatehas made him fugitive; he was the firsthas made him fugitive; he was the firstto journey from the coasts of Troy as farto journey from the coasts of Troy as faras Italy and the Lavinian shores.as Italy and the Lavinian shores.Across the lands and waters he was batteredAcross the lands and waters he was batteredbeneath the violence of High Ones, forbeneath the violence of High Ones, forthe savage Juno’s unforgetting anger;the savage Juno’s unforgetting anger;and many sufferings were his in war –and many sufferings were his in war –until he brought a city into beinguntil he brought a city into beingand carried in his gods to Latium;and carried in his gods to Latium;from this have come the Latin race, the lordsfrom this have come the Latin race, the lordsof Alba, and the ramparts of high Rome.of Alba, and the ramparts of high Rome.

1616

ProloguePrologue

I I sing of arms and of a man: his fatesing of arms and of a man: his fatehas made him fugitive; he was the firsthas made him fugitive; he was the firstto journey from the coasts of Troy as farto journey from the coasts of Troy as faras Italy and the Lavinian shores.as Italy and the Lavinian shores.Across the lands and waters he was batteredAcross the lands and waters he was batteredbeneath the violence of High Ones, forbeneath the violence of High Ones, forthe savage Juno’s unforgetting anger;the savage Juno’s unforgetting anger;and many sufferings were his in war –and many sufferings were his in war –until he brought a city into beinguntil he brought a city into beingand carried in his gods to Latium;and carried in his gods to Latium;from this have come the Latin race, the lordsfrom this have come the Latin race, the lordsof Alba, and the ramparts of high Rome.of Alba, and the ramparts of high Rome.

1717

1818

AeneidAeneid (I.133ff.) (I.133ff.)

O, three and four times blessedO, three and four times blessedWere those who died before their fathers’ Were those who died before their fathers’

eyeseyesBeneath the walls of Try. Strongest of allBeneath the walls of Try. Strongest of allThe Danaans, o Diomedes, whyThe Danaans, o Diomedes, whyDid you right hand not spill my lifeblood, Did you right hand not spill my lifeblood,

whywhyDid I not fall upon the Ilian fields,Did I not fall upon the Ilian fields,There where ferocious Hector lies, pierced There where ferocious Hector lies, pierced

bybyAchilles’ javelin, where the enormousAchilles’ javelin, where the enormousSarpedon now is still, and SimoisSarpedon now is still, and SimoisHas seized and sweeps beneath its waves Has seized and sweeps beneath its waves

so many so many Helmets and shields and bodies of the Helmets and shields and bodies of the

brave!brave!

Odyssey (V.306ff.)Odyssey (V.306ff.)

Three and four times blessed are the Three and four times blessed are the Danaans who perishedDanaans who perished

in broad Troy bringing favor to the sons of in broad Troy bringing favor to the sons of Atreus.Atreus.

How I wish I had died and met my fateHow I wish I had died and met my fateon that day when innumerable Trojans threw on that day when innumerable Trojans threw

their bronze-tipped spearstheir bronze-tipped spearsat me around the corpse of Peleus’s sonat me around the corpse of Peleus’s sonI would have received my funeral honors and I would have received my funeral honors and

the Achaeans would remember my glory.the Achaeans would remember my glory.Now it is my fate to die a pitiful death.Now it is my fate to die a pitiful death.

What do the different passages What do the different passages tell us about the respective hero?tell us about the respective hero?

1919

2020

2121Federico Barrocci's Aeneas' Flight from Troy, 1598

2222The fall of Troy by Johann Georg Trautmann (1713 ﾐ 1769)

2323

Books 4 & 6Books 4 & 6

Dido’s tragic love for AeneasDido’s tragic love for Aeneas

&&

Voyage to the UnderworldVoyage to the Underworld

2424

Book 4: Passion of DidoBook 4: Passion of Dido

• The ‘marriage’ of Dido and AeneasThe ‘marriage’ of Dido and Aeneas• Mercury’s visit to AeneasMercury’s visit to Aeneas• Dido confronts Aeneas, and his escapeDido confronts Aeneas, and his escape• Death of DidoDeath of Dido

2525

Book 6*: UnderworldBook 6*: Underworld

• Entering the underworld Entering the underworld – Sibyl and golden boughSibyl and golden bough

• Across the riversAcross the rivers– Dido, Deiphobus, Tartarus and ElysiumDido, Deiphobus, Tartarus and Elysium

• Punishment in the underworldPunishment in the underworld– Purgation and reincarnationPurgation and reincarnation

• Anchises and the future vision of RomeAnchises and the future vision of Rome– Propaganda, propaganda, propagandaPropaganda, propaganda, propaganda

2626

Sybil’s ProphecySybil’s Prophecy““I see wars, horrid wars, the Tiber foamingI see wars, horrid wars, the Tiber foamingwith much blood. You shall have your Simois,with much blood. You shall have your Simois,your Xanthus, and your Doric camp; alreadyyour Xanthus, and your Doric camp; alreadythere is in Latium a new Achilles –there is in Latium a new Achilles –he, too, son of a goddess. Nor will Junohe, too, son of a goddess. Nor will Junofail anywhere to hound the Teucrians…”fail anywhere to hound the Teucrians…”

But when her frenzy is done,But when her frenzy is done,Her raging lips are hushed, hero AeneasHer raging lips are hushed, hero AeneasBegins: “None of the trials you tell of, virgin,Begins: “None of the trials you tell of, virgin,Is strange or unexpected: all of these Is strange or unexpected: all of these I have foreseen and journeyed in my thought.I have foreseen and journeyed in my thought.One thing I ask: since here is aid to beOne thing I ask: since here is aid to beThe gateway of the lower king and hereThe gateway of the lower king and hereThe marsh of overflowing Acheron,The marsh of overflowing Acheron,May it be granted me to go beforeMay it be granted me to go beforeThe face and presence of my dearest father?” (p. 134-35)The face and presence of my dearest father?” (p. 134-35)

2727

2828

• Golden Bough, p. 136-137, 144.Golden Bough, p. 136-137, 144.

• Entering the underworld, p. 139ff.Entering the underworld, p. 139ff.– Jaws of Orcus, Treat of empty dreams, Jaws of Orcus, Treat of empty dreams,

Acheron, Charon, Styx, Cerberus, Minos…Acheron, Charon, Styx, Cerberus, Minos…

• Across the river: p. 145ffAcross the river: p. 145ff– Field of Mourning, Dido (145-46; cf. Field of Mourning, Dido (145-46; cf. OdysseyOdyssey

XI.541-567), Deiphobus (147-48), roads to XI.541-567), Deiphobus (147-48), roads to Elysium and Tartarus, punishments of iron Elysium and Tartarus, punishments of iron tower (149f; cf. Myth of Er)…tower (149f; cf. Myth of Er)…

• Groves of Blessedness: p. 151ffGroves of Blessedness: p. 151ff– Anchises (153ff), Lethe (154-55), future of Anchises (153ff), Lethe (154-55), future of

Rome (155ff)Rome (155ff)

2929

Future of RomeFuture of Rome

• Silvius (by Lavinia)Silvius (by Lavinia)• RomulusRomulus• Caesar (line of Iulius; Augustus)Caesar (line of Iulius; Augustus)

““but yours will be the rulership of nations,but yours will be the rulership of nations,remember, Roman, these will be your arts:remember, Roman, these will be your arts:to teach the ways of peace to those you conquerto teach the ways of peace to those you conquerto spare defeated peoples, tame the proud.” to spare defeated peoples, tame the proud.” (158-(158-59)59)

• Marcellus*Marcellus*• Gates of Sleep (Horn and Ivory)Gates of Sleep (Horn and Ivory)

3030

Books 8 & 12Books 8 & 12

• Books 6-12 are Virgil’s Books 6-12 are Virgil’s IliadIliad: Sybil’s prophecy: Sybil’s prophecy

• Turnus and Aeneas vie for the hand of Lavinia, daughter of Turnus and Aeneas vie for the hand of Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, king of Latium. Latinus offers Lavinia to Aeneas Latinus, king of Latium. Latinus offers Lavinia to Aeneas because of prophecy. Turnus is enraged, by Juno. War because of prophecy. Turnus is enraged, by Juno. War ensues.ensues.

• Truce is imposed so that Turnus and Aeneas can decide the Truce is imposed so that Turnus and Aeneas can decide the issue in single combat, but Juno’s meddlings incite war issue in single combat, but Juno’s meddlings incite war again. Aeneas is injured, but cured my his mother, Venus. again. Aeneas is injured, but cured my his mother, Venus. *Jupiter and Juno agree on a pact (325-27).*Jupiter and Juno agree on a pact (325-27).

• *Aeneas disarms Turnus, intends to spare his life, but is *Aeneas disarms Turnus, intends to spare his life, but is overcome by rage upon seeing the belt of Pallas (Evander’s overcome by rage upon seeing the belt of Pallas (Evander’s son) and kills Turnus (329-31); a portent of Rome’s future?son) and kills Turnus (329-31); a portent of Rome’s future?