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Virginia Progress Monitoring and SOL Assessment Workbook:• Diagnostic, benchmark, and end-of-year

assessments in the SOL format

• Available in print and online formats

Virginia ExamView®:• Create customized tests, worksheets,

and study guides using ExamView®

Success TrackerTM:• Track student understanding of

every SOL using Success TrackerTM

Virginia Interactive Science gives you multiple assessment options!

Virginia Program Guide:• Focus instruction with program planning tools correlated to the

Virginia Standards

Virginia Teacher’s Edition and Resources Include:• Four Teacher Editions to make planning easier

• Lesson plans in the 5E format: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate

• All program resources in one place: includes homework and assessment blackline masters and others

• Available in print and online formats

Virginia Teacher’s Lab Resources:• Explore your Virginia Standards through Inquiry

• Go to MyScienceOnline and download, edit and save your Virginia inquiry labs

• Differentiated Instruction with directed- and open-inquiry options

• Choose from a variety of short- and long-term inquiry activities

Virginia Interactive Science Teacher Package includes:

VirginiaPhysical Science, Overview and Planning

Go to MyScienceOnline.com and interact with science today.

• Program Overview• Professional Development• Curriculum Planning• Correlation to the Virginia

Standards of Learning

What’s inside?

• STANDARDS Fully aligned to the Virginia SOLs

• RESOURCES Online and editable• FEATURES Virginia SOL Test Prep

Customized for Virginia

Go to MyScienceOnline.com and explore your Virginia standards through inquiry!

Virginia Teacher’s Edition and ResourceTeacher notes and blackline master resources all in one place! Blackline masters also online and editable.

Virginia Teacher’s Program GuideFocus instruction with program planning tools correlated to the Virginia standards.

Virginia Teacher’s Lab ResourceHands-on inquiry for every Virginia standard. Also available online in editable format.

Your Essential Virginia Teaching ComponentsEasy to manage teaching support to ensure mastery of the VA SOLs!

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STEM Activity HandbookIntegrate technology, engineering, and math concepts into your science lessons with these career inspiring inquiry explorations.

Inquiry Skill ActivitiesInquiry is the heart of science teaching. These three activity handbooks introduce and reinforce basic and integrated inquiry skills.

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Chapter Activities and ProjectsExplore key science concepts through hands-on activities that will help your students understand the way the world works. Each activity reinforces the big ideas found in each

Interdisciplinary ActivitiesProvide a rich variety of hands-on activity options so students can take the science concepts they have learned in the lesson and apply those skills to other subject areas.

Inquiry Skill ActivitiesInquiry is the heart of science teaching. These three activity handbooks introduce and reinforce basic and advanced inquiry skills.

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Scenario-based investigationsStimulate student inquiry by applying science concepts to real world situations. These engaging scenario-based activities align with each chapter’s big



Inquiry Skill ActivitiesInquiry is the heart of science teaching. These three activity handbooks introduce and reinforce basic and advanced inquiry skills. •Allowsstudentstoapplyscienceconceptstoreal-worldsituations

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Prentice Hall

is an imprint of FPOISBN-13:ISBN-10:

978-0-13-370553-90-13-370553-6

9 7 8 0 1 3 3 7 0 5 5 3 9

9 0 0 0 0

FPO

Personalize your labs!

At MyScienceOnline.com you can download and edit all the labs in your


Scenario-Based

Investigations

Stimulate student

inquiry by applying

science concepts to real

world situations. These

engaging scenario-

based activities align

with each chapter’s big

Chapter Activities

and Projects

Explore key science

concepts through

hands-on activities that

will help your students

understand the way

the world works. Each

activity reinforces the

big ideas found in each

Interdisciplinary

Activities

Provide a rich variety

of hands-on activity

options so students

can take the science

concepts they have

learned in the lesson

and apply those skills

to other subject areas.

Inquiry Skill Activities

Inquiry is the heart

of science teaching.

These three activity

handbooks introduce

and reinforce basic and

advanced inquiry skills.


inquiry resources!



Scenario-based

investigations

Stimulate student

inquiry by applying



engaging scenario-



Chapter Activities

and Projects

Explore key science

concepts through



understand the way




Interdisciplinary

Activities



options so students


concepts they have




Inquiry Skill Activities




handbooks introduce



•Allowsstudentstoapply

scienceconceptsto

real-worldsituations

•Developsproblem-solving

skillsthroughengaging

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•Alignsreality-based

investigationswitheach

chapter’sbigquestion

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Labzone

ISBN-13:ISBN-10:

978-0-13-370553-90-13-370553-6

9 7 8 0 1 3 3 7 0 5 5 3 9

9 0 0 0 0

Go to MyScienceOnline.com

and interact with science today.

Prentice Hall

is an imprint ofFPO

ISBN-13:ISBN-10:

978-0-13-370553-90-13-370553-6

9 7 8 0 1 3 3 7 0 5 5 3 9

9 0 0 0 0

FPO

Personalize your labs!



Scenario-Based

Investigations

Stimulate student

inquiry by applying



engaging scenario-



Chapter Activities

and Projects

Explore key science

concepts through



understand the way




Interdisciplinary

Activities



options so students


concepts they have




Inquiry Skill

Activities




handbooks introduce



Labzone

Look for these additional

inquiry resources!


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•Integratescience,technology,engineering,andmathreal-worldproblemsolving


•Availableonlineineditableformat

ISBN-13:ISBN-10:

978-0-13-317433-50-13-317433-6

9 7 8 0 1 3 3 1 7 4 3 3 5

9 0 0 0 0


Grades 6-8

Labzone

Grades 6-8


Labzone• Shake,Rattle,andRoll

• RiverWorks• IWouldn'tDrinkThat!• LifeonMars• It'sAllWaterUndertheDam• EnergyBoosters• FeedingFrenzy• OutoftheCornerofYourEye• CrystalClear• SailAway• FlippingtheSwitch• OpticalSecurity


VirginiaCustomized for


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• ExploreyourVirginiaStandardsofLearningthroughinquiry


• Differentiateinstructionwithdirected-andopen-inquiryoptions

• Choosefromavarietyofshort-andlong-terminquiryactivities

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•ScreeningTesttoevaluateunderstandingofscienceprocessskills

•DiagnosticTeststoidentifyinitialcontentstrengthsandweaknesses

•FiveBenchmarkTestsandanEnd-Of-Year-TesttomonitormasteryoftheVirginiaScienceStandardsofLearning

•VirginiaCumulativeTestformattedtomatchtheVirginiaStandardsofLearningTest

•Prescriptivereportstoguideremediation

ISBN-13:ISBN-10:

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PROGRESS MONITORING

AND SOLASSESSMENT

• ScreeningTesttoevaluateunderstandingofscienceprocessskills

• DiagnosticTeststoidentifyinitialcontentstrengthsandweaknesses

• FiveBenchmarkTestsandanEnd-Of-Year-TesttomonitormasteryoftheVirginiaScienceStandardsofLearning

• VirginiaCumulativeTestformattedtomatchtheVirginiaStandardsofLearningTest

• Prescriptivereportstoguideremediation

PROGRESS MONITORING AND SOL ASSESSMENT

Physical Science

Virginia

Table based on a 6-year adoption plan. Pricing plans also available for 7- and 8-year adoptions.

A science program to ensure mastery of the Virginia Standards of Learning

Life

Virginia

Virginia


1 Using Scientific Inquiry 2 Mathematics and Models in Science 3 Introduction to Matter 4 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 5 Elements and the Periodic Table 6 Atoms and Bonding 7 Chemical Reactions 8 Acids, Bases, and Solutions 9 Motion 10 Forces 11 Work and Machines

12 Energy 13 Thermal Energy and Heat 14 Characteristics of Waves 15 Sound16 Electromagnetic Waves17 Light18 Electricity19 Magnetism and Electromagnetism



Built especially for Virginia


Physical Science

ISBN-13:

ISBN-10:

978-0-13-319783-9

0-13-319783-2

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mgs11_SE_VA_Ph_cv.indd 1 8/5/11 10:48 AM

Virginia

Virginia


1 Using Scientific Inquiry 2 Mathematics and Models in Science 3 Introduction to Matter 4 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 5 Elements and the Periodic Table 6 Atoms and Bonding 7 Chemical Reactions 8 Acids, Bases, and Solutions 9 Motion 10 Forces 11 Work and Machines

12 Energy 13 Thermal Energy and Heat 14 Characteristics of Waves 15 Sound16 Electromagnetic Waves17 Light18 Electricity19 Magnetism and Electromagnetism



Built especially for Virginia


Physical Science

ISBN-13:

ISBN-10:

978-0-13-319783-9

0-13-319783-2

9 7 8 0 1 3 3 1 9 7 8 3 9

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Physical Science

Physical Science

mgs11_SE_VA_Ph_cv.indd 1 8/5/11 10:48 AM

Write-in

Student Edition

PearsonSchool.com800-848-9500Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

SAM: 978-0-133-21691-2 1M.1

111.

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W.L

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VirginiaRead Me First

Your components to ensure 100% coverage of your SOLs!

PearsonSchool.com/VAScience

Keys + SOLs = Success

Magnesium Sulfur Neon

Mg S Ne

Aluminum Potassium Fluorine

Al K F

Name Charge Symbol/Formula

Sodium

Calcium

Chloride

Phosphate

1+

2+

1–

3–

Na+

Ca2+

Cl−

PO43−

Ions and Their Charges

Magnesium Sulfur Neon

Mg S Ne

Aluminum Potassium Fluorine

Al K F

Virginia SOL Test Prep

243

Read each question and choose the best answer.

1 The table below lists some ions and their charges.

How many sodium ions are needed to balance the charge of one phosphate ion?

A 1B 2C 3D 4

2 The chemical formula for a glucose molecule is C6H12O6. The subscripts represent the

F mass of each element.G number of atoms of each element in a

glucose molecule.H total number of bonds made by each atom.J number of valence electrons in each atom.

3 Elements that have the same number of valence electrons are—

A within the same group of the periodic table.B within the same period of the periodic

table.C called noble gases.D called metalloids.

Use the electron dot diagrams to help you answer Question 6.

6 Which of the following shows the formula for the combination of magnesium and fluorine?

F Mg2FG MgF2

H Mg2F2

J Mg2F7

4 When an atom loses an electron, it

F becomes a negative ion.G becomes a positive ion.H forms a covalent bond.J gains a proton.

5 All of the following are characteristics that result from metallic bonding EXCEPT—

A the tendency to form hard, brittle crystals.B the ability to conduct electric current.C the ability to be hammered into sheets.D luster.

243_mgs11_SE_VA_Ph_06_tp.indd 243 4/12/11 4:28 PM

All-in-one solution with embedded, point-of-use Virginia Test Prep pages to prepare students for the SOL

Extend student learning with Interactive Lessons where students can even submit responses online!

How can bonding determine the properties of a substance?

Mexico’s Cave of Crystals contains the world’s largest natural crystals. These rocks are made of the mineral gypsum. They grew under water for as many as 500,000 years. The water was pumped out to reveal thousands of giant crystals up to 11 meters in length and 50,000 kilograms in mass. The cave might appear to be a fun place to climb around, but temperatures inside can reach 65°C (hotter than a desert afternoon). This makes it deadly for human exploration without specialized equipment.

Based on the photograph of the Cave of Crystals, how would you define a crystal?

Watch the Untamed Science video to learn more about chemical bonding.

208

208_mgs11_SE_VA_Ph_06_co.indd 208 4/12/11 4:11 PM

Atoms and Bonding

Atoms and Bonding

CHAPTER

6

209

Science Standards of Learning

PS.1f, PS.1g, PS.1i, PS.1j, PS.1k, PS.1m, PS.2d, PS.2e, PS.2f, PS.3b, PS.4a, PS.4b, PS.4c, PS.5a, PS.5b


How can bonding determine the properties of a substance?

Mexico’s Cave of Crystals contains the world’s largest natural crystals. These rocks are made of the mineral gypsum. They grew under water for as many as 500,000 years. The water was pumped out to reveal thousands of giant crystals up to 11 meters in length and 50,000 kilograms in mass. The cave might appear to be a fun place to climb around, but temperatures inside can reach 65°C (hotter than a desert afternoon). This makes it deadly for human exploration without specialized equipment.

Based on the photograph of the Cave of Crystals, how would you define a crystal?

Watch the Untamed Science video to learn more about chemical bonding.

208


Focus on the Big Question, which is tied to the Virginia Standards.

Covalent BondsLESSON

3

226 Atoms and Bonding

Communicate Answer the following questions. Then discuss your answers with a partner.

1. Why is it important that billions of spatulae come into contact with the surface the gecko is climbing?

2. What uses do you think you could find for an adhesive that works like the gecko’s foot?

Go to Planet Diary to learn more about attrac-tions between molecules.

Sticky FeetHave you ever seen a gecko climbing up a

wall or running across a ceiling? Geckos seem to defy gravity. They have tiny hairs that cover the pads of their feet. These hairs branch out into hundreds of smaller structures, called spatulae. When a gecko climbs a wall, billions of spatulae on its feet come into contact with the surface. Scientists believe that geckos can stick to surfaces because of the billions of small attractive forces, called van der Waals forces, between the molecules of the spatulae and the molecules on the surface. Now, scientists are

developing adhesives that can copy the characteristics

of the spatulae.

Do the Inquiry Warm-Up Covalent Bonds.Lab

zone

FUN FACTS

PS.1m, PS.3b, PS.4c, PS.5b

PS.1f, PS.1g, PS.1i, PS.2f, PS.3b, PS.4c, PS.5b

PS.1j, PS.3b, PS.4c

UNLOCK How Are Atoms Held Together in a Covalent Bond?

What Are Properties of Molecular Compounds?

How Do Bonded Atoms Become Partially Charged?

Fluorineatom

Fluorinemolecule

Fluorineatom

F F

F F

applyit!

How Are Atoms Held Together in a Covalent Bond?You and a friend walk past a bakery that sells giant chocolate chip cookies for one dollar each. But each of you has only 50 cents. If you combine your money, you can buy a cookie and split it. So, you can afford a cookie by sharing your money. Similarly, 2 atoms can form a bond by sharing electrons. The chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons is called a covalent bond. Covalent bonds usually form between nonmetal atoms. Ionic bonds usually form when a metal combines with a nonmetal.

Electron Sharing Nonmetals can bond to other nonmetals by sharing electrons. Atoms of some nonmetals can bond with each other. Figure 1 shows how 2 fluorine atoms can react by sharing a pair of electrons. By sharing electrons, each fluorine atom is surrounded by 8 valence electrons. The attractions between the shared electrons and the protons in the nucleus of each atom hold the atoms together in a covalent bond. The 2 bonded fluorine atoms form a molecule. A molecule is a neutral group of atoms joined by covalent bonds.

Vocabulary• covalent bond • molecule • double bond • triple bond • molecular compound • nonpolar bond • polar bond

Skills Reading: Compare and Contrast Inquiry: Graph

Figure 1

Sharing ElectronsBy sharing 2 electrons in a covalent bond, each fluorine atom gains a stable set of 8 valence electrons.

Interpret Diagrams Circle the shared electrons that form a covalent bond between the 2 fluorine atoms.

Apply Concepts Draw electron dot diagrams to show how 2 iodine atoms bond together to form a molecule.

Covalent Bonds

227


PS.1m Construct and use models and simulations to illustrate and explain phenomena.

PS.3b Investigate and understand the modern model of atomic structure.

PS.4c Investigate and understand the formation of compounds through ionic and covalent bonding.

PS.5b Investigate and understand chemical changes in matter and how they relate to the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy.

226_mgs11_SE_VA_Ph_06_03.indd 227 4/12/11 4:20 PM

Covalent BondsLESSON

3


Communicate Answer the following questions. Then discuss your answers with a partner.

1. Why is it important that billions of spatulae come into contact with the surface the gecko is climbing?

2. What uses do you think you could find for an adhesive that works like the gecko’s foot?

Go to Planet Diary to learn more about attrac-tions between molecules.

Sticky FeetHave you ever seen a gecko climbing up a

wall or running across a ceiling? Geckos seem to defy gravity. They have tiny hairs that cover the pads of their feet. These hairs branch out into hundreds of smaller structures, called spatulae. When a gecko climbs a wall, billions of spatulae on its feet come into contact with the surface. Scientists believe that geckos can stick to surfaces because of the billions of small attractive forces, called van der Waals forces, between the molecules of the spatulae and the molecules on the surface. Now, scientists are

developing adhesives that can copy the characteristics

of the spatulae.

Do the Inquiry Warm-Up Covalent Bonds.Lab

zone

FUN FACTS

PS.1m, PS.3b, PS.4c, PS.5b

PS.1f, PS.1g, PS.1i, PS.2f, PS.3b, PS.4c, PS.5b

PS.1j, PS.3b, PS.4c

UNLOCK How Are Atoms Held Together in a Covalent Bond?

What Are Properties of Molecular Compounds?

How Do Bonded Atoms Become Partially Charged?

Unlock the big question with key concept questions aligned to the Virginia SOLs.

Students write, draw, graph, and even self-assess right at point of use.

Lessons are broken into small chunks, each with a single-focused Virginia key concept.

Explore every Virginia SOL through Inquiry.

Deliver every Virginia key concept digitally.

Challenge student learning with Interactive Vocabulary Cards.

Explore the Big Ideas of Science with the Untamed Science crew.

No mess and no goggles required! Students can perform a variety of simulated labs that correspond to the lessons and provide a safe lab environment.

Bonding in MetalsLESSON

4


SuperconductorsIn 1911, physicist Heike Kamerlingh

Onnes made a remarkable discovery. When he cooled mercury to −269°C (4 kelvins), the mercury no longer resisted the flow of electric current! The cooled mer-cury became the world’s first superconduc-tor. A superconductor is a material that has no resistance to the flow of electric current.

Certain metals and alloys become superconductors as they are cooled to very low temperatures. This means they can carry electric currents for long periods of time without losing energy as heat. Super-conductors can also be used to produce very powerful magnetic fields. These magnetic fields can be used to levitate and move high-speed trains.

DISCOVERY

Do the Inquiry Warm-Up Are They “Steel” the Same?Lab

zone

Communicate Write your answers to each question below. Then discuss your answers with a partner.

1. How is a superconductor different from a regular conductor?

2. Power lines lose 10 to 15 percent of the electric current they carry to heat. Why might scientists want to create superconducting power lines?

Go to Planet Diary to learn more about

metals.

PS.3b, PS.4b, PS.4c, PS.5b

PS.2d, PS.2e, PS.2f, PS.3b, PS.4b, PS.4c, PS.5b

UNLOCK What Is the Structure of a Metal Crystal?

What Are Properties of Metals?

Figure 1

Metallic BondingThe positively charged metal ions are embedded in a “sea” of valence electrons.

Infer Why would nonmetals be unlikely to have the type of bonding shown here?

What Is the Structure of a Metal Crystal?The properties of solid metals can be explained by the structure of metal atoms and the bonding among those atoms. When metal atoms combine chemically with atoms of other elements, they usually lose valence electrons. They then become positively charged metal ions. Metal atoms lose electrons easily because they do not hold onto their valence electrons very strongly.

The loosely held valence electrons in metal atoms result in a type of bonding that happens in metals. Most metals are crystalline solids. A metal crystal is composed of closely packed, positively charged metal ions. The valence electrons drift among the ions. Each metal ion is held in the crystal by a metallic bond —an attraction between a positive metal ion and the electrons surrounding it. Figure 1 illustrates the metallic bonds that hold together aluminum foil.

Vocabulary• metallic bond• alloy

Skills Reading: Identify the Main Idea Inquiry: Classify

Assess Your Understanding

I get it! Now I know that a metal crystal consists of

I need extra help with

Go to s online for help with this subject.

got it?

Do the Quick Lab Metal Crystals.Lab

zone

Metal Crystal

235



PS.4b Investigate and understand the classification of elements as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.




Every lesson includes a lab experience related to the Virginia key concepts learned in that lesson.

Figure 1

Metallic BondingThe positively charged metal ions are embedded in a “sea” of valence electrons.

Infer Why would nonmetals be unlikely to have the type of bonding shown here?

What Is the Structure of a Metal Crystal?The properties of solid metals can be explained by the structure of metal atoms and the bonding among those atoms. When metal atoms combine chemically with atoms of other elements, they usually lose valence electrons. They then become positively charged metal ions. Metal atoms lose electrons easily because they do not hold onto their valence electrons very strongly.

The loosely held valence electrons in metal atoms result in a type of bonding that happens in metals. Most metals are crystalline solids. A metal crystal is composed of closely packed, positively charged metal ions. The valence electrons drift among the ions. Each metal ion is held in the crystal by a metallic bond —an attraction between a positive metal ion and the electrons surrounding it. Figure 1 illustrates the metallic bonds that hold together aluminum foil.

Vocabulary• metallic bond• alloy

Skills Reading: Identify the Main Idea Inquiry: Classify

Assess Your Understanding

I get it! Now I know that a metal crystal consists of

I need extra help with

Go to s online for help with this subject.

got it?

Do the Quick Lab Metal Crystals.Lab

zone

Metal Crystal

235



PS.4b Investigate and understand the classification of elements as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.




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