VIRUSESVIRUS STRUCTUREA virus is not made

of cellsIt is nucleic acid

(DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat (capsid)

• Virus can’t reproduce unless it is inside a living cell

• The virus uses the cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein

• New viruses either bud off of the cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots of viruses

Viral reproduction

HOW VIRUSES REPRODUCE

THE 6 MODERN KINGDOMS

• MEANS “TRUE” BACTERIA• COMMON, EVERYDAY BACTERIA

• DECOMPOSERS• CAN CAUSE DISEASE

EUBACTERIA

What is a Bacterium?

Lacks a nucleusHas a cell wall

used for support and protection

Have cilia or flagella

Bacteria

• Made of cells• Can be killed by

antibiotics• Examples of disease

caused by bacteria is strep throat

• Not made of cells• MUCH SMALLER THAN

CELLS• Can’t be killed by antibiotics• Example of diseases caused

by viruses are AIDS (HIV), Smallpox, Influenza

BACTERIA vs VIRUSESVirus

BACTERIA vs VIRUSES

Malaria

Mosquitoes transmit malaria

Individuals who have the

sickle cell trait

(heterozygous) aren’t as affected as

homozygous individuals

PKU

Individuals who have PKU can’t

break down phenylalanineIf it builds up it can cause

mental retardation

Keep individuals

withPKU on a diet, they don’t have

brain damage

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is

uncontrolled growth of cells in the

lungs

Individuals who smoke are more

likely to get lung cancer

Diabetes

Diabetes results from

when the pancreas fails

to make enough insulin

Individuals who are

overweight and who don’t exercise seem

to be more affected

Skin Cancer

Light skinned people don’t

have the natural melanin

protection of darker skinned people

Overexposure to sunlight can trigger the changes that lead to skin cancer

Internal and external factors in disease

B-cells

• White blood cell

• Make antibodies

T- helper cells

• White blood cell

• Help coordinate immune response

T-killer cells

• White blood cell

• Kill virus infected cell

IMMUNITY & WHITE BLOOD CELLS

PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE IMMUNITY

Passive Immunity• Person does NOT

make memory cells or antibodies

• Antibodies only are transferred

• Doesn’t provide long-term protection

• Natural: from breastfeeding

• Artificial: Rabies “shot”

• Person DOES make antibodies AND memory cells

• Provides long term immunity

• Natural: you have disease

• Artificial – you get a VACCINATION

Active Immunity

• LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Archaebacteria

Methanogens: Do not need O2

(anaerobic)Live in thick mud

and digestive tracts of animals.

ArchaebacteriaHalophiles:Live only in environments with lots

of salt.Ex. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea

ArchaebacteriaThermophiles:Live in hot, boiling water.Ex. Hot springs, deep sea vents

• EUKARYOTES• UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR• AUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC

PROTISTS

Algae

Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis and an eyespot to help with detection of light.

Protozoans

Amoeba: move by the use of pseudopodia (false feet)

Zooflagellates: Move by use of flagella

• EUKARYOTIC• UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR• HETEROTROPHS (DECOMPOSERS)

FUNGI

Special FungiLichen

Symbiotic association between fungus and photosynthetic organism.

Photosynthetic organism provides a source of energy

Fungus provides water, minerals and protection

Lichen

Mushrooms

EUKARYOTIC

AUTOTROPHIC

MULTICELLULAR

PLANTAE

Bryophytes•Non-vascular•No xylem or phloem

•Examples are mosses•They are small•Have to be near water•No pollen, seeds, flowers, or fruits

Gymnosperms•Vascular•Xylem to move water•Phloem to move food

•Examples are conifers•Have pollen (sperm)•Have seeds on cones•No fruits or flowers

Angiosperms•Vascular•Xylem to move water•Phloem to move food

•Examples are flowering plants like oak trees, corn, and roses

•Have pollen (sperm)•Have seeds in fruits•Have flowers

Types of Plants

PLANT ADAPTATIONSRoot, stem, leaf

Roots are adapted to absorb water with root hairs

Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being flat and green

Stems move water with xylem

Flowers have bright petals to attract pollinators

Pollen (sperm) can be transferred by animals

When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary

The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit surrounds and protects seed Fruit also helps get baby plants in

seeds away from parent plant

Flowers and Fruits

Vascular TissuesXylem

Transports water up from the roots

PhloemTransports sugars

down from the leaves

EUKARYOTIC

MULTICELLULAR

HETEROTROPHIC

ANIMALIA

Annelids•Segmented worms•No backbone•“Breathe” through skin

•External fertilization

•External development

Insects•No backbone•Three body segments

•Six legs•Wings•External fertilization

•External development

•Metamorphosis

Amphibians•Have backbone•Moist skin•Gills when young, lungs when adult

•Three chambered heart

•Cold-blooded•External fertilization

•External development

•Metamorphosis•Jelly-like egg

Mammals•Backbone•Hair•Milk glands•Lungs•Four-chambered heart

•Warm-blooded•Internal fertilization

•Internal development

TYPES OF ANIMALS