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NRC SEED SPICES
Perspective Plan
NNNNNAAAAATIONTIONTIONTIONTIONAL RESEARAL RESEARAL RESEARAL RESEARAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON SEED SPICESCH CENTRE ON SEED SPICESCH CENTRE ON SEED SPICESCH CENTRE ON SEED SPICESCH CENTRE ON SEED SPICES
(INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH)
TABIJI, AJMER-305 206 (RAJASTHAN), INDIA
VISION-2025
National Research Centre on Seed SpicesTabiji, Ajmer - 305 206 (Rajasthan) IndiaTel. : +91-145-2680955 • Telefax : +91-145-2443238
E-mail : [email protected] • [email protected]
Website : www.icar.org.in/nrcss
Published by :
Dr. B.B. Vashishtha
Director
Compiled and edited by:
Dr. S.K. Malhotra
Senior Scientist (Hort.)
Correct Citation :
NRCSS - Perspective Plan 2025
National Research Centre on Seed Spices
Ajmer, Rajasthan
July, 2007
Printed at :
Job Offset Printers
Brahmpuri, Ajmer
Ph : +91-98294 72031
CONTENTSPage No.
I. FOREWORD i
II. PREFACE ii
II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii
1. PREAMBLE 1
2. MANDATE 2
3. GROWTH
3.1 Infrastructure 5
3.2 Budget 7
3.3 Manpower 7
4. SALIENT RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS 8
5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
5.1 Growth of commodities 14
5.2 Input/Output Assessment 15
5.3 Shortcomings 16
5.4 Lessons Learnt, Suggestions & Options For Future 17
5.5 Manpower 18
6. SCENARIO 18
6.1 Strength 18
6.2 Weaknesses 19
6.3 Opportunities 20
6.4 Threats 20
7. PERSPECTIVE 21
8. ISSUES AND STRATEGIES 24
9. PROGRAMMES 25
9.1 Time Frame 25
9.2 Funding needs of the programmes 27
10. Linkages, Coordination and execution
10.1 Linkages 29
10.2 Coordination 29
10.3 Execution Arrangements 30
11. Critical Inputs
11.1 Funding 30
11.2 Manpower 30
11.3 Infrastructure 31
11.4 HRD and Training 31
12. Risk Analysis 32
13. PROJECT REVIEW, REPORTING & EVALUATION 32
14. RESOURCE GENERATION 32
15. OUTPUT AND EXPECTED SITUATION 33
16. OUTCOME (OVERALL IMPACT) 33
FOREWORD
Indian agriculture must continuously evolve to remain ever responsive to
manage the change and to meet the growing and diversified needs of different
stakeholders in the entire production to consumption chain. In order to capitalize
on the opportunities and to convert weaknesses into opportunities, we at the ICAR
attempted to visualize an alternate agriculture scenario from present to twenty
years hence. In this endeavour, an in-depth analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) was undertaken to place our research and
technology development efforts in perspective so that we succeed in our pursuit of
doing better than the best. Accordingly, the researchable issues are identified,
strategies drawn and programmes indicated to have commensurate projects and
relevant activities coinciding with the launch of the 11th Five Year Plan.
India has old history of cultivation of seed spices crops and enjoys the position of being a major
largest producer, consumer and exporter in the world. In India, seed spices are grown over a million
hectare with annual production of 7 lakh MT. The sub- continent is a major player in seed spice trade
especially in cumin, coriander, fennel, fenugreek, celery, dill and oil and oleoresin. The conservation of
their gene pool assumes significance. Besides, documentation using front line scientific technology is
extremely vital. Low productivity associated with incidence of pests and diseases also needs to be
tackled. Changing food habits demand product diversification, especially ‘clean spices’ and
‘encapsulated spices’. Quality is now the keyword and the focal point for spices production, processing,
transport and retailing.
The National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer newly established by the Council is well
set to meet the research needs of the upcoming seed spices sector. The perspective plan visualizes
germplasm conservation and management, bio-control, post harvest technology and product development.
In addition to major seed spices crops coriander, fennel, fenugreek, cumin, the due attention is required
to be paid to minor seed spices crops especially ajowan, dill, nigella, celery, caraway and anise also.
It is expected that realizing the Vision embodied in the document would further ensure that the
NRC on Seed Spices, Ajmer (Rajasthan) continues to fulfill its mandate to make Indian agriculture
locally, regionally and globally competitive. The efforts and valuable inputs provided by my colleagues
at the ICAR Headquarters and by the Director and his team at the Institute level for over an year to
develop Vision 2025 deserve appreciation.
February, 2007
(MANGALA RAI)Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research & Education
and
Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110001, India
NRC – SEED SPICES
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PREFACE
Historically, India has always been recognised as a land of spices. The seed spices have emerged
as one of the important groups of spices crops in India. Almost all the states in India grow one or more
seed spices. But major growing belt spreads from arid to semi arid region covering large area in Rajasthan
and Gujarat. Most of the seed spices are either grown under rainfed production system or in limited
water conditions. Breeding and selection of drought resistant/tolerant genotypes of seed spices offer
the best long term solution to minimize the risk and adverse impact of limited water availability espe-
cially under rainfed production system. Considering it, as one of the priority area, the centre has al-
ready taken initiative in development of such varieties and production technology.
During the short span of time a good progress has been made in the creation of research
infrastructure and systematic conduction of experiments. A total of 1062 accessions comprising 1003
indigenous and 59 exotic have been collected and sown at the research farm for screening of yield
potential, quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Centre has succeeded in development
and release of 11 varieties of fennel, coriander, fenugreek, ajowan, dill, nigella, anise and celery. The
agro-techniques of some under-exploited seed spices crops were not available so far, have been now
standardized and are being developed as package of practices. I hope in coming years our efforts will be
more focused to cater the needs of the farming community.
I take the occasion to express my gratitude to Dr. Mangala Rai, Secretary DARE and Director
General, ICAR and Dr.G. Kalloo, the then DDG (Horticulture and Crop Science), Dr. H.P. Singh, DDG
(Horticulture) and Dr. K.V.Ramana, ADG (Plantation Crops) for their guidance and inspiration in all
the endeavors of the centre. I am extremely thankful to Dr. V. A. Parthasarthy, Director, IISR, Calicut
for providing necessary help. I am also thankful to all the experts of ICAR, IISR and to the members of
RAC and the experts of the Peer Review Committee for their critical appraisal. I also take this opportu-
nity to appreciate the untiring efforts made by Dr. S.K. Malhotra, Senior Scientist (Hort.) of this Centre
in bringing out this publication.
Ajmer
February, 2007
(B.B. Vashishtha)
Director
NRC – SEED SPICES
ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
To enhance production, productivity and quality of seed spices crops with special reference to
export and domestic demand, suitable production technology is of vital importance. Keeping in view
the strength of seed spices crops and to provide income security to the people of semi arid to arid
region, the NRCSS was established to cater the technological needs of the area. The centre has already
made significant headway in research with respect to collection of indigenous and exotic germplasm,
development of high yielding varieties and production technology of seed spices crops.
The perspective plan for National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer has been prepared
first time based on the proforma and guidelines supplied by the Council. Under basic information,
mandate, budget, manpower, salient research achievements by the centre have been summarized. The
national scenario of seed spices crops in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats have
been analyzed. Nevertheless, there is tremendous scope to increase productivity, generation of employ-
ment, support to industry and export of seed spices and value added products. However, there are
threats of numerous pests and diseases, adverse climatic factors and international competition.
In order to meet the target of seed spices production and export, various issues have been iden-
tified and research programme of various disciplines of seed spices have been prepared. To undertake
various research and development programmes the following thrust areas have been identified.
1. Germplasm collection, maintenance, documentation and conservation.
2. Breeding of varieties for higher yield and quality
3. Breeding of varieties resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
4. Work out crop production and management strategies for increasing yields.
5. Thrust out insect pest, disease management strategies to effectively control the loss which is
estimated to about 30-40 per cent.
6. Work out effective post harvest, packaging and transportation technologies to check the loss to
the extent of 10-20 per cent.
7. Developing suitable marketing strategies to ensure maximum share of prices to the farmers.
8. Workout massive transfer of technology programme, so that the presently available advanced
technologies to reach all grass root level and executed to increase the productivity from present
level by 30-40 % in about 15 years period.
NRC – SEED SPICES
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NRC – SEED SPICES
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1. PREAMBLE
The seed spices constitute an important group of agricultural commodities and play a significant
role in our national economy. Historically, India has always been recognised as a land of spices. The
states, Rajasthan and Gujarat have emerged as “Seed Spices Bowl” and together contribute more than
80 per cent of the total seed spices produced in the country. The crops covered as major seed spices are
coriander, cumin, fennel and fenugreek, whereas ajowan, dill (sowa), celery, nigella (kalonji), caraway
(siah jeera) and anise constitute minor group of seed spices.
Though India is the largest producer and consumer in the world, but presently, there has been low
productivity of seed spices and the country has been able to meet only 58 per cent of the total global
demand. This group of spices accounts for about 36 per cent and 17 per cent of the total area and
production of spices in the country. India exports raw spices as well as value added items to nearly 70
countries in the world. The global demand estimated for seed spices world wide is 98000 tonnes, of
which, at present our country is able to export about 57000 tonnes annually, which is 58 per cent of the
total demand. There has been an ever increasing demand of seed spices and importing countries look at
India as consistent source.
1.1 History
Realizing the potential of seed spices crops for providing income security to the people of arid to
semi-arid zone, the Indian Planning Commission, as recommended by the Working Group on Depart-
ment of Agricultural Research and Education, approved establishment of National Research Centre on
Seed Spices, Ajmer (NRCSS) during the IX Five year Plan to initiate research work on seed spices
especially aimed at improving the productivity and quality with reference to export value and domestic
demand.
The foundation laying ceremony was held on 22 April, 2000. Padmabhushan, Dr. R.S. Paroda, the
then Secretary DARE and Director General, ICAR, New Delhi was the Chief guest in the function and
unveiled the stone. Dr. C.P.S. Yadav, Vice Chancellor, RAU, Bikaner presided over the function. The
function was graced by Dr. S.P. Ghosh, the then DDG (Hort.), ICAR; Dr.A.S. Faroda, V.C., MPUAT
Udaipur and Dr. R.N. Pal, ADG, ICAR. The Council appointed Dr. G.B. Raturi, Director, CIAH, Bikaner
as Officer on Special Duty to monitor the progress of NRCSS. A site for its establishment was selected
by working committee from ICAR at Ajmer with provision of land size of 50 acres on national highway
No. 8. The centre started functioning having mission mode approach with set mandate and objectives.
VISION-2025
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1.2 Location and climate
The NRCSS is located on the Ajmer-Beawar road 13 km away from railway station in the city. The
Ajmer city is well connected by road and railway line to Ahmedabad and Delhi with distance of 516 km
and 388 km, respectively in opposite directions. The nearby airport is in Jaipur, situated about 132 km
away from Ajmer.
The centre lies on 740 35’ 39’’ E to 740 36’ 01’’ longitude and 260 22’ 12’’ to 260 22’ 31’’ N latitude
at an attitude of 460.17 m above mean sea level. The soil of the research farm is sandy loam, poor in
fertility and water holding capacity, having pH 8 to 8.3, EC 0.07 to 0.12 and 0.15 to 0.23% organic
carbon, available N 178.5 kg ha-1
(low), P2O
5 12 kg ha-1 (medium), K
2O 85 kg ha-1 (low) Ca 214.7 kg
ha-1 (high), Mg 258 kg ha-1 (medium), S 27 ha-1 (medium).
The rainfall in the area is highly erratic and more than 90% of the rain is received during July to
September with several intermittent long dry spells. The monsoon rains generally commence by the
end of June but sometimes delayed till the first week of August. The rainfall is confined to the period
mostly between July to September, the rainfall average ranges between 250-500 mm with a maximum
of 750 mm in good rainy years and 50-200 mm in scanty rainy years. The temperature ranges from 2-
50C during January and 42-450C during May. The winter showers are meager. Occurrence of drought is
frequent. The annual loss through PET is 1566 mm. The occurrence of frost is also observed occasion-
ally, generally after a gap of every 2-3 years. The relative humidity in the district is generally greater
than 60%, during the monsoon season reaching as high as 80%, but the annual average humidity is less
than 50%.
2. MANDATE
Ø To conduct basic and strategic research to enhance production, productivity and quality of seed
spices with special reference to export and domestic demand.
Ø To serve as national repository of seed spices germplasm, relevant information and establishing
global gene bank for seed spices.
Ø To establish relevant institutional linkages nationally and internationally, offer consultancy and
training.
Ø Providing adequate infrastructure for seed spices research, by establishing modern laboratory for
analysis of plant, seed produce with export fitness.
Ø To monitor the adoption of new and existing technology to make sure that research is targeted to the
needs of farming community.
NRC – SEED SPICES
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2.1 Mandate crops :
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L. )
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum , Trigonella corniculata L.)
Ajowain (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague )
Dill (Anethum graveolens L., Anethum sowa Kurz.)
Nigella ( Nigella sativa L.)
Anise (Pimpenella anisum L. )
Celery (Apium graveolens L.)
Caraway (Carum carvi L.)
2.2 Objectives:
1. Collection, evaluation, characterization and conservation of germplasm.
2. Breeding varieties with high yield potential, quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3. Developing efficient agro-techniques for achieving the high production and productivity.
4. Evolving better and efficient management system for control of pests and diseases.
5. Study of nutritional and water management aspects.
6. Development of package on organic farming of the seed spices for export, based on environment
friendly production and potential technology.
7. Research on seed technology for production of quality seeds of improved varieties.
8. Study of economics of production and marketing.
9. Development of pre and post harvest technology for better processing, storage and utilization.
10. Development of export oriented technology for raw and value-added products.
11. Transfer of technology for farmers and extension agencies.
VISION-2025
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Fig. 1 Organizational Structure of NRCSS
Research Management &
Co-ordination unit
Research
Genetic Resources
Management
Improvement
Production
Protection
Post Harvest Technology
Transfer of Technology
Administration
General
Administration
Audit & Accounts
Store & Purchase
Security and Estate
Management
Supporting
Technical Cell
Library and
Documentation
ARIS Cell
Consultancy Cell
Research Advisory
Committee
Institute Research
Committee
Institute Management
CommitteeDIRECTOR
NRC – SEED SPICES
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3. GROWTH
Realizing the technology crisis for seed spices crops in arid regions, the Indian Planning Commis-
sion, approved establishment of an independent National Research Centre on Seed Spices (NRCSS)
during the IX Five-year Plan. The site selection committee constituted in 1998 by ICAR, recommended
establishment of NRCSS at the site offered by the Government of Rajasthan situated on NH-8, measur-
ing about 50 acres at Tabiji Farm, Ajmer in Rajasthan, a major seed spices growing state in India. The
land was taken into possession on 22, April, 2000. The Centre continued with OSD/Director and one
Senior Scientist as Head of Office. The Principal Scientist later joined against the post shifted from
headquarters in April, 2001 and continued to act as Director of this centre. Regular Director joined on
Nov. 2, 2006. Since its inception the Centre is thriving and all out efforts are being made to accelerate
the growth with a little staff.
The prominent activities of this centre are collection, evaluation, characterization and utilization
of available germplasm in the region in particular, and in the country in general; development of varieties
suitable for export, standardization of agro-techniques, post harvest management, production of quality
planting material and creation of repository of information related to all aspects of seed spices crops.
The Centre had nothing in terms of equipments and infrastructure when established. However,
since its inception the ICAR has been providing sufficient funds to speed up the development. Besides
plan funds, budget was also provided under non-plan from 2003-04 onwards.
3.1 Infrastructure:
The Centre is making steady progress in creating infrastructure facilities to fulfill the mandate.
3.1.1 Seed Spices Laboratory: The seed spices laboratory has been developed at NRCSS farm for
recording laboratory observations on seed spices crops particularly on seed technology and for estima-
tion of essential oil content of the seeds, an important quality component. The laboratory is equipped
with BOD, Oven, Electronic Balance, Seed Germinator, Deep Freezer, Autoclave, Laminar Air Flow,
Centrifuge, Shaker, Microscope, pH meter, Clevenger oil extraction apparatus, Stainless steel essential
oil estimation unit, Seed Grinder, Hot plates and Heating mantels.
Few more equipments as per requirement of the Centre will be procured. Presently laboratories
established and in function are of Crop Improvement, Crop Production and Seed Production.
3.1.2 Building: There was no building or any other structure existing on the agricultural land of the
experimental farm initially. The architectural plan of Laboratory-cum-Administrative building was
VISION-2025
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approved by Council with budget provision of 2.72 crores for this purpose. The construction work of
Main Laboratory- cum- Administrative building at the farm through CPWD has been completed recently.
The NRCSS is functioning from this new building after inauguration by Dr. Mangala Rai, DG, ICAR,
New Delhi on 15 January, 2007.
3.1.3 Temporary structures and roads: The tractor shed, seed store, generator room, committee room,
implement shed and threshing floor have been constructed at farm through CPWD. The metalled road
has been laid out throughout the farm for carrying out various farm operations timely and efficiently.
The appealing main gate with name and emblem of Council has been erected through CPWD.
3.1.4 Irrigation facility: The underground irrigation system of PVC pipe line has been laid out in
whole farm area of 50 acres by connecting the all bore wells for further distribution of water with a
provision of opening at every 50 meter. A total of 3 bore wells were dug through CPWD and connected
to storage tanks of 25000 litres each with electric motors for continuous supply of irrigation water in
whole farm area. Due to continuous drought situation from the last 3 years, there is depletion of under-
ground water and has led to shortage of water for irrigation.
3.1.5 Committee room : The committee room has been constructed through CPWD, is well equipped
with necessary furniture and modern facilities of audio visual aids comprising, slide projector, over-
head projector, LCD projector, exhibits and suitable conferencing sound system. The system is being
used for conducting meeting such as IMC, RAC, IRC etc.
3.1.6 Farm development: The green manure crops sesbenia and guar are grown during every kharif
season for improving the soil status of the farm. The layout of whole farm area has been done by
developing main and sub roads and 50 x 50 m blocks for experiments and seed multiplication. The
farm boundary work has been completed by CPWD.
3.1.7 Library: To provide support to the research and development programme of the centre library
development work was initiated by procuring 69 books and few research periodicals initially. Now the
resources of the library include 522 books. It subscribes four foreign and 12 Indian journals and news-
letters. Computer software has been installed for automation of the library. The CD ROM facility has
been created under NATP Programme.
3.1.8 Poly House/ Net House: The huge polyhouse and net house structures have been erected at NRC
Seed Spices through CPWD. Both of the structures were inaugurated by Dr. Gautam Kalloo, DDG
(Horticulture and Crop Sciences) ICAR New Delhi on 1st March, 2003. The structures are being utilized
for indoor experiments on seed spices crops by the Scientists. These structures shall be mainly used for
raising nursery seedlings, screening of germplasm for disease resistance and hardening of
biotechnologically generated plants.
NRC – SEED SPICES
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3.1.9 V-sat facilities: The V-sat Internet facility has been installed at Centre under NATP programme.
This facility is being utilized by scientists for easy and quick access to Internet with respect to collection
of information worldwide and speedy communication.
3.1.10 Agro-meteorology: In order to collect agro-meteorological data, an observatory has been installed
at the NRCSS Farm with the facility to record related observations. It shall be of immense help in
correlating the plant growth and development over season and years.
3.1.11 Type V residential quarter: The construction of one Type V residential quarter as approved
under X plan has been completed by CPWD in the farm premises.
3.1.12 Proposed Constructions :
1. Residential quarters at NRCSS Farm, Type IV(four), Type III(four), Type II( four)
2. Guest House (one)
3. Seed Processing building (one)
4. Agriculture Technology Information Centre (one)
However, it is also necessary to provide recreation facilities including sports complex and an audito-
rium at the main campus.
3.2 Budget
Plan period Plan Non plan Others Total
IX Plan Actual 154.00 lakhs - - 154.00 lakhs
X Plan Actual 704.00 lakhs 194.00 lakhs - 898.00 lakhs
XI Plan (projections) 976.00 lakhs 425.00 lakhs 1401.00 lakhs
3.3 Manpower
Scientific posts
sanctioned
Technical posts
sanctioned
Administrative
posts sanctioned
Supporting staff
sanctioned
Total
sanctioned
Plan
period
Appr
oved*
In
position
Appr
oved*
In
position
Appr
oved*
In
position
Appr
oved*
In
position
Appr
oved*
In
position
IX Plan 11 03 10 4 6 2 15 - 42 9
X Plan 20 05 7 4 4 3 2 2 33 14
*Approved in IX plan EFC but not created.
VISION-2025
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4. SALIENT RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS
Owing to availability of limited scientific staff, the research activities of the Centre are presently
carried out by three scientific sections: Crop Improvement, Crop Production and Seed Technology. The
research work on other sections viz. Genetics and Cytogenetics, Biochemistry, Plant Pathology,
Entomology, Plant Physiology and Soil Science shall be taken on joining of scientists of various
disciplines. The supporting sections of the Centre are: Library, Farm, Establishment and Audit &
Accounts.
4.1 Plant Genetic Resources:
Project 4.1.1 : Management of plant genetic resources of seed spices crops
Collection, evaluation and maintenance of coriander, cumin, fennel and fenugreek
The total collection of 877 active germplasm accessions comprising of four major seed spices
crops viz coriander, cumin, fennel and fenugreek are maintained in the National Conservatory.
Coriander: The total collection of 288 accessions of coriander consist of 270 indigenous and 18 from
exotic sources. This year fourteen new collections were added and are being evaluated. The accessions
ACr 209, ACr 256, ACr 255, ACr 227 were found promising for dual purpose production both for green
leaves and small round shaped seeds as spices.
Cumin: The cumin germplasm of 134 accessions comprised 126 indigenous and 8 exotic lines are
being maintained at the Centre. In addition to earlier collection, 7 new collections from highly blight
infested fields were evaluated for resistance to Alternaria blight. None of the lines exhibited resistance
to this disease. The lines AC 22,AC 167 AC72, AC 3 were found better from yield point of view.
Fennel: The fennel germplasm was enriched by addition of 5 more accessions to total collection of 257
comprising 238 indigenous and 19 from exotic sources. The germplasm is being evaluated for selection
of dwarf type and a line AF-87 showed dwarf character and is being utilized in crop improvement
programme. In another experiment, the germplasm was also evaluated for their suitability for produc-
tion as early crop and rabi season crop. The accessions AF 14, AF 119, AF24 and AF 87 were found
better from seed yield and essential oil content.
NRC – SEED SPICES
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Fenugreek: A total germplasm collection of 202 fenugreek accessions was enriched by adding 19 new
entries and are being evaluated and multiplied for conservation. The superior accessions from yield
point of view were AM 35, AM 38 and AM10.
Introduction, collection, evaluation and maintenance of ajowan, dill, nigella, anise, caraway, celery
etc.
A total collection of 186 accessions of minor group of seed spices crops viz, ajowan, dill, nigella,
aniseed, caraway, celery is being maintained at the Centre. This collection includes 174 indigenous and
12 exotic germplasm lines. In addition to ajowan, dill and nigella, the germplasm of new seed spices
viz. anise, caraway, celery and kali jeeri is being evaluated continuously, maintained and conserved.
Table 1. Collection of seed spices germplasm at centre
Number of Accessions S.No. Crop
Indigenous Exotic
Total
1 Coriander 270 18 288
2 Cumin 126 8 134
3 Fennel 238 19 257
4 Fenugreek 200 2 202
5 Ajowan 77 - 77
6 Dill 54 4 58
7 Nigella 14 - 14
8 Anise 8 3 11
9 Celery 9 2 11
10 Caraway 7 3 10
11 Kali Jeeri 5 - 5 Total 1008 59 1067
4.2 Crop Improvement:
Project 4.2.1 Crop Improvement in seed spices crops
Crop Improvement in coriander, cumin, fennel and fenugreek
On the basis of better yield traits, quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, the selections
were made from the base population of the respective germplasm. The following elite selections of
coriander, cumin, fennel, and fenugreek have been developed.
Coriander: Keeping in view the demand of round and small seeded coriander varieties in export market,
the suitable selections ACr-01-209, ACr-01-255 have been identified and are further improved through
VISION-2025
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selection. These lines also possess character of dual purpose use, both as green leaves and seeds as
spices. Two superior selections ACr-01-250 and ACr-01-256 possessing small to medium size seeds
and acceptable leafy yields have been developed and are being evaluated. Recently the selection ACr-
01-256 has been released as NRCSS-ACr-1.
Cumin: The selections AC-01-3, AC-01-167 possess field resistance to Fusarium wilt. The selection
AC-01-167 possess high essential oil content ranging between 3.5 to 4%. These varieties are suitable
for limited available water conditions. The average seed yield of AC-01-3 and AC-01-167 was 5.15 and
4.88 q ha-1, respectively.
Fennel: The advanced fennel selections were tested for their suitability under both early crop and rabi
crops for high yield. The selection AF-01-119 produces an average yield of 22.6 q when transplanted as
early crop, whereas an yield of 19.5 q was obtained during rabi season. Another selection AF-01-87 is
being further improved for dwarf character and earliness. The selection AF-01-119 is suitable for grow-
ing as early and rabi crop and has been recently released as NRCSS-AF-1.
Fenugreek: A dual purpose type of selection AM-01-35 with vigorous growth habit, high yielding with
average yield of 17.2 q ha-1 have been developed. This selection bears large size pods with bold seed
grains with attractive yellow colour and less bitterness. The another selection AM-01-10, with medium
growth behaviour and medium seed size have been developed. The leaves and seeds are comparatively
better than other varieties available so far and have more bitterness. Both of above selections have been
released recently as NRCSS-AM-1 and NRCSS-AM-2.
Crop Improvement in ajowan, dill, nigella, anise, celery, caraway etc.
The selections/varieties developed having better yield traits, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses
and quality characters for minor seed spices viz ajowan, dill, nigella and other under exploited seed
spices crops are as follows.
Varieties released under AICRP:
Ajowan: Two varieties have been released.
The variety AA-2 (AA-01-19) has been developed through selection from local germplasm for earli-
ness and matures in 147 days with more number of umbels plant-1. Another variety NRCSS-AA-1
(AA-01-61) is high yielding but late in maturity takes about 165 days to seed harvest. Under irrigated
conditions, yield of 12.8 and 14.2 q ha-1 respectively can be obtained. Both of the varieties are suitable
for cultivation under both irrigated as well rainfed farming system. Both of the varieties have been
identified for release under AICRP spices.
NRC – SEED SPICES
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Dill: One European type variety NRCSS-AD-1 (AD-1-43), dilapioleless has been developed through
selection from an exotic source. It grows to a height of 134 cm. It is late in flowering and takes about
142 days to maturity. The leaves are dark green in colour. The selection is suitable for cultivation
under irrigated conditions, however, susceptible to powdery mildew. The variety is suitable for export
purpose and contains about 3.5% essential oil. Another variety of Indian dill type NRCSS-AD-2 (AD-
1-6) has been developed through selection from local germplasm. It is suitable for cultivation under
both irrigated and rainfed conditions. The seeds are bold and dark brown in colour. The seeds are
compact and require pressure to split. An average seed yield of 14.6 q from NRCSS-AD-2 and 14.7 q
ha-1 from NRCSS-AD-1 can be obtained. Both of the varieties have been identified for release under
AICRP spices
Nigella: One variety NRCSS-AN-1 has been developed from local germplasm from Rajasthan. It
takes 135 days to seed maturity and posses resistance to root rot. The average seed yield of 7.2 q ha-1
can be obtained. The plants are 32 cm in height. This variety is suitable for semi-arid conditions. This
variety has been identified for release under AICRP spices
Anise:
NRCSS AAni-1: It is the first variety of anise in India, has been developed at NRCSS and identified for
release very recently under AICRP on Spices. It is high yielding variety, bears attractive seeds and high
volatile oil content of 3.2 %. This variety is suitable for cultivation in semi-arid region under irrigated
conditions. It gives an average yield of 733 kg ha-1 with potential yield of 1150 kg ha-1 under semi-arid
conditions.
Celery:
NRCSS A Cel-1: The variety has been developed through selection from Punjab Local at NRCSS,
Ajmer. This variety is suitable for cultivation in semi-arid regions under irrigated conditions. It pro-
duces an average yield of 8.01 q ha-1 with potential yield of 12.1 q ha-1. The variety yields essential oil
content of 2.4% from seeds. The variety has been identified for release under AICRP Spices.
Caraway: The National Research Centre on Seed Spices at Ajmer has developed two annual type
selections NRCSS-ACar-91 and NRCSS-ACar-94 and both of these selections are being acclimatized
for cultivation under semi-arid conditions.
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4.3 Crop Production:
4.3.1 The agro-techniques for minor seed spices are being standardised and following results have been
obtained.
Ajowan: The sowing during first week of October, by using seed rate of 4 kg ha-1, at spacing of 45 x 20
cm with fertilizer requirement of 75 kg N and 30 kg P2O
5 ha-1 with average seed yield of 12.5 q ha-1.
Dill (Sowa): The suitable time of sowing for dill was mid October by using seed rate of 3 kg ha-1, at
spacing of 45 x 20 cm with fertiliser requirement of 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O
5 ha-1 for better seed yields
(13.7 q ha-1).
Nigella (Kalongi): The best sowing time for kalongi crop was mid October by using seed rate of 7 kg
per ha, at spacing of 30 x 10 cm with fertiliser requirement of 40 kg N and 20 kg P2O
5 ha-1 for higher
seed yields (7.2 q ha-1).
Celery : The suitable time of sowing for celery was mid October by using seed rate of 1.5 kg ha-1, at
spacing of 30 x 20 cm with fertiliser requirement of 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O
5 ha-1 for better seed yields
(1.5-2 q ha-1).
Anise: The sowing during first week of October, by using seed rate of 8-10 kg ha-1, at spacing of 45 x
20 cm with fertilizer requirement of 50 kg N and 30 kg P2O
5 ha-1 with average seed yield of 7-8 q ha-1.
Caraway: The sowing during mid October, by using seed rate of 6-8 kg ha-1, at spacing of 30 x 20 cm
with fertilizer requirement of 50 kg N and 30 kg P2O
5 ha-1 with average seed yield of 4-5 q ha-1.
4.3.2 Organic cultivation: The use of organic materials and bio-fertilizers have been studied for
standardisation of agrotechniques for organic seed spices production. It was found that application
of Azospirillum or Azotobactor soil and seed treatment both in combination with 10 t ha-1 sheep
manure in coriander and fennel resulted in 8.8 q and 11.2 q ha-1 seed yield, respectively. Similarly
both of bio-fertilizes in combination with 7.5 t ha-1 sheep manure or 5 t ha-1 vermicompost yielded
1.12 to 1.15 q ha-1 organic seed yield of cumin. In fenugreek when Azospirillum or Azotobactor was
applied both as soil and seed treatment in combination with 5 t ha-1 sheep manure produced average
yield of 13.2 and 12.1 q ha-1 of organic seed yield.
4.3.3 Cropping System : Seed spices based cropping systens involving vegetable crops and fruit crops
are being standardized.
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4.4 Seed Production Programme:
In order to effectively utilize the land and generation of income, during the crop season 2000-01,
2001-02, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06, 387.5 kg, 858 kg, 1034 kg, 1847 kg, 1300 kg 998.5 kg
seed of 6 important seed spices crops was produced, respectively at the Centre under seed multiplica-
tion programme. One variety each of seed spices crops such as cumin, coriander, fennel, fenugreek and
ajowan were sown for multiplication of seeds in isolation (Table 2). The seed was made available for
sale to farmers and other state government agencies. In the coming years few more crops such as
nigella, dill, anise and celery shall also be included in this programme.
Table 2. Seed production of seed spices during 2000-06
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
1 Coriander RCr 41 97.5 63.0 181.0 318.6 57.0 177.0
2 Cumin RZ19 7.9 12.0 7.8 332.8 16.0 161.5
3 Fennel RF101 11.1 65.0 292.0 345.7 176.0 248.0
4 Fenugreek RMt 1 246.0 562.0 395.0 726.0 44.5.0 152.0
5 Kasuri Methi P. Kasuri – 145.0 22.0 7.0 6.0 –
6 Ajowan GA 1 25.0 11.0 137.0 117.5 110.0 169.0
7 Others – – – – – – 93.0
Total – 387.5 858.0 1034.8 1847.6 2380.0 998.5
Seed quantity produced (kg.)Crop Variety
S.
No.
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5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Since the establishment of Centre on 22, April, 2000, the research and developmental activities
were simultaneously attended. The research efforts made at the Centre have started yielding results
particularly development of new varieties and production technology of seed spices crops. The technol-
ogy is being disseminated through transfer of technology but it is too early to assess the impact of NRC
Seed Spices, the new emerging Centre of ICAR. The fast growth of the Centre is an indicative that in
the coming years, impact shall be visible in the form of increased area, production, productivity and
export of seed spices in the country.
5.1 Growth of commodities:
The seed spices are aromatic vegetable products, mostly used in whole or ground form for impart-
ing flavour, aroma and pungency to food. The seed spices possess industrial importance and are used
in cosmetics, perfumery and pharmaceutical preparations. There are about 20 seed spices grown in
India, the most important among them are coriander, cumin, fennel and fenugreek, which are cultivated
conspicuously in larger area. These four crops are categorized as major group of seed spices and the
remaining crops viz. ajowan, dill, celery, anise, nigella, caraway and few others are minor group of seed
spices The country is blessed with varied agro-climatic conditions i.e. tropics, sub-tropics and nearly
temperate zone. India is in advantageous position as a producer of large variety of seed spices. No
other country in the world has such a broad supply base of seed spices. The climatic conditions prevail-
ing in Rajasthan, Gujarat and some other adjoining states in the arid and semi-arid region are very
much conducive for growth and development of wide range of seed spices.
India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of seed spices. This group of spices
accounts for about 36 per cent and 17 per cent of the total area and production of spices in the country.
About 9 lakh ha area is grown in seed spices in the country with total production of 7 lakh tonnes
annually. In India, the major area covered under different seed spices is 6.10 lakh ha in coriander, 5.26
lakh ha in cumin, 0.34 lakh ha in fennel, 1.07 lakh ha in fenugreek, 0.14 lakh ha in ajowain, 0.02 lakh
ha in dill (sowa) and 0.03 lakh ha in celery, while their corresponding production in the country is 3.10,
0.38, 1.28, 0.29, 0.06,0.45 and 0.72 lakh tons, respectively.
The seed spices are grown in different parts of the world covering mainly Mediterranean region,
South Europe and Asia. Almost all of the seed spices crops are cultivated in India and have got the
privilege to be called as the largest seed spices producing country in the world. The prominent states
where seed spices produced are Rajasthan and Gujarat while other states where these are grown commonly
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are Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka. Almost all the states in India grow one or more seed spices. But major growing belt
spread from arid to semi-arid regions covering large area in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
5.2 Input/Output assessment:
In present situation, for seed spices crops the cost benefit ratio of coriander, cumin, fennel and
fenugreek comes to 1:2, 1:7, 1:2 and 1:2, respectively under limited water conditions. With the
development of infrastructure and manpower, significant research achievements are anticipated. The
eventual cost benefit ratio will be in favour of benefits immensely. The input output assessment for the
IX five year plan (two year after establishment in April, 2000) and X plan up to March, 2005, are given
below in the form of technologies generated
INPUT OUTPUT
IX Plan (1998-2002)
Rs. 300 lakhs Scientist - 2
Technical staff - 3
Administrative - 1
Supporting &
Auxiliary - -
1) Establishment of germplasm of seed spices crops.
2) Started crop improvement work on major and minor group of seed
spices crops.
3) Initiated research work on standardization of agro-technology for
minor group of seed spices crops.
4) Standardization of agro-techniques for organic cultivation of seed
spices crops was started.
X Plan (2003-2007)
Rs. 785 lakhs Scientist - 3 +(3 from
July-Sep, 2005)
Technical staff - 4
Administrative - 3
Supporting &
Auxiliary - -
1) Management of plant genetic resources (1022 accessions) of
ten seed spices crops.
2) Released four high yielding varieties of major seed spices
crops.
a) Fennel (variety-NRCSS-AF-1)
b) Coriander (variety-NRCSS-ACr-1)
c) Fenugreek (variety-NRCSS-AM-1, NRCSS-AM-2)
3) Released seven varieties of minor seed spices crops.
a) Ajowan (variety-NRCSS-AA-1, NRCSS-AA-2)
b) Dill (variety-NRCSS-AD-1, NRCSS-AD-2)
c) Nigella (variety-NRCSS-AN-1)
d) Anise (variety-NRCSS-AAni-1)
e) Celery (variety-NRCSS-A. Cel-1) 4) Standardized agro technology for minor group of six seed spices
crops.
5) The agro-technology for organic cultivation of seed spices crops is
being standardized.
6) Studies on integrated nutrient and water management is in progress.
7) Seed spices based cropping systems are being studied.
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5.3 Shortcomings:
The major shortcomings attributed to low productivity in India are enumerated here.
1. Cultivation of these crops is traditionally in marginal lands with low fertility.
2. Inherent nature of slow germination leads to poor stand of the crop.
3. Lack of suitable varieties for specific agro-climatic zones.
4. Limited variability in germplasm.
5. Disease pressures like wilts, blights, powdery mildew and root rot.
6. Lack of proper adoption of improved package of practices and control measures for diseases
and pests.
7. There is lack of organised marketing system.
8. Inadequate response to fertiliser
9. Major challenges facing seed spices production in India are low productivity, lack of high yielding
fertilizer responsive varieties, pest and disease problems and problems of post harvest storage.
10. Insufficient production technology on seed spices particularly for rainfed and organic production
systems.
11. There is further increasing demand in our domestic consumption as well as for processing
industries, which require adequate quality of these spices for export purpose
12. Non-availability of quality seed of recommended varieties is one of the major constraints.
13. Low and erratic rainfall in area and limited surface water resources are the problems.
14. Besides, erratic power supply in agriculture, non-availability of crop insurance cover facility
are the reasons for low production.
5.4 Lessons learnt, suggestion and options for future:
In order to increase production, productivity and export of seed spices in the country, following
steps are required to be considered in formulation of research oriented programmes for the coming
decades. The approach should be as follows:
1. Non-availability of disease free quality seed of seed spices crops is the major constraint in
increasing productivity. Inclusion of seed spices in the seed multiplication programmes by the
state government could meet the demand for quality seeds.
2. Quality being the important parameter, and seed spices being export oriented, varieties need to
be identified according to the demand of the importing countries and industry.
3. The germplasm collection work should be encouraged and infrastructure should be built up for
short term conservation so as to protect them from erosion.
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4. Non-availability of high degree of host resistance for major disease and pests is a limitation. In
addition, development of drought resistance/ tolerant genotypes should be given priority.
5. The importance of value added products and the necessity to improve post harvest technology
are recognized. In order to achieve this, a Centre for post harvest technology and product
development of spices is needed.
6. An understanding of the critical climatic requirement would help in proper input management
(nutrients and water) and management of pests and diseases.
7. In view of the critical assessment made on these crops, Advanced Centre for Molecular Biology,
Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, and Bio control be developed and infrastructure strengthened.
8. Workout massive transfer of technology programme, so that the presently available advanced
technologies should reach grass root level and executed towards increasing the productivity.
Suggestions and options for future
1 Establishment of a National Gene Banks of seed spices.
2 Conventional and biotechnological approaches for development of varieties having high yield
and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3 Development of integrated pests, diseases and nutrient management schedules which are
environment friendly and ecologically sound.
4 Multiplication of quality seed of released varieties.
5 Development of production technology(s) for seed spices and seed spices based cropping system.
6 Characterization of seed spices growing soils and assessing soil quality for developing soil
based agro-techniques including rhizosphere for sustainable spices production.
7 Establishing a Biotechnology centre at NRCSS.
8 Post harvest technology of spices with emphasis on product development and product
diversification. Establishment of a Centre for PHT and product development.
9 Establishment of Centres for Biocontrol and Biosystematics of pests/ pathogens and biocontrol
agents.
10 Weed management in seed spices based cropping system.
11 Technology development for eco-seed spices.
12 Micronutrients study in relation to quality of seed spices.
13 Pesticides residue analysis in spices and spice products.
14 Water requirement for sustainable production.
15 ISO Certification of laboratories.
16 Establishing National Seed Spices Informatics Centre.
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5.5 Manpower
The scientific cadre strength of this institute was fixed as 11 during IX Plan and 20 during X Plan.
However, keeping in view of the developmental programmes envisaged, additional manpower will be
required to fulfil the objectives, essential for the envisaged centres of National Seed Spices Gene Bank,
Seed Spices Biotechnology, Post Harvest Technology and Product Development, Bio-control in Seed
Spices and Bio Informatics.
6. SCENARIO AND SWOT ANALYSIS
Seed spices are important export oriented commodities and about 11.6 per cent of the total
spices production is exported in raw as well as value added products realizing foreign exchange worth
of rupees 208.36 crores. There is good potential for increasing export of seed spices, if quality is improved
and prices are kept competitive with other countries. The global demand estimated for seed spices
world wide is 98000 tonnes, of which, at present our country is able to export about 57450 tonnes
annually, which is 58 per cent of the total demand. There has been an ever increasing demand of seed
spices and importing countries look at India as a consistent source. About 80% of the export is for raw
seed spices, the export in terms of value can be increased by exporting value added items.
Export of seed spices from India (Quantity in tonnes & value in Rs. Lakhs)
2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-06 Item
Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value
Coriander 12480 3736 12480 3736 18065 5564 21000 7103 33750 8266 22750 6410
Cumin 18891 17835 18891 17835 10422 9326 6700 4983 13750 10190 12000 8800
Fennel 4417 1882 4417 1882 4160 1784 5200 2143 7100 2530 4100 1960
Fenugreek 9359 1978 9359 1978 13193 2551 7500 1661 13750 2661 12250 2400
Celery 4565 1410 4565 1410 3960 1225 4400 1389 4100 1300 3400 1265
The export of Indian seed spices is almost stable from the last five years. Some increase in
export of seed spices have been observed quantity wise as well as value wise.
6.1 Strengths
1. India is a rich gene pool of seed spices crops and has resulted in about 47 varieties so far under
AICRP on Spices.
2. The agro-climatic conditions prevailing in semi-arid to arid regions are very favorable for
production of quality seeds spices.
3. The inherent capability of some of seed spices to withstand limited available water condition
offer scope for successful production in the region.
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4. There is tremendous scope for expansion of area in arid to semi-arid regions.
5. There is good capability of some of seed spices for their successful cultivation under rainfed conditions.
6. Availability of potential bio control agents for effective pest and disease management.
7. Availability of trained and competent manpower for the traditional areas of research.
6.2 Weakness
(1) The seed spices crops are mostly grown by marginal to sub-marginal farmers under poor crop
management conditions.
(2) Occurrence of abiotic stresses viz. salinity, drought and frost are the major hurdles for successful
production.
(3) The soils of the arid region are deficit in nutrients content.
(4) Inherent nature of slow germination and initial growth.
(5) High incidence of diseases e.g. wilt; blight, powdery mildew in cumin, wilt and stem gall in
coriander, blight, and gummosis in fennel and powdery mildew and downy mildew in fenugreek.
(6) The available germplasm of different seed spices crops have limited variability.
(7) There is shortage of quality seed material of seed spices varieties.
(8) Inadequate manpower to conduct research on many mandate seed spice crops.
(9) Absence of high degree of resistance to major pests and diseases
(10) Non-availability of sufficient number of genotypes tolerant to drought with high productivity
(11) Lack of support price for the product.
(12) Lack of technologies for production of ‘value added spice’
6.3 Opportunities
(1) India is considered the richest germplasm reservoirs of seed spices crops.
(2) India is largest producer, consumer and exporter of seed spices in the world.
(3) There is good opportunity to grow intercrops between the rows of long duration seed spices
viz fennel and ajowan.
(4) There are ample opportunities to strengthen the linkages among different national and
international activities engaged with the seed spices research.
(5) In India, varied agro climatic condition provide good opportunity for cultivation of different seed
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spices
(6) There is vast scope for earning foreign exchange by improving quality of seed spices and value added
products. Increasing demand for spices and its value added products globally.
(7) Possibilities for availability of technologies for spices based cropping systems to increase productiv-
ity/income per unit area.
(8) Employment opportunities for trained manpower in spice industry and spice farming.
(9) The low use of insecticide and fertilizers offer good scope for organic seed spices cultivation. Lack of
facility to monitor pesticide residues and mycotoxins in the products will be explored very soon.
6.4 Threats
1. There is a threat of genetic erosion of indigenous germplasm.
2. The Indian seed spices industry is facing competition in global market from China, Iran, Egypt
and Syria.
3. India has to face stiff competition with respect to maintenance of quality specifications as per
ISO, ESA and ASTA.
4. The effects of global warming seen are posing problems in accelerating drought conditions and
increase in temperature.
5. The WTO implications are being faced.
6. Threat of import from other producing countries.
7. Sanitary and phytosanitary issues are sometimes used as ploy to declare fitness or unfitness of
Indian produce by the western importing countries.
8. Cyclic market fluctuations.
9. Biopiracy of valuable germplasm lines/genes.
7. PERSPECTIVE
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Keeping in view the scope and opportunities in seed spices trade at domestic and global level, the major
emphasis of the centre will be on the following areas:
7.1 Conservation
Without proper conservation, India is sure to lose most of its valuable gene pools of seed spices.
Thus the centre has taken up collection, characterization, evaluation and conservation of seed spices
crops as one of its prime and foremost activities. The centre would also take up molecular characteriza-
tion to safeguard our native genetic resources on posting of biotechnologist. In due course of time it
would also take up work on cryo-preservation of the germplasm.
7.2 Production Technology
Lack of information to the growers about the standard production technologies is the one of the
main hurdles in the way of making a successful commercial venture in seed spices crops. The centre
will take all necessary steps to standardize agro-techniques for commercial production of seed spices
crops under semi-arid to arid region for rainfed, irrigated and organic production systems.
7.3 Integrated water and nutrient management
The seed spices crops are grown in the arid to semi arid region of the country, where the water and
nutrients are the major constraint. Thus, it becomes important that integrated approach may be followed
for better management of water and nutrients in the agro climatic region.
7.4 Seed Production
Non-availability of quality planting material on large scale is another barrier that has to be cleared
for seed spices business to flourish. The Centre has already initiated multiplication of seed of important
seed spices approved cultivars. In near future the Centre will also take up work on mass multiplication
of seed of seed spices crops on posting of more scientific and technical staff. In this endeavour, seed
processing plant at the centre has been established very recently.
7.5 Crop Improvement
Present seed spices trade is solely based on whole seed and value added products. Building up a
strong crop improvement programme based on sound breeding methodologies that will yield into
development of varieties of internationally acceptable quality. There is an urgent necessity to marginalize our
dependence on the traditional commercial seed spices varieties. In this context there is need to develop high
VISION-2025
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yielding varieties with good quality particularly high volatile oil, varieties suitable for rainfed areas and under
limited available water conditions. Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses is another priority area of research.
The centre has already initiated its action for such breeding programmes.
7.6 Molecular Plant Breeding
The conventional plant breeding rests primarily on selection of desired genotypes prior to its fixation and
commercial release. Selection of desirable lines requires quantitative observations on large population within
the realm of environmental fluctuations. Molecular marker assisted selection-application of molecular tools in
tagging the characters with DNA markers and provide precision and predictability to selection. Further it
reduces the time frame required for development of new varieties. High potential of this technique ultimately
lies in genetically dissecting the traits of economic interest, as well as in cloning the genes of undefined product
for using them subsequently to produce genetically engineered lines. In times to come the centre would include
molecular plant breeding as an integral part of the total crop improvement programme.
7.7 Post harvest management
The post harvest management is another important area of research and possess tremendous scope of
research, because so far no attention has been paid by any institute in the country on seed spices crops. The
quality degradation due to microbial load during storage, lack of information on postharvest techniques particularly
storage methods for seed spice crops are the major challenges posing problem in effective post harvest storage
and export.
7.8 Integrated pest and disease management
The centre will also initiate systematic work on integrated pest and disease management to ensure quality
products. Occurrence of high diseases and insect-pests pressure viz, wilts, blights, rots, powdery mildews,
aphids and store grain pests has resulted in poor yield and productivity. Consequently, the quality of spices is
highly affected. Development of resistant varieties and different methods of bio-control would form integral
part of the IPM strategy to be followed for seed spices crops.
7.9 Database creation
Lack of comprehensive information on all aspects of seed spices culture and trade is a major constraint to
the growers as well as researchers. The centre will also work to build up a National repository of information
NRC – SEED SPICES
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on all aspects of seed spices crops.
7.10 Technology refinement
The centre will take lead role in refining the existing technologies to suit the local environmental and
socio-economic condition. Therefore, it is vital to gather information on existing technologies in this field and
formulate research strategies based on that.
7.11 Technology dissemination
Development of technology is meaningful only in the context when the growers are using it. Thus, the
centre would also develop an effective and extension mechanism to disseminate the modern technologies to the
growers. In near future it will act as a centre for imparting training on seed spices crops.
8. ISSUES AND STRATEGIES
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Issue
Genetic erosion of indigenous diversity of seed
spices
Commercial exploitation of potential seed spices
in arid to semi-arid region is not to the desired
level.
Low productivity owing to attack of diseases and
pests, recurrent droughts and related conditions
(extremes of temperature, high wind velocity, poor
soil conditions)
Need to ameliorate and utilize wastelands and use
climatic resources
Unscientific use of limited irrigation water
resources
Lack of technology on nutrient management
Lack of technologies for post harvest handling and
value addition
Strategies
a) Survey, collection, characterization,
cataloguing and conservation of genetic
resources
a) Evaluation of cultivars/lines of the seed
spices crops
b) Standardization of cultural technologies
c) Conducting seed technological studies for
improving seed quality and germination
a) Genetic improvement for resistance against
stresses
b) Integrated disease and pest management
techniques
a) Development of planting models
involving crop combinations for different
habitats
b) Standardization of seed spices based
cropping systems including spices,
vegetable crops and arid fruit crops
a) Evaluation of irrigation methods
b) Scheduling of irrigation
c) Proper use of saline waters
i) Standardization of integrated nutrient
management techniques in seed spices
i) Development of genotypes with high essential
oil content
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9. PROGRAMME IDENTIFICATION
The programmes in operation are given below as per the specialized field of available scientists at
the centre. Because of limited available scientific staff, the research activities are centralized to Crop
Improvement, Crop Production and Seed Technology. The research work on other sections viz. Genet-
ics and Cytogenetics, Biochemistry, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Plant Physiology and Soil Science
shall be taken on joining of scientists of these disciplines.
9.1 Programmes
Time Frame
2007-2011
• Collection, conservation and cataloguing of germplasm from unexplored areas.
• Development of varieties for resistance to cumin blight.
• Identification of sources for dwarfness in fennel.
• Development of early variety of ajowan.
• Development of fennel variety with high essential oil content.
• Identification of drought tolerant sources in seed spices.
• Development of genetic linkage maps for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress for reducing time
required for breeding desirable types.
• Characterization of commercial cultivars of using molecular markers.
• Training of farmers on the scientific package of seed spices cultivation.
• Providing information on international quality requirement of seed spices crops.
WTO implications
ii) Development of post harvest technology for
making produce suitable for export
iii) Development of technology for organic
cultivation
iv) Development of value added products suitable
for export
i) Genetic finger printing of plant material
ii) To protect plant materials and technologies-
IPR issues
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2012-2017
• Collection, conservation and cataloguing of germplasm from unexplored areas.
• Development of varieties for resistant to fennel blight.
• Identification of sources for salinity tolerance in seed spices.
• Development of early variety of fennel.
• Development of seed spices varieties with high essential oil content.
• Breeding for drought tolerance in seed spices.
• Studies on newly emerging pests and pathogens in field and storage.
• Development of recipe for enhancing consumption of spices in domestic and international levels.
• Development of protocols for seed spice extracts.
• Development of GIS based data base to meet the requirement of decision makers, planners,
researchers and farmers.
• Development of genetic linkage maps for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress for reducing time
required for breeding desirable types.
• Identification of genetic markers for resistant and susceptible cultivars to biotic and abiotic
stresses.
• DNA fingerprinting for identification and genetic analysis of genotypes.
• Characterization of commercial cultivars of using molecular marker.
• Developing suitable storage and packaging system to suit HACCP norms.
• Dissemination of domestic and export market information among the farmers.
• Promoting seed spices in the new areas.
2017-2025
• Collection, conservation and cataloguing of germplasm for effective utilization in crop breeding.
• Development of seed spices varieties suitable for processing and value-added products.
• Breeding for drought tolerance in seed spices.
• Identification of genetic markers for resistant and susceptible cultivars.
• DNA fingerprinting for identification and genetic analysis of genotypes.
• Water – nutrient budgeting for targeted production.
• Development of crop simulation models and yield forecasting.
• Construction of genomic libraries for spices.
• Identification of candidate genes for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
• Development of promoters for transgenic research.
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• Studies on newly emerging pests and pathogens in field and storage..
• Development of production package for quality seed material of international standards.
• Evaluation of INM/organic nutrition for increasing productivity and quality for seed spices
based cropping system through organic farming
• Standardization of on-farm processing technologies.
• Development of consortium of biological control agents and delivery system against pests and pathogens.
• Analysis of resource use efficiency under seed spice based cropping system
• Estimation of total factor productivity (TFP) for individual seed spice crops
• Economic evaluation of returns to research investments in seed spice sector
• Surveillance and forecasting of pests and diseases
9.2 Funding needs of the programme
The programme wise funding needs for next five years are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Programme wise funds requirement for next five years.
Programme Rs. in lakhs
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Introduction, collection, characterization,
conservation and evaluation of seed spices
biodiversity
Genetic improvement in seed spices crops
Seed multiplication of improved varieties
of seed spices crops
Growth and development of seed spices
crops under abiotic stresses
Water management
Integrated nutrient management & soil
requirements
Development of planting models based on
seed spices crops
Development of post harvest technology
for the seed spices.
Integrated management of pests and
diseases
150
100
200
100
100
100
150
150
150
Total 1200
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28
9.2.1 Works
The Centre staff is presently residing in rented accommodation in Ajmer town, 13 Km from the
Centre and coming daily using own or private transport. Therefore it is essential to provide resi-
dential accommodation facilities for the staff at the centre itself to the extent possible. In this
context two type IV quarters shall be soon constructed at the centre. Further four residential
quarters two each in type IV and type III have been proposed for XI plan. In addition new work for
construction of ATIC centre, auditorium, and guest house have also been proposed with the bud-
get provision of 2.5 crores.
9.2.2 Equipments
The centre being an upcoming institute require functional laboratories particularly for biochem-
istry , biotechnology, plant pathology, entomology, post harvest technology etc. hence strength-
ening of laboratories by equipping them with all necessary equipments in the respective laborato-
ries. Accordingly a budget provision of 3.0 crores have been proposed in the XI plan.
NRC – SEED SPICES
29
10. LINKAGES, COORDINATION AND EXECUTION ARRANGEMENTS
10.1 Linkages
Institution Area of collaboration
(a) National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources, New Delhi
Germplasm survey, collection, cataloguing
and evaluation
(b) All India Coordinated Research
Project on Spices, Calicut
Testing of technology
(c) Indian Institute of Spices Research,
Calicut
Analysis of aroma compounds
(d) Central Arid Zone research Institute,
Jodhpur
(i) Fabrication and evaluation of
solar driers for leaves/herbs of
seed spices.
(ii) Collaboration with the Institute
Village Linkage Programme.
(e) Central Institute for Arid
Horticultural, Bikaner
Testing of technology and cropping
systems.
(f) NRC for medicinal and aromatic
plants, Anand
Assessment of genotypes of seed spices for
medicinal value.
(i) Project Directorate on Vegetable
Research, Varanasi
Assessment of genotypes of seed spices
crops for leafy types as vegetables
(j) Central Institute for medicinal and
aromatic plants,,Lucknow
Collaboration will be established for
chemical analysis
International
(k) International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy
Germplasm, survey collection, cataloguing
and evaluation.
(l) NGO’s and other organizations Promotion of technology and feed back
(m) SAU’s such as RAU, MPUAT,
SDAU, CCSHAU
Research and Education
Farmers, NGO’s and Industry For feedback of technology adoption and
technology refinement.
(n) Spices Board, Cohin For promotion of seed spices production
and export, quality analysis
(o) Directorate of Arecanut and Spices
Development
For promotion of seed spices production
and export
10.2 Coordination
The overall programme will be coordinated under the leadership of Director, National Re-
search Centre on Seed Spices. The Director will be responsible for national and international network,
coordination work of special projects like ICAR, UNDP, CSIR, DBT, DST and Indo-Israel projects.
VISION-2025
30
10.3 Execution Arrangements
The execution of programme will be effected by the Director, NRC Seed Spices as per mandate
and priorities through instruments of Institute Management Committee, Research Advisory Committee
and Institute Research Committee. The organization structure given in Fig.1 at page 4 shall be the
execution arrangement for achieving the pre-determined objectives.
Presently, the applied and location specific research is being carried out under All India Co-
ordinated Research mode involving various co-ordinated research centres located at various agricul-
tural universities. The AICRP (Spices) is looked after by IISR Calicut to co-ordinate research in 12
spices crops including 4 seed spices.
In order to tackle most serious problems by a multidisciplinary team of scientists, under the
proposed Project Directorate of Seed Spices in XI plan, bifurcation of AICRP Seed Spices is justified.
It shall help to bring seed spices growing states in focus of the Centre for resolving the related problems
to maintain National perspective and serve the interest of all stakeholders. Upgrading of NRCSS to
Project Directorate on Seed Spices, as proposed for XI plan shall help in catering the need of wide
spectrum of seed spices crop throughout the country.
11. CRITICAL INPUTS
Since the NRC on Seed Spices is a new set-up and does not have laboratories and well developed
infrastructure facilities, construction of building and development of well equipped laboratories and
infrastructure are the pre-requisites to handle the research work as per mandate. Besides these, efficient
network for various research programmes and linkages with National and International organizations
will be required to augment and implement the research programs.
11.1 Funding
All the research programmes will be funded by the ICAR plan funds, CSIR, DBT, DST, NATP,
etc. projects. The sustainability of programmes envisaged will require sustained inputs of proper funding.
Several fold increase has to be made in terms of working funds. In X Plan, the allocation for NRC Seed
Spices, was Rs.701.00 Lakhs. Now for the XI Plan a budget of 976.00 Lakhs have been proposed.
11.2 Manpower
The Centre is functioning with meager staff strength transferred from sister Institutes. The
manpower presently provided is not adequate for smooth implementation of the programme. Scientific,
technical and supporting staff positions need to be posted in view of the issues identified and effective
NRC – SEED SPICES
31
execution of the programme. Scientific positions in the disciplines like Biochemistry, Biotechnology,
Plant Pathology, Entomology, Soil Sciences and Social sciences has to be provided.
Details of posts
S.No. Category Sanctioned in X Plan
Sanctioned In position
Additional
proposed in X
Plan onwards
1 Scientific 20 5 -
2 Technical 7 4 -
3 Administrative 4 3 -
4. Supporting 2 2 -
Total 33 14 -
11.3 Infrastructure
NRC on Seed Spices is new set up. It is situated in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Necessary
facilities and infrastructure are not available. Residential quarters are to be constructed. Regular power
supply and permanent irrigation facilities are to be developed.
11.4 HRD and Training
Human Resource Development is very important for the NRCSS, the developing institute of
ICAR. Training manpower in various advanced technologies in seed spices crops by deputing them to
various national and international organization and for attending Symposium / Seminar / Conference is
required. Quality upgradation of the staff for pursuing higher studies is also to be attended simulta-
neously. The NRCSS shall also get accreditation with various universities for providing advisory ser-
vices of the scientists for post graduate research. It shall help in generating information on basic aspects
of research related to Seed Spices crops. Human resource development both in man power training and
education is the best way out to equip our manpower to face challenges emerging due to global changes.
Human Resource Development Plant (Training of Scientists in frontier areas of technology during
XI plan)
S.No. Frontier areas of training
1. Molecular markers / molecular breeding
2. Water and Nutrient Management
3. Post harvest management
4. Pheromones / Kairomones
5. Organic food chain management
VISION-2025
32
12. RISK ANALYSIS
• There is no risk in generating technology as envisaged.
• With the liberalization of seed and planting materials import policy, there is risk of introducing
new pests and diseases.
• Competition in International market is likely to pose threat to export of seed spices unless
quality and price are kept at competitive level and well planned export policy is strictly ob-
served. Whole marketing channel of seed spices products need to be re-vitalized.
• The linkage envisaged in the document need to be fruitfully established to achieve the goal
within time.
• The drought epidemic is common in the major growing areas.
• Major endemic diseases, natural calamities are some risk factors besides posting of little scien-
tific and other manpower.
13. PROJECT REVIEW, REPORTING AND EVALUATION ARRANGEMENT
The experimental results of the centre will be published in Annual Report, Research
Highlights, Newsletter, Popular articles, Bulletins, Books and Research papers. The Quinquennial
Review Team and Peer Review Team will make mid-term appraisal review. They will offer valuable
suggestions for the improvement of research prorammes and activities of the centre. The works shall
be got evaluated constantly by the ICAR through the concerned Assistant Director General (PC) and
Deputy Director General (Hort) after initial evaluation by the Director. A Management Committee
will oversee and catalyze the Centre’s activities and a Research Advisory Committee and a Institute
Research Committee will advise on its research needs, priorities and approaches through periodic
meetings. The research programmes and activities will be constantly monitored by the Division of
Horticulture of the ICAR.
14. RESOURCE GENERATION
Besides core funding from ICAR, the centre will also generate financial support through
DBT\DST\NHB, CSIR and other International Organizations by way of submitting specific research
projects.
• Revenue can also be generated through consultancy services and contract research.
• Commercialization of farm products, value added seed spices and planting material can gener-
ate substantial revenue at the farm.
NRC – SEED SPICES
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• Consultancy could be provided to development functionaries of Government and non govern-
mental organizations as well as interested growers for field application of the technologies
through organizing training programmes.
• In due course, consultancy could also be provided for establishment of seed multiplication
units, intensive field production units, post harvest utilization infrastructures and research and
technological education organizations.
Internal resources generated year wise-The seed multiplication of improved varieties was the only
internal resource and the income generated in different years is given here.
Revenue generation plan wise
Sr. No. Years (in Rs.)
X plan XI plan projections
Total 3.00 lakhs 10.00 lakhs
15. OUTPUT AND EXPECTED SITUATION
• The execution of various programs formulated will result in development of qualitatively su-
perior varieties and planting material of superior quality will be made available to the growers
at reasonable price.
• The productivity of new genotypes will be sustained by the technologies developed in the field
of crop production and crop protection.
• The quality varieties will broaden the avenues of domestic and international trade.
• Intensification of research on export oriented varieties and package of practices for the produc-
tion of quality and export worthy stock will boost export.
• The facilities created for long term storage of germplasm will conserve the accessions.
16. OUTCOME (OVERALL IMPACT)
As a consequence upon the research efforts the technology developed has come out in the form of
new varieties and production technology. At this moment it is too early to assess the impact of NRC
Seed Spices, the new emerging Centre of ICAR. The fast growth of the centre is an indicative that in the
coming years, impact shall be visible in the form of increased area, production, productivity and export
of seed spices from the country.