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IITB

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rvisIT

Video-based Surveillance and More

www.iitb.fraunhofer.de

ISSN 1619-3180

Platform for Virtual Worlds

The Mobile Internet

Smart Rotary Hammer Drill

Network Security

2002

international

Content

visIT/2002international 2

Editorial

TThheemmeess

SiteView

Video-based Surveillance and More

Platform for Virtual Worlds

Platform technique GERTICO – training in virtual worlds

The Mobile Internet

Mobile Optimized Content

Smart Rotary Hammer Drill

Fuzzy based motion control enables better drill performance

Network Security

Scalable firewall systems for the protection of company-wide networks

SShhoorrtt nneewwss

The Fraunhofer Award 2001

Editorial notes

Page 33

Page 44

Page 66

Page 88

Page 110

Page 112

Page 114

Page 115

Editorial

visIT/2002international3

LLaaddiieess aanndd ggeennttlleemmeenn,,

„Everything should be made as

simple as possible, but not

simpler!” (Albert Einstein)

Dealing with complexity is our

business when doing Applied

Research in various fields of infor-

mation technology! The contribu-

tions in this first international

edition of our customer magazine

visIT (bringing together „vision”

and „IT”) present problem solu-

tions where humans and techni-

cal systems carry out complex

tasks in a co-operative way.

Albert Einstein's aphorism addres-

ses the difficult tightrope walk of

designing complex systems: from

the scientist's point of view, we

want to be as complete as possi-

ble, whereas the user of such

systems would often be happy

with much less completeness for

the sake of better usability.

The Intelligent Power Hammer

represents a perfect example for

Einstein's aphorism. There are

two simple application parameters

(bit size and type of rock) deter-

mining the optimal rotation and

beat rates through an on-line

neuro-fuzzy based status analysis

and a table look-up approach for

the control of both rates.

The Mobile Optimized Content

system is able to automatically

adapt the presentation of content

to different browser and device

attributes and parameters. Com-

plex information is made as simple

as possible, while pursuing the

objective of wide information

dissemination.

We are paying a high price for an

intentional and man-made in-

crease of the complexity of our

world. The terrible events of

September 11, 2001 showed

clearly that complexity generates

vulnerability, as soon as we lack a

comprehensive understanding of

our systems and their interaction

with society and the environment.

Modeling and simulation help us

to improve our understanding of

systems which cannot be made

simpler. This is among our offers

to all of our partners: help to opti-

mize computer based technical

systems through following

Einstein's aphorism.

Hartwig Steusloff

Hans-Achim Kuhr

Jörg Schütte

Contact

Dr.-Ing.

Gunther Grasemann

Recognition Systems

ERS

Fraunhofer IITB Karlsruhe

Phone: 07 21/60 91-4 41

E-Mail: [email protected]

Themes


Automation techniques are

needed to control the steadily

growing flood of data and infor-

mation. The same is valid for video

data from cameras in diverse

applications.

The SiteView system for evaluation

of picture sequences was develo-

ped in co-operation with the com-

pany Vitracom using methods

developed by IITB; it can be confi-

gured to extract the specific infor-

mation needed by users from the

picture stream.

Originally developed for surveil-

lance purposes to trigger a specific

alarm after detection, tracking and

classification of moving objects,

it now enables many more appli-

cations.

For example in the application

area of traffic information systems,

vehicles can be counted and clas-

sified, movement patterns can be

evaluated, and the trajectories of

landing jets can be registered and

calculated.

A further application area is coun-

ting persons, for instance when

SiteViewVideo-based Surveillance and More

measuring customer frequency in

supermarkets and shopping

centres. The system has also been

successfully applied to sports.

SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee

For security reasons, one will al-

ways be confronted with the task

of refraining persons from certain

actions. An automatic system has

to be able to differentiate between

critical and harmless events – and

to do so without an identification

of the involved persons. The pro-

tection of personal rights and data

plays an essential role in any reali-

zation.

Nevertheless, SiteView can be

configured to indeed distinguish

harmless passers-by from potential

delinquents if there are enough

differences in movement patterns.

SiteView is able to differentiate

between harmless and menacing

actions by using sensitive areas

and measures of objects and their

velocities. Picture 1 shows a scene

www.iitb.fraunhofer.de/?693

Abb. 1 Abb. 2

http://www.iitb.fraunhofer.de/?693


where the movement and object

specifications perceived by the

system correspond exactly to the

defined criteria. Especially in times

of global and incalculable threats,

a more reliable approach is requi-

red; Site View can offer a valuable

contribution.

TTrraaffffiicc IInnffoorrmmaattiioonnTTeecchhnnoollooggyy

Unfortunately, there have recently

been a lot of devastating traffic

accidents. Tragedies like the

Concorde crash in August 2000

and the catastrophe in Milan un-

derline the need for more sensor

equipment at airports. Efficient

reconnaissance has to be imple-

mented to avoid even less specta-

cular damages and losses and

reduce liability and insurance risks.

At the moment, Vitracom and IITB

are working on a system for mea-

suring trajectories based upon

SiteView, which is able to record

the complete documentation of

the landing flight.

Picture 2 shows a landing airplane

that has already been perceived

by the first SiteView system. This

technique guarantees that several

SiteView follow-ups will do a com-

plete three-dimensional measure-

ment of all relevant flight data.

Furthermore, SiteView can be

applied to document traffic statis-

tics. By precise recording of flight

paths a detailed documentation is

possible with only one camera in-

stead of many sensors (see pict. 3).

MMeeaassuurriinngg ooff VViissiittoorrssFFrreeqquueennccyy

A similar case is the measurement

of visitor frequency. „Virtual light

barriers” can be defined to deter-

mine a precise statistical docu-

mentation of customer movement,

as shown in picture 4. These num-

bers are used by marketing for an

optimization of product selection

and placement.

An additional application is in

sports: the precise movement pro-

file of a swimmer can be recorded

(pict. 5).

SSuummmmaarryy

Steadily growing knowledge

about possible applications to-

gether with increasing computer

performance and expanded

SiteView functions will lead to

more extensive application of

SiteView in combating threats

and in movement analysis.

Abb. 3 Abb. 4 Abb. 5

Contact

Dipl.-Inform.

Reinhard Herzog

Information Management

IMT


Phone: 07 21/60 91-2 94


Themes


Competition, cost pressure and

shorter innovation cycles together

with increasing quality criteria are

defining nowadays the environ-

ment of most enterprises.

The intervals for projected re-

organizations and innovations are

steadily getting shorter, the tole-

rances are getting continuously

narrower. In this context, the

method of Integrated Simulation

is widely used to analyze complex

dependencies in an efficient way,

even before a new system is built.

Industry representatives refer to

the „digitalization of the plant“,

meaning the modelling of the

essential aspects of a plant in syn-

thetic surroundings. In the military

sector, very similar thoughts

determine the notion of „digital

battle fields“. In both cases, the

integrated use of heterogeneous

simulation systems within a com-

mon setting is the objective.

One example in the military sector

is the simultaneous use of a flight

simulator together with an anti-

aircraft simulator in a common

model landscape, e. g. for the

planning of new systems, for the

acquisition and integration of

new components and for training

in extensive surroundings.

Platform for VirtualPlatform technique GERTICO – training in

As promising as these possibilities

indeed are, the situation is as

complex as seen from a technical

point of view. Each simulator has

its very specific standard and

model world and is normally opti-

mized for a specific application

(e. g. conflict between high preci-

sion and real time).

This is no problem as long as the

simulators are used separately.

But for joint operations, efficient

infrastructures are needed to

couple distributed simulators

SSiimmuullaattiioonn iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree

One precondition for the use of

simulators of different manufactu-

rers is the establishment of an

accepted standard.

A fundamental contribution has

been made by the US Department

of Defense (DoD), probably the

largest user of distributed simula-

tion systems, in defining the

„High Level Architecture” (HLA).

This architecture (now internatio-

nal standard IEEE 1516) describes

the basic rules for the integration

of simulators. Consequently, HLA

is the most important architecture

for the coupling of distributed,



heterogeneous simulation

systems. One problem is the high

access threshold for developers as

well as the availability and the

performance of the appropriate

running time environments.

CORBA (Common Object Request

Broker) has established itself as

being the most important platform

for the development of distributed

applications, and this completely

independent of the „simulation

community”. Because of its good

availability and quality of profes-

sional products, many application

developers and manufacturers of

simulators choose CORBA.

The project GERTICO, being

carried out by IITB, is expected to

build a bridge and to enable a

seamless transition from a genuine

CORBA application to an HLA con-

formable participant („HLA Fede-

rate”).

Therefore, GERTICO is a name

and a program likewise: GErman

Run Time Infrastructure is COrba.

PPrroojjeecctt GGEERRTTIICCOO

Similarly to the US DMSO, the

German Bundeswehr too, benefits

from the advantages of virtual

environments. For this reason, the

development of GERTICO has

been initiated by the „Wehrtech-

nische Dienststelle für Fernmelde-

wesen und Elektronik - i.e.”

Military Bureau for Communica-

tions and Electronics - (WTD 81).

The objective of the development

of GERTICO is a free of charge

resourcing of the basic software.

Suitable „Open Source” business

models are beingevaluated in

close co-operation with customers

and industry.

BBeenneeffiittss

The simulation infrastructure

GERTICO will offer advantages for

the providers of simulation systems

as well as for the users of integra-

ted simulators. The user is able to

build upon the assured HLA archi-

tecture and, therefore, upon an

internationally accepted standard.

The provider of simulation systems

will receive a platform with HLA

functionality imbedded into stan-

dard CORBA network services.

Worlds virtual worlds


Contact

Dipl.-Geophys.

Ralf Eck

Interaction and Assistance

Systems IAS


Phone: 07 21/60 91-3 12


Themes


The Mobile InternetMobile Optimized Content

The internet with its manifold

content has great potential for

the user of mobile devices.

Sub-notebooks, PDAs and mobile

phones nowadays are able to

send and receive e-mails, to get

the latest news, to do bank trans-

actions (electronic banking), to

serve as a play station or to do

m-commerce which is the mobile

way of buying and selling.

CCuurrrreenntt ssiittuuaattiioonn

Device manufacturers as well as

content providers have not given

sufficient consideration to proces-

sing internet content with mobile

devices.

Content is often produced in

units exceeding device memory,

not all elements of the markup

language are supported by the

micro browsers of the devices,

and ergonomic requirements are

not paid attention to.

The manufacturers of mobile devi-

ces on the other hand do not

assign highest priority to existing

content when defining displays,

RAM, graphics, user interfaces,

and micro browsers.

SSttaannddaarrddiizzaattiioonn

Due to the lack of coordination of

marketing strategies between

content, browser and hardware

manufacturers, the creation of a

content standard for mobile ter-

minals is mandatory. For this pur-

pose, the Mobile Optimized Con-

tent standard has been developed

by IITB, for and in co-operation

with IMOCOS AG, Osnabrück,

Germany. The MOC standard is

able to adapt the characteristics

of content, browsers, and hard-

ware by establishing classes, so

that the utilization of the MOC of

a specific class and all the grades

beneath is guaranteed to be

problem-free for all mobile surfers.

Example: Mobile phones of the

MOC low-end range (tool range A

corresponding to the simplest

equipment) with storage capaci-

ties up to 1200 bytes are able to

store a local copy of the content

range A (1 – 1000 bytes). Larger

copies or content with images

generally cannot be processed by

these devices.

Classified content that can be

detected by search engines in the

internet and stored in databases

corresponding to its MOC range

has the advantage of fast access.




The disadvantage of this pooling

into only a few classes is the inten-

tional disregard of their individual

features.

PPoorrttaallss

What does this mean for the

future? Based upon MOC classes,

it will be possible to define test

procedures for the classification

of content, browsers and hard-

ware. Based upon MOC-standards,

content providers can build por-

tals.

If hardware and browsers are

classified by MOC, too, the users

will be able to consult tables of

rated hardware by using classified

hardware in order to identify the

class of their device. Knowing this,

they can enter a portal complying

to the MOC standard through the

right access point (i.e. MOC range)

and will be offered only content

matching the device capabilities.

A quality seal according to the

MOC range would be very helpful

so that the users will be able to

easily find the content fitting their

needs.

OOuuttllooookk

Furthermore, the MOC standard

will support the CC/PP frame

(Composite Capability/Preference

Profiles ) of the World Wide Web

Consortium that will be launched

shortly.

MOC classes can be understood

as defined capacity profiles under

the terms of CC/PP and can be

attached to any internet query.

Thus, the classification of suitable

content can be automated with-

out any problem. An enhanced

application of the MOC classifica-

tion could be the introduction of

a module able to execute a con-

tent check and even change this

content if necessary so that the

device can display it without error.

The MOC standard could possibly

be the necessary connection bet-

ween users and producers of

devices and content.

If the producers of content, hard-

ware and browsers would inte-

grate the MOC standard into their

future developments, this would

help to substantially increase the

acceptance of the mobile internet.

Contact

Dr.-Ing.

Helge-Björn Kuntze

Measuring, Control and

Diagnostic Systems MRD


Phone: 07 21/60 91-3 10


Themes


Smart Rotary HammerFuzzy based motion control enables better

Innovative measurement, control

and diagnostic concepts have

been developed for a long time

by IITB for industrial partners.

They contribute essentially to im-

prove functionality, performance

and quality of products and

production lines and thus substan-

tially improve their market posi-

tion. One of the developments in

mechatronics will be summarized

in the following.

OOppttiimmiizzaattiioonn ooff ooppeerraa-ttiinngg ppooiinntt iimmpprroovveess tthhee ddrriillll oouuttppuutt

In order to reach an optimal drill

effect by using a rotary hammer,

it is necessary to control the two

variables rotational speed and

strike rate of the rotary hammer

in such a way that by applying mi-

nimal guidance and recoil power

a maximal drill speed in the stone

hole can be achieved. It doesn’t

matter if the tool is carried by a

human being or by a robot.

The mechanics of the robot or hu-

man being, of the rotary hammer

and of the stone form a combined

system of several elements.

An optimal drill speed is attained

for a certain combination of rota-

tional speed and strike rate.

Alterations of drill diameter and/or

material hardness lead to a false

adjustment of the system which

has to be re-optimized by an intel-

ligent re-adjustment of the two

servo-controlled drives.

In order to achieve a flexible and

automatic adaptation of rotational

speed and strike rate of the rotary

hammer to altered material and

tool types, an adaptive multi-sen-

sorc drive control has been deve-

loped by IITB in co-operation with

an industrial partner. A patent for

the concept is pending;

upon the base of a self-learning

Neuro Fuzzy component, the

measured sensor signals of the

combined system „human being –

rotary hammer-wall“ are identified.

Then, the optimal parameters of

strike rate and rotational speed

are read out of stored sets of

parameters and set automatically.

So, the multi sensoric intelligent

rotary hammer is able to recognize

itself its optimal operating point

for any wall material and tool

situation, and to re-adjust auto-

matically. Besides the maximizing

of drill performance, other quality

criteria, such as for instance the

minimization of energy in rechar-

geable battery-controlled tools,




can be included in the optimiza-

tion as well.

The adaptive re-adjustement of

rotational speed and strike rate of

the rotary hammer can de done

automatically by two servo-con-

trolled drives as well as manually

via display.

AAuuttoommaattiicc ooppeerraattiinnggppooiinntt ooppttiimmiizzaattiioonn wwiitthhNNeeuurroo-FFuuzzzzyy ccoommppoonneenntt

The neuro-adaptive concept con-

sists of multi-sensorial online pro-

cess diagnostics in two follow-ups.

During the first step, the rotary

hammer and material type are

recognized from different sensor

signals in a fast and reliable way

by using self-learning of Neuro

Fuzzy-based online diagnostics.

To this end, the rotary hammer is

equipped with suitable sensors,

e. g. for measuring the strike rate,

the rotational speed, the longitu-

dinal and transversal acceleration.

The information provides the re-

quired data for the optimization of

the operating point of the rotary

hammer. The online diagnostics

procedure again consists of two

steps: the feature identification

and the feature evaluation. In a

second step, the related optimal

operating point for the actual

The system concept developed by

IITB and built as a prototype has

been primarily developed for

professional portable high perfor-

mance rotary hammers.

Depending on the principles of

construction of the used mecha-

tronics, there are different execu-

tion options . There are similar

applications of the system concept

in tunnel and horizontal drilling

technology.

drill- and rock type is determined.

The sets of parameters needed for

the optimization of the operating

point are identified by test series

and recorded in so-called look-up

tables. The optimization includes

the minimal and maximal values

respectively of the field of para-

meters on the base of adequate

algorithms of optimization. The

result is an optimal strike rate and

rotational speed, i. e. the optimal

operating point.

Drilldrill performance

Self-working Neuro Fuzzy-based optimization of the operating point

increases the drill efficiency and simplifies the handling

Servo-CControl

Set-PPointOptimization

Neuro-FFuzzySoftware

Network SecurityScalable firewall systems for the protection

The security of networked IT

systems has occupied the IT world

for many years. Numerous security

products and solutions are availa-

ble on the market. The appropriate

and needed choice of security

measures and components is in-

deed decisive for the security of

the whole enterprises network.

Security measures must neither

hinder nor restrict users too much.

A too heavy restriction often leads

to a disregard of security measures.

The consequence is blatant secu-

rity faults for the entire IT infra-

structure.

A communication node has been

realized to protect the Fraunhofer

intranet, currently covering 57

institutes at more than 80 loca-

tions. The node provides the usual

internet services at the different

locations and ensures the required

protection of the IT infrastructure

and the secure communication of

institutes with their branches and

the Fraunhofer headquarters.

As for the concept and range of

the different components, great

importance has been attached

to scalable and transparent struc-

tures in order to meet all needs of

all locations and to simplify the

administration tasks. As for the

standard equipment, the commu-

nication node consists of a router

providing the internet connection,

one hardware firewall and two

communication servers.

All utilized hardware and software

components are products availa-

ble on the market that have been

integrated into an entire system.

FFiirreewwaallll

The firewall architecture of the

communication node is divided

into four security areas. The areas

ranging from least to most secure

are: the internet, the public-LAN

(in technical terminology

DMZ – DeMilitarised Zone) for

running servers open to the public

such as web servers, the institute‘s

network of work stations and

computer systems and finally the

administration network. The fire-

wall controls the communication

between these different security

Contact

Dipl.-Inform.

Johann Grathwohl

Network Services

NET


Phone: 07 21/60 91-3 39


Themes




areas. The standard equipment

only allows communication from

areas of higher security to areas

of lower security.

Communication relations in a

reciprocal direction, such as for

instance the access from the inter-

net to web servers in the public

LAN, have to be activated explicit-

ly. This concept allows a simple

and easy to understand rule set to

be defined.

Beside the control of communica-

tion relations, the firewall executes

secure communication via internet

of institutes with their branches

and the headquarters. This is at-

tained by encrypting the data

traffic between these locations

(VPN – Virtual Private Network).

In this case, end users need no

further measures. Based upon this

technique, home-office and mobile

by a web interface and distributed

to different components by the

inner communication server.

Thus, all configuration and opera-

tional data are available on the

inner server, so that only this one

has to be integrated into a security

concept. Corresponding recovery

measures ensure that the inner

communication server and, there-

fore, the whole communication

node can be restored within a

short time.

The Fraunhofer communication

node is used company-wide and

is continually improved. It has

proved itself as a stable and secure

platform for the connection of

sites to the internet.

work stations can be connected

to the institute by secure connec-

tions.

IInntteerrnneettsseerrvviiccee

The communication servers

provide the external as well as the

internal internet services. These

tasks are distributed to an outer

and an inner communication

server. The outer server is situated

in the public LAN and offers the

external services in the internet,

such as web servers.

The inner server is situated in the

inner net and provides the internal

internet services like proxy services

and internal e-mail service. In ad-

dition to this, the inner server exe-

cutes the virus check of all e-mails.

The management of the commu-

nication node is web-based, in

the inner communication node.

All configuration tasks are done

of company-wide networks


Short nnews


PPaarrkkiinngg aaiidd ffoorr aaiirrccrraafftt

Just landed, the passengers are

restless in their seats. It is not until

the final parking position has been

reached that seat belts may be

unfastened and the passengers

are allowed to get up. In order to

reach the terminal building with

dry feet and without delay,

telescopic bridges replace more

and more the rolling gangway

and the airport shuttle bus.

High precision is required when

docking on to a telescopic bridge

- the pilot has to park precisely.

Without external help, this is diffi-

cult for the pilots who have only

a very limited field of view from

the cockpit.

While at the Fraunhofer Institute

for Information and Data Proces-

sing IITB, Dr Volker Gengenbach

developed an automatic, video-

based docking system ready for

practical application. On the final

meters and centimeters before

docking, it replaces the traditional

human guides.

The Josef-von-Fraunhofer Award

2001 was granted to Volker

Gengenbach in recognition of

this work.

Prof Nagel, a member of the

directorship of the institute IITB

till January 2000, was one of the

initiators of this ambitious project.

In the early 1980s, he developed

the foundations for a model-based

evaluation of image sequences,

together with scientists at the IITB

and the Institute for Algorithms

and Cognitive Systems in the

Faculty of Informatics at the

Karlsruhe University (in southern

Germany). Using these results,

the IITB group then concentrated

on the solution of application-

oriented research tasks. The dok-

king system works as follows. First

of all, the ground staff enters the

aircraft type and the arrival time.

Then a video camera captures the

incoming aircraft. This special

camera is located near the display

above the roll-in line in order to

capture the area of movement

from the beginning of the actual

guide line up to the docking

position.

The approach path and optimal

parking position are computed

with the aid of existing model

data.

„The path is computed 10 to 20

times per second”,

The Fraunhofer Award 2001

Dr. Volker Gengenbach

GEVITEC Karlsruhe

PublisherProf. Dr. Hartwig Steusloff

EditorSibylle Wirth

LayoutChristine Spalek

English eeditionA. Stolz, Dr. K. Watson

PrintingWilhelm Stober GmbHEggenstein

Editorial address

Fraunhofer-InstitutInformations- undDatenverarbeitung IITB

Fraunhoferstr. 176131 KarlsruheGermanyPhone: +49 (0) 7 21 / 60 91-3 00Fax: +49 (0) 7 21 / 60 91-4 13E-Mail: [email protected]

© Fraunhofer IITBKarlsruhe 2002

ein Institut der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaftzur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V., München

ISSN 1619-3180

Photo aacknowledgements:

Page 14Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

Reproduction of any materialis subject to editorial authorization.

Editorialnotes


Volker Gengenbach explains.

„The system compares the ideal

and actual paths by matching the

projection of a three-dimensional

aircraft model to the aircraft con-

tours extracted from the image in-

formation. Although the amount

of data is enormous, a normal

computer can do the evaluation.”

The pilot receives only information

about distance and direction via

a display in order to execute the

needed corrections. The camera is

CMOS chip-based. It is able to pro-

cess extreme contrasts and will

even work reliably under glittering

sunlight or with limited visibility

during a snow flurry. Moreover,

the parking aid is at the same time

a parking meter. The docking

system measures the turn-around

time of the aircraft with an accu-

racy of seconds. The airport calcu-

lates the corresponding parking

fees for the airline.

This work is exemplary for the

successful co-operation between

the Karlsruhe University and the

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft on basic

and applied research.

In his spin-off company GEVITEC,

Dr. Gengenbach is adapting the

system to the specifics of the diffe-

rent airports. His next objective:

The automatic type identification

of incoming aircraft.

The system is used by Honeywell

Airport Systems Ltd at airports in

Germany, China and Korea.

Dr. Volker Gengenbach


www.gevitec.de

http://www.gevitec.de/

FFrraauunnhhooffeerr-IInnssttiittuutt ffüürr

IInnffoorrmmaattiioonnss- uunndd

DDaatteennvveerraarrbbeeiittuunngg IIIITTBB

Fraunhoferstraße 1

76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

Phone: +49 (0) 7 21 / 60 91-0

Fax: +49 (0) 7 21 / 60 91-4 1 3


Internet: www.iitb.fraunhofer.de

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SSyysstteemmtteecchhnniikk AASSTT

Am Ehrenberg 8

98693 Ilmenau, Germany

Phone: +49 (0) 36 77 / 6 69-40 00

Fax: +49 (0) 36 77 / 6 69-40 01


Internet: www.ast.iitb.fraunhofer.de

FFrraauunnhhooffeerr-IInnssttiittuutt ffüürr

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Zeunerstraße 38

01069 Dresden, Germany

Phone: +49 (0) 3 51 / 46 40-8 00

Fax: +49 (0) 3 51 / 46 40-8 01


Internet: www.ivi.fraunhofer.de

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