VITAMIN B12

Submitted To: Dr. Ayesha MohyuddinSubmitted By: Shakeel Ahmad Khan (14003140007)

Programme: MS (Chemistry)

Department of Chemistry

University of Management and Technology Lahore

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LIST OF CONTENTS

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Introduction History Milestone Structure of Vitamin B12 Types of Vitamin B12 Synthesis and its Industrial Production Sources of vitamin B12 Applications of Vitamin B12 Recommended intake Deficiency of Vitamin B12 References

INTRODUCTION Vitamin B12, vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, also

called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins.

HISTORICAL MILESTONE George Whipple B12, was first discovered by him.

George Richards Minot and William Murphy They also found that an entirely different liver substance cured

pernicious anemia in humans which was B12 Vitamin.

HISTORICAL MILESTONE Edwin Cohn Chemist Edwin Cohn prepared a liver extract The extract was the

first workable treatment for the disease. Whipple, Minot, and Murphy shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

o Maryland, Mary Shaw Shorb Shorb and his colleagues was isolated pure B12 in 1948. For this

discovery, in 1949, Mary, Shorb and Karl Folkers received the Mead Johnson Award from the American Society of Nutritional Sciences.

STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B12 The chemical structure of the molecule was determined by 

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin and her team in 1956, based on crystallographic data.

Vitamin B12

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Vitamin B12 is very stable at high temperatures just if pH is

ranged from 4.5 to 5.0 while the strong acidic and highly alkaline environment loses its vitamin activity.

This vitamin is rapidly degraded in the light, and therefore it is necessary to keep it in the dark. Vitamin B12 is negatively affected by alcohol, sleeping pills, estrogen, etc.

Vitamin B12 is well soluble in water, ethanol and methanol.

B12 are all deeply red colored crystals and water

solutions, due to the color of the cobalt-corrin complex.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Under the term vitamin B12 several compounds that are similar

in chemical structure are included. There are classified: cyanocobalamin, oxycobalamin, nitrocobalamin, aquacobalamin, etc.

In the structure of the vitamin B12 element cobalt is included. In the isolation of vitamin B12, we can get its cyanocobalamin, derivative in which structure enters cyanide group, linked to an atom of cobalt.

Cyanocobalamine

TYPES OF VITAMIN B12 Cyanocobalamin Pure cyanocobalamin possesses the deep pink color associated

with most octahedral cobalt(II) complexes and It is used to treat pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency.

Cyanocobalamin

TYPES OF VITAMIN B12 Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin is sometimes denoted by B12a. It has an avid

affinity for cyanide ion and has been used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning. It is supplied typically in water solution for injection.

Hydroxocobalamin

TYPES OF VITAMIN B12 Methylcobalamin  Methylcobalamin (mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB12) is a 

cobalamin, a form of vitamin B12. It differs from cyanocobalamin in that the cyanide is replaced by a methyl group. Used in the treatment of perpheral neuropathy.

Methylcobalamin

SYNTHESIS COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION Neither plants nor animals are independently capable of

constructing vitamin B12 because of lack of enzymes required for its biosynthesis.

Enzymes are methionine synthase, methylmalonyl CoA mutase.

Industrial production of B12 is through fermentation of selected microorganisms.

Selected Microorganism are, Acetobacterium, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium,Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Lactobacillus, Micromonospora, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium,Protaminobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Salmonella, Serratia, Streptomyces, Streptococcus and Xanthomonas.

SOURCES OF VITAMIN B12

SOURCES OF VITAMIN B12 FOOD SUPPLEMENTS

B12 IN LIQUID FORM B12 IN PILL FORM

APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12 Act as an antidote for Cyanide poisoning:Cyanokit contains hydroxocobalamin, a form of vitamin B-12. It is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning. Hydroxocobalamin works by helping cells in the body convert cyanide to a form that can be removed from the body through urination.

Commercially available Antidote of Vitamin B12

APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12 Regulates the over-production of the allergen

antibody IgE in allergic individuals: Allergic Effected

Body

APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12 Responsible for Reducing depression:vitamin B12 works together with a compound that produces serotonin – thus reducing the incidence of depression. This is very helpful to the elderly, whose production of serotonin is typically low.

Depressed person

o Vitamin B12 is also used in the treatment of Anemia disease:

APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12 Helps in healthy regulation of the Homocysteine

Control:Elevated homocysteine is a risk factor for heart disease and may adversely affect the cardiovascular system, brain function, neurotransmitter function and mood balance.

Helps to protect against cancers including breast, colon, lung, and prostate cancer.

APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12 In the treatment of Pernicious Anemia:

Essential for healthy skin, hair, and nails. Helps in cell reproduction and constant renewal of the skin.

APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12 Responsible for reducing brain shrinkage:B12 Vitamins dramatically lower homocysteine, a risk factor for brain shrinkage.

Brain Shrinkage

DIETARY RECOMMENDED INTAKE

VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY

REFERENCES Yamada, K., 2013. Chapter 9. Cobalt: it’s Role in Health and

Disease. In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, Springer, 13, 295–320.

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2011. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet, Vitamin B12.

Shorb, M.S., (2012). Annual Lecture, Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University.

Kirkland, K., 2010. Biological Sciences, Notable Research and Discoveries. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0816074399. pp. 87.

Jaouen, G., Beck, W. and. McGlinchey, M. J., 2006. Bioorganometallics: Biomolecules, Labeling, Medicine. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30990-X. pp. 18.

Herbert, V., 1988. Vitamin B-12: plant sources, requirements, and assay. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48, 852–858.

REFERENCES Institute of Medicine (IM), 2012. Vitamin B12. 

Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, ISBN 0-309-06554-2, 340–342.

Vitamin B12, usda.gov Sethi, N.K., Robilotti, E. and Sadan, Y., 2005. 

Neurological Manifestations of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness 2 (1)

Masalha, R., Chudakov, B., Muhamad, M., Rudoy, I., Volkov, I. and Wirguin, I., 2001. Cobalamin-responsive psychosis as the sole manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Israeli Medical Association JournaIl, 3, 701–703.

International Vegetarian Union (IVU). B12, An essential part of a healthy plant-based diet.

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