vitamin nutrition of dairy cows: nrc vs. today’s...
TRANSCRIPT
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Vitamin Nutrition of Dairy Cows: NRC vs. Today’s Reality
Bill Weiss
Dept of Animal Sciences
OARDC/The Ohio State University
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Vitamins
1. Improve cow health
2. Improve reproductive efficiency
3. Increase milk yields
4. Improve the nutritional value of milk
5. Be very profitable additions to diets
can:
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Vitamins
1. Be detrimental to cow health
2. Reduce milk yields
3. Inflate feed costs
4. Reduce profitability
can:
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Hypothetical response function to nutrient supply
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Resp
on
se
Supply
“Requirement” Max. tolerable level (MDL)
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Hypothetical response function to vitamin intake
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Resp
on
se
Supply
“Requirement” Max. tolerable level (MDL)
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Vitamin Requirements: What do we measure ?
• Classical deficiency disease ?
• Production ?
• Reproduction ?
• General health ?
• Immune function ?
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If you thought measuring response was hard ….
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Vitamins
RUMEN
Bacteria
Vitamins
Vitamin Supply
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Vitamin Flow to Duodenum (Estimated DMI = 23 kg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Niacin Folic B-12 Biotin Biotin
mg
/da
y
Intake Rumenx 10
Santschi et al., 2005; Schwab et al., 2006
?
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Rumen Disappearance of supplemental vitamins
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Niacin Folic B-12 Biotin
Ru
me
n D
isa
pp
ea
ran
ce
, %
= SE Santschi et al., 2005
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Change in Intestinal Supply (@ common supplementation rates)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
Niacin (6g) Niacin (12 g) Biotin (20 mg) Biotin (20 mg)
Su
pp
l./c
on
tro
l
+7% +14% +6%
+212%
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Vitamin A
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
IV R
um
en
Lo
ss,
%
BC 70%
Forage
50%
Forage
Fat Soluble Vitamins: Rumen Metabolism
Feed grade Vit E:
Stable in vitro
Feed grade Vit D:
Some degradation
in vitro
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How much vitamin is absorbed ?
Dietary concentration Amount destroyed in rumen Amount made in rumen Absorption coefficient
Usually Don’t know
Don’t know
0 or Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
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Underfeeding
Potentially reduced production and repro, increased health problems
Overfeeding
Potential toxicity, antagonism, higher feed costs
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Fat soluble vitamin status related to health measures
LeBlanc et al., JDS 2004
Carotene
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
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Requirement: 110 IU supplemental/kg BW
Safety Factor: 1.1 to 1.5X
Potential responses:
- RP
- Abortions
- Mastitis
- Milk
Vitamin A
Potential Risks:
- Activity during storage
- Rumen breakdown
- Vit E absorption
- Toxicity
No data showing NRC is not adequate
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Vitamin A (retinyl acetate) is destroyed in the rumen
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
IV R
um
en
Lo
ss,
%
BC 70%
Forage
50%
Forage
Vitamin A is labile - pelleting - heat - humidity - etc.
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Fat Soluble Vitamin Activity During Storage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Retinol Vit E Vit D
Lo
ss o
f A
cti
vit
y, %
/mo
nth
Premix
Inorg. TM
Organic TM
Shurson et al., 2011
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How much vit A do cows need?
1. Current NRC
2. Effect of increased milk yield (1 kg of milk has ~1000 IU of retinol) ?
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Vitamin A Toxicity
• Historically set at about 10X req’t - Reduce vitamin E status - Liver/vision problems - Birth defects
• Newer data with humans
- Abnormal gene expression at 2X req’t
Retinoic acid is a very bioactive molecule: it does lots of things
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Vitamin D: NRC, 2001
30 supplemental IU/kg BW
Safety Factor: 1.1 to 2X
18,000 to 25,000 IU/day (outside cattle probably less)
Classical signs of deficiency:
- Rickets
- Milk fever No recent data
evaluating requirements
What about other effects ?
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Vitamin D and Immune Function
Humans: Low plasma 25-OH D = macrophage kill
Mice: In vitro +vit D; neutrophil kill
Cattle: • With infection PMN: Vit D receptor up-regulated 1-α-OH-ase up-regulated • Mastitis cure increased with IMa 25-OH
vit D
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Vitamin D and Immune Response in Dairy Cows
LPS May Reduce Vit D Status
LPS
Cont
Waldron et al 2003
Several effects of D on immunity in humans and lab animals have been
shown
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NRC does not maximize plasma D in dairy cows
0
5
10
15
20
25
Winter Summer
Plasm
a 25-vit
D, ng
/ml
None
Hymoller et al., 2009 Pastured
30-75 = ‘desirable’ range for humans?
For Normal
plasma Ca
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Vitamin D and Dairy Cows
1. Current recommendations clearly adequate with respect to Ca
2. Probably affects immune response
3. Some old data show milk yield response (~2X current NRC)
4. Time for some new research
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Lactating: ~500 IU/day (SF: 1 – 1.2 X)
Dry: ~1000 IU/day (SF: 1 to 1.2X)
Pre-fresh: ~1000 IU/day (SF:2 to 4X)
Vitamin E Low-Med. Risk, Med-High Reward
Main risk: Cost Main benefit: Less disease
Substantial pasture: much less, may be none
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Periparturient Cows
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-60 -30 0 30 60
Calving day
Pla
sm
a E
, u
g/m
l
Weiss et al., 1990
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
-35 -25 -15 -5 5 15 25 35
Calving day
Rela
tiv
e P
MN
Fu
nc
tio
n,
%
Kehrli, 2002
Colostrum
DMI
Utilization
Vitamin E
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Natural vs. “Really Natural’
Grazing Cows
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Toco
ph
erol,
mg/L
Day Relative to Calving
+2500 IU/d Supplement
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Day
Cont
Natural
Syn
Sanchez, 2005 Weiss et al., 2009
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Vitamin E and Periparturient Cows
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
IMI Mastitis
Prev.,
%
100 IU 1000 IU 1000/4000 IU
Weiss et al., 1997
4
4.5
5
5.5
log
SC
C
7 d 14 d
1000 IU 2000 IU
Baldi et al., 2000
Adequate Se Low Se
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Vitamin E and Mastitis: Clinical Data
5 Studies: Improved mammary gland health 2 Studies: No effect 1 Study: Negative
Various studies (all confined cattle) None vs. ~1000/500 None vs high at transition ~500 vs extra at transition High during dry period Both all-rac and RRR tocopherol
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Clinical Mastitis and Vit E Fed during dry period: Mastitis first 100 d
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Farm A B C D E All
Clinica
l qu
art
er/
Tot
al Q
uart
ers
x 1
00
3000 IU
1.7X RR
Bouwstra et al., 2010
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Vitamin E and Milk Fat Depression
• Cows fed diet high in
PUFA (1% linseed oil)
• Forage: Corn silage
• Diets were 27% NDF
• 0 or 12,000 IU of E/d
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Milk fat trans-10
Control
Vit E
Pottier et al., 2006
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Vitamin E and Milk Fat Depression
• Cows fed diet with
tallow (2.3%)
• Alfalfa and corn silage
• Diets were 33% NDF
• 500 or 5,000 IU of E/d
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Milk fat trans-10
Control Tallow Tallow+E
Weiss and Wyatt, 2003
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Health and Production, Sometimes
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Water soluble vitamins
- Biotin
- Choline (?)
- Folic acid
- Niacin
-Vitamin B-12
-Vitamin C
- Riboflavin
- Thiamin
- Vitamin B6
- Pantothenic acid
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- White line separation
- Heel warts
- Sole hemorrhage
- “Lameness”
Feeding about 20 mg of biotin/d for several months reduces hoof
lesions and lameness
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Biotin: Milk Response (meta-analysis) = 1.3 kg/d
(Lean and Rabiee, 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Au OH 1 WI FL UK OH 2 OH 2 Iran
Milk
, lb
s/d
ay
Control
20 mg
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RP-Choline and Milk Yield
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 4 Exp 5 Exp 6
Lb
s/d
ay
Control
RP choline
Exp 1-3 from Donkin (2002), Exp 4 (Janivick et al., 2006); Exp 5
(Piepenbrink and Overton, 2003), Exp 6 (Pinotti et al., 2002)
* *
*
Response (Meta-analysis) = 2 kg/d
*
(Sales et al., 2010)
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RPC reduced liver fat build up in cows with -NEB
Cooke et al., 2007
In 2nd expt, RPC increase export of liver fat in cows in +NEB
RP-Choline and Fatty Liver
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Niacin and Ketosis (3-12 g/d)
73%
9%
18%
No effect Reduced Increased
60%
40%
No effect Reduced
NEFA, 11 studies Ketones, 10 studies *
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High Dose Niacin (abstract only) • Jersey cows • 0 or 48 g nicotinic acid/day • 30 d pre until calving
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
um
ol/
L
NEFA
Control Niacin
0
5
10
15
20
25
lbs/
da
y
DMI
French, 2004
In 2006, expt repeated with Holsteins and did
NOT work
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Niacin and Milk Production
Schwab et al., 2005 Meta-analysis
6 g/d: No effect on production
12 g/d: + 0.5 kg/d milk
+ 26 g/d fat
+ 17 g/d protein
Profitability depends on milk price
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Fat Soluble Vitamin Summary
Vitamin A • Stability risk: 1.2 X NRC
Vitamin D • NRC adequate for Ca metabolism • Other responses? : 1.0 to 2.0 X NRC
Vitamin E • NRC adequate for dry/lactating • 2000 to 5000 IU for transition cows
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Biotin: Low Risk/High Reward Feed 20 mg/d
No
RP-Choline: High Risk-High Reward
Risk: High cost Reward: More milk (~4 lbs) Maybe less ketosis
Niacin: Low Risk/Low Reward
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Bottom Line Feed enough minerals and vitamins
(usually a little extra) but
not too much
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http://dairy.osu.edu