vitenskap om viten - gestalt · •til gestalt psychology . pptx. wolfgang köhler. primate...
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Vitenskap om viten
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Definition of science
The state of knowing :
Knowledge as distinguished from
Ignorance or misunderstanding
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Definition of ignorance
The state or fact of being ignorant :
• lack of knowledge, education, or awareness
•mangel på kunnskap, utdanning eller varhet og bevissthets prosesser
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Process: ignorance knowledge
• Ignorant or chosen Naivety
•Doubt and faith mix
•Knowledge !
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Platon ogAistotolesr
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Aristoteles Platon
Sanselige verden Ideens verden
Empiri Ideal form
Holisme
Fenomenologi
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Fenomenologi Husserl
• Phenomenology is the study of “phenomena”: Appearances of things, or things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we experience things.
• Done in or by the living body
• A Rose is A Rose
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Phenomenological reduction • Requires that one avoid all abstraction, all theorizing, all
generalization.
• Even all belief in the existence of what we call “real” or “not real”
• The experience of a dream or hallucination can be just as real as the experience of an actual event.
Is en hest en hest? Ja en hest is en hest!!
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Er din slutt oppgave en ”Case -study-report” ?
For å kunne svare denne spørsmål•Først en kort oversikt av
Gestaltterapi vitenskapelig grunnlag
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Max Wertheimer
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Max Wertheimer Gestalt Psykologi 1923
• LAWS OF ORGANIZATION IN PERCEPTUAL FORMS
• Law of Similarity
• Law of Continuity
• Law of Closure
• Law of Proximity
• Law of Pragnanz
• Holism
• Figur / Grunn organisering av en situasjon
• Til Gestalt psychology . pptx
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Wolfgang Köhler
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Primate Research Centre
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Kurt Koffka
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Holism
•The whole is something else then the summary of the parts
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Fra evidens basert teori til evidens basedpraksis
Det er det geniale fra de to!
•Kurt Lewin
•Frederick Perls
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Kurt Lewin/Frederick Perls
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Hermeneutikks
•Forforståelse ny forståelse
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Action Research (Kemmis) =eksempel av hermeneutikks
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Induction cycle
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ny situasjon
Aksjons forskning
Situasjon
Eksperiment
Observasjon
Refleksjon
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Meta analyses and system reviews
• An example
• Meta-analyses of antidepressant medications have reported only modest benefits over placebo treatment, and when unpublished trial data are included, the benefit falls below accepted criteria for clinical significance.
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Figure 1. QUOROM Flow Chart
Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, et al. (2008)http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045
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Randomized control trials (RCT)
•The predominant paradigm in evidence-based psychotherapy research is currently the Medical Model =RCT•Double-blind studies are impossible in psychotherapy
Prof. Dr. Volker TschuschkeSigmund Freud-Private University Berlin, Germany
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Problems of Medical Model in Psychotherapy• patients are not homogeneous, even not with the same diagnosis
• therapists are not homogeneous, even not the same therapist with another patient
• diagnoses from DSM- and ICD-Glossaries are vot valid, they overlap to an extreme degree and are fuzzy
• there are no ‘pure’ diagnostic groups of patients, nearly all patients suffer from comorbidities and multiple symptoms,
• thus attesting results from RCT-studies - which intend to test ‘pure’ diagnostic groups – an insufficient internal validity
• there is no control in a ‘controlled’ study: man lives 168 hours a week and attends for 1 or 2 hours therapeutic
• treatment, thus leaving a patient uncontrolled in 166 hours (99%) –again no internal validity
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Hierarchy of Evidence 2, Omar Gele SARC conference
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Hva er forskning?
• Forskning er systematisk søken etter kunnskap basert på strenge vitenskapelige kriterier.
• Utviklingsarbeid er systematisk arbeid, basert på anvendelse av viten som er oppnådd ved hjelp av forskning og eller praktisk erfaring, hvis mål er å frembringe nye eller vesentlige forbedrede materialer, mekanismer, prosesser, systemer eller tjenester. Arbeidet er ofte mindre systematisk og kritisk enn ved forskning.
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Fra prosessforskning
Mer enn 30 prosess-studier pa terapiprosesseni gestaltterapi: Greenberg (70-talle)•– Sentralt: «at de emosjonelle opplevelseneklienten har under terapien, bidrar til a støttedem i konfliktsituasjoner – ogsa utenforterapisituasjonen. •– Forsking pa «endringsøyeblikket»: Terapeutens utfordring sentral•– Forskning pa det «eksistensielle øyeblikk»(Strumpfel 2013)
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Evidence based Practice (EBP)Practice based evidence (PBE) SEMI QUANTITATIVE
Examples Research start NGI
•CORE questionnaire CORE 10
•Gestalt diagnose form or evaluation form GDF
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• 1 I have felt tense, anxious or nervous
• 2 I have felt I have someone to turn to for support when needed
• 3 I have felt able to cope when things go wrong
• 4 Talking to people has felt too much for me
• 5 I have felt panic or terror
• 6 I made plans to end my life
• 7 I have had difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep
• 8 I have felt despairing or hopeless
• 9 I have felt unhappy
• 10 Unwanted images or memories have been distressing me
• Not at all, Only occasionally, Sometime, Often, Most or all the time
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Result CORE-10
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SCORINGS COULORS
• GAD7 Anxiety Test Questionnaire | Patient GUL
• PHQ-9 Depression Test Questionnaire | Patient MØRK BRUNN
• CORE BLÅ
• CORE Risk RED
• NDF total PURPLE
• Varhet LUS BRUNN
• Figurdannelse MØRK PURPLE
• Kreativ tilpassings forløp LYS GUL
• Selv funksjoner GRØN
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QUANTITATIVE / QUALITATIVE
•Quantitative•(Natural science)
Qualitative(Human science)
•Objectivity•Explanation•Generalization•Experimentation•Control•Hypothesis testing•Replicability•Numbers•Statistics
•(Inter-) Subjectivity•Understanding•Contextualization•Field studies•Sharing•Hypothesis developing•Uniqueness•Words•Interpretation
From: Omar Gele SARC conference
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Single-Case Evaluation in British Social Services ; Mansoor A. F. Kazi
•In case study research the choice of one particular case for study is judged on theoretical, analytical, or methodological grounds and are particularly fruitful for understanding a particular phenomenon or situation
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Case study
•Case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case study research can mean single and multiple case studies
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Research Planning case study1 Innledning
Problem stillingKort oppsummering sammenheng TittelProblemstillingVerbatim
123
Philosophy of ResearchDefining a TopicDeveloping a Researchable Question
2 MetodeVerbatim method In context of a case
description
456
Research DesignPlanning and PracticalitiesResearch Ethics
3 Modell 7 Reviewing the Literature
4 Verbatim 8 Data CollectionField notes
5 Verbatim drøftes 9 Data Analysis and Interpretation
6 Avslutningen 10 Writing Up
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Base line --> Treatment
A.The base line / the start.In a case study is the client / therapist situation: the base line. Can include what you remember of the first meeting(s)
B. The treatment / can include change in client / therapist situation
The beginning situation is the baseline for eventual development and or change.
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Field notes
•There is no standard definition of this term but it usually refers to the contemporaneous notes researchers make in the field.
• Based on their observations, conversations with informants, and which can include maps, rough diagrams and so on.
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Intervention Blue = specific; brown= Nonspecific; grey=other schools• Analitical=1
• Art=2
• GT=3
• TA=4
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Diagramtittel
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Snakk to og to om:
Can du plassere :•Gestalt psykologi / •Gestaltterapicase -studie -report, as in eksamen oppgave, I denne hierarki ?
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Theoretical adds Besides research
•Lidelse / Problemer
•Eksistensielle utfordringen
•Åndelig vitenskap
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Lidelse / Problemen
•dagligdagse,
•eksistensielle,
•Spirituelle eller a ndelige
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Eksistensielle utfordringen
• Imperfectness •Solitude•Finality•Meaninglessness •Responsibility
Gonzague Masculier
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Ken Wilber In: THE MARRIAGE OF SENSE AND SOUL p171
• TRAINING IN SPIRITUAL SCIENCE
• Zen Buddhism has a reputation as a “no-nonsense” school of spiritual discipline.
• Zen story Who…....?
• Injunction= practice = ZAZEN= Varhetoppmerksamhet
•Can give direct contemplative realization • Not rational realization• But a contemplative realization