DR 12Abigail L. Odi

VOCABULARY comes from the old Latin word vocabulum

, meaning “designation or name,”

Webster’s New International Dictionary defines vocabulary as “a

list of words and phrases usually alphabetically arranged”.

It is also defined as “a range of emotions by which one can

express ideas or feelings”.

Lesson 1USING COLLOCATIONS, CLUSTERS,CLINES, AND

CONFIGURATION

A. COLLOCATION. To collocate is “to

group or place together in some

system or order”,Ex. Tamarind is sour

Sour face Sour ball

Sour grapes Sour smell

Sour cream Sour gum

Sour puss Sourmash

• SIMPLE COLLOCATION

1. Rich man – has much money

2. Rich ideas – wise, intelligwnt

3. Rich history – has gone lots of cultural, political, or social developments

4. Rich word – with multiple meanings

B. CLINES. A cline is “a graded

sequences of difference within a

species”.Ex. The water is ___________.

Boiling

Very hot

Cold

Tepid

Warm

Very cold Freezing

C. CLUSTER. A cluster is a group of

similar of related things .

Clothing

Gloves

Sweater

Dress

Shirt

Shawl

Uniform

Bonnet

Suit

ACTIVITY 1

Give collocation by combining the given word in each number with a word or phrase to show the range in meaning.

1. Simplea. ____ b. ____ c. ____2. Sharpa. ____ b. ____ c. ____3. Drya. ____ b. ____ c. ____4. Happya. ____ b. ____ c. ____5. Dulla. ____ b. ____ c. ____

ACTIVITY 2

One of the words in then list is a cover term. Cluster the others around it .Draw the shape to represent the term. Use an answer sheet.

Hexagon Square PolygonPentagon Triangle HeptagonOctagon Parallelogram Rhombus

ACTIVITY 3

Arrange these words in a cline with the negative feelings in the lower half and the positive feelings in the upper half of the cline. Draw the cline on an answer sheet.

Angry Pleased FuriousIndifferent Very pleased Annoyed

D. CONFIGURATION. Configuration is

the arrangement of the parts of

something. It refers to the information

given through the size and shape of

the letters as well as the length and

the number of letters there are in a

word.

For an adult reader, given are two configuration clues. They are synonyms for disease. What are the words.

Lesson 2

IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC AND GENERIC TERMS

Generic terms are words that are general or

applicable to a whole class or group.

EXAMPLE :

WOMAN (spinster, queen, aunt, waitress, stewardess)

PHYSICIAN (dentist, neurosurgeon, dermatologist, cardiologist)

HOUSE (chalet, bungalow, condominium, apartment, townhouse)

ACTIVITY 1

In each set of words, identify the generic word or cover term. Put a check before it.

A B CSpeech Cone GeometryArticulation Cylinder MathematicsPronunciation Pyramid AlgebraEnunciation Solid Trigonometry

geometryfigures

ACTIVITY 2

Circle the generic term in each sentence, then underline all specific terms.

1. The library has volumes of reference materials, such as the encyclopedia, thesaurus, atlas, and almanac.

2. Some of our native games are tumbangpreso, taguan, and patintero.

3. Silk, cotton, ramie, and piña are the different kinds of textile that can be bought in Divisoria.

4. Land travel may be by car, by jeep, or by calesa.5. Nutritious food, exercise, rest, and, sleep are important factors for

health.

6. Our great heroes like Rizal, Bonifacio, Gregorio delPilar, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora fought for our freedom.

7. Farming is a continuous cycle of preparing the land, planting, and harvesting.

8. A brilliant array of flowers – daisies, gladioli, roses, and chrysanthemum can be seen in her flower garden.

9. High school students of social studies must take courses as Philippine History and Government, World History, Economics, and Oriental History.

10. Planets, stars, meteors, sun, and moon compose the heavenly bodies.

Lesson 3

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis is a process of decoding new words. This is done by examining a

word to discover its component parts that may lead to correct pronunciation and

meaning.

The components of a word are: the root or base word, inflections endings (-s, -ed, -

ing), affixes, (prefix and suffix), and compound words.

A. ROOT WORDS

A root word is a word from which other words are formed by adding a beginning part (prefix) or an ending part (suffix).

ACTIVITY 1Identify the root and write it beside the given word

1. Dictionary _____________

2.Government _____________

3. Alcoholism _____________

4. Biblical _____________

5. Childish _____________

6. Chiefly _____________

7. Cubicle _____________

8. Faithful _____________

9. Failure _____________

10. Hatred _____________

ACTIVITY 2

Study the following root words and their meanings. Then read the sentences that follow. Select the word that means nearly the same as the underlined word.

• ROOT

1. Tang

2. Halo

3. Hydro

4. Mar

5. Duct

6. Manu

7. Med

8. Tele

MEANING

- Touch

- Whole

- Water

- Sea

- Lead

- Hand

- Middle

- Far off

Root

1. Homo

2. Cis

3. Fract

4. Aqua

5. Eu

6. Greg

7. Fring

Meaning

- Same

- Cut, kill

- Break

- Water

- Good, agreeable

- Group

- Break

1. The aqueous portion of the land was planted with kangkong.

a. Black loam c. watery

b. Useless d. rich

2. Man is by nature gregarious and will seek the joy of his fellow man.

a. Sociable c. suspicious

b. Aggressive d. selfish

3. It is easy to differentiate tangent from intersecting parallel lines.

a. Visible c. touching

b. Pleasant d. harmonious

4. The manuscript written by Mrs. Luna was given to Felix for encoding.

a. Symbol c. document

b. Code d. signal

5. Some fishermen in some parts of the Philippines infringed on the

regulation set by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.

a. Violated c. modified

b. Obeyed d. followed

6. Mental telepathy is made possible through deep concentration.a. Panic c. involvementb. Communication d. amazement7. The incision on her stomach bled when she carried her baby from the garden to her room.a. Pocket c. operationb. Bag d. illness8. Our town abounds in marine life.a. Desert c. seab. Mountain d. mine9. Many find the buzzing of the bees cuphonious.a. Harmonious c. irritatingb. Pacifying d. funny10. Nena’s friends did not succeed in mediating between her and her boyfriend.a. Bending c. going betweenb. Pacifying d. talking

11. He has several fractured bones because of an accident.a. Big c. brokenb. Small d. soft12. Liza was asked to conduct the Philippine National Anthem. a. Sing c. playb. Lead d. memorize13. Her frequent vomiting was the cause of dehydration. a. Weakening c. drying upb. Defeat d. nervousness14. The fire at Pandacan caused a holocaust. a. Panic c. fearb. Wholesale destruction d. harmony among people15. The students were grouped homogenously. All those who graduated from the central schools were placed in Section Rose.a. Congested c. apartb. Together d. the same kind

When a suffix is added at the end of root word, the e is deleted. The following words have these characteristics. Look for the root words and copy them in the blanks.1. Staring ____________2. Operation ____________3. Natural ____________4. Spacious ____________5. Cubic ____________6. Distribution ____________7. Estimation ____________8. Writing ____________9. Baking ____________10. Usable ____________

B. Prefixes A word part added at the beginning of a word is

called prefix.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE1. Co, Com With/Together Cooperative, compose2. De Away/Down Depart, decline3. Pro In Favor Pro-Filipino4. Anti Against Anti-5. Sub Under Submerge6. Trans Across Transfer, transact7. Re Again, back Rewrite, return8. Post After Postwar9. Auto Self Autobiography10. Bene Good Benefit

ACTIVITY 1The prefixes un-,dis-, and non-, are negative prefixes. They mean not or opposite of.Read each sentence and identify the word that makes the sentence wrong. Add a negative prefix to correct it.1. Children who obey their parents must be punished.2. The accountant has to correct the figures because they were accurate.3. Letty considers herself lucky because she did not win in the contest.4. Sonia was modest. She bragged about her high grades and medals to anyone she met.5. To sell hard drinks to minors is legal.6. Lito cannot be depended upon. He is so responsible.7. He is able to play basketball because he sprained his ankle.8. The good students were satisfied with the grades of 75 and 80. 9. Pupils who pleased their teachers were scolded.

ACTIVITY 2Encircle the correct word in parenthesis.

1. The city should work for the 9noise, antinoise) law.

2. If you (cover, recover) the sofa, it will be good as new.

3. The story is (complete, incomplete) because it has no ending.

4. You have to (heat, preheat) the oven before putting the dough in it.

5. You should (plant, transplant) the seedlings when they have four or more leaves.

6. Some people feel that they have to (recognize, reorganize) themselves to be of service to many.

7. He talked too fast that he (pronounced, mispronounced) many words.

8. The stain has become (visible, invisible) after washing the cloth in the water with Clorox.

9. The judge is (afraid, unafraid) despite the threats he received.

10. Your arguments are (logical, illogical) and the majority disagrees with you.

C. Suffixes

A suffix is a syllable or syllables added at the end of a word to form a new word with a different meaning.

Generally suffixes serve to indicate whether a word is used as a verb, an adjective, an adverb or a noun.

ACTIVITY 1

The suffixes –or,-er,-ist,-ant,mean “one who does something”. The suffixes –ion or –tion, and –ation mean a condition. These suffixes indicates that a word is used as a noun.

Add the appropriate suffix to the word in parenthesis to make the sentence correct.

________1. Make sure that the (borrow) return the book to Mrs. Luna.

________2. She hopes to be a well- known (piano).

________3. Who is the (consult) in your institution?

________4. The (argue) she presented is not convincing.

________5. The (compose0 of the music piece that you heard is Beethoven.

________6. According to the news there are many (terror) in the city.

________7. I cannot afford to pay a (drive) Php 4,000.00 a month

________8. Bees and butterflies help in the process of (pollen).

________9. Loud sounds from vehicles is a kind of (pollute).

________10. Metals are goo (conduct) of electricity.

ACTIVITY 2Suffixes like -bood, -age, and -ship when added to words may

mean a whole group or a way or state of being. Decide which of the above suffixes may be used with each of the following.

1. Store

2. Wreck

3. Friend

4. Marry

5. Broker

6. Anchor

7. Apprentice

8. Neighbor

9. Brother

10. Leader

ACTIVITY 3Suffixes may be used to form verbs. Among these are –en,-

ize,and –ify. Decide which ending to add to each word to form a verb.

1. Beauty

2. Mobile

3. Simple

4. Strength

5. Organ

6. Anchor

7. Null

8. Person

9. Fast

10. Real

ACTIVITY 4Adjectives may also be formed by adding suffixes

like- ful,-ous, -ic,-ish,-or ive, and –able.

Change the following words to adjectives by using the appropriate suffix.

1. Period2. Beauty3. Courage 4. Girl5. Ridicule6. Marvel7. Brown8. Mystery9. Help10. Rhythm

Lesson 4

COMPOUND WORDS

A compound words consists of two or three words put together to form a new words. Compound words can be written as one word (solid compound) as two separate word (open compound) , or as a (hyphenated compound )

Examples of compound words written

as one (solid compound)

• Pickup - a truck used in transporting• Buildup - training in preparation for some

activity• Standout - one who can be easily seen or

recognized because of some outstanding feature or performance

• Blackout - all lights were put out throughout the day

• Brownout - is not a total blackout• Backslide - go back to one’s old ways

Examples of hyphenated words

(hyphenated compounds)

• Runner-up - meaning a second winner • Warm up - an activity of getting ready for a

special kind of work• Self-service - a person gets the food

himself/herself then pays the cashier• Color-blind - a person cannot clearly distinguish

one color from another color• Trigger-happy - a person who often pulls the

trigger and feels happy when shooting a bird or something

Example of separated compound (open

compound)

• Salad dressing - dressing to put on fresh vegetable salad

• April Fool’s Day - April 1, the day when people like to play jokes on others

• House hunting - looking for a house to live in • Old English Poetry - poetry that was written

during the old English period • Crime solving - solving crime • Carbon monoxide poisoning - poisoning caused

by carbon monoxide.

Activity 1

Underline the compound word in each

sentence.1. The employers flock to the cashier’s office on paydays.2. He is open-minded. He listens to the opinion of others.3. The student was somewhat surprised when he received a

gift from the president of the institution.4. The principal was a bootblack when he was in his teens.5. The child was able to overcome his nervousness when the

doctor gave him a lollipop.6. A cookbook is very handy in the kitchen.7. The students in love reading Old English poetry.8. The flag was raised at half-mast because of the People’s

death.9. It is difficult to rely on somebody who is a happy-go-lucky

person.10. My grandfather’s hobby is to go trout fishing.

Lesson 5.

Synonyms and Antonyms

Synonyms are words that have the same meaning or nearly the same meaning. Antonyms are words with opposite meaning.

Knowing a variety of synonyms and antonyms can add color and variety to your working vocabulary. Thus, you will not overuse word of expressions. Generally synonyms do not have exactly the same meaning and most often you cannot use them interchangeably. So you must be careful when you use synonyms.

ACTIVITY 1

Study the synonyms in the set. Then choose the word that has the meaning other than the word nice. Write the word in the blank before the number.

NICE

Savory

Delicate

Pleasant

Modest

Pleasure

AmiableCleanDiscriminatingFastidiousThoughtful

_________1. It is nice meeting people like you._________2. A nice girl would not brag because there

are many things she does well._________3. The perfume has a nice smell suited for a

lady._________4. It is a nice day for a picnic._________5. You will win many friends if you are nice._________6. You are lucky to have a mother who can

cook nice dishes._________7. Lucky is a nice girl who carefully chooses

the right dress for each occasion.________8. The restrooms are so nice that I do not

hesitate to enter one every time I feel the need.

ACTIVITY 2Read the sentence below in and underline the word in place of WALK.

1. A girl with a cloth tied around her toe, limps painfully across the room.

2. He topped the examination. No wonder the struts through the hall like a conqueror.

3. The stout old woman waddles along the corridor.

4. The girl holds her skirt and minces along as if walking on a muddy road.

5. The tired fisherman trudges home from the sea.

6. He paces back and forth the corridor while his wife is in the delivery room.

7. The baby toddles happily as his parents watch him.

8. The little girl who is wearing her mother’s shoes shuffles.

9. The tipsy guy staggers outside the bar.

10. The couple love to stroll at the park.

B. AntonymsActivity 1.

Identifying Antonyms

One or more words have opposite meaning to the key word. Select and copy the letter or letters representing the antonyms.

1. Molest

a. Soothe c. annoy e. disturb

b. Caress d. tease

2.Flexible

a. Hard c. pliant e. elastic

b. Rigid d. supply

3. Amazing

a. Surprising c. astonishing e. familiar

b. Astounding d. ordinary

4. compulsion

a. constraint c. coaxing e. coercion

b. force d. inducement

5. competent

a. capable c. qualified e. weak

b. unfit d. skillful

6. confer

a. Bestow c. dependence e. suspicious

b. Consult d. withhold

7. Reliance

a. Confidence c. dependence e. suspicious

b. trust d. doubt

8. Reiterate

a. Retract c. reverse e. renew

b. Repeat d. reproduce

9. Prelude

a. Introduction c. preface e. prologue

b. Sequel d. conclusion

10. Predominant

a. Subordinate c. prevalent e. overacting

b. Inferior d. prevailing

Activity 2:

Grouping Synonyms and AntonymsGuided by the key word, group the synonyms and the antonyms separately. Write them on a sheet of paper.

1.Predict

a. Report c. recall e. prophecy

b. Foretell d. foreshadow

2.Elucidate

a. Illustrate c. obscure e. perplex

b. Explain d. clearly

3.Embellish

a. Adorn c. disfigure e. deface

b. Decorate d. beautiful

4.Eminent

a. Illustrious c. unknown e. reknown

b. Distinguished d. low

5.Formidablea. Terrible c. dreadful e. despicableb. Contemptible d. horrible

6. Flippancya. Gravity c. sauciness e. disrespectb. Lightness d. flattery

7. Dingya. Radiant c. rusty e. obscureb. Bright d. dim

8. Expeditea. Accelerate c. quicken e. delayb. Facilitate d. hinder

9. Endurancea. Fortitude c. periodically e. neverb. Continually d. perpetually

10. Incessantlya. Always c. periodically e. neverb. Continually d. perpetually