Vocabulary,GrammarandPunctuation

Word

Thedifferencebetweenvocabularytypicalofinformalspeechandvocabularyappropriateforformalspeechandwriting[forexample,findout– discover;askfor– request;goin– enter]

Howwordsarerelatedbymeaningassynonymsandantonyms[forexample,big,large,little].

Sentence

Useofthepassive toaffectthepresentationofinformationinasentence[forexample,Ibrokethewindowinthegreenhouse versusThewindowinthegreenhousewasbroken(byme)}.

Thedifferencebetweenstructurestypicalofinformalspeechandstructuresappropriateforformalspeechandwriting[forexample,theuseofquestiontags:He’syourfriend,isn’the?, ortheuseofsubjunctiveformssuchasIfIwere orWerethey tocomeinsomevery formalwritingandspeech]

Text

Linkingideasacrossparagraphsusingawiderrangeofcohesivedevices:repetitionofaword orphrase,grammaticalconnections[forexample,theuseofadverbialssuchasontheotherhand, incontrast, orasaconsequence], andellipsis

Layoutdevices[forexample,headings,sub-headings,columns,bullets,ortables,tostructuretext]

Punctuation

Useofthesemi-colon,colonanddashtomarktheboundary betweenindependentclauses [forexample,It’sraining;I’m fedup]

Useofthecolon tointroducealistanduseofsemi-colonswithinlists

Punctuation ofbulletpointstolistinformation

Howhyphenscanbeusedtoavoidambiguity[forexample,maneatingshark versusman-eatingshark,orrecover versusre-cover

Terminology

subject,objectactive,passivesynonym,antonymellipsis,hyphen,colon, semi-colon,bulletpoints