vocabulary matching for book indexing suggestion in linked libraries – a prototype implementation...
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Vocabulary Matching for Book IndexingSuggestion in Linked Libraries
– A Prototype
Implementation & Evaluation
Antoine Isaac, Dirk Kramer, Lourens van der Meij, Shenghui Wang, Stefan Schlobach, Johan Stapel
Problem: subject indexing
• Describing subjects of books• Using concepts from vocabularies (e.g. thesauri)
Problem: re-indexing
• Describing a book that has already be described• With a new vocabulary
– Fitting a different context (e.g., different libraries)
Why re-indexing at KB?
• The Dutch National Library (KB) holds many books that are also in other Dutch public libraries
• KB deposit uses Brinkman thesaurus for indexing• Public Libraries use Biblion thesaurus
KBDeposit
Collection
DutchPublic
Libraries
Biblion Brinkman
overlap betweenbook collections
A wider issue• KB shares books with many other libraries• All having their own description practices
KB
KBDeposit
Coll.
KBScientific
Coll.
DutchPublic
Libraries
LC(US Nat.
Lib)
BnF(FrenchNat. Lib)
DNB(GermanNat. Lib)
DutchBook-trade
Biblion
NURBISACsubjectcodes
Brinkman GTT
NBCclass.
UNESCOclass.
KBCorporatie+ Persoon
RAMEAUsubject
headings
LCSHsubject
headings
DDCDewey
decimalclass.
SWDsubject
headings
Personennamendatei
LCauthority
file
AutoritésBNF
otherclassifications
domain/discipline
classifications
subjectthesauri /
subj. headinglists
bookcollectiondatasets
person/corporation
data
Doel-groep
--audience
overlap between book collections(thickness indicates degree of overlap)
Vertical adjustment between a coll. and KOSsdenotes KOSs' being used to describe that coll.
Room for improvement?
• Libraries devote large resources to indexing– 20 people at KB– About 20,000 books per year
• Leveraging already existing descriptions for re-indexing can be beneficial for both sides
Alignment and re-indexing
• STITCH project– Tackling semantic interoperability in Cultural Heritage– Using ontology alignment
• Mappings between concepts from different vocabularies can be used for re-indexingBasic idea: replace concepts in descriptionsby conceptually equivalent concepts
Goal: a re-indexing prototype
• Past: preliminary experiments with KB data
• Now: building a prototype and– plugging it onto the KB production system– having it evaluated by its potential users (indexers)
• Prototype case: Dutch public libraries / KBSuggesting Brinkman subjects based on Biblion ones
Alignment and re-indexing: requirements
Subjects can be complex
• Mappings between groups of concepts "Travel guides" + "Spain" → "Spain; travel guides"
Concepts are used in descriptions
• Mappings taking into account extensional semantics"Building engineering"
→ "Learning material ; building engineering"
Obtaining re-indexing rules
• Lexical alignments are not good enough
• Probabilistic rules are calculated– Using extension of concepts: existing indexing– Simple probabilities, with adhoc adjustment
"Travel guides","Spain"→"Spain; travel guides", 0.982
• Not only based on Biblion subjects– AUT – main authors of books– KAR – “characteristic”– DGP – intellectual level/target group
Demo
Doesn't work?
User study
• Quantitative aspect– How well does the tool compare to human subject
indexing?
• Qualitative aspect– User satisfaction– Improvement suggestion
Evaluation setting
• 6 indexers• 6 weeks• 284 books• Evaluation integrated in daily indexing work
• Pre-evaluation briefing• Questionnaire during evaluation • Post-evaluation de-briefing & questionnaire
User study results
• Top ranked mappings are indeed much better
• Individual book satisfaction level > 70%
Suggestion class # suggestions precision recall
blue 308 72.7% 47.9%
purple 1,188 10.7% 27.1%
red 2,525 1.11% 5.98%
non suggested 89 19.0%
User study results (1)
• But the general satisfaction is lower– Only two out of six would use the tool as such
• Quality of suggestions– Lower-level suggestions are often not meaningful
• Perception of suggestions' quality– Long lists with wrong suggestions ad the end are bad– Ranking is appreciated, but it is not enough
User study results (2)
Suggestions were found promising• Bridging the indexing gap between collections
– Different indexing strategies
"Persian language" (Biblion)
vs. "Iranian language and literature" (Brinkman)
Lots of suggestions for improvement• More re-indexing!
– Suggesting concepts from other vocabularies– More context metadata as input
Conclusions
• Shows the potential of re-using data in a library network
• Alignment approach fitting indexing practice
• Concrete demonstration, in KB production environment
• Technology transfer: KB wants to continue efforts
• Flexibility: architecture ready to exploit other vocabularies– Linked data & SKOS
Prototype components
Sesame SKOSRDF store
STITCH script(VisualBasic)
STITCHstylesheet (XSLT)
Indexer
WinIBWcataloguing interface
IE
GGC cataloguingsystem
LOD SPARQLendpoints
suggestion service(SWI-Prolog)
vocabularyservice
(Java/Tomcat)
lexical alignmentsSesame RDF store
Linked libraries?
KB
KBDeposit
Coll.
KBScientific
Coll.
DutchPublic
Libraries
LC(US Nat.
Lib)
BnF(FrenchNat. Lib)
DNB(GermanNat. Lib)
DutchBook-trade
Biblion
NURBISACsubjectcodes
Brinkman GTT
NBCclass.
UNESCOclass.
KBCorporatie+ Persoon
RAMEAUsubject
headings
LCSHsubject
headings
DDCDewey
decimalclass.
SWDsubject
headings
Personennamendatei
wikipedia.nl
wikipedia.de
LCauthority
file
AutoritésBNF
existing KOS alignment
potential KOS alignment of interest
overlap between book collections(thickness indicates degree of overlap)
otherclassifications
domain/discipline
classifications
subjectthesauri /
subj. headinglists
bookcollectiondatasets
person/corporation
data
othersLCSH
currently available entry point tothe LOD cloud
Vertical adjustment between a coll. and KOSsdenotes KOSs' being used to describe that coll.
Doel-groep
--audience
Thank you!
• Questions?
Screenshots
WinIBW production tool
STITCH suggestion tool
Original metadata
Concept suggestions
Comparing with human re-indexing
Complement: lexical alignments
Adding subjects using thesaurus access
Concept suggestions
Saving and back to WinIBW
Screenshots
• Back