Name: ________________________________________________________ Period: _________

English II Honors Fall Semester Vocabulary

SAT Prep Units 1-6

Latin Prefixes and Roots

Test Calendar (All dates are subject to change. You will be notified of any changes in advance.)

Test Date

SAT #1 Friday 9/7

SAT #2 Friday 9/21

SAT #3 Monday 10/1

SAT #4 Wednesday 10/10

SAT #5 Thursday 10/18

SAT #6 Friday 10/26

Prefixes #1 Monday 11/5

Prefixes #2 Friday 11/16

Prefixes#3 Monday 12/3

Roots #1 Tuesday 12/11

Roots #2 Wednesday 12/19

Roots #3 Tuesday 1/15

Latin Word Origins

Latin is one of the oldest and most influential languages in the world. [Over time], Latin has faded away and become extinct because nobody speaks it as a native language anymore. Originally, Latin was used in [Latium and ancient Rome] As the Roman Empire expanded, Latin spread throughout its territories, solidifying its status as the most important language in Central and Western Europe, right up to the 17th century. Latin can be classified into Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin. Classical Latin was the more refined dialect, usually used in literary expressions while Vulgar Latin was used by common folks. As the Roman Empire declined, Latin suffered a similar fate. By the 9th century, Vulgar Latin deviated

into various Romance languages such as Catalan, Corsican, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian, and others. After the Western Roman Empire fell, the Catholic Church adopted Latin, thereby prolonging its survival, especially in the circle of the educated classes. Then known as Medieval Latin, the Renaissance Humanists used it, but it was spoken by less and less people after the 16th century. Nevertheless, Medieval Latin was still in use for academic purposes up to the 18th century. After that, the use of Latin went into decline, until it eventually phased out. Although Latin is extinct, it is the root for most of the vocabulary of many European languages, including English. For instance, the English word “annual” is taken from the Latin “annus” and the English word “insulate” is taken from “insula.” On another level, current English, French, and Spanish alphabets are derived from the Latin alphabet. Even though the Latin language is nonexistent, its influence and legacy is still evident today. 1

The Big Question: So What…? While Latin is not spoken today, understanding how it is used in the English language increases our vocabulary and helps us understand the meaning of certain words. When

we know the meaning of various Latin roots and prefixes, we can read words, break them down by their parts, and infer their meanings. This is especially helpful when dictionary.com is not available, like during the SAT, an interview, a business meeting, or even just everyday conversation. 1http://www.my-spanish-dictionary.com/articles/latin-word-origins.html

Quick Review Etymology: The study of words and their origins. Root: The basic element of a word from which the word derives its meaning.

Ex: duct

Prefix: A letter (or letters) added to the beginning of a root or root word to modify its meaning.

Ex: ab duct Suffix: A letter (or letters) added to the end of a root to modify its meaning.

Ex: abduct ed Affix: A letter (or letters) added to the beginning or end of a root to modify its meaning.

Ex: abduct ed

Prefixes: List 1 Latin Prefixes: Sample words: 1. ante: before, prior, earlier antechamber, anteroom 2. bi: two, both, twice, between bisect, bicycle 3. circum: circle, around circumlocution, circumvent 4. con, col, com, cor: with, together, jointly confuse, convert, correspond, congregate 5. de: from, down depart, descend, detention, deduction 6. dis, dif: apart, away dismiss, dispel, dispute, disrupt 7. e, ex: out expel, exceed, evoke, egress 8. extra: beyond extrasensory, extraordinary, extraterrestrial 9. in, il, im, ir: not inflexible, illegitimate, impossible, irregular 10. in, il, im, ir: in, into, on incur, illusory, imminent, irradiate 11. inter: beyond, among, between interrupt, intercede 12. mal: bad, wrongful, ill malicious, malignant, malice

Prefixes: List 2 Latin Prefixes: Sample words: 1. an: not, without anacoustic, anaesthesia 2. ob-: against object, obstinate, obliterate 3. per-: through permeate, perennial, permit 4. post-: after postwar, postpone, postmortem 5. pre-: before premonition, prerequisite, prescribe 6. pro-: forward progressive, project, propel, provoke 7. re-: again, back revive, resume, repel, remember 8. retro-: backward retroactive, retrospect, retrogression 9. se-: apart separate, seclude, segregate 10. semi-: half semicircle, semiannual 11. sub-: under submarine, submerge, subvert 12. trans-: across, through transgress, transcribe, translucent

Prefixes: List 3

1. a, abs: not, without, from, away avert, abnormal 2. ad: to, toward; near admit, adhere 3. ambi: both, around ambidextrous 4. contra, counter: against contradict, contravene, counteract 5. ultra-: beyond, exceeding ultraconservative, ultra sensory 6. intra: within intramural, intravenous 7. milli-: one thousandth millipede, million 8. multi-: many multitalented, multicolored 9. non-: not non-entity, non-existent 10. preter-: beyond preternatural 11. super-: above supernatural, supercede, superimpose 12. omni-: all, every, everywhere omnipotent, omnipresent 13. vice-: in place of vice president, viceroy

Latin Roots: List #1 cide, flect, flex, fract, frag, rupt, string, strict, tort, tors

cide: kill 1. matricide: the killing of a mother by her child 2. patricide: the killing of a father by his child 3. fratricide: the killing of a brother 4. sororicide: the killing of a sister 5. homicide: the killing of a person 6. suicide: the killing of oneself 7. genocide: the killing of a people for racial,

cultural, or ethnic reasons 8. infanticide: the killing of an infant 9. germicide: an agent that destroys germs 10. insecticide: an agent that destroys insects 11. pesticide: an agent that destroys pests (rodents,

etc.) 12. regicide: the killing of a king or queen 13. tyrannicide: the killing of a tyrant flect, flex: bend 14. flex: to bend 15. flexible: able to bend 16. inflexibility: the inability to bend 17. reflex: an automatic response to a stimulus 18. reflect: to bend back 19. deflect: to bend down; to turn aside 20. flexor: a muscle that bends 21. genuflect: to be servility obedient and

respectful fract, frag: break 22. fracture: a break 23. fraction: a portion 24. infraction: the breaking of a rule or law 25. fractious: unruly; quarrelsome, irritable 26. fragile: easily breakable 27. fragment: a part broken off; to break up or

apart rupt: break, burst 28. rupture: a break; a bursting 29. abrupt: unexpected 30. corrupt: to cause disintegration; to ruin 31. incorruptible: unable to be corrupted; unable to

be ruined 32. disrupt: to break apart 33. erupt: to burst out; to break out 34. interrupt: to break between; to come between

string, strict: bind, draw, tight 35. astringent: able to draw together soft tissues 36. constrict: to make narrow; to draw tight or

together 37. restrict: to confine within bounds 38. unrestricted: not confined within bounds 39. stricture: something that closely restrains or

limits 40. stringent: tight; marked by strictness or

severity 41. boa constrictor: a snake that binds or draws

tight tort, tors: twist 42. contortionist: a person who twists hor or her

body 43. distort: to twist out of true meaning 44. extort: to obtain by force 45. retort: a witty reply; a turning back of words;

to turn back words 46. torsion: the twisting of a body part 47. tortuous: marked by twists, turns; tricky 48. torture: anguish of body and mind; agony

Latin Roots: List #2 gress, grad, mon, monit, omni, ped, viv, vor

gress, grad: step, walk, go 1. aggressive: marked by combative readiness 2. progressive: moving forward 3. regressive: tending to move back to a previous

and worse condition 4. egress: a going or coming out; a place of exit .

grade: a stage in a process 5. gradation: a step in an ordered scale; a series of

successive stages 6. gradient: the rate of ascent or descent 7. gradual: proceeding by steps or degrees 8. graduate: to pass from one stage (step) to

another 9. graduated: having passed from one stage to

another 10. retrograde: moving in a backward direction 11. retrogression: a return to a former, less

complex state 12. transgression: a passing beyond limits; a

violation of a command or law

mon, monit: warn 13. monitor: one that warns or instructs; to warn or

instruct 14. admonish: to express warning or disapproval 15. admonition: the expression of warning or

disapproval 16. admonitory: expressing warning or disapproval 17. monument: lasting evidence or reminder of

someone or something great 18. premonition: a forewarning 19. premonitory: giving warning

omni: all, every, everywhere 20. omnibus: something that contains many items 21. omnifarious: of all varieties, forms or kinds 22. omnificent: unlimited in creative power 23. omnipotent: unlimited in authority or power 24. omnipresent: present in all places at all times 25. omniscient: all-knowing

ped: foot 26. pedal: a lever pressed by the foot 27. pedestrian: one who goes on foot 28. biped: a two-footed animal 29. centipede: a 100-legged bug 30. impede: to interfere with the progress of 31. impediment: something that interferes with the

progress of 32. expedite: to execute promptly; to accelerate a

process 33. velocipede: a vehicle propelled by rider

(archaic); a bicycle or tricycle 34. pedestal: a base or foundation

viv: live, alive 35. convivial: fond of feasting 36. revive: to restore to life 37. survive: to remain alive or in existence 38. vivid: sharp; having the appearance of

vigorous life 39. vivify: to give life; to animate 40. vivisection: experimentation on a living animal vor: eat, eat greedily 41. carnivorous:: meat-eating 42. herbivorous: vegetable- or herb-eating 43. insectivorous: insect-eating 44. omnivorous: animal- and vegetable-eating 45. devour: to eat greedily 46. voracious: having a huge appetite; excessively

eager

Latin Roots: List #3 cred, credit, cur, curr, currs, fid, mand, mandat, mort, ten, tin, tent, vict, vinc

cred: believe 1. credit: to trust in the truth of; to believe; a

reliance on the truth of 2. discredit: to disbelieve; to prove false 3. accredit: to give official authorization or

approval 4. credence: a mental acceptance as true 5. credentials: something that gives title or credit

to 6. credulous: willing or able to believe 7. incredulity: the quality or state of being

skeptical 8. incredible: not able to be believed 9. creed: a set of beliefs cur, curr, curs: run 10. concur: to run together; to agree 11. concurrent: occurring at the same time 12. current: present 13. curriculum: a current plan 14. cursive: flowing 15. discursive: rambling, jumping from topic to

topic; marked by analytic reasoning 16. cursory: hasty and superficial 17. incur: to flow into; to take on responsibility 18. incursion: a taking on of responsibility 19. precursor: something that comes before 20. recur: to occur again fid: faith, trust 21. confident: characterized by assurance 22. confidential: private, secret 23. confidant: one to whom secrets are entrusted 24. diffident: hesitant to speak (through lack of

confidence, faith) 25. fidelity: the quality or state of being faithful;

loyalty 26. infidelity: the act of being unfaithful;

disloyalty 27. infidel: one who is not faithful 28. perfidious: characterized by unfaithfulness;

treacherous 29. perfidy: the quality of being unfaithful;

treachery 30. fiduciary: held or founded in trust 31. affidavit: a sworn statement made under oath

mand, mandat: order 32. mandate: an authoritative order; to confirm by

authoritative order 33. mandatory: containing a command; obligatory 34. remand: to order back; to send back an order 35. countermand: a contrary order; to revoke by

contrary order 36. writ of mandamus: a written legal order mort: death 37. mortal subject to death; a human being 38. mortify to destroy the strength or vitality of; to

shame ten, tin, tent: hold, keep 39. detention: the act of holding back 40. pertinent: having clear relevance 41. impertinent: not having clear relevance 42. pertinacious: adhering resolutely to an opinion 43. retentive: having the power to hold back or

keep 44. retinue: a group of retainers or attendants 45. tenacity: the quality or state of persistently

adhering to something valued 46. tenancy: a holding of an estate or housing 47. tenure: the holding of an office or position 48. untenable : incapable of being held,

maintained, or defended vict, vinc: conquer, show positively 49. convict: to prove guilt 50. convince: to persuade 51. evict: to throw out; to expel 52. evince: to show outward evidence of; to reveal 53. invincible: unable to be conquered 54. vanquish: to conquer 55. victor: one who conquers