vocabulary terms to knowvocabulary terms to know

1.1. BiomeBiome

2.2. ClimateClimate

3.3. LatitudeLatitude

4.4. AltitudeAltitude

5.5. PermafrostPermafrost

6.6. EpiphyteEpiphyte

7. Understory7. Understory

8. Canopy8. Canopy

9. Emergent Layer9. Emergent Layer

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Remember to write the slides that show the Remember to write the slides that show the clipboard symbol. Examples written in italics do clipboard symbol. Examples written in italics do

not need to be written down. We will just not need to be written down. We will just discuss them, along with the other slides.discuss them, along with the other slides.

Copy & answer the following questions on a blank piece of paper:

1. How do you think you did on the ch. 5 test?

2. How long did you study?3. Have you been to tutoring?4. What could YOU do to improve your

grade?5. What could we do to help you?

ObjectivesObjectives

DescribeDescribe how plants determine the how plants determine the name of a biome.name of a biome.

ExplainExplain how temperature and how temperature and precipitation determine which plants grow precipitation determine which plants grow in an area.in an area.

ExplainExplain how latitude and altitude affect how latitude and altitude affect which plants grow in an area.which plants grow in an area.

StandardsStandards

SEV2c, dSEV2c, d SEV5c, dSEV5c, d SCSh6dSCSh6d

What is a Biome?What is a Biome?

Large regions characterized by a specific Large regions characterized by a specific type of climate & certain types of plant type of climate & certain types of plant and animal communitiesand animal communities

Made up of many individual ecosystemsMade up of many individual ecosystems

Biomes and VegetationBiomes and Vegetation Described by their vegetation because plants Described by their vegetation because plants

that grow in an area determine the other that grow in an area determine the other organisms that can live thereorganisms that can live there

Plants have characteristics, specialized Plants have characteristics, specialized structures, or adaptations (size, shape, color) structures, or adaptations (size, shape, color) that allow them to survive in that biome.that allow them to survive in that biome. For example, plants in the tundra tend to be short For example, plants in the tundra tend to be short

because they cannot obtain enough water to grow because they cannot obtain enough water to grow larger.larger.

The World’s Major Terrestrial BiomesThe World’s Major Terrestrial Biomes

Biomes and ClimateBiomes and Climate ClimateClimate is the average weather is the average weather

conditions in an area over a long period conditions in an area over a long period of time.of time. Main factor is determining which plants can Main factor is determining which plants can

grow in a certain area, which in turn defines grow in a certain area, which in turn defines the biome.the biome.

Temperature and precipitation are the two Temperature and precipitation are the two most important factors that determine a most important factors that determine a region’s climate.region’s climate.

Temperature & PrecipitationTemperature & Precipitation Most organisms are adapted to live within a Most organisms are adapted to live within a

particular range of temps & won’t survive at particular range of temps & won’t survive at temps too far above or below their optimal temps too far above or below their optimal range.range.

Precipitation also limits the organisms found in Precipitation also limits the organisms found in a biome because all organisms need water.a biome because all organisms need water. Biomes that do not receive enough rainfall to Biomes that do not receive enough rainfall to

support large trees support communities dominated support large trees support communities dominated by small trees, shrubs, and grasses.by small trees, shrubs, and grasses.

In biomes where rainfall is not frequent, the In biomes where rainfall is not frequent, the vegetation is mostly cactuses and desert shrubs. In vegetation is mostly cactuses and desert shrubs. In extreme cases, lack of rainfall results in no plants, extreme cases, lack of rainfall results in no plants, no matter what the temperature is.no matter what the temperature is.

The higher the temperature & precipitation are, The higher the temperature & precipitation are, the taller & denser the vegetation is.the taller & denser the vegetation is.

Latitude & AltitudeLatitude & Altitude LatitudeLatitude is the distance north or south from the is the distance north or south from the

equator, & is expressed in degrees.equator, & is expressed in degrees. AltitudeAltitude is the height of an object above a reference is the height of an object above a reference

point, such as sea level or the Earth’s surface.point, such as sea level or the Earth’s surface. Climate varies with latitude & altitude. Climate varies with latitude & altitude.

For example, climate gets colder as latitude and altitude For example, climate gets colder as latitude and altitude increase. This is why it gets colder as you move further up a increase. This is why it gets colder as you move further up a mountain.mountain.

As latitude and altitude increase, biomes & vegetation As latitude and altitude increase, biomes & vegetation change.change. Trees of tropical rainforests usually grow closer to the equator, Trees of tropical rainforests usually grow closer to the equator,

while mosses & lichen of the tundra grow closer to the poles.while mosses & lichen of the tundra grow closer to the poles. The temperate region includes biomes such as temperate The temperate region includes biomes such as temperate

forests and grasslands, which usually have moderate forests and grasslands, which usually have moderate temperatures & fertile soil that is ideal for agriculture.temperatures & fertile soil that is ideal for agriculture.

1. Distinguish between latitude & altitude.2. Contrast weather & climate.3. Large regions characterized by a specific

type of climate & certain types of plant & animal communities are called _____.

ObjectivesObjectives ListList three characteristics of tropical rain forests. three characteristics of tropical rain forests. NameName and describe the main layers of a tropical and describe the main layers of a tropical

rain forest.rain forest. DescribeDescribe one plant in a temperate deciduous one plant in a temperate deciduous

forest and an adaptation that helps the plant forest and an adaptation that helps the plant survive.survive.

DescribeDescribe one adaptation that may help an one adaptation that may help an animal survive in the taiga.animal survive in the taiga.

NameName two threats to the world’s forest biomes. two threats to the world’s forest biomes.

StandardsStandards

SEV2cSEV2c SCSh9a, c, dSCSh9a, c, d SCSh1a, bSCSh1a, b SCSh3cSCSh3c SCSh4aSCSh4a SCSh6a-dSCSh6a-d

Forest BiomesForest Biomes Most widespread & the most diverseMost widespread & the most diverse Found where temps are mild to hot & Found where temps are mild to hot &

where rainfall is plentywhere rainfall is plenty 3 main forest biomes of the world: 3 main forest biomes of the world:

tropical, temperate, & coniferoustropical, temperate, & coniferous

Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain Forests Forests or jungles near the equator. Forests or jungles near the equator. Large amounts of rain & constant temps Large amounts of rain & constant temps Greatest known diversity of organisms Greatest known diversity of organisms Help regulate world climate Help regulate world climate Play vital roles in the nitrogen, oxygen, & Play vital roles in the nitrogen, oxygen, &

carbon cyclescarbon cycles Are humid, warm, and get strong sunlight Are humid, warm, and get strong sunlight

which allows them to maintain a fairly constant which allows them to maintain a fairly constant temp that is ideal for a variety of plants & temp that is ideal for a variety of plants & animalsanimals

Nutrients in Tropical Rain Nutrients in Tropical Rain ForestsForests Most nutrients are within the plants, not the soil.Most nutrients are within the plants, not the soil.

Decomposers on the forest floor break down dead Decomposers on the forest floor break down dead organisms & return the nutrients to the soil, but plants organisms & return the nutrients to the soil, but plants quickly absorb the nutrients.quickly absorb the nutrients.

Some trees support fungi that feed on dead organic Some trees support fungi that feed on dead organic matter on the rain-forest floor. In this relationship, the matter on the rain-forest floor. In this relationship, the fungi transfer the nutrients form the dead matter fungi transfer the nutrients form the dead matter directly to the tree.directly to the tree.

Nutrients from dead organic matter are removed so Nutrients from dead organic matter are removed so efficiently that runoff from rain forests is often as pure efficiently that runoff from rain forests is often as pure as distilled water.as distilled water.

Most tropical soils that are cleared of plants for Most tropical soils that are cleared of plants for agriculture lack nutrients & can’t support crops for more agriculture lack nutrients & can’t support crops for more than a few years.than a few years.

Many of the trees form above ground roots called Many of the trees form above ground roots called buttressesbuttresses or or bracesbraces that grow sideways from the tree that grow sideways from the tree to provide it with extra support in the thin soil.to provide it with extra support in the thin soil.

Layers of the Rain ForestLayers of the Rain Forest Different types of plants grow in different layers.Different types of plants grow in different layers. There are 4 main layers of the rain forest:There are 4 main layers of the rain forest:

• Emergent LayerEmergent Layer• Upper CanopyUpper Canopy• Lower LayerLower Layer• UnderstoryUnderstory

The The emergent layeremergent layer is the top foliage is the top foliage layer in a forest where the trees extend layer in a forest where the trees extend above surrounding trees.above surrounding trees. Trees in this layer grow and emerge Trees in this layer grow and emerge

into direct sunlight reaching heights of into direct sunlight reaching heights of 60 to 70 m and can measure up to 5 m 60 to 70 m and can measure up to 5 m around.around.

Animals such as eagles, bats, Animals such as eagles, bats, monkeys, and snakes live in the monkeys, and snakes live in the emergent layer.emergent layer.

The The canopycanopy is the layers of treetops that is the layers of treetops that shade the forest floor, & is considered to be the shade the forest floor, & is considered to be the primary layer of the rain forest.primary layer of the rain forest. The tall trees, more than 30 m tall, form a The tall trees, more than 30 m tall, form a

dense layer that absorbs up to 95 percent of dense layer that absorbs up to 95 percent of the sunlight.the sunlight.

The canopy can be split into & upper & lower The canopy can be split into & upper & lower canopy with the lower canopy receiving less canopy with the lower canopy receiving less sunlight.sunlight.

EpiphytesEpiphytes are plants that use another plant for are plants that use another plant for support but not for nourishment, & are located on support but not for nourishment, & are located on high trees in the canopy.high trees in the canopy. Growing on tall trees in allows them to reach the sunlight Growing on tall trees in allows them to reach the sunlight

needed for photosynthesis, & to absorb the water & needed for photosynthesis, & to absorb the water & nutrients that run down the tree after it rains.nutrients that run down the tree after it rains.

Most animals that live in the rain forest live in the Most animals that live in the rain forest live in the canopy because they depend on the abundant canopy because they depend on the abundant flowers & fruits that grow there.flowers & fruits that grow there.

The The understoryunderstory is the foliage layer that is the foliage layer that is beneath & shaded by the main canopy is beneath & shaded by the main canopy of a forest.of a forest. Little light reaches this layer allowing only Little light reaches this layer allowing only

trees & shrubs adapted to shade to grow trees & shrubs adapted to shade to grow there.there.

Most plants in the understory do not grow Most plants in the understory do not grow more that 3.5 m tall.more that 3.5 m tall.

Herbs with large flat leaves that grow on the Herbs with large flat leaves that grow on the forest floor capture the small amount of light forest floor capture the small amount of light that penetrates the understory.that penetrates the understory.

Species DiversitySpecies Diversity The diversity of rain-forest vegetation has The diversity of rain-forest vegetation has

led to the evolution of a diverse led to the evolution of a diverse community of animals.community of animals.

Most rainforest animals are specialists Most rainforest animals are specialists that use specific resources in particular that use specific resources in particular ways to avoid competition and have ways to avoid competition and have adapted amazing ways to capture prey & adapted amazing ways to capture prey & avoid predators.avoid predators. Insects use camouflage to avoid predators & Insects use camouflage to avoid predators &

may be shaped like leaves or twigs.may be shaped like leaves or twigs.

All pictures taken in Costa Rica 2005

Threats to Rain ForestsThreats to Rain Forests Every minute of every day, 100 acres of Every minute of every day, 100 acres of tropical rainforest are cleared for logging tropical rainforest are cleared for logging operations, agriculture, & oil exploration. operations, agriculture, & oil exploration.

Exotic-pet trading robs the rain forests of rare Exotic-pet trading robs the rain forests of rare & valuable plant & animal species only found & valuable plant & animal species only found there.there.

Habitat destruction occurs when land inhabited Habitat destruction occurs when land inhabited by an organism is destroyed or altered.by an organism is destroyed or altered.

An estimated 50 million native peoples live in An estimated 50 million native peoples live in tropical rain forests & are also threatened by tropical rain forests & are also threatened by habitat destruction.habitat destruction. Because they obtain nearly everything they need Because they obtain nearly everything they need

form the forest, the loss of their habitat could force form the forest, the loss of their habitat could force them to leave their homes and move into cities.them to leave their homes and move into cities.

This drastic change of lifestyle may then cause the This drastic change of lifestyle may then cause the native peoples too lose their culture & traditions.native peoples too lose their culture & traditions.

Temperate ForestsTemperate Forests Cool, humid weatherCool, humid weather Abundant rainfallAbundant rainfall Tree branches are draped with mosses, trunks Tree branches are draped with mosses, trunks

are covered with lichens, & the forest floor is are covered with lichens, & the forest floor is covered with ferns.covered with ferns.

North America, Australia, & New ZealandNorth America, Australia, & New Zealand Although located north of most other rain forests, Although located north of most other rain forests,

the temperate rain forest of the Pacific Northwest the temperate rain forest of the Pacific Northwest still maintains a moderate temperature year round.still maintains a moderate temperature year round.

It rarely freezes because the nearby Pacific Ocean It rarely freezes because the nearby Pacific Ocean waters keep temperatures mild by blowing cool waters keep temperatures mild by blowing cool ocean water over the forest.ocean water over the forest.

As the ocean winds meet the costal Olympic As the ocean winds meet the costal Olympic Mountains, a large amount of rainfall is produced Mountains, a large amount of rainfall is produced which keeps the temperature cool & moist.which keeps the temperature cool & moist.

Temperate Deciduous Temperate Deciduous ForestsForests

Have trees that shed their leaves in the fallHave trees that shed their leaves in the fall Located between 30º & 50º north latitudeLocated between 30º & 50º north latitude Extreme temperature rangeExtreme temperature range

Summer temps soaring to 35ºC and winter temps Summer temps soaring to 35ºC and winter temps often falling below freezingoften falling below freezing

75 to 125 cm of precipitation annually 75 to 125 cm of precipitation annually Helps to decompose dead organic matter Helps to decompose dead organic matter

contributing to the rich soils of the forestcontributing to the rich soils of the forest

Plants of Deciduous Plants of Deciduous ForestsForests

Grow in layers with tall trees dominating the Grow in layers with tall trees dominating the canopy while shrubs cover the understorycanopy while shrubs cover the understory

More light reaches deciduous forest floors than More light reaches deciduous forest floors than rain forests floors allowing more plants to grow.rain forests floors allowing more plants to grow.

Plants are adapted to survive seasonal Plants are adapted to survive seasonal changes. changes. In the fall and winter, trees shed their leaves and In the fall and winter, trees shed their leaves and

seeds go dormant under the insulation of the soil. seeds go dormant under the insulation of the soil. With the returning warmth in the spring, the trees With the returning warmth in the spring, the trees

grow new leaves & seeds germinate.grow new leaves & seeds germinate.

Animals of Deciduous Animals of Deciduous ForestsForests

Animals are adapted to use forest plants Animals are adapted to use forest plants for both food & shelterfor both food & shelter

Birds can’t survive the harsh winter of the Birds can’t survive the harsh winter of the deciduous forests so they migrate for deciduous forests so they migrate for warmer weather & better availability of warmer weather & better availability of food.food.

Other animals reduce their activity so that Other animals reduce their activity so that they don’t need as much food for energythey don’t need as much food for energy

TaigaTaiga Region of evergreen, coniferous forest Region of evergreen, coniferous forest

below the arctic & subarctic tundra below the arctic & subarctic tundra Long winters & little vegetationLong winters & little vegetation Short growing season Short growing season

As short as 50 days with most plant growth As short as 50 days with most plant growth occurring during the summer months occurring during the summer months because of nearly constant daylight & larger because of nearly constant daylight & larger amounts of precipitationamounts of precipitation

Plants of the TaigaPlants of the Taiga A A coniferconifer is a tree that has seeds that develop is a tree that has seeds that develop

in cones. in cones. Arrow shape of leaf & waxy coating helps to Arrow shape of leaf & waxy coating helps to

retain waterretain water Shape helps shed snow to the ground & not Shape helps shed snow to the ground & not

get weighed downget weighed down Needles contain substances that make the soil Needles contain substances that make the soil

acidic when they fall to the ground preventing acidic when they fall to the ground preventing plants from growing on the floorplants from growing on the floor

Soil forms slowly because the climate & acidity Soil forms slowly because the climate & acidity slow decomposition.slow decomposition.

Animals of the TaigaAnimals of the Taiga Many lakes and swamps that in the Many lakes and swamps that in the

summer attract birds that feed on insectssummer attract birds that feed on insects Many birds migrateMany birds migrate Some animals burrow underground for Some animals burrow underground for

better insulationbetter insulation Some animals have adapted to avoid Some animals have adapted to avoid

predation by shedding their brown predation by shedding their brown summer fur & growing white fur that summer fur & growing white fur that camouflages them in the snow.camouflages them in the snow.

Mother moose and twin calves

Wolves

Grizzly bear cubs

Caribou Crossing

Porcupine

All pictures taken in Alaska 2007

1.List the 4 layers of plant growth of a tropical rain forest from highest to lowest.

2._______are plants that use another plant for support but not for nourishment, & are located on high trees in the canopy.

3.Contrast the conifers of the taiga with deciduous trees.

ObjectivesObjectives

DescribeDescribe the difference between tropical the difference between tropical and temperate grasslands.and temperate grasslands.

DescribeDescribe the climate in a chaparral the climate in a chaparral biome.biome.

DescribeDescribe two desert animals and the two desert animals and the adaptations that help them survive.adaptations that help them survive.

DescribeDescribe one threat to the tundra biome. one threat to the tundra biome.

StandardsStandards

SEV2c, dSEV2c, d

Grassland, Desert, and Grassland, Desert, and Tundra BiomesTundra Biomes

In climates that have less rainfall, forest In climates that have less rainfall, forest biomes are replaced by savanna, grassland, & biomes are replaced by savanna, grassland, & chaparral biomes.chaparral biomes. As even less rain falls in these biomes, they change As even less rain falls in these biomes, they change

into desert & tundra biomes.into desert & tundra biomes.

As precipitation decreases in an area, the As precipitation decreases in an area, the diversity of the species in the area also diversity of the species in the area also decreases. But, the number of individuals of decreases. But, the number of individuals of each species present may still be very large.each species present may still be very large.

SavannasSavannas Plains full of grasses & scattered trees & Plains full of grasses & scattered trees &

shrubs that are found in tropical & subtropical shrubs that are found in tropical & subtropical habitatshabitats

Found mainly in regions with a dry climateFound mainly in regions with a dry climate Receive little precipitation throughout the year, Receive little precipitation throughout the year,

but do have a wet & a dry seasonbut do have a wet & a dry season Many animals are only active during the wet Many animals are only active during the wet

season. season. Grass fires help to restore nutrients to the soil Grass fires help to restore nutrients to the soil

during the dry season.during the dry season.

Plants of the SavannaPlants of the Savanna Must be able to survive prolonged periods Must be able to survive prolonged periods

without waterwithout water Some have large horizontal root systems to Some have large horizontal root systems to

help them survive the dry season help them survive the dry season These roots enable the plant to grow quickly after a These roots enable the plant to grow quickly after a

fire.fire. The grasses have coarse vertical leaves that The grasses have coarse vertical leaves that

expose less surface area to help conserve expose less surface area to help conserve water, while some trees shed their leaves.water, while some trees shed their leaves.

Almost all have thorns for protectionAlmost all have thorns for protection

Animals of the SavannaAnimals of the Savanna Grazing herbivores have migratory ways of life, Grazing herbivores have migratory ways of life,

following the rains to areas of new grass & following the rains to areas of new grass & fresh watering holes. fresh watering holes. Predators often stalk these animals for food.Predators often stalk these animals for food.

Many give birth only during the rainy season, Many give birth only during the rainy season, when food is abundant & the young are more when food is abundant & the young are more likely to survive.likely to survive.

Some species of herbivores reduce Some species of herbivores reduce competition for food by eating vegetation at competition for food by eating vegetation at different heights than other species do.different heights than other species do.

Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands Dominated by grassesDominated by grasses Few treesFew trees Hot summers & cold wintersHot summers & cold winters Intermediate amount of rainfall (between a forest Intermediate amount of rainfall (between a forest

and a desert)and a desert) Fertile soil Fertile soil Few remain because many have been replaced Few remain because many have been replaced

by grazing areas & farms growing crops such as by grazing areas & farms growing crops such as corn, soybeans, & wheat.corn, soybeans, & wheat.

Located on the interiors of continents where too Located on the interiors of continents where too little rain falls for trees to growlittle rain falls for trees to grow Prairies of North AmericaPrairies of North America

Heavy precipitation is rare, making them Heavy precipitation is rare, making them susceptible to fires.susceptible to fires.

Plants of Temperate Plants of Temperate GrasslandsGrasslands The roots system of prairie grasses form dense The roots system of prairie grasses form dense

layers that survive drought & fire allowing the layers that survive drought & fire allowing the plants to come back from year to year.plants to come back from year to year.

Few trees survive because of the lack of Few trees survive because of the lack of rainfall, fire, & the constant winds.rainfall, fire, & the constant winds.

The amount of rainfall determines the types of The amount of rainfall determines the types of plants that will grow in that area with varying plants that will grow in that area with varying root depth & grass height.root depth & grass height.

Animals of Temperate Animals of Temperate GrasslandsGrasslands

Some grazing animals have large, flat Some grazing animals have large, flat teeth for chewing the coarse prairie teeth for chewing the coarse prairie grasses.grasses.

Others live in underground burrows that Others live in underground burrows that protect them from predators on the open protect them from predators on the open grasslands.grasslands.

Threats to Temperate Threats to Temperate GrasslandsGrasslands

Farming & overgrazing Farming & overgrazing Grains crops can’t hold the soil in place as well Grains crops can’t hold the soil in place as well

as native grasses can because the roots of as native grasses can because the roots of crops are shallow, so soil erosion eventually crops are shallow, so soil erosion eventually occurs.occurs.

Erosion is also caused as the grasses are Erosion is also caused as the grasses are constantly eaten & trampled.constantly eaten & trampled.

Constant use can change the fruitful Constant use can change the fruitful grasslands into desert-like biomes.grasslands into desert-like biomes.

ChaparralChaparral Temperate woodland biome with Temperate woodland biome with

vegetation that includes broad leafed vegetation that includes broad leafed evergreen shrubs & is located in areas evergreen shrubs & is located in areas with hot, dry summers & mild, wet with hot, dry summers & mild, wet winters.winters.

Located in the middle latitudes, about 30° Located in the middle latitudes, about 30° north & south of the equatornorth & south of the equator

Primarily in coastal areas that have Primarily in coastal areas that have Mediterranean climatesMediterranean climates

Plants of the ChaparralPlants of the Chaparral Most are low-lying, evergreen shrubs & small Most are low-lying, evergreen shrubs & small

trees that grow in dense patches trees that grow in dense patches chamise, manzanita, scrub oak, & herbs like sage & chamise, manzanita, scrub oak, & herbs like sage &

baybay

Have small, leathery leaves that contain oils Have small, leathery leaves that contain oils that promote burning, allowing natural fires to that promote burning, allowing natural fires to destroy competing treesdestroy competing trees Well adapted to fire & can resprout from small bits Well adapted to fire & can resprout from small bits

of surviving plant tissueof surviving plant tissue

Animals of the ChaparralAnimals of the Chaparral A common adaptation is camouflageA common adaptation is camouflage

Animals such as quail, lizards, chipmunks, Animals such as quail, lizards, chipmunks, and mule deer have a brownish gray and mule deer have a brownish gray coloring that lets them move through the coloring that lets them move through the brush without being noticed.brush without being noticed.

Threats to the ChaparralThreats to the Chaparral Greatest threat is human developmentGreatest threat is human development

Humans tend to develop lands for Humans tend to develop lands for commercial & residential use because these commercial & residential use because these biomes get a lot of sun, are near the oceans, biomes get a lot of sun, are near the oceans, & have a mild climate year round.& have a mild climate year round.

DesertsDeserts HHave little or no vegetation, long periods ave little or no vegetation, long periods

without rain, & extreme temperatureswithout rain, & extreme temperatures There are hot & cold deserts, but all are There are hot & cold deserts, but all are

the driest places on Earth.the driest places on Earth. Usually near large mountain ranges Usually near large mountain ranges

because mountains can block the because mountains can block the passage of moisture-filled clouds, limiting passage of moisture-filled clouds, limiting precipitationprecipitation

Plants of the DesertPlants of the Desert Have adaptations for obtaining & Have adaptations for obtaining &

conserving water, which allows the plants conserving water, which allows the plants to live in dry, desert conditions.to live in dry, desert conditions. SucculentsSucculents have thick, fleshy stems & have thick, fleshy stems &

leaves that conserve water. leaves that conserve water. Leaves have waxy coatingLeaves have waxy coating Sharp spinesSharp spines Roots spread out just under the surface Roots spread out just under the surface

Animals of the DesertAnimals of the Desert Adapted many different ways to prevent water Adapted many different ways to prevent water

lossloss Reptiles have thick, scaly skin that prevents water Reptiles have thick, scaly skin that prevents water

loss.loss. Amphibians survive by estivating, or burying Amphibians survive by estivating, or burying

themselves in the ground and sleeping through the themselves in the ground and sleeping through the dry season. dry season.

Insects are covered with body armor that helps Insects are covered with body armor that helps them retain water.them retain water.

Most are nocturnalMost are nocturnal

TundraTundra Treeless plain Treeless plain Located in the Arctic or Antarctic Located in the Arctic or Antarctic Very low winter tempsVery low winter temps Short, cool summers, so only the top few Short, cool summers, so only the top few

centimeters of soil thawcentimeters of soil thaw PermafrostPermafrost is the permanently frozen is the permanently frozen

layer of soil or subsoil & can be found in layer of soil or subsoil & can be found in the tundra regions.the tundra regions.

Vegetation consists of grasses, lichens, Vegetation consists of grasses, lichens, &perennial herbs&perennial herbs

This picture was taken in Alaska 2007. Notice the retreating glacier. Why is that happening?The conifers are leaning. The locals said that it was because they were “drunken” trees. What would really cause them to lean?

Vegetation of the TundraVegetation of the Tundra Mosses & lichens cover rocks Mosses & lichens cover rocks Thin soil, so they have wide, shallow roots to Thin soil, so they have wide, shallow roots to

help anchor them help anchor them Most are short, which keeps them out of the Most are short, which keeps them out of the

wind & helps them absorb heat from the sunlit wind & helps them absorb heat from the sunlit soil. soil.

Woody plants & perennials have evolved dwarf Woody plants & perennials have evolved dwarf forms that grow flat along the ground.forms that grow flat along the ground.

This picture was taken in Alaska 2007. Notice the lack of tall vegetation & the orange lichens on the rocks.

Animals of the TundraAnimals of the Tundra Millions of migratory birds fly to the tundra to Millions of migratory birds fly to the tundra to

breed in the summer when food is abundant.breed in the summer when food is abundant. Migrate in search of food and water. Migrate in search of food and water. Hunters prey on migratory caribou, deer, and Hunters prey on migratory caribou, deer, and

moose.moose. Burrow underground to avoid the cold. Burrow underground to avoid the cold. Lose their brown summer coat for white furLose their brown summer coat for white fur

This picture was taken in Alaska 2007. What is this thing?

Threats to the TundraThreats to the Tundra One of the most fragile biomes on the One of the most fragile biomes on the

planetplanet The food chains are relatively simple so they The food chains are relatively simple so they

are easily disrupted.are easily disrupted. Until recently these areas have been Until recently these areas have been

undisturbed by humans. undisturbed by humans. Oil was located in parts of the tundra, & oil Oil was located in parts of the tundra, & oil

exploration, extraction, & transport has exploration, extraction, & transport has disrupted many habitats (poison food/water).disrupted many habitats (poison food/water).

1. A forest with the greatest species diversity would be located near the _______.

2. In the tundra, the frozen layer of soil just below the surface is the ______.

3. Many forest biomes are experiencing _____ destruction.

4. Plants and animals of a particular biome have ______ that help them to survive.

1. The climate of a biome is determined mostly by

average ____ & precipitation.2. During harsh winters, animals of the ____ have

adaptations such as the ability to change color to avoid predators.

3. The ____ layer of the tropical rain forest receives the most sunlight.

1. How do animals that live in the desert deal with the (often) dry, hot conditions?

2. What types of plants are typically found in the Taiga?

3. The _____ is found in coastal areas with Mediterranean-style climates.

Chapter 6 Review

P. 175 #10-18 only P. 176 #24-26 only

1. Why are tropical rain forests threatened?

2. Every minute of every day, ____ acres of tropical rain forest are cleared.