vocabulary words. acceleration the rate at which velocity is changing in magnitude, direction or...
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Vocabulary Words
Acceleration
The rate at which velocity is changing in magnitude, direction or
both
Average Speed
Path distance divided by time interval
Elapsed Time
Time that passed since the beginning of an event
Free Fall
Motion under the influence of the gravitational force
Instantaneous Speed
Speed at any instant of time
Rate
How much something changes per unit of time
Relative
Regarded in relation to something else
Speed
How fast something is moving, distance moved over time
Velocity
Speed together with the direction of motion
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENT
One of the vectors, often mutually perpendicular, whose sum is a resultant vector.
Projectile
An object that moves through the air or space acted on only by gravity.
Resolution
The process of determining the components of a vector.
Resultant
The vector sum of two or more component vectors.
Satellite
An object that falls around Earth or some other body rather than into it.
Scalar Quantity
A scaled amount only.
Vector
An arrow whose length represents the magnitude of a quantity and whose direction represents the direction of the quantity.
Vector Quantity
Includes a magnitude and direction.
KEY TERMS: CHAPTER 4
EQUILIBRIUM
In general, a state of balance
FORCE
ANY PUSH OR PULL
FRICTION
THE FORCE THAT RESISTS RELATIVE MOTION OF OBJECTS OR MATERIALS THAT ARE IN CONTACT
INERTIA
THE RELUCTANCE OF ANY BODY TO CHANGE ITS STATE OF MOTION
KILOGRAM
SI UNIT OF MOTION
LAW OF INERTIA
EVERY BODY CONTINUES IN ITS STATE OF REST OR MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE AT A CONSTANT SPEED UNLESS COMPELLED TO CHAGE THAT STATE BY A NET FORCE EXERTED UPON IT
MASS
THE AMOUNT OF MATTER IN AN OBJECT
NET FORCE
THE COMBINATION OF ALL OF THE FORCES THAT ACT ON AN OBJECT
NEWTON
SI UNIT OF FORCE
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
THE LAW OF INERTIA
NORMAL FORCE
FOR AN OBJECT RESTING ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE THE UPWARD FORCE THAT BALANCES THE WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT
SUPPORT FORCE
FORCE THAT COMPLETELY BALANCES THE WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT AT REST
WEIGHT
THE FORCE ON A BODY DUE TO THE GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION OF ANOTHER BODY
CHAPTER 5Newton’s second law of motion- force and acceleration
Air resistance
Friction, or drag, that acts on something moving through the air.
Fluid
Anything that flows, in particular, any liquid or gas.
Free-body diagram
A diagram showing all the forces acting on an object.
Inversely
When two values change in opposite directions, so that if one is doubled the other is reduced to one half, they are said to be inversely proportional to each other.
Newton’s second law
The acceleration produced by a net force on a body is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
Pascal
The SI unit of pressure. One Pascal of pressure exerts a normal force of one Newton per square meter.
Pressure
Force per surface area where the force is normal to the surface; measured in Pascals.
Terminal Velocity
Terminal speed together with the direction (down for falling objects).
Terminal speed
The speed at which the acceleration of a falling object is zero because friction balances the weight.
CHAPTER SIXKey Terms
One of the pair of forces described in Newton’s Third Law
Action Force
A mutual action between objects where each object exerts an equal but opposite force on the other
Interaction
Whenever one body exerts a force on another body the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first
Newton’s Third Law
The force that is equal in strength and opposite in direction to the action force, which acts simultaneously on whatever is exerting the action force
Reaction Force
MOMENTUMChapter 7 Vocabulary
CONSERVED
Electric charge that remains unchanged during interactions
ELASTIC COLLISION
Colliding objects rebound without lasting deformation or heat generation
IMPULSEProduct of force and time interval during which force acts
INELASTIC COLLISION
Colliding objects become distorted and\or generate heat during the collision
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Absence of a net external force, the momentum of an object or system of objects is unchanged
MOMENTUM (LINEAR MOMENTUM)
Product of mass and the velocity of an object-Has Magnitude and direction
ENERGYChapter 8 Vocabulary
EFFICIENCYUseful work output divided by the total work input
ENERGYEnables an object to do something
FULCRUMPivot point
JOULESI unit of work
KINETIC ENERGY
Energy of motion equal to half the mass, multiplied by the speed squared
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy can’t be created or destroyed
LEVERMachine made of bar that turns about a fixed point
MACHINE
Device used to multiple forces or simply to change direction of forces
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGERatio of output force to the input
MECHANICAL ENERGYEnergy due to position or movement of something
POTENTIAL ENERGYStored and held in readiness
POWER
Rate at which work is done or energy is transformed, equal to the work done or energy transformed divided by time
-Measured in Watts
PULLEYKind of lever used to change direction of a force
WATTSI unit of power
WORK
The product of a force of an object and the distance through which the object is moved
WORK-ENERGY THEOREMStates that whenever work is done, energy changes
CHAPTER 9
Shawna Foyle, Brittany Pyeritz, Mark Shandrick
AXiS
The straight line around which an object may rotate or revolve. A horizontal or vertical reference line in
a graph
CENTRiFUGAL FORCE
• The outward force on a rotating or revolving body- Fictitious (made up)
CENTRiPETAL FORCE
• The center directed force that causes
an object to move in a curved path
Linear Speed
• The path of distance moved per unit of time
- Aka speed
Revolution
• Motion of an object turning around
an axis outside the object
Rotation
•The spinning motion that takes place
when an object rotates about an axis - Located within the object
Rotational Speed
• The number of rotations or revolutions per unit of time- Measured in revolutions per minute
- RPM
Tangential Speed
•The speed of an object moving around a circular path
CHAPTER 10
Center of Gravity
• Point at the center of an objects weight distribution where the force of gravity can be considered to act
Center of Mass
• Point at the center of an objects mass distribution where all its mass can be
considered to be concentrated
Neutral Equilibrium
• The state of an object balanced so any small movement neither raises nor
lowers its center of gravity
Stable Equilibrium
• The state of an object balanced so that any small displacement or rotation raises
the center of gravity
Unstable Equilibrium
The state of an object balance so any small displacement or rotation lowers
center of gravity
VOCAB FOR CHPT. !!-!2
By Steve SchottNick Pesanka&Jake Pulsifer
Ch. 11
Angular momentum
Ch. 11
The production of rotational inertia
and rotational velocity.
Ch. 11
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Ch. 11
If no unbalanced external torque acts on a rotating system
the angular momentum of that system is constant.
Ch. 11
LEVER ARM
Ch. 11
The perpendicular distance between an axis and the line of
action of a force that tends to produce
rotation about the axis.
Ch. 11
Linear momentum
Ch. 11
Product of the mass and the velocity of an object, a.k.a. momentum
Ch. 11
Rotational inertia
Ch.11
The reluctance of an object to change its
state of rotation, determined by the distribution of the mass of the object
in the location of the axis of rotation or
revolution.
Ch. 11
Rotational Velocity
Ch. 11
Rotational speed together with a direction for the axis of
rotation or revolution.
Ch. 11
The rotational analog of force is _______.
Hint:Tends to produce
rotational acceleration.
Ch. 11
Torque
DUH.
Moving to Ch. 12
Inverse Square law
Ch. 12
The weakening of gravity
with distance.
Ch. 12
Which law states that:
Every object attracts every other object with a force that for any two objects is directly proportional to the mass of
each object.
Ch. 12
Law of universal
gravitation
Ch. 12
Perturbation
Ch.12
The deviation of an orbiting object from its path around a center of force caused by the action of an additional
center of force.
Ch. 12
Universal Gravitational
Constant
Ch.12
A constant G in the equation for Newton’s
law of universal gravitation; measures
the strength of gravity.
CH 32& 33. Holl Ball Madeja&Kelsey Lloyd
Electrical Forces.
A force that one charge exerts on another.
Electrostatics.
Electricity at rest.
Charge.
The attracting and repelling behavior.
Conservation of Charge.
Charge is not created or destroyed but can be transferred.
Coulomb’s Law.
F = k q1 – q2 / d^2
Coulomb.
SI unit for charge.
Conductors.
Good for the motion of electrical charges.
Insulators.
Poor conductors of electricity.
Semiconductors.
Behaves sometimes as insulators& sometimes as conductors.
Superconductors.
At temps near absolute zero these materials require infinite conductivity.
Induced.
Electrical charge that distributes on another object because of a nearby charge.
Induction.
The charging of an object without direct conduct.
Grounding.
Allowing charges to move freely along a connection between a conductor and the ground.
Electrically Polarized.
Charges are aligned so that one side is slightly more positive than negative.
Electric field.
A force field around every electrical charge or any group of charges.
Electrical Potential Energy.
Energy a charge has due to it’s location in an electric field.
Electric Potential.
Electric potential energy per coulomb at a location in an electric field.
Volt.
SI unit for electric potential.
Voltage.
Electric potential.
Capacitor.
A device where electrical energy can be stored.
Alternating CurrentAc current that repeatedly changes direction
AmpereSI unit for electrical current
DiodeAn electircal device that restricts the current
to flow in one direction
Direct CurrentDc current that moves in only one direction
Electric CurrentThe flow of electric charge, measured in amps
Electric PowerThe rate at which electrical energy in
converted into another form of energy
Electric ResistanceResistance of a material to the flow of an
electric current
OhmSI unit for electrical current
Ohm’s Law
The Statement that the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the
voltage impressed across the circuit, and is inversely proportional to the
resistance of the circiuit
Potential DifferenceThe difference in electrical potential
CircuitAny Path along which electrons can flow
In ParallelForms branches that electrical current can
travel along to get to the devices
In SeriesSingle path for the flow of electricity
Parallel CircuitDevices that are connected to the same
two spots so that the current can flow through each device individually
Schematic DiagramA diagram of a circuit that uses symbols to
show devices
Series CircuitA circuit that in which the flow of electricity
must flow through each device in turn