voiced and voiceless plosives: word-final position english...

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English Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5-2: English consonants in detail 2 KAMIYAMA, Takeki [email protected] 8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5 2 Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position Observe the consonant at the end end of the following words: /k/ /g/ Then compare them with the consonant at the beginning of the following words in French: •/bak/ (« bac ») •/bag/ (« bague ») 8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5 3 /k/ /g/ clipping clipping ( preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened ) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicing voicing) 8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5 4 Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel /bæk/ [bæ̆ ̆ k] Devoicing (no clipping) Devoicing (no clipping) /bæg/ [g̥ ̥ (or g̊ ̊ )] Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position

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Page 1: Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position English …ircoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/uploads/ircoedu... · Lecture 5-2: English consonants in detail

English Phonetics and Phonology

Lecture 5-2: English consonants in detail 2

KAMIYAMA, [email protected]

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 52

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:

• /bækk/• /bægg/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /bakk/ (« bac »)• /bagg/ (« bague »)

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 53

/bækk/ /bægg/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5

4

Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowelClipping: shortening of the preceding vowel• /bæk/• [bææ k]

Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /bæg/• [bægg (or gg )]

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

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8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 55

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless plosive (//p p t t kk//)in the same syllable: /bæk/ [bææ k].

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 56

Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[bb d d g g (or gg )], as in /bæg/ [bægg (or gg )].

• But the explosion noise tends to be smallerthan that of voiceless ones (//p t k//) in thesame position.

• The preceding vowel is not clipped.

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 57

N.B. Clipping and long/short vowels

What happens to the following words?• /biːd/• /biːt/• /bɪd/• /bɪt/

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 58

/biːd/ /bɪt/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortenedpreceding vowel shortened))

/biːt/ /bɪd/

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2. Voiced and voiceless fricatives

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 510

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:

• /feɪss/• /feɪzz/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /fass/ (« face »)• /fazz/ (« phase »)

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 511

/feɪss/ /feɪzz/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5

12

Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel

• /feɪs/• [feeɪɪs]

Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /feɪz/• [feɪzz ]

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

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8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 513

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless fricative (//f f θθ s sʃʃ//) in the same syllable: /feɪs/ [feeɪɪs].

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 514

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //v v ð z ð z ʒʒ// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[vv ð ð z z ʒʒ (or ʒʒ)], as in /feɪz/ [feɪzz ].

• But they tend to be shorter, and the frictionnoise tends to be smaller than that of voicelesscounterparts (//f θ s ʃ//) in the same position.

• The preceding vowel is not clipped.

3. Voiced and voiceless affricates

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 516

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position

• Observe the consonant at the beginning ofthe following words:

• /ttʃʃeɪn/• /ddʒʒeɪn/

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8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 517

/ttʃʃeɪn/ /ddʒʒeɪn/

aspiration (long aspiration (long hissing hissing noise)noise) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5

18

AspirationAspiration• /tʃeɪn/• [ttʃʰʃʰeɪn]

Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /dʒeɪn/• [dd ʒʒeɪn]

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 519

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial/medial position

• As in plosives, the voicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// isaspiratedaspirated [ttʃʰʃʰ], (/tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn]).

• The voicedvoiced affricate //ddʒʒ// is totally or partiallydevoiceddevoiced [dd ʒʒ] in word-initial position.

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 520

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position

• Observe the consonant at the end of thefollowing words:

• /eɪttʃʃ/• /eɪddʒʒ/

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8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 521

/eɪttʃʃ/ /eɪddʒʒ/

clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5

22

Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel

• /eɪtʃ/• [eeɪɪtʃ]

Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /eɪdʒ/• [eɪdd ʒʒ]

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 523

Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position

• As in plosives and fricatives, a vowel isclippedclipped (shortened) when followed by avoicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// in the same syllable:/eɪtʃ/ [eeɪɪtʃ].

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 524

Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• As in plosives and fricatives, the voicedvoicedaffricate //ddʒʒ// is devoiceddevoiced totally or partially inword-final position (especially in utterance-finalposition) [dd ʒʒ], as in /eɪdʒ/ [eIdd ʒʒ].

• But the friction noise tends to be smaller thanthat of the voiceless counterpart //tʃ// in thesame position.

• The preceding vowel is not clipped.

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4. Approximants

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 526

Approximants:After a word-initial plosive

• Observe the palato-alveolar (post-alveolar)approximant in the following words:

• /krræb/• /grræb/• Then compare them with the consonants at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /kʁʁab/ (« crabe »)• /gʁʁa/ (« gras »)

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 527

/krræb/ /grræb/

partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5

28

/krræb/ /grræb/

voicedvoiced

(soft) palate

tongue

vocal foldvibration

vocal foldvibration

(soft) palate

tongue

partially devoicedpartially devoiced

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8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 529

Approximants:After a word-initial plosive

• Observe the lateral approximant in thefollowing words:

• /kllɑːs/• /gllɑːs/• Then compare them with the consonants at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /kllas/ (« classe »)• /glas/ (« glace »)

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 530

/kllɑːs/ /gllɑːs/

partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 531

Approximants:After a word-initial plosive

• Observe the approximants in the followingwords:

• /kjjuːt/• /twwɪn/

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 532

/kjjuːt/ /twwɪn/

partially devoicedpartially devoiced partially devoicedpartially devoiced

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8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 533

Approximants: After a voiceless plosive

• In English, approximantsapproximants //l l r j r j ww// are oftenpartially devoiceddevoiced after a voiceless plosive,especially in a word-initial stressed syllable:[l l rr j j w w ], as in /klɑːs/ [kl l ɑˑs], /kræb/[krr æb ], /kjuːt/ [kjj uˑt], /twɪn/ [tww ɪn].

8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 534

Summary

/p t k tʃ/ voicelessplosives and affricate

/b d g dʒ/ voicedplosives and affricate

/f θ s ʃ/ voicelessfricatives

/v ð z ʒ/ voicedfricatives/l r j w/ approximantspreceded by a plosive

after /s/before /s/,after aplosive

word-initialstressed

others word-final

devoicingno clipping

devoicingno clipping

voiced

partially devoiced

voiced

strongly aspirated aspirated (prec. V)

clipping

(prec. V)clipping

no aspiration

devoiced can bedevoiced

voiceless