voip diplomna
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
1/127
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
2/127
2
4.2.4. G.722 ............................................................................................................... 43
4.3. ............................................ 444.3.1. MOS ............................................................................................................................ 454.3.2. E Model ....................................................................................................................... 464.3.3. RTCP XR ..................................................................................................................... 46
5. , IP .............................................. 47
5.1. ..................................................................................................... 475.1.1. ............................................................................................................... 47
5.1.1.1. .......................................................... 495.1.1.2. ........................................................................................ 525.1.1.3. .................................................... 535.1.1.4. ........................................................... 54
5.1.2. ................................................................................. 585.1.3. ............................................................................................................... 615.1.4. ....................................................................................................................... 635.1.5. ...................................................................................................... 64
5.1.6. ................................................................. 655.1.6.1. .......................................................................................... 655.1.6.2. LAN .............................................................................................. 675.1.6.3. .................................................................................................................. 685.1.6.4. ........................................................................................................... 685.1.6.5. ....................................................................................... 70
5.2. ........................................................... 705.2.1. 802.1p/Q..................................................................... 725.2.2. DiffServ.......................... 735.2.3. (CAC)................................................. 745.2.4. IP .......................................................................................... 75
6. VoIP .......................................................... 76
6.1. IP ............................................................ 766.1.1. ........................................................................ 776.1.2. .................................................................. 796.1.3. .............................................................. 796.1.4. IP .......................... 80
6.2. .............................................................................. 806.2.1. ............................................................................... 826.2.2. ............................................................................... 83
6.3. .................................................................................. 846.3.1. ....................................................................................................... 856.3.2. ..................................................................................... 856.3.3. -........... 866.3.4. -..... 86
6.3.4.1. ............................................................................................................ 866.3.4.2. .......................................................................................................................... 866.3.4.3. ............................................................................................................................... 87
7. VoIP .............................. 88
7.1. Frame Relay ......... 907.1.2. Frame Relay ............................ 95
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
3/127
3
7.1.3. ................................................................................... 967.1.4. .............................................. 97
7.2. IP 1007.2.2. .. 1027.2.3. ........... 1047.2.4. ............................................................................. 105
7.3. ................... 1077.3.1. ............................................................ 1087.3.2. ........... 110
7.4. IP ......... 113
8. ............................................................................................... 119
............................................................................... 122
....................................................... 125
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
4/127
1. 4
1.
1.1.
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
, .
. ,
.
, .
-
.
.
.
,
. ,
,
, . VoIP
,
. VoIP,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
5/127
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
6/127
1. 6
. VoIP IP ,
, .
IP
, IP
, .
, VoIP
.
VoIP ,
. VoIP
, ,
.
VoIP , ,
2005 - IP
, .
VoIP
.
VoIP - , -
, .
1.2.
VoIP
, , ,
.
IP ,
.
VoIP,
IP .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
7/127
1. 7
IP ,
.
, ,
. , - ,
,
,
- ,
,
.
1.3.
e .
,
.
1
. 2 IP ,
.
, IP
.
3 VoIP ,
, ,
,
.
4 , VoIP .
- , ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
8/127
1. 8
,
.
5 ,
IP . ,
.
6 VoIP
.
,
.
7
.
.
.
, VoIP .
8 ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
9/127
2. IPT 9
2. IPT
2.1. VoIP IPT
IPT IP -
Voice over IP VoIP. VoIP
IPT .
IP-PBX . , ,
, IP . ,
- , ,
, IP-PBX .
, IP
IP
,
.
IP .
, - VoIP, IPT,
[7].
2.2.
VoIP
.
,
, . ,
, ,
.
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
10/127
2. IPT 10
.
.
.
(Frequency Division Multiplexing - FDM)
.
.
.
- ,
.
-
, . -
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
(PSTN),
[6]. PSTN , ,
, ,
, :
,
-.
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
11/127
2. IPT 11
. ,
PSTN , .
, ,
, .
.
, E1 OC-192c/STM-64.
DS-0 , ,
64 Kbps.
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
Signaling System Seven (SS7) -,
- ,
, ,
. , ,
PSTN .
(SCP) .
(SSP)
SS7. SS7
.
SS7 ,
. ,
PSTN (STP).
, MTP.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
12/127
2. IPT 12
, ,
.
SS7 ,
.
. -
,
.
,
,
(. 2.1). ,
, ,
, . ,
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
. , ,
, .
.
,
,
. ,
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
13/127
2. IPT 13
.
, ,
.
2.1.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G H I J K L M N O
P Q RS T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G H I J K L M N O
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G H I J K L M N O
P Q RS T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G H I J K L M NO
P Q RS T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G H I J K L M NO
P Q RS T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
ABC DEF
G H I J K L M NO
P Q R S T U V W XY Z
/
2.3. VoIP
, VoIP
, . VoIP
,
, .
,
VoIP :
/
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
14/127
2. IPT 14
IP
2.3.1.
,
,
(- )
, .
, , ,
.
,
- IP PSTN. RTP
, ,
. PSTN, ,
, VoIP
, VoIP
.
.
, VoIP .
- :
,
VoIP , .
PSTN, DS-1, DS-3, E3,OC-3,
STM-1 .
, VoIP
. , xDSL
.
VoIP .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
15/127
2. IPT 15
,
VoIP .
,
VoIP .
2.3.2.
VoIP [2].
.
IP ,
/, ,
. PSTN,
SS7, ,
VoIP .. VoIP
. ,
, ,
. , ,
,
,
.
. ,
VoIP ,
. , PSTN
VoIP , .
, .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
16/127
2. IPT 16
2.3.3. IP
VoIP
, (. 2.2).
2.2.IP
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
GHI J K L M NO
P Q R S T U V W X YZ
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A BC DE F
G H I J KL M NO
P QR S T UV W X YZ
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C D E F
G H I J K L MNO
P Q R S T U V W X YZ
VVVV
VVVV
VVVV
IP
.
,
, .
, ,
. IP
.
,
IP
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
17/127
2. IPT 17
2.4. IP
IP ,
Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11b/g/a, -
VoIP VoIP
IP . ,
VoIP , ,
IP ,
. GSM ,
,
, VoIP .
, .
Wi-Fi
. ,
,
,
.
, Windows, IP
. ,
IPT ,
.
, IP
. ,
VoIP ,
. -
. ,
IP [1].
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
18/127
2. IPT 18
,
OSI .
VLAN , IP
.
, ,
, .
VLAN , VLAN
, -
.
2.5. IP
IP .
,
- Power over Ethernet (PoE) [13]. PoE
48 V DC
100 . IEEE 802.3af PoE, .
IP
,
.
, PoE.
, LAN ,
,
.
PoE, .
IP
. ,
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
19/127
2. IPT 19
.
, , .
.
- - ,
.
(IP ,
), , ,
- ,
PoE, . PoE
-
. -
.
PoE
VoIP . ,
99.9%
. 48
. , UPS
, 99.999%
. IP ,
, ,
, , PoE,
99.999% , ,
IP 99.9% .
99.9% VoIP , -
, .
.
PoE,
IP . ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
20/127
3. VoIP 20
3. VoIP
3.1. VoIP
, IP
, , ,
[14]:
,
IP (. 3.1).
3.1.
3.1.1.
VoIP 1995 ,
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
21/127
3. VoIP 21
. ,
VoIP
. ,
,
. ,
IP , VoIP
,
, .
,
:
3.1.1.1.
,
,
. , IP
, ,
, , 95% [8].
3.1.1.2.
VoIP
, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
22/127
3. VoIP 22
3.1.1.3.
.
,
, .
,
.
VoIP
[8].
, -
.
VPN , ,
IP .
, .
,
,
, .
, IP
. ,
,
, -
.
.
,
WAN . ,
,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
23/127
3. VoIP 23
3.1.1.4.
,
. IP ,
.
,
ISDN ,
.
,
, .
, ,
50%.
. IP
, LAN ,
.
, ,
, .
3.1.2.
VoIP,
, - .
, 2006 . VoIP
-
.
,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
24/127
3. VoIP 24
,
,
.
,
.
,
. IP ,
,
, IP
PDA .
VoIP
, ,
, .
,
,
. ,
. ,
VoIP , ,
.
IP
, .
, ,
.
IP ,
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
25/127
3. VoIP 25
. ,
, ,
.
, .
,
.
VoIP
, .
IPT , IP
,
, .
,
,
.
, IP
, -
. ,
,
.
IP .
,
, ,
IP .
,
. IP ,
, ,
IP . IP ,
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
26/127
3. VoIP 26
, IP ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
3.1.3.
, ,
.
,
. , IP ,
, -
, -
.
.
,
,
. IP
-
- .
- ,
.
BERBEE [7]
,
14%
. ,
. VoIP
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
27/127
3. VoIP 27
, .
, . , VoIP
.
.
3.1.4.
.
, , . IP
,
,
.
VoIP
,
,
.
, ,
. IP
,
.
-.
3.2. - VoIP
, VoIP,
,
. IP
, ,
. ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
28/127
3. VoIP 28
,
.
, , ,
.
VoIP
,
[5]. , ,
IP .
3.2 , IPT .
, .
3.2. IP
IP
,
.
, , .
.
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
29/127
3. VoIP 29
,
, .
, , ,
, .
.
,
, .
,
[5].
. ,
, .
IPT ,
.
.
,
, .
IPT ,
, .
IP
, ,
.
, IPT
:
- ?
?
- ?
- ?
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
30/127
3. VoIP 30
- ?
?
?
,
, .
, IP
,
, .
,
- .
,
- .
,
.
,
,
. , IPT , ,
,
, ,
, .
3.3.
.
.
VoIP
, [3].
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
31/127
3. VoIP 31
,
. - , -
, ,
,
.
,
, , IPT
. ,
,
. , IPT
,
.
,
VoIP .
, .
IPT ,
.
.
3.1 .
3.1 ROI
VoIP 4367
VoIP 1863
2504
22390
1200
VoIP 1000
24590
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
32/127
3. VoIP 32
9.82 .
, ,
, ,
122 %. ,
VoIP .
,
IPT :
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
33/127
4. 33
4.
4.1.
VoIP :
, (ITU)
(IETF).
,
.
4.1.1.
. -
IP :
H.323 (peer-to-peer )
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (peer-to-peer )
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) ( /)
Megaco/H.248 ( /)
Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) ( /)
4.1.1.1. H.323
H.323
[22]. ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
34/127
4. 34
, VoIP . H.323
,
. ,
UDP,
TCP. H.323 ,
.
H.225 Q.931 IP
H.323 .
H.245
, ,
, (, ),
-
RAS H.323
,
H.323 .
, H.323
.
, VoIP .
H.323 (.4.1).
H.323 ,
- ,
.
H.323 -
, ,
IP . , , TCP
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
35/127
4. 35
. 2
H.323, 3, 4 5.
4.1 .323
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
AB C D E F
G H I JK L M N O
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A BC D E F
G H I J K L M N O
P QRS T UV W X Y Z VVVV VVVV
4.1.1.2. Session Initiation Protocol
SIP , ,
OSI . IETF
IP .
TCP UDP. SIP
HTTP SMTP ,
VoIP . SIP
. :
,
.
Session Description Protocol (SDP) .
.
, ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
36/127
4. 36
,
.
, SIP ,
H.323. , ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, .
SIP , ,
SIP
, .
SIP ,
,
. SIP
IP , e-mail URL.
.
SIP
, [6].
,
, SIP
(. 4.2).
, .
. ,
, , ,
, .
H.323 .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
37/127
4. 37
4.2. SIP
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G HI JK L M NO
P QR S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G HI J KL M NO
P Q RS T U V W X Y Z
SIP , ,
, ,
(. 4.3). ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
38/127
4. 38
4.3. SIP
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G H I J K L M N O
P QR S TU V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
AB C D E F
G HI J K L M N O
P Q RS T U V W X Y Z
4.1.1.3. Media Gateway Control Protocol
H.323 SIP, peer-to-peer , MGCP
/. RFC 2705, MGCP
, .
MGCP .
VoIP
.
SDP. ,
, IP .
. , ,
(. 4.5).
. - RTP
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
39/127
4. 39
4.5 MGCP
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G H I J K L M NO
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C D EF
G H I J K L M N O
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z VVVVVVVV
, UDP . MGCP
ATM
.
4.1.1.4. Skinny Client Control Protocol
- VoIP
Cisco SCCP. , /.
,
CallManager. , Cisco IP ,
. IP -
- . CallManager
, , .
CallManager IP
SCCP, , IP
, H.323 MGCP.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
40/127
4. 40
4.1.1.5. Megaco/H.248
Megaco/H.248 , IETF ITU.
MGCP VoIP
[18]. ,
. Megaco/H.248
,
. , Megaco
, .
Megaco , IP
.
4.1.2.
,
.
RTP/RTCP/IP/UDP
4.1.2.1. Real-time Transport Protocol
RTP OSI , UDP
. RFC 1889
RFC 1890 , ,
.
, ,
. RTP
,
,
.
, RTP .
, RTP -
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
41/127
4. 41
IP . , IP
,
RTP .
4.1.2.2. Real Time Control Protocol
Real Time Control Protocol ,
RTP.
, RTP. RTCP
, , , .
, RTCP
, .
RTCP ,
, , ,
. VoIP , ,
. RFC
RTP .
4.1.2.3. Compressed RTP
Compressed RTP (cRTP) RTP,
IP .
IP/UDP/RTP, 40 . cRTP
2 4 ,
. ,
cRTP -
, RTP.
cRTP
. , IP 4
IP .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
42/127
4. 42
,
. ,
cRTP,
,
.
,
.
4.2.
,
.
-
, . ,
, -
(PCM). ,
.
VoIP . , . ,
.
. G.729,
.
LAN , a
, G.711.
,
,
, - .
LAN , WAN -
, .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
43/127
4. 43
,
. - :
4.2.1. G.711
G.711 , VoIP
, .
, , ,
64 Kbps.
4.2.2. G.729
G.729 -
WAN .
, G.729, 8 Kbps,
- G.711.
4.2.3. G.723
G.723 ,
. , G.723, 6.3 5.3
Kbps. - G.729,
- , .
4.2.4. G.722
G.722 G.711 64 Kbps
, .
3.4
KHz, G.722 7 KHz.
[17].
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
44/127
4. 44
, -,
4.1 [19].
4.1. -
(Kbps)
MOS
()
IP/UDP/RTP
()
cRTP
()
()
Ethernet
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 14 85.6 42.8
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 14 70.4 35.2G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 14 29.6 14.8
G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 14 14.4 7.2
PPP
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 6 82.4 41.2
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 6 67.2 33.6
G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 6 26.4 13.2
G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 6 11.2 5.6
G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 40 6 16 8
G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 2 6 8 4
Frame Relay
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 4 81.6 40.8
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 4 66.4 33.2
G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 4 19.7 9.9
G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 4 9.6 4.8
G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 40 4 15.5 7.8
G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 2 4 7.6 3.8
ATM
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 5 106 53
G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 4 4 42.1
G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 2 2.3 14.1
G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 1 14.1 7.1
G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 40 4 22.3 11.1
G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 2 4 11.1 5.6
4.3.
[13]. ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
45/127
4. 45
, ,
.
.
,
,
,
.
4.3.1. MOS
MOS
(Mean Opinion Score) . MOS
,
.
, ,
.
,
, , .
MOS ,
,
,
.
MOS
.
MOS
PESQ
(Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality). PESQ ITU,
P.862,
VoIP .
, PESQ
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
46/127
4. 46
4.3.2. E Model
ITU, G.107.
,
0 100. ,
G.711 50 94.
R=Ro-Is-Id-Ie+A, :
Ro ,
Is ,
Id , ,
Ie
A ,
, ,
.
4.3.3. RTCP XR
, VoIP ,
IETF RTCP XR (RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports). RTCP XR
IP ,
. , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
SNMP
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
47/127
5. 47
IP
5. ,
IP
5.1.
VoIP .
,
VoIP ,
, [20]. -
, IP ,
. , , , ,
. ,
,
. ,
. :
5.1.1.
, . ,
. , ,
. -
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
48/127
5. 48
IP
,
, .
IP
. ,
.
99.999% ,
5.3 , . IP
, ,
[10].
, 99.999% .
, ,
, . IP
Cisco,
, , 99.999%
.
(), Telcordia ( Bellcore),
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. Cisco IP
,
- ,
Cisco CallManager. ,
. ,
(), IP
99.999% .
-.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
49/127
5. 49
IP
, Cisco
, -
.
120 , ,
.
.
99.999% .
Cisco .
60000 150000 .
100000 ,
99.996% 21 . ,
99.999% ,
99.95% .
IP
, :
N+1 ,
CallManager . ,
, .
5.1.1.1.
Telcordia
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
50/127
5. 50
IP
. IP
, .
IP Cisco CallManager ,
IP
.
, ( ), ,
. ,
.
.
(. 5.1 5.2).
5.1.
WS-6509 369,897 4. 99.99892%
WS-CAC-1300W 316,456 4. 99.99999%
WS-X6K-SUP1A-MSFC2 46,235 4. 99.99135%
WS-X6408A-GBIC 93,457 4. 99.99572%
5.2. (
)
99.985988%
73.7
28,545 .
,
.
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
51/127
5. 51
IP
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
n
= 1 [ (1 (i)
)]
i=1
n , i .
(. 5.3):
5.3.
99.99999804%
< 6 s
101,880,673 h
,
, . , Cisco
CallManager .
, ,
Telcordia . Cisco
CallManager
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
52/127
5. 52
IP
Telcordia .
, . MCS
7835 1000000
.
(. 5.4):
5.4.
CiscoCallManager
99.99999665% 99.99999972% 99.99999880% 99.99999%
< 6 s < 6 s < 6 s < 6 s
59,787,111 h 710,343,430 h 166,668,151 h 200,040,000 h
99.99993%,
.
5.1.1.2.
,
. ,
. -
. IP
, ,
(IOS). 6 ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
53/127
5. 53
IP
, IOS 12.1 99.99986% 71740
. IP ,
IOS , IP IOS
.
.
10000 6 .
,
30000 .
, ,
. , ,
,
. ,
. ,
99.98598%.
10000 6 99.999%.
99.98498%.
- 99.9999804% 99.99999774%.
,
.
5.1.1.3.
IP
. ,
, ,
, .
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
54/127
5. 54
IP
. ,
APC Corporation. ,
, - ,
, .
,
IP
, 15.
90% - 5
99% -
100 .
99.999% ,
UPS , ,
.
,
CallManager . , UPS
. ,
2 ,
99.99962% . 99.99993%
, .
0.9999962 *
0.9999993 99.99955%.
5.1.1.4.
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
55/127
5. 55
IP
,
5 , ,
.
.
,
. 99.999%
:
,
EIGRP OSPF
HSRP IP ,
IP CallManager .
RSTP STP
QoS
,
.
, ,
. 5.1 ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
56/127
5. 56
IP
5.1.
:
HSRP, IP
STP. , 30 .
:
,
IP
.
10
PSTN : PSTN , CallManager
, .
10
Cisco CallManager :
, Cisco CallManager ,
. ,
,
. TCP 30
.. 61 ,
75 .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
57/127
5. 57
IP
, ,
(. 5.5).
5.5.
Cisco
CallManager
10,000 h 30,0000 h 30,000 h 10,000 h 0,000 h
28,545 h 21,866 h 75,380 h 36,511 h 40,000 h
(%)
.876 (365*24/ 10,000 =.876)
.292 .292 .876 .876
(%)
.306 .401 .116 .240 .219
(%)
1.182 .693 .408 1.116 1.095
30 s 10 s 75 s 10 s 75 s
35 s 7 s 31 s 11 s 82 s
,
, 166 ,
99,99947% .
, ,
,
IP .
0.9999962*0.9999947*0.9999993 99.999%
, 5.3 .
VoIP
, . ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
58/127
5. 58
IP
5.1.2.
VoIP .
,
, .
VoIP ,
.
, -
. ,
,
VoIP .
, VoIP ,
. ,
, - 100 ms
40 ms.
VoIP ,
, -,
, .
,
, VoIP ,
, RTP
(VAD), .
, ,
.
-
.
.
, ,
RTP :
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
59/127
5. 59
IP
= * * *8
= 1000 ms / ms
: 2000 G.711,
20 ms 200 ( 40 IP 160
), a 160 Mbps :
50 = 1000 ms / 20 ms
160 Mbps = 50 * 200 * 2000 * 8
a ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
3%
, . ,
2000 ,
4.8 Mbps.
, ,
164.8
Mbps.
.
, ,
, .
, ,
, (. 5.6).
,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
60/127
5. 60
IP
, G.711, 80
10 ms.
:
80 B + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 120
120 B * 100 = 12000 * 8 / 1000 = 96 Kbps
,
:
(80 B * 2 ) + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 200
200 B * 50 = 10000 * 8 / 1000 = 80 Kbps
5.6.
-14
PPP -6
Frame Relay -4
ATM - 53 48
G.711 at 50.0 pps
20 ms
85.6 Kbps 82.4 Kbps 81.6 Kbps 106 Kbps
G.711 at 33.3 pps
30 ms
78.4 Kbps 76.3 Kbps 75.7 Kbps 84.8 Kbps
G.729a at 50.0 pps
20 ms
29.6 Kbps 26.4 Kbps 25.6 Kbps 42.4 Kbps
G.729a at 33.3 pps
30 ms
22.4 Kbps 20.3 Kbps 19.7 Kbps 28.3 Kbps
, - ,
-
, -
. ,
, ,
150 ms.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
61/127
5. 61
IP
VoIP
IP/UDP/RTP 8,12 20 .
, 40 .
-
.
RTP cRTP,
2 4 .
5.1.3.
,
. ,
.
- ,
.
, 150 ms,
400 ms [15]. ,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
. , - ,
- . ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
-,
. ,
, 30 ms.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
62/127
5. 62
IP
.
, .. -
, - . ,
64 Kb 125 s, OC-3/STM-1
0.05 s. , ,
.
,
.
- .
,
.
:
= / (299.300 *
0.6)
:
6000 .
0.0334 s = 6000 / ( 299.300 * 0.6 )
, . ,
, .
,
- , , - .
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
63/127
5. 63
IP
,
, .
.
5.1.4.
,
, [6].
20 ms, , 20 ms.
. 5.2, , (1) (3)
, (2)
12 ms, (4) 5 ms -.
5.2.
,
, .
,
.
,
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
64/127
5. 64
IP
. -
.
, .
,
.
, ,
.
5.1.5.
. , ,
.
,
. , ,
, . TCP
,
. ,
, UDP -
. UDP
, , ,
, .
,
150 ms
.
.
G.711, 5% ,
. -
, G.723.1 G.729,
1% 2%.
(CoS), VoIP
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
65/127
5. 65
IP
. ,
,
, .
5.1.6.
VoIP
.
, VoIP
. VoIP
,
, ,
. -
,
[11].
,
.
5.1.6.1.
- (DoS).
.
. ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
66/127
5. 66
IP
.
, , Web , Mail ,
.
, .
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP),
. ,
[12].
,
.
, .
, .
RTP ,
. , IP
, , .
.
, .
IP ,
. ,
, ,
IP .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
67/127
5. 67
IP
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
IP . - ,
, -
,
.
VoIP
.
, , VoIP IP
, , ,
.
. 150 ms
VoIP .
, .
- ,
- VoIP .
5.1.6.2. LAN
LAN (Virtual Local Area Network-VLAN)
, . LAN
, ,
/ .
, DHCP .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
68/127
5. 68
IP
5.1.6.3.
, ,
, [11]. ,
.
VoIP
, , ,
, .
.
.
,
. ,
,
, , -
. ,
VoIP .
, .
VPN, IPSec SSL IP
. ,
. ,
, .
VPN ,
.
5.1.6.4.
. ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
69/127
5. 69
IP
.
VoIP,
. ,
IP . ,
, , ,
. ,
,
RTP UDP . UDP
, .
IP statefull ,
VoIP .
, UDP .
,
:
IP CallManager ( )
() (), ( )
( ),
()
IP ( )
( ) ( )
,
,
SIP / H.232.
,
, VoIP.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
70/127
5. 70
IP
, VoIP ,
, . VoIP
.
,
.
MAC .
VoIP .
5.1.6.5.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
5.2.
. VoIP
,
. ,
,
.
.
VoIP .
, ,
,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
71/127
5. 71
IP
,
- ,
, .
,
.
,
. , ,
.
,
,
, VoIP . 5.7
, .
5.7.
IP
-
802.1p/Q, Differentiated Services (DiffServ), Call Admission Control (CAC)
IP [9].
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
72/127
5. 72
IP
5.2.1. 802.1p/Q
IEEE 802.1Q ,
802.3 ,
802.1p , ,
- VLAN ID. .
802.1p ,
[1].
110, - .
VLAN ID
, ,
.
802.1p/Q VoIP ,
OSI
. TCI (. 5.3),
(CoS),
(ToS) IP .
IP Precedence IP
5.3.
. , 2, 3,
.
, .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
73/127
5. 73
IP
5.2.2. DiffServ
DiffServ IETF, RFC 2474 2475.
- ,
, (ToS).
- , ,
(. 5.4). - ToS
, DSCP
(PHB).
5.4.IPv4
: EF (Expedited Forwarding)
, , AF
(Assured Forwarding) ( 4
) DE (Default forwarding). DE ,
, 80%
(. 5.7). EF -
.
101110.
VoIP , ,
.
:
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
74/127
5. 74
IP
5.7.
5.2.3. (CAC)
CAC , ,
,
.
CAC VoIP ,
-
.
128 Kbps, VoIP ,
24 Kbps.
CAC ,
.
21.33 Kbps ,
24 Kbps,
. , ,
. CAC,
VoIP - RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) H.323
. RSVP ,
IP .
2 3
CoS IP Precedence PHB DSCP
7 7 - 56-63
6 6 - 48-55
5 5 EF 46
4 4 AF41 34
3 3 AF31 25
2 2 AF2y 18,20,22
1 1 AF1y 10,14,16
0 0 DE 0
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
75/127
5. 75
IP
,
().
RSVP . H.323
. ,
- ,
.
5.2.4. IP
VoIP IP
. IP
, . VoIP ,
CallManger . ,
, .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
76/127
6. VoIP 76
6. VoIP
6.1. IP
IPT
, .
,
,
VoIP
.
(.6.1).
, .
, ,
WAN/LAN ,
, IP ,
.
,
IP .
6.1
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
77/127
6. VoIP 77
6.1.1.
, ,
, .
VoIP , -
, .
VoIP.
WAN ,
, .
,
.
, .
, ,
,
,
, .
,
.
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
, .
,
.
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
78/127
6. VoIP 78
.
WAN , -
.
,
,
VoIP.
. ,
VoIP , ,
.
, VoIP.
,
.
, . -
, VoIP ,
. ,
VoIP .
.
.
,
, .
,
WAN ,
, .
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
79/127
6. VoIP 79
, .
- ,
.
, .
6.1.2.
VoIP.
,
.
, ,
. 100 Mbps,
, IP VLAN ,
.
, .
, IP
. ,
.
VoIP ,
.
6.1.3.
VoIP
,
,
. ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
80/127
6. VoIP 80
,
,
.
, -
,
. ,
,
.
6.1.4. IP
IP
. , PoE
PoE ,
IP .
IP
.
6.2.
,
. ,
.
IPT ,
. ,
, IPT
.
, IP ,
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
81/127
6. VoIP 81
.
.
.
VoIP.
, - 1000
, -
VoIP [7].
, -
T1/ 1 , IPT .
.
1000 .
-
IPT, - 1000
-
.
,
.
T1/1 PRI ,
.
.
VoIP ,
VoIP .
.
,
, ,
.
,
. VoIP
, ,
IP .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
82/127
6. VoIP 82
VoIP ,
, . ,
,
.
, .
VoIP
. -
.
6.2.1.
,
.
,
,
- .
,
, -
IP .
,
(ROI).
, VoIP,
,
:
IP Centrex ,
.
, VoIP
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
83/127
6. VoIP 83
,
.
,
.
,
, VoIP .
VoIP ,
,
, .
VoIP
.
6.2.2.
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
50 500
. -
,
.
,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
84/127
6. VoIP 84
, ,
.
-
:
. ,
IPT.
, ,
.
,
.
6.3.
- ,
, -
, VoIP .
,
.
,
.
, [14].
, .
,
, , .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
85/127
6. VoIP 85
6.3.1.
.
. - -
, ,
.
, .
, ,
VoIP . ,
:
? ? ,
?
?
VoIP ?
, ?
6.3.2.
, VoIP,
, .
,
VoIP .
,
- .
, ,
. ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
86/127
6. VoIP 86
, ,
- .
6.3.3. -
-,
. ,
- . ,
,
, -
.
6.3.4. -
6.3.4.1.
, ,
,
. ,
,
, .
?
6.3.4.2.
,
.
,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
87/127
6. VoIP 87
- ,
?
6.3.4.3.
, VoIP
. ,
, ,
, .
,
,
?
-,
. ,
, ,
-,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
88/127
7. VoIP 88
7. VoIP
IPT
. IP .
CallManager
. IPT
CallManager
.
.
- ,
.
CallManager
IPT 1. IP
, 2 ,
Router2 FXS .
IPT 2.
Cisco
.
.
WAN .
, IP
Cisco.
,
. WAN O1 Frame
Relay . O2 .
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
89/127
7. VoIP 89
, .
.
, .
, ,
.
, .
,
,
. (DID),
, .
,
.
.
9897100 9897599.
:
9897100 9897199 2
9897200 9897299
9897500 9897599 1
9897300 9897499
-
, 7.1
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
90/127
7. VoIP 90
7.1. IP
Frame
Relay
Cisco Call Manager
PSTN
PBX
Router0
Router2Router1
98972..
E&M1/1/0
E&M1/1/1
E0/1
192.16
8.10
1.10
0
192.16
8.10
1.1
172.16.1.1 172.16.2.1
64Kbp
s
192.
168.
10.2
S0/0.
1
S0/0.
1
64Kbp
s
192
.168
.10.
1
E0/0
172.16
.4.1
98971..9897101 9897102
LAN
LANIP
98975..
7.1. Frame
Relay
Router0
Router1, , Frame Relay
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
91/127
7. VoIP 91
. , ,
WAN WAN
. ,
Frame Relay, WAN,
VoIP .
QoS Frame Relay
. LLQ
IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay Traffic Shaping,
.
7.1.1.
[23]:
IP RTP Priority Priority Queue/Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/WFQ)
LLQ PQ/Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/CBWFQ)
IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay (PVC) ,
RTP , UDP .
, ,
. ,
, .
.
,
, WFQ (. 7.2).
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
92/127
7. VoIP 92
7.2. IP RTP Priority
IP RTP Priority :
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay ip rtp priority starting-rtp-port
port-range bandwidth
,
UDP , RTP, 16384-32767.
,
.
, .
Low Latency Queue (LLQ) ,
(. 7.3).
7.3. LLQ
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
93/127
7. VoIP 93
VoIP
,
.
.
, ,
. LLQ
.
LLQ ,
, UDP ,
(Access List), , ToS, IP Precedence DSCP .
LLQ - IP RTP Priority
.
LLQ :
1. class map
. :
Router(config)#class-map ?
WORD class-map name
match-all Logical-AND all matching statements under this classmap
match-any Logical-OR all matching statements under this classmap
Router(config)#class-map match-all voice-traffic
match-all ,
, match,
match-any .
match.
:
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group ?
Access list index
name Named Access List
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
94/127
7. VoIP 94
UDP , RTP:
Router(config-cmap)#match ip rtp 16384 16383
DSCP :
Router(config-cmap)#match ip dscp ef
2. (class map)
.
.
Router(config)#class-map match-all voice-signaling
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 103
Router(config)#access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
Router(config)#access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
3.
.
.
Router(config)#policy-map VOICE-POLICY
policy-map VOICE-
POLICY.
. :
Router(config-pmap)#class voice-traffic
Router(config-pmap-c)#priority ? Kilo Bits per second
voice-traffic
. priority
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
95/127
7. VoIP 95
Router(config-pmap)#class voice-signaling
Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth 8
voice-signaling, bandwidth
8 Kbps .
Router(config-pmap)#class voice-default
Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue
fair-queue ,
,
WFQ.
prioritybandwidth
- minCIR PVC.
, .
4. LLQ
WAN :
Router(config)#map-class frame-relay VoIPovFR
Router(config-if)#service-policy output VOICE-POLICY
7.1.2. Frame Relay
, Frame Relay ,
.
,
- . ,
, .
, Frame Relay ,
(CIR).
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
96/127
7. VoIP 96
, , .
- ,
. CIR :
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay cirbits-per-second
, Frame Relay
, ,
(Bc). (Tc) 10 ms,
125 ms. Tc Tc = Bc / CIR.
Tc, Bc
:
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay Bc bits-per-second
Be , ,
. Be ,
:
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay Be0
7.1.3.
, - 768 Kbps.
,
a
20 ms.
-
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
97/127
7. VoIP 97
.
512 Kbps 128 Kbps.
128 Kbps (. 7.1). ,
,
, .
7.1.
-
56 Kbps 70 bytes
64 Kbps 80 bytes128Kbps 160 bytes
256 Kbps 320 bytes
512 Kbps 640 bytes
768 Kbps 1000 bytes
1536 Kbps 1600 bytes
, :
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay fragment bytes
7.1.4.
RTP .
,
75 [23]. RTP
. - 768 bps.
:
Router(config-if)#frame-relay ip rtp header-compression
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
98/127
7. VoIP 98
Router1
, IP O1
CallManager
[4]. Router1
- :
version 12.2
service timestamps debug datetime msec
service timestamps log datetime msec
service password-encryption
!
hostname Router1
!
logging buffered 10000 debugging
enable secret 5 $1$MYS3$TZ6bwrhWB25b2cVpEVgBo1
!
ip subnet-zero
!
class-map match-all voice-signaling
match access-group 103
class-map match-all voice-traffic
match access s-group 102
!--
!-- ,
!-- 102 103
!
policy-map VOICE-POLICY
class voice-traffic
priority 45
class voice-signaling
bandwidth 8
!--
!--
!-- 45 Kbps. 8 Kbps
!
class class-default
fair-queue
!-- class-default ,
!-- . fair-queue
!-- WFQ
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
99/127
7. VoIP 99
!
interface Ethernet 0/0
no ip address
!
interface Ethernet0/0.10
encapsulation dot1q 10
ip address 172.16.1.1255.255.255.0
!
interface Ethernet0/0.20
encapsulation dotq1 20
ip address 172.16.2.1255.255.255.0
ip helper-address 192.168.101.100
!-- , IEEE
!-- 802.1q VLAN 10 VLAN 20 .
!-- ,
!-- IP . ip helper-address
!-- DHCP BootP , IP
!-- CallManager [4]
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 64
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
no fair-queue
frame-relay traffic-shaping
frame-relay ip rtp header-compression
!-- .
!-- ,
!-- LLQ
!
interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point
bandwidth 64
ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 400
class VOIPovFR
!-- VoIPovFR. VoIPovFR
!-- .
!-- Router0
!
ip classless
!
map-class frame-relay VOIPovFR
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
100/127
7. VoIP 100
no frame-relay adaptive-shaping
!--- Frame Relay
!
frame-relay cir 64000
frame-relay bc 640
!-- Tc = BC/CIR,
!-- Tc 10 ms bc
!
frame-relay be 0
frame-relay mincir 64000
!-- .
!-- CIR
!
service-policy output VOICE-POLICY
!-- LLQ
!
frame-relay fragment 80
!-- 80 .
!-- -
!--
!
access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767
access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
!-- 102
!-- UDP ,
!-- . 103
!-- ,
!-- H.323 V2
!
router rip
network 192.168.10.0
network 172.16.1.0
network 172.16.2.0
7.2.
IP
IP , 1
, Cisco Catalyst
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
101/127
7. VoIP 101
(. 7.4). ,
.
7.4. IP
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
A B C DE F
G HI J KL M NO
P Q RS T U V W X YZ
7.2.1. a
Cisco IP 10/100 .
. 1
, VoIP. 2
10/100 , . 3
.
IP
.
VLAN.
VLAN,
, IP .
VLAN .
Port Fast . ,
VLAN e:
Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan ? Vlan for voice traffic
dot1p Priority tagged on PVID
none Do not tell telephone about voice vlan
untagged Untagged on PVID
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
102/127
7. VoIP 102
VLAN ID ( ).
CDP ,
IP 802.1Q
, VLAN ID CoS , .
CoS 5 3
. 802.1Q
VLAN
dot1p CDP ,
IP 802.1p
VLAN ID 0 CoS . 802.1p
VLAN
none IP
. VLAN
untagged CDP ,
IP
VLAN ID CoS . VLAN
VLAN 10
VLAN 20 0/5 :
Switch #configure terminal
Switch(config)#interface fastethernet 0/5
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 20
7.2.2.
802.3af, ,
, 15,4 W, .
, ,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
103/127
7. VoIP 103
.
CDP .
. power inline
PoE . :
Switch(config-if)#power inline ?
auto Automatically detect and power inline devices
consumption Configure the inline device consumption
never Never apply inline power
static High priority inline power interface
, PoE auto. , ,
. ,
,
, auto,
consumption
never
, static,
, auto.
static
, .
(15,4
W)
. static
CDP
, static
. -
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
104/127
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
105/127
7. VoIP 105
,
,
trust:
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 1/1
Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip trust
OSI ,
, IP .
, dscp:
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 1/1
Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip trust
Switch(config-if)#mls qos trust dscp !--- Catalyst 3560/3750/6500
Switch(config-if)#qos trust dscp !---Catalyst 4500
7.2.4.
. ,
.
IP [24].
cisco-phone IP
. VLAN , VLAN
, port security, spanning-tree portfast
cisco-switch ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
106/127
7. VoIP 106
dot1q, point-to-point
.
show
parser macro:
Switch #show parser macro name cisco-phone
# Cisco IP phone + desktop template
# macro keywords $access_vlan $voice_vlan
# VoIP enabled interface - Enable data VLAN
# and voice VLAN
# Recommended value for access vlan should not be 1
switchport access vlan $access_vlan
switchport mode access
# Update the Voice VLAN value which should be
# different from data VLAN
# Recommended value for voice vlan should not be 1
switchport voice vlan $voice_vlan
# Enable port security limiting port to a 2 MAC
# addressess - - One for desktop on data vlan and
# one for phone on voice vlan
switchport port-security
switchport port-security maximum 2
# Ensure port.security age is greater than one minute
# and use inactivity timer
switchport port-security violation restrict
switchport port-security aging time 2
switchport port-security aging type inactivity
# Enable auto-qos to extend trust to attached Cisco phone
auto qos voip cisco-phone
# Configure port as an edge network port
spanning-tree portfast
spanning-tree bpduguard enable
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
107/127
7. VoIP 107
, VLAN :
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 2/5
Switch(config.if)#macro apply $access_vlan 10 $voice_vlan 20
VLAN
Router1 .
:
Switch #configure terminal
Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/0Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
7.3.
Router2
256 Kbps. WAN
75
.
, - ,
G.729.
,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
108/127
7. VoIP 108
7.3.1.
CallManager
. 2
. IP ,
WAV . ,
FXS , [3].
,
, .
,
. ,
FXS :
Router(config)#voice-port slot/subunit/port
slot ,
FXS . subunit
, FXS . Port
FXS , .
:
Router(config-voiceport)#signal {loop-start | ground-start}
ground-start
, loop-start , .
,
.
. :
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
109/127
7. VoIP 109
Router(config)#dial-peer voice tag {voip | pots}
tag 1-2147483647.
,
.
.
voip pots
, pots, IP
voip. config-
dial-peer, destination-pattern
.
Router(config-dial-peer)#destination-pattern [+]string[T]
+ , ,
, E.164 . string
,
E.164 . 0 9,
A D, (*) (#) (,) (.) (%) (+) (^) ($) (\) (?)
([]) (()). destination-pattern
, (.)
. T
.
.
VoIP :
Router(config-dial-peer)#session target {ipv4:destination-address |
dns:[$s$. | $d$. | $e$. | $u$.] host-name | enum:table-num | loopback:rtp | ras
| sip-server}
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
110/127
7. VoIP 110
ipv4 IP
. port
.
Router(config-dial-peer)#port slot/subunit/port
7.3.2.
RSVP [2]. ,
. , . , RSVP
:
Router(config-if)#ip rsvp-bandwidth [interface-kbps] [single-flow-kbps]
interface-kbpssingle-flow-kbps
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
echo-cancel enable
Router(config-voiceport)#echo-cancel enable type [hardware |software]
hardware software
, . echo-
cancel coverage ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
111/127
7. VoIP 111
Router(config-voiceport)#echo-cancel coverage {8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 48 |
64}
Router2,
, -
:
version 12.2
service timestamps debug datetime msec
service timestamps log datetime msec
service password-encryption
!
hostname Router2
!logging buffered 10000 debugging
enable secret 5 $1$MYS3$TZ6bwrhPl76b2cVpE0kLP65
!
ip subnet-zero
!
memory-size iomem 20
!
dial-peer voice 7101 pots
destination-pattern +9897101
port 1/0/0!-- 7101,
!-- 9897101, FXS 1/0/0
!
dial-peer voice 7102 pots
destination-pattern +9897102
port 1/0/1
!-- 7102,
!-- 9897102, FXS 1/0/1
!
dial-peer voice 72 voipdestination-pattern +98972..
session target ipv4:192.168.11.1
!-- ,
!--
!
dial-peer voice 75 voip
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
112/127
7. VoIP 112
description calls to IP Phones/CallManager
codec g723r63
destination-pattern +98975..
session target ipv4:192.168.101.100
!-- IP ,
CCM
!
dial-peer voice 50 pots
destination-pattern .T
session targrt ipv4:192.168.11.2
!--
!
num-exp 7 +9897...
!--
!-- . 7
!-- 9897.
!-- .
!
voice-port 1/0/0
description >
signal loop-start
echo-cancel coverage 16
echo-cancel enable
req-qos controlled-load
!-- FXS 1/0/0 , ,
!--
!-- , RSVP
!
voice-port 1/0/1
description >
echo-cancel coverage 16
echo-cancel enable
req-qos controlled-load
!-- FXS 1/0/1 , ,
!--
!-- RSVP
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 256
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
113/127
7. VoIP 113
ip address 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
no ip mroute-cache
fair-queue
ip rtp-header-compression
ip rsvp-bandwidth 48 24
!-- 0/0,
!-- Router0 . 256 Kbps,
!-- PPP, RTP
!--
!
ip classless
!
router rip
network 192.168.11.0
network 172.16.4.0
7.4. IP
IPT
- . ,
,
.
IPT
.
.
FXS E&M, ISDN [3].
-
.
IPT .
.
, ISDN
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
114/127
7. VoIP 114
1 30 .
E&M .
Router0 ,
, [3].
a , ,
.
:
Router(config)#voice portslot/subunit/port
dial-type :
Router(config-voiceport)#dial-type {dtmf | pulse | mf}
, .
E&M signal:
Router(config-voiceport)#signal {wink-start | immediate | delay-dial |
lmr}
wink-star.
operation.
Router(config-voiceport)#operation {2-wire | 4-wire}
.
impedance :
Router(config-voiceport)#impedance {600c | 600r | 900c | 900r | complex1
| complex2 | complex3 | complex4 | complex5 | complex6}
600r. type E&M
:
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
115/127
7. VoIP 115
Router(config-voiceport)#type {1 | 2 | 3 | 5}
,
Router1 Router2, -
,
Router0
:
version 12.2
service timestamps debug datetime msec
service timestamps log datetime msec
service password-encryption
!
hostname Router0
!
boot system flash slot1:c3640-is-mz.122-6a.bin
logging buffered 1000000 debugging
!
ip subnet-zero
!
class-map match-all voice-signaling
match access-group 103
class-map match-all voice-traffic
match access-group 102
!
policy-map voice-policy
class voice-signaling
bandwidth 8
class voice-traffic
priority 45
class class-default
fair-queue
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 172.22.100.1 255.255.255.0
!--
!
interface Ethernet0/1
ip address 192.168.101.1 255.255.255.252
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
116/127
7. VoIP 116
!-- Cisco CallManager (CCM)
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 128
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
no ip mroute-cache
no fair-queue
frame-relay traffic-shaping
frame-relay ip rtp header-compression
!
interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point
bandwidth 128
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 300
class VOIPovFR
!-- 0/0,
!-- Router2
!
interface Serial0/1
bandwidth 256
ip address 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
no ip mroute-cache
fair-queue
ip rtp-header-compression
ip rsvp-bandwidth 48 24
!-- 0/1,
!-- Router2 . 256 Kbps,
!-- PPP, RTP
!--
!
ip classless
!
map-class frame-relay VOIPovFR
no frame-relay adaptive-shaping
frame-relay cir 64000
frame-relay bc 640
frame-relay be 0
frame-relay mincir 64000
service-policy output voice-policy
frame-relay fragment 80
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
117/127
7. VoIP 117
!
access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767
access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
!
voice-port 1/1/0
description >
dial-type dtmf
signal wink-start
operation 4-wire
type 2
echo-cancel coverage 16
echo-cancel enable
!
voice-port 1/1/1
description >
dial-type dtmf
signal wink-start
operation 4-wire
type 2
echo-cancel coverage 16
echo-cancel enable
!-- E&M ,
!--
!-- ,
!
dial-peer voice 71 pots
destination-pattern +98971..
session target ipv4:192.168.11.2
!-- ,
!-- Router2
!
dial-peer voice 75 voip
description calls to IP Phones/CallManager
codec g723r63
destination-pattern +98975..
session target ipv4:192.168.101.100
!-- IP ,
!-- CCM
!
dial-peer voice 720 pots
destination-pattern 98972..
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
118/127
7. VoIP 118
port 1/1/0
!
dial-peer voice 721 pots
destination-pattern 98972..
port 1/1/1
!-- ,
!--
!
dial-peer voice 50 pots
destination-pattern .T
port 1/1/0
!
dial-peer voice 50 pots
destination-pattern .T
port 1/1/1
!--
!
num-exp 7 +9897...
!
router rip
network 192.168.10.0
network 192.168.11.0
network 192.168.101.0
network 172.22.100.0
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
119/127
8. 119
8.
IP
- VoIP.
VoIP
.
VoIP,
,
. , -
, .
VoIP
, PoE Wi-Fi . ,
,
VoIP
.
IP .
,
VoIP
, -
.
.
Cisco,
, VoIP
,
, .
VoIP
. -
,
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
120/127
8. 120
.
, ,
.
,
, VoIP.
,
.
IP
, .
.
,
.
VoIP
IP ,
, IP .
.
, -
.
.
VoIP
, .
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
121/127
8. 121
,
.
VoIP
.
.
-, -. ,
, ,
GSM .
, ,
VoIP. ,
. ,
.
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
122/127
122
[1] Ramesh Kaza, Salman Asadullah; Cisco IP Telephony: Planning, Design,
Implementation, Operation and Optimization; Cisco Press (2005);
[2] Robert Padjen, Larry Keefer, Sean Thurston, Jeff Bankston, Michael E. Flannagan;
Cisco AVVID and IP Telephony Design & Implementation; Syngress Publishing Inc.
(2001);
[3] Paul J. Fong, Eric Knipp, David Gary, Scott M. Harris. Larry Keefer Jr., Charles
Riley, Stuart Ruwet, Robert Thorstensen, Vincent Tillirson; Configuring Cisco Voice
over IP, Second Edition; Syngress Publishing Inc. (2002);
[4] Jonathan Davidson, James Peters; Voice over IP Fundaments; Cisco Press (2000);
[5] Kevin Brown; IP Telephony Unveiled; Cisco Press (2004);
[6] Sean Christensen; Voice over IP Solutions; Juniper Networks Inc. (2001);
http://cn.juniper.net/solutions/literature/white_papers/200011.pdf
[7] Patrick Scheckel; When and How to Migrate to IP Telephony; Berbee Information
Networks Corporation (2005);
http://www.berbee.com/public/learning/MigrateToIPTelephony.aspx
[8] Understanding VoIP; Avaya Inc. (2005);
http://www.invictusnetworks.com/faq/Voice over IP VoIP/Avaya VoIP White Paper.pdf
[9] Designing converged enterprise networks for IP telephony; Nortel Networks (2002);
http://www.nortel.com/solutions/pt/es/collateral/nn102460-110602.pdf
[10] IP Telephony: The Five Nines Story; Cisco Systems (2002);
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns165/ns268/networking_solutions_white_paper09186a00
800a113e.shtml
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
123/127
123
[11] Enterprise VoIP Security: Potential Threats and Best Practices; Global Knowledge
Network Inc. (2005);
http://www.itdepartment.com/VoIP/VoipSecurityThreats and Best Practices.pdf
[12] Network Security Best Practices for IP Telephony; ShoreTel Inc. (2005);
http://www.baysidemedia.com/ShoreTel/Security_Best_Practices.pdf
[13] The Real World of VoIP; NetworkWorld
[14] Strategies for IP Telephony Evaluation and Migration; InfoTech (2005);
http://www.voicepro.com/_files/user/InfoTech BuildingClient Value1.pdf
[15] Selecting VoIP for Your Enterprise; Global Knowledge Network Inc. (2005);
http://images.globalknowledge.com/wwwimages/whitepaperpdf/SelectingVoIP.PDF
[16] Jim Seals; Voice over IP; MoreNet, Network Consulting (2001);
http://www.more.net/technical/research/voip/voip.pdf
[17] Susan Andersen; Voice over IP (VoIP) Basics for IT Technicians; Fluke Networks
(2005);
http://www.s-t.pl/pub/VoIP_Basics.pdf
[18] Understanding Packet Voice Protocols; Cisco Systems Inc. (2002);
http://www.sipcenter.com/sip.nsf/html/WEBB5YP4SU/$FILE/Cisco_UPVP_wp.pdf
[19] IP Telephony Design Guide; Alcatel-Lucent (2003);
http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/enterprise/en/resource_library/pdf/wp/wp_IPT_Design-
Guide.pdf;jsessionid=1KOVIEHHCETR1LAWFRUE1DFMCYWGI3GC
[20] D. Richard Kuhn, Tomas J. Walsh, Steffen Fries; Security Considerations for Voice
over IP Systems; National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005);
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-58/SP800-58-final.pdf
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
124/127
124
[21] Robert Heger, Michelle Le, Dana Nartea, Assaf Maoz; Voice over Internet Protocol;
IS-311 in Business (2002);
http://www.csun.edu/~vcact00f/311/termProjects/700class/IS 311 VoIP.doc
[22] Todd Leinberger, David Rytzarev; The Future Internet Telephony Standard: H.323
or Session Initiation Protocol; Ohio University (2004);
http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~tl277601/esp/review_voip_protocols.htm
[23] VoIP over Frame Relay with Quality of Service (Fragmentation, Traffic Shaping,
LLQ / IP RTP Priority); Cisco Systems (2006);
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/788/voice-qos/voip-ov-fr-qos.pdf
[24] Configure IOS Catalyst Switches to Connect Cisco IP Phones Configuration
Example; Cisco Systems (2006);
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/configuring-cat-ip-phone.pdf
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
125/127
125
AF- Assured Forwarding
CAC- Call Admission Control
CDP- Cisco Discovery Protocol
CIR- Committed Information Rate
CCM- Cisco CallManager
CoS- Class of Service
DC- Direct Current
DE- Default Forwarding
DHCP- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DID- Direct Inward Dial
DiffServ- Differentiated Services
DoS- Denial of Service
DSCP- Differentiated Service Code Point
DSL- Digital Subscriber Line
EF- Expedited Forwarding
E&M- Ear&Mouth, transMit&rEceive
FDM- Frequency Division Multiplexing
FRTS- Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
FXS- Foreign Exchange Station
GSM- Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Spcial Mobile
HSRP- Hot Standby Router Protocol
HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF- Internet Engineering Task Force
IOS- Internetworking Operating System
IP- Internet Protocol
IPT- Internet Protocol Telephony
IPSec- IP Security
ISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU- International Telecommunication Union
LAN- Local Area Network
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
126/127
126
LLQ- Low Latency Queue
MAC- Media Access Control
MOS- Mean Opinion Score
MTP- Message Transfer Parts
OSI- Open System InterconnectionPCM- Pulse Code Modulation
PDA- Personal Digital Assistant
PESQ- Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality
PHB- Per-Hop Behavior
PoE- Power over Ethernet
POTS- Plain Old Telephone Service
PQ/CBWFQ-Priority Queue/Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing
PQ/WFQ- Priority Queue/Weighted Fair Queuing
PRI- Prime Rate Interface
PSTN- Public Switched Telephone Network
PVC- Permanent Virtual Circuit
QoS- Quality of Service
RFC- Request For Comments
ROI- Return on Investments
RSVP- Resource Reservation Protocol
RTCP- Real Time Control Protocol
RTCPXR- RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports
RTP- Real-time Transport Protocol
SCCP- Skinny Client Control Protocol
SCP- Service Control Point
SDP- Session Description Protocol
SMTP- Simple Message Transfer Protocol
SNMP- Simple Network Management Protocol
SS7- Signaling System Seven
SSL- Secure Sockets Layer
SSP- Signaling Switching Points
STP- Signal Transfer Points
TCI- Tag Control Information
TCP- Transport Control Protocol
-
8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna
127/127
TDM- Time Division Multiplexing
ToS- Type of Service
UDP- User Datagram Protocol
UPS- Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL- Uniform Resource LocatorVAD- Voice Activity Detection
VLAN- Virtual Local Area Network
VoIP- Voice over Internet Protocol
VPN- Virtual Private Network
WAN- Wide Area Network
WAV- Waveform
Wi-Fi- Wireless Fidelity
-
-
-
-