Vol. 26, No. 11

Premier Zhao's

Message:

Congratulations to

"Beijing ReYiew" on the

occasion ol its silver

iubilee! May you work

together to contribute

Iurther to the mulual

underslanding and

Iriendship between the

peoples ol China and

other countries.

March 14, 1983

NL*/{,ruA CHINESE WEEKLY OF

NEWS AND VIEWS

l,fuqr*-/

TETTERS

Greetings to "Beijing Reyiew"

Dear friends, I saw in the firstissue <jf your French edition thisyear a picture of the edition'swhole staff and your New yeargreetings to the readers. This de-lighted me greatly.

I sincerely wish the staff of theFrench edition, of Beijing Retsieuas a whole, as well as the Chinesepeople, good luck and continuousprogress on the road of the fourmodernizations in 1983. I have notthe least doubt that you willmarch forward along the road.

Of course, the road is a long one.But did not the 25,000-li LongMarch demonstrate that the Chi-nese people wiII not give up be-fore reaching their goal? What ismore, it is certain that you willmarch forward with the spirit ofinternational peace, friendship andharmony.

Dear friends, I a1n continuingmy subcription to your weeklyfor another three years, whichproves that I like the diversity ofits topics.

For three years, I have readabout China's politics, culture,econorny and friendship astivitieseach week and have learnt thatChina follows a policy of openingto the outside world. Our task isto pay attention to and appreciatethis long march.

You have once again pushed thesecond long march forward withthe spirit of the Long March. Icongratulate you all and hope youcontinue your high-quality work.At the same time, I wish to ex-press to you my sincere friendshipfrom afar.

Hanze L.Kigati, Rwanda

Reolistic ond ObjectiveYou are continuing to make

your articles realistic and objec-tive. Therefore, your magazineis increasingly well received byits readers.

I would like to tell you thatthose who have been mailed asample issue like the magazineand some of , them intend to be-come subscribers. I want to sendyou another list of my friends. Asfor me, I have been reading yourmagazine with satisfaction.

Cheikn Malainine DembeleNouadhibou, Mauritania

Populotion ond Reloted lssues

I am excited by the article"Rural Population" in "NotesFrom the Editors" (No. 44, 1982).China must control its populationgrowth - this is very importantbecause it is already populatedenough! I didn't expect that thenew rural policies would havesuch a side effect as some peas-ants wanting more children. Iwish you success in persuadingthem to have just one child. Pleasb

continue your reports on the pop-ulation issue including how itaffects national minorities.

'Peter BomenLochau, Austria

I particularly enjoyed the arti-cles "China's Population Tops1,000 Million" and "The 1982 Cen-sus Results" (No. 45, 1982). I stillfind the work of the task stag-gering.

As a whole, I think the magazineis informative and enjoyable. Itwould benefit from more photo-graphs and expanding the artpage. Also a recipe page of local,regional, .traditional Chinese mealswould be of great interest.

Perhaps your political articlescould present other views and ex-plain why these views have beendismissed.

S. FraserStockport, UK

I am a freshman in universitywho has studied Chinese for oneyear and read your magazine forfour months. Following is my re-actions after reading "ProtectingInfant Girls" (No. 5):

I heard Iast spring that Chinawas implementing the one-childfamily policy. I thought it wouldbe difficult for families that gavebirth to girls. However, it wasreported that the success rate wasover 90 per cent in Beijing, Shang-hai and other big cities.

I was surprised at the newscarried in the January 20 issue ofMainichi Shimbun that cases offemale infanticide occurred inChina. I learnt that it was basedon a historical prejudice, i.e., peo-ple view boys as their only heirs.

Your article describes measurestaken to expose and censure thecriminal practice of female infan-ticide, and the need to strictly en-force the law. I think it won't beeffective to adopt obligating meas-ures. In my opinion, first of all,the social welfare should be im-proved and corresponding policiesworked out. Efforts should alsobe made to educate the people toabandon feudal ideas and back-ward customs. If you don't adoptmeasures to raise the people's ma-terial living standard, the popu-lation control wiII fail and newtragedies will occur. I- sincerelyhope that you will deal with thismatter.

Yoshimune IshiiChiba, Japan

*********

ffilrouilGEitEtr

March 14th this year is the centenary of

the death of Marx. In our next issue we will

cover the mammoth commemorative activities

held in China and publish the full text of an

important report delivered at the Beijing com-

memorative meeting

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BEUINGREVIEW

Published every Mondoy byBEIJING REVIEW

24 Boiwonzhuong Rood, BeijingThe People's Republic ol Chino

Vol, 26, No. ,lt Morch 14, l9g3

CONTENTS

LETTERS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4

The Kompucheon issue ondSino-Soviet consultotion

GREETINGS TO'BEIIING REVIEW' 5

BEIJING REVIEW celebrotes 25thonntversory 6-g

EVENTS & TRENDS 9.12

26th NPC Stonding CommitteeMeeting

Zhou Enloi's letters publishedA peosont puts up three od-

vertisementsPremier Zhoo greets non-

oligned summitChino, lvory Coost estoblish

relotionsChino, Sudon ogree to

enhonce friendship

INTERNATTONAT 13-14

Algerio-Morocco: Move to im-prove relotions

Nordic Council: Strengthensregionol co-operotion

Kuwoit: Aid to South-Southco-operotion

ARTICTES & DOCUMENTS

Chinese-type modernizotion(7): Opening to the outsideworld ond self-relionce l5

Disseminotion of Morxism inChino ZO

US court triol violotes inter-notionol low 24

CULIURE & SCIENCE 28-29

ART PAGE 31

Distribured by Chino Publkolions(entre (GllOJl SHUDIAiI),

P.0. Box 399, lleiiing, (hino

5ubr(ripliotr prirer I yeor ):

luslrolh ... . . A.t12.00 1151...U5t13.00

l{cw Zcohnd.. lll.5ltl.00 UI....... L6.80Cottofr .. . . .. (0n.315.00

HIGHTIGHTS OF THE WEEK

26th NPC Standing Committee Meeting

The recent 26th NPC Standing Committee meeting be-gan with Premier Zhao's report on his successful Africantour. In addition to a number of other decisions, it alsoendorsed a reply to a request from Chairman Ye asking notto be nominated as a deputy in the coming election of theNational People's Congress (p. 9).

Zhao Greets Non-Aligned Summit

ftemier Zhao's message of congratulations to the con-vocation of the 7th Non-Aligned Summit (p. 11).

China, lvory Coast Relations

China and the Ivory Coast established diplomatic rela-tions as of March 2 (p. 11).

Spread of Marxism in China

As the nation is commemorating the centenary of thedeath of Marx, an afticle reviews the Long and yet fruitfulprocess involved in the spreading of Marxism in Chinasince 1902 (p. 20).

Sell-Reliance and China's ModernizationWilI China's policy of opening to the outside world

play down the revolutionary spirit of self-reliance and itsco-operation with other third world countries? WillChina's national industries be impaired? These questionsare answered in the seventh of the series entitled "Chinese-Type Modernization" (p. 15).

"Beiiing Review" Celebrates 25th BirthdayThe week-long celebration activities were crowned

with a tea party attended by Chinese Party and state lead-efs and more than 200 other distinguished guests who of-fered congratulations and expressed support for themagazine (p. 6).

US Court Trial Againstlnternational Law

The Chinese Govern-ment has repeatedly in-formed the US Govern-ment that it does not rec-ognize the decision of theUS court on the HuguangRailways bearer bonds.The present article exam-ines the issue from theviewpoint of internationalIaw (p. 24).

IIIII

Ihe f,ampuchean issue and $ino-Soyiet

consultation

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Some people think the Kam-puchean issue has no directbearing on the Soviet Union andtherefore should not be discuss-ed at the second round of Sino-Soviet consultations currentlybeing held in Moscow. Wouldyou comment on it?

The Soviet backing for theVietnamese invasion and oc-cupation of Kampuchea isregarded by China as one ofthe obstacles to the normaliza-tion of relations between Chinaand the Soviet Union. Under-standably, China hopes thatthis will be removed with otherobstacles.

As is known to all, the Viet-namese invasion and occupa-tion of Kampuchea is now fouryears old. The Hanoi authori-ties invaded and occupied Kam-puchep with support . fromMoscow. Vietnamese troops arestill fighting the patriotic Kam-puchean resistance forces inKampuchea, creating frictionsalong the Kampuchean-Thaiborder and continuously carry-ing out armed provocations inthe Chinese bordeg areas.

Hanoi has been at war formany years. Viet Nam's econ-omy is in shambles and theVietnamese people l.i.ve in direpoverty. The 200,000 Vietnam-ese invading troops cannot carryon without support and assis-tance from the Soviet Union.Therefore, it is untenable to as-sert that the Vietnamese troopwithdrawal from Kampucheahas nothing to do with theSoviet Union.

As a matter of fact, if theSoviet Union ceased its supportof Viet Nam's aggressionagainst Kampuchea and used-itsinfluence, it could urge VietNam to pull out all its troopsfrom Kampuchea. Then, peaceand stability in Indochina andSoutheast Asia could be guaran-teed. The Vietnamese people,who have suffered from war forseveral decades, could recu-perate, rebuild their economyand live a peaceful life.

Conversely, if Viet Nam con-tinues to invade and occupyKampuchea and to conductarmed provocations along theSino-Vietnamese border, rela-tions between China and VietNam will be further strained andthis will inevitably lead to theworsening of Sino-Soviet rela:tions.

Therefore, we hope that inot'der to remove obstacles tonormalization of Sino-Sovietrelations, the problem of a totaLVietnamese troop withdrawalfrom Kampuchea will first besolved.

In a recent statement, theChinese Foreign Ministry said:If the Vietnamese Governmentshould decide to announce awithdrawal of all its troopsfrom Kampuchea, the Chineseside would be willing, after thewithdrawal of the first batch ofVietnamese troops, to resumenegotiations with Viet Nam forthe normalization of relationsbetween the two countries. Andalong with the withdrawal ofmore Vietmanese troops fromKampuchea, the Chinese sidewould take practical steps to

improve its relations with VietNam.

We are of the opinion that asubstantial progress in Viet-namese troop withdrawal willhelp restore normal Sino-Sovietrelations.

China is open and aboveboardon the Kampuchean issue. Itseeks no self-interest, neitherwill it take Kampuchea as itsown sphere of influence. Chinatakes the lead in opposing VietNam's acts of aggression for noother reason than upholdingjustice.

The Chinese Government hassolemnly. declared that it iswilling to make a joint commit-ment -with other c,ountries torefrain from any form of inter-ference in Kampuchea's inter-nal affairs, to respect the in-dependence, neutrality and non-aligned status of Kampuchea,and to respect the result of theKampuchean people's choicemade through a genuinely freeelection to be held under UNsupervision.

At present, the second roundof consultations between thevice-foreign ministers of Chinaand the Soviet Union are beingheld in Moscow. We sincerelYhope for a resumption of normalrelations with the Soviet Union,because it conforms with thefundamental interest of the Peo-ples of the two countries andother peoples in the world. Wehope that all obstacles to this.end will be removed. TheSoviet Union is urged to takeconcrete actions. While talkingabout improving relations, one

should not continue to threatenthe security of the other side.

- lnternati,onal EditorMu Youlin

Beijing Reuieu, No. II

-----tGreetings to' Beijin g Reaiew'

On the occasion of the 2\th annioersarg of the f ounding oJthe English edition of "Beijing Reuiero,,' setseral party anil stateIead,ers and renousneil social tigures hat:e sent greetings. Fourore reTno.d,uced here. Sorne others taere published in our pre-oious issue. -Ed.

2talrL{fquatFl{fl"tK

ri h#iu

ili 4 frqLfriii ,fi1h4Warm congratulations to

the occasion of its sllver jubilee.May the REVIEW contlnue to present a true

picture of Chlna's soclalist construction,systematically and vividly, to its worldwide au-dlence and thus further enhance the mutualunderstanding, friendshlp and co-operatlon be-tween the people of Chlna anal the people ol allcountries throughout the world.

Peng ZhenMembet of the Polltlcal Bureo! ol the cPcCentral Comnittee, Vice-Chairman of lhe

NPC Staniling Commlttee

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I do hope BEIJING REVIEW wiu benefit fronrpast experlence to improve upon its style andwritinE and lalthfully report on China to enableits reaalers abroad to geln a fuller understandingof our country.

Wang BlngnanPresidenl, of the Chlnese People's Associd-lion tot Friend.s}l-lp With Forclgn Countries

/yg.t.Greetings to BEIJING REVIEW on the occasion

of its silver jubilee,Llao ChenBzhi

Membet of the Politicol Bureau of the CPCCentral Commitlee, Vice-Chdlrtnon ol the

NPC Srandi'lg Commlttee

May you make new contributions tostrengthening the friendship between the Chinesepeople and the'people of ottrer lands, to com-batlng hegemonism ancl safeguarding worldpeace.

Zhu MuzhiMinister of Culture

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;ti i|lMarch 14, 1983

BEUING REVIEW celebrates 25th anniversaryby Our Stoff Writer Liu Youyuon

Exactly a quarter centuryago, some 20 young men andwomen, most of whom hadgreat determination but littleexperience in publishing,managed to put out New Chi-na's first English-languageweekly by working long hourson old typewriters in five orsix bare rooms.

Today, as it celebrates itssilver jubilee, the weekly maga-zine - BEIJING REVIEW(originally called PEKINGREVIEW) - has a staff of225, occupies a whole wingof a five-story building andappears in five foreign languageeditions - English, French,Spanish, Japanese and German.Its total circulation has increased

from several thousand to 100,000in 150-odd countries and regions.

During the last quarter cen-tury, as one of China's few massmedia oriented towards foreignaudiences, the magazine haspromoted understanding andfriendship between Chinese andother peoples.

CommemorotiYe Stoff Meeting

BEIJING REVIEW has manythings to be proud of and totreasure, said Wang Xi, directorand editor-in-chief, at a staffmeeting to commemorate theweekly's 25th anniversary inearly March.

First of all, she said, BEIJINGREVIEW has always received

the careful attention of Partyand state leaders. Chair-man Mao Zedong was a regularBEIJING REVIEW readerduring his life and gave manyinvaluable suggestions for itsimprovement.

Zhou Enlai, the late Premier,,gave personal attention to thepreparations for the pubiica-tion of the weekly's first issue.For the magazine's 5th anniver-sary in 1963, he wrote a specialmessage of greeting and attend-ed the celebration meeting. Thestaff members' memory of himremains an inexhaustible sourceof encouragement for theirwork.

On the occasion of its 25th

foregrouarl, Peng Zhen (third left), Xu Deheng (second left), Huang Hua (right) andQiao Shi (left).

.

6 Beijing Retsieut, No, 77

il5e5r5l5l5e5e5r5e5E5

birthday, BEIJING REVIEWreceived a similar congratula-tory letter from the currentPremier, Zhao Ziyang. Theletter reads, "Congratulations toBEIJING REVIEW on the occa-sion of its silver jubilee! Mayyou work together to contributefurther to the mutual under-standing and friendship be-tween the peoples of China andother countries."

Several other Party and stateleaders and well-known person-ages also sent special messagesof greetings. (Facsimiles of theircalligraphy were reproduced inthis issue and the preceedingone.)

Editor Wang Xi also praisedBEIJING REVIEW's tradition ofhard work gradually fosteredover the years.

As evidence of this dedication,BEIJING REVIEW never failedto publish a single issue. It didnot miss a week, even in the"difficult period" of the early1960s when the staff did nothave enough to eat because offood shortages caused bynatural disasters, nor duringthe Tangshan earthquake in thesummer of 1976 when the staffhad to live outdoors in makeshifthuts and work in the courtyardwhere only the foliage of thetrees shielded them from thehot sun.

Eleven founding members whostill remain on the staff werecited for their good work at themeeting and were presented.with souvenirs.

In 1979, eliminating the "Left-ist" influences from the "cul-tural revolution," BEIJINGREVIEW revised its editingprinciples to focus on explain-

Wang Xi, BEIJING REVIEW director and editor-in-chief,speaks at the aea party.

i.rg matters and answeringquestions which foreign read-ers show the keenest con-cern for and are most interestedin - "the hot issues,l' Wang Xisaid.

Previously, the bulk of theweekly content was translationsof articles from the Chinesepress which were written mainlyfor domestic co;isumption. Nowthere are more and more exclu-sive interviews, articl'es and re-ports prepared specially forBEIJING REVIEW readers.

Judging by the several thou-sand letters from readers eachyear, these changes havebeen well received. ErikSimonsen, a Danish reader,said in his letter: "I have beena reader of BEIJING REVIEWfor 10 years. . Over the lastcouple of years the content hasbeen improved and the informa-tive level of the articles raised.I do hope that you'll continuepublishing indepth articles

about domestic and interna-tional affairs."

Much has been accomplished,but a great deal more remainsto be done. In addition, BEI-JING REVIEW had made manyerrors. So, Wang Xi said, "Aswe look' back we also havesome regrets."

Some errors occurred due tocircumstances beyond the con-trol of the staff, such as printingultra-Left statements duringthe secalled "cultural revolu-tion" from 1966 to 1976.

But others appeared simplYbecause of our ignorance. Forinstance, as a senior editorrecalled, the magazine oncepicked up a story from the Chi-nese press which asserted thatpigs can grow faster by cuttingoff a piece of their ears. Whenreaders wrote to ask how tomake the cut, the editor incharge df the article made an

5t5e5ffiMarch 14, 1983

ffi

investigation and found that itwas rnerely hearsay.

Celebrotion Teo PofiThe celebration activities cul-

minated in the tea party givenon March 5 by BEIJING RE-VIEW to express thanks to peo-ple other than the staff for theirconsistent support for its work.Attending the party were morethan 200 distinguished guests.Among them were Vice-Chair-men of the Standing Committeeof the National People's Con-gress Peng Zhen and Xu De-heng, Alternate Member of theCPC Central CommitteeSecretariat Qiao Shi, StateCouncillor Huang Hua, Minis-ter of Culture Zhu Muzhi andDeputy Chief of the Propaganda Department under theParty Central Committee YuWen.

A special honour to the occa-sion was the presence of a five-member delegation from MiyagiCounty led by Nobuo Sasaki,Vice-President of the Japan-

China Friendship Associationand a four-member delegation ofthe US-China People's Friend-ship Association headed by itsPresident Unita Blackwell. Alsoattending the party were manyother long-time foreign friendsof the Cfinese people now inBeijing as well as those whowork as BEIJING REVIEWstaff members.

Wang Xi, who hosted theparty, expressed welcome andgratitude to all present.

Peng Zhen expressed hiswarm appreciation and thanksto foreign friends who havehelped BR in one way or an-other. "Without your help," hesaid, "BEIJING REVIEW. couldnot have been what it istoday."

China is now in an era of im-portant changes and it is at-tracting world attention morethan ever, Qiao Shi said. BEI-JING REVIEW should makegreater efforts to tell its readerswhat is happening in China in

an objective, comprehensive andeasy-to-understand manner.

Huang Hua, Zhu Muzhi andYu Wen in their speeches urgedBEIJING REVIEW writers tofurther emancipate their think-ing and inform the world aboutthe tremendous reforms takingplace in China promptly andaccurately.

Mr. Sasaki said he has been areader of BEIJING REVIEWsince its first issue, and that hewould like to see the exchangeprogramme arranged betweenthe Japanese edition of BEIJINGREVIEW and Miyagi County,Japan, go on for ever.

Ms. Blackwell told the audi-ence that for quite a long timeshe and many other Americansturned to BEIJING REVIEW tofind out what was going on inChina. "It wasn't a very prettymagazine," she said, "but wealways felt that it was talkingabout China's trrclicies and whatwas actually happening in Chi-na.t'

Ms. Blackwell's views areshared by other readers. Y.M.van der Hoeven, a Dutch reader,for one, wrote on Feb. 17,

"Once again BR proves to beindispensable for a 'block-stricken' reader."

Rose Smith, a British over 90who has been in China since1962 and is much respected as aveteran revolutionary and jour-nalist, attended the PartY and

told one staff member: "BEI-JING REVTEW is doing worthYwork. Keep up your efforts."

Lively chats went on forhours amid frequent aPPlause

and hearty laughter.

E5?

Wang Xi (left) wiah Unlia Blackwell.

Beijing Reui,eto, No. 1I

CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS

76th NPC Standing Committee Meeting

The 26th Meeting of the Stand-ing Cornmittee of the NationalPeople's Congress (NPC), whichbegan on February 28, closed onthe afternoon of March 5.

The meeting opened withPremier Zhao Ziyang's report onhis African tour. He said hisrecent successful visit to 11 Af-rican countries has laid a new,solid foundation for furtherfriendship and co-operation Chairman ye Jianying's letter,between the peoples of China which was read during theand these countries' meeting, requested that he did

He noted that China and the not wish to be nominated forAfrican countries share many election to the Sixth National

Comrade Ye Jianying at the Gezhouba construetion site ofChina's largest hydroelectric statiou in April 1979.

March 14, 1983

common views on opposing im-perialism, colonialism, racism,the manipulation of small na-tions by big ones and powerpolitics. Both China and thesecountries stand for preservingworld peace, strengthening tiesamong. third world countries,changing the current unjust andunreasonable international eco-nomic relations.

People's Congress and wouldnot be a candidate for the NPCStanding Committee Chairman.

The meeting studied his letterand endorsed a reply to him.The reply said, Chairman Ye ishighly esteemed and trusted bythe people of the whole countryfor the monumental contribu-tions he has made in the revo-lutionary struggles during morethan half a century and for hisoutstanding contributions madeduring his tenure aS Chairmanof the Standing Committee ofthe Fifth NPC.

Considering Chairman Ye'sadvanced age, the meeting de-cided to accept his request, andsuggested that all electoralunits not nominate him for elc-tion as deputy to the Sixth NPC.

The meeting approved thequotas on deputies of minoritynationalities to the Sixth NPC,the plan for electing deputies ofTaiwan Province to the SixthNPC through consultation, cer-tain regulations concerning thedirect election of deputies tothe people's congresses at thecounty level and below, and adecision allowing the Ministryof Foreign Economic Relationsand Trade to exercise the ex-amining and approving powerof the former Foreign Invest-ment Commission, a decision onChina's participation in the"International Convention onthe Suppression and Punish-ment of the Crime of Apar-theid" adopted by the 1973 UNGeneral Assembly and a deci-sion on ratifying the "Conven-tibn on the Prevention andPunishment of the Crime ofGenocide" adopted by the 1948UN General Assembly.

The meeting also approved anumber of decisions on appoint-ments and removals.

Zhou Enlai's letters

published

Six of the late Premier ZhouEnlai's Ietters and a telegramhe and the late Chairman MaoZedong sent to Soong ChingLing, wife of Dr. Sun Yat-sen,were published for the first timeon Renmin Riboo and other na-tional papers to mark the 85thanniversary of the Premier'sbirthday which falls on March 5.

Zhou Enlai was Premier of thePeople's Republic of China fromits founding in 1949 until hisdeath in 1976. His brilliance asa statesman won him admiration

and respect in China and aroundthe world. He is acknowtedgedas one of the greatest figures ofthe 20th century.

In his letter to Soong ChingLing in December 1946, Zhouwrote: "So long as the Chinesepeople uphold tbe policies ofpeace, democracy and indepen-dence and pull through this dif-ficult period in history, they canexpect victory and a bright fu-ture. We greatly admire yourefforts and we wish we ctould

share the burdens you have ta-ken on in this difficult period ofhistory. We believe that yourefforts will not be fruitless. Thepeople, not only in the liberatedareas but throughout the coun-

try, are proud of having a lead-er like you w'ho unceasinglyserves the people."

The January 1949 telegramfrom Mao Zedong and Zhou En-lai and a letter from Zhou En-lai written in June the sameyear invited Soong Ching Lingto Beijing to attend the sessionof the new Chinese People'sPolitical Con'sultative Con-ference on how to build a newChina.

Among the letters publishedwere four Zhou Enlai wrote be-tween March 1942 and Decem-ber 1946 to Guo Moruo, one ofChina's most esteemed modernwriters.

In his two 1946 letters to Guo,Zhou wrote, "Peop1e's strugglefor democracy is difficult andfull of setbacks. Even if themiddle-roaders continue towaver, we should never cease

trying to win them over. . . . Thebattles on the frontlines will tellus the outcome in the next6 to 12 months. If the then sit-uation demands that we nego-tiate with Chiang Kai-shek, wewill stick to the policy of meet-ings of Party groupings and thecoalition government."

He also wrote, "You arestanding in the forefront of thestruggle. You are shoulderingheavy tasks for the revolution.The hearts of the Chinese peo-p1e are linked to yours."

In his other two letters, ZhouEnl,ai talked of his views onsome historical and literary is-sues with Guo Moruo.

A research centre of the Chi-nese Communist Party's CentralCommittee announced that it ispreparing a volume of SelectedLetters From Mao Zedong forrelease in Iate 1983 to coin-memorate the 90th anniversar;rof the birth of the late Chairmanwhich falls on December 26.

_r:r I

Mao Zetlong, Soong Ching Ling and Zhou Enlai (Ieft toright) at Zhongnanhai, Beiiins, in October 1956.

10 Beijing Reoietu, No. 11

CHI NA EVENTS AND TRENDS

A peasant puts up

th ree advertisements

One surprising story came tous recently from China's coun-tryside. It seems that a peasantplaced three advertisements inhis village offering services tofellow rzillagers free of charge.

Zhang Wensheng was apeasant in Minquan County,Henan Province, who becamequite well off through hardwork. His advertisements said:"My family has 3,000 yuan insavings that I will lend to any-one who needs to buy chemicalfertilizer"; "My walking trac-tor will plough your fields freeof charge" and "You are wel-come to watch TV and use mywashing machine in my home."

Within 10 days after theseadvertisements appeared, hehad lent more than 700 yuan toother peasants; his walkingtractor had ploughed ?.3 hec-tares and about 30 or 40people had watched his TVevery evening while his newg,ashing machine tumbledhundreds of pieces of clothing.

In the past, Zhang Wenshengwas very poor. He and hisfamily had to borrow 300 or 400yuan from the governmentevery year before 1979.

However, under the produc-tion responsibility system, hecontracted to produce cotton onone hectare of land. Owing tothe efforts of his whole family,his gross income from cottonwas 14,000 yuan in 1982. Thatyear his life began anew. Hebuilt a five-room new house,bought four bicycles, three

March 14, 1983

watches, a TV set, a washingmachine, a sewing inachine anda walking tractor.

In recent years, an increasingnumber of peasants are likeZhang. They have the moneyto buy big machines for produc-tion and high-quality items fordaily use. The Shanghai Trac-tor Plant sold peasants 727 trac-tors in less than one year. Peas-ants in some areas are rvtv'arming

their homes and cooking wittqelectric stoves.

Incomplete statistics showthat in 1982, more than 200

families in China's rural ereashad telephones in their houses.This is unprecedented since thefounding of New China.

Premier Zhao greets

Premier Zhao Ziyang sent amessage on March 6 to the ?thNon-Aligned Summit to expressthe warm congratulations ofthe Chinese Government andpeople on its convocation.

The message reads: "Tremen-dous changes have taken place

in the international situationsince the First Summit Confer-ence of the Non-Aligned Coun-tries. Together with the peoplesof other countries, the peoples ofthe non-aligned countries havewon significant victories intheir struggles against imperial-ism, colonialism and neo-colo-nialism, racism, and all formsof foreign aggression, occupa-tion, control, interference andhegemony. The non-alignedmovement has become a politi-cal force exerting important in-fluence on the present interna-tional arena.

"The Chinese Covernment and

Peasants who are richer todayhave not turned their backs onthose who are still poor.

In a letter to Guangming Ri,-boo, a nationai newspaper,Zhang Wensheng said he want-ed to share the joy of his new-found prosperity with othercommune members, which in-spired him to place the threeadvertisements.

Zhang Wensheng intends todo other good turns for his vil-lage - he plans to build amotor-pumped well, buy anoodle machine and a 24 inchcolour TV set, put up threereading rooms, start a classabout agricultural techniquesand give financial aid to 15poor families and provide themwith technical know-how.

non-aligned summit

people deeply appreciate thepurposes of the non-alignedmovement and its independent,sovereign and non-bloc princi-ples, highly appraise the posi-tive role pl.ayed by the non-aligned movement in interna-tional affairs, firmly supportthe non-aligned countries intheir struggle to safeguard.na-tional independence. developtheir national economies, main-tain international security andestablish a new internationaleconomic order.

"May the non-aligned move-ment continue to adhere to itslofty purposes and principlesand make new contributions toenhance solidarity and co-operation, to the struggleagainst imperialism, colonialism.foreign occupation and domina-tion and hegemony. and to thegreat cause of world peace andhuman progress,"

11

China, lvory Coast establish relations

The People's Republic ofChina and the Republic of theIvory Coast established diplo-matic relations at ambassadoriailevel as of March 2, 1983.

China's Foreign Minister WuXueqian and the Ivory Coast'sForeign Minister Simeon Akesigned the joint communique onthe establishment of diplomaticrelations between the two coun-tries in Beijing on March 1.

The communique said that re-lations between the two coun-trieg are based on the principlesof equality, mutual non-aggres-sion, mutual benefit, settlernentof disputes through peacefulmeans, non-interference in eachother's internal affairs, mutualrespect for sovereignty and ter-ritorial integrity and politicaland economic options.

The communique said: "TheGovernment of the People's Re-public of China supports theGovernment of the Ivory Coastin its endeavours to safeguardindependence, ensure respect forits sovereignty and develoP lheeconomy of the Republic of theIvory Coast.

"The Government of theIvory Coast recognizes that theGovernment of the People's Re-public of China is the sole legalgovernment representing theentire Chinese people.

"The Chinese Governmentdeclares that Taiwan is an in-alienable part of the territory ofthe People's Republic of China.The Government of the IvoryCoast has taken note of thisstatement."

In his meeting with ForeignMinister Simeon Ake, PremierZhao Ziyang said that the sign-ing of the joint communique onthe establishment of diPlomaticrelations between China and theIvory Coast showed that the re-Iations between the two coun-tries have entered into a newhistorical period. This conformsto the aspirations and interestsof the two peoples.

He also said that China and

the Aflican people and the Peo-ple of the Ivory Coast will suP-

port each other PoliticallY and

strengthen exchanges and co-operation in develoPing theireconomies. China wrll regard itseconomic co-operation withAfrica as the main point for thedevelopment of the South-Southco-operation.

China, Sudan agree

to enhance friendship

The Chinese Communist Partyand the Sudanese SocialistUnion have signed a friendshipand co<peration protocol inwhich the two sides will encour-age their mass organizations andpress to establish ties and co-operation in the coming twoyears.

The protocol was signed earlylast month by Zhang Xiangshan,leader of the CPC goodwill dele-gation to the Sudan and Adviserto thd CPC International LiaisonDepartment, and Rashid El Ta-hir Baker, First Deputy Secre-

12

tary of the Sudanese SocialistUnion.

During the Chinese delega-tion's visit to the Sudan, the twosides exchanged views on theworld political situation and onbilateral relations. They sharedidentical views on the questions

of safeguarding national inde-pendence and world peace;

maintaining and consolidatingthe unity of the third worldcountries ; opposing imperialism,colonialism, hegemonism andracism; opposing Israeli aggres-sion against the Palestinian andother Arab peoples; supportingthe Palestinian people's juststruggle for their nationalrights; supporting the struggleof the people of southern Africato oppose imperialism and apar-

theid, and to win national inde-pendence and human rights.

Both sides agreed to developfriendly relations on the basis ofthe principles of independenceand self-determination, com-plete equaiity, mutual respecl,and non-intervention in eachother's internal aflairs.

Since 1978, relations betweenthe Chinese Commrrnist Partyand the Sudanese SocialistUnion have seen satisfactoryand active developrnent. TheChinese Communist Party dele-gation's recent visit has furtherstrengthened these relations.

CORRECTIONS: In the last column otthe table on p. 21 of our last issue, "oihincrease. 1982 over 1949" should read"increase of 1982 over 1949 (times)" andaU the figures should be cut by one;in the "number of ships" item. 1949column. 333 should read 833.

Beijing Reoieu, No. II

INTERNATIONAT REPORTS AND COMMENTS

Algerio-Morocco

To improve the strained rela-tions between Algeria and Mo-rocco resulting from the con-flict over Western Sahara, con-tacts at various levels havecontinued since 1978, said aspokesman of the Algerian For-eign Ministry.

This was the first meeting be-tween their heads of state sincethe two countries severeddiplomatic relations in 19?6.

Nordic Council

Saudi Arabia and Tunisia actedas mediators to promote thismeeting. The leaders of the Pop-ular Front have recently stat-ed that they welcome this meet-tng.

The improvement of relationsbetween Morocco and Algeriahas again shown that unity andco-operation is an importanttrend in the Arab world. It hasalso shown that third worldcountries can solve disputesamong,themselves throughpeaceful consultations.

- Shang Jin

Move to improve relationsA LGERIAN President Chadli

-. r Bendjedid and King Has-san II of Morocco, meeting onthe Algerian side of their com-mon border on February 26,took an important step towardsnormalizing relations, towardsseeking a peaceful solution tothe Western Sahara problemand realizing peace and stabil-ity in northwestern Africa.Their sincere efforts to recon-cile long-term disputes are wel-comed by many Arab and Af-rican countries.

Algeria and Moroeco, bothmembers of the Arab world,had good relations historically.Their relations detefiorated andwere severed in February of1976 because of their disputeover the question of ownershipand status of the former Span-ish Sahara.

Iu February 19?6, whenSpain withdrerv from WesternSahara, Mt-,rocco and Mauri-tania divided this region be-tween themselves, but the poli-sario (Popular Front for the LiLeration of Western Sahara),demanding self-determinationand independence, proclaimedthe formation of the SaharawiArab Democr.atic Republic.Since then armed conflict haserupted between the popularFront supported by Algeria andMorocco and Mauritania. InAugust 1979, Mauritania aban-doned its claim to the ter-ritory of Western Sahara anddisengaged its troops when itsigned a peace treaty with thePoprrlar Front. However, armedconflict between Morocco andthe Popular Front has continu-ed to date.

March 14, 1983

Strengthens regional co-operation

T HE 31st annual session ofr the Nordic Council held inOslo, Norway, closed on Feb.25. The leaders of govern-menLs, chief cabinet mem-bers and parliamentary partyleaders of the five Nordiccountries attended the meetingto discuss the problem ofstrengthening regional co-operation. It was decided thatfinancial ministers of the fiveNordic countries will meet inCopenhagen on March 23 to dis-cuss possible concerted actionsand co+peration plans to resolvethe current economic crisis.

The North European countriesf ace common problems

- stag-nate production. high unemploy-ment, budget deficits, inflationand high debts. Total un-employment in the five coun-tries has reached 800,000, andthe total value of foreign tradein the region has declinedsteadily.

Some Nordic countries haveset up protectionist trade bar-riers in attempting to resolvetheir economic difficulties, butthis has greatly damaged Nor-dic economic co-operation.

The sharp depreciation ofthe Swedish kronor last C)ctobermade relations between thesecountries more tense. DanishPrime Minister PouI Schlutercriticized Sweden for exportingits own troubles to Denmark.

Norwegian Prime MinisterKoare Willoch condemnedSweden's currency devaluationas damaging Nordic co-opera-tion.

At this session of theNordic Council, some representa-tives also criticized Sweden. TheDanish Government protestedthat Norway and Sweden hadrefused to import meat fromDenmark.

Though disputes exist among

13

the Nordic countries, the repre-sentatives demanded strengthen-ed economic co-rperation andjoint solutions to common dif-ficulties. Many representativessuggested establishing a commonprogramme for economic devel-opment and solving unemploy-ment. This suggestion wasunanimously supported at themeeting. However, there arestill differences among thegovernments and party leaderson how to reach their commongoals.

Noidic Unity

The five Nordic countries -Denmark, Finland, Iceland,Norway and Sweden - have a

population of 23 million. TheNordic peoples have a commonlanguage, and cultural and his-torical background. Co-opera-tion among the Nordic countrieshas a long history, and afterWorld War II, regional co-operation has been strengthen-ed and expanded in many newspheres.

The North European coun-tries have different strategicpnsitions and thus different se-curity policies. Denmark andNorway are NATO members.Finland implemented a neutralpolicy based on the Finno-SovietTreaty of Lrriendship, Co-opera-tion and Mutual Assistance, andSweden has had a policy ofarmed neutrality of remainingneutral in war and non-alignedin peace time.

Nordic co-operation today cov-ers such fields as trade, tech-nology, science, education, lawand communications, but not theareas of diplomatic and securitypolicies. Long-term co-operationhas resulted in a common Nordicposition on a "common labourmarket," a "common citizen-ship" and a "common trademarket." Workers in thesecountries can move freely and acitizen of any one Nordic country

14

enjoys all local social benefitswhen residing in anotherNordic country, Trade amongthese countries plays an im-portant role in each country'sforeign trade; 30 to 40 per centof their products are sold on theNordic market.

An lmportant characteristicof Nordic co<peration is thefact that any decision made bythe Nordic Council must betaken unanimously, ond co-operation is based on the prin-ciple of respecting each Nordic

Kuwait

country's right to self-deter-mination.

Nordic co-operation has play-ed a positive role in maintain-ing and deveioping a commonNordic cultural tradition, in re-moving communication obsta-cles, in exploiting common re-sources,and strengthening theeconomy of the region. Nordicco-operation has also raisedNorciie political and economicstatus in world affairs andpromoted stability in Europe.

-Liu Xumi.n

Aid to South-South co-operation

Tz UWAIT'S oil reserves areI\ tr,u third largest in theworld. For many years it has

used its surplus oil dollars (8-10

per cent of its national income)to support the economic con-struction of other third worldcountries. This aid is PrimarilYprovided in the form of loans

through the Kuwait Fund forArab Economic DeveloPment(KFAED).

KFAED had funds of US$175

million when it rvas set uP inI961 and its activities werelimited to Arab countries' Overtwo decades KFAED has grownand its operations have exPand-ed to include third world coun-

tries beyond the Arab wor1d. Itsfund increased to $3.5 billion in1974 and $7 billion in 1980. BYthe end of April 1981 KFAXDhad provided 186 loans totallingnearly $3 billion to 53 develoP-ing countries. Sixteen Arabcountries received 108 loans, 60

per cent of the total. ThirteenAsian countries received 24 Percent of the loans; and the re-maining money was allocated to20 non-Arab African countries.

Since 1981 Kuwait has co-operated economically withChina. KFAED has providedloans for China's economic con-struction while the overallscope of economic co-operationhas grown.

The conditions for loansgiven by KFAED to the de-veloping countries are favoura-ble; interest rates are low.

In response to the developedcountries' attempts to shift theircrisis to other nations, KFAEDadvocates strengthening co-op-eration among the developingcountries and raising their tech-nological capabilities. ThereforeKFAED stresses the importanceof developing technological co-operation in the third world inits 1980 revised charter.KFAED co-operates with otherfunds and international mone-tary organizations in order tomaximize funCs for projects inthe third world.

In today's international econ-omy, KFAED plays an influ-ential role and contributes to theSouth-South co-operation.

- Sh, Yanchun

Beijing Reuiew, No' II

ARTICTES AND DOCUMENTS

Chinese-Type Modernizotion (7)

Opening to the Outside WorldAnd Self-Reliance

n HINA consistently has stressed that socialist\-r modernization must be carried out on thebasis of self-reliance in the context of strivingfor a peaceful international environment. Itregards its opening to the outside world and ex-panding of economic and technological ex-changes with foreign countries as necessary con-ditions for its modernization.

!n Order of PriorityWhat should be the relationship between

self-reliance and opening to the outside world?

Self-reliance means that a country relieson its own strength, uses its own resources, ma-terials and technology, and independently drawsup a strategy for economic development accord-ing to its own conditions.

It does not mean closing the door to theoutside world. In the world today, production,

by Zheng Hongqing

commodity circulation and science and technol-ogy are so highly developed that no single coun-try has all the resources and technology neededfor developing its economy. All countries, in-cluding the socialist ones, seek to take advan-tage of the international economic environmentto promote their own economic development byexchanging what they have for what they lack.

As China's economy and technology arerelatively underdeveloped, it is impossiblefor it to shut itself off and build up the coun-try divorced from the rest of the world. It mustbase itself on self-reliance and, on the prem-ise of equality and mutual benefit, strive toobtain foreign aid, learn all tlat is of use fromother countries, use both domestic and foreignresources, expand domestic and foreign markets,

The author is a staff member of the EconomicResearch Centre under the State Council.

China's biggest indoor coal yard wlth 24,01)0-ton capaoity was built entirely with Chinesematerials and labour at the power-generatiug plant of the Baoshon fron anil Steel Complex,

Canning plant in the Sh&nlou Special Economic Zone ofGuangdong Province uses lmported packaging equipment.

develop economic relations with other countriesand promote construction at home.

Some Westerners say that the most effec-tive way for a developing country to modernizeis to focus its industrial and economic devel-opment on foreign trade. They claim that thispractice stimulates capital accumulation andaccelerates development.

Instead of doing things this way, China re-Iies mainly on its own efforts and makes ex-ternal assistance supplementary. China's ex-perience has proved the importance of recog-nizing the proper priority between the two.

Foreign Economic Relations

China corrected "Leftist" errors after 19?8and implemented a policy of opening to theoutside world. Previously, particularly duringthe "cultural revolution," China made theprinciple of self-reliance an absolute dogma.The correct view of "opposing the blind worshipof things foreign" was carried to extremes,which. Ied to indiscriminate repudiation ofeverything foreign. In reality, this meant seal-ing itself off from the outside world. This wasone reason the economy stagnated duri4g thoseyears. China's economic relations with foreigncountries only began to pick up in recent years.

Increase in Foreign Trade. China's gross export-import volume reached 73,530 mitlion yuan(about US$40,000 million) in 1981, twice that of1978. Last year, China's volume of exportscontinued to increase relatively rapidly despitea depressed world market. The number ofChina's trading partners has increased steadi-

16

Iy. By the end of 1981, it had estab-lished economic and trade relationswith 174 countries and regions andthe Chinese Government had tradeagreements gr protocols with 89 coun-tries and the European EconomicCommunity.

Foreign Capital and Joint Ventures.By the end of 1981 the Bank of Chinahad establis\ed agency relations with2,920 main and branch organizationsof 1,071 banks in 146 countries andregions, a 28 per cent increase over1978.

In assimilating foreign capital,China strictly honours its contract.sand lives up to its word. It also hasa reputation f or prompt repay-

ment of its foreign loans. Since 19?9, foreigngovernments and international financial organi-zations have promised or signed agreements toprovide China $5,700 million in loans. Further-more, the Bank of China has buyer-credit agree-ments for $13,000 million with commercialbanks in various countries.

Direct Foreign Investments. Of the more than 40

already approved joint venture enterprises be-trveen China and foreign investors, nearly 30 arein operation. To date, 390 joint venture pro-jects, 590 medium-sized <lr small compensatorytrade projects and 4 joint offshore oil explora-tion and exploitation projects have been approv-ed. Chinese enterprises also have absorbedforeign capital in the form of equipment throughsuch means as leasing and processing of mate-rials provided by foreign firms. ALtogether,China has absorbed about $3,000 rrillion inforeign investments in these forms of joint ven-tures.

Technology and Equipment Imports. Throughsuch forms as foreign trade, economic co-opera-tion, technological co-operation and technolo-gical exchanges, China has imported $10,000million worth of advanced technology and equip-ment in the past few years.

At the same time, through such diversemeans as licensed trade, cbnsulting services,technological services and co<peration in pro-duction, China has obtained aciditional advanc-ed equipment and technology from abroad.

Project Contracting Abroad and Technologi-cal and Labour Serviees Co-operation. Chinahas set up 16 contlacting corporations thatundertake projects abroad. In 1981 these firmssigned more than 300 contracts with a total

j

Bei.jing Retsieu, No. lI

value of about $500 million for engineering proj-ects or labour services in rnore than 30 coun-tries and regions. In fulfilling these contracts.China has .sent 25,000 technicians and workersabroad.

Special Economic Zones. In 1980 China begansetting up special economic zones in the areasof Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in GuangdongProvince and Xiamen in Fujian Province.These zones offer favourable terms to investorsfrom Xianggang (Hongkong), Aomen (Macao)and forei.gn countries. Cotrstruction work in thesezones have met with initial success with thecompletion of most basic faciUties and servicesnecessary for economic development, such as

roads, r'rharfs, water and power supplies andtelecommunications. More than 20 factoriesbuilt with foreign capital are in operation.

China's development of economic relationswith the outside world has boosted the readjust-ment of its national economy and acceleratedits modernization process. But, generally speak-ing, things are still in the early stages andChina sti-ll needs to expand its forergn economicties and trade. With its export volume in 19Blonly 1.1 per cent of the world total, it is clearthat China will be rnaking greater use of foreigncapital in tuture.

Not Dependent on Foreign Countries

Some friends of China are doubtful aboutthe wisdom of China's open policy. They areworried that it might u,eaken the revolutionaryspirit of self-reliance and lead to dependence onforeign countries.

It is a fact that some developing countries.having imported capital and technol-ogy, became bogged dorvn in foreigndebts. unable to extricate themselves.This is a danger China must bewareof. However, the reasons for suchinsolvency are:

First, a lack of a basic under-standi.ng of the need for self-reliance.These countries made dependence onforeign capital their starting point for'developing their national economies.They. therefore. failed to limit themagnitude of their loans and bor-rowed more than they were able torepay.

Second, they imported tech-nology and equipment that wereunsuited to conditions in their coun-tries. Poor selections combined wirh

March 14, 1983

poor management hmited their ability to put tofull use the imports.

Third, they set up economic systems thatwere too heavily dependent on foreign markets.While needing to sell the bulk of their productsabroad, they also had to obtain most of theirenergy supplies and raw materials from othercountries. Therefore, they were unable towithstand the vicissitudes in the world economy.

The situation in China is entirely different.In the four years ending last December, Chinaabsorbed a little over' 30,000 million yuan inforeign loans and direct investments, whereasits total domestic investment in one year alonewas more than 80,000 million yuan. Thus.foreign capital made up a very small portion ofits investments.'Ihe irrternationally acceptedstandard is that a country should use less than20 per cent of its annual foreign earnings to payoff its foreign loans and interests. China usesmuch less than that.

Furthermore, China has rich natural re-sources, p'roduces a full range of products andhas shown an enormous export potential. Thesefactors are the basis of loan repayment. Chinahas summed up both foreign and domesticeconomic lessons and has gained sorne initial ex-perience in using foreign capital to bolster itsself -reliance capability.

In foreign trade, the volume of China's im-ports and exports in 1981 only averaged about$40 per capita. This is well below that of de-veloped countries and also is lower than thatof many developing countries. Even if China

@ffiFnfl

Chongqing Port is the largest international pori onthe upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River.

17

Chinese technician shows his Uganilan colleaguea Chinese-made refrigeration system.

doubled its volume of foreign trade, it would stillbe very small. As China's domestic economyis not dependent on its development of foreigntrade, fluctuations in the world market do notaffect the stability of China's domestic economy.

Will the Open Policy Weaken theNational Economy?

Some foreign friends, observing certaincountries' economic disasters, worry that China's

CHINA'S VOLUME OF

poliey of opening to the outside world mightweaken its national economy. We are now pay-ing close attention to this problem.

In 1977-78, China imported too many largecomplete sets of equipment, including uRneces-sarT duplication. It also blindly imported largeamounts of consumer goods. This deviation,lvhich adversely affected the development ofthe national economy, was very'quickly correct-ed. We now appropriately limit imports of com-plete sets of equipment and emphasize bringingin only advanced technology from abroad.

Today, we only import key p4rts of equip-ment that China cannot yet produce. Ourdomestic economy produces the rest of the partsneeded. We strictly limit imports of all prod-ucts that China can produce or is able to sup-ply, especially everyday consumer products. AsChina implements a planned economy, it is ableto draw up a comprehensive plan and exerciseunified control over imports and exports tomake them help expand the national economy.

China's experience in recent years provesthat its national economy is not weakened bysystematic import, with priority given toadvanced technology and key equipment neededin China's technological transformation, of cer-tain urgently needed high-quality materials

IMPORT & EXPORT

In Renminbi(1,000 million yuan)

In US Dollars(1,000 million dollars)

T'otaIVolume ofImport &

Export

4.16

8.09

10.45

8.09

11.84

11.29

Volume ofElxport

To+-al Volumeof Import

_ & ExPort

14.75

20.64

29.33

37.82

44.02L

Volumeof Import

29.04

35.5r

45.46

56.38

73-53

2.02

3.48

5.46

14.30

L6.77

21.17

21.21

36.?6

L4.74

18.?4

24.29

29.t4

36.7'.1

4.11

6,31

5.68

1.13

2.37

3.11

2.66

4.25

4.59

2.23

2.xi

1.21i

9.7t

13.66

18.21

0.58

1.35

1.51

15.67

19.55

n.ol4

1.1?

2.O2

2.33

7.419

10.89

Note: T'tre exchange rate for US dollars against Renminbi from 1950 to 19?8was oalculated according to the rate used by the People's Bank in those years,and that from 19?9 to 1981 according to tlie rate used by the Bank of Chinain that period.

I8 Beiiing Reuieu, No. 1I

CHINA'S COMPONENTS OF IMPORT & EXPORT COMMODITIES

Components of Export Commodities(100: total exports)

Components ofImport eommodities(10O: total imports)

Yean

1950

le53

1957

1962

1965

19M

1975

1.978

1.9?9

r980

1981

9.31

18.4

28.4

34.7:

30.9

25.e

39.3

gt.4

44r0

5l.B

56.2

Industria,land Mineral

Prod,ucts

ProcessedAgriculturaland Sideline

Productsj

3{}.2

%.9

31.5

45.9

36.0

37.t|

31.1

35.0

32.9

8.5

21i.2

Agriculturalarrd Sideline

Products

19.4

33.1

36.7

29.6

n.6

Means ofhoduction

Means ofLivelihooq

166

7.9

8.0

44-8

33.51

I l.J

14.6

18.6

18.7

2l.l

n.2

57.5

55.?

().1

83.4

92.1

92.0

55.2

66.5

BZ7

86.rx

81.4

81.3

78.9

7L8

23.1

18.7

17.6

Note: Industrial and mineral products include mainly metals, minerals,machinery, instruments, chemicals, Western drugq pottery and porcelain, andchemical fibres and their products. Processed agricultural and sideline produetsinclude food, textiles, native produce and animal by-products and handicraJtarticles. Agricultural and sideline products inblude grain, cotton, edible oils,eggs, Iive animals and fowl, aquatic products, vegetables and dry fruits, rawIacquer and traditional Chinese crude drugs.

which China itsqlf cannot provide and certainurgently needed material for industrial or agri-cultural production. On the contrary, such apractice promotes development of the entireeconomy.

Developing Co-operation With Rest: Of Third World

Some foreign friends wonder whetherChina's opening to the outside world meansthat it has time only for the developed countriesand not the developing countries; that it remem-bers only its rich partners and has forgotten itspoor€r friends.

Being a developing country, China mustabsorb some construction funds and advancedtechnology from the developed countries in orderto modernize. However, this doesn't mean t].ratChina is begging for alms. Nor does it mean thatit will ',r,eaken its economic and technologicalexchanges and co-operation v'ith other thirdworld countries.

As a member of the third world, China hasa history of mutual support and co<peration

Irl.arch 14, 1983

with other developing countries. China andother third world countries face the commontasks of developing their national economies and

raising their people's f.iving standards. Simi-lari-ties in economic structure e.s well as in scientificand technological levels mean the developingcountries can easily help each other. With ex-tensive territories, rich natural resources and

huge potential markets, the third world coun-tries have bright prospects for developing theirforeign trade. The Chinese Government is look-ing into new v/ays for expanding China's eco-nomic and technological co-operation with therest of the third world.

During Premier Zhao Ztyatrg's recent visitto 11 African countries, he proposed four prin-ciples for economic and technological co-opera-tion between China and other developing co:tn-tries. They are: equality and mutual benefit,emphasis on practical results, adoption of variedfornts, and mutual development.

China will strive to expand its economic andtechnological co+peration witt other third

19

world countries according to these four princi-ples. It will also do whatever possible to changethe irrational old international economic orderand strive to bring about new, rational interna-tional economic relations.

In short, in its drive to modernize by theend of this century, China will steadfastlyadhere to a policy of independence, self-determination and self-reliance. At the same

time, it will endeavour to obtain all possibleforeign aid and to strengthen its economic andtechnological cooperation with other countriesand regions. Besides serving its needs fordomestic construction, China adopts this policyto strengthen mutual understanding with allfriendly countries and to promote friendshipbetween the people of China and other lands.This also is beneficial to the cause of safeguard-ing world peace. !

by Hu Yongqin

When speakin-g of the various schools ofsocialism and the socialist movement in the West,bourgeois reformers represented by Kang You-wei (1858-1927) and Liang Qichao (1873-1929)and bourgeois revolutionaries represented bySun Yat-sen (1866-1925) referred to Marx andEngels, founders of scientific communism, andMarx's theories.

Liang Qichao was the first Chinese to men-tion the name of Marx. In 1902 he wrote in is-sue No. 18 of Xin Min Cong Boo (New People'sJournal) that Marx was the "forefather of secialism as well as a prolific writer."

In its second issue published in November7905, Min Boo (People's Paper), organ of thebourgeois revolutionaries, calried an article byZhtt Zhixin (1882-1920), in .which he gave a

brief account of the lives of Marx and Engelsand the gist of the Manifesto of the Communi,stParty. The article \ras accompanied by transla-tions of excerpts of the ManiJesto and the tenprogrammes listed in its second section.

Influenced by the Russian October Revolu-tion led by Lenin, the anti-imperialist, anti-feudal May 4th Movement broke out in China in1919. Revolutionary intellectuals representedby Li Dazhao (1889-1927), Chen Duxiu (1880-1942), Mao Zedong (1893-1976) and Zhou Enlai(1898-1976) began to accept Marxism and ac-tively publicize it. Thereafter began the dissem-ination of Marxism in China.

In April 1919, Mei Zhou Pi.ng Lun (WeeklyTribune) spo.nsored by Li Dazhao and Chen

Disseminotion of Morxism in Chino

,TIHE victory of the Chiness revolution was theI result of the dissemination and creative ap-plication of Marxism in China, the most popu-lous country in the world. Therefore, a reviewof the spread of Marx's theories in China sincethe beginning of this century is one significantway to commemorate the centenary of Marx'sdeath.

The popularization of Marxism in China hastraversed a long, tortuous corlrse. When it be-gan to gain wide popularity in European capital-ist countries half a century after it came intobeing in Europe in the 1840s,, China was gradual-ly being reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society as a result of imperialist aggres-sion. It was not until the early 20th century thatthe names of Marx and Engels began to beknown in China along with bits and pieces oftheir works. The first section of the Manifestoof the Communi,st Party was translated intoChinese in 1908; it took more than 70 yearsafter that for the Chinese version of the 50-volume Coll,ected. Works of Marc and Engels tobe published.

From 1902 to 1921

At the turn of the century, enlightenedmembers of the Chinese bourgeoisie voiced ademand for constitutional reform and moderni-zalion in their opposition to the decayed feudalautocracy of the Qing Dynasty. They sought thetruth needed for national salvation from West-ern capitalist countries.

The author is a staff member of the PartyCentral Committee's Bureau for the Translation ofWorks by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin.

20 Beiji.ng Reuieus, No, Il

Duxiu published part of Manifesto of the Com-mu.nist PartA. A month later, Beijing's ChenBao (Morning Paper) began carrying, in instal-ments, the translation of the whole of Wage La-bour and Capital.

Masterminded by Li Dazhao, Xin Qing Nian(New Youth) published a special issue on Marx-ism, which systematically introduced the threecomponent parts of Marxism - (historical ma-terialism, political economy and scientific so-cialism) and printed translations of excerpts pfMarx's works. In August 1920, a pamphlet con-taining several chapters <.lf Engels' Sociolism:Utopian and Scientific was published in Shang-hai.

During that perio<i. Li Dazhao founded theResearch Society of Marx's Theories; he alsoset up a special library and a study group.

With the developn-ient of the revolutionaryrrrass movement and the spread of Marxism,communism-inclined revolutionaries represent-ed by Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Mao Zedong andZhou Enlai organized communist groups in Bei-jing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Hunan and Guangdong,rvhich studied Marxism, spread it among stu-dents and workers and prepared to organize theCtrinese Communist Party. In August 1920, acomplete Chinese version of Manifesto of the

March 74, 1983

Communist Partg translated by Chen Wangdao(1890-1977), a Shanghai communist group mem-ber, was published in Shanghai.

Around the time of the May 4th Movement,eight works by Marx and Engels were translat-ed and published in China, which not only spedup the ideological awakening of the Chinese peo-ple but also furnished the ideological andtheoretical basis for the birth of the ChineseCommunist Party.

From 1921 to 1949

The year 1921 saw the founding of the Chi-nese Communist Party, which adopted Marxism-Leninism as its guiding ideology. Shortlyafterwards, the Party Central Committee prop-aganda department headed by Li Da (1890-1966) mapped out a plan for the Party-led Peo-ple's Publishing House to publish 29 Marxist-Leninist works in its Morr Series and LeninSeries. However, due to persecution by the re-actionary authorities and harsh material con-ditions of the time, the plan was only partiailyfulfilled.

On May 5, 1922, the 104th birthday of Marxwas commemorated at mass rallies and sympo-sium.s held in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou.Many newspapers and magazines publishedspecial issues to mark the occasion. The ChinaLabour Union Secretariat published ln Com-memoration of Marr, which gave a detailed des-cription of his life and theories.

ln t924, the Chinese Communist Party, theKuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen and variousrevolutionary classes formed a united front, thusgiving a big boost to revolutionary movcmentsall over the country. In 1923, the Party established the Shanghai Bookstcre, which specializ-ed in publishing Party documents and Marxist-Leninist books. The bookstore late'.' branchedout to Guangzhou, Chongqing, Ningbo, Qingdaoand Taiyuan and in this way established a dis-tribution network for the dissemination ofMarxi-sm-Leninism in China.

In 1927, the Kuomintang reactionaries be-trayed the rerzolution. White terror reignedacross the nation, and Party organizations suf-fered tremendous damage. In the culturalarena, the reactionaries rvhipped up the coun-ter-revolutionary cultural "encirclement andsuppression." Marxist-Leninist works were for-bidden, Party's underground publishing houseswere closed down and those reading, translating,publishing and spreading revolutionary booksand publications were cruelly pe::sectr.ted.

karl IlIarx (1866).

21

But the Communists and progressive cul-tural workers were undaunted. During the Sec-ond Revolutionary Civil War (1927-37), moreworks by Marx and Engels were published. InShanghai alone, 50 titles of such books came offthe press.

After 1928, the Party organizations recover-ed from the damage and the revolutionary situa-tion improved. The Party's underground publishing organizations and progressive book-stores put out a number of Marxist-Leninistworks. In 1930 a complete Chinese languageedition of Anti-Duhnng, translated by WuLiping (1906- ) and published by the JiangnanBc.,okstoi'e of Shanghai, became a bestseller. Thisbook, which Lenin called a "Marxist encyclo-paedia," pla;zsd a big role in raising the Party'sMarxist theoretical level. In 1931 Comrade MaoZedong obtained a copy of that book after theRed Army's capture c:f Zhaogzhou; he read itrepeatedly.

In 1930-34, four Chinese versions of thefirst volume of Capital, the Marxist economicsmagnum opus, were published thanks to ardu-ous efforts by Hou Wailu (1896- ) and othersin spi+-e of enenry attempis at sabotage andblockacle.

The translation and introduction of Marxisttheories of literature and art also made muchhead'x,ay under the auspices of Lu Xun (1881-

"New Youth" in SeptemberDazhao's article "My Viewssystematically explained the

Marxism.

1936), Qu Qiubai (1899-1935) and other revolu-tionary men of letters.

That period also witnessed the publicationin Shanghai of Critique of Political Economy,translated by Guo Moruo (1892-1978) and thepublication in Beijing of The Pouertg of Phil.o-sophA, translated by Xu Deheng, now Vice-Chairman of the National Committee of theChinese People's Politicai Consultative Con-ference.

In the meantime, indigenous methods andmaterials were devised to print Marxist worksin revolutionary base areas established by theParty in regions rvhere the counter-revolution-ary rule was relatively weak.

The Monifesto of the Communist Pafiy, lorexample, was printed in Ruijin, Jiangx.i Prov-ince. In its issue No. 68, 1934, Dou Zheng(Struggle), organ of the Party Central Bureauin the Soviet Base Area, carried articles by Marxand Engels. In 1933, the people in the revolu-tionary base areas marked the 50th anniversaryof the death of Marx on a wide scale.

The Party Central Committee adopted a

resolution for the anniversary and the Party'sjournal published commemorative articles call-ing on soldiers and civilians in the base areas

to arm themselves with Marxism-Leninism.

During the War ofResistance Against Ja-pan (1937-45), Yanan,t,hen the site of the PartYCentral Committee be-came the Chinese peo-ple's headquarters forcombating the Japaneseinvaders as rvell as thecentre for the study andpropaganda of Marxismand the publication ofNlarxist-Leninist works.

The Party CentralCommittee decided toestablish a departmentto speci.alize in translat-ing Marxist-Leninistworks. A number ofPart5, 1s^6.rs. sttch as

Zhang Wentian (1900-76), also checked thetranslation.

Beiiing Reuieus, No. 11

+ffi#rT}

ItH

iirf

[|rlri

IlTI

IIIIaaaaar

o.r! f *5rfa I I !rr

/

l9l9 publishetl Lion Marxism" whichbasic principles of

II

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LA JIUIE5SE

22

Liberation Publishing Housepublished ten titles of the Martatud Etlgels Series as well asSelected Works of Lenin, Select-ed Works of Stalin aod Anti-Jay:anese War Reference Seri,es.To strengthen the study and re-search of Marxisi military theo-ries and strategic thinkings soas to guide the people's war,Yanan also published Selectedl'Iilitary Writings oif Engel"s.

In the 1942 Yanan move-ment to rectify the Party's styleof work, Comrade Mao Zedongpersonally presided over then,ork of compiling Methods ofThinking of Marr, Engel"s, Leninand Stalin, vrhich was an im-portant document to be studiedduring the movement. Largenumbers of the book wereprinted in many places.

Overcoming many difficulties, revolution-aries and progressives in the Kuomintang-con-trolled areas and Japane,se occupied areas re-printed a number of Marxist-Leninist workspublished in Yanan. They even translated andpttblished many works including Ludwig Feuer-bach and the End of Classical Gerntan Phil.oso-phA and The German ldeology. In 1938,the Shanghai Dushu and Shenghuo PublishingHouse published the unabridged Chinese ver-sion of the three volumes of Capital, a Party-sponsored project vrhich took the translatofs,Guo Dali (1905-76) and Wang Yanan (1901-69)ten years.

During the War of Liberation (1945-49), theParty Central Committee, while busy directingbattles, encouraged cadres to study Marxism-Leninism and actively promoted the publicationof Marxist-Leninist works as part of the effortsin preparation for the birth of New China.

The Liberation Publishing House publishedadditional Marxist-Lenini.st works. The booksit published in Yanan were reprinted in the rev-olutionary base areas and newly liberatedareas. The Xinhua Bookstores across the landreprinted such works on an unprecedented scale.The ManiJesto of the Communist Party, forexample. was reprinted in more than 20 places.Halbin alone printed 3,000 sets of an unabridgedtranslation of the three-volume Capital..

The Party's underground publishing housesproduced a number of Marxist-Leninist works

March 74, 1983

Complete translation by Chen Wangdao of "Manifestoof the Communist Parly" published in Shanghai'

Ausust 1920.

in Kuomintang-controlled areas during that pe-

riod. In 1949, Shanghai published Marx's The

Theories of Surplus Val'ue ttanslated by GuoDaIi and reprinted The Cit:il War in France andother works published by the Liberation Pub-lishing House in the WorLd Famous AcademicWorks.

On the eve of nationwide liberation, in an

effort to improve the cadres' political and the-oretical levels and prepare for the victory ofthe revolution, the Party Central Committeeedited and pubiished Essential Readings JorCad.res which included 12 works by Marx, En-gels, Lenin and Stalin, with total circulationreaching 3 million copies in the period fromJune 1949 to June i950. By the time the nationwas liberated, all major works by Marx and

Engels had been translated into Chinese

From 1949 to 1983

The birth of the People's Republic of Chinain October 1949 symbolized the great victory ofMarxism in China and opened up new possibil-ities for its spread. In the early post-liberationperiod, there was an upsurge to study Marxismin response to the call of the Party Central Com-mittee. The publication of classical Marxist-Leninist works was the responsibiiity ol thePeople's Publishing House established in 1951,

which reprinted many pre-liberation versions ofsuch works. Newspapers and such journals as

Xin Jian She (New Construction), Zhongguo

Qingnian (Chinese Youth), Xue Xi (Study) andWen Shi Zhe (Literature, History and Philos-

,9

ophy) published new translations of Marxist-Leninist works.

To further arm Party members with Marx-ist-Leninist theories, the Party Central Com-mittee decided to set up the Bureau for theTranslation of Works by Marx, Engels, I-eninand Stalin whose task was to translate all theirworks into Chinese systematically and in aplanned way.

In the last three decades, the bureau com-pleted the translation of the monumental Col-lected Works of Marx. anil Engels, CollectedWorks of Lenin, Collected Works of Staliln andother writings. In addition, they have also edit-d. Selecteil Works of Mare anil Engels, SelecteilWorks oJ Lenin, Selected Works of Stalin andcompilations on particular subjects. The CoI-lected Works of Mam and Engels contain a totalof 32 million Chinese characters in 50 volumes.

The translation and publication of the 39-volume Collected Works of Marc and Engelswas completed between 1956 and 1974 with morethan 120,000 sets off the press. In 1972, the four-

volume Selected Works of Marc and Engels wasedited and 9 million sets were printed. Thebureau started translating the supplementary11 volumes of the Collecteil Works of Mara andEngels in 1977. The 50-volume Collected Worksof Mare and. Engels will soon be published.

In the three decades after liberation, variousdepartments have published compilations ofbooks by Marx and Engels or excerpts fromtheir works on politics, economics, literatureand art an<i education. The Military Academyedited and published the four-volume SelectedMili,tary Writings of Marc and. Engels. The Na-tionalities Publishing House published Selected,Works of Marc and Engels and dozens of indi-vidual essays in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur,Kazakh and Korean, totalling 7.6 million copies.

With the triumphant advance of the Chi-nese people's revolutionary cause, Marxism-Leninism enjgys increasingly widespread popu-larity in China. The Chinese people will con-tinue to obtain ideologicai weapons from thistheoretical treasure house to guide their social-ist modernization. !

US Gourt Trial lliolates lnternational Law

What are the implicati,ons of the US courtjudgment on the case of the Huguong Railusagsbearer bonds? Does the Chinese Gooernmenthaue any obligation to pay for the bond.s issuedby the Qing gotsernment? What is the correctapproach to soloing this case? These are thequestions this article tries to cofiLment on fromth,e oieupoint of international law. - Ed,

URING US Secretary of State GeorgeShultz's recent visit to China, Chinese For-

eign Minister Wu Xuqian reaffirmed the con-sistent position of the Chinese Government withregard to the judgment of a US district court onthe case of the Huguang Railways bearer bondsand handed to him an aide memoire of the For-eign Ministry of the People's Republic of Chinaon this question. The Chinese people take agreat interest in this case.

The case is as follows: Russell Jackson andeight other American citizens in November1979 filed a suit against the People's Republicof China in a US district court, demanding re-

24

by Fu Zhu

payment of the principal and interest of theHuguang R"ailways bearer bonds in their hands,which were issued by China's Qing governmentin 1911. The US district court accepted andheard the case, named the People's Republic ofChina the defendant and issued a summons tothe Chinese Foreign Minister, declaring thatthe Government of the People's Republic of Chi-na must submit a response to the complaints ofthe plaintiffs within 20 days or it would makea default judgment on the case. In this connec-tion, the Chinese Government delivered a num-ber of notes to the US Department of State, stat-ing that ip accordance with international law,China as a sovereign state enjoys sovereign im-munity from the jurisdiction of any foreigncourt. Ignoring this, the US court actually madea default judgment against the People's Re-public of China on September 1, 1982 rulingthat the Chinese Government should pay theplaintiffs some 40 million US dollars. The USside even declared that in case the Chinese Gov-ernment failed to heed the judgment, it wouldbe enforced by the US court at, the request of

Beiiing Reuieu, No. I1

the plaintiffs, resulting in attachment of China'sproperty in the United States.

Sovereign Immunity - Long-EstablishedPrinciple of lnternational Law

According to international law, a sovereignstate is not subject, without its own consent, tojurisdiction of any foreign court and no courtof one state may exercise jurisdiction over theactions and properties of another state. This isthe principle of sovereign immunity, which isbased on the principle of sovereign equalityamong ali states as explicitly affirmed in theCharter of the United Nations. Sovereign im-munity consists mainly of the following points:1. No court of one state may accept a lawsuit inwhich the defendant is another state, unlesswith the consent of the latter. 2. A state mayact as plaintiff and sue in a foreign court, Undersuch circumstances, the crourt may hear thecounter-lawsuit filed by the other party '(thedefendant) directly concerning the case. 3. Evenif a foreign state loses a lawsuit in court, it isnot subject to enforcement.r

The principle of sovereign immunity is along and universally accepted one. The latescholar of international law L. Oppenheimsaid: "According to the rule por in parem nonhabet imperium, no state can claim jurisdictionover another. Therefore, although states cansue in foreign courts, they cannot as a rule besued there, unless they voluntarily submit to thejurisdiction of the court concerned."2 Americanscholar of international law C.C. Hyde alsopointed out that "it is accepted doctrine that astate is exempt from the jurisdiction of anyother, and is not to be subjected, without its'consent, to process issuing from the courts ofsuch other,"3 and that, moreover, this principleis applicable regardless of whether the govern-ment of such a state has been recognized.

The United States of America is one of thefirst countries to establish the principle of sov-ereign immunity. In handling the "SchoonerExchange" suit in 1812, US Supreme Court ChiefJustice John Marshall held that the UnitedStates has no jurisdiction over a French militaryvessel for the latter enjoyed jurisdictional im-munity. The judgment passed by the US Su-preme Court on this case was later often citedas a legal basis for granting sovereign immu-nity. The principle of foreign sovereign immu-nity subsequently was also accepted by Britainand continental countries as Germany, Franceand Belgium.

March 14, 1983

It is true that since the beginning of thepresent century, and particularly since the endof World War II, some continental .Europeancountries have proposed to restrict sovereignimmunity, with immunity granted to "sovereignacts" of foreign states, but not to their "non-sovereign acts" (also referred to as private lawacts,^including commercial activities). But it isdifficult to distinguish between sovereign andnon-sovereign acts, and practices of states on thisquestion vary. Even within the same state, dif-ferent courts hold different views on the samequestion. Some Western countries maintain thatthe two kinds of acts are distinguished by theirnature rather than their purpose. But this viewis opposed by many countries. A state alwaysacts in sover capacity; it does not cease to bea sovereign e when engagd in commercialactivities. Therefore, the exercise of jurisdictionby some Western countries over the so-callednon-sovereign acts of foreign states throughtheir unilateral legislation and judicial practiceconstituted a violation of the principle of sov-ereign equality among states, was protested bythe states concerned and gave rise to issues ofinternational responsibility.

It can thus be seen that sovereign immunityis an important principle of international lawaffecting state sovereignty. Its violation is tan-tamount to breaching the principle of interna-tional law on sovereign equality among statesand so runs counter to the spirit of the UNCharter.

US Court Has No Jurisdiction OverA Sovereign Foreign State

Since the end of World War II, the US po-sition on sovereign immunity has undergone agreat change. In 1952 the US State Departmentpublished a letter from Mr. Jack B. Tate, its act-ing legal adviser, to the Attorney General. TheTate letter reads: "The Department of State hasfor some time had under consideration the ques-tion whether the practice of the government ingranting immunity from suit to foreign govern-ments made parties defendant in the courts ofthe United States without their consent shouldnot be changed. ... The Department has noyreached the conclusion that such immunityshould no longer be granted in certain types ofcases." It is stressed towards the end of the let-ter that "the reasons which obviously motivatestate trading countries in adhering to the theory(of absolute immunity) with perhaps increasingrigidity are most persuasive that the UnitedStates should change its policy." Ttre Tate letter

z:,

represents US government policy and revealsUS intention behind its new practice. In 1976the US went a step further by adopting the "For-eign Sovereign Immunity Act" which, in legalform, put the issue of foreign sovereign immu-nity under the jurisdiction of US law. This Act,(1) transferred the decision-making power onthe issue of foreign sovereign immunity fromthe State Department to the US courts; (2) stip-ulates that anybody can sue any foreign stateat US courts; and (3) denied the immunity fromexecution long enjoyed by foreign states. TheAct lists a number of situations in which foreignsovereign immunity is not applicable. One ofthese situations is "commercial activities,"which dre not well defined. Such a legal provi-sion open to arbitrary interpretafon gives thegreen light to abuses by any judge. All in all,this Act not only turns about the previous USpo.sition, but has gone further than many coun-tries in continental Europe.

The purpose of the US "Foreign SovereignImmunity Act" is obvious. It wants to expandthe jurisdiction of the US courts. It leaves itto the US courts to decide the vital question asto whether foreign states enjoy immunity, aquestion involving state sovereignty. It empow-ers the US courts to exercise jurisdiction overforeign states and even detain their propertiesregardless of their consent or objection. It un-dermines the principle of sovereign equalityamong states, violates the UN Charter and openthe floodgate to indiscriminate lawsuits againstsovereign states. That is why, and it is only nat-ural then, since its adoption, this US Act hasmet with opposition from many countries, par-ticularly third world countries, who were suedbut refused to appear in court.

As is known to all, the Statute of the In-ternational Court of Justice which handles legaldisputes between states, stipulates that the Courtcan exercise jurisdiction over a UN memberstate only on the basis of declared voluntaryacceptance of such jurisdiction by the state con-cerned in accordance with Article 36 of theStatute. Even the International Court, which isthe principal judicial organ of the United Na-tions, needs an explicit provision in its Statuteon the voluntary acceptance of its jurisdiction bystates, how can a domestic court of the UnitedStates exercise jurisdiction over a sovereignstate regardless of its consent or objection?Has the United States given thought to thegrave consequences that might arise from itspractice of imposing its domestic law on other

26

sovereign states and.asking them to act accord-ing to US judicial procedures?

The US court accepted and heard the casewithout China's consent, named the People'sRepublic of China the defendant, issued its sum-mons to the Foreign Minister of the People'sRepublic of China through post, a channel nor-mally impermissible in international legal af-fairs, and made a "judgment by default." Allthese moves are violations of international law.Basing itself on international law, the indepen-dent sovereign state of China cannot subjectitself to the jurisdiction of the US court. TheChinese Government therefore categorilally re-jected the "summons" and the "judSment bydefault" of the US court. This moye by the Chi-nese Government fully conforms to internation-al law and has a sound basis in jurisprudence.

Government of New China Not ObligedTo Repay Old Regime Debts

In handling the case of the Huguang Rail-ways bearer bonds, the US court argues that in-spite of the change of government, China as astate remains and China's rights and obligationsare intact and thus the Government of the Peo-ple's Republic of China is still under obligationto repay the bonds issued by the Qing govern-ment. This argument is groundless.

From the point of view of international law,the People's Republic of China, as a subject ofthe law of nations, is the continuation of the oldChina before its liberation in 1949. But the newChina was founded after the Chinese people hadoverthrown the rule of imperialism, feudalismand bureaucrat-capitalism and rqon the greatvictory of the New Democratic Revolution af-ter waging long years of arduous and tortuousarmed struggles. China has bemme a new-typesocialist country after its social system under-went a fundamental change. The old regimethat oppressed and exploited the Chinese people

has been replaced by a new government thatrepresents the interests of the entire Chinesepeople. It is thus a matter of course that the newChinese Government recognizes neither the un-equal treaties imposed on China by the imperial-ist powers, nor those international obligationswhich are incompatible with the new regime.There is no lack of precedents for this jr, thehistory of international relations. For example,after the Russian October Revolution, the Work-ers' and Peasants' Soviet Government enacteda decree on January 28, 1918 on the abrogationof national debts, of which Article 1 provides

Beijing Reuieus, No. 11

that, "AII the national debts concluded by theprevious governments of the Russian landlordsand bourgeoisie, which are listed in the speciallypublished schedule, shall be nullified as fromDecember 10, 1917." Article 3 of the decree pro-vides that, "AIl foreign debts are nullified un-conditionally and without exception."4 In Lg2l,when rejecting the foreign debts incurred bythe Tsar government, Georgi Chicherin, Peo-ple's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the So-viet Russia, stated that no people is obliged torepay debts that for centuries bound them likechains.

It is also a long-established principle of in-ternational law that "odious debts" are not tobe succeeded to. The concept of "odious debts"c\overs those foreign debts incurred by a countryfor the purpose of suppressing its own peopleor the people in its colonies.

For example, in the peace negotiations afterthe American-Spanish war in 1898, Spain argu-ed that with the transfer of its sovereignty overCuba to the United States, the debts Spain in-curred for Cuba should be taken over by theUnited States. But the US representative stoodfirm against this, insisting that the debts thatSpain incurred in the name of Cuba were notfor the interests of the Cuban people, but forsuppressing the Cuban people's uprisings. As aresult of opposition by the US representative,no clause about transference of Cuban debts tothe United States is included in the peace trea-ty.5 The American scholar of international lawC.C. Hyde held that in view of the irature ofthe said debts and their well-known purpose,the US position seemed indisputable.G

Another example: In 1962, when Francerecognized the independence of Algeria, theAlgerian Government refused to bear the credit.France had raised for suppressing the Algerianpeople's independence struggle.

The above instances fully show that both atthe succession of state and at the succession ofgovernment, the seccessor state or the new rev-olutionary government is under no obligationto repay "odious debts."

For over a century, the Chinese people suf-fered enough from imperialist aggression andoppression. The previous Chinese governmentsbefore the founding of New China survived onforeign loans incurred at the cost of China's sov-ereign rights for the purpose of suppressing thepeople and maintaining their reactionary rule.The imperialist powers, trying to seize spheres ofinfluence and prerogatives in China, often madeloans to governments of old China to bring the

March 14, 1983

country under their control. The Chinese peo-ple have always bitterly hated all those foreigndebts for bringing havoc on them. With fullmoral and legal grounds, therefore, the Govern-ment of New China neither recognizes theforeign debts (including bonds of all kinds) in-curred by the defunct Chinese governments, noraccepts obligation to repay them.

The Huguang Railways bearer bonds wereissued against the background of the turn ofthe century when the imperialist powers, eachseeking to consolidate and expand its sphere ofinfluence, were contending for the right to buildrailways in China. From the start of negotia-tions to the signing of agreement, the relatedloan aroused strong opposition among the Chi-nese pedple and in the end touched off themighty "Railway Defending Movement." In anattempt to maintain its shaking rule, the reac-tionary Qing government sent troops to sup-press the movement.

The Chinese Government certainly will notrepay foreign debts of the nature of the HuguangRailways bearer bonds incurred by the Qinggovernment. For recognizing and repaying suchdebts would mean negating the revolutionarystruggles of generations of Chinese people overa century since the Opium War, and this willnever be accepted by the Chinese Governmentand people.

The US Government Has UnshirkableResponsibility

The unreasonable action taken by the UScourt in violation of international law in makingtlre "default judgment" on the case of the Hu-guahg Railways bearer bonds and threateningwith enforcing its execution unavoidably cast adark shadow on Sino-US relations. Taking as amajor consideration the overall interest of Sino-US relations, the Chinese Government throughdiplomatic channels repeatedly reminded the USGovernment of the need to earnestly take up itsresponsibility and act strictly on internationallaw so as to prevent this case from prejudicingSineUS relations, and particularly normaleconomic and trade exchanges between the twocountries. However, the US Government allalong claimed helplessness on the excuse of thesystem of three-branches of power prevailing inthe United States and the inability of the execu-tive to interfere with a judicial verdict. Thisargument is certainly not convincing.

What form of government the United Statesadopts is of course US business, but in light of

(Continued on p. 30.)

27

CULTURE AND SCIENCE

THEATRE

Tang art re-presented

Tang Dynasty (618-90?) musicand dance has been revived inits full splendour on Beijingstage beginning last month.The Tang Dynasty is the goldenage of feudal Chinese culture.

The Shaanxi Song and DanceEnsemble from Xian, ancientcapital of the Tang Dynasty,performed 18 dances, songs andinstrumental pieces which weredeveloped by referring tomurals, historical records, pot-tery, dancing figurines and clas-sical literature.

One of the dances WatchingBirds and Catching Cicados isnot strictly a recreation. It isan interpretation of a muralfrom the tomb of crown princeLi Xian, son of Emperor GaoZong who reigned from 650 to683 A.D. The wall painting por-trays three court maids: Oneis the bird watcher, another iscatching cicadas and the thirddreaming of her parents. Thedance brings them to life.

In Warriors, based on folkdances, the dancers are masked

to resemble the beast figurinesplaced in tombs. Popular inthe Tang Dynasty, this type ofdance - rhythmic and exag-gerated - unfolds the conquestover monsters and the people'sdesire for happiness.

The description by Tang poetDu Fu (712-770) of dancerGongsun in a poem is the basisfor the fast moving SworilDance in which the dancer

seems suspended in air.

To aceompany these dances,many classical music instru-ments including the phoenix-head, konghou (Chinese harp),jie drum and curved-neck pipo(a fretted 4-stringed guitar-likeinstrument) were revived and

Left: Curved-neck "PiPa."Right: Phoenix-head "konghou."

"Jie" drum.

Beijing Retsiero, No. 11

"I{arriors."

"Watching Birds and Catching Cicadas."

A1l the songs performed areTang Dynasty poems, and thesingers modelled their ap.pearances on images in Tangmurals.

The overall performance is inthe style of the Tang "sittingartists ensembles," which werepresented by a small group ofskilful dancers, musicians andsingers in the indoor palaces.

Ttre programme announcer, likethe court functionary in chargeof entertainment, summons anddismisses singers, dancers andmu.icians. Thus the air of oldis recaptured.

"The idea first came to us asa desire to recreate the tradi-tional Chinese performing arts,"said Su Wen, 55-year<Id

choreographer and director."I've desired to do it since Icame back," said Su, an over-seas Chinese who returned fromIndonesia in 1950.

Throughout their 14 months'preparation, the creating groupof the ensemble visited manyhistorical locations throughoutChina, consulted historical rec-ords and called on historians,musicians, dancers and localartists.

Zhou Weizhi, Vice-Minister ofCulture and a composer, saidthat the significance of this pro-duction goes beyond its solitaryartistic achievement. "It willinspire academic research andoffer new ideas for inheritingChina's rich culture."

"Sword Danee,,'

some classical music pieces werereconstructed using historicalrecords.

Yangguan Melody played ona bili, (an ancient Chinese reedinstrument) subtly delineatesa man's reluctance to part withhis fellow villagers.

Drum music was popular inTang times. Quarrelling Ducksand, Tiger Grinding Teeth, per-formed by six musicians withtraditional Chinese gongs,cymbals and drums, are asshocking as their titles. Thefirst is a revision of ChanganDrum Music from the TangDynasty and the latter is basedon a local drum music fromnorthern Shaanxi Province.

Tang ..biti,, solo.

March 14, 1953

CINEMA

€ducational fjlmstudio

The Shanghai Scientific andEducational Film Studio cele-brated its 30th anniversarY inFebruary this year.

This studio, the oldest of itskind in China, has producedover 1,000 films. In recentyears it has released 40 filmsannually with projection timeof 1,000 minutes.

The three films screened forthis occasion were:

Knotoledgeable Old Man. A1962 children film, it explainsthe causes of wind, cloud, rain,thunder, lightning, rainbows,northern lights and meteors. Itwas voted the best scientificand educational film in theHundred Flowers Poll of 1962.

Ptermalid and Pink BoLl-u)ornl. Another 1962 film, itreveals how the ptermalid,which is smaller than the ant,attacks the pink bollworm, the

plants. The film was acclaimedbecause it serves agriculture.

Alpine Plants. A 40-minutecolour film made in 1976, itsfootage sweeps through theQinghai-Tibet Plateau to intro-duee the numerous alpine plantsgrowing between the tree lineand the snow line. It won. thegold medal at the internationalfestival of scientific and. educa-tional films in Yugoslavia in1978.

This studio's catalogue con-tains diverse titles, includingfilms about rare animals likegiant panda and Chinese riverdolphin, about how owls catchand kill crop-damaging fieldvoles and about the first par-thenogenetic propagation ex-periment in China and its result

- toads without maternalgrandfathers.

Some films introduce scenicand historic sites like Guilin,the Great Wall, the t[.-13 centu-ries, murals in Dunhuang Grot-toes; others popularize sciencelike water-and-soil conservation.seed selection, freshwater fish

most serious pest of cotton breeding and farm cattle raising,

29

while still others introduce newtechniques for carrier commun-ication, safe production of ni-trogen fertilizer, boat madeof steel wire mesh and steel-reinforced concrete, and laseruse in curing diseases.

In addition, the ShanghaiScientific and Educational FilmStudio produces a 10-minutenewsreel series on the latestscientific achievements. Lastyear it released 12.

Many of its films are design-ed for middle-school classrooms.Topics that correspond with thecurriculum are filmed, like theChangjiang (Yangtze) River,the formation of "the Roof of

the World"" geothermal phe-nomena, the ecological habits offrogs and swallows etc. These

films are appreciated bY teach-ers and students alike and arewidely used in Shanghai.

A scene from the "Knowledgeable Old Man."

(Continued" From p. 27)

international law, the US Government representsthe United States in external relations, so theChinese Government can only deal with the USGovernment. Any disputes (including legaldisputes) can only be settled through diplomaticchannels in accordance with international law.It is unthinkable that the Chinese Governmentshould approach the legislative, executive andjudicial branches of the United States separate-ly, still less that it should accept the judgmentof a US court on a dispute between the two coun-tries. It is in utter violation of the principleof state sovereignty and against internationallaw to impose a country's domestic law onanother sovereign state and ask the other'country to act according to its own judicial pro-cedures.

Here it must also be pointed out that theUS Government is by no means "helpless" onthis issue. In his Ietter to the Attorney Generaldated Novelnber 2, 1976, the legal adviser to theUS State Department wrote that the role theUS State Department plays in cases of sovereignimmunity is certainly the same as in any othercases of lawsuits, that is to interfere, in the nameof "Amicus Curiae" in those cases when theyinvolve isiues of diplomatic relations which areof major importance to US interest. In an in-terview with a correspondent of Corn,mercialTimes on the default judgment made by the UScourt on the case of the Huguang Railwaysbearer bonds on September 8, 1982, the assistantlegal adviser to the State Department also ac-

30

knowledged that the,US Government shouldtake effective steps promptly to stop any actionswhich may hamper the Sino-US relations so as

not to let the situation get out of control.

The Chinese side has from the outset madeits position clear on the case of the HuguangRailways bearer bonds and repeatedly warnedthe US side that it should act strictly on theprinciples of international law, take effectivesteps to stop the aggravation of events andhandle the case properly. The Chinese Govern-ment's position on the case of the HuguangRailways bearer bonds is solemn and reasonableand fully in conformity with international law.Should the US court cling obstinately to its posi-tion, execute the default judgment arbitrarilyand attach properties of the People's Republicof China in the United States, the Chinese Gov-ernment has every right to take measures ac-cordingly. The US Government will not beable to shirk its international responsibility forall grave consequences arising from this case.

NOTES

1. Zhou Gengsheng: lnternationdl Laro, 1982,p. 222, Volume 1.

2. L. Oppenheimi Internotional Laro, Bth Edi-tion, Chinese Translation, First Volume, Book Two,p. 201, 1971.

3. C.C. Hyde: Ituternational Lau, 2nd Edition.194?, pp. 813-814.

4. Selected Documents on lnternational Laro,Chinese Edition, 1956, p. 80.

5. M.H. Hoeflich's article in the lllinois LauReoiew, 1982, p. 54.

6. C.C. Hyde: lnternational Law,Znd Edition.194?. p. 441.

Beijing Reuiero, No. 11

ART PAGE

Sculptures byWang Jida

Beijing-born Wang Jida worksfor the Inner Mongolian Artists'Association.

His sculptures mostly reflectlife of the Mongolian herdsmen,capturing their strength andmovements. Wang's interest insports also gives birth to some othis creations.

Spinning Thread.

Breaking a Bronco.

A Womaa.

SHITGHAI F(lREIGil

IRAIIE (}(}RP()RATI()]I

Address: 27 Zhong Shon Rood, (E. tf Shonghoi, ChinoCoble: "SHANTRA" Shonghoi Teler: !303t SIMEX CN

We ore pleosed to develop relotions with economic ondbusiness circles throughout the world. For porticulor items, pleosecontoct the following corporotions:

IMPORT E TRUST BUSINESS

Hondled by the lollowing deportments:

Shonghoi Forcign Trode Corporotion, lmportDeportment.

Shonghoi Foreign Trode Corporotion, TrustDeportment.

EXPORT

Hondled by the lollowing bronches olChino's notionol import & erport coiporo-tions:

Chino Notionol Cereols, Oils & Foodstuffslmport & Erport Corporotion, ShonghoiCereols & Oils Bronch

Chino Notionol Cereols, Oils & Foodstulfslmport & Export Corporotion, ShonghoiFoodstuffs Bronch

Chino Notionol Notive Produce & Animol By-Products lmport & Export Corporotion,Shonghoi Animol By-Products Bronch

Chino Notionol Notive Produce & AnimolBy-Products lmport & Export Corporotion,Shonghoi Notive Produce Bronch

Chino Notionol Notive Produce {l AnimolBy-Products lmport & Export Corporgtion,Shonghoi Teo Pronch

Chino Notionol Textiles lmport & ExportCorporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Chino Silk Corporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Chino Notionol Textiles lmport & ExportCorporoiion, Shonghoi Gornients Bronch

Chino Notionol Light lndustriol Productslmport & Export Corporotion, ShonghoiBronch

Chino Notionol Light lndustriol Products lmporl& Export Corporotion, Shonghoi Stotionery& Spdrting Goods Bronch

Chino Notionol Arts & Crofts lqrpori & ExportCorporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Chino Notionol Chemicols lmport & ExportCorporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Chino Notionol Mochinery lmport & ExportCorporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Chino Notionol Mochinery & Equipment lmporl& Export Corporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Chino Notionol Metols & Minerols lmport &Export Corporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Shonghoi Toys lmport & Export Corporotion

Shonghoi Hondkerchiefs lmport & ExportCorporotion

Chino Jinshon Associoted Troding Corporotion

Chino Notionol Pockoging lmport & ExportCorporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

OIHERS

Hondled by the following corporotions:

Chino Export Boses Development Corporotion,Shonghoi Bronch

Chino Notionol Foreign Trode TronsportotionCorporotion, Shohghoi Bronch

Chino Notionol Chortering Corporotion,Shonghoi Sub-Bronch

Chino Notionol Foreign Trode StorogeCorporotion, Shonghoi Bronch

Shonghoi Advertising corporotion

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