Vol. 26, No. 8

Econom ic

Deve lop men tAnd People's

Live lihood

o

A N ickel CityOn the

Gobi Desert

ee

TETTERS

Sirth Five-Yeor Plon

, Premier Zhao's "Report on theSixth Five-Year Plan" (No. 51,1982) was interesting, or, moreprecisely, impressive. Where willChina, the greatest socialist coun-try, go under the guidance of theCommunist Party of China, the\ranguard of workers, peasants andintellectuals? This report givesthe reader a clear answer.

Deogracias Lopez BosMurcia, Spain

Politicol Stobility ondEconomic Growth

China's political stability andcontinuity of policy is gratifying tothe peoples of the- world. Congrat-ulations on China's overfulfillingthe planned 4 per cent increasein industrial and agricultural out-put value in 1982 when manycountries experienced serious eco-nomic recession.

Kazuhiko MitomiNiiga,ta, Japan

Editors' Notes

"Notes From the Editors" surelymeets the readers'needs for infor-mation. I also want to take thisopportunity to say how interestingwe find Beijing Reoieu now thatit is less polemical and more in-formative than previously. Ithelps to dissipate some of theignorance about China whichexists in the rest of the world.

Javed Iqbal AskariSsukkur, Pakistan

I would like to know about lifein China. An article like "RuralPopulation" in "Notes From theEditors" (No. 44, 1982) thereforeinterests me. I would likg to readabout life in different parts ofChina, in towns and on the farms.

Tiegvar BergHarplings. Sweden

I concur with you,r article "Edu-cation Takes Priority" in "NotesFrom the Editors" (issue No. {3,l9B2). All countries should educatetheir residents of various strata,

especially youths, becausefuture belongs to them.

the

Miamkodica-Miamcia M.General-Motors, Zair.e

lnternotionol Humon Rights

By leading your article entitled"On the Question of HumanRights in the International Realm"(No. 30, l9B2), people whe mayhave harboured a suspicious at-titude in this xespect will be fullyconvin'ced. "Human rifhts,l' aterm invented by the Westerncountries, is used to cover up thetrue issue in the internationalalena, that is, support to the thirdworld and peace and co-operationamong various countries.

It is a pity that those who dis-seminate "human rights" are notinterested in genuine history. Theyare only interested in the Anglo-Saxon colonialism. Yet, some peo-ple are disgusted with it. I nowfurther understand the generalorientation of your country'sforeign policy. The anti-hege-monist struggle which constitutesthe foundation of your foreignpolicy should be clearly manifest-ed.

Quinto Demokia AbongoGulu, Uganda

"Sports for the People"

Many articles have impressedme; most l'ecently a special featurelthina: Sports for the PeoPle"(No. 44, 1982) caught mY fancy.

It is very heartwarming to notehow your government undertakesprogrammes of physical fitness folChina's millions. Also, I was veryimpressed with your minorities'traditional sports like camel-rac-ing and pole-climbing, to mentiona couple.

Joseph P. A. DumukSan Fernando, the Philippines

Advocote Hygiene

The picture of a grandfather andhis small charge calling for obser-vance of an anti-litter campaign(p. 26, No. 22, l9B2) is touching.Our government is curl'ently con-ducting such a campaign and wecontinually see skits on TV ex-horting us all to be tidy.

Doug HutchinsWallacia, Australia

From Americon Reoders

I have obvious fundamental dif-ferences with the political line putforward in the People's Republicof China and crystallized in thepages of Beijing Reuieu. How-ever, I find this periodical an im-portant (if not fully accurate)gauge of socialist policy in Chinatoday, as enunciated by the officialorgans of the CPC.

Steve OlsonAltadeva, CaIif., USA

Nlostly, I want to read about thepeople - how their Iiving stYlesand work and education are im-proving. The Western world hasso much to Iearn ft'om Your Peo-ple.

Also, youl style of writing hasimproved so much-the translatot'sare fantastic compared to 10 Yearsago.

I am so pleased with all Yourchanges and impt'ovements. I canonly suggest that you carry moreintimate life stories of your lead-ers and special personalities.

GladYs GravesSierra Madre, Calif'. USA

I like best alticles that deal withChina's progress towards moderni-zation as it relates to the life otthe individual. Also rePorts onthe building of capital structures.

I like least articles in reElard toother countries which are coveredby local media.

Speaking as a lay leader, I tindthe structure of the magazine ingood taste. Some of the longerarticles could be condensed - Eivethe gist of the meaning withoutgoing into every detail.

Richard A' DannellsTucson, A'riz. USA

Understondoble Articles

It often takes me a lot of timeand causes me headaches to readBeijing Reoieu. Its articles areas difficult as mathematics fol me.Please write in a PoPuIar stYle,because among Your readers thereare not only scholars, but alsohousewives Iike myself, a commonperson who u'ants to know China.I hope that Yout' magazine willcal'ry mole clear and understand-able articles.

Yukio MaekawaKakawa. JaPan

r

BEETEruffiRffiVHffi

Publishcd cvcry Mondoy byBEIJINO RR/IR^'

2l Boiwonzhuong Rood, BcijingThc Peoplc's Republic of Chlno

Vol. 26, No. 8 Februory 21, l9E3

CONIENTS

LETTERS

NOIES FROM THE EDITORS 4

Sihonouk ond the non-olignedmovement

EVENIS & TRENDS 5.8

Spring Festivol celebrotedTibeton new yeorScience ond culture blossomNew experiments in collegesPresent-doy Chino's religionChino rejects US court ruling

INIERNATIONAT 9.11

Moscow: 'Allionce' with non-oligned stotes

Nigerio: Mossive expulsionof illegol oliens

Hungory: Smoll enterprisesfovoured

ARTICLES G DOCUMENTS

Stondord ol living ond eco-nomic construction '12

Eyewitness Report: Jinchong -o nickel city on the Gobidesert 14

FROM IHE CHINESE PRESS 18.19

PtcToRtAt 20-21

Chino's top l0 sports stors of1982

CUTTURE & SCIENCE 22

ARI PAGE 23

COVER: One ol the 29 woter'towers in Xinhui County,Guongdong Province. Photoby Liu Womin

Dktribuhd h ftino PuUkotims(enne (Gll0Jl SllUUAl{ ),

P. 0 . &r 3Sl, thiiing, (hino

lubrrription pri<u iI yrrrh

lurlroh.....l.tl2.m 6f...llStt3.00llrr Zrohd..l[.tI..00 Ul.......f-6.t0ftno&......(00.t15.00

HIGHTIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Spring Festival

Beijing residents spent their traditional lunar newyear holidays in a relaxed, gay atmosplNle. An anrplemarket supply of foodstuffs plus rich, varied stage andTV programmes. provided enjoyment for all (p. 5).

Policy Promotes Science and Cunurc

Thanks to the full implementation of the "HundredFlowers" policy, rapid growth in science and culture ismanifested in the quality and number of films, books, re-search institutes and scientific and technological researchproducts (p. 6).

Economic Conslruclion and People's Livelihood

China's experience over the last few year-s has shownthat a proper balance must be maintained betweenaccumulation and consumption in order to accelerateeconomic development and improve people's standard oIliving (p. 12).

Story ol a Nickel Compler

An eyewitness report on the birth and growth of theJinchang Non-Ferrous Metal Company - China's largestnickel industry complex in the Gobi Desert (p. 14).

An Ominous Signa,

As the New Delhi non-aligned summit dra\t's neat',Moscow has been stepping up its manoeuvres to bring themovement into its own orbit. Praodo's recent article war-rants careful attention (p. 9).

US Court Ruling Bejected

Foreign Minister Wu firmly lejects a US court'sjudgment on the so-called Huguang Raihvays bonds suit,(p.B).

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Sihanouk and the non-aligned moyemenl

The ?th non-aligned summitwill soon be held in New Delhi.Up to now, Samdech NorodomSihanouk of Democratic Kam-puchea has not been invited.Would you like to comment onthis?

It is irrational to excludeSamdech Sihanouk from thenon-aligned movement. It willonly impair the unity and theprestige of the movement ifSihanouk is not invited.

The decision made by NewDelhi not to invite Sihanouk toattend the seventh non-alignedsummit has evoked strong reac-tions in world public opinion.The ASEAN countries andmany other non-aligned nationshave al] r.vanted to alter thisdecision.

It is fully reasonable thatSamdech Sihanouk should beinvited to attend the summit:

First, Samdech Sihanouk isthe only founder of the non-aligned movement who is stillliving. It is irrational and in-comprehensible f or the non-aligned summit not to invite a

founder of the movement toattend.

Second, Samdech Sihanouk isthe President of DemocraticKampuchea. Last year, he at-tended the 37th United NationsGeneral Assembly as head ofthe delegation of DemocraticKampuchea and was accordeda warm welcome. The UnitedNations General Assembly hasin each of the last four sessionspassed resolutions by an over-whelming maiority to upholdthe lawful seat of DemocraticKampuchea at the United Na-tions and demand the complete

withdrawal of Vietnamesetroops from Kampuchea. Thisshows that the Government ofDemocratic Kampuchea enjoysinternational recognition as thecountry's legitimate govern-ment.

Not long ago, Samdech Si-hanouk returned to his countryand presided over the successfulsecond cabinet meeting of theCoalition Government of Dem-ocratic Kampuchea. The threepatriotic forces of Kampucheapledged to close their ranks andcarry their struggle against VietNam through to the end. Sam-dech Sihanouk has not onlyplayed an important role in unit-ing various patriotic forces andpromoting the struggle againstViet Nam, but will also play a

major role in leading the Kam-puchean people in rebuildingtheir motherland. Therefore. itis entirely legitimate for Sam-dech Sihanouk to participate inthe non-aligned summit as a rep-lesentative of his country.

Democratic Kampuchea hasall along been a member nationof the non-aligned movement.Viet Nam, backed by the SovietUnion, invaded and occupiedKampuchea at the end of 1978

and imposed many hardships onthe Kampuchean people. At theHavana summit in September1979, Cuba took advantage ofits chairmanship to manipulatethe conference and depriveDemocratic Kampuchea of itsright to attend. This arbitraryact by Cuba evoked oppositionand protest among many par-ticipating countries. Many del-egates asked: Does it conformto the principles of the non-aligned movement to treat Dem-ocratic Kampuchea in such a

way? Should aggression andexpansion be rewarded or op-posed ?

Many member countries ofthe non-aligned movement hopethat the New Delhi conferencewill correct the mistake madeat the Havana conference so

that the non-aligned movementmay advance in the right direc-tion. The Foreign Minister ofSingapore pointed out that thevacancy of the Kampuchean seatat the Havana conference was infact decided by Cuba, the hostcountry. The Foreign Ministerof Malaysia stressed that it wasillegitimate for Cuba to excludeDemocratic Kampuchea fromthe conference. How can Indiacontinue to unlawfully excludeDemocratic Kampuchea? heasked. Other nations of thenon-aligned movement also ex-pressed the view that the in-vocation by India of the Havanadecision is no justification fornot inviting Sihanouk.

China always has a highevaluation of the contributionsmade by the non-aligned move-ment in upholding the rightsand interests of the third worldand safeguarding world peace,and supports the principles andpositions of the non-alignedmovement. It is only naturalthat we are concerned about thefuture and progress of themovement.

We are of the opiqion thatto invite Samdech Sihanouk tothe New Delhi summit con-forms to the principles of thenon-aligned movement. Con-trary to assertions from Moscow,his participation in the summitrvould enhance, rather than im-pair, the unity of the movementand the prestige of the hostcountry.

- International Editor MuYoulin

Beijing Re'--iew, No. 8

CHTNA EVENTS AND TRENDS

Spring Festival celebrated sized cities and their suburbs.many families watched TV thatevenlng.

On the morning of FebruarY13. the Great Hall of the PeoPlein Beijing was the site of a

happy get-together of 4.500people from all walks of life,including Zhao Ziyang and otherParty and state leaders. In theevening, 20,000 people flockedto the hall for a joYous varietYshow celebrating the festival.

For thousands in Beijing, a bigattraction during the SPringFestival was the Drum To'*'erwhere 500 festival Ianterns wel'eon display. Crafted in manYdesigns. most portrayed animals.flowers and Iegendary figut'esfronr Chinese fairy tales.

It was New Year"s Eve of theChinese lunar caleudar. Thebor>m and crackle of fileworksresounded throughout Beijing.For hours the jet black winternight sky was turned into ilcolourful picture of explodingrockets. The Chinese people.whose ancestors invented gunpowder, are still using tradi-tional firecrackers to send offthe old year and welcome thenew.

Spring Festival this year tellon Febr-uary 13. the beginningof a four-day' holiday (includingSunday)" Last year. Chinascored remarkable success in allt'ields of endeavour: this year'.the retorm in various fields willpick up momentunr. Spling Fes-tival this yeal was characterizedby a sense of happiness and con-fidence in the future

Spring Festival is an occasionf or family r.euni<>n. F amill.members hurry hon-re rvherever.possible for the f amily dinneron the festival's eve. There wasmore food on the dinner tablethis year'.

To plepare fol this Iavish din-ner people began shopping aweek earlier'. The markets rverejammed and lung lines wer.esometimes unavoidable. but thisyear residents of Beijing enjoyeda good supply of Spr.ing Festivaldelicacies in vears.

According to the Beijingnrunicipal commercial depart-ment. the supply of sugar wasdouble that of last year. and tht,supply of chickens rose 49 pc,r'

cent. There were ample .sup-plies of vegetables. pork. ducksand the season's specialties

February 21, 1983

I\llost people celebrated theSpring Festival sf [6me, eatingand laughing and watching TVspecials together:. On the eve-ning of Febluary 12. the TVstations pl'esented a rich reper-toile of shou,s starring famoussingers. dancers. movie starsand story-tellers. to the delightof TV vieu,ers. Hot lines wereopened. so that the aud,ience

could ling the stations for Par'-ticular performances they wouldlikc. to see.

There. u'ele only I million TVsets in China two years ago.norv the number has iumped to20 nrillion In big and mediunr-

6

Beijing's Drunr 1'ower onSpring Festival.

nearthe

l.'eslil'e lanterns the eve ol

Festival lantern making in The hall u,as decorated with projects plirnned for 1982. Of theChina dates back 1,500 years lanterns, coloured streamers 10 major 1982 scientific achieve-ago. During the Ming Dynasty and traditional plants symboliz- ments in the world selected by(1368-1644), Spring Festival ing rich harvests and longev- eminent Chinese scientists andlantern exhibitions were held in ity. On the centraj table ,*'ere scholars, two were made byBeijing's Dengshikou, meaning decorative de''Street of Festival Lanterns." las, goldfish,

Tibetan new year ::Tl"i"February 13 this year is alsc betans playing

the New Year's Day in the Ti- instruments abetan calendar. On the after- people in their graceful dances. The social sciences in particu_noon of February 9. some 1.600Tibetans in Bsijing ;;''"';:r: _-**1y"t Ngawang Jigme. lar suffered badlv during the

togethe' at the c"rt"*I ;"i;" Vice-Chairman of the Standing ''cultural revolution'" Many

for Nationalitie. ," -

""1"[."i" Committee of t re Nationa] Peo- scholars were persecuted and 14

the occasion. ple's Congress and Chairman of research institutes of the Chl-

The government of the Tibet the People's

Autonomous Region sent ?50 Tibet Autkilogrammes of butter and Bainqen Erdini1,000 kilograrnmes of roasted cain, Vice-Chqingke barlel' with rr,'hich the Standing Comcooks o.[ the Nationalities Hotel tional People's Congress, and search institutions have beenprepared various kinds of Ti- Yang Jingren, Minister of the established in Zg provinces.betan refreshments for the get- State Nationalities Affairs municipalities and autonomoustogether. Commission, were also present. regions. The number of national

associations and societies for thesocial sciences has reached 198.

Science and culture blossom The poricy of ..rerting a hun-dred flowers blossom and a

Since restoring the poiicy Prize for the best film in the hundred schools of thought con-of "letting a hundred flowers Second Manila International tend', was put forward by theblossom and a hundred .schools Film Festival. Party Central Committee in

During the 17 years before the creases in 1982.

start of the "cultural revolu- talented youngtion" in 1966, China produced an writers have e

average of 36 feature films each eran writers wyear. During the "cultural rev- ten for manyolution" (1966-76), this number lished new wofeli to 10. But since 1979, the an- greater diversitnual average has increased to approaches is r84. The variety and quality of audience than e

a long time.f ilms have also improved signifi- ir __-.

Cantiy. ew acnlevements ln sclenceand technology have produced r r

Many fiims have been shown many important inventrons t;;; NeW exPefiments inin various international film have received state awards and .^llo^o.festivals and several have are playing crucial roles in L\' ! I L'5\-"won prizes. For instance, M?.1 China's econonric construction. ''Reforms" oI people's com-Memories of OLd Beijing, a wide- The Chinese Academy oI mlnes and enterprises hayescreen colour feature film. re- Sciences fulfilled g2.B per cent been discussed in the Chinesc.cently won the Golden Eagle of the 2.063 scientific I'esear-ch press since the beginning of this

Beijing Ret;ieu:, No. 8

CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS

year. Colleges will also experi-ment with reforms in two fields.

In enrolment, according toVice-Minister of EducationHuang Xinbai, the reforms willfollow four guidelines.

First, improve the accuracy ofestimating society's needs f orgraduates and work out the col-lege enrolment plans on thatbasis.

Second, open channels forqualified personnel to work inthe rural areas.

Third. encourage employmentunits to establish direct contactswith colleges and entrust thecolleges to train personnel forthem.

Fourth, implement the plin-ciple of making all-round as-sessments of applicants' moral,intellectual and physical qualifi-cations and selecting the beststudents.

Starting lrom this year', aIower standard will be set forentrance examination marks forstudents who want to study inteachers' colleges or in the lieidsof agriculture, forestry and med-icine and are willing to workin the countryside. Preferencewill be given to students fromrural areas who want to returnto their ndtive places upongraduation. The colleges will in-stitute a system of enrollingstudents who must wolk indefinite areas or counties afterthey finish their studies.

In addition to the annual en-rolment quota, the colleges willbe allowed to sign personneltraining contracts directly withemployment units. The expenseswill be borne by the latter.

Huang Xinbai also suggestedthat some colleges open prepara-tory classes for model workers

FebruarA 21, 1983

and those who have done meri-torious services to the countryto help them improve theirscientific, technical and generalknowledge.

Another major relorm is inthe distribution of graduates.China in the past has assignedgraduates in accordance withthe state plan. Generally speak-ing, the system wor.ked satisfac-torily, but there were also casesof assigning graduates to poststhat are unrelated to theirspecialities.

A survey of mor6 than 500graduates in 1981 from shang-hai Jiaotong University showedthat about 20 per cenr had beenassigned iobs unrelated to theilstudies.

The plans to incleass directcontacts between colleges andemployment units are expectedto resolve these problems. TheIatter will submit proposals tothe colleges for the number ofgraduates they want and theirqualifications. Then, on thatbasis. the colleges will suggestassignments according to priori-ties set by the state. TheMinistry of Education will makethe necessary readjustment soas to bring the assignments intoline with the state plan.

These experiments will firstbe car-ried out at Qinghua Uni-versity in Beijing. ShanghaiJiaotong University, Xian Jiao-tong University and ShandongColle.qe of Oceanography.

Present-day Ch ina's

rerrSton

Mass and other religiou.\ serv-ices suspended during the"cultural revolution" have beenrevived in China.

Hymns can now be heardagain from the many Protestantand Catholic churches, andchurch goers all over China alecelebrating their regained free-dom of religious belief.

The recently adopted Consti-tution of the People's Republicof China reaffirms freedom oIreligious belief-a consistentpolicy of the Communist Partyof China, and supports China'sleligious believers to managetheir religious affairs indepen-dently. Article 36 stipulate^s:

"No state organ, pyblicclrganization or individuai maycompel citizens to believe in, <.1

not to believe in. any religion:nol. may they discriminale

against citizens who believe in,ol' do not believe in. anyreligion.

"The state protects normal re-ligious activities. No bne maymake use of religion to engagein activitie-s that disrupt publicorder, impair the health ofcitizens or interfere with theeducationai system of the state.

"Religious .bodies and reli-gious affairs ale not subjecl toany foleign domination."

China's religious believersnow actively take palt in thenation's economic constructionand political activities. Threedeputies to the National People'sCongress and another 12 mem-bers of the National Committeeof the Chinese People's PoliticalConsultative Conference areProtesiants or Catholics.

In recent years. the govern-ment helped the various faithstci regain churches that had beenoccupied by non-religiousorganizations and solve theirother difficulties.

At present. China s Christianpopulation includes some 2 mil-lion Protestants (with 5.800clergy) and 3 million Catholics(with 3,000 clergy). Currently.more than 20O Protestantchurches and an equal numberof Catholic churches are offeringsel'vlces.

- For the convenience of le-ligious people living in rem()teareas. the churches set up somemeeting centres and sent clergyto lead religious activities inthese places. Apart from reg-ular religious services andmass, the churches also performbaptisms. weddings. requiemsand other services.

In the last two years, the

Bible, a separ-ate New Testo-ment and othel religi<-rus booksin Chinese have been published,totalling more than one millioncopies.

There are two theologicalinstitutes and three monasteriesin majol cities (Beijing.Nanjing. Shanghai and Shen-yang) and another Catholictheological and philosophicalinstitute will be open soon.

China's churches are financedby their own estates and dona-tions from their believers.

YMCAs and YWCAs in Chinaalso <-rffer many social selvicessuch as foreign language. sewingand speech therapy classes.

u,ith the imperialist powets whowere carving out sphel'es of in-fluence in China, intensified itsoppression and plunder of theChinc.se peopie to bolstel its re-actionary r'ule and repress thepeople. It stands to reason thatthe Chinese Gorrernnrent refu.ses

to lecognize such old externaldebts. This position of the Chi-nese Government fully con-forms to the principles of in-ternational law and has a soundbasis in jurisprudence.

The aide memoire noted thatsovereign immunity is an im-portant principle of interntr-tional law. It is based on theprinciple of sovereign equalityof all states as confirmed by theCharter of the United Nations.

As a sovereign state, China in-conlestably enjoys judicial im-munity, It is in utter violationof the principle of internationallaw of sovereign equality of allstates and the UN Charter thata district court of the UnitedStates should exercise jurisdic-tion orrer a suit against a so\/er-eign state as a defendant. makea judgment by default and eventhleaten to execute the judg-ment.

Should thc' US side. in de-fiance of international law,execute the above-mentionedjudgment and attach China s

property in the United States.the Chinese Gov.ernment re-s€rves ther right to take meastlresaccordingly.

China reiects US court ruling

During .US Secretary oI StateShultz's rrisit to China. ForeignMinister Wu Xueqian leiteratedthe consistent position oI theChinese Government and hand-ed over to the US Secretary ofState an aide memoire of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs ofthe People's Republic of Chinarvith regard to a US districtcourt's "default judgment'' in asuit against the People's Re-public of China concerning theso-called Huguang Railwaysbearer bonds.

The so-called Huguang Rail-rvays bearer bonds were issuedby the Qing government in l91lu,ith a view to obtaining loansfrom a consortium <-rf foreignbanks on the pretext of con-structing the Guangdong-Han-kou Railway. so as to reap wind-fall profits and thus maintain itsleactionary rule. In November19?9, nine Americans holding theabove-mentioned bonds filed asuit against the People's Repub-lic of China in the United StatesDistrict Court for the NorthernDistrict of Alabama, demanding

8

lepayment <>f the priricipal andinterest of the bonds.

In this connection. the ChineseGorrernment has made reprL.-sentations to the US Govern-ment on a number of occasionsand stated that in accordanceu,ith international lau', Chinaenjoys sovereign immunity fromthe jurisdiction of any foreigncourt: that the Chinese Govern-ment recognizes no debts in-cumed by the pasl reactionalygovernments of China and hasno obligation to repay them.

Nevertheless. the US coultarbitrarily made a "defaultjudgment" on September 1.

1982. demanding that the Chi-nese Governnrent pay theplainti{fs more than US$41.3million.

The aide nremoire said that itis a long-estabiished principleof international law that odiousdebts are not to be succeeded to.The so-called Huguang Railwaysbearer bonds were one of thtmeans by which the traitorousQing govemment. in collusion

Beijinll Feuieu. No. li

INTERNATIONAT R.EPORTS AND COMMENTS

Moscow

'Alliance' w:th non-aligned states

N ominous signal has come wants to make the non-alignedfrom Moscow to the ?th countries its allies.

Non-Aligned Summit Con-ference to be held in New Delhinext month.

The Soviet newspapel Prou-da, in an article on January 28,urged the non-aligned summitto regard the Soviet Union as"a natural ally" instead of"keeping an equal distance''from both the Soviet Union andthe United States and followinga. policy of opposition to bothsuperpowers.

The article said tht' f<lrthcom-ing summit should not lake upthe issues of Afghanistan andKampuchea. Otherwise, it argu-ed. the attention of the confer-ence would be focused on in-dividual and deliberately exag-gerated questions instead ofsuperpowers.

Soviet Motives

Moscow's intentions are quiteobvious:

First, it wants the non-alignedcountries to give up their prin-ciples of independence, self-determination. and non-align-ment.

For more than 20 years, mostnon-aligned countries have up-held these principles and re-fused to join any military blocsor depend on the two super'-powers. As a result. the non-aligned movement has increasedfrom 25 to 95 in membership,making it a strong politicalforce to be reckoned with.Theref ore, the Soviet Union

February 21, 1983

Second. it wants the non-aligned countries to oppose onlyone of the tu'o hegemoni.stcountries.

As contentions betr,veen thetwo superpowers ovet' the thirdworld countries have intensifiedsince the beginning of the 1970s,many victim countries haveproposed that the non-alignedmovement should be aimedmainly at opposing the twohegemonist powers - the UnitedStates and the Soviet Union.It was especially af ter theinvasions of Kampuchea andAfghanistan that more non-aligned countries came to realizethat besides US hegemonism.Soviet hegemonism must also beopposed if world peace and theinterests of the third worldcountries are to be protected.Now, with its demand that thenon-aligned movement girre upits policy of opposing both su-perpowers. the Soviet Union istrying to draw the non-alignedmovement to its side in its ri-valry with the United States forworld hegemony. This is ac-tually an attempt to underminethe very basis of the non-alignedmovement.

Third, it intends to pleventthe forthcoming summit fromdiscussing the Kampuchean andAfghan problems. The SovietUnion's invasion of Afghanistanand its backing for Viet Nam'soccupation of Kampuchea havenot only violated these twocountries' sovereignty. national

independence and non-alignedstatus. but have also underminedthe security and stability of theAsian and Pacific region. Thisis by no means what Moscowhas called "an individual anddeliberately exaggerated ques-tion." Moscow's endeavour toprevent the summit from dis-cussing these problems shorvsits fear of being condemned atthe summit. It al.so shows itsobstinate adherence to its policyof aggression and expansion indefiance of the just demand ofthe non-aligned countries.

Chollenge to Bosic Principles

Reviewing its historical devel-opment. the non-aligned move-ment has often faced challengesto its aims and principles fromthe Soviet Union and its proxies.Mosmw ha-s used various meansto influence the nr.m-alignedmovement. It has attempted tokeep the non-aligned countriesfrom discussing the gap betweenthe poor and the rich, fromusing the terms "superpowers"and "two imperialisms." It hasalso divided the non-alignednations into two categories, theso-called "progressives" and the"conservatives," maligning someof these nations as "reactionary"regimes. At the'same time theSoviet Union instigated its twoproxies, Viet Nam and Cuba,to promotq the notion of a

"natural ally'' within the non-aligned movement and to opposethe independence of the move-ment f rom the two militaryblocs and prevent the Afghanand Kampuchean questions andits hegemonist and expansionistacts from being discussed.

At the 6th Non-Aligned Sum-mit in 1979, Cuba. taking advan-tage of its chairmanship of theronf erence, deprived Demo-

cratic Kampuchea of the rightto participate in the summrt,thus keeping its seat vacant.This not only established a badprecedent for the non-alignedmovement, it also set up ob-stacles for the 7th summit to beheld in New Delhi next month.The ASEAN countries have

Nigerio

made every ef fort to removethese obstacles, but Moscow hasslandered all these efforts as a"discredited f arce.'' Any tricksrvhich Moscow and its proxiesmay attempt during the 7thsummit must be scrutinizedwith vigilance.

- Tang Tianri

Massive expulsion of illegal aliens

I N estimated total of 500,000A Ghanaians have recentlyreturned home from Nigeriasince the announcement of theexpulsion order for illegalaliens by the Nigerian Govern-ment on January 17. More ille-gal immigrants in Nigeria areleaving for home by air, landand sea.

Nigerian Minister of Inter-nal Affairs Ali Baba announcedon Jan. 17 that all aiiens stay-ing and working illegally inNigeria were ordered to leavethe country within two weeks.Speaking at a press conferenceon Jan. 25, the minister saidthat the deadline f or skilled

f oreign workers to leave Ni-geria had been extended untilthe end of February becausesome West Af rican countriesappealed to the Nigerian Gov-ernment to extend the expul-sion deadline.

Reoson for the Order

Nigeria explained that theexpulsions were legal underNigerian la'*,. and that the ex-pulsion order was made becausemany illegal immigrants con-travened the protocols on thefree movement of people andgoods within the EconomicComrnunity of West Af ricanStates (ECOWAS). rvhich stip-

ulated that citizens of oneECOWAS member state are al-lowed to stay in another mem-ber country for 90 days withouta visa. But many immigrantsentered Nigeria illegally andstayed there for over threemonths without valid traveldocuments or visas.

According to Western newsagencies, the expulsions weremade because of rising unem-ployment, galloping inflation,less petrodollar income, tribalfrictions, and because thenational election of Nigcria isnear. Nigerian President AlhajiShehu Shagari said that theillegal immigrants increasedcrime rates in his country.

Among 3 million irnmigrantswho came to Nigeria when itwas in the midst of an o.il boomin the 1970s, about 2 million ofthem are illegal aliens subjectto the expulsion order. The ma-jority of the illegal immigrantsare Ghanaians, others comefrom Chad, Cameroon. Togo,Benin, Upper Volta and othercountries.

Wide Concern

The expulsion order is ap-plauded by the Nigerian publicbut it is opposed by employerswho want cheap immigrant la-bour. Some 80 per cent of Ni-geria's construction workersare illegal immigrants. As theyieave the country, a lot of con-struction will be forced to halt.

Many West African countrieshave e>1p1s55s6 great concernabout the expulsion of Africansfrom Nigeria. Leaders of threecountries (Liberia, Guinea andSierra Leone) have jointly senta telegram to PresidentShagari demanding that theNigerian Government reconsiderits explusion order. They havealso demanded that an ECOWASconference be held to discussthis issue.

1A

Ghanaians returned from Nigeria rrailinB at the slation in Aecra.

Beijing Re'-^iew, No. 8

On Feb. 3. the Liberian Gov-ernment donated 20,000 USdollars to the Ghanaian Gov-ernment f or resettling thoseGhanaians expelled from Ni-geria. The Ghanaian Govern-ment sent large numbers of ve-hicles to bring its people back

across the Togo-Ghana borderwhich Ghana opened on Jan.29. Both countries have donemuch to help their citizens re-turn. Some international or'-ganizations and communitieshave provided emergency as-sistance such as food, tents.

H ungory

medical equipment to the im-migrants expelled from Nigeria.

The Nigerian Governmenthas norv adopted relaxed meas-ures to ,Ceal with those illegalimmigrants who had not yetIeft the country by the dead-line. Officials of the NigerianMinistry of Internal Affairshave stated that illegal immi-grants who are wiiling to ieavethe country as soon as possiblewill not be arrested or harassed.The Nigerian Government hasextended the deadline f or itsexpulsion order.

- Xin Ping

being consolidated and expand-ed, their successful experiencehas been introduced into in-dustry and commerce.

Moin Meosures

The main ways Hungary en-courages small businesses andco-operatdves are:

Setting up small state-ownedspecialized enterprises whichoperate independently, freefrom outside interference, butwhich will close down if theybecome insolvent.

Consohdating and expandingsmall- and medium-sized collec-tively owned enterpnlses, whileencouraging and supporting pri-vately owned small co-opera-tives engaged in production orservices, as well as special agri-cultural or animal husbandryteams,

Turning poorly run smallstate-owned co<perative en-terprises into privately ownedones by leasing or contracting topnivate individuals.

Expanding small private en-terprises and legally guarantee-ing handicraftsmen and privatesmall businessmen socialwelfare benefits equal to thdeof workers in state-owned en-terprises.

Hungary has attained a cer-tain measure of suciess in de-

'u'eloping small enterprises undera variety of ownership systemand has gained some experiencein boosting various forms ofsmall agricultural enterprisesand auxiliary agricultural units.At present, privately ownedenterprises comprise oniy 2 percent of Hungaly's gross income.They still are subordinate to thestate-owned and collective sec-tors of the country's economy.

- Meng Chu,ande

Small enterprises favoured

rftHE Hungarian GclvernmentI in recent years has promul-

gated a number of new decreesand modified others to promotethe development of many drif-ferent kinds of small enter-prrses.

This represents a break awayfrom the practice of the past.Beginning in the 1960s, Hungar-ian industry and agricultureunderr,l'ent a period of drasticconsolidation in which smallerbusinesses merged to becomeever bigger enterprises.

Reosons for ChongeThe change came when Hun-

gar-ian economists f ound thatalthough consolidation prornot-ed specialization, it was not con-ducive to overall economicgrowth. The main drawbackswere that inflexible manage-ment and administration, lowproductivity, and a lack of com-petition made it diifficult to im-prove products to meet theneeds of domestic and foreignmarkets. Furthermore. as

February 21, 1983

business administrations grewin size, they became less respon-sive to democratic procedures.

In order to overcome theseproblems, Hungary has turnedits attention to developing smallenterprises which are highly ef-fdcient, sensitive to market de-mands and suited to the coun-try's productive f orces. Thishas started to change the popu-lar belief that the larger the en-terprise, the better it is.

The present policy encouragesthe development of small, me-dium-size and Iarge enterpriseswhich complement each other.

Another stimulus to thischange is provided by the suc-cess of the policy for agricul-ture, applied for many years.

that small-scale production sup-plements large-sca-le productionand helps boost +,he nationaleconomy and fulfil the people'sneeds. Today. r,vhiie small-scaleenterprises and specialized pro-duction teams in agriculture arer

11

ARTICTES AND DOCUMENTS

Standard ol Liuing and Economic Gonstruction

We hove corrected our undue emphosis oneconomic construction to the neglect ofimproving the people's stondord of living.Now it is necessory to mointoin a properbolonce between these two fields olendeovour. This requires oppropriote rotios insome mojor sectors of the economy.

IRST, feed the people and second, build thecountry" - this is a fundamental principle

frir China's economic work announced at thel2th National Congress of the Chinese Com-munist Party. This principle gives expressionto the relationship between improving the peo-ple's livelihood and economic construction insocialist China. The former is the goal andthe latter the means; due consideration shouldbe given to these two interrelated aspects withinan overall plan.

However, our economic work deviated fromthis principle in the two decades f ollowing1958. Economic construction was favoured overthe people's iivelihood, resulting in seriouslvlop-sided development of the national economy.In 1978, gross national industrial and agricul-tural output value was 7.8 times that of 1952,but average per-capita consumption level roseby only 77 per cent in this period. The ratiobetween the two was not normal even con-sidering that certain statistics on the outputvalue were exaggerated and that the popula-tion was growing.

In the last few years, the Chinese Govern-ment has scored remarkable success in improv-ing the people's standard of living by suchmeans as raising the purchasing prices for farmproduce; encouraging rural household sidelineoccupations, creating more jobs in urban areas,increasing wages for workers and staff mem-bers and instituting bonus systems.

In 1981, the net income for peasants was66 per cent higher than that in 1978 and thetotal volume of wages for workers and staffmembers increased by 44 per cent. Both these

12

by Zhong He

increases surpassed the 22 per cent rise in thegross national industrial and agricultural outputvalue during this period and the 35 per centgrowth in agricultural and light industrial out-put value. Virtually all of the 87,000 millionyuan of increased national income in thesethree years were used to raise the consumptionlevel, with negligible sums allocated to theaccumulation funds.

Although it was necessary to adopt thesemethods of rapidly boosting chronical[ lowliving standards and thus stimulating theenthusiasm of the masses for production, theyare practicable for only a brief period underunusual conditions.

Jn our future economiC work, we shouldmap out plans that facilitate a balance betweenimproving living standards and developingeconomic construction. To do so. the following,relations must be handled correctly:

Improving the People's Livelihood on theBasis of Expanded Production. China's gross an-nual industrial and agricultural output value isexpected to quadruple between 19Bl and 2000while steadily working for more and bettet' eco- 'nomic results. This means an average annualincrease of 7.2 per cent in the intervening years.Meanwhile, the national income (i.e.. net outputvalue of material production) will also nearlyquadruple, provided that it rises at an averageannual rate of 7 per cent. Given that the Chi-nese population rvill be 1.200 million by the endof the century, the average per'-capita nationalincome then will reach a well-to-do 1.200 yuan.In other words. this per-capita {igure will gro"uby 6 pet' cent annually in the two decades.

However, the yearly per-capita rise in con-sumption will be kept below 6 per cent becausethe accumulation funds needed for developingthe economy should also be expanded.

Striving for Proportionate DevelopmentBetrveen Agriculture, Light Industry and HeavyIndustry. The rise in the people's level of con-

I\

I\

Beijing PsDisu, No. 8

sumption is circumscribed by the growth ratesof both the national income and the consumergoods. AII this, in the final analysis, hingesmainly on the growth of agriculture and lightindustry.

With a huge population and limited farm-land, China is still relatively backward in agri-culture. Therefore, agriculture will assume toppriority in the national economic developmentby the end of this century. Increases in per-unit farm yields and diversification of economicundertakings are expected to expand the totalagricultural output value at a progressive rateof 4 per cent annually. The average per-capitagrowth in the consumption of farm producewill be about 3 per cent a year, taking into con-sideration the needs resulting from populationgrowth.

Light industry will forge ahead at a rela-tively high speed. While paying more attentionto the rural markets and satisfying the 800 mil-Iion peasants' general needs, we shall also mapout plans to develop the production of durableconsumer goods. Heavy industry should con-tinue reorientating its services so as to providesophisticated equipment for the technical tlans-formaton of the various economic sectors andparticularl.v to supply the necessary means ofproduction to agriculture and light industry. Itwill develop in co-ordination with the latter.

Defining an Appropriate AccumulationRate in the Distribution of National Income. For.many years China's rate of accumulation wastoo high. reaching 36 per cent in some years.It dropped to 28.3 per cent in 1981 after some

February 21, 1983

Thanks to the Party'srural economic policies.more and more peasantfamilles have cameras

and TV sels.

adjustmenls" A large portion of the nationalincome was used to offset past inadequaci€sin improving living standards. This was neces-sary, but thgre should also be a limit, or elseeconomic construction will be adverselyaffected.

Our past experiences and those of foreigncountries suggest that it is feasible to keep theaccumulation rate between 25 and 29 per cent.In this way due consideration can be given tothe needs of both accumulation and consump-tion. Needless to say; it is even more importantto correctly use the accumulation funds andraise the economic results.

Appropriately Centralizing State Financ-ing. As part of our efforts to restructure theeconomic systems in the last few years, wehave remedied the practice of overconcentrat-ing the state's power over finances and keepingthem under strict control; and in its place wedeveloped a division of power between thecentral and the local authorities andl grantedenterprises bigger decision-making power.'Ihishas helped stimulate thr: national economy.The problem now is that the power is a bittoo decentralized.

In 1978. state revenue accounted for 37.2per cent of the national income. which obvious-ly was somewhat high. In 1981 it plummetedto a low 27 per cent. In the last few years.while localities and enterprises have had moremoney. the state incurred large sums of deficitsand had to issue treasury bonds to "borrowmoney" from local authorities and enterprises.

(Continued ott p. 17.)

13

il.til

.-'&vI&E*b

Eyewitness Report

Builders From All Corners

Jinchang city proper has a population oIover 70,000, most of whom are workers andstaff members of the metal company and theirfarnilies. While the city vfas under construc-tion, the work force comprising 11 nationalitie.swas drawn in from 28 pro'n'inces, municipalitic'sand autonomous regions.

Feeder rail lines link the city with the Lan-zhou-Xinjiang Railway. the main artery ol com-munications in northwest China. Inside Jin-chang, 10 asphalt and cement avenues connectthe residential and commercial areas to the fac-tories and rnines. The city has trvo hospitai-swith 600 beds, five primary schools, Iive mid-dle schools and two secondary technical schools.with a total enrolment of over 10.000 students.

Wang Rudong, secl'etary of the city Partycommittee, said: "As the city develops, we planto build rnore facilities. Our first priorities area children's playground and a r'vorkers' culturalpalace. "'

The city government has also emphasizedaflolestation. In 1981 alone. 1.08 million tiees

Iinchong-A Nickel City on theGobi Desert

by Our Correspondent Hon Boocheng

OnIg the newest m,aps oJ China shou tLLi.s

minbtg centre on the northuest plateau, bueltaround a uulcanized nickel deposit second. insize only to Canada's. Our correspondent de-.scrr,bes life in iinchang.

- Ed.

q OME 1.000 kilometres west of Xian on theL, eCge of the Gobi desert, on a site along theancient "Silk Road" Iies a new indu.strial city. InFebruary 1981, Jinchang, Gansu Frovince, wasexpandeC around the state-owned JinchuanNonferrous Metal Company, producing nickeland other rare met,als It is China's largestnickei industry complex tciday.

The nickel mine in Jinchuan has been con-structed on a scale rarely seen in the world; itsdeposit.s are rich, its products are of high gradeand its associated metals are numerous. It hasrnanl' points in common rvith the famou.s DaqingOilfield in the northeast: Both are key projectsthat were discovered and opened at the end ofthe 1950s. With the exploitation of DaqingOiltielci, China was no longer oil poor; the de-veiopment of the Jinchuan nickel mine has putan end to China's history of nickel shortage-Likc Daqing Oiifiei<i, the Jirrchuan nickel minewas built through self-reliance and hard work.

14 Beijing Reaiew, No. 8

Wang Wenhai,chuan Nonferrousthe area's history.nickel mine beganfrom outside helpAlthough it meant

chief manager of the Jin-Metal Company, described

The construction of thewhile China was cut offby an economic blockade.

that an unusually long time

were planted int the city proper, creating anoasis-like atmosphere in this new city on thedesert.

All workers and staff members in Jinchangreceive special benefits for volunteering to bethe city's pioneers. They are paid regional al-lowances, so that their wages are generally twogrades higher than those workers and staffmembers of the same skill in the hinterland.Judging by the colour TV sets and nice furni-ture, these preferential measures allow manyfamilies to live better than many urban residentsin the hinterland.

Under Economic Blockade

was spent on exploration. ''We built the mineby relying on our own efforts," he said.

In 1959, a geological prospecting team dis-covered the nickel deposits and further explo-ration showed that the area had 14 other metalsworth exploiting. including cobait, coppdr, gold,silver and platinum. Many of these are indis-pensable to the production of metal alloys andhigh-grade steel. Shortly thereafter, buildingand production contingents poured in from allover the country to begin work.

The hydro-electric power on the upperreaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, thewater resources from the Qilian Mountains andthe location of Jinchang near the Lanzhou-Xin-jiang Highway and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Rail-way - all provided favourable conditions lorthe development of the project.

The construction also faced immense diffi-culties on the desolate Gobi desert in mattersof funds, technology, supplies and the livelihoodof workers and staff members. But the builderswere not cowed by these difficulties.

In 1964, a mine and a nickel-smelting work-shop of the first mining area were built and putinto operation. In 1965 the first group of plat-inum system metals (platinum, palladium, rho-dium, iridium, osmium and ruthenium) was pro-duced. In 1967, the first phase of the oredress-ing and smelting plants was put into operation.

But the second phase of the project, centringon the exploitation of the second mining area,.r'an into difficulty in 1966. The development ofthis mining area is of great significance to im-proving the Jinchuan Nonferrous Metal Com-pany's production capacity and technology. Geo-logical conditions here are complicated: the oreslie deep underground and ground stress isstrong. Most of the newly built tunnels quicklytwisted and collapsed for lack of suitable sup-ports. During the tumultuous "cultural revolu-tion" (1966-76), the construction and develop-ment of the mine was seriously affected due topolitical and technological factors.

Major Technological Breakthrough

Chief Manager Wang said that the new de-velopment began iri 19?8 when the Jinchuannickel mine rvas listed as one of the nation'sthree bases for multi-purpose use of paragene-sia. (The other two are in Sichuan's Panzhihuaand Inner Mongolia's Baotou).At a research institute's laboratory.

Februarg 21, 1983 15

'"} *"" * .* { **.s

With the support and guidance of the StateCouncil, the State Science and TechnologyCommission and the Ministry of MetallurgicalIndustry organized hundreds of experts, profes-sors, engineers and other scientific and techno-logical workers from over 30 research institutes,design units, enterprises and institutions ofhigher learning throughout the country to tacklein a planned and systematic way the thornytechnical problems encountered in the course ofexploiting the nickel mine. The commission andthe ministry convened f ive conferences onscientific and technological work and conductedspecial studies on l28 projects. Major findingshave been made over the last five years. Re-search on some of the projects is of worldwidesignificance and has received international com-mendation.

Today, the worst problems impeding themine construction have been resolved. Thanksto the concerted efforts of nine construction.production, design units and scientific researchinstitutes, the second mining area's problematictunnels where poorly formed rock strata causedrepeated collapses have now been successfullyreinforced.

The old technology ior metal smelting hasbeen renovated and the recovery rate and out-put have been greatly raised. Twelve out of thel5 kinds of elements worth exploiting can berecovered directly from the ores. Nickel outputin 1981 was 50 per cent greater than that ot

16

niekel electrolyticworkshop.

197?. accounting for 85 per cent of the nation'stotal. It is estimated that when all the scien-tific research achievements are applied iir pro-duction. the present annual output will bedoubled by 1985.

lntellectuals Display Their Talents

An imprortant factor- in the profound changein lesearch methods was the role played byintellectuals in production, management andscientific research. said Wang Wenhai. ''The les-son we lealnt was that 10 yeal's ago the mana-gerial personnel. for' lack of professional know-ledge. blindly exploited rich ores. thus causingunbalanced exploitation of the [irst mining areaand seriously damaging prnduction and con-struction," he said.

The Third Plenary Session of the llthParty Central Committee in late l9?8 r'ccogniz-ed intellectuals as part of the working classl'ormerly regarded as members of the bourgeoi-sie. they were not eligible to be cadres. Afterthe session. the company set out to improvethe composition of its leading bodies. Sincethen. 235 engineers and technicians in producliondepartments have been promoted to leadingposts at various levels. At present. 40 pel centof the company and factory leaders are engineersand technicians. In the past few years. 766 of

Beijing Reuiew, No. 8

the 1,600 technical personnel have been pro-moted to be engineers, 84 to be technicians, 126

to be economists and statisticians and 10 havebeen recommended to the higher departmentsand evaluated as advanced engineers. Now thatthey are trusted in work and the leaders areshowing concern for their well-being, those in-tellectuals are really happy that they can makegreater contributions to the development of thecompany.

Sun Changru, 41, is an ore-smelting en-gineer who graduated from the Northeast Chi-na Engineering Institute in 1966. Since his ar-rival at Jinchuan in 1968, he has been workingat the nickel-smelting workshop. He began as

a worker and later was promoted to be a tech-nician, so he was quite familiar with the tech-nological processes. In 1981 he became a deputychief of the workshop. To improve the electroly-tic capacity of the existing equipment, he or-ganized and headed an experimental group torenovate the technological processes. The groupread a lot of technical data published at homeand abroad. made repeated experiments andcomparisons and eventually discovered theoptimum technological process. This innovationresulted in a 30 per cent increase in the produc-tion capacity of electrolytic cells and a malkedrise in output.

Yan An. 47. a mechanical engineer. gladuat-ed from a machine-building industry school innortheast China's Shenyang in the early 1950s.

During the 195? political movement, he waswrongly designated as a bourgeois Rightist. Inspite of this, he studied hard and conscientious-ly fulfilled his tasks. After 1978, the Party or-ganization re-examined his case and exonerated

him. In 1980, he was admitted to the ChineseCommunist Party. Since then, he has workedwith even greater fervour.

Early Iast year, Yan An was appointeddirector of a metal processing plant in the as-sembly company.' This enterprise with morethan 2,000 workers and staff members had suf-fered losses for a number of years, He foundthat few orders were placd for the plant'sgoods because of their poor quality Qut that themain problem was poor management. Therefore,he first worked out a series of measures tostrengthen management and then instituted a

responsibility system to improve quality and re-duce costs. He then began to find outlets forthe plant's products. By the first half of 1982,

this plant had turned deficit into surplus andYan An was cited as an advanced worker andan outstanding Party member.

Nevertheless, he said modestly: "I've justdone what a Party member should. There areplenty of people in our company who have madegreater contributions than I."

Chief Manager Wang summarized the city'sadvances by saying, "Now that China has adopt-ed a policy of opening to the outside world, thesituation has changed. On the basis of equalityand mutual benefit, we are, of course, willingto engage in economic and technical exchangeswith foreign countries so as to learn fromtrthers' strengths to make up our deficienciesand speed up our industrial development. But inthe long run, we must rely on our own efforts.trr achierre socialist modernization, and self-leliance is a principle we will continue to actupon." !

(ContintLed trom p. 13.)

This is hardly a long-term solution. Necessaryadjustments, therefore, must be made in futuredistribution of the national income. OnIy whenthe state possesses the necessary funds can con-struction of key economic projects proceedsmoothly.

Properly Handling State Subsidizing. Re-cent years have witnessed drastic increases instate subsidies with their equivalence to thestate revenue up from 14.3 per cent in lg78 to42.7 per cent in 1981. This caused heavy finan-cial burdens for the state.

The major part of these subsidies has goneto price support. This is a necessary hedge

February 21, 1983

against reduction in living standards at a timewhen we are still not in a position to drastical-ly adjust all irrational prices. But, such sub-

"-idies should be controlled and their scopeshould on no account be arbitrarily expanded.

Some state subsidies have been used tosupport enterprises that suffered economic loss-es, some of them caused by mismanagement.Granting such subsidies is tantamount to allow-ing backward enterprises to live off the nationalincome created by advanced enterprises. It iscertainly irrational. Therefore, such subsidiesshould be reduced in the future consolidation ofenterprises.

(Compiled from recent press accounts.)

t7

FR,OM THE CHINESE PRESS

OPINION

Proposal to deuelop apiculturernHE "Proposal on DevelopingI and Modernizing Apicul-ture" by the science and technol-ogy group of the Secretariat ofthe Party Central Committeereported that the number of beecolonies in China has risen from3 million in the mid-60s to 6.33million owing to the implemen-tation of rural policies. Annualoutput of commercial honey androyal jelly have reached 100,000

tons and 300 tons respectively.In the past few years, China hasexported about 60,000 tons ofhoney annually, one-third of theworld's total honey exports.

China is rich in nectar re-sources, but most are far frombeing fully utilized, especiallyin north China.

China now has an average ofless than one colony per squarekilometre, as against four to sev-en in some European countries.

The proposal called for devel-oping apiculture in places withrich nectar resources and pro-posed a law to protect these re-sources.

Quality standards for honeyand royal jelly must be enactedto guarantee the quality of allhoney products and purchasingprices must be readjusted toencourage people to raise betterstrains of bees and produce bet-ter quality honey.

The proposal also suggestedstrengthening the apiculturalinstitute of the Chinese Acad-emy of Agricultural Science withmore scientists, funds and in-struments. Beekeeping researchcentres should be set up inagricultural colleges and techni-cal institutes should offer api-culture training courses.

The proposal also urged thatnectareous plants like linden

trees in northeast China andwild osmanthus trees in thesouth be protected.

- " J ingji Ribao" (EconomicDaily)

COMMENT

Miners inaitewriters

A delegation of four minersheaded by Zhang Chao, formervice-minister of the CoaI Min-istry, recently invited membersof the Chinese Writers' Associa-tion to visit and write about themlnes.

The delegation said it repre-sented 4 million miners in 80 coalfields throughout China.

In the 33 years since libera-tion. China has produced onlY a

few works on the lives of miners.such as the novel Chief Engineerand His Daughter, the famousshort story Coal and severalpieces about the miserY of theminers in old China and theirimpl'oved lives in the new so-

ciety. A miner also aPPeared ina book by veteran writer XiaoJun.

Miners need culture and lit-erature just as theY need airand light when they are workingunderground. But few writers ortheatrical troupes cater to themining areas. For years. PlaYingcards was the miners' main formof entertainment. TheY are notsatisf ied with this and wantmore books, films, operas, PlaYsand other literary items. At thesame time. theY rvant \vriter.s toFeng Wenhao and his three brothers in Deqing Counly, Guangdong

Frovince, make 10,000 yuan eaeh year raising bees.

18 Beijing Reuieu:, No. 8

help other people understandthe new generation of miners.

- "lfi/sns11s Bao" (LiteraryGazette)

LIFE

Story of an oldfitan)s mdrriage

"Huang Yunwu has got mar-ried" was the news on thevillage grapevine in YichangCounty,Tlubei Province.

Last spring, widower Huang,57, met and fell in love withwidow Zhang Zhiying. Zhatgproposed marriage on many oc-casions. but Huang was undecid-ed. One day, Zhang stoppedat Huang's house and found himlying in bed with a cold. Shewas deeply concerned and said,"If we were married, I couldbe taking care of you now."

"I'd Iike to marry you at once.But I'm still rvorried about it."

"Why? Will my four childrenand my 1,400-yuan debt be toomuch for you?"

"No. I'm aflaid I'll bring youtrouble."

February 21. 1983

Jiao Zu.yao (right),author of the novel"Chief Engineer andHis Daughter," ex-periencing life in a

Shanxi coal mine.

Huang recalled his youngerdays when he and his first wifeearned 1,000 yuan a year fromsideline occupations. During thsgang-of-four holocaust he wascriticized as the county's biggestnouoeau riche. IJis property wasconfiscated and his wife, whciwas childless, fell ill and died,angry and humiliated.

"Remember Huang Yunwu'slesson, so don't try to make ex-tra money" became a local say-ing in the county for a longtime.

After 1979, Huang was encour-aged by the county to once moreset the paee for sideline produc-

If I'm criticized again, I've noone to worry about," So he de-cided to plant more than 400fruit and other trees and bambooaround his house and to raisepoultry and some other live-stock.

In 1982, he produced and sold400 kilogrammes of honey tothe state and marketed one tonof fruit and other sideline prod-ucts to earn more than 1,900yuan.

Huang told the widow, "Let'swait and see, and if the policydoesn't change I'll marry you."

TIDBITS

Rare monkqr-:'il;, Xl ,111;^i",,,ftiji1 faced eagtes

Some people in his team said,"The ages of you two alreadyadd up to 100. You should getmarried and waste no moretime." Huang replied, "I mustwait and see whether theParty's rural policies changeafter its 12th Congress."

When the Party's 12th Con-gress opened last SeptemberHuang listened to the radiocarefully and was very happyover the affirmation of the re-sponsibility system in ComradeHu Yaobang's report. But thenhe decided he had better post-pone marriage again, for fearthat the local cadres rn ouldn'timplement the Party's policiescorrectly.

Then one day, he saw the com-mune and brigade leaders goingfrom house to house to explainthe Party's policies and theresponsibility system that hadbeen implemented in nearbycommunes and brigades. Hesaid to himself : "The r:Id prac-tices are gone for ever. It istime to marry Zhang."

-"Hubei Ribao"

Scientists captured six mon-key-faced eagles in the forestsof Shexian County in southernAnhui Province this winter.

The birds belong to the seaeagle family and resemble bothbird and beast, with monkeyfaces and bird bodies. They havesharp hooked beaks, stronghooked claws and spotted darkyellow feathers. The powerfuleagles subsist on mice.

Monkey-faced eagies are rareand only a few have been foundin China.

-"Xinmin Wattbao"

19

China's Top l0 SportsStars of 1982

l,i Ning, 19, t'aptured gold rncd-als in six of seven men's eventsat the Sixth World Cup Gymnastics('ompelition.

[,ang Ping, ?2, nicknamed .,ironhirnrmer" by her ieanrrnates for hcroors'erful spikes" u,as instrumental in('hinese volleyball victories at im-portanl internalional tournaments.At crurial moments her f ormidablespiking hrougitt the Chinese teamlrom b{'hind"

Song Xiaobo, 25, captain o[ thcChinese women's basketball team, isa top scorer because df her speeilypasses and shooting. She seored Zlpoints in the finals at the NinthAsian Games where her team de-tealed south Korea.

Zou Zhenxian, 28, is Asia's tirsttriple jumper to surpass l? melres(l?.34). His record in 1982 rvas 16,93rnetres. He is now among the l2best in [he rvorld.

Zhu Jianhua. 20, impro\ edthe Asian high junrp record thrcctimes in 1982 and cleared 2.33metres to set the l9E2 world rec-ord at the Ninth Asian Games.

Sun Jinfang, 28 wasthe captain anal a setterof the national women'svolleyball team. Her mo-bile tacties were es-sential to her team'svictories against strongopponents in the ThirdWorld Cup Women'sVolleyball Tournamentin l98l and the NinthWorld Women's Volley-ball Championship inr982.

Ra(lntinton slar Han Jian,26, bestedIndonesia's Liem Swie King to help Chinacapture the title at the lzth World Bad-rninton Men's Championship (Thomas Cup).Han also won the individual title at ther-inth Asian Games in a match againstLient Swie King.

\1u .liani. 16. sa.s (he rtrnnrr-up in thebalan('e beam etcnt at lhe Sixth World CupGymnastit's Competition and raptured [wogold mcdals at the balance beam and unevenbars at the Ninth Asian Gamcs. She w:rs alsoir nrember of the Chinese team that rvon thctcanr title.

Liu Shilan, 21, placedthird at the InterzonallVomen's Chess Tourna-nrent in the Soviet Unionin 1982 and is nou' thetirst woman chess granclmaster in China, Shehas fought her way tojoin the top eight mas-ters in the rvorld.

Guo Yaohua, 26, rvaslisted as the u,orld's num-ber one 1982 seeded playerby the International TableTennis Federation. The vie-tor of many internationaltournamen(s, he is amongthose rvho havc won [helargest nunrber of goldnredals in China's tablelennis history.

CUTTURE AND SCIENCE

SPORTS

Tle fans choose

The results of a nationwidepool of 1982's 10 best sport starswere announced on January 28.The winners were Li Ning(261,016), Zhu Jianhua (260,992),Han Jian (252,420), Sun Jinfang(201,354), Lang Ping (198,553),Song Xiaobo (182,401), ZouZhenxian (163,068), Wu Jiani(127,661), Liu Shilan (118,979),Guo Yuehua (104,483).

The year of 1982 saw majorprogress in China's sports. TheChinese athletes captured 13world championships, improved11 world recotds, and won 415gold medals in internationalsports meets. The elected 10 areall winners or members of thechampion teams in 1982's worldor Asian competitions.

More than 16,000 sports fansattended the awards ceremonyheld in Beijing's Shoudu Gym-nasium on the evening of Jan-uary 28. Representatives of thesponsor organlzations awardedeach of the best athletes abronze statue and a stereo cas-sette-recorder. Chinese literaryand art workers as well asathletes gave varied perform-ances at the ceremony.

Ths pool was co-sponsored by20 journalist organizations inBeijing. The election committeereceived 263,656 valid ballots,the highest figure since suchcompetition f irst began. Theballots came from people acrossthe ]and as well as Chinesestudents now studying abroad.

THEATRE

'Warning Sigrual'Chinese dramatists are ex-

perimenting with new ways of

22

expression. Warning Signal,performed by members of theBeijing People's Art Theatre,has captured the capital's atlen-tion because of its relevant storyand means of portrayal,

This experimental drama isperformed in a small hall seat-ing 200 people who surround theactors on three sides. There isno curtain, no make-up. Theset is the caboose of a freighttrain. Ths play, which lastsabout one and a half hours, isnot artificially divided intoscenes or acts and the cast isonly five. The audience is sointimate with the performersthat they nearly forget it is aplay, but of it as real life.

The plot is simple, an at:tempted robbery on a freighttrain. Heizi, a job-waiting youth,yearns f or money so he canmarry Mifeng (Little Bee), hisformer classmate. Instigated bya professional thief, he boardsthe train and prepares for therobbery. On the train, there arethe old guard and Xiaohao (Lit-tle Bugle), Heizi's another for-mer classmate, who is workingas a guard-in-training. By coin-cidence, Heizi's fiancee Mifengis also on the same train, trans-porting some of her bees to a

new location. Xiaohao, who isunaware of Mif eng's relation-ship to Heizi, is also in love withMifeng.

The play unfolds subtle con-tradictions among the five. Thethief tries to prepare Heizi forhis part in the robbery but Heiziis wavering and the old guardis vigilant. Xiaohao, who real-izes Heizi's criminal intent andalso discovers his relationshiPwith Mifeng, does not knowwhat to do, and is caught be-tween ethics and loyalty to a

friend. Mifeng slowly comes to,perceive the dangerous road herboy friend is taking. . . . Finally,Xiaohao gives the warning sig-nal, Heizi jumps to help the oldguard in his fight against theprofessional thief, and the rob-bery is aborted.

China's drama developed inthe 1920s and was strongly in-fluenced by the realism of Ib-sen, Chekhov and Gogol. Mostof its past successes could becharacterized as belonging tothe Stanislavsky system of act-rng.

Warning Signal is a break-through. Flashbacks and imag-inations are woven in, thoughthe marn line of development isclear and i4 chronological order.

In order to focus on the innerworld of a particular charac-ter, a single spotlight is directedon a performer who acts out hisor her thoughts. Helped bysoliloquy, the views and psy-chology of characters becomevisible.

While the play is characteriz-ed by natural realistic move-ments, stylized gestures of tradi- -

tional operas are seen. Withoutaltering the stage the audiencescan see the site of action becom-ing a wedding hall or a darkprison through the lighting tech-niques and the artists' symbolicgestures.

The sound effects, the musicin particular, help create themoods.

The director Lin Zhaohua, isone of the youngest directors ofthe Beijing People's Art Thea-tre. He co-directed The RedHeart and, Just OPinion. Hisindependent works For HaPPi-ness and Who Is Pouerful havealready won renown.

Beijing Reuiew, No' 8

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