vol oils.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Volatile Oils
• Essential oils
• volatilize and distilled in steam
• chemically and physically different from fixed oils – not glyceryl esters of fatty acids
– do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper
– not saponified with alkali
– not become rancid but on exposure to air and light becomes oxidized and resinify
• frequently associated with other substances like gums, resins
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Volatile Oils• they are secreted by oil glands, oil cells, secretory
ducts, glandular hairs, modified parenchyma cells, oil tubes (vittae), lysigenous or schizogenous passages
• Use: therapeutically - administered by inhalation (eucalyptus oil), orally (peppermint oil), gargle and mouthwash (thymol oil), transdermal (lavender, rosemary, bergamot - aromatherapy)
• with phenol content - antiseptic, carminative
(clove, thyme) antispasmodic
• anti-bacterial, food preservative
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Volatile Oils
• generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds derived from hydrocarbons
• the odor and taste is mainly determined by the oxygenated constituents which is immiscible in water but more soluble in alcohol
• many of them are terpenoids in origin with some containing aromatic derivatives
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Volatile Oils
• Evaluation– preliminary examination: odor and taste
• taste, if diluted with a sugar solution in ethanol as prescribed by BP)
– Physical measurements: optical rotation, relative density, refractive index
– to determine individual proportions of components - Gas Chromatography
– volatile oil content in crude drugs - determined by distillation (clavenger method)
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Volatile Oils• Methods of obtaining volatile oils
1. Direct steam distillation- disadv: hydrolysis of certain components decomposition at high temperatures
2. Expression - those that cannot be distilled due to decompositiona. ecuelle methodb. sponge method
3. Enfleurage - fat absorbs oil4. Extraction - solvent systems and distilled at 50oC5. Rectification - second distillation in steam and frees oil from resin and other impurities
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Volatile Oils• volatile oils’ chemical constituents are divided
into 2 classes based on their biosynthetic origin:
– 1. Terpenoid derivatives - acetate - mevalonic acid pathway
– 2. Aromatic compounds - shikimmic acid - phenyl propanoid pathway
• many volatile oils are largely monoterpenoids and others phenylterpenoids
• constituents are responsible for their characteristic odor, taste, flavor and therapeutic properties
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Oil of TurpentineSynonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of
turpentineOrigin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the
oleoresin of Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)Constituents: terpene ((+), (-)α,(-) β – pinene,
camphene)Use: externally – counterirritant, rubefacient
- fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticideNote: - rarely given internally
- for inhalation – terebene is preferred (terebene is prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric acid --- converts pinene to inactive diterpene (±limonene)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Hydrocarbons
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Hydrocarbons
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Canada turpentineSynonym: Canada balsam
Origin: oleoresin from the stem of Abies balsamea (Pinaceae)
Constituent: contains 23 – 24% volatile oil
Use: use as microscopic mount
Note:
Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and large cavities
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Pumilio Oil
Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oilOrigin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Pinus
mago var. pumilio (Pineaceae)Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (L-
camphene, β – pinene, dipentene, borneol, cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate
Use: - decongestant inhalant- prep. of compound thymol glycerin- constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder
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Oil of Cade
Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation of the woody portions of Juniperus oxycedras (Cupressaceae)
Constituent: sesquiterpene – cadinene
- phenolic compounds – guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol and cresol
Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)
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Cubeb NF X (1955)
Synonym: tailed pepper, java pepper, cubebaOrigin: dreid nearly full – grown but unripe fruit of
Piper cubeba (Piperaceae)Constituents:
- 20 – 28% volatile oil containing terpenes and sesquiterpenes- cubebin – inodorous crystalline substance- cubebic acid – white amorphous substance- Amorphous resin
Use: stimulant, carminative, condiment
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Pepper NF V (1926)Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, PamintaOrigin: dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum
(Piperaceae)Constituents:
- terpene – limonene, sabinene, camphene, β – bisabolene, β – caryophylene, β – pinene, thujone- alkaloids – piperine and piperitine (pungency)
Use: once used in the treatment of gonorrhea and chronic bronchitis
- condiment
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Pepper Note:
- stimulate thermal receptors and increases secretion of saliva and gastric mucosa- may ease the nicotine withdrawal syndrome during
smoking
white pepper – removal of the outer part of the pericarp
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Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942)Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile, lupulin (drug), common hopsOrigin: glandular hairs separated from the
strobile of Humulus lupulus (CannabinaceaeConstituents:
- humulene – α – acids (phlorogluctinol derivative)- lupulone – β - acid - 2 – methyl – 3 – butene – 2 ol (sedative – hypnotic property
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Lupulin Use:
- bitter tonic, mild anti – bacterial (gm +)- sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tension etc.)- mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid- Preserve beer
Adverse Effect: CNS – sedation; Resp. – bronchial irritation; Skin – contact dermatitis
Interactions: CNS depressants – additivePhenothiazine – type antipsychotic - additive
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Peppermint NF18(1995)Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta InglesaOrigin: dried leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)Constituents:
- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves, partially or wholly dementholized
- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethylsulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene, terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone
- 2 – acetyl – 4 – isopropenyl pyridine - odorUse: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative,
stimulant, counterirritant- commercial importance, flavor for confectionery(chewing gum)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Alcohol
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Alcohol
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Peppermint– Antibacterial, antiviral– Enteric – antispasmodic, antiflatulenceInteractions: Cal. Blockers - effect
• Adverse: – gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder inflammation,
severe liver damage– Face and nostrils of infants and children
Note:
Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var. piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol
- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor compared to peppermint oil
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Peppermint
Menthol
- used as topical antipruritic in burns and sunburn preparations
- counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant
- internally, depressant effect to the heart
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Cardamon NF 14 (1985)Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamonOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria
cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae)- dried ripe seeds recently removed from the capsules of Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae)
Constituents:- volatile oil – linalol and terpenes- cineol , - terponyl acetate
Use:- flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of liqueurs- form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon - anti- viral
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Sage Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadow
sageOrigin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae)Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol,
diterpenes, camphorUse: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic and
astringent)- topical – itching – insect bite, herpes lesions, shingles, psoriasis- vaginal douche – yeast infection- Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color
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Sage
– Has cholinergic activity – treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
– Mild antioxidant property
• Adverse: seizure
• Interaction: disufiram– Those with epileptic history
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Savin
Synonym: Savin Tops, Horse Savin Tops
Origin: young shoots of Juniperus sabina (Cupressaceae)
Constituent:
- terpene alcohol – sabinol
- podophyllotoxin, coumarin, savinin
Use: powerful irritant both internally and externally
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Sandalwood Oil NF 7 (1942)
Synonym: white sandalwoodOrigin: heartwood of Santalinum album
(Santalaceae)Constituent:
- sesquiterpene – α, β – santalolUse:
- mainly used in perfumery- urinary antiseptic, stimulant, treatment of bronchitis
Note: chemoprotective action on liver carcinogenesis (mice)
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Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Synonym: Horse savin berries, juniper berriesOrigin: dried ripe fruits of Juniperus communis
(Cupressaceae)Constituents: volatile oil contains α - pinene,
camphene, sesquiterpene – cadinene, terpin –4-ol
Uses: diuretic, atiseptic, UTI, kidney stones- falvoring agent – gin, bitters, liqueurs
Note: prolonged use of commercial oil causes kidney damage due to high terpene and low proportion of terpin - 4-ol
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Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Adverse: kidney failureInteractions:
Antidiabetics – potentiationantihypertensives – interfere with blood pressurediuretics – potentiation – hypokalemiaginseng, fenugreek – additiveCucumber, dandelion, horsetail - additive
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Coriander oil NF 11(1960)Synonym: culantro, Uansoy, Fruto de Cilantro,
Chinese parsleyOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum
(Apiaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains (+) linalool (coriandrol),small amts of α - pinene, γ- terpinene, limonene, p-cymene
Use:spice, flavoring agent, carminative, enhance appetite, treat dyspepsia, diarrheatreatment of cough, chest pain, fever and measles
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Coriander oil
- aromatherapy – soothing effect, improve blood circulation
Note:unripe fruit has a mousy odor
Adverse: anaphylactic reactionsInteractions: sun exposure - risk of photosensitivity
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Otto of Rose NF 8 (1947)
Synonym: Rose oil Attar of Rose, Oleum RosaeOrigin: dried fresh flowers of Rosa gallica, R.
damascens, R. centifolia (Rosaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, (-) citronellol, nerol, 2-phenylethanol
Use:perfume
Note: oil id semi – solid, liquid portion - alcohols
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Geranium Synonym: MalvarosaOrigin: the whole plant except the roots of
Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, citronellol, limonene
Use: antidepressant, antiseptic, fingicidal, stypticflavoring agent
Note: - Indian or Turkish geranium (Palmarosa)
- citronella oil- freshly cutted or partially dried leaves of Cymbopogon
winterianus, C. nardus (Poaceae)- citronellol, geraniol
- perfume, insect repellant
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Lavender Oil NF XVI (1985)
Synonym: Lavanda, Espliego , Foreign oilOrigin: fresh flowering tops Lavandula officinalis, L.
augustifolia (Lamiaceae)Constituents: volatile oil contains linalyl acetate,
linalool, cineol, terpin-4-olUse: perfume, toiletry (to mask disagreeable odor)
- pharmaceutically in the anti-arthropod prep. (Gamma Benzene Hexachloride)
- treatment of flatulent dyspepsia- topically - rheumatic pain - aromatherapy
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
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Lavender
oil exert sedative effect orally, topically and inhaled doses (non-toxic – up to 5g/kg)
Adverse – respiratory depression
Interaction: CNS depressants – potentiate
alcohol - potentiate
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
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Rosemary Synonym: Hoja de Romero, Romero, compass
plant, polar plantOrigin: Flowering tops of leafy twigs of
Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)Constituents: fresh sample, the volatile oil contains
cineole, borneol, camphor, bornyl acetate, linalol- leaves contain triterpene alcohols (α, β - amyrin), rosmarinic acid, diosmin
Use: perfumery, component of soap liniment- aromatherapy- insect repellant
Rosemary Oil – NF XII (1985)
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Rosemary
Note:
oil is adulterated with Spanish eucalyptus oil, camphor oil, turpentine fractions
Adverse: seizures at high dosesInteractions: sunlight – topical cream
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Valerian Synonym: Summer Heliotrope, All Heal RootOrigin: dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana
officinalis (Valerianaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains bornyl acetate, bornyl isovalerate, valerenic acid, valerenolic acid, acetoxyvalerenolic acid, bornyl valerate valeric acid- lipo - iridoid principle - valepotriate
Use: tea, carminative, antispasmodic (nervous disorders, perfume
Allied drugs:1. Indian Valerian - Valeriana wallichii
2. Japanese Valerian - Valeriana augustifolia
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Valerian
Interactions:
barbiturates, benzodiazepine – additive
hops, kava, passion flower - potentiate
Oleum Valerianae USP VI (1882)
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Gaultheria
Synonym: Wintergreen, Boxberry, TeaberryOrigin: dried leaves of Gaultheria procumbens
(Ericaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains methyl salicylateUse: diuretic, astringent, stimulant, rheumatoid
arthritis- used in diarrhea
Note: - methyl salicylate can be obtained from Betula lenta
(Betulaceae)
- enzymatic hydrolysis of gaultherin – methyl salicylate
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Gaultheria Methyl salicylate NF 18 (1995)
Adverse: pulmonary edema and collapse, renal failure, liver failure, metabolic acidosis
Intrerations:
Anticoagulants, antiplatelets - bleeding
Antidiabetics, salicylates - hypoglycemic
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Bergamot Synonym: Origin: rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus aurantium
var. bergania (Rutaceae)Constituent: linalyl acetate, linalolUse: used aromatically for stress related conditions
- anti-depressant, antiseptic- combined with eucalyptus and carrier oil to relieve symptoms of shingles and cold sores
- suppresses irritation caused by chicken pox
Note:- oil is phototoxic
Bergamot oil NF XI (1960)
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Cinnamon NF XVI(1985)Synonym: Corteza de CanelaOrigin: dried bark of the stem and branches of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon), C. cassia or aromaticum (Cassia Cinnamon), C. Laureirii (Saigon Cinnamon) (Lauraceae)
Constituents: volatile oil contains cinnamic aldehyde, limonene, p-cymene, linalool, β - caryophylene, eugenol and mannitol
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, pungent aromatic, antiseptic, powerful germicide against Aspergillus
Cassia oil – NF 14(1985)Ceylon oil – NF 11 (1960)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Aldehyde
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Aldehyde
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Sweet Orange USP 15(1955)
Synonym: Naranja Dulce, Naranja de ValenciaOrigin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially
colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. sinensis (Rutaceae)
Constituents:violexanthin, D - limonene, citral, citronellal
Use: flavoring agent, carminativeCaution: do not use oil with terebinthinate odor
Orange Flower Oil – C. aurantium partially expanded flower
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Bitter OrangeSynonym: Neroli Oil
Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. amara (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
flavone glycosides – naringin, neohesperidin
Vol oil – limonene, jasmone, linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate
Uses:
Stimulate appetite and digestion,
relieve flatulence, Antifungal, gargle
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Lemon PeelSynonym: limon
Origin: yellow outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit of Citrus limon (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
terpene (limonene), aldehyde (citral, citronellal)
Coumarins, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin)
Use: flavor, stimulant, stomachic, perfume
Note: oil is prepared from hand method, machine or distilled
adulterant: oil of turpentine
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Lemongrass BPC 1968Synonym: tanglad, citronella, fevergrassOrigin: whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus /nardus
(Poaceae)Constituents:
citral, citronellal, myrcene, geraniolcymbopogol
Use:flavor, antispasmodic, analgesic, treatment of nervous and GI disordersMosquito repellant, mask fishy odorFood additive
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Bitter Almond oil NF X (1955)
Origin: dried ripe kernel (deprived of fixed oil) of Prunus amygdalus var. amara (Rosaceae)
Constituents:
benzaldehyde, HCN
Use:
sedative, cough remedies
- not taken internally
Bitter Oil is intended for medicinal use and neither it or its solution be used or sold as flavoring agent
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Spearmint NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: ordinary garden mint, Lamb or Mackerel Mint, Hierba buena (Mentha arvensis)
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha spicata (M. viridis), M. cardiaca (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:(-) carvone, (-)limonene, phellandrene
Use: carminative, stimulant, nervine, corrective, flavoring agent
Note: oil formation depends on age, time of collection, chemical varieties or hybridization
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ketone
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ketone
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Caraway NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Alcarahueya, Karawya, Carum
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Carum carvi (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
(+) carvone, terpene (d-limonene or carvene)
dihydrocarvone, carveol, deihydrocarveol
Use:
culinary purpose, flavor, carminative, weak antispasmodic
promote lactation, stimulate appetite
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Dill
Synonym:dill herb, dill weed
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
carvone, limonene
Use:
carminative, flavor, used in infant’s gripe water
antispasmodic, bacteriostatic
- avoid sun exposure
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Buchu NF X (1955)Synonym: Bucco, Bucha
Origin: dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B. crenulata, B. serratifolia (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains pulegone, limonene, menthone, diosmin
in distilled oil - diosphenol (buchu camphor) formed at room temperature
Use:
diuretic, urinary antiseptic, carminative, cystitis
Adverse: stomach, bowel and kidney irritation
Interaction: anticoagulants - enhanced
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Absinthium NF 4 (1916)Synonym: green ginger, absinthe, Wormwood
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains thujone anf flavones
bitter principles: absinthine, artabsin (lactone sesquiterpene)
artabsinolide A,B,C
Use: promote appetite, strengthening effect in the treatment of colds and influenza, expulsion of roundworms
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LovageSynonym: lavose, maggi plant, sea parsleyOrigin: dried rhizome and roots of Levisticum
officinale (Apiaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains, Ligusticum lactone, ligustilide, 3-butylphthalide
Use:herbal remedy, antimicrobial, treatment of
dyspepsia, cystitis, mouthwash (tonsilitis)stimulates salivation and gastric secretiondiuretic (pedal edema)
Interaction: anticoagulants, warfarin – potentiatesunlight
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MatricariaSynonym: Flor de Manzanilla, Rosas de Japon,
German or Hungarian ChamomileOrigin: dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita
(Asteraceae)Constituents:
contains a blue volatile oil mainly of sesquiterpenes α - bisabolol, chamazulene and farnesene
Use:anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic property, ulcer - protective propertyTea – sedation and relaxation
Interaction: warfarin
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Matricaria
Allied drug:
Tanacetum parthenium, Chrysanthenum parthenium or feverfew USP 7 !894)
- also known as bachelor’s button
- parthenolide (germacronolide)
- inhibits protaglandin synthesis, platelet aggregation, release of
serotonin from platelets etc.
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Thyme NFX (1955)
Synonym: Common or Garden Thyme, Tremocillo
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid
Uses:
antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant, spasmolytic, condiment, antibacterial
Oil – NF 12(1965)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenol
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenol
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Clove NF 11 (1960)Synonym: Clavo de Especia, Clavo aromatico,
Clavillo
Origin: the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus) (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains eugenol(phenol) with acetyleugenol, sesquiterpene (α, and β - caryo - phyllene), eugenyl acetate
Use: flavoring agent, stimulant, aromatic and antiseptic
dental analgesic, antibacterial (gm + and - )
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Clove NF 11 (1960)• store in well – filled, air – tight container
protected from light and heat
Adverse: liver failure, pulmonary toxicity
Interactions: inhibit platelet aggregation
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Myrcia Oil NF 11 (1060)
Synonym: Bay Oil
Origin: leaves of Pimenta racemosa (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
eugenol, methyl eugenol, chavicol
Use:
perfume, Constituent of Cpd. Myrcia Spirit (Bay Rum), pharmaceutical necessity
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Ajowan
Synonym: Carum capticum
Origin: dried seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae)
Constituent: Thymol
Uses:
carminative, diuretic, stomach disorder, chest infections, epilepsy, hypotensive
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Allspice NF V (1926)
Synonym: pimiento, Jamaican pepper, clove pepperOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta dioica /
officinalis (Myrtaceae)Constituents:
eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, leviphellandreneUse:
condiment (enhance the taste of food)dental analgesic, aid in indigestionmassage oil (aromatherapy)analgesic – arthritis, muscle spasm
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Anise
Synonym: Aniseed, Matalahuga
Origin: dried ripe fruits (cremocarp) of Pimpinella anisum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, chavicol, methyl ether
Use: flavor, aromatic stimulant, carminative, treatment of coughs and colds
Note: allied drug - Star Anise
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenolic Ether
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenolic Ether
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Star Anise
A) Chinese Star- anise
- Sanke’
- dried fruits of Illicium verum (Magnoliaceae - Illiciaceae)
- fruit has 8 follicles
- constituent: anethole
- use: flavoring agent, carminative
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Star Anise
b) Japanese Star - anise
- Shikimmi
- dried fruit of Illicium religiosum (Magnoliaceae)
- 2 follicles are smaller like a beak
- anthole, skimmin, skimmic acid
- no use due to its toxicity
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Fennel
Synonym: Sweet Fennel fruit, Haras, AnisOrigin: dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare
var. dulce (Apiaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, fenchoneUse:
aromatic stimulant, corrective of purgativesAdulterant: Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare var. vulgare) a, small fruit with no anethole but with fenchone and phellandrene
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Cajeput
Origin: fresh leaves of Melaleuca leucodendron (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
cineole, terpineol, terpineol acetate
Use:
used internally and externally as a stimulant
treatment of several parasitic conditions
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Camphor
Synonym: Natural camphor
Origin: wood of Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains camphor, safrole, borneol, heliotropic
Use:
externally as a rubefacient
internally - mild antiseptic and carminative
formerly used in the manufacture of celluloid
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Camphor
Synthetic camphor - American turpentine
Allied drugs:
1. Borneo camphor - Drybalanops aromatico (Dipterocarpaceae)
2. Ngai camphor - Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae)
3. Artemisia - levorotaory camphor
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Parsley
Synonym: garden parsley, persely
Origin: the whole plant of Petroselinum sativum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
apiole (dimethylsafrole), apigenin (flavonol glycoside)
Use:
condiment
treatment of indigestion, flatulence and dyspepsia
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Nutmeg
Synonym: Myristica, Nuez de Banda
Origin: dried kernel of Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) deprived of its seed coat and arillode and with or without thin coating of lime.
Consituents:
volatile oil contains myristicin, elemicin, safrole, eugenol, d-camphene, dipentene
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, condiment
Indian medicine, used in the treatment of infantile diarrhea
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Nutmeg
Mace (Banda mace)
- dried arillus or arillode of Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae)
- contains volatile oil similar to nutmeg and phenolic compounds - dihydrodiisoeugenol and 5’ - methoxydehydrodiisoeugenol
- significant antibacterial property
Note: Nutmeg is known for its psychoactive and hallucinogenic properties
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Sassafras
Synonym: Agûe Tree
Origin: dried bark of the roots of Sassfras albidum or variifolium (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
safrole, tannic acid --- sassafrid red, terpenes
Use:
carminative, aromatic, stimulant, flavor, corrective
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Chenopodium
Synonym: American Wormseed. Alpaseotes
Origin: dried fruit of Chenopodium ambrosoides var. anthelmintica (Chenopodiaceae)
Constituents:
ascaridole, unsaturated terpene peroxide
Use:
anthelmintic (roundworms, hookworms and intestinal ameobae)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Oxide/ Peroxide
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Oxide/ Peroxide
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Eucalyptus
Synonym: Blue Gum leaves, Gum wood, Fever Tree
Origin: the dried scythe - shaped leaf of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains, cineole, phellandrene
Use:
alleviate symptoms of nasopharyngeal infections, treat coughs and decongestant
internally and externally - expectorant
externally : treat sore muscles and rheumatism
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Tea - Tree Oil
Synonym: paperbark tree
Origin: dried leaves and terminal branches of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)
Constituents
cineole and terpin - 4 -ol
Use:
antiseptic (skin diseases), anti-fungal