SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.

Special Publication, No. 10

Volcanic, Geothermal, and Ore-Forming Fluids:

Rulers and Witnesses of Processes Within the Earth

EditorsS.F. Simmons and I. Graham

Special Publications of the Society of Economic Geologists

Special Publication, No. 10

Volcanic, Geothermal, and Ore-Forming Fluids:Rulers and Witnesses of Processes within the Earth

S.F. Simmons and I. Graham, Editors

First Edition, 2003

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ISBN: 978-1-629496-28-3

Giggenbach volcano (30° 02.16'S /178° 43.20' W) is a submarine composite volcano from the Kermadec arc (see de Ronde et al., this volume, Fig. 2, labeled G, inset, p. 96). The volcano, located ~35 km northwest of Macauley Island of the Kermadec group of islands (northeast of New Zealand), was discovered during the April 2002 research voyage by R/V Tangaroa. The volcano has a basal diameter of ~9 to 10 km at a water depth of ~1,450 m with the crest shoaling to 65 m. A small cone occurs in the center of the summit crater. The few rock samples recovered from the �anks and summit area are aphyric dacite and pumice. Hydrothermal plume mapping during the May 2002 NZAPLUME II cruise revealed intense venting near the summit and possibly deeper down the �anks of the volcano, around 400 m depth. Numerous vent-related animals and mineralized samples were recovered in dredges over the summit vent area. The 3-dimensional image of Giggenbach volcano was obtained from the EM300 multibeam system onboard the R/V Tangaroa. This view is backlit from the north and supplied by the National Institute of Atmospheric and Water Research (NIWA) of New Zealand. Naming the volcano after Werner Giggenbach was Cornel de Ronde’s idea; Ian Wright of NIWA provided technical assistance.

Volcanic, Geothermal, and Ore-Forming Fluids: Rulers and Witnesses of Processes within the Earth

STUART F. SIMMONS AND IAN GRAHAM, EDITORS

SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.SPECIAL PUBLICATION NUMBER 10

WERNER F. GIGGENBACH had an outstanding career as a geochemist. He made major advances inunderstanding the nature and origin of magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, and apart from theirgreat scientific value, these proved very significant for monitoring active volcanoes, exploringgeothermal resources, and understanding alteration and mineralizing processes in epithermaland porphyry environments. This volume pays tribute to the legacy of his work.

At the time of his death, Werner Giggenbach had been awarded a grant from the MarsdenFund of the Royal Society of New Zealand entitled “Understanding Crustal Fluids: Rulers andWitnesses of Processes Deep within the Earth.” With the help of the Royal Society of NewZealand and Peter Englert (formerly of the Institute of Geological Nuclear Science), thesefunds were redirected to support visits by several of the contributing authors, who continuedWerner’s research and finalized some of his unpublished work. The sponsorship, which con-tributed to the production of this volume, not only recognized Werner’s work but also sup-ported the work of others whom he influenced.

We thank Jeff Hedenquist and Scott Wood, who represented the Society of Economic Geolo-gists and the Geochemical Society, respectively, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences,and the University of Auckland for their support throughout the period in which the volumewas coming together. We also thank the referees listed below for their detailed and timelyreviews. Finally, we commend the authors for their efforts and contributions.

STUART F. SIMMONS

IAN GRAHAM

ReviewersGreg ArehartAntonio ArribasHu BarnesPaul BartonKevin BrownPatrick BrowneTom BullenBob FournierJim FranklinChris GammonsBruce GemmellFraser GoffJeff HedenquistDavid JohnJake Lowenstern

John LuptonMarino MartiniMike McKibbenBruce MountainKoichiro NagamineJeremy RichardsIain SamsonYuji SanoJeff SeewaldHiroshi ShinoharaNeil SturchioYuri TaranAlfred TruesdellJenny WebsterNoel White

iii

Preface

v

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iiiStuart F. Simmons and Ian Graham

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viiJeffrey W. Hedenquist and Stuart F. Simmons

Published Papers by Werner F. Giggenbach . . . . . . . . . .ix

Erebus—Almost (Reprint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiiiWerner F. Giggenbach

Chapter 1SEG Distinguished Lecture: Magma Degassing and Mineral Deposition in Hydrothermal Systems along Convergent Plate Boundaries (Reprint) . . . . . .1

Werner F. Giggenbach

Chapter 2Formation of Acid Volcanic Brines through Interaction of Magmatic Gases, Seawater, and Rock within the White Island Volcanic-Hydrothermal System, New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Werner F. Giggenbach, Hiroshi Shinohara, Minoru Kusakabe, and Takeshi Ohba

Chapter 3Melt Inclusion Study of the Embryonic Porphyry Copper System at White Island, New Zealand . . . . .41

M. H. Rapien, R. J. Bodnar, S. F. Simmons, C. S. Szabo, C. P. Wood, and S. R. Sutton

Chapter 4Geochemistry of Light Hydrocarbons in Subduction-Related Volcanic and Hydrothermal Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Yuri A. Taran and Werner F. Giggenbach

Chapter 5Helium Isotope Ratios and Geochemistry of Volcanic Fluids from the Norikura Volcanic Chain, Central Japan: Implications for Crustal Structures and Seismicity . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Minoru Kusakabe, Michiko Ohwada, Hiroshi Satake, Keisuke Nagao, and Ichiro Kawasaki

Chapter 6Submarine Hydrothermal Venting Related to Volcanic Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Cornel E. J. de Ronde, Gary J. Massoth, Edward T. Baker, and John E. Lupton

Chapter 7Potential Reaction Pathways of Hg in Some New Zealand Hydrothermal Environments . . . . . . .111

B. W. Christenson and E. K. Mroczek

Chapter 8The Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium in Geothermal Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Scott A. Wood

Chapter 9Origin of Iodine and 129I in Volcanic and Geothermal Fluids from the North Island of New Zealand: Implications for Subduction Zone Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Udo Fehn and Glen T. Snyder

Chapter 10Lithium Isotope Geochemistry of the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Neil C. Sturchio and Lui-Heung Chan

Chapter 11The Origins of Reservoir Liquids and Vapors from The Geysers Geothermal Field, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

Jacob B. Lowenstern and Cathy J. Janik

Chapter 12Fluid-Rock Interaction at the Magmatic-Hydrothermal Interface of the Mount Cagua Geothermal System, Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Agnes G. Reyes, Rodney Grapes, and Vicente C. Clemente

SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.

Special Publication Number 10

Table of Contents

vi

Chapter 13Spatial and Temporal Relationships between Hydrothermal Alteration Assemblages at the Palinpinon Geothermal Field, Philippines—Implications for Porphyry and Epithermal Ore Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Andrew J. Rae, David R. Cooke, David Phillips, Chris Yeats, Chris Ryan, and Danilo Hermoso

Chapter 14Geology, Mineralization, and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Ladolam Gold Deposit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247

Graham D. Carman

Chapter 15Sulfidation State of Fluids in Active and Extinct Hydrothermal Systems: Transitions from Porphyry to Epithermal Environments . . . . . .285

Marco T. Einaudi, Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, and E. Esra Inan

Chapter 16Linkages between Volcanotectonic Settings, Ore-Fluid Compositions, and Epithermal Precious Metal Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315

Richard H. Sillitoe and Jeffrey W. Hedenquist

Table of Contents

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