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Volcanoes. View From Space - Klyuchevskaya, Russia. Shiveluch, Russia. Cleveland Volcano, Alaska. Mount Etna From Space. Mount Etna From Space. Mount Etna From Space. Mount Etna. Magma – molten rock beneath the surface Lava – molten rock on the surface. Where Does Magma Come From?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Volcanoes

Volcanoes

Page 2: Volcanoes

View From Space - Klyuchevskaya, Russia

Page 3: Volcanoes

Shiveluch, Russia

Page 4: Volcanoes

Cleveland Volcano, Alaska

Page 5: Volcanoes

Mount Etna From Space

Page 6: Volcanoes

Mount Etna From Space

Page 7: Volcanoes

Mount Etna From Space

Page 8: Volcanoes

Mount Etna

Page 9: Volcanoes

Magma – molten rock beneath the surface

Lava – molten rock on the surface

Page 10: Volcanoes

Where Does Magma Come From?• Earth’s interior is hot (25 C/km near surface

= 1000 C at 40 km)• Pressure inhibits melting– Mantle is solid– Never far below melting point

• Volcanoes fed by small pockets 0-100 km deep– Rising hot material may melt– Water can lower melting point

Page 11: Volcanoes

Why Igneous Rock Classification Matters• Silica Content = Viscosity• Silica Content Governs Violence of

Eruptions– Silica Poor (Basalt): Fluid lavas, generally little

explosive activity– Intermediate Lavas (Andesite): Pasty lavas,

explosive eruptions common– Silica-Rich Lavas (Rhyolite): Extremely viscous

lava and explosive eruptions

Page 12: Volcanoes

Types of Volcanoes

Page 13: Volcanoes

Bowen's Series and Volcanoes

Volcanic Rocks(Rare) Basalt Andesite Rhyolite

Plutonic RocksDunite Gabbro Diorite Granite

Fluid Lava Is... ViscousMild Eruptions Violent

Type of VolcanoShield Volcano Stratovolcano Plug Dome

Page 14: Volcanoes

A Cinder Cone:

Wizard Island, Crater Lake, Oregon

Page 15: Volcanoes

Anatomy of a Cinder Cone, Hawaii

Page 16: Volcanoes

Shield Volcano: Haleakala, Hawaii

Page 17: Volcanoes

Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland

Page 18: Volcanoes

Stratovolcano: Mount Shasta, California

Page 19: Volcanoes

Lava Dome, California

Page 20: Volcanoes

Products of Eruptions

Lava Flows Pyroclastic Debris • Bombs • Lapilli • Ash MudflowsLandslides

Gases • Steam • Carbon Dioxide • H2S

• SO2

• HCl • HF

Page 21: Volcanoes

Environmental Hazards of Volcanoes

Pollution • SO2, HCl in Water Lava Flows Falling Ejecta Ash Falls • Building Collapse • Crop Destruction

Mudflows • Direct Damage

(Colombia, 1985) • Floods (Several Types)Blast (Mt. St. Helens, 1980) Pyroclastic Flow (St. Pierre,

1902) Gas (Lake Nyos, Cameroon,

1986)

Page 22: Volcanoes

Pyroclastic Flow or Nuee Ardente (French: Fiery Cloud)

Page 23: Volcanoes

How Calderas Form

Page 24: Volcanoes

Crater Lake, Oregon

Page 25: Volcanoes

The Stump of Mount Mazama

Page 26: Volcanoes

Supervolcanoes?

• Magma Chamber Collapse (Yellowstone?)– Destruction of crops– Destruction of high technology– Economic Disruption– Climatic Effects

• Flood Basalts– Climatic Effects– Toxicity

Page 27: Volcanoes

Jemez Caldera, New Mexico

Page 28: Volcanoes

Jemez Caldera, New Mexico

Page 29: Volcanoes

Collapsing Volcanoes – Mount Rainier

Page 30: Volcanoes

Collapsing Volcanoes - Hawaii

Page 31: Volcanoes

Landslide, Mount Saint Helens

Page 32: Volcanoes

Shastina and Landslide Deposit

Page 33: Volcanoes

Mount Shasta and Landslide Deposit

Page 34: Volcanoes

Evolution of VolcanoesAn active volcanic landscape

Page 35: Volcanoes

Evolution of VolcanoesA volcanic landscape after a million years or so