volker 2010 - deciding about design quality
TRANSCRIPT
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 1/341
`ekut Cfsjon Pu`mjtyT`muf bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf
sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts ey puemjg gmjfnts uncfr
Furkpf`n tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns
Mffntbf Tkmifr
Cfgjcjno
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 2/341
Wjcfstknf \rfss @ nfw ofnfr`tjkn kd \uemjsajno
Zku `rf rf`cjno ` dumm vfrsjkn kd tajs ekki, dkr drff!
Sajs ekki js p`rt kd taf Wjcfstknf f-mjer`ry wafrf hkst kd kur
puemjg`tjkns `rf dummy `ggfssjemf dkr drff. Dkr `ggfss tk hkrf
drff ekkis vjsjt2 www.sjcfstknf.gkh/mjer`ry
Ckwnmk`c Dumm \CD
Tjsjt taf Wjcfstknf f-mjer`ry tk erkwsf kur f-ekkis. Dkr ` hjnjh`m
dff yku g`n purga`sf ` dummy dungtjkn`m \CD `nc ey ckjno sk, yku
afmp tk iffp kur mjer`ry runnjno.
www.sjcfstknf.gkh/mjer`ry
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 3/341
Wjcfstknf \rfss
`ekut Cfsjon Pu`mjtyCfgjcjno
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 4/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 5/341
Cfgjcjno `ekut Cfsjon Pu`mjty
T`muf bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf sfmfgtjkn kd`rgajtfgts ey puemjg gmjfnts uncfr Furkpf`n tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns
\UKFDWGAUJD
tfr vfrirjbojno v`n cf or``c v`n ckgtkr
``n cf fganjsgaf Vnjvfrsjtfjt Cfmdt
kp ofz`o v`n cf Ufgtkr H`onjffgus prkd. jr. [email protected]. Muyefn,
vkkrzjttfr v`n aft Gkmmfof vkkr \rkhktjfs,jn aft kpfne``r tf vfrcfcjofn kp
cjnsc`o 53 `uoustus kh 0527< uur
ckkr Mffntbf TKMIFU
fganjfi fn H``tsga`ppjb jnofnjfur
ofekrfn tf @rnafh.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 6/341
Cjt prkfdsgarjdt js okfcofifurc ckkr cf prkhktkrfn2
\rkd.jr. A. cf Bknof\rkd.cr. I. M`ugaf
W`hfnstfmmjno prkhktjfgkhhjssjf2
Ufgtkr H`onjffgus, vkkrzjttfr\rkd.jr. A. cf Bknof, fganjsgaf Vnjvfrsjtfjt Cfmdt, prkhktkr\rkd.cr. I. M`ugaf, fganjsgaf Vnjvfrsjtfjt Cfmdt, prkhktkr\rkd.hr.cr. [email protected]. Ga`k-Cujvjs, fganjsgaf Vnjvfrsjtfjt Cfmdt\rkd.cr. @.U.B. C`jnty, Mkuoaekrkuoa Vnjvfrsjty Cr. B.M. Afjntz, fganjsgaf Vnjvfrsjtfjt Cfmdt\rkd.cr. A.@. Hjfo, Auhekmct Vnjvfrsjtãt Efrmjn\rkd.jr. _. \`tjbn, fganjsgaf Vnjvfrsjtfjt Cfmdt
© 5<0< Mffntbf Tkmifr
\uemjsafc ey Wjcfstknf \rfss, Mfjcfn www.sjcfstknf.gkh
Wjcfstknf rfojstr`tjkn nuhefr2 WW\61<<<<<0
JWEN :?1-:<-11:<-<67-5
\aktkor`pas gkvfr2 Mkuvrf \yr`hjc, \`rjsGkvfr cfsjon2 I. _fntjni, Wjcfstknf \rfssM`y-kut2 \.G. v`n _kfrcfikh, Wjcfstknf \rfss
Dumm p`of jmmustr`tjkns2 Afni Cfiifr0) Sf Ukgi (5<<:), @hstfrc`h - Frjgi v`n Fofr``t9 5) @ccjtjkn Bfwjsa Husfuh (0:::), Efrmjn - C`njfmMjefsijnc9 7) tf Hkcfrn (0:3?, 0:47, 5<<<), Mknckn - Wjr Ojmmfs Ojmefrt Wgktt, Afrzko & cf Hfurkn(gknvfrsjkn tk husfuh)9 3) JNO Orkup Af`cqu`rtfrs (5<<5), @hstfrc`h - Hfyfr & T`n Wgakktfn9 6) GjtyA`mm `nc Gfntr`m Mjer`ry (0::6), Sf A`ouf - Ujga`rc Hfjfr9 4) Ufjgast`o eujmcjno (01:3, 0::<), Efrmjn
- \`um _`mmkt, Wjr Nkrh`n Dkstfr (`ccjtjkn & rfgknstrugtjkn)9 ?) Wt`cssgakuweuro (0:01, 5<<1), A``rmfh- [email protected]. v`n cfr Wtfur, Frjgi v`n Fofr``t (`ccjtjkn & rfnkv`tjkn)9 1) Mkuvrf \yr`hjc (0:1:), \`rjs - J.H. \fj9:) f \`p` kno`rfw` (0::1), _fmmjnotkn - B`sh`x @rgajtfgts.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 7/341
\rfd`gf QJ
0 Jntrkcugtjkn 00.0 af sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts 0
0.5 Ufsf`rga dkgus 7
0.7 Inkwmfcof o`ps `nc sgjfntjdjg ga`mmfnofs 6
0.3 Ufsf`rga qufstjkns :
0.6 Ufsf`rga `pprk`ga 0<
0.4 @ucjfngf 00
0.? Kutmjnf kd taf tafsjs 05
5 @ssfssjno qu`mjty `nc v`muf jn cfsjon 06
5.0 Jntrkcugtjkn 065.5 Pu`mjty jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt (`rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon `pprk`ga) 06
5.5.0 Jntfrprft`tjkn kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty 04
5.5.5 @ssfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty 0:
5.7 Cfsjon pfrgfptjkn `nc `ddfgt (gkonjtjvf `pprk`ga) 55
5.7.0 Ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf cfsjon pfrgfptjkn 57
5.7.5 Jhpmjg`tjkns dkr cfsjon kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt 56
5.3 \rkcugt fxpfrjfngf `nc fhktjkn (jntfr`gtjkn `pprk`ga) 54
5.3.0 Krjojn kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf 5?
5.3.5 Jhpmjg`tjkns dkr `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon 515.6 T`muf systfhs jn cfsjon (prkgfss `pprk`ga) 7<
5.6.0 af gkngfpt kd v`muf 7<
5.6.5 @ppmjg`tjkns jn cfsjon `nc gknstrugtjkn 77
5.4 Jntfor`tjkn `nc jhpmjg`tjkns 73
7 Bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno 30
7.0 Jntrkcugtjkn 30
7.5 arff ofnfr`tjkns kd cfgjsjkn tafkry 35
7.5.0 F`rmy hkcfms kd cfgjsjkn tafkry 35
7.5.5 Djrst ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs 33
7.5.7 Wfgknc ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs 34
7.7 U`tjkn`mjty vfrsus jntujtjkn 6<
7.7.0 kw`rcs ` cfdjnjtjkn kd jntujtjkn 6<
7.7.5 D`gtkrs kd jndmufngf kn taf usf kd jntujtjkn 65
7.3 Jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn kro`njs`tjkns 67
7.3.0 Gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs 67
7.3.5 Wfnsfh`ijno 64
7.3.7 D`gtkrs kd jndmufngf kn gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs 61
7.3.3 @ddfgt, hkkc `nc fhktjkn 4<
Gkntfnts
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 8/341
7.6 Cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn orkups 45
7.6.0 Gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m prkgfssfs 45
7.6.5 Fddfgts kd orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno 47
7.6.7 Fxpfrt tf`hs 44
7.4 Gkngmusjkn 4?
3 Saf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns ?0
3.0 Jntrkcugtjkn ?0
3.5 af pkmjtjg`m gkntfxt ?0
3.5.0 Cfgjsjkn strugturf kd puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs ?5
Ekx 02 \uemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs ?3
3.5.5 \`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt ?4
3.7 af gkntfxt kd cfsjon `nc gknstrugtjkn ?1
3.7.0 af gkngfpt kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns ?1
3.7.5 \`rtnfr sfmfgtjkn jn gknstrugtjkn 133.3 af mfo`m gkntfxt 14
3.3.0 FV \rkgurfhfnt m`w 14
3.3.5 af Cutga jntfrprft`tjkn kd prkgurfhfnt m`w :0
3.6 af fgknkhjg`m gkntfxt :3
3.6.0 Cutga h`rift pktfntj`m :6
3.6.5 fncfrs dkr `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs :4
3.4 Gurrfnt pr`gtjgf jn taf Nftafrm`ncs 0<<
3.4.0 \frgfptjkns `nc fxpfgt`tjkns 0<<
3.4.5 Hkcfms `nc oujcfmjnfs 0<33.? Gkngmusjkn 0<?
6 Safkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri 000
6.0 Jntrkcugtjkn 000
6.5 \rkpksfc suggfss d`gtkrs dkr ` tfncfr cfsjon 005
6.5.0 Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si 005
6.5.5 Wf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs, `nc
kppkrtunjtjfs 00?
6.5.7 _rjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss 05<
6.5.3 @oorfo`tjno cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts 0566.5.6 Bustjdyjno o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs 07<
6.7 Ufsf`rga cfsjon 077
4 Sarff fhpjrjg`m tfncfr g`sfs ‗ grkss g`sf `n`mysjs 07:
4.0 Jntrkcugtjkn nc rfsf`rga qufstjkns 07:
4.5 Ufsf`rga hftakckmkoy 07:
4.7 Dr`hfwkri dkr c`t` `n`mysjs 030
4.3 G`sf cfsgrjptjkns 035
4.3.0 @ pr`oh`tjg prkgfss2 @ Wgakkm wjta Wpkrts d`gjmjty 035
4.3.5 @ cfhkgr`tjg prkgfss2 @ Gjty A`mm wjta Mjer`ry 036
4.3.7 @ pkmjtjg`m prkgfss2 @ \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf 03:
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 9/341
4.6 Djncjnos `ekut `gtkrs 060
4.6.0 Wtffrjno gkhhjttff 065
4.6.5 \rkbfgt tf`h 067
4.6.7 Bury p`nfm 063
4.4 Djncjnos `ekut prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs 066
4.4.0 \rkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs 066
4.4.5 Gmjfnt okvfrn`ngf 064
4.4.7 Wkgj`m gkntfxt kd st`ifakmcfrs 061
4.4.3 \rkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt 04<
4.? Djncjnos `ekut taf tfncfr cfsjon 040
4.?.0 fncfr erjfd 045
4.?.5 \rkgfss prkgfcurf 04?
4.?.7 Wt`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt 0?4
4.?.3 \rkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno 015
4.1 Ufdmfgtjkn 0:5
? \rkgfss cfsjon - ` gkhpftjtjkn g`sf `nc v`mjc`tjkn 0:6
?.0 Jntrkcugtjkn `nc rfsf`rga qufstjkns 0:6
?.5 Ufsf`rga hftakckmkoy 0:6
?.7 G`sf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs 0:1
?.7.0 Cfsgrjptjkn kd taf gkntfxt 0:1
?.7.5 Cfsgrjptjkn kd `gtkrs 5<<
?.7.7 G`sf cfsgrjptjkn 5<0
?.3 Gkhpftjtjkn cfsjon 5<4?.3.0 Gkhpftjtjkn erjfd 5<4
?.3.5 \rkgfss prkgfcurf 500
?.3.7 Wt`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt 55<
?.3.3 Cfgjsjkn prkgfcurf 553
?.6 Cjsgussjkn 571
?.6.0 G`sf rfdmfgtjkn 571
?.6.5 Djncjnos jn taf gkntfxt kd prkgurfhfnt m`w 53<
?.4 T`mjc`tjkn kd djncjnos 530
1 Gkngmusjkn, rfgkhhfnc`tjkns `nc rfdmfgtjkn 53?1.0 Jntrkcugtjkn 53?
1.5 Gkngmusjkn 53?
1.5.0 Djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs gkntrjeutjno tk `n jntfrpm`y kd
r`tjkn`mjtjfs 53?
1.5.5 Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si 56<
1.5.7 Wf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs `nc
kppkrtunjtjfs 567
1.5.3 _rjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss 566
1.5.6 @oorfo`tjno cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts 54<1.5.4 Bustjdyjno `o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs 547
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 10/341
1.7 Ufgkhhfnc`tjkns 546
1.7.0 Ufgkhhfnc`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr 544
1.7.5 Wuoofstjkn dkr ga`nof jn Cutga tfncfr pr`gtjgf 541
1.3 Ufdmfgtjkn kn taf rfsf`rga `pprk`ga 5?<
1.3.0 Ufsf`rga tr`cjtjkn 5?<
1.3.5 Ufsf`rga hftakcs 5?<
1.3.7 G`sf sfmfgtjkn 5?0
1.3.3 Ofnfr`mjs`tjkn kd taf rfsumts 5?5
1.3.6 Wgjfntjdjg rfmfv`ngf 5?7
1.6 Duturf rfsf`rga 5?6
Ufdfrfngfs 510
\uemjg`tjkns rfm`tfc tk tajs rfsf`rga 7<6
Wuhh`ry 7<?
W`hfnv`ttjno 707
@ginkwmfcofhfnts 750
Gurrjgumuh Tjt`f 757
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 11/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 12/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 13/341
xj
\rfd`gf
”Jd yku pmf`sf--cr`w hf ` saffp!‘ Y…. X Wk tafn J h`cf ` cr`wjno. Y…X Hy drjfnc shjmfc ofntmy `nc jncumofntmy. ”Zku sff ykursfmd,‘ af s`jc, ”ta`t tajsjs nkt ` saffp. Sajs js ` r`h. Jt a`s akrns.‘ Wk tafn J cjc hy cr`wjno kvfrkngf hkrf. Eut jt w`s rfbfgtfc tkk, bust mjif taf ktafrs. Y…X Ey tajs tjhf hy
p`tjfngf w`s fxa`ustfc Y…X. Wk J tkssfc k tajs cr`wjno. @nc J tarfw kut`n fxpm`n`tjkn wjta jt. ”Sajs js knmy ajs ekx. Saf saffp yku `sifc dkr jsjnsjcf. ”J w`s vfry surprjsfc tk sff ` mjoat erf`i kvfr taf d`gf kd hy ykuno
bucof2 ”Sa`t js fx`gtmy taf w`y J w`ntfc jt! Y…X @nc ta`t js akw J h`cf taf`gqu`jnt`ngf kd taf mjttmf prjngf.
Drkh2 ‑Sf Mjttmf \rjngf‚ ey @ntkjnf cf W`jnt Fxupêry, tr`nsm`tfc drkh taf Drfnga
ey I`tafrjnf _kkcs
af `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd gmjfnts js `n jntrjoujno cfgjsjkn prkgfss wajga
sakws ` mkt kd rfsfhem`ngf wjta cfgjsjkns jn kur c`jmy mjdf. _f h`if nuhfrkus
cfgjsjkns fvfry c`y. Wkhf cfgjsjkns `rf e`sfc kn ` r`nof kd fxpmjgjt `nc paysjg`m
`mtfrn`tjvfs9 ktafrs rf e`sfc kn jhpmjgjt jcf`s `ekut taf kptjkns wf a`vf jn hjnc.
Jn h`ny kd tafsf sjtu`tjkns jntfr`gtjkn t`ifs pm`gf eftwffn pfkpmf `nc eftwffn
pfkpmf `nc tafjr `mtfrn`tjvfs. Wkhfakw wf a`vf tk djnc ` w`y tk gkhhunjg`tf
`ekut kur prfdfrfngfs `nc taf cjrfgtjkn kd kur cfgjsjkns. Hy rfsf`rga jntfrfsts
dkgus kn taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn pfkpmf `nc taf kptjkns ta`t `rf `v`jm`emf wafn
tafy `rf h`ijno cfgjsjkns ta`t rfm`tf tk taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. ajs jntfr`gtjkn
a`s ` mkt kd ck wjta fxpfgt`tjkns, pfrgfptjkns, fhktjkns, `nc taf usf kd kur sfnsfs
`nc jntujtjkn. H`ny kd tafsf jssufs `rf jnt`nojemf ey n`turf.
Curjno hy rfsf`rga J drfqufntmy fxpfrjfngfc `n jntrjoujno tfnsjkn eftwffn
t`nojejmjty `nc jnt`nojejmjty kd taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t sa`pf kur eujmt fnvjrkn-
hfnt. J pfrdkrhfc hy \aC rfsf`rga `t taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf kd Cfmdt
Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. Jn ofnfr`m tfgankmkoy js gknsjcfrfc
`s ` t`nojemf `spfgt kd kur fnvjrknhfnt. H`ny fnojnffrs `ssuhf ta`t, jn taf fnc,
fvfry t`nojemf g`n `nc wjmm ef hf`surfc `nc fxpm`jnfc. Wkhf kd tafh fvfn tajni
ta`t fvfrytajno ta`t g`nnkt ef hf`surfc sakumc nkt ef jngmucfc jn rfsf`rga. Jn
psygakmkoy suebfgtjvjty `nc ungknsgjuss takuoats `rf ` ojvfn `nc sgakm`rs try
tk cf`m wjta jt `s wfmm `s pkssjemf. Cfsjonfrs kdtfn efmjfvf ta`t fvfry sjtu`tjkn js
unjquf `nc sakumc tafrfdkrf ef a`ncmfc `s suga. J tajni ta`t wf nffc `mm tafsf
cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs tk jngrf`sf taf mfvfm kd sgjfntjdjg inkwmfcof `ekut taf eujmt
fnvjrknhfnt. k cjsgkvfr taf ‑truta‚ jn suga ` humtjcjsgjpmjn`jry fnvjrknhfnt wf
a`vf tk try tk st`nc kn taf sakumcfrs kd kur cjvfrsf ngfstkrs, eut msk jcfntjdy nc
gafrjsa kur cjddfrfngfs. Efg`usf ` o`p stjmm fxjsts eftwffn r`tjk `nc truta jt hjoat
ef taf efst kptjkn bust tk mjstfn tk kur jntujtjkn jn djncjno taf w`y akw.
Jn tajs rfsf`rga J trjfc tk djnc kut akw puemjg gmjfnts cfgjcf ekut ‑tafjr‚ rgaj-
tfgts. J usfc jnsjoats drkh skgj`m sgjfngfs, jn p`rtjgum`r skgj`m `nc fnvjrknhfnt`m
psygakmkojg`m, `s wfmm `s `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon tk suggfssdummy `nswfr taf rfsf`rga
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 14/341
xjj
qufstjkns. Nfvfrtafmfss J `msk rf`mjsf ta`t taf hkrf yku inkw, taf hkrf yku ef-
gkhf `w`rf kd taf tajnos yku ck nkt yft inkw. Fspfgj`mmy jn taf gknnfgtjkns ef-
twffn taf cjddfrfnt djfmcs kd sgjfngf J tajni tafrf js ` mkt tk cjsgkvfr stjmm. Wgjfngf
js nfvfr djnjsafc `nc ta`t js way J tajni jt js sk d`sgjn`tjno. J akpf yku wjmm oft jn-
spjrfc ey rf`cjno tajs tafsjs `nc wf g`n gkntjnuf kur sgjfntjdjg bkurnfy tkoftafr.
Mffntbf Tkmifr
@uoust 5<0<
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 15/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 16/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 17/341
0
Ga`ptfr 0
JNSUKCVGSJKN
@rgajtfgt sk`p kpfr` jn CfmdtJt st`rts tk or`cu`mmy sakw df`turfs kd ` sk`p kpfr`. Saf hunjgjp`mjty kr-
o`njsfs ` gkhpftjtjkn dkr ` nfw U`jmw`y Wt tjkn/Hunjgjp`m Kgf, `nc jnnk tjhf `mm gkhpftjno `rgajtfgts `rf `nory.
Tkmisir`nt - H`gatfmc v`n Aumtfn kn 00 B`nu`ry 5<<? (tr`nsm`tfc drkh Cutga)
Wmjp-up2 `rgajtfgt g`nnkt eujmc mjer`ry kd Vtrfgat `dtfr `mm
Saf hunjgjp`mjty kd Vtrfgat h`cf ` hjsg`mgum`tjkn, `nc `ppkjntfc tafwrkno `rgajtfgt.
Tkmisir`nt - Bkgafh Mye``rt kn 57 @uoust 5<<1 (tr`nsm`tfc drkh Cutga)\uemjg jn Ukttfrc`h w`nts Wf`rga, eut KH@ wjmm eujmc tkwn kgf
Nkt taf puemjg c`rmjno Wf`rga, eut Ufh Ikkma``s‚ kgf KH@ wjmm prkvjcftaf cfsjon dkr taf nfw Ukttfrc`h Hunjgjp`m Kgf. Saf prkdfssjkn`m burygknsjcfrfc taf dkur orffn gknfs prkpksfc ey WF@UGA jn gkmm`ekr`tjknwjta Garjstj`n Hýmmfr tk ef ‑tkk fggfntrjg‚.
Gkekuw ‗ Fck Effrc` kn 55 Kgtkefr 5<<: (tr`nsm`tfc drkh Cutga)
Bk Gkfnfn2 l_f wfrf n akur nc dkrty-vf hjnutfs m`tf‚
Saf fntry kd Bk Gkfnfn & Gk @rgajtfgts dkr taf nfw tkwn a`mm kd @mhfmk a`seffn rfbfgtfc efg`usf jt w`s suehjttfc `mhkst twk akurs tkk m`tf, s`ys Bk
Gkfnfn jn ` rfspknsf ajs kgf efjno fxgmucfc drkh durtafr p`rtjgjp`tjknjn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf. Saf `rgajtfgt em`hfs ajhsfmd, eut ` ejttfr `dtfr-t`stf rfh`jns.
@rgajtfgtfnwfe.nm ‗ 5< B`nu`ry 5<0< (tr`nsm`tfc drkh Cutga)
0.0 Saf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts
af `ekvf quktfs `rf prktktypjg`m fx`hpmfs kd nfwsp`pfr af`cmjnfs ta`t a`vf
ckhjn`tfc taf jh`of kd tfncfr prkgfcurfs kd Cutga puemjg gmjfnts sfmfgtjno `n
`rgajtfgt jn taf p`st dfw yf`rs. af sf`rga dkr `n `rgajtfgt g`n ef ga`r`gtfrjsfc `s
`n jntfr`gtjvf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss jn wajga ` gmjfnt trjfs tk djnc `n `rgajtfgt wak g`n
vjsu`mjsf `nc jhpmfhfnt taf gmjfnts‚ nffcs `nc `hejtjkns efst. Jt js ` ga`mmfnojnoprkgfss kd surprjsfs `nc undkrfsffn gjrguhst`ngfs jn wajga mfo`m `nc skgj`m kemj-
o`tjkns a`vf tk ef gknsjcfrfc. af cjvfrsf rkkts kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss `ppf`r
tk g`usf gkndmjgts jn gurrfnt Cutga tfncfr pr`gtjgf. Jn tajs rfsf`rga J fxpmkrf taf
krjojn kd tafsf prkemfhs s gurrfntmy fxpfrjfngfc ey puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts
jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn jn krcfr tk prkpksf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr duturf pr`gtjgf.
af gurrfnt pr`gtjgf kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn ey puemjg gmjfnts a`s jts rkkts jn
tarff cjstjngt systfhs2 0) tfncfrjno dkr sfrvjgfs `nc wkris, 5) taf sfmfgtjvf sf`rga
tk jcfntjdy ` sujt`emf `rgajtfgt kr cfsjon tf`h, `nc 7) taf `rgajtfgtur`m gkhpftj-
tjkn (Wtrkno, 0::4). Ga`nofs jn taf tr`cjtjkn`m rfoum`tjkns dkr rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns
jndmufngfc ey Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w a`vf fngkuntfrfc rfsjst`ngf drkh taf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 18/341
5
`rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty (f.o. @tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm, 5<<19 \kstfm, 5<<0). Vntjm `
dfw yf`rs `ok Cutga `rgajtfgts cjc nkt, `s gkntr`gtkrs ck, ok tk gkurt wafn cfgj-
sjkns curjno taf tfncfrjno pa`sf wfrf nkt `s cfsjrfc. ajs pr`gtjgf a`s ga`nofc
`nc wf djnc hkrf `nc hkrf g`sf m`w kn tfncfr prkgfcurfs jn wajga `rgajtfgts `rf
taf sujno p`rty (v`n _jbno``rcfn & Ga`k-Cujvjs, 5<0<`, 5<0<e). @ cjsputf kvfr
`oorfo`tfc r`tjno pkjnts nc cjddfrfngf kd tfnta kd ` pfrgfnt mfc jn sfvfr`m g`sfstk ` rfpftjtjkn kd taf fntjrf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss (Akuefn, 5<<?9 Mye``rt, 5<<1). Jn
knf g`sf sfvfr`m Cutga djrhs wjtacrfw tafjr prkpks`ms drkh ` tfncfr efg`usf kd
fxgfssjvf ssjonhfnts jn taf w`rc pa`sf nc jnvkmvfc taf hfcj` tk st`rt ` gkuntfr
cfhknstr`tjkn (Afjberkgi, 5<<1). Gkhhjttff cfgjsjkns ta`t usfc tk ef `n fnrjga-
hfnt `nc skurgf kd gkndmjgt kd taf `rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn `s wfmm `s ` h`ttfr kd
prkdfssjkn`m bucofhfnt `hkno dfmmkw `rgajtfgts a`vf efgkhf suebfgt tk bucjgj`m
sgrutjny kd prkgfcur`m gkrrfgtnfss (Hjfo, 5<<4). af gkhhunjty kd `rgajtfgts,
wajga t`ifs prjcf jn prkdfssjkn`m rjokr `nc `fstaftjg bucofhfnt, dffms ta`t jt a`s
efgkhf prfy tk taf gkhhunjty kd m`wyfrs, gknsumt`nts `nc unprkdfssjkn`m rjsi
`vfrsf gmjfnts (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:`9 Irkfsf, Hfjbfr, & Tjssgafr, 5<<1). @rgajtfgts wak p`rtjgjp`tf jn tfncfrs, `nc pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs `s wfmm, jngrf`s-
jnomy cfh`nc `ccjtjkn`m bustjdjg`tjkns drkh puemjg gmjfnts dkr tafjr cfgjsjkns, `s
dkr fx`hpmf jn taf g`sf kd taf nfw Hunjgjp`m Kddjgf jn Ukttfrc`h (v`n Offms
& Irjfns, 5<<:). Jt js dfmt ta`t taf cfsjon qu`mjty kd Cutga eujmcjnos `nc kd
taf Cutga gumtur`m fnvjrknhfnt wjmm fvfntu`mmy suddfr efg`usf kd ` m`gi kd cjvfr-
sjty, grf`tjvjty `nc jnnkv`tjkn (@tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm, 5<<19 v`n cfr \km, Erkuwfr,(@tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm, 5<<19 v`n cfr \km, Erkuwfr,
B`nsfn, Hfnsjni, & Offrtsf, 5<<:). Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs rfprfsfntjno ` puemjg gmjfntCfgjsjkn h`ifrs rfprfsfntjno ` puemjg gmjfnt
a`vf tk bustjdy tafjr cfgjsjkns tk tafjr st`ifakmcfrs, taf `rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn
`nc skgjfty `t m`rof. afy sffh hkrf `nc hkrf rfmugt`nt tk fxpksf tafjr prkdfs-
sjkn`m bucofhfnts jn suga ` mjtjojkus thkspafrf. af gurrfnt rfoum`tjkns fngkur-`of taf usf kd r`tjno sgafhfs wjta grjtfrj` `nc wfjoatjno d`gtkrs, jnstf`c kd hkrf
qu`mjt`tjvf `ssfsshfnts `s wfrf tr`cjtjkn`m jn cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns, efg`usf ` r`-
tjkn`m(-jstjg) cfgjsjkn js kdtfn sffn `s hkrf `ggfpt`emf `nc f`sjfr tk cfdfnc ta`n
` cfgjsjkn e`sfc kn jntujtjkn kr prkdfssjkn`m bucofhfnt (Wjngm`jr & @sai`n`sy,
5<<6). af kddjgj`m prkgfcurfs taus wkri tk cfprjvf taf gmjfnt kd taf fxpm`n`-
tjkns kd prkdfssjkn`m qu`mjty bucofhfnts tafy wfrf jntfncfc tk erjno tk mjoat. af
prfssurf tk gkhpmy wjta tr`nsp`rfnt `nc kebfgtjvf prkgfcurfs sffhs tk ckhjn`tf
kvfr taf nffc tk sfmfgt h`xjhuh cfsjon qu`mjty (H``nc`o, 5<<?). ajs mf`cs tk
taf jcf` ta`t taf prkgfss js ckhjn`tfc ey pkmjtjg`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno r`tafr ta`n `
cfsjrf tk h`if taf rjoat bucofhfnt `ekut taf qu`mjty kd ` cfsjon (v`n A`rcfvfmt& Wgaôn`u, 5<<:).
@rgajtfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkns `rf p`rt kd taf cfsjon tr`cjtjkn. Wjngf taf `ngjfnt
Orffis kro`njsfc ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn jn 331 EG dkr taf cfsjon kd ` w`r hfhk-
rj`m kn taf @grkpkmjs, taf qu`mjty `nc taf v`muf kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjons a`vf effn
` h`ttfr kd puemjg cfe`tf (cf A``n & A``osh`, 0:119 Wtrkno, 0:?4). Jn ` pursujt
dkr fxgfmmfngf ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn kddfrs ` gakjgf eftwffn cjddfrfnt cfsjon gkn-
gfpts tk taksf rfprfsfntjno taf puemjg kr taf gmjfnt (Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:). Jn rgajtfg-
turf jt js ofnfr`mmy ggfptfc ta`t taf qu`mjty kd cfsjon prkpks`ms js bucofc ey p`nfms
(burjfs kr gkhhjttffs) kd spfgj`mmy gkhhjssjknfc fxpfrts wkrijno mknosjcf rfprf-
sfnt`tjvfs kd taf gmjfnt. Akwfvfr, taf gakjgfs h`cf ey `rgajtfgtur`m burjfs `rf kdtfn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 19/341
7
gkntrkvfrsj m `nc gkumc mf`c tk puemjg cfe`tfs kr sgrutjny (cf A``n & A``osh`,
0:119 Wtrkno, 0::4), wafrf`s taf gakjgfs h`cf ey m`ypfrskns rf kdtfn gknsjcfrfc
pkkr `nc jmm jndkrhfc ey `rgajtfgts. @ cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn ckfs nkt knmy dumdjm taf
pr`oh`tjg `jh kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt, eut dumdjms `msk hkrf pkmjtjg`m `nc skgjft`m
ok`ms suga `s cjsgkvfrjno nfw t`mfnt, grf`tjno ` cj`mkouf kn cfsjon, h`riftjno `
prkbfgt, kr gkkrcjn`tjno cjddfrfnt jntfrfsts (Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:9 Wvfnsskn, 5<<1).Dkr puemjg gmjfnts tajs a`s mfc tk prfssurf tk h`if bury cfgjsjkns hkrf tr`nsp`r-
fnt `nc tk jngmucf taf puemjg hkrf cjrfgtmy jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno (W`o`myn, 5<<6).
afkrjfs ekut cfgjsjkn h`ijno gkndjrh ta`t fxpfrts rf ofnfr`mmy efttfr cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs ta`n m`ypfrskns `nc ta`t tafy prfdfr tk usf jntujtjkn kvfr r`tjkn`m `n`mysjs
(Ako`rta, 5<<69 Uksfn, W`m`s, Mykns, & Djkrf, 5<<1). Akwfvfr, fxpfrtjsf js kdtfn
mjhjtfc tk ` p`rtjgum`r ckh`jn. Fvfn wjta taf s`hf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf, gkhhjttff
hfhefrs kdtfn v`ry jn tafjr bucofhfnts kd gkngfpts, `nc fvfn orf`tfr cjddfrfngfs
`ppf`r eftwffn fxpfrt `nc m`y bucofhfnt kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty (Gkmmjns, 0:?09
Ojddkrc, Ajnf, Hummfr-Gmfhh, & Wa`w, 5<<59 N`s`r & I`no, 0:1:).
Jn `n `ttfhpt tk `ccrfss jssufs kd d`jr gkhpftjtjkn, taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn a`sjhpksfc strjgt rumfs dkr taf tfncfrjno kd puemjg gkntr`gts. af sfmfgtjkn kd `n
`rgajtfgt js p`rt kd taf rfoum`tjkns dkr gkntr`gtjno `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon sfrvjgfs
(Furkpf`n \`rmj`hfnt & Gkungjm kd taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn, 5<<3). af FV rumfs
`rf jntfncfc tk fna`ngf fqu`m trf`thfnt, jntforjty, kebfgtjvjty `nc tr`nsp`rfngy
kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. \rkgurfhfnt m`w kddfrs sfvfr`m prkgfcurfs tk kro`njsf `
tfncfr prkgfss. Fvfn takuoa ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn (rfdfrrfc tk `s ‑gkntfst‚ jn mfo`m
tfrhs) js ` pkssjemf kptjkn uncfr taf FV Cjrfgtjvfs, hkst puemjg gkhhjssjknjno
ekcjfs gakksf taf rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf tk sfmfgt tafjr `rgajtfgts. Jn tajs
gmjfnts erf`i wjta taf tr`cjtjkn kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns. @t taf s`hf tjhf tafy
jngmucf fmfhfnts kd taf tr`cjtjkn`m cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns jn tafjr tfncfr prkgfcurf,suga `s taf suehjssjkn kd ` cfsjon prkpks`m `nc `n kpfn cfe`tf `ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty. af `nknyhkus `ssfsshfnt kd prkpks`ms `nc fxpfrt bury p`nfms `rf kdtfn
rfpm`gfc kr `uohfntfc ey ktafr prkgfcurfs, wajmf jt js tafsf vfry fmfhfnts ta`t
sfgurfc d`jrnfss jn cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns. Mfo`m `nc h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts `rf
kdtfn ajrfc tk suppkrt taf gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt jn kro`njzjno taf tfncfrs. Zft taf
orkwjno djfmc kd g`sf m`w kn FV `nc n`tjkn`m prkgurfhfnt m`w ckfs nkt sffh tk
prkvjcf fnkuoa suppkrt tk oujcf gmjfnts kn gkhpmj`ngf wjta taf rfoum`tjkns. Jn
Cutga pr`gtjgf tafsf cfvfmkphfnts a`vf mfc tk ”` gkndrknt`tjkn eftwffn taf nffc
dkr gfrt`jnty `nc taf cfsjrf dkr grf`tjvjty‘ (v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:, p. 0<). af
fddfgt a`s effn tk fngkur`of cfdfnsjvf nc rjsi vkjcjno str`tfojfs kd puemjg gmjfntsjn taf cfsjon `nc rf`mjs`tjkn kd tfncfrs jn `rgajtfgturf. ajs js p`rtjgum`rmy cjs-
gkngfrtjno sjngf `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns gkumc kddfr v`mu`emf kppkrtunjtjfs ta`t gkumc
efnfdjt okvfrn`ngf `nc gumtur`m afrjt`of.
0.5 Ufsf`rga dkgus
ajs rfsf`rga dkgusfs kn taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd
puemjg gmjfnts jn taf gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w. af prkbfgt st`rtfc jn 5<<6
wafn taf Cutga `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty efo`n tk dffm ungkhdkrt`emf `ekut taf
h`nnfr jn wajga puemjg gmjfnts sfmfgtfc tafjr `rgajtfgts. FV tfncfrs wfrf stjmm sffn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 20/341
3
`s cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns jn wajga ` bury p`nfm `ssfssfc taf suehjssjkns `nc cftfr-
hjnfc ` wjnnfr. Akwfvfr, taf mfo`m gkntfxt grf`tfc `ccjtjkn`m `w`rfnfss kd taf
gknsfqufngfs kd suga ` cfgjsjkn. \uemjg gmjfnts rf`mjsfc ta`t tafy wfrf kemjofc tk
sft up ` tfncfr prkgfcurf efdkrf tafy gkumc sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt (v`n cfr \km, ft `m.,
5<<:). afy `msk st`rtfc tk rf`mjsf ta`t suga ` prkbfgt nffcs tk ef fhefccfc jn
tafjr kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturf `nc rfqujrfs spfgjdjg inkwmfcof `ekut `rgajtfgturf`nc prkgurfhfnt. Ufspknsjejmjtjfs a`vf tk ef ssjonfc tk cjddfrfnt ijncs kd `gtkrs.
@ eujmcjno prkbfgt t`ifs pm`gf jn ` cyn`hjg pkmjtjg`m gkntfxt wjta mfo`m `s wfmm `s
skgj`m kemjo`tjkns tkw`rcs usfrs, gjtjzfns, taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc kd rgajtfgturf nc
skgjfty jn ofnfr`m. af jhs kd eujmcjno prkbfgt cfpfnc kn taf `hejtjkns, hf`ns
`nc `ggkhhkc`tjkn nffcs kd taf gmjfnt. Ey sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt taf h`tfrj`m
cjrfgtjkn kd taf prkbfgt js gaksfn `nc taf prkbfgt `gqujrfs jts paysjg`m sa`pf ey
cfsjon. @ tfncfr dkr `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon sfrvjgfs kddfrs kppkrtunjtjfs tk ` puemjg
gmjfnt ta`t r`nof drkh jnvkmvjno gjtjzfns jn krcfr tk jngrf`sf pkmjtjg`m suppkrt tk
pksjtjknjno ` gjty. \uemjg `chjnjstr`tkrs `msk a`vf pfrskn`m `nc str`tfojg `jhs. @
tfncfr js tafrfdkrf `n jhpkrt`nt p`rt kd taf jnjtj`m st`of kd ` eujmcjno prkbfgt.Wkgj`m sgjfngf g`n gkntrjeutf tk taf uncfrst`ncjno kd psygakmkojg`m prkgfssfs
kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. Wuga `n `n`mysjs g`n
afmp tk jcfntjdy sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jn taf cjmfhh`s ta`t puemjg gmjfnts d`gf
jn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt. Jn tajs rfsf`rga J fhpjrjg`mmy jnvfstjo`tfc taf krj-
ojn kd tafsf cjmfhh`s. af rfsf`rga js e`sfc kn twk rfsf`rga tr`cjtjkns2 bucof-
hfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty, `nc gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m prkgfssfs kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn
ekta tr`cjtjkns taf gkngfpts kd pfrgfptjkn (f.o. Efmm, Orffnf, Djsafr, & E`uh,
0::49 vfrsiy & I`anfh`n, 0:10), jntujtjkn (f.o. C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?9 W`cmfr-
Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<1), bucofhfnt (f.o. Ojddkrc, ft `m., 5<<59 Ako`rta, 0:11),
fxpfrtjsf (f.o. Afiifrt & v`n _jfrjnofn, 0::19 Auttkn & Imfjn, 0:::), `ncfhktjkn (f.o. Cfshft, 5<<59 Wjhkn, 0:1?) pm`y n jhpkrt`nt rkmf. Hy cfdjnjtjkn
kd cfsjon qu`mjty js orkuncfc jn taf gkhp`rjskn kd taf ga`r`gtfr `nc fmfhfnts kd
qu`mjty jn cfsjon drkh taf cjsgjpmjnfs kd `rgajtfgturf, fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy,
prkcugt fxpfrjfngf, `nc v`muf h`n`ofhfnt. Cfsjon qu`mjty js gknsfqufntmy cf-
tfrhjnfc jn taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn taf jncjvjcu`m `nc taf kebfgt kd stucy. af
rfsumts kd tajs jntfr`gtjkn `rf p`rt kd taf v`muf bucofhfnts ta`t `rf usfc curjno
cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Cfgjsjkn h`ijno js ` w`y tk `mjon fxpfgt`tjkns `nc nffcs tk
rf`ga ok`ms (Akcoijnskn & Wt`reugi, 5<<1`). Jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf ey
prkgfssfs ta`t `rf r`nof drkh r`tjkn`m tk jntujtjvf `nc gknsgjkus tk ungknsgjkus
(f.o. Ga`jifn & rkpf, 0:::9 Ako`rta, 5<<69 W`cmfr-Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<1).af gkngfpts kd ekuncfc r`tjkn`mjty (Wjhkn, 0::?), afurjstjgs (Ojofrfnzfr, kcc,
& @EG rfsf`rga orkup, 0:::9 vfrsiy & I`anfh`n, 0:?3), `nc n`tur`mjstjg cf-
gjsjkn h`ijno (f.o. Okrf, E`nis, Hjmmw`rc, & Iyrj`ijcku, 5<<49 Mjpsajtz, Imfjn,
& G`rrkmm, 5<<4) gkumc fxpm`jn taf cfgjsjkns ta`t `rf h`cf `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty.
afy sakw ta`t nkt fvfry cfgjsjkn js r`tjkn`m ey n`turf (Wjngm`jr & @sai`n`sy,
5<<6). @t taf kro`njs`tjkn`m mfvfm taf gkngfpt kd sfnsfh`ijno (E`mkoun, \yf, &
Akcoijnskn, 5<<19 _fjgi, 0::6) `nc jh`of tafkry (Ef`ga, 0::<) `ttrjeutf tk
taf uncfrst`ncjno kd cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs `nc taf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd
` cfgjsjkn (Tjc`jmmft, 5<<1). Jt js wjtajn tajs str`tfojg, cyn`hjg nc fmusjvf kro`nj-
s`tjkn`m gkntfxt ta`t puemjg gmjfnts a`vf tk sfmfgt tafjr `rgajtfgt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 21/341
6
afrf `rf twk gkndmjgtjno hkcfms tk dr`hf taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn
jn taf gkntfxt kd Furkpf`n tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns. Kn taf knf a`nc, prkgurfhfnt
m`w ppf`rs tk ef e`sfc kn ` r`tjkn`m h`n`ofrj`m cfgjsjkn hkcfm ta`t ssuhfs ta`t
cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` dkr gkhp`rjskn kd `mtfrn`tjvfs `rf inkwn efdkrfa`nc (Ef`ga &
Gknnkmmy, 5<<69 A`rrjskn, 0:::). Kn taf ktafr a`nc, Irfjnfr (5<<4) suoofsts
ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn js `gtu`mmy ` prkgfss kd sfnsf-h`ijno jnstf`c kd gakjgf. Bury hfhefrs sff jt `s `n kemjo`tjkn tk sfmfgt ` wjnnjno
fntry ey gknsfnsus `nc usu`mmy try `s a`rc `s pkssjemf tk rf`ga tajs (I`zfhj`n
& Uônn, 5<<:9 Wvfnsskn, 5<<1). Grjtfrj` kn wajga taf djn`m cfgjsjkn js e`sfc
`rf typjg`mmy cfvfmkpfc kr spfgjdjfc curjno taf prkgfss efg`usf suga dmfxjejmjty js
nffcfc tk grf`tf rkkh dkr nfoktj`tjkn (Irfjnfr, 5<<4). ajs js jn gkntr`st wjta
taf mfo`m kemjo`tjkns tk `ppmy taf s`hf grjtfrj` `nc tafjr rfm`tjvf wfjoats `s taksf
puemjsafc jn taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms jn krcfr tk ef `s tr`nsp`rfnt `s pkssjemf. ajs
ijnc kd tr`nsp`rfngy wkumc fn`emf gkhpftjno `rgajtfgtur`m tf`hs tk ef `w`rf kd
taf pktfntj`m jhpkrt`ngf kd taf prfdfrfngfs `nc ej`sfs kd jncjvjcu`m bury hfh-
efrs, eut fssfntj`mmy wjnnjno ` gkhpftjtjkn `ppf`rs tk ef ` h`ttfr kd ‑pusajno tafrjoat euttkn‚ kr ‑djncjno taf ajccfn ify‚ (Irfjnfr, 5<<?`).
@ggkrcjno tk Uônn (5<<1, p. 0<) hkst cjddjgumtjfs jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno
taf sfmfgtjkn kd n `rgajtfgt rfsumt drkh ”` nuhefr kd mfojtjh`tf jntfrfsts ta`t nffc
tk ef wfjoafc o`jnst f`ga ktafr, suga s p`nfm hfhefrs wak a`vf cjddfrfnt rkmfs,
jntfrfsts `nc bucojno qu`mjdjg`tjkns, taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf ta`t cfsgrjefs
taf ok`ms, erjfd, gkncjtjkns, `nc rfqujrfhfnts, taf g`ncjc`tfs wak prfsfnt cjddfr-
fnt skmutjkns dkr taf `ssjonhfnt `nc gkhpftjtjkn rfoum`tjkns wajga sft taf ofn-
fr`m rumfs.‘ Jn hy kpjnjkn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt sakumc jncffc ef
gknsjcfrfc `s ` prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno jn wajga cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `jh tk sfmfgt taf
hkst sujt`emf cfsjonfr tk cfmjvfr `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty dkr ` duturf eujmc-jno kd ` gmjfnt. U`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs ta`t `rf jhpmjfc ey prkgurfhfnt m`w
kdtfn ck nkt rfdmfgt taf w`y jn wajga sfmfgtjkn cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf jn pr`gtjgf eut
ck prkvjcf taf gkntfxt kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. @rgajtfgtur`m bucofhfnt `nc taf
jntfrprft`tjkn kd mfo`m rfqujrfhfnts gmf`rmy nffc tk ef sa`pfc `ggkrcjnomy. Ekta
`rgajtfgts `nc puemjg gmjfnts m`gi inkwmfcof kd taf ‑rjoat‚ w`y tk jhpmfhfnt taf
FV mfojsm`tjkn rfo`rcjno taf sfmfgtjkn kd sfrvjgf prkvjcfrs jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon.
0.7 Inkwmfcof o`ps `nc sgjfntjdjg ga`mmfnofs
Wfvfr`m inkwmfcof o`ps g`n ef jcfntjdjfc gkngfrnjno taf tkpjg kd `rgajtfgt sf-mfgtjkn ta`t `msk dr`hf taf sgjfntjdjg ga`mmfnofs jn uncfrt`ijno tajs rfsf`rga. Jn
taf mkno ajstkry kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns a`rcmy `ny `ttfhpts a`vf effn h`cf tk
kesfrvf, `n`mysf kr fv`mu`tf taf prkgfss kd sfmfgtjno `rgajtfgts (v`n _fzfh`fm,
5<<1). Hkst puemjg`tjkns kn cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns sakw taf rjga cjvfrsjty kd sue-
hjssjkns `ggkhp`njfc ey ` st`tfhfnt kd taf bury `ekut taf rfmfv`ngf kd gkhpftj-
tjkns dkr taf `rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn (f.o. cf A``n & A``osh`, 0:119 Omusefro,
0::5). Ktafrs cfsgrjef taf `jhs, prkgfcurfs, pktfntj`ms `nc pjtd`mms jn ` ajstkrj-
g`m pfrspfgtjvf (Mjpst`ct, 5<<69 Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:9 Wtjgatjno Ekuwrfsf`rga, 0:1<9
Wucbjg, 5<<6) kr taf rfmfv`ngf kd gkhpftjtjkns dkr taf `rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn
(f.o. Gkmmyfr, 5<<39 M`rskn, 0::3). Jn `mhkst fvfry puemjg`tjkn taf gkhpftjtjkn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 22/341
4
js fxpfrjfngfc ` unjquf pafnkhfnkn. Wtucjfs fjtafr dkgus kn knf gkhpftjtjkn,
taf wjnnjno fntrjfs drkh ` r`nof kd gkhp`r`emf gkhpftjtjkns kr kn jnput drkh
` rfm`tjvfmy sh`mm `hkunt kd fxpfrts. af fxpfrjfngfs `nc jntfrfsts kd taf gmjfnt
`s duturf usfr kd taf eujmcjno `rf usu`mmy nfomfgtfc (N`s`r, 0:::9 N`s`r & I`no,
0:1:). H`nzknj (5<0<) dkunc knmy 61 sfrjkus puemjg`tjkns tk jngmucf jn afr rf-
vjfw stucy ekut cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns, wajga sakws taf mjhjtfc rfsf`rga tr`cjtjknjn taf djfmc. H`nzknj cjstjnoujsafs dkur h`bkr rfsf`rga tafhfs kvfr taf p`st 76
yf`rs2 taf rkmf kd gkhpftjtjkns `nc tafjr (cjs)`cv`nt`ofs9 tafjr ajstkry9 tafjr sys-
tfhs `nc tafjr `ckptjkns `grkss gkuntrjfs9 `nc taf h`n`ofhfnt `nc kro`njs`tjkn
kd gkhpftjtjkns. Waf dkunc `n jngrf`sjno jntfrfst jn gkhpftjtjkns drkh taf h`n-
`ofhfnt `nc kro`njs`tjkn stucjfs jn taf m`st djvf yf`r (f.o. Fwfnstfjn & _aytf,
5<<?9 Bknfs & Mjvnf-`r`nc`ga, 5<<1).
Jn taf f`rmy 0:?<‚s Gkmmjns cjsgussfc taf sjhjm`rjtjfs `nc cjddfrfngfs jn mfo`m
`nc rgajtfgtur`m bucofhfnts wjtakut nktjgf`emf sgjfntjdjg gknsfqufngfs (Gkmmjns,
0:?0). \kssjemy taf knmy puemjg`tjkn ta`t fxpmjgjtmy `ccrfssfs FV prkgurfhfnt
m`w jn `rgajtfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkns w`s wrjttfn ey Bucjta Wtrkno (0::4), ` dkrhfrGkhpftjtjkns Cjrfgtkr dkr taf Uky`m Jnstjtutf kd Erjtjsa @rgajtfgts. Ufgfntmy `
dfw sgakm`rs a`vf stucjfc taf bucofhfnt prkgfss kd bury p`nfms jn taf gurrfnt
gkntfxt kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:9 Irfjnfr, 5<<4, 5<<19
Wjmvfrefrofr, 5<0<9 Wprfjrfofn, 5<<19 Wvfnsskn, 5<<1), skhftjhfs cjrfgtmy rfm`tfc
tk taf `ssfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty `nc fxpfrtjsf (Uônn, 5<0<9 Wvfnsskn, 5<0<)
kr taf str`tfojfs kd `rgajtfgtur`m tf`hs ta`t bkjn gkhpftjtjkns (Irfjnfr, 5<<?`,
5<<?e9 H`nzknj, Hkrrjs, & Whyta, 5<<:). Knmy Irfjnfr (5<<4) fxpmjgjtmy `c-
crfssfs taf sfnsfh`ijno ga`r`gtfr kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd taf gmjfnt wajmf sfmfgt-
jno ` wjnnfr kd ` gkhpftjtjkn.
Nknf kd tafsf puemjg`tjkns `ccrfss taf jhp`gt kd prkgurfhfnt kn taf prkgf-curf `nc cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs jn ` gkhpftjtjkn. Gkhpftjtjkn `nc tfncfr puemjg`-
tjkns `nc hkcfms a`vf effn wrjttfn drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd taf `rgajtfgt (f.o.
v`n G`hpfn & Afncrjisf, 0::?) kr taf mfo`m `cvjskr (f.o. B`nsfn, 5<<:), eut
nkt drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd taf gmjfnt kr taf h`n`ofhfnt kd ` gkhpmfx prkbfgt
jn ` okvfrn`ngf gkntfxt. af `v`jm`emf prkgfcurfs `rf kdtfn t`ifn `s ojvfn `nc
nk jntfrfst jn sakwn jn taf gknsjcfr`tjkns kd taf gmjfnt kr kro`njsfr h`cf cur-
jno prfp`r`tjkn `nc rf`mjz`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkns. af mkno tr`cjtjkn kd cfsjon
gkhpftjtjkns gkumc a`vf kpfnfc up nuhfrkus pkssjejmjtjfs jd taf gkhpftjtjkns
a`c effn wfmm ckguhfntfc, strugtur`mmy fv`mu`tfc `nc sgjfntjdjg`mmy gkhp`rfc.
Gknnfgtjkns tk djfmcs kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno, qu`mjty pfrgfptjkn kr str`tfojg h`n`of-hfnt gkumc f`sjmy a`vf effn h`cf `nc gkumc a`vf suppkrtfc taf cfvfmkphfnt kd
gurrfnt pr`gtjgf.
af jnjtj`m f`sf wjta wajga taf tr`cjtjkns kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn, prkgurfhfnt
`nc p`rtnfr sf`rga wfrf hfrofc jhpmjfs ta`t nk rf`m kest`gmfs wfrf fxpfrjfngfc.
Akwfvfr, taf jngrf`sjno nuhefr kd prkemfhs jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf suoofsts ta`t un-
cfrmyjno gkndmjgts ck fxjst. Kn taf knf a`nc, tafsf prkemfhs `ppf`r tk ef g`usfc
ey taf rfhkv`m kd fssfntj`m fmfhfnts ta`t usfc tk ou`r`ntff taf prkpfr dungtjkn-
jno kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs, suga `s `n fxpfrt bury p`nfm. Kn taf ktafr a`nc,
taf hfrof sffhs tk strfss taf jn`cfqu`gjfs kd taf mkno st`ncjno tr`cjtjkn kd cfsjon
gkhpftjtjkns. @mtakuoa taf gkntfxt kd rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn a`s ga`nofc, cjsgussjkns
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 23/341
?
jn pr`gtjgf ck nkt prkpfrmy `ccrfss tafsf ga`nofs. Wjngf taf jntrkcugtjkn kd taf
prkgurfhfnt cjrfgtjvfs jn 5<<3 (Cjrfgtjvf/01/FG kd taf Furkpf`n \`rmj`hfnt &
Gkungjm kd taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn) taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt js succfnmy kut jn
taf kpfn. @rgajtfgts p`rtjgjp`tjno jn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss a`vf taf kppkrtunjty
tk t`if tafjr cjss`tjsd`gtjkn tk gkurt. af jngrf`sjno nuhefrs kd m`w g`sfs sakws `
gumtur`m ga`nof jn taf ttjtucf kd `rgajtfgts jn rfm`tjkn tk tafjr gmjfnts. ajs hf`nsta`t taf rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn js or`cu`mmy mkkifc upkn drkh mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf.
frhs suga `s d`jr gkhpftjtjkn, kebfgtjvjty, `nc tr`nsp`rfngy nkw st`rt tk a`vf
cjddfrfnt hf`njnos ta`n tafy a`c jn taf fr` kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns. G`sf m`w cf`ms
wjta mfo`m rf`sknjno r`tafr ta`n `rgajtfgtur`m rf`sknjno. Jt js e`sfc kn fxtrfhf
g`sfs wafrf pr`gtjgf mfc tk ` sfrjkus `rouhfnt ta`t gkumc nkt ef skmvfc jn ` cj`-
mkouf kr ey hfcj`tjkn. af cj`mkouf ta`t usfc tk ef pfrgfjvfc `s fssfntj`m dkr taf
cfvfmkphfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty js nkw gkncugtfc jn prfsfngf kd ` bucof, `nc taf
dkgus a`s sajdtfc drkh taf prkcugt tk prkgfcur`m jssufs. afrf js ` ofnfr`m m`gi kd
jnsjoat jntk taf prfgfcjno pa`sfs ta`t mfc tk `n fsg`m`tjkn kd kpjnjkns.
Gmjfnts `nc gknsumt`nts `rf rfh`ri`emy `esfnt drkh taf cjsgussjkns ta`t tfnctk ef ckhjn`tfc ey `rgajtfgts (f.o. @tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm, 5<<19 \kstfm, 5<<0).
Hkst `rgajtfgts pkrtr`y tafhsfmvfs `s vjgtjhs kd taf tfncfr systfh r`tafr ta`n rf-
spknsjemf `gtkrs, fvfn taksf wak `msk sfrvf `s hfhefrs kd bury p`nfms tafhsfmvfs
(v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:). _jta taf fxgfptjkn kd @tfmjfr Ifhpf jmm (5<<1), nfj-
tafr `rgajtfgts nkr gmjfnts a`vf `pprk`gafc tajs prkemfh drkh ` rfsf`rga pfrspfg-
tjvf. Jn ofnfr`m cjsgussjkns `ekut tfncfrs ck nkt `ccrfss g`usf `nc fddfgt. afy
tfnc knmy tk cfsgrjef taf prkemfhs jnstf`c kd grjtjg`mmy `n`myzjno tafh (sff dkr
fx`hpmf @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:`9 v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:). Dkr fx`hpmf, gur-
rfnt mjtfr`turf ckfs nkt cjsguss taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn ` cfsjon gkntfst jn wajga
taf FV rfoum`tjkns `rf `ppmjfc, `nc ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn wjtakut tajs strjgt mfo`mdr`hfwkri. @s d`r `s J `h `w`rf kd taf fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss kd burkrs, nfjtafr taf
cjddfrfngfs eftwffn `n fxpfrt bury p`nfm `nc ` hjxfc bury p`nfm, nkr taf efnfdjts
`nc cjs`cv`nt`ofs kd taf `v`jm`emf prkgfcurfs a`vf fvfr effn sfrjkusmy `ccrfssfc
sgjfntjdjg`mmy. _jtakut ` prkpfr `n`mysjs kd taf krjojn kd prkemfhs, ` skmutjkn g`n-
nkt f`sjmy ef dkunc.
af m`gi kd ` prkpfr prkemfh `n`mysjs js rkktfc jn ekta taf gumturf `nc taf
humtj-cjsgjpmjn`ry ga`r`gtfr kd taf rfsf`rga djfmc. Jn spjtf kd jts jntfrn`tjkn`m ga`r-
`gtfr `nc taf nuhfrkus bkurn`ms `nc ekkis kn `rgajtfgturf, taf djfmc kd `rgajtfg-
tur`m cfsjon stjmm a`s ` r`tafr mjhjtfc fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga tr`cjtjkn. @rgajtfgts tfnc
tk puemjsa ekkis `ekut tafjr kwn ekcy kd wkri jn krcfr tk prkhktf tafjr pr`g-tjgfs. af dfw ekkis ekut taf rgajtfgtur`m pr`gtjgf ta`t rf wjcfmy ginkwmfcofc
`rf wrjttfn drkh ` h`n`ofrj`m r`tafr ta`n ` sgjfntjdjg pfrspfgtjvf (sff dkr fx`hpmf
@mmjnskn, 0::?9 Em`u, 0:139 Gkxf, ft `m., 0:1?9 Outh`n, 0:11). Kn taf knf a`nc,
taf dkgus kn taf prkdfssjkn sakws taf pr`oh`tjg ga`r`gtfr kd `n `ppmjfc cjsgjpmjnf
`jhjno `t jhprkvjno cfsjon `nc cfsjon prkgfssfs. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, tafkrftjg`m
`nc pajmkskpajg`m cjsgkursf wkumc prkvjcf jnput dkr gkntjnukus cfe`tf ekut v`m-
ufs `nc rfmfv`ngf kd `rgajtfgturf kn skgjft`m mfvfm. af m`gi kd grjtjg`m cfe`tf `nc
fv`mu`tjkns kd prfgfcfnts js ` pktfntj`m tarf`t dkr taf cfvfmkphfnt `nc st`nc`rcs
kd taf prkdfssjkn (Gkmmjns, 0:?0). Hftakckmkojg`m `ttfhpts a`vf effn h`cf tk
mjni cfsjon `nc fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga (f.o. cf Bkno & v`n cfr Tkkrct, 5<<59 Ork`t &
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 24/341
1
_`no, 5<<5) eut ey `nc m`rof taf djfmc js stjmm sg`ttfrfc `nc unstrugturfc. af jh-
pkrt`ngf kd sgjfntjdjg rfsf`rga ckfs nkt sffh tk ef dummy `ginkwmfcofc yft jn taf
djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf. af djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf js p`rt kd gkntjnujno cfe`tf `ekut
taf pksjtjkn jn eftwffn `rts `nc (`ppmjfc) sgjfngfs.
Jn hy kpjnjkn `rgajtfgturf js fssfntj`mmy ` humtj-cjsgjpmjn`ry djfmc kd ajstkry,
pajmkskpay, fnojnffrjno, psygakmkoy, fgknkhjgs, h`n`ofhfnt, pkmjtjgs, skgjkmkoy`nc hkrf. Akwfvfr, jnsjoats drkh tafsf rfm`tfc dunc`hfnt`m djfmcs kd sgjfngf `rf
nkt wjcfmy `ckptfc jn `rgajtfgturf. @n jhhfnsf rfsf`rga pktfntj`m `rjsfs drkh
taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn `ppmjfc `nc dunc`hfnt`m sgjfngfs jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon
(Ork`t & _`no, 5<<5). ajs rfsf`rga tafrfdkrf `jhs tk jhpmfhfnt inkwmfcof
drkh taf dunc`hfnt`m sgjfngfs kd bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf gkntfxt
kd cfsjon. Jt `msk trjfs tk mjni taf v`rjkus cfsjon djfmcs jn tafjr sf`rga dkr qu`mjty
`nc fxgfmmfngf jn cfsjon.
afrf `rf `msk mjhjt`tjkns wjtajn taf dunc`hfnt`m sgjfngfs ta`t prfvfntfc taf
cfvfmkphfnt kd gkhhkn e`sf dkr rfsf`rga jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf. _jtajn
sgjfngf tafrf `rf h`ny cjddfrfnt cjsgjpmjn`ry pfrspfgtjvfs ta`t f`ga dkgus kn tafjrkwn `rf` kd jntfrfst. Jn tajs sfnsf sgjfngf g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s taf emjnc hfn
tkugajno taf fmfpa`nt d`jmjno tk cfvfmkp `n jntfor`tfc uncfrst`ncjno kd taf paf-
nkhfnkn `s f`ga h`n js mkgifc jntk ajs kwn p`rtjgum`r vjfw kd taf fmfpa`nt. J
efmjfvf ta`t wf g`n `orff `ekut jcf`s kn akw tk pfrgfjvf `nc cfgjcf `ekut taf
‑fmfpa`nt‚ kd `rgajtfgturf. @p`rt drkh taf pfkpmf-fnvjrknhfnt stucjfs, dfw sgakm-
`rs drkh kutsjcf taf cjsgjpmjnf kd cfsjon a`vf `ckptfc `rgajtfgts kr `rgajtfgtur`m
cfsjon `s rfsf`rga kebfgts. @ dfw fxgfptjkns g`n ef dkunc jn taf `rf`s kd h`rift-
jno `nc gkhhunjg`tjkn (f.o. C`y & E`risc`mf, 0::59 Bknfs & Mjvnf-`r`nc`ga,
5<<1), gkonjtjvf sgjfngf (f.o. A`hfm, 0::<), `nc jn taf ftankor`pajg stucy kd
`rgajtfgturf (f.o. Z`nfv`, 5<<1).Ufsf`rga jn pfkpmf-fnvjrknhfnt stucjfs a`s kdtfn dkgusfc kn knf kr twk `s-
pfgts kr jncjvjcu`mjstjg `pprk`gafs tk akw pfkpmf vjfw taf eujmt `nc n`tur`m fn-
vjrknhfnt (Eujbs, 5<<:). ajs js rfm`tfc tk taf gkhhkn tr`cjtjkn jn taf usf kd
h`jnmy qu`ntjt`tjvf rfsf`rga hftakcs. af dr`ohfnt`tjkn kd inkwmfcof h`ifs
jhpmjg`tjkns cjddjgumt tk uncfrst`nc dkr pfkpmf drkh ktafr cjsgjpmjnfs `nc cjddfr-
fnt mfvfms kd fxpfrtjsf. Jt mf`vfs kut taf ajstkrjg`m `nc skgj`m gkntfxt, `nc tafrfdkrf
taf cyn`hjgs, cjvfrsjty `nc gkhpmfxjty kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt kn ` akmjstjg
mfvfm. af djfmc kd kro`njs`tjkn`m efa`vjkur usu`mmy jhs t cfgjsjkn qu`mjty dkr taf
fddfgtjvfnfss `nc fddjgjfngy kd taf kro`njs`tjkn jnstf`c kd taf efnfdjts dkr skgjfty.
Jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno nc cfsjon jhpmjgjt inkwmfcof nc jntujtjvf gtjkns `ppf`r tkef fssfntj`m. Nkt h`ny sgakm`rs kesfrvf pfkpmf jn tafjr n`tur`m fnvjrknhfnt `nc
rfdmfgt kn tafjr (kdtfn jngknsjstfnt) efa`vjkur. af djfmc kd puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn
stucjfs cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn tafjr pkmjtjg`m `rfn` eut ckfs nkt dkgus kn taf tfh-
pkr`rjmy fxtfrn`m fddfgts ta`t ` tfncfr prkbfgt g`usfs ey taf cjrfgt jntfr`gtjkn ef-
twffn taf p`rtjfs kn taf cfh`nc sjcf `nc taksf kn taf suppmy sjcf kd taf h`rift.
Wkgjkmkojsts stucy orkups jn tafjr n`tur`m fnvjrknhfnt eut `rf nkt p`rtjgum`rmy
jntfrfstfc jn jncjvjcu`m tr`jts kr taf fgknkhjg`mmy e`sfc hfga`njshs ta`t pfkpmf
`ppmy jn tafjr efa`vjkur. Fgknkhjg`m stucjfs `rf e`sfc kn taf jntfrpm`y eftwffn
cfh`nc `nc suppmy kn ` h`rift mfvfm jn krcfr tk prfcjgt duturf efa`vjkur `nc ck
nkt sakw huga jntfrfst jn taf pfkpmf efajnc taf nuhefrs, d`gt `nc djourfs tafy
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 25/341
:
stucy. J tafrfdkrf efmjfvf ta`t ekta ` gknnfgtjkn eftwffn taf dunc`hfnt`m djfmcs
kd sgjfngf `nc taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf `s wfmm `s eftwffn taf sgakm`rs jn (`rgaj-
tfgtur`m) cfsjon js nffcfc.
af gkntfxt kd tajs rfsf`rga cjc nkt suppkrt taf mjdtjno kd rfsf`rga ekunc`rjfs
fjtafr. af sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts t`ifs pm`gf jn ` vfry gmksfc sfttjno, bust `s p`nfm
cjsgussjkns jn ktafr `rf`s suga `s or`nt `mmkg`tjkn kr taf rfgrujthfnt kd prkdfs-skrs (M`hknt, 5<<:9 v`n cfn Erjni, 5<<:). ”af h`bkr p`rt kd taf kro`njsfr‚s kr
bury‚s inkwmfcof rfh`jns sfgrft2 jt js nfjtafr gkhhunjg`tfc jn taf prkor`h erjfd
nkr jn prktkgkms‘ (v`n _fzfh`fm, 5<<1, p. :). Fxpfrtjsf js usu`mmy `ppmjfc jn ajoa
rjsi kr gkhpmfx sjtu`tjkns wjta humtjpmf jntfrfsts nc nk gmf`r cjstjngtjkn eftwffn
rjoat nc wrkno. Wuga cfgjsjkns a`vf ajoa ga`ngf kd efjno gkncfhnfc. af dfw
sgakm`rs ta`t wfrf `emf tk fntfr taf sgfnf wfrf fjtafr `gtjvfmy jnvkmvfc tafhsfmvfs
kr wfrf or`ntfc knmy mjhjtfc `ggfss. Jndkrh`tjkn drkh ekta suppmy `nc cfh`nc
sjcf js vfry sfnsjtjvf ey n`turf `nc jts fmjgjt`tjkn rfqujrfs trust eftwffn tafsf p`r-
tjfs nc taf rfsf`rgafr. @rgajtfgtur`m djrhs `rf nkt vfry kpfn ekut tafjr str`tfojfs
dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn gkhpftjtjkns fjtafr. ajs a`s a`c jhpkrt`nt jhpmjg`tjkns dkrtaf `pprk`ga kd tajs rfsf`rga. Zft J stjmm efmjfvf ta`t taf rkkts kd gkndmjgts jn taf
efa`vjkur kd puemjg gmjfnts g`n efst ef stucjfc jn tafjr n`tur`m gkntfxt.
0.3 Ufsf`rga qufstjkns
af `jh kd tajs rfsf`rga prkbfgt js tk fhpjrjg`mmy stucy taf prkgfss kd v`muf bucof-
hfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs curjno `rgajtfgt sf-
mfgtjkn jn taf gkntfxt kd Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w. af h`jn kebfgtjvf js tk
cfsgrjef, uncfrst`nc `nc fxpm`jn taf cfsjon `nc jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd prkgfcurfs
ey hf`ns kd wajga taf qu`mjty kd cfsjon prkpks`ms js bucofc jn krcfr tk `w`rc `gkntr`gt tk taf `rgajtfgt wak wjmm cfmjvfr cfsjon sfrvjgfs dkr ` p`rtjgum`r eujmcjno
prkbfgt. Hy h`jn `jh js tk `ttfhpt tk rfskmvf taf gurrfnt gkndmjgts ta`t `rjsf drkh
taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf mfo`m kemjo`tjkns kd taf `gtkrs kd ` tfncfr prkbfgt `nc tafjr
n`tur`m efa`vjkur jn h`ijno cfgjsjkns `ekut taf qu`mjty kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon.
af rfsf`rga qufstjkns jn tajs stucy `rf2
Akw ck puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs cfgjcf kn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt
jn taf gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w;
_ajga sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd
puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs jn tajs gkntfxt;
_a`t `rf taf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd prkgfcurfs dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd
`rgajtfgts;
af djrst qufstjkn rfm`tfs tk taf gtjvjtjfs ta`t t`if pm`gf curjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkg-
fss `nc taf cfgjsjkns ta`t `rf h`cf tk sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt. af sfmfgtjkn prkgfss
js cjvjcfc jntk ` prfp`r`tjkn, sfmfgtjkn, `nc `w`rc pa`sf. af rfsf`rga `ccrfssfs
wajga `gtkrs t`if wajga cfgjsjkns jn wajga pa`sf `nc akw tafsf cfgjsjkns `rf rf-
m`tfc. Jt msk n`mysfs taf ijncs kd cfgjsjkns ta`t rf h`cf jn ssfssjno cfsjon qu`m-
jty, taf ijncs kd cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs ta`t g`n ef rfgkonjsfc, `nc akw taf cfgjsjkns
`rf hktjv`tfc `nc mfojtjhjsfc.
0.
5.
7.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 26/341
0<
k `nswfr taf sfgknc qufstjkn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs wfrf jcfntjdjfc ta`t
jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn. af rfsf`rga jcfntjdjfs taf fxtfrn`m
`nc jntfrn`m gkntfxtu`m d`gtkrs `nc taf jntfrrfm`tjno kr gkndmjgtjno ga`r`gtfr kd
tafsf d`gtkrs jn rfm`tjkn tk Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w. Jt `msk sakws taf cjddfrfng-
fs eftwffn m`ypfrskns `nc fxpfrts jn cfgjsjkns `ekut `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty
`nc wa`t ktafr ga`r`gtfrjstjgs pm`y ` rkmf.Ey prkvjcjno ` gmf`r uncfrst`ncjno kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno efa`vjkur kd pue-
mjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs, ` gkhprfafnsjvf pjgturf kd taf prkemfhs w`s cfrjvfc
ta`t gkumc suppkrt ga`nofs jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf. afsf jnsjoats gkumc jngrf`sf taf
`w`rfnfss hkno gtkrs nc akpfdummy rfpm`gf hytas ey d`gts. E`sfc kn taf rfsumts
kd tajs rfsf`rga suggfss d`gtkrs rf prkpksfc dkr jhprkvjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf
kd `n `rgajtfgt `nc prfvfntjno durtafr gkndmjgt eftwffn puemjg gmjfnts, `rgajtfgts,
tafjr `cvjskrs `nc ktafr st`ifakmcfrs jn taf puemjg ckh`jn.
0.6 Ufsf`rga `pprk`ga
af m`gi kd gmf`r prkemfh n`mysjs, tafkrftjg`m nc fhpjrjg`m jnsjoats, nc kpfn-
nfss dkr rfsf`rga h`cf hf gakksf dkr ` qu`mjt`tjvf rfsf`rga `pprk`ga. ajs `p-
prk`ga w`s e`sfc kn taf rk`ch`p prkpksfc ey Fjsfna`rct `nc gknsjsts kd gkn-
cugtjno rf`m mjdf g`sf stucjfs sjhumt`nfkusmy wjta ` rfdmfgtjkn kn gknstrugts `nc
tafkrjfs dkunc jn mjtfr`turf (Fjsfna`rct, 0:1:9 Fjsfna`rct & Or`fenfr, 5<<?). Jn
krcfr tk jngrf`sf taf fxtfrn`m v`rj`ngf kd taf c`t` `nc pkssjemf ofnfr`mjs`tjkn kd
taf djncjnos, J sfmfgtfc tarff g`sfs jn wajga taf rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf w`s p-
pmjfc ey ` Cutga puemjg gmjfnt. af rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf a`s effn taf hkst
gkhhknmy usfc tfncfr prkgfcurf jn taf Nftafrm`ncs (Offrtsf, `mh`n, & B`nsfn,
5<<:). Wfmfgtfc rfstrjgtfc tfncfr g`sfs `msk prfsfntfc taf efst kppkrtunjtjfs tko`jn `ggfss tk c`t`. af tarff tfncfr g`sfs wfrf gkhpmfhfntfc wjta ` dkurta g`sf
`ekut `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn dkr ` nfw D`gumty Eujmcjno dkr @rgajtfgturf ta`t w`s
cfstrkyfc ey ` djrf jn H`y 5<<1. af rfsf`rga hftakckmkoy js cfsgrjefc jn hkrf
cft`jm jn Ga`ptfr 6, tkoftafr wjta taf pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkrs dkr taf cfsjon kd `
tfncfr prkbfgt ta`t wfrf fxtr`gtfc drkh taf mjtfr`turf.
Jn taf djrst pa`sf kd taf rfsf`rga (hjc 5<<4 ‗ efojnnjno 5<<1) tarff g`sf stuc-
jfs wfrf pfrdkrhfc kn tfncfr g`sfs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs2
@ m`rof fmfhfnt`ry Wgakkm wjta ` Wpkrts d`gjmjty.
@ Gjty A`mm wjta Mjer`ry dkr ` hjccmf-sjzfc gjty.
@ nfw \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf wjta kddjgf d`gjmjtjfs.
afsf tarff g`sfs `mm gkngfrnfc ` rfstrjgtfc Furkpf`n tfncfrjno prkgfcurf kd
` Cutga puemjg gmjfnt `nc wfrf sfmfgtfc e`sfc kn taf gmjfnts‚ wjmmjnonfss tk p`r-
tjgjp`tf jn taf rfsf`rga. Jn twk g`sfs taf gmjfnt gkhhjttff fvfntu`mmy sfmfgtfc knf
`rgajtfgt `hkno djvf kr sjx tfncfrfrs `nc `w`rcfc ` tr`cjtjkn`m Cfsjon Ejc Eujmc
gkntr`gt. af tajrc g`sf w`s g`ngfmmfc `dtfr taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf jn wajga sfvfn
tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs gkhpftfc dkr ` Cfsjon-`nc-Eujmc gkntr`gt. @ v`rjfty kd c`t`
(kesfrv`tjkns, jntfrvjfws, ckguhfnt`tjkn) w`s gkmmfgtfc dkr f`ga g`sf tk `mmkw
dkr trj`noum`tjkn eftwffn sfmd-rfpkrt, kesfrvfc efa`vjkur nc kddjgj`m ckguhfnts.
af rfsf`rga hftakc `nc rfsumts kd tafsf g`sfs `rf cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 4.
0.
5.
7.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 27/341
00
Wuesfqufnt tk c`t` gkmmfgtjkn kd taf tajrc g`sf, taf kppkrtunjty `rksf tk ef
jnvkmvfc jn `n jntfrn`tjkn`m kpfn jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn dkr ` D`gumty Eujmcjno. Jn
tajs jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn 3?0 jntfrn`tjkn`m p`rtjgjp`nts gkhpftfc tk wjn ₭ 4<.<<<
kd prjzf hknfy. Hkst kd taf c`t` wfrf gkmmfgtfc ey p`rtjgjp`tkry kesfrv`tjkn,
jntfrvjfws `nc ckguhfnts `n`mysjs jn taf pfrjkc kd Bunf 5<<1 ‗ H`y 5<<:. af
kppkrtunjty tk `gtjvfmy p`rtjgjp`tf jn ` g`sf sjhjm`r tk ` sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf h`cfjt pkssjemf tk o`jn hkrf jnsjoat jn taf str`tfojg `nc pr`oh`tjg cfgjsjkns ta`t nffc
tk ef t`ifn jn cfsjonjno sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf. Jt fn`emfc hf tk gkhp`rf taf strjgt
Furkpf`n tfncfrjno prkgfcurfs tk ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn `s ` st`rt kd taf kddjgj`m
tfncfr. Gkntr`ry tk taf rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurfs taf cfsjon prkpks`ms wfrf
bucofc `nknyhkusmy jn taf gkhpftjtjkn ey ` prkdfssjkn`m bury. af gkhhjssjkn-
jno gmjfnt ekcy kd taf jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn w`s hkrf fxpfrjfngfc ta`n taf gkhhjs-
sjknjno gmjfnts kd taf tarff rf`m mjdf tfncfr g`sfs. af rfsf`rga hftakcs nc rfsumts
kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf `rf pkrtr`yfc jn Ga`ptfr ?.
af tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri `nc taf rfsumts kd taf dkur g`sfs wfrf suggfssdummy
v`mjc`tfc jn ` wkrisakp wjta prkdfssjkn`m gmjfnts, mfo`m prkdfssjkn`ms, `nc `rgaj-tfgts. Ga`ptfr ? `msk jngmucfs taf rfsumts drkh tajs v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp.
0.4 @ucjfngf
ajs rfsf`rga gkntrjeutfs tk inkwmfcof jn taf `rf`s kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon, taf
psygakmkoy kd h`ijno bucofhfnts, `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jt js
tafrfdkrf kd jntfrfst tk puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts, h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts,
`rgajtfgts, pkmjgy h`ifrs `nc mfo`m `cvjskrs jn pr`gtjgf, eut `msk tk sgakm`rs jn taf
djfmc kd cfsjon h`n`ofhfnt, prkcugt fxpfrjfngf, fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy, kr
cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af h`jn `ucjfngf kd tajs tafsjs js puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekc-jfs ta`t a`vf tk kro`njsf ` tfncfr, tafjr `cvjskrs, `nc okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs
ta`t cfvfmkp nc jhpmfhfnt rfoum`tjkns nc pkmjgjfs nc sgjfntjdjg sgakm`rs jn tajs
humtjcjsgjpmjn`ry rf`. Efg`usf taf rfsf`rga sakws jnsjoats jntk taf gmjfnt pfrspfg-
tjvf ta`t a`vf nfvfr effn stucjfc efdkrf `nc `rf usu`mmy nkt kpfn tk taf puemjg,
J efmjfvf ta`t taf rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga `msk kddfr `n jntfrfstjno stkry dkr taksf
jntfrfstfc jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon `nc gkhpftjtjkns.
ajs rfsf`rga gknnfgts taf `g`cfhjg cjsgjpmjnfs kd psygakmkoy, kro`njs`tjkn
sgjfngf, m`w `nc `rgajtfgturf ey dkgusjno kn `gtu`m efa`vjkur kd gmjfnts jn taf
gkntfxt kd cfsjon. af sgjfntjdjg rfmfv`ngf mjfs jn ` tafkrftjg`m gkntrjeutjkn tk taf
uncfrst`ncjno kd taf prkgfssfs kd v`muf bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn tafgkntfxt kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. af `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss w`s fhpjrjg`mmy
stucjfc tarkuoa taf fyfs kd taf `gtkrs (kn ekta taf jncjvjcu`m `nc orkup mfvfm)
ta`t rfprfsfnt ` puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcy curjno ` tfncfr prkgfcurf. af psy-
gakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf sakws taf pktfntj`m gkndmjgt eftwffn gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m
cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs nc r`tjkn`mjtjfs drkh taf djfmcs kd m`w nc cfsjon. af rfsf`rga
gkhp`rfs cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs kn cfsjon qu`mjty `nc fxpm`jns uncfrmyjno gkonj-
tjvf nc skgj`m prkgfssfs kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn tajs sfnsf taf djncjnos rf nkt spf-
gjdjg tk taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts eut g`n ef usfc tk grf`tf jnsjoats jn ktafr ijncs
kd cfgjsjkns, jn fjtafr taf puemjg kr prjv`tf sfgtkr, `ekut jssufs wjta `n fmusjvf
`nc suebfgtjvf n`turf. Jt gkntrjeutfs tk taf cfe`tf kn r`tjkn`mjty vfrsus jntujtjkn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 28/341
05
`nc sakws taf fddfgts kd `ddfgt, sfnsfh`ijno, pkmjtjgs `nc pfrgfptjkn kn cjddfrfnt
r`tjkn`mjtjfs. af cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs `s stucjfc sakw orf`t sjhjm`rjtjfs wjta or`nt
`mmkg`tjkns, stucfnt fv`mu`tjkns, `nc tfncfrs kr ktafr ijncs kd purga`sfs jn ktafr
sfgtkrs. Jntfrn`tjkn m puemjg`tjkns suoofst ta`t taf prkemfhs wjta `rgajtfgt sfmfg-
tjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs `rf sjhjm`r tk taksf jn ktafr gkuntrjfs, eut ta`t n`tjkn`m
pkmjgjfs nc gumturf gkumc ga`nof pfrgfptjkns kn taf sfrjkusnfss nc n`turf kd tafprkemfhs. af rfsf`rga tafrfdkrf gkumc `msk ef kd jntfrfst dkr jntfrn`tjkn`m pr`g-
tjtjknfrs `nc rfsf`rgafrs. Cjrfgtjkns dkr durtafr rfsf`rga mjf jn taf djfmc kd puemjg
`chjnjstr`tjkn, str`tfojg h`n`ofhfnt `nc fxpfrjhfnt`m psygakmkoy, kr jn ` gkh-
p`rjskn tk cjddfrfnt sfgtkrs, prjv`tf gkntr`gtjno utakrjtjfs nc ktafr prkgurfhfnt
prkgfcurfs `nc hftakcs.
0.? Kutmjnf kd taf tafsjs
af tafsjs gknsjsts kd sfvfr`m p`rts2 Ga`ptfr 5, 7 `nc 3 prkvjcf taf tafkrftjg`m
e`giorkunc `nc taf gkntfxt drkh wajga ` tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri js cr`wn jnGa`ptfr 6. ajs dr`hf js usfc tk cfsjon taf rfsf`rga `pprk`ga `nc rfdmfgt kn taf
fhpjrjg`m c`t` drkh taf dkur g`sf stucjfs s cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 4 nc ?. Ga`ptfr
? msk jngmucfs taf rfsumts kd v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp. af rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga mfc
tk ` gkngmusjkn, rfgkhhfnc`tjkns `nc rfdmfgtjkn jn Ga`ptfr 1. af strugturf kd
taf tafsjs js cjspm`yfc jn Djourf 0.0. aksf wak ck nkt wjsa tk rf`c taf cft`jms kd
taf tafkry nc fhpjrjg`m stucjfs rf cvjsfc tk st`rt wjta Ga`ptfrs 6 nc 1, s tafy
prkvjcf ` suhh`ry kd taf tafkrftjg`m `nc fhpjrjg`m djncjnos kd tajs rfsf`rga.
af tafkrftjg`m dkunc`tjkn kd tajs tafsjs js jngkrpkr`tfc jn twk ga`ptfrs. Jn
Ga`ptfr 5 dkur pfrspfgtjvfs kn taf krjojn `nc `spfgts kd cfsjon qu`mjty `rf `n`-
mysfc. @t taf fnc kd tajs ga`ptfr tafsf pfrspfgtjvfs `rf jntfor`tfc tk ga`r`gtfrjsftaf prkgfss kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt `nc hf`surjno cfsjon qu`mjty jn tajs gkntfxt.
@ cfdjnjtjkn js ojvfn kd v`muf bucofhfnt ta`t krjojn`tfs drkh taf jntfr`gtjkn ef-
twffn taf jncjvjcu`m `nc taf kebfgt kd cfsjon. Ga`ptfr 7 jntrkcugfs tarff ofnfr`-
tjkns kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno tafkrjfs `nc cfsgrjefs taf gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m cfgjsjkn
prkgfssfs `s cfsgrjefc jn tafsf tafkrjfs. Fhktjkn, `ddfgt, fxpfrtjsf `nc jntujtjkn
`rf cjstjnoujsafc `s d`gtkrs ta`t `ddfgt prkgfssfs kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af tafkrftj-
g`m jnsjoats `rf rfm`tfc tk taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf nffcfc tk h`if cfgjsjkns `ekut
`rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty `nc taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt.
af gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns js cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 3. Jt `ccrfssfs taf
okvfrn`ngf strugturf kd ` puemjg gmjfnt `nc taf jntfrn`tjkn`m tr`cjtjkn kd cfsjongkhpftjtjkns jn `rgajtfgturf `nc gknstrugtjkn. afn taf hkst rfmfv`nt jssufs kd
prkgurfhfnt m`w `rf suhh`rjsfc `nc taf Cutga h`rift pktfntj`m `nc gurrfnt
sjtu`tjkn js `n`mysfc tk sakw taf fgknkhjg`m cjhfnsjkns kd taf prkemfh. af
dkurta ga`ptfr fncs wjta taf gurrfnt pfrgfptjkns, fxpfgt`tjkns `nc suppkrtjvf
hkcfms nc strugturfs dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n rgajtfgt jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf. Ga`ptfr
6 cfsgrjefs taf tafkrftjg`m rfsf`rga dr`hfwkri kd taf tafsjs nc erjcofs taf tafkry
`nc gkntfxt wjta taf fhpjrjg`m wkri.
af fhpjrjg`m c`t` `rf rfpkrtfc jn Ga`ptfrs 4 `nc ?. Ga`ptfr 4 dkgusfs kn
taf djrst twk rfsf`rga qufstjkns `ekut taf prkgfssfs `nc sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjs-
tjgs kd jndmufngf kn cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jt gknsjsts kd ` cfsgrjptjkn `nc taf rfsumts
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 29/341
07
kd taf grkss-g`sf `n`mysjs kd tarff tfncfr g`sfs kd Cutga puemjg gmjfnts. af g`sfs
wfrf djrst `n`mysfc jncjvjcu`mmy `nc tafn gkhp`rfc e`sfc kn ` dr`hfwkri kd `g-
tkrs (stffrjno gkhhjttff, prkbfgt tf`h, `nc bury p`nfm), prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
(okvfrn`ngf strugturf, st`ifakmcfrs fn prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt), `nc dkur fmfhfnts
kd tfncfr cfsjon (tfncfr erjfd, prkgfss prkgfcurf, st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt, `nccfgjsjkn prkgfss). Ga`ptfr ? `jhs tk `nswfr taf tajrc rfsf`rga qufstjkn `ekut taf
jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf djncjnos dkr taf cfsjon kd n rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf. af
tafkrftjg`m `nc fhpjrjg`m djncjnos kd taf prfvjkus ga`ptfrs `rf usfc tk `n`mysf taf
c`t` gkmmfgtfc curjno taf kro`njs`tjkn kd `n kpfn jntfrn`tjkn`m jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn.
af rfsumts sakw wajga cfgjsjkns wfrf t`ifn jn krcfr tk cfsjon taf gkhpftjtjkn
erjfd, prkgfcurf kd taf prkgfss, jnvkmvfhfnt kd st`ifakmcfrs, `nc djn`m cfgjsjkn
prkgfss `nc wajga cjddjgumtjfs `nc cjmfhh`s wfrf fxpfrjfngfc curjno tajs sfmfg-
tjkn prkgfss kd taf wjnnfr. E`sfc kn taf rfsumts kd mm dkur g`sfs v`mjc`tjkn wkri-
sakp wjta fxpfrts drkh taf `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty w`s kro`njsfc. af rfsumts kd
tajs wkrisakp `rf `msk jngmucfc jn Ga`ptfr ?.Jn Ga`ptfr 1 gkngmusjkns `rf cr`wn ekut v`muf bucofhfnt nc cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno jn krcfr tk sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt. af gkngmusjkns `rf e`sfc kn taf tafkrftjg`m
jnsjoats `s wfmm `s taf rfsumts kd taf g`sfs `nc taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp `nc sakw
djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc fmfvfn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t gkumc g`usf
gkndmjgts eftwffn taf psygakmkojg`m `nc mfo`m r`tjkn`mjtjfs kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
afsf gkndmjgts `rf rfm`tfc tk taf hkst jhpkrt`nt prjngjpmfs jn prkgurfhfnt m`w.
af ga`ptfr `msk gknt`jns ` rfdmfgtjkn kn taf rfsf`rga `pprk`ga, sgjfntjdjg rfm-
fv`ngf `nc v`mjcjty kd taf djncjnos. E`sfc kn taf jnsjoats drkh taf tafkrftjg`m
dr`hfwkri, taf rfsumts kd taf fhpjrjg`m g`sfs `nc taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp, djdtffn
suggfss d`gtkrs dkr pr`gtjgf `rf prkpksfc. af ga`ptfr fncs wjta ` suoofstjkn dkr `ga`nof kd taf gurrfnt pr`gtjgf `nc sfvfr`m cjrfgtjkns dkr durtafr rfsf`rga.
Djourf 0.0 Safsjs kutmjnf
SAFKUZ
• Ga`ptfr 52 @ssfssjno qu`mjty `nc
v`muf jn cf cfsjon
• Ga`ptfr 72 Bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn
prkgfssfs
GKNSFQS
• Ga`ptfr 32 Gkntfxt `nc gurrfnt
FH\JUJG@M C@S@
• Ga`ptfr 42 Grkss g`sf n`mysjs kd
• Ga`ptfr ?2 \rkgfss cfsjon dkr
gkhpftjtjkn g`sf nc v`mjc`tjkn
wkrisakp
SAFKUFSJG@M
DU@HF_KUI
• Ga`ptfr 62 \rkpksfc suggfss d`gtkrs
tafkrftjg`m jnsjoats
,
UFGKHHFNC@SJKNW @NC
UFDMFGSJKN
• Ga`ptfr 12 Djvf sfnsfh`ijno,
tafjr uncfrmyjno d`gtkrs, nc suggfss
d`gtkrs dkr tfncfr cfsjon
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 30/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 31/341
06
Ga`ptfr 5
@ WWFWWJNO PV@MJSZ @NC T@MVF JN CFWJON
5.0 Jntrkcugtjkn
Dkr fv`mu`tjno taf qu`mjty `nc v`muf kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon, cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs
g`n ef `ckptfc cfpfncjno kn taf cjsgjpmjn`ry dkgus `nc purpksf kd taf cjsgus-
sjkn. af cfdjnjtjkn kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty a`s effn taf jssuf kd ` mkno-st`ncjno
tafkrftjg`m cfe`tf. ajs ga`ptfr `ccs nfw pfrspfgtjvfs drkh rfm`tfc cjsgjpmjnfs tk
rfbuvfn`tf taf cfe`tf kn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty. Jt gknsjcfrs sfvfr`m pfrspfg-
tjvfs kn pfrgfptjkn, `ssfsshfnt, fv`mu`tjkn `nc bucofhfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty ta`t
jn hy pfrspfgtjvf gkntrjeutf tk taf uncfrst`ncjno kd `ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty. Jntaf djn`m sfgtjkn kd tajs ga`ptfr tafsf pfrspfgtjvfs `rf jntfor`tfc.
af wkri kn pfrgfptjkn `nc fv`mu`tjkn js e`sfc kn taf psygakmkojg`m gkngfpt
ta`t wa`t wf pfrgfjvf js taf rfsumt kd `n jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn taf paysjg`m fnvjrkn-
hfnt `nc taf pfrskn. Fxtfrn`m `nc jntfrn`m d`gtkrs gkumc g`usf cjddfrfngfs jn taf
kutgkhf kd tajs jntfr`gtjkn. afkrjfs `ekut akw cfsjon qu`mjty js fv`mu`tfc a`vf
`msk effn cfvfmkpfc jn taf `rf` kd prkcugt cfsjon. Efg`usf ` eujmcjno g`n ef sffn
`s prkcugt, tajs mjtfr`turf js msk t`ifn jntk `ggkunt. Mjtfr`turf kn v`muf h`n`of-
hfnt nc v`muf fnojnffrjno js usfc tk mjni taf cfe`tf ekut rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon tk
taf cfvfmkphfnt `nc rf`mjz`tjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjty. @ rfsf`rga pfrspfgtjvf js t`ifn,
wajga hf`ns ta`t hkst mjtfr`turf rfdfrs tk fhpjrjg`m djncjnos drkh ` cfsjon prkc-ugt kr eujmcjno prkgfss pfrspfgtjvf. \ajmkskpajg m nc p`r`cjoh`tjg cfe`tfs ekut
‑truf‚ v`muf kd cfsjon `nc cfsjon prkgfssfs `rf cfmjefr`tfmy mfdt kut, `s tafy ck nkt
gkntrjeutf tk taf dkgus kd tajs tafsjs.
af ga`ptfr `ccrfssfs taf cfe`tf `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty drkh taf djfmcs kd `rgaj-
tfgtur`m cfsjon, fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy, prkcugt fxpfrjfngf, `nc v`muf h`n-
`ofhfnt. Jn f`ga sfgtjkn taf gkngfptu`mjz`tjkn `nc `ssfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty
`rf cjsgussfc `nc vjsu`mjsfc jn ` djourf. Jn hkst sfgtjkns taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn
jncjvjcu`ms `nc orkups kd pfkpmf, `nc kptjkns dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn `rf cjsgussfc. Ey
jntfor`tjno taf ekvf pfrspfgtjvfs, wkrijno cfdjnjtjkn `nc dr`hfwkri ekut taf
bucofhfnt kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty js cfvfmkpfc jn taf djn`m sfgtjkn.
5.5 Pu`mjty jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt (`rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon`pprk`ga)
af djrst pfrspfgtjvf gknsjcfrfc jn tajs ga`ptfr js taf `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon `p-
prk`ga. ajs pprk`ga eujmcs kn `n ngjfnt tr`cjtjkn kd taf ssfsshfnt kd taf eujmt
fnvjrknhfnt. Cfsjon qu`mjty cjstjnoujsafc t`nojemf `nc jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjs-
tjgs ta`t `rf p`rt kd taf d`hkus tarff cjhfnsjkns kd ` eujmcjno `s hfntjknfc ey
taf Ukh`n `rgajtfgt Tjtruvjus (Tjtruvjus & Hkro`n, 0:4<). afrf js nkt huga
systfh`tjg fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga jn taf `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon tr`cjtjkn `ekut cfsjon
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 32/341
04
qu`mjty, eut taf tkpjg kd cfsjon qu`mjty `ssfsshfnts kdtfn df`turfs jn cfsjon gkh-
pftjtjkns. Jn tajs sfgtjkn taf hkst gkhhkn cfdjnjtjkns `nc `pprk`gafs kn cfsjon
qu`mjty rf cjsgussfc.
5.5.0 Jntfrprft`tjkn kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty
@rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty fher`gfs `mm taf `spfgts ey wajga ` eujmcjno js bucofc. afkmcfst inkwn kpfr`tjkn`mjs`tjkn kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty (`ekut 56 EG) js ta`t
kd taf Ukh`n `rgajtfgt Tjtruvjus, wajga cjstjnoujsafs tarff `spfgts2 ‑Vtjmjt`s,
Djrhjt`s, `nc Tfnust`s‚ (hkst gkhhknmy tr`nsm`tfc `s ‑gkhhkcjty, djrhnfss `nc
cfmjoat‚ kr skhftjhfs `s ‑utjmjty, cur`ejmjty `nc ef`uty‚) (O`nn, W`mtfr, & _aytf,
5<<79 Tjtruvjus & Hkro`n, 0:4<). ajs trjmkoy a`s effn ` skurgf kd jnspjr`tjkn
dkr `rgajtfgtur`m tafkry sjngf tafn `nc gkntjnufs tk ef sk dkr sfvfr`m gkntfhpk-
r`ry rfsf`rgafrs. H`ghjmm`n (5<<4) dkr fx`hpmf cjstjnoujsafs eftwffn fxga`nof,
usf, jh`of, skgj`m, fnvjrknhfnt`m `nc gumtur`m v`muf dkr taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt
wajmf O`nn `nc _aytf cjstjnoujsa ‑dungtjkn`mjty‚, ‑eujmc qu`mjty‚ `nc ‑jhp`gt‚
(sff Djourf 5.0) (O`nn, ft `m., 5<<79 _aytf, O`nn, & W`mtfr, 5<<3).
Jn taf gkntfxt kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns, I`zfhj`n nc Uônn (5<<:) nc Afynfn
(5<<0) prkpksf taf hkst ofnfr`m e`sjg grjtfrj` jn qu`mjty `ssfsshfnts kd `rgajtfg-
tur`m prkbfgts jn taf gkntfxt kd gkhpftjtjkns ta`t jngmucf2 taf gkntfxt `nc jts sur-
rkuncjno, taf gkafrfngf `nc jts tkt`mjty, taf dungtjkn`mjty, taf tfganjg`m skmutjkns,
`nc taf cfvfmkphfnt pktfntj`m kd ` cfsjon. Fvfry sgakm`r `ppf`rs tk grf`tf ajs kr
afr kwn vfrsjkn kd taf mjst kd ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd ` cfsjon, wajmf `t taf s`hf tjhf
tafsf mjsts gkvfr e`sjg`mmy taf s`hf tajnos. \r`s`c (5<<3e) `roufs, wjta rfdfrfngf
tk taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr (CPJ), ta`t cfsjon qu`mjty
g`n knmy ef `gajfvfc wafn taf tarff qu`mjty djfmcs kd dungtjkn`mjty, eujmc qu`mjty
`nc jhp`gt `mm wkri tkoftafr `s kvfrm`ppjno `rf`s kd gkngfrn. ruf fxgfmmfngf js
rf`gafc wafn qu`mjty js `gajfvfc jn `mm tarff djfmcs synfrojstjg`mmy.
DVNGSJKN@MJSZ
Dungtjkn`mjty js gkngfrnfc wjta taf w`y jn wajga taf eujmcjno js cfsjonfc tk ef usfdum `nc js spmjt jntk Vsf, @ggfss
`nc Wp`gf. Jssufs `ssfssfc `rf dkr fx`hpmf2 Ckfs taf prkcugt suppkrt taf rfqujrfc dungtjkns; Ckfs jt ck wa`t jt
js suppksfc tk ck;
EVJMC PV@MJSZ
Eujmc qu`mjty rfm`tfs tk taf fnojnffrjno pfrdkrh`ngf kd ` eujmcjno d`erjg `nc js spmjt jntk \frdkrh`ngf, Fnojnffrjno
`nc Gknstrugtjkn. Jssufs `rf dkr fx`hpmf2 _jmm taf strugturf ef st`emf; @rf taf mjoatjno mfvfms, tafrh`m gmjh`tf `nc
`gkustjgs pprkprj`tf dkr jts usf;
JH\@GS
Jhp`gt rfdfrs tk taf eujmcjno‚s `ejmjty tk grf`tf ` sfnsf kd pm`gf, `nc a`vf ` pksjtjvf fddfgt kn taf mkg`m gkhhunjty
`nc fnvjrknhfnt. Jt js spmjt jntk Ga`r`gtfr `nc jnnkv`tjkn, Dkrh `nc h`tfrj`ms, Jntfrn`m fnvjrknhfnt `nc Vre`n
`nc skgj`m jntfor`tjkn. Jssufs `rf2 Akw ef`utjdum js taf eujmcjno; Ckfs jt fxgjtf taf pfkpmf wak usf jt, h`ijno tafh
w`nt tk ef jn kr `rkunc jt;
Djourf 5.0 Saf cfsjon qu`mjtjfs wjtajn taf dr`hfwkri kd taf CPJ (rftrjfvfc Bunf 55nc 5<<?
drkh www.cqj.kro.ui)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 33/341
0?
@ggkrcjno tk I`zfhj`n `nc Uônn (5<<:) ` bucofhfnt `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty
wjmm jngmucf ` gkhprfafnsjvf tkt`mjty, surprjsjno fxgfmmfngf, `n fxprfssjkn kd `pprf-
gj`tjkn, `nc tjhfmfss v`mufs. @utakrs wak nkt knmy gknsjcfr taf eujmcjno `s suga
eut msk jngmucf taf cfvfmkphfnt nc h`n`ofhfnt kd eujmcjno kdtfn fxp`nc taf
trjmkoy wjta gkntfxtu`m d`gtkrs, wajga jngmucf djn`ngfs, tjhf nc rfskurgfs jngmuc-
jno taf duturf pfrspfgtjvf kd ` eujmcjno (O`nn & _aytf, 5<<79 Ofrrjtsf, 5<<19v`n cfr Tkkrct & v`n _fofn, 5<<69 v`n Ukssuh & cf _jmct, 0::4). @ggkrcjno
tk Gkmmjns (0:?0) taf prkemfh kd fst`emjsajno `rgajtfgtur`m jcf`ms tkc`y js nkt sk
huga cuf tk taf cjddjgumty kd wfjoajno taf tarff `spfgts eut hkrf sk `ekut ` rf-
`mjstjg uncfrst`ncjno dkr nkn-`rgajtfgts kd taf cjddfrfngf eftwffn prjgf nc v`muf.
Wk ey fxtfncjno taf tr`cjtjkn`m trjmkoy kd Tjtruvjus wjta gkntfxtu`m d`gtkrs taf
cjsgussjkn `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty jn `rgajtfgturf ga`nofs drkh ‑taf truf v`muf kd
cfsjon‚ tk ‑` e`m`ngf eftwffn gksts `nc qu`mjty‚.
Cjsgussjkns jn `rgajtfgturf rfm`tf tk paysjg`m eujmcjnos `s wfmm `s tk cfsjons `s
rfprfsfnt`tjkns kd duturf eujmcjnos. Akmjstjg`mmy cfsjon qu`mjty g`n `msk ef sffn `s
taf `gajfvfhfnt kd `n jntfor`tfc tkt`mjty ta`t js hkrf ta`n taf suh kd taf p`rts(f.o. Eàrtkmk, 5<<59 Cjbistr`, 5<<0). Akwfvfr, curjno gkhhunjg`tjkn `nc cjsgus-
sjkn cfsjon qu`mjty kdtfn sffhs tk ef cfgkhpksfc. Jn fvfryc`y us`of ‑df`turfs‚,
‑prkpfrtjfs‚, ‑tr`jts‚, ‑ga`r`gtfrjstjgs‚, ‑`ttrjeutfs‚ `nc skhf ktafr tfrhs gkumc ef
suestjtutfc dkr ‑qu`mjtjfs‚ kr ‑v`mufs‚ kd cfsjon (Cjbistr`, Ujbisofekuwfncjfnst, &
Hjnjstfrjf v`n TUKH, 0:169 Ofrrjtsf, 5<<19 H`ghjmm`n, 5<<49 \umt`r, 0::49
akhskn, @ustjn, Cfvjnf-_rjoat, & Hjmms, 5<<79 v`n cfr Tkkrct & v`n _fofn,
5<<6). Jn ofnfr`m, qu`mjtjfs kd prkcugts h`y ef gm`ssjdjfc uncfr twk ofnfr`m g`t-
fokrjfs ta`t jn pr`gtjgf kdtfn jntfrrfm`tf `nc kvfrm`p2
tfganjg`m, paysjg`m, a`rc, dungtjkn`m, kebfgtjvf kr t`nojemf qu`mjtjfs, jn tajs
rfsf`rga rfdfrrfc tk `s ‑t`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs‚9
pfrgfptu`m, skdt, suebfgtjvf, bucofhfnt`m kr jnt`nojemf v`mufs, jn tajs rfsf`rga
rfdfrrfc tk s ‑jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs‚.
`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs g`n hkst f`sjmy ef hf`surfc `nc qu`ntjdjfc ey `n `ssfss-
hfnt systfh wajga js ofnfr`mmy `ginkwmfcofc. @n fx`hpmf kd tajs js taf `ssfss-
hfnt kd sjzf jn hftfrs kr taf hf`surfhfnt kd skunc jn cfgjefms. Jn taf `esfngf
kd ktafr jndkrh`tjkn eusjnfss g`sfs jn gknstrugtjkn `rf usu`mmy e`sfc kn qu`ntj-
tjfs `nc gksts (Ofrrjtsf, 5<<1). af t`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs djt jntk taf prjngj-
pmf kd ‑h`n`of `nc hf`surf‚ `s jcfntjdjfc ey O`nn `nc _aytf (5<<7), wajga js
e`sfc kn ` efmjfd ta`t cfsjonfrs g`n h`if r`tjkn`m rfspknsfs tk skgj`m, fgknkhjg
`nc fnvjrknhfnt`m nffcs. Ufsf`rga jn tajs tr`cjtjkn a`s effn dkgusfc kn `gajfv-
jno efttfr cfsjon ey hf`surfhfnt, h`n`ofhfnt `nc jntfor`tjkn kd taf prkgfss.
af Cutga Nkrh`mjs`tjkn Jnstjtutf cfvfmkpfc sfvfr`m st`nc`rcs (NFN-nkrhs)
`ekut taf tfganjg`m, paysjg`m nc dungtjkn`m pfrdkrh`ngf spfgjdjg`tjkns kd eujmc-
jno. Jn g`sf kd ` duturf eujmcjno, cfh`nc spfgjdjg`tjkns `rf usu`mmy jngmucfc jn `
‑erjfd‚ (VI tfrhjnkmkoy) kr ‑prkor`hhf‚ (VW tfrhjnkmkoy). Kdtfn tafsf nkrhs
kr spfgjdjg`tjkns rfdfr tk t`nojemf qu`mjtjfs kr mkg`m Eujmcjnos Cfgrff. Jn taf gkn-
strugtjkn jncustry, qu`mjty js - jn mjnf wjta taf qu`mjty `nc st`nc`rcjz`tjkn hkvf-
hfnts suga `s JWK :<<< - `sskgj`tfc wjta gkhpftfngy `nc prkdjgjfngy mfvfms `s `
rkutf tk gustkhfr s`tjsd`gtjkn tk gkntrkm taf gkndkrh`ngf kd taf prkcugt `o`jnst
0.
5.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 34/341
01
prfcftfrhjnfc ok`ms (Eàrtkmk, 5<<5). Vntjm rfgfntmy qu`mjty gkntrkm jn gknstrug-
tjkn w`s, akwfvfr, nkt rf`mmy gkngfrnfc wjta taf `pprkprj`tfnfss kd taf prkcugt
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs tafhsfmvfs `nc nkt cjrfgtmy rfm`tfc tk taf gustkhfr‚s pfrgfptjkn kd
sfrvjgf (@mmjnskn, 0::?9 akhskn, ft m., 5<<7). af sajdt drkh sfmmfrs h`rift tk
` euyfrs h`rift a`s h`cf gkntr`gtkrs `nc cfvfmkpfrs dkgus jngrf`sjnomy kn tafjr
gustkhfrs‚ pfrgfptjkns kd qu`mjty.‑Jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs‚ rfdfr tk ` pfrskn`m rfspknsf tk eujmt dkrh, pfkpmf‚s
pfrgfptjkn kd sp`gf, tfxturf, gkmkur `nc mjoat, taf hf`njnos `nc `sskgj`tjkns `t-
t`gafc ey pfkpmf tk pm`gfs kr taf w`y ey wajga pfkpmf `ssjon `fstaftjg qu`mjtjfs
tk tafjr surrkuncjnos (Eàrtkmk, 5<<59 Tjtruvjus & Hkro`n, 0:4<). @ggkrcjno tk
Ofrrjtsf (5<<1) nc H`ghjmm`n (5<<4) jnt`nojemfs rf vjt`m tk rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon
eut kdtfn supprfssfc jn cjsgussjkn `ekut taf rf`mjs`tjkn kd ` eujmcjno. afy `rf
fssfntj`mmy qufstjkn kd pfrgfptjkn, nc gknsfqufntmy qufstjkn kd ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
`nc prfdfrfngfs wajga sakumc ef qu`mjdjfc. @mtakuoa mfss f`sy tk qu`ntjdy, dumdjmm-
jno taf jnt`nojemf rfqujrfhfnts js fssfntj`m ”tk h`if taf kebfgt unjquf, rfgkonjz-
`emf `nc ojvf jt ` hf`njno ta`t fxgffcs taf rjoat tk fxjst e`sfc kn taf dungtjkn kdtaf eujmcjno‘ (Cjbistr`, 5<<0, p. 0?), tk prkvjcf ` ‑sfnsf kd pm`gf‚ (G`ntfr, 0:??)
`nc tk cfvfmkp ‑gumtur`m `s wfmm `s duturf v`muf‚ (v`n Ukssuh & cf _jmct, 0::4).
afsf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs wkumc tafrfdkrf djt efst jntk taf ‑bucofhfnt-e`sfc‚ pprk`ga,
wajga js `c`ptjvf, dkgusjno kn taf fxpfrts‚ `ejmjtjfs tk fv`mu`tf taf cfsjon prkcugt
(O`nn & _aytf, 5<<7). Jn taf gkntfxt kd jnt`nojemfs, taf tfrh ‑v`mufs‚ js usfc
hkrf kdtfn ta`n taf tfrh ‑ga`r`gtfrjstjgs‚. Jn ` erjfd taf jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
kd ` eujmcjno cfsjon usu`mmy gkhfs tk taf dkrf jn taf `rgajtfgtur`m `hejtjkn kd taf
gmjfnt `nc taf fxpfgtfc `ppf`r`ngf kr ga`r`gtfr kd ` eujmcjno. afrf `rf nk st`nc-
`rcs kr pfrdkrh`ngf spfgjdjg`tjkns dkr jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, eut ta`t ckfs nkt
hf`n ta`t gmjfnts ck nkt a`vf fxpfgt`tjkns tafh.Djourf 5.5 cfpjgts akw cfsjon qu`mjty js gkhhknmy cjsgussfc jn `rgajtfgturf ey
usjno taf gm`ssjdjg`tjkn kd taf CPJ dkr taf Tjtruvj`n trjmkoy. @mtakuoa akhskn
ft `m. (5<<7) `nc Gkmc (0::7) `rouf ta`t taf prkcugt v`muf kd ` eujmcjno `ppf`rs
tk ef ` rfsumt kd taf pfrskn`m `nc gkntfxtu`m pfrspfgtjvf kd taf usfr `nc taf paysj-
CFWJON PV@MJSZ
• Dungtjkn`mjty
• Jhp`gt
•
S`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
Jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
Djourf 5.5 Cfsjon qu`mjty `s t`nojemf `nc jnt`nojemf prkcugt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs drkh `n `rgajtfg-tur`m pfrspfgtjvf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 35/341
0:
g`m qu`mjtjfs kd ` prkcugt, cjsgussjkns `ekut `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty tfnc tk
dkgus kn taf qu`mjtjfs kd taf prkcugt jtsfmd `nc `ekut `rgajtfgturf kn ` skgjft`m
mfvfm. Dungtjkn`mjty, jhp`gt `nc eujmc qu`mjty jhpmy ` bucofhfnt `ekut ` hjxturf
kd t`nojemf nc jnt`nojemf prkcugt qu`mjtjfs drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd pfrskn fxpf-
rjfngjno kebfgts jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt.
afrf sffhs tk ef nk rf`m cjddfrfngf eftwffn cjsgussjkns ekut rf`mjsfc kebfgtskr cfsjons s prkbfgtjkns kd duturf eujmcjnos. af pfrskn wak fxpfrjfngfs eujmcjno
qu`mjtjfs df`turfs knmy jhpmjgjtmy jn tajs tafkrftjg`m cfe`tf. Grjtfrj` ta`t cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs erjno tk taf t`emf `ppf`r tk ef skhfwa`t cjddfrfnt ta`n taf grjtfrj` ey
wajga `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty js `ssfssfc jn taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc. _ajmf dungtjkn`m-
jty, eujmc qu`mjty nc sust`jn`ejmjty wkumc mm sffh tk ef fqu`mmy jhpkrt`nt spfgts
kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty `s `fstaftjgs, taf cjsgussjkns kn `fstaftjgs, jhp`gt kn taf
surrkuncjno fnvjrknhfnt `nc `ccfc `rgajtfgtur`m v`muf `rf hkst prkhjnfnt. Jn
pr`gtjgf cjsgussjkns wjta gmjfnts `nc cfvfmkpfrs tfnc tk strjvf dkr ` e`m`ngf kd cjd-
dfrfnt ijnc kd qu`mjtjfs wjtajn ` dr`hf kd tjhf, hknfy `nc ktafr gkntfxtu`m d`g-
tkrs ta`t cftfrhjnf taf jntfor`tjvf qu`mjty kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon (O`nn, ft `m.,5<<7).
5.5.5 @ssfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty
af hf`surfhfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty a`s effn cjsgussfc dkr skhf tjhf wjtakut
rfskmutjkn (\r`s`c, 5<<3e). Akwfvfr, tafsf cjsgussjkns a`vf nkt mf`c tk suest`n-
tj`m fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga `ekut `ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty. Hkst kd taf `ssfsshfnts jn
`rgajtfgturf kggur jn taf gkntfxt kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns, tfncfr sjtu`tjkns kr p`rt
kd qu`mjty h`n`ofhfnt wjtajn kro`njs`tjkns wjtakut huga rfdfrfngf tk sgjfngf.
Gkhpftjtjkn bury rfpkrts kdtfn rfdmfgt taf gknsjcfr`tjkns kd taf bury hfhefrs
jn rfm`tjkn tk taf cfsjon erjfd `nc ofnfr`m st`tf kd `rgajtfgturf (f.o. cf A``n &
A``osh`, 0:119 Wvfnsskn, 5<<1). Bkurn`ms jn taf djfmc kd rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon tfnc
tk cfsgrjef nc m`uc cfsjon prkbfgts kr pajmkskpajsf ekut pafnkhfn` jn taf eujmt
fnvjrknhfnt (Gkmmjns, 0:?0). @mtakuoa tafsf `gtjvjtjfs kddfr orf`t pktfntj`m dkr `
cfgfnt mjni wjta cfsjon `nc pkmjtjg`m cfe`tf `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty, systfh`tjg `s-
sfsshfnt `ppf`rs tk ef hjssjno (N`s`r, 0:::9 v`n _fzfh`fm, 5<<1).
Knf kd taf h`jn rf`skns dkr taf m`gi kd systfh`tjg eujmcjno `ssfsshfnts gkumc
ef ta`t `rgajtfgturf js bucofc drkh cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs. af qufstjkn js tafrf-
dkrf waksf bucofhfnt nc waksf v`mufs sakumc prfv`jm jn `ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty.
@ggkrcjno tk Efnfcjit (5<<?) tafrf `rf `t mf`st dkur vfnufs jn wajga `rgajtfg-turf js gurrfntmy fv`mu`tfc2 `rgajtfgts `hkno f`ga ktafr, taf puemjg, gmjfnts, `nc
hfhefrs kd `mmjfc prkdfssjkns. F`ga vfnuf usfs jts kwn v`mufs tk fv`mu`tf `rgaj-
tfgturf wajga mf`cs tk ` hktmfy gkmmfgtjkn. H`r`ns nc Wprfgifmhfyfr (0:15) nc
H`ghjmm`n (5<<3) cjstjnoujsa sfvfr`m usfr orkups, suga `s kddjgf wkrifrs, pue-
mjg vjsjtkrs `nc taf gkhhunjty `t m`rof, tk t`if jntk `ggkunt curjno fv`mu`tjkn.
H`ghjmm`n (5<<6) t`ifs djn`ngfs, cfsjon `nc gknstrugtjkn, kggup`nts‚ kro`njs`-
tjkn, puemjg rf`mh `nc vjsjtkrs `s ` st`rtjno pkjnt dkr taf sust`jn`emf cfvfmkphfnt
kd eujmcjnos. af hkst gkhhkn gkndmjgt kd v`mufs jn `rgajtfgtur`m gumturf sffhs
tk ef taf knf eftwffn jncjvjcu`m `rtjstjg fxprfssjkn `nc ` sfrvjgf tk usfrs `nc gmj-
fnts9 eut ”akwfvfr gkhhkn tajs cjgaktkhy h`y ef jn pr`gtjgf, jt js `rtjdjgj`m jnprjngjpmf2 sfrvjno ` gmjfnt‚s prkor`hhf gkumc mf`c tk `n `rtjstjg eujmcjno wajga
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 36/341
5<
dungtjkns supfremy‘ (W`uncfrs, 5<<?, p. 077). Fxjstjno eujmcjno pfrdkrh`ngf
hf`surfhfnt systfhs kdtfn dkgus kn spfgjdjg `spfgts kd eujmcjnos, suga `s usf `nc
s`tjsd`gtjkn (f.o. H``rmfvfmc, Tkmifr, & v`n cfr Tkkrct, 5<<:9 Tjsgafr & \rfjsfr,
5<<3), `jr qu`mjty jn rfm`tjkn tk prkcugtjvjty (f.o. Gmfhfnts-Grkkhf, 5<<6) kr
fnvjrknhfnt`m `ssfsshfnts (f.o. EUF Omke`m, 5<<:9 T`n cfn Ckeefmstffn, 5<<3).
@ \kst Kggup`ngy Fv`mu`tjkn (\KF) js ofnfr`mmy dkgusfc kn ` systfh`tjg fv`m-u`tjkn kd kggup`nt s`tjsd`gtjkn wjta rfspfgt tk sfvfr`m paysjg`m `ttrjeutfs (f.o.
mjoatjno, tfhpfr`turf, p`rijno) `nc pfkpmfs dffmjnos `ekut prjv`gy, skgj`m jntfr`g-
tjkn, nc kggup`tjkn kd sp`gfs kn ` p`rtjgum`r hkhfnt (H`ghjmm`n, 5<<39 \rfjsfr,
U`ejnkwjtz, & _ajtf, 0:119 Tjsgafr & \rfjsfr, 5<<3). ajs ijnc kd fv`mu`tjkn js
jntfncfc tk prkvjcf `n fhpjrjg`m e`sjs dkr qu`mjty jhprkvfhfnt. Zft dfw \KFs `c-
crfss taf `fstaftjgs kr kvfr`mm `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty kd taf eujmcjno jn ` suest`ntj`m
h`ttfr, wajga hjoat ef taf rf`skn dkr taf suest`ntj`m o`p eftwffn rfsf`rga, tafkry
`nc pr`gtjgf jn `rgajtfgturf. Orffn `nc Hkss (0::1) `nc Ifmmy, Hkrmfcof `nc
_jmijnskn (5<<5) suoofst ta`t jd kro`njs`tjkns `rf tk `gajfvf taf dumm pktfntj`m kd
taf mf`rnjno gygmf jt js fssfntj`m ta`t pkst-kggup`ngy fv`mu`tjkn djncjnos `rf dummyjntfor`tfc jntk taf erjfd `nc cfsjon kd nfw eujmcjno prkbfgts. Akwfvfr, cuf tk
m`gi kd rfskurgfs `dtfr kggup`tjkn `s wfmm `s ` m`gi kd `w`rfnfss `ekut taf v`muf kd
suga inkwmfcof dkr duturf rf`m fst`tf cfvfmkphfnts \KFs rfh`jn sg`rgf (Ekrc`ss,
5<<7). af jntfor`tjkn kd \KF rfsumts jntk taf v`muf h`n`ofhfnt prkgfss wkumc
ef djrst stfp jn djmmjno tajs o`p nc jngrf`sjno taf v`mjcjty kd \KF rfsf`rga (Orffn
& Hkss, 0::1).
Jn `rgajtfgturf fxpfrts `rf kdtfn `ssjonfc tk `ssfss cfsjon qu`mjty, fjtafr kn
p`pfr kr jn `n fxjstjno eujmcjno. @ gkhhkn hftakc tk `oorfo`tf fxpfrt bucof-
hfnt kn grf`tjvf t`sis js tk `si bucofs tk `ssfss taf rfsumts kn sfvfr`m cjhfn-
sjkns (@h`ejmf, 0::4). af v`mjcjty kd taf `ssfsshfnt js cftfrhjnfc ey taf jn-tfr-r`tfr rfmj`ejmjty kd jncfpfncfnt bucofhfnts `ekut grf`tjvjty. Afiifrt `nc v`n
_jfrjnofn (0::7, 0::4) usfc tajs tfganjquf jn ` rfsf`rga prkbfgt kn taf `ppr`js`m
kd `rt. Ekta stucjfs dkunc ta`t bucofs wak a`vf fxpfrjfngf jn taf ckh`jn eut `rf
nkt gknsjcfrfc `s fxpfrts, `ssfss qu`mjty `s rfmj`emy `s fxpfrts ck. af mfvfm kd fx-
pfrtjsf ckfs sffh tk g`usf cjddfrfngfs jn taf v`mufs tt`gafc tk gfrt`jn cjhfnsjkns
kd qu`mjty. Mjhjt`tjkn kd tafsf stucjfs js taf d`jmurf tk gknsjcfr taf pkssjemf jndmu-
fngf kd taf cyn`hjg gkntfxt kd rf`m mjdf sfttjnos. T`n Ukssuh nc cf _jmct (0::4)
dkunc ta`t fxpfrts usfc dkur mfvfms kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty2 0) jnsuddjgjfnt kr nkt
dumdjmmjno taf st`nc`rcjsfc qu`mjty, 5) `vfr`of `rgajtfgturf wjta e`sjg qu`mjty mfvfm,
7) supfrjkr rfgfnt `rgajtfgturf, `nc 3) cjstjngtjvf `nc aknkur`emf `rgajtfgturfta`t `ttr`gts `ttfntjkn, wkrta ` trjp. af rfsumts kd tajs stucy suoofst ta`t fxpfrts
djrst h`if ` sfmfgtjkn e`sfc kn taf dumdjmhfnt kd e`sjg qu`mjtjfs, `nc tafn gkhp`rf
taf rfh`jnjno kptjkns kn taf mfvfm drkh e`sjg tk fxgfmmfnt cfsjon qu`mjty. af gkn-
gmusjkns jhpmy ta`t jn `rgajtfgturf taf g`tfokrjfs kd kvfr-pfrdkrh`ngf tk taf e`sjg
qu`mjtjfs kd ` eujmcjno `rf hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n g`tfokrjfs kd uncfr-pfrdkrh`ngf.
_ajmf taf puemjg `nc gkhhjssjknfrs `ppf`r nkt tk ef `gtjvfmy jnvkmvfc jn taf
ofnfr`m cfe`tf `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty, taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd usfrs `nc vjsjtkrs cur-
jno taf cfsjon kd ` eujmcjno v`rjfs sjonjdjg`ntmy drkh prkbfgt tk prkbfgt. Jn ofn-
fr`m fxpfrts drkh taf `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty `rf sffn `s taf hkst `pprkprj`tf
`ofnts tk cfvfmkp `nc oujcf taf cfvfmkphfnt kd ` eujmcjno prkbfgt (Em`u, 0:13).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 37/341
50
Akwfvfr, jt rfh`jns ungmf`r jd tajs js sjhpmy ` a`ejt kr ` rfsumt kd gknsjstfntmy
ajoa mfvfms kd gmjfnt s`tjsd`gtjkn. @ggkrcjno tk Afynfn (5<<0) taf `ssfsshfnt kd
qu`mjty js ` h`ttfr kd gkhhunjg`tjkn `nc usf kd m`nou`of. Waf prkpksfs ta`t taf
rfm`tjkns eftwffn taf gkntfxt, prkbfgt cfdjnjtjkn, cfsjonfc sp`gf, `nc cfsjon pk-
tfntj`m sakumc ef bucofc `s p`rt kd taf cfsjon `ssfsshfnts kd gmjfnts. N`s`r (0:::)
sakws ey fv`mu`tjno sfvfr`m cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd fnvjrkn-hfnt`m psygakmkoy ta`t burkrs ck nkt `mw`ys a`vf taf s`hf prfdfrfngf `s taf pue-
mjg. Af prkpksfc ` \KF-mjif hftakc tk systfh`tjg`mmy jnvkmvf vjsjtkrs `nc usfrs
jn taf fv`mu`tjkn kd cfsjons curjno gkhpftjtjkns tk ef `emf tk jngmucf taf duturf
prfdfrfngfs kd usfrs. H`r`ns & Wprfngifmhfyfr (0:15) jncjg`tfc ta`t wajmf hkst
hfhefrs kd taf puemjg wkumc `orff ta`t taf eujmcjno jn qufstjkn w`s wkrtay kd
jts p`rtjgum`r `rgajtfgtur`m `w`rcs, ` sjonjdjg`nt hjnkrjty wkumc nkt gkngur wjta
taf vjfws kd taf prkdfssjkn`ms bucofs, nkr wkumc taf eujmcjno‚s kggup`nts, waksf
r`tjnos kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty `rf kdtfn mfss ta`n d`vkur`emf. af mfnota kd st`y
`nc taf rkmf (kwnfr, cfsjonfr, usfr, fhpmkyff, vjsjtkr, puemjg) jn wajga ` burkr js
jn gknt`gt wjta taf eujmcjno gkumc ef n jndmufngjno d`gtkr dkr taf pprfgj`tjkn kd` eujmcjno (H`r`ns & Wprfgifmhfyfr, 0:15).
\`rtjgjp`tkry cfsjon (W`nkdd, 5<<4) kr gk-cfsjon (Ijno, 0:17) gkumc afmp tk
rfcugf taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf usfrs `nc ktafr st`ifakmcfrs orkups (sff `msk
Ga`ptfr 3.5.5). af Gknstrugtjkn Jncustry Gkungjm jn taf Vnjtfc Ijnockh
a`s cfvfmkpfc taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr (CPJ) `s ` tkkm tk hf`surf `nc cjs-
guss cfsjon qu`mjty wjta taf nuhfrkus st`ifakmcfrs jn ` eujmcjno prkbfgt (sff
Gknstrugtjkn Jncustry Gkungjm, 5<<:). af CPJ w`s cfvfmkpfc e`sfc kn ` ‑r`-
tjkn`m-`c`ptjvf `pprk`ga‚, wajga `ggfpts ta`t qu`mjty js ` cjddjgumt `nc ungfrt`jn
`spfgt tk hf`surf eut ta`t taf cfvfmkphfnt kd tkkms tk tajni `ekut taf jhp`gt
kd taf cfsjon gkumc ef efnfdjgj`m `nc a`s gkhpumskry st`tus dkr spfgjdjg ijncs kdprkbfgts jn taf VI (O`nn, ft `m., 5<<79 O`nn & _aytf, 5<<79 \r`s`c, 5<<3`9
_aytf & O`nn, 5<<7). af dr`hfwkri kd taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr `s cf-
sgrjefc ey O`nn `nc ajs `sskgj`tfs t`ifs taf tarff e`sjg qu`mjtjfs kd dungtjkn`mjty,
jhp`gt, `nc eujmc qu`mjty, `s wfmm `s ` rfskurgf fnvfmkpf wjta djn`ngf, tjhf, n`tu-
r`m `nc auh`n rfskurgfs, jntk `ggkunt. Ufsumts g`n ef vjsu`mjsfc ey usjno ` spjcfr
cj`or`h wjta sgkrfs kn taf cfsjon `spfgts pfr st`ifakmcfr kn ` sg`mf drkh 0 tk 6
(sff Djourf 5.7).
Fxpfrjfngf sakws ta`t taf CPJ stjhum`tfs cjsgussjkns `ekut qu`mjty `hkno
st`ifakmcfrs (G`rcfmmjnk, Mfjrjnofr, & Gmfhfnts-Grkkhf, 5<<:9 Cfwumd & Hffm,
5<<39 Fmfy, 5<<39 Wm`uoatfr, 5<<3), `mtakuoa jt g`nnkt ef usfc `s ` pfrdkrh`ngfhf`surfhfnt systfh (H`rius, 5<<7) nc ckfs nkt kddfr gtkrs gkngrftf skmutjkn
tk taf prkemfh kd dkrhum`tjno rfqujrfhfnts. af dr`hfwkri `nc hf`surfhfnt
systfh kd taf CPJ, kr rfm`tfc fv`mu`tjkn hkcfms `nc systfhs, cjspm`y mjttmf rkkh
dkr taf `ccjtjkn`m akmjstjg v`mufs pr`jsfc jn taf mjtfr`turf. @ggkrcjno tk \r`s`c
(5<<3e) tafrf js nk pkjnt jn cjsgussjno qu`mjty unmfss taf vfry e`sjgs `rf dumdjmmfc
`nc W`uncfrs (5<<?) st`tfs ta`t `n `rgajtfgturf kd ‑h`xjhuh `mjvfnfss‚ js mjifmy
tk s`tjsdy sfvfr`m (jd nkt hkst) fv`mu`tjvf grjtfrj` `t kngf, kr tk s`tjsdy knf kr twk
grjtfrj` tk `n fxtr`krcjn`ry cforff. Jt sffhs ta`t taf tkt`mjty js `msk ` qu`mjty kn
jts kwn, eut ta`t tajs akmjstjg jhprfssjkn js mkst jn taf hf`surfhfnt `nc `n`mysjs
kd taf p`rts. @ggkrcjno tk G`rcfmmjnk, Mfjrjnofr `nc Gmfhfnts-Grkkhf (5<<:,
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 38/341
55
p. 54<) ”taf gkhpumskry usf kd taf CPJ a`s suggfssdummy gfhfntfc taf gkhhjt-
hfnt tk cfsjon qu`mjty Y….X. Akwfvfr, taf `rgajtfgtur`mmy ej`sfc `pprk`ga sffh-
jnomy uncfrfstjh`tfs taf v`muf kd jnt`nojemf spfgts kd cfsjon `nc ga`ngfs rf ta`t
taf tkkm efgkhfs ` ‑tjgi taf ekx‚ fxfrgjsf‘. Cfvjnf-_rjoat, akhskn `nc @ustjn
(5<<7, p. 60) msk st`tf ta`t taf CPJ ”wjmm knmy ojvf n jncfx kd bust ta`t, gkmmfg-tjkn kd jncjvjcu`m rfspknsfs‘. Jt tafrfdkrf ckfs nkt d`gjmjt`tf `nc cfvfmkphfnt kd
taf v`mufs jn ` prkbfgt tf`h. Efg`usf jnt`nojemf qu`mjtjfs `rf nkt f`sjmy hf`surfc,
cfgjsjkn h`ijno nc gkhhunjg`tjkn ekut cfsjon qu`mjty rf gkhpmjg`tfc. afrf
js ` nffc tk fst`emjsa ` gkhhkn vkg`eum`ry dkr taf v`rjkus typfs kd v`mufs dkr cjd-
dfrfnt st`ifakmcfrs jn krcfr tk gknsjcfr jnt`nojemf `nc t`nojemf gksts `nc efnfdjts
`s fqu`m jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno ekut cfsjon (Ofrrjtsf, 5<<19 H`ghjmm`n, 5<<4). af
v`muf `pprk`ga kd Hjmms, @ustjn, Cfvjnf-_rjoat `nc akhskn (5<<:) hjoat kddfr
ta`t ijnc kd gkhhunjg`tjkn dr`hf, eut jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd tajs dr`hf wjmm rfqujrf
` ga`nof jn tajnijno `ekut v`muf `nc qu`mjty jn gknstrugtjkn.
5.7 Cfsjon pfrgfptjkn `nc `ddfgt (gkonjtjvf `pprk`ga)
af sfgknc pfrspfgtjvf J wkumc mjif tk `ccrfss jn tajs ga`ptfr js taf gkonjtjvf
`pprk`ga kd cfsjon pfrgfptjkn `nc `ddfgt. Fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkojsts efo`n tk
stucy taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt jn taf sfgknc a`md kd taf twfntjfta gfntury. afjr
wkri js e`sfc kn taf `ssuhptjkn ta`t pfrgfptjkn js ` rfsumt kd taf jntfr`gtjkn ef-
twffn `n jncjvjcu`m `nc kebfgts jn taf eujmt kr n`tur`m fnvjrknhfnt. ajs pfrgfp-
tjkn g`n ef hf`surfc kn ` sg`mf wjta sfvfr`m cjhfnsjkns. _jtajn tajs `pprk`ga
sfvfr`m ttfhpts a`vf effn h`cf tk fxpm`jn taf pktfntj`m cjddfrfngfs eftwffn nkv-
Djourf 5.7 Wpjcfr cj`or`h `t kutput kd ` CPJ `ssfsshfnt (O`nn ft `m., 5<<7)9 Saf gmksfr tk
taf hjccmf taf sgkrf, taf gmksfr taf qu`mjty wkumc rf`ga fxgfmmfngf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 39/341
57
jgfs `nc fxpfrts. ajs sfgtjkn cf`ms wjta taf hkst jhpkrt`nt djncjnos `ekut taf
pfrgfptjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjty `nc skhf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd taf eujmt
fnvjrknhfnt.
5.7.0 Ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf cfsjon pfrgfptjkn
Hkst rfsf`rga `ekut pfrgfptjkn kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt a`s effn g`rrjfc kutkn taf `fstaftjg prfdfrfngfs dkr eujmcjnos fxtfrjkrs `nc n`tur`m m`ncsg`pfs (Efmm,
ft `m., 0::49 Ojddkrc, 5<<59 I`rh`nkv, 5<<:). af ofnfr`m `jh kd taf djfmc kd
fnvjrknhfnt`m kr `rgajtfgtur`m psygakmkoy js tk rfcugf strfss mfvfms `nc jngrf`sf
taf wfmmefjno kd pfkpmf ey fxpmkrjno wajga ijnc kd fnvjrknhfnt`m gufs `rf prf-
dfrrfc. Cjsgussjkns jn tajs djfmc `rf mfss akmjstjg `nc mfss pr`gtjgf-rfm`tfc ta`n jn
`rgajtfgturf `nc ofnfr`mmy dkgus kn tafkrftjg`m gkngfpts `ekut taf pfrgfptjkn kd
jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. Wk d`r knmy ` dfw kd taf gkn-
gfpts cfvfmkpfc jn taf djfmc kd fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy a`vf dkunc tafjr w`y
jntk `rgajtfgtur`m pr`gtjgf (\ajmjp, 0::4). Ufgfnt puemjg`tjkns jn bkurn`ms suga
`s ‑Fnvjrknhfnt `nc Efa`vjkur‚ `nc taf ‑Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy‚
sakw ta`t hkst gurrfnt stucjfs dkgus kn spfgjdjg jssufs rfm`tfc tk taf eujmt fnvjrkn-
hfnt suga `s sust`jn`ejmjty, n`tur`m cjs`stfrs `nc vjrtu`m rf`mjty, r`tafr ta`n kn taf
pfrgfptjkn kd paysjg`m eujmcjnos knmy (Ojumj`nj & Wgkpfmmjtj, 5<<:).
@ggkrcjno tk N`s`r (0::3) `n jncjvjcu`m‚s fxpfrjfngf kd ` eujmcjno cfpfncs kn
`n jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn jts df`turfs `nc taf jncjvjcu`m‚s prfvjkus inkwmfcof strug-
turfs kd fxpfrjfngf rfm`tfc tk taf p`rtjgum`r gm`ss kd eujmcjno. arkuoa jntfr`gtjkn
wjta taf fnvjrknhfnt `nc cfvfmkphfnt kd taf kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturfs kd inkwm-
fcof, jncjvjcu`ms drkh cjddfrfnt pm`gfs, gumturfs `nc suegumturfs wkumc cfvfmkp
cjddfrfnt hf`njnos `nc prfdfrfngfs `grkss g`tfokrjfs. Dkr ` dumm uncfrst`ncjno kd
`rgajtfgtur`m ppr`js m, jt js jhpkrt`nt tk mf`rn akw ppr`js`ms v`ry eftwffn cjddfr-
fnt orkups (Ojddkrc, Ajnf, Hummfr-Gmfhh, Ufynkmcs, & Wa`w, 5<<<). wk ijncs
kd `fstaftjg v`rj`emfs g`n ef cjstjnoujsafc2 taksf ta`t rfm`tf tk taf strugturf kd
dkrhs - dkrh`m fstaftjgs - `nc taksf ta`t rfm`tf tk taf gkntfnt kd dkrhs - syhekmjg
`fstaftjgs (M`no, 0:1?9 N`s`r, 0::3). Dkrh`m `nc syhekmjg `fstaftjgs g`n jntfr`gt.
@ttrjeutfs kd dkrh`m `fstaftjgs jngmucf cjhfnsjkns suga `s nkvfmty `nc gkhpmfxj-
ty. Wyhekmjg `fstaftjgs rf fxpfrjfngfc tarkuoa hfcj`tjno gkntfnt v`rj`emfs wajga
rfdmfgt taf hf`njnos `sskgj`tfc wjta eujmcjnos (N`s`r, 0::3). Bucofhfnts wjta cf-
nkt`tjvf hf`njnos pm`gf kebfgts jntk gkntfnt g`tfokrjfs wjtakut fv`mu`tjno tafh,
dkr fx`hpmf ` typf (gaurga, prjskn) kr ` stymf (hkcfrn, tr`cjtjkn`m). Bucofhfntsrfdfrrjno tk gknnkt`tjvf hf`njnos rfm`tf tk taf qu`mjty `nc ga`r`gtfr kd eujmcjnos
`nc jts usfrs, dkr jnst`ngf drjfncmy kr undrjfncmy. Gkntfnt v`rj`emfs a`vf ekta
cfnkt`tjvf `nc gknnkt`tjvf hf`njno9 skhfknf g`n dkr fx`hpmf rfgkonjsf ` stymf
(cfnkt`tjvf hf`njno) `nc mjif kr cjsmjif taf stymf (gknnkt`tjvf hf`njno).
Wtucjfs jn taf djfmc kd fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy kdtfn jngmucf taf usf kd `
sfh`ntjg cjddfrfntj`m tk hf`surf jncjvjcu`m prfdfrfngfs kd cjddfrfnt orkups kd pfk-
pmf jn ` m`ekr`tkry sfttjno jn gkhejn`tjkn wjta pfrskn`mjty `nc paysjg`m tfsts.
af jndmufngf kd gkntfxtu`m kr prkgfss d`gtkrs js kdtfn mfdt kut kr r`nckhjsfc.
\jgturfs, g`rcs, vjcfks, vjrtu`m rf`mjty kr skrtjno t`sis `rf usfc tk sjhum`tf taf rf`m
fnvjrknhfnt. af sfh`ntjg cjddfrfntj`m tfganjqufs hf`surf gknnkt`tjvf hf`n-jnos ta`t pfkpmf `ttrjeutf tk cjddfrfnt gkngfpts (Ksokkc, Wugj, & `nnfne`uh,
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 40/341
53
0:6?). ajs hf`ns ta`t taf rf`gtjkn ta`t pfkpmf sakw `dtfr taf gkndrknt`tjkn
wjta ` paysjg`m fnvjrknhfnt`m js hf`surfc ey taf tarff jncfpfncfnt cjhfnsjkns
kd ‑fv`mu`tjkn, `gtjvjty `nc pktfngy‚ kr v`rj`tjkns tafrfkd (Ojddkrc, ft `m., 5<<<9
N`s`r, 0::3). afsf cjhfnsjkns gkrrfspknc tk taf f`rmy jnsjoats kd Tjtruvjus ta`t
`rgajtfgturf gknsjsts kd krcfr `nc `rr`nofhfnt, prkpkrtjkn `nc syhhftry, cêgkr
`nc cjstrjeutjkn (Erfncfrs, 5<<19 Ifmmy, 5<<?).Huga kd taf m`tfr wkri jn taf djfmc kd fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy a`s dkgusfc
kn v`mjc`tjno `nc fxp`ncjno taf tarff krjojn`m cjhfnsjkns kd `fstaftjg prfdfr-
fngfs. Uussfmm, _`rc `nc \r`tt (0:10) dkunc twk jncfpfncfnt, ejpkm`r d`gtkrs kd
`ddfgtjvf qu`mjty kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt ‗ pmf`surf `nc `rkus`m ‗, wajga a`vf
effn v`mjc`tfc ey h`ny ktafr sgakm`rs jn cjddfrfnt sfttjnos (Ojddkrc, ft `m., 5<<<9
I`rh`nkv, 5<<:). E`sfc kn tafsf d`gtkrs Uussfmm ft `m. (0:10) cfvfmkpfc vfre`m
sg`mfs kd pmf`s`nt-unpmf`s`nt, `rkusjno-smffpy, fxgjtjno-omkkhy, `nc cjstrfssjno-
rfm`xjno cjhfnsjkns tk ef usfc `s cfpfncfnt v`rj`emfs jn stucjfs `jhfc `t un-
cfrst`ncjno wajga kebfgtjvfmy spfgjdj`emf prkpfrtjfs kd fnvjrknhfnts jndmufngf
`ddfgtjvf rf`gtjkns. af tafkrftjg m dr`hfwkri dkr fnvjrknhfnt`m prfdfrfngf s cf-vfmkpfc ey I`pm`n (0:1?) usfs taf prfcjgtkrs gkhpmfxjty, hystfry, gkafrfngf `nc
mfojejmjty. Jntfrfstjno `ekut tajs `pprk`ga js taf gkngfrn wjta taf kutgkhf kd taf
jndkrh`tjkn ekut taf fnvjrknhfnt (uncfrst`ncjno kr fxpmkr`tjkn) nc taf `v`jm-
`ejmjty kd jndkrh`tjkn (jhhfcj`tfmy v`jm`emf kr jndfrrfc), wajga sffhs tk rfm`tf tk
taf cjddfrfnt `jhs kd pfkpmf fxpfrjfngjno taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt `nc waftafr taf
paysjg`m kebfgts wkumc dumdjm taf rfqujrfhfnts nc fxpfgt`tjkns. M`tfst rfsf`rga kd
Ojddkrc ft `m. (5<<5) sakw sjx ify gkonjtjvf prkpfrtjfs jn `ssfssjno taf `fstaftjg
qu`mjty kd m`rof gkntfhpkr`ry eujmcjno2 gkhpmfxjty, drjfncmjnfss, krjojn`mjty, gm`r-
jty, hf`njnodumnfss `nc ruoofcnfss. B`gkesfn `nc Akdfm (5<<5) dkunc jn `n fx-
pfrjhfnt wjta nkvfm or`pajg p`ttfrns ta`t fspfgj`mmy syhhftry `nc gkhpmfxjtygkrrfm`tf ajoamy wjta `fstaftjg bucofhfnts kd ef`uty. af v`rj`emfs fhpjrjg`mmy
dkunc tk prfcjgt prfdfrfngf g`n ef `n`mysfc jn tfrhs kd tafjr fvkmutjkn`ry sjonjdj-
g`ngf (I`pm`n, 0:1?). Wkhf kd taf prfcjgtkrs `ppf`r tk rfqujrf d`jrmy fxtfnsjvf
jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno. ajs suppkrts taf aypktafsjs ta`t ` r`pjc, ungknsgjkus
typf kd gkonjtjkn h`y prfgfcf gfrt`jn `ddfgtjvf bucofhfnts `nc gkndjrhs ` strkno
tjf eftwffn gkonjtjkn `nc `ddfgt.
Jn suhh`ry, taf `ssfsshfnt systfhs s cfvfmkpfc jn fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy
dkgus kn taf pkssjemf kutgkhf kd taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn `n jncjvjcu`m `nc `n
kebfgt jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. Djourf 5.3 cfpjgts taf uncfrmyjno `ssuhptjkn kd
tajs pprk`ga. ajs pfrspfgtjvf gknsjcfrs n jncjvjcu`m s p`ssjvf gtkr jn bucof-hfnt `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty wjtakut t`ijno jntk `ggkunt huga kd taf skgj`m `nc
kro`njs`tjkn`m gkntfxt kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifr.
af uncfrmyjno `ssuhptjkn kd tajs jntfr`gtjkn js ta`t taf `fstaftjg prfdfrfngf
dkr `n fnvjrknhfnt kr eujmcjno (bucofhfnt) g`n ef hf`surfc kn ` sg`mf wjta
sfvfr`m cjhfnsjkns, suga `s krjojn`mjty `nc gkhpmfxjty. @mtakuoa rfsf`rgafrs `rf
`w`rf ta`t tafsf prkgfssfs g`n ef jndmufngfc ey jncjvjcu`m, sjtu`tjkn`m, skgj`m, nc
gumtur`m d`gtkrs, taf fx`gt fddfgts `nc taf mjni tk taf pr`gtjgf kd cfsjonjno a`vf
nkt yft effn jcfntjdjfc. k `ssfss eujmcjnos jn tfrhs kd tafjr syhekmjg kr dkrh`m
`fstaftjgs pfkpmf usf taf cfnkt`tjvf `nc gknnkt`tjvf hf`njnos kd eujmcjnos. af
pmf`s`nt `nc `rkusjno qu`mjty kd `n fnvjrknhfnt sffhs tk jhpmy ` strkno gknnfg-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 41/341
56
tjkn tk `ddfgt. Jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `rf usfc tk `ccrfss hf`njno `nc gm`ssjdy
eujmcjnos, wajga gkumc mf`c tk n `ddfgtjvf rfspknsf jn gfrt`jn g`sfs. af cjddfrfnt
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd jncjvjcu`ms fxpm`jn cjddfrfngfs jn pfrgfptjkn eftwffn orkups kd
pfkpmf.
5.7.5 Jhpmjg`tjkns dkr cfsjon kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt @mtakuoa taf djfmc kd fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy a`s fx`hjnfc jhpkrt`nt uncfr-
myjno prjngjpmfs `ekut taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn taf jncjvjcu`m `nc taf eujmt fn-
vjrknhfnt, mjhjtfc pr`gtjg`m v`muf `nc usf kd cjddjgumt m`nou`of sffh tk ef taf
h`jn rf`skns dkr `rgajtfgts tk gm`jh `n ”undumdjmmjno h`rrj`of eftwffn rgajtfgturf
`nc psygakmkoy‘ (\ajmjp, 0::4, p. 5??). Akwfvfr, `s dkr fx`hpmf taf rfsf`rga kd
H`ghjmm`n (5<<4) sakws, `rgajtfgts, kggup`nt kro`njs`tjkns `nc rf`m fst`tf cf-
vfmkpfrs gkumc efnfdjt drkh taf jnsjoats jn taf djfmc kd fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy
`nc jngrf`sf taf ttr`gtjvfnfss kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt ey jhpmfhfntjno fxjstjno
inkwmfcof hkrf systfh`tjg`mmy jn cfsjon. Wfvfr`m stucjfs jn fnvjrknhfnt`m psy-
gakmkoy dkgusfc kn taf cjddfrfngfs kd prfdfrfngfs eftwffn orkups, fspfgj`mmy ef-twffn rgajtfgts nc nkn-`rgajtfgts. Hkst sgakm`rs gkngmucf ta`t tafsf cjddfrfngfs
`rf rfm`tfc tk taf `ddfgtjvf gkhpknfnt kd hf`njno `nc g`n ef fxpm`jnfc drkh `
cjddfrfnt wfjoat `ssjonfc tk cfsjon df`turfs (Ojddkrc, ft `m., 5<<<). @ggkrcjno tk
I`rh`nkv (5<<:) tafsf cjddfrfngfs `rf prke`emy mfss cjstjngtjvf ta`n js usu`mmy
takuoat. af rfsumts kd Ork`t (0:15) `nc Auee`rc (0::4) suoofst ta`t `rgaj-
tfgts nc nkn-`rgajtfgts fhpmky cjddfrfnt sfts kd grjtfrj` nc stjhumj dkr fv`mu`tjno
eujmcjnos, eut tafsf cjddfrfngfs ck nkt mf`c tk `w`rfnfss kd cjddfrfngfs jn stymfs
kd eujmcjnos. ajs hf`ns ta`t cjddfrfngfs jn eujmcjno stymfs `rf nkt `mw`ys rfgko-
njsfc ey nkn-`rgajtfgts `nc a`vf tafrfdkrf mjhjtfc pkwfr tk prfcjgt prfdfrfngfs.
_jtajn taf rfsf`rga s`hpmf kd Erkwn `nc Ojddkrc (5<<0) `nc ta`t kd D`wgftt,Fmmjnoa`h `nc \m`tt (5<<1), sfvfr`m eujmcjnos wfrf ojvfn ajoa `fstaftjg r`tjnos ey
ekta orkups. af hkcfms kd prfdfrfngf usfc ey Cfvmjn `nc N`s`r (0:1:) rfvf`mfc
ta`t ekta `rgajtfgts `nc nkn-`rgajtfgts d`vkurfc nkvfmty `nc gkafrfngf (kr gm`r-
jty) jn eujmcjno df`turfs, eut taf nkn-`rgajtfgts d`vkurfc sjhpmjgjty `nc ‑pkpum`r‚
`ttrjeutfs, wajmf taf `rgajtfgts d`vkurfc gkhpmfxjty `nc ‑ajoamy `rgajtfgtur`m‚ `t-
trjeutfs. N`s`r `nc \urgfmm (0::<) `nc D`wgftt ft `m. (5<<1) `msk dkunc ta`t dkr
ekta orkups prfdfrfngf rfm`tfc tk jngrf`sfc gkhpmfxjty `nc cfgrf`sfc nkvfmty, eut
taf `rgajtfgts pm`gfc orf`tfr wfjoat kn gkhpmfxjty. afsf rfsumts suoofst ta`t `r-
gajtfgts d`vkur spfgts ta`t `rf cjsgrfp`nt drkh taf fxjstjno `rgajtfgtur`m ga`r`gtfr
kd ` eujmcjno, wajmf taf nkn-`rgajtfgts d`vkur gkhpmfxjty wjtajn taf rfgkonjz`emf
FNTJUKNHFNS
• \rkpfrtjfs (gkhpmfxjty,
krjojn`mjty, drjfncmjnfss,
JNCJTJCV@M
• \frskn`m
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
\FUGF\SJKN
• Bucofhfnt
• Hf`njno
• @ddfgtjvf rfspknsf
, ,
hf`njnodumnfss)• Fxpfrtjsf
Djourf 5.3 \frgfptjkn `s ` rfsumt kd taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn `n jncjvjcu`m `nc taf eujmt
fnvjrknhfnt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 42/341
54
inkwmfcof strugturf ta`t gkntrjeutfs tk taf e`sjg `ttrjeutfs kd ` eujmcjno. af
rfsf`rga kd Ojddkrc, Ajnf `nc gkmmf`oufs (5<<<) jncjg`tfs ta`t jn gkntr`st tk taf
pmf`surf `nc omke`m r`tjno rfsumts, `rgajtfgts `nc nkn-`rgajtfgts `orffc sjonjdj-
g`ntmy `ekut taf `rkus`m-fmjgjtjno ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf 35 eujmcjnos. @ gumtur`m
gkhp`rjskn eftwffn @ustr`mj`n `nc @hfrjg`n orkups sakwfc ekta sjhjm`rjtjfs
`nc cjddfrfngfs (N`s`r & \urgfmm, 0::<).af rfsumts kd taf stucy kd Ojddkrc ft `m. (5<<<) jncjg`tf ta`t nkn-`rgajtfgts
prkcugf hkrf aftfrkofnfkus r`tjnos (`s ` orkup) ta`n `rgajtfgts jn tfrhs kd fhk-
tjkn`m rfspknsf. Nkn-`rgajtfgts‚ r`tjnos kd `rgajtfgturf `rf inkwn tk ef suebfgt
tk v`rjkus jndmufngfs, wajga h`if tafjr r`tjnos hkrf cjddusf. @rgajtfgts‚ `fstaftjg
st`nc`rcs kn taf ktafr a`nc a`vf effn dkgussfc tarkuoa tafjr sfmfgtjkn `nc tr`jn-
jno. @rgajtfgts rf skgj`mjsfc ey tafjr prkdfssjkn`m fcug`tjkn jn w`ys ta`t wjcfn taf
`fstaftjg o`p eftwffn tafhsfmvfs `nc taf puemjg (\urgfmm, 0:149 _jmskn, 0::4).
T`m`cfz (0:13) `ttrjeutfs ` orf`t p`rt kd tafsf cjddfrfngfs tk taf rfsf`rga jnstru-
hfnts, wajga kdtfn rfqujrf vfre`m rfspknsfs `ekut stjhumj `nc mfss wjtajn-orkup
v`rj`ngf cuf tk ` rfm`tjvfmy n`rrkw r`nof kd tr`jts gkhp`rfc tk taf ofnfr`m puemjg.af rfsumts kd T`m`cfz‚s rfsf`rga jncjg`tf ta`t `rgajtfgts knmy cjddfr drkh ktafr
prkdfssjkn`m orkups jn tafjr qu`ntjt`tjvf bucofhfnts kd taf a`ejt`ts stucjfc, eut
nkt drkh mm orkups jn tafjr qu`mjt`tjvf bucofhfnts. Nkvjgf rgajtfgts sffh tk e`sf
tafjr bucofhfnt hkrf kn `ddfgt (Auee`rc, 0::4) wajmf prkdfssjkn`ms g`n rftrjfvf
hkrf jndkrh`tjkn drkh ` eujmcjno (_fnctf, 5<<3). Jt sffhs a`rc dkr fxpfrjfngfc
`rgajtfgts tk crkp tafjr kwn grjtfrj` dkr gkngfptu`m prkpfrtjfs jn d`vkur kd taksf
kd nkn-`rgajtfgts wafn tafy prfcjgt puemjg fvkmutjkns (Erkwn & Ojddkrc, 5<<0).
af efst-prfcjgtjno `rgajtfgts sffhfc smjoatmy mfss fxpfrjfngfc eut wfrf efttfr
`emf tk uncfrst`nc taf h`ttfr jn wajga taf ofnfr`m puemjg tajnis `ekut `fstaftjgs
kd eujmcjnos. afsf `rgajtfgts rfm`tfc tafjr fv`mu`tjkns tk eujmcjnos‚ gkngfptu`mprkpfrtjfs jn ` h`nnfr sjhjm`r tk ta`t kd m`ypfrskns.
@mtakuoa `rgajtfgts `rf nkt kemjofc tk cfsjon eujmcjnos tk sujt taf puemjg r`tafr
ta`n tafhsfmvfs, Erkwn nc Ojddkrc (5<<0) suoofst ta`t rgajtfgts gkumc usf tafjr
uncfrst`ncjno kd m`y tajnijno tk grf`tf eujmcjnos ta`t cfmjoat ekta tafhsfmvfs
`nc tafjr puemjg. k d`gjmjt`tf tajs prkgfss kd jntfor`tjkn kd prfdfrfngfs, Ojddkrc
ft `m. (5<<5) suoofst ` erk`cfr dkrh kd `rgajtfgtur`m fcug`tjkn kr skgj`mjz`tjkn
ta`t strfssfs ekta taf grf`tjvf fxtfnsjkn kd taf orf`t `fstaftjg trfncs `nc ` efttfr
uncfrst`ncjno kd puemjg t`stf. @ erk`cfr fcug`tjkn wjmm nkt rfcugf taf rjganfss
`nc cjvfrsjty `s mkno `s cjddfrfnt sgakkms tr`jn `rgajtfgts tk `pprfgj`tf `nc cfsjon
cjddfrfnt stymfs kd `rgajtfgturf (_jmskn, 0::4). Nkn-`rgajtfgts gkumc ef tr`jnfc`msk2 ”U`tafr ta`n rfstrjgtjno cfsjonfrs tk stymfs ta`t taf usfrs mrf`cy uncfrst`nc,
fnvjrknhfnt`m fcug`tjkn dkr nkn-`rgajtfgts gkumc rfsumt jn orf`tfr pprfgj`tjkn kd
ktafr stymfs. Kngf pfkpmf uncfrst`nc taf stymfs kd `rgajtfgturf ta`t h`if up tafjr
gjtjfs, tafrf wkumc ef ` v`rjfty kd cjddfrfnt t`stfs tk ef g`tfrfc dkr ey v`rjfty kd
cjddfrfnt `rgajtfgts‘ (_jmskn, 0::4, p. 35).
5.3 \rkcugt fxpfrjfngf `nc fhktjkn (jntfr`gtjkn `pprk`ga)
af djfmc kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf `nc fhktjkn krjojn`tfs drkh jncustrj`m cfsjon
`nc js e`sfc kn sfvfr`m tr`cjtjkns jn taf djfmc kd psygakmkoy. Jt sakws ta`t prkcugtsg`n fmjgjt fhktjkns wafn ` usfr jntfr`gts wjta ` prkcugt `nc tafrfdkrf `ccs `n
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 43/341
5?
jhpkrt`nt pfrspfgtjvf kn taf `spfgt kd cfsjon qu`mjty jn taf rfm`tjkn tk `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkns. af jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon `s cfsgrjefc jn
tajs sfgtjkn rfm`tf tk taf mfvfms kd hf`surfhfnt `nc taf fst`emjsahfnt kd ` mjni
eftwffn taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf prkcugt nc `n ddfgtjvf rfspknsf jn taf bucofhfnt
kd jts v`muf.
5.3.0 Krjojn kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf
Jn taf djfmc kd prkcugt cfsjon taf djncjnos drkh fnvjrknhfnt`m `nc gkonjtjvf
psygakmkoy `rf `ppmjfc tk suppkrt taf cfvfmkphfnt kd suggfssdum prkcugts `nc
g`pturf ` gknsuhfr‚s rf`gtjkn tk ` prkcugt. af djfmc kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf krjo-
jn`tfs h`jnmy drkh taf djfmc kd gkonjtjvf psygakmkoy, fhktjkn `nc pfrgfptjkn
(Wgajddfrstfjn & Afiifrt, 5<<1). Jn tafjr ekki kn prkcugt fxpfrjfngf, Wgajddfrstfjn
& Afiifrt (5<<1) prkvjcf `n kvfrvjfw kd mjtfr`turf drkh taf auh`n pfrspfgtjvf,
taf jntfr`gtjkn pfrspfgtjvf `nc taf prkcugt pfrspfgtjvf.
Drkh taf jntfr`gtjkn pfrspfgtjvf tarff gkhpknfnts kr mfvfms kd prkcugt fxpfrj-
fngf `rf cjstjnoujsafc (Cfshft, 5<<59 Cfshft, \krgfmjbn, & Cjbi, 5<<?9 Afiifrt,
5<<4)2 `fstaftjg pmf`surf, `ttrjeutjkn kd hf`njno, `nc fhktjkn`m rfspknsf. afsf
gkhpknfnts `rf strknomy jndmufngfc ey taf vfre`m sg`mfs kd Uussfmm ft `m. (0:10)
dkr pmf`surf `nc `rkus`m `s cfsgrjefc jn taf prfvjkus sfgtjkn. @t taf `fstaftjg mfvfm
` prkcugt‚s g`p`gjty tk cfmjoat knf kr hkrf sfnskry hkc`mjtjfs js gknsjcfrfc. af
cforff tk wajga ` pfrskn h`n`ofs tk cftfgt strugturf, krcfr, kr gkafrfngf `nc
`ssfss ` prkcugt‚s nkvfmty kr d`hjmj`rjty typjg`mmy cftfrhjnfs taf `ddfgt jt ofnfr-
`tfs. Bust mjif wjta taf wkri kd I`pm`n (0:1?) tafsf fddfgts g`n ef fxpm`jnfc ey
fx`hjnjno taf fvkmutjkn`ry e`sjs kd taf auh`n pfrgfptu`m systfh. af fxpfrjfngf
kd hf`njno gkngfrns taf gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs kd rfgkonjtjkn, jntfrprft`tjkn, `s-
skgj`tjkn `nc `ssjonhfnt, wajga `tt`ga ` hf`njno tk ` prkcugt. afsf prkgfssfs
`rf suebfgt tk jncjvjcu`m, gumtur`m `nc paysjg`m cjddfrfngfs (Afiifrt, 5<<4). af
fhktjkn`m rfspknsf rfm`tfs tk taf rfsumt kd gkonjtjvf, takuoa kdtfn utkh`tjg nc
ungknsgjkus prkgfss g`usfc ey taf jntfr`gtjkn kd taf auh`n wjta taf prkcugt. @n
fhktjkn jnvkmvfs ` rfm`tjkn eftwffn taf pfrskn fxpfrjfngjno `n fhktjkn `nc `
p`rtjgum`r kebfgt9 f.o. knf js jn mkvf wjta skhftajno. Cfshft (5<<5) st`tfs ta`t `n
fhktjkn js fmjgjtfc ey `n fv`mu`tjkn (`ppr`js m) kd `n fvfnt kr sjtu`tjkn `s pktfn-
tj`mmy efnfdjgj`m kr a`rhdum jn rfm`tjkn tk taf pfrskn‚s prkcugt gkngfrns. Jt js taf
jntfrprft`tjkn kd n fvfnt (kr prkcugt) r`tafr ta`n taf fvfnt jtsfmd ta`t tafn g`usfs
`n fhktjkn. Efg`usf ppr`js`ms hfcj`tf eftwffn taf prkcugts, gkngfrns `nc fhk-tjkns, cjddfrfnt jncjvjcu`ms wak `ppr`jsf taf s`hf prkcugt jn cjddfrfnt w`ys wjmm
fxpfrjfngf cjddfrfnt fhktjkns.
Djourf 5.6 sakws taf jntfr`gtjkn kd taf usfr wjta taf prkcugt ta`t g`usfs prkc-
ugt fxpfrjfngf. ajs pfrspfgtjvf gknsjcfrs taf usfr `s ` r`tafr p`ssjvf `gtkr jn taf
jntfr`gtjkn wjta taf prkcugt. Jt dkgusfs h`jnmy kn ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf kutgkhf
kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngfs jnstf`c kd taf pprkprj`tfnfss kd taf prkcugt ga`r`gtfrjs-
tjgs. Jt ckfs t`if ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf usfr `nc taf prkcugt jntk ggkunt tk fxpm`jn
cjddfrfngfs eftwffn orkups kd pfkpmf.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 44/341
51
5.3.5 Jhpmjg`tjkns dkr `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon
Jn krcfr tk uncfrst`nc rfspknsfs tk auh`n-prkcugt jntfr`gtjkn, knf hust un-
cfrst`nc taf usfr‚s gkngfrns ojvfn taf gkntfxt jn wajga ` usfr jntfr`gts wjta taf
prkcugt. Ia`mjc nc Afm`ncfr (5<<4) gkngmucf ta`t prkcugt sakumc ef cfsjonfc
tk suppkrt gustkhfr nffcs, jngmucjno taf gustkhfr‚s pfrskn`m kr pfrskn`mjty `t-
trjeutfs. ajs g`n ef cknf ey prkvjcjno dmkw kr f`sf kd usf, `nc jncugjno dffm-
jnos kr fhktjkns jn jntfr`gtjno wjta taf prkcugt. afy `msk st`tf ta`t gustkhfrs
tfnc tk h`if cfgjsjkns e`sfc kn tafjr dffmjnos, pfrgfptjkns, v`mufs, nc rfdmfgtjkns
ta`t usu`mmy gkhf drkh out dffmjnos r`tafr ta`n mkojg`m kr r`tjkn`m tajnijno. @s
suga, cfsjonfrs `nc h`nud`gturfrs sakumc gknsjcfr h`ijno fhktjkn`m cfsjon `
ekttkh mjnf jn prkcugt cfsjon. af \rkcugt Fhktjkn Hf`surfhfnt Jnstruhfnt
hf`surfs taf cjddfrfnt ijnc kd fhktjkns ta`t usfrs fxpfrjfngf `nc g`n ef `ppmjfc
curjno prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt (Cfshft, 5<<5). Jn tajs h`nnfr cfsjonfrs g`n try
tk ‑cfsjon dkr fhktjkns‚. af I`nk hkcfm kd prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt cf`ms wjta taf
gustkhfr rfqujrfhfnts jn rfm`tjkn tk taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf prkcugt (I`nk,
0:139 _`mcfn, ft `m., 0::7). Jn tajs hkcfm gustkhfr s`tjsd`gtjkn js nkt e`sfc kn
dungtjkn`mjty `mknf ‗ jt jngmucfs prkcugt pfrdkrh`ngf ta`t tr`nsgfncs taf st`tfc
pfrdkrh`ngf (sff Djourf 5.4). I`nk usfc taf jcf`s kd taf Hktjv`tjkn-Ayojfnf
tafkry kd Afrzefro, H`usfr `nc Wnycfrh`n (0:6:) tk cjstjnoujsa e`sjg qu`mjtjfs
(ayojfnf d`gtkrs ta`t prfvfnt cjss`tjsd`gtjkn) `nc surprjsjno qu`mjtjfs (ga`r`gtfr-
jstjgs ta`t fxgffc gustkhfr fxpfgt`tjkns) `nc g`n dkrh taf e`sjs kd mkvf dkr taf
prkcugt.
Cfshft, \krgfmjbn `nc v`n Cjbi (5<<?) cjstjnoujsa cjddfrfnt ijnc kd prkc-
ugt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t rfm`tf tk mfvfms kd prkcugt qu`mjty2 0) e`sjg df`turfs ta`t
taf prkcugt typf js fxpfgtfc tk cfmjvfr, 5) pfrdkrh`ngf df`turfs ta`t cjddfrfntj`tf
eftwffn gkhpftjno prkcugts, `nc 7) fxgjtfhfnt df`turfs ta`t taf gknsuhfr cjc
nkt fxpfgt tk sff jn taf prkcugt `nc js fxgjtfc tk djnc. aksf wak w`nt tk cfsjon
prkcugts ta`t fvkif dffmjnos kd ‑wkw‚ sakumc djnc `nc `ppmy knf kr hkrf ‑fxgjtf-
\UKCVGSVWFU
Fvfnt `nc kebfgt
rfm`tfc gkngfrns
\rkcugt rfm`tfc
ok`ms
FQ\FUJFNGF
• Fhktjkn
• @fstaftjgs
• Hf`njno
Djourf 5.6 Saf krjojn `nc gkhpknfnts kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf `s jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn ` usfr `nc
` prkcugt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 45/341
5:
hfnt df`turfs‚. E`sfc kn p`ttfrns dkunc wjta tafjr dr`hfwkri kd prkcugt fxpf-
rjfngf, taf ‑wkw‚-fxpfrjfngf gkumc ef fmjgjtfc ey prkcugts ta`t `rf `ppr`jsfc `s
unfxpfgtfc, und`hjmj`r, prkhjsjno, `nc djt dkr pkssfssjkn (Cfshft, ft `m., 5<<?).afsf ijncs kd g`tfokrjfs strknomy rfm`tf tk taf knfs jcfntjdjfc ey I`nk, jn taf
`rgajtfgtur`m cfe`tf `nc taf cfvfmkpfrs kd taf CPJ.
af pksjtjkn kd us`ejmjty jn prkcugt fxpfrjfngf sffhs tk ef cjsputfc. Vs`ejmjty
g`n ef cfdjnfc `s taf fxtfnt tk wajga ` usfr g`n fhpmky ` prkcugt jn krcfr tk
`gajfvf ` p`rtjgum`r ok`m (Nkrh`n, 5<<5). Kdtfn taf cjhfnsjkns usfc tk kpfr`-
tjkn`mjsf us`ejmjty `rf fddfgtjvfnfss (taf cforff tk wajga taf p`rtjgum`r ok`m g`n
ef s`tjsdjfc), fddjgjfngy (taf `hkunt kd tjhf jt t`ifs tk s`tjsdy taf ok`m), `nc f`sf
kd usf (taf `hkunt kd fddkrt jt t`ifs tk s`tjsdy taf ok`m). Gkrrfm`tjkns a`vf effn
dkunc eftwffn us`ejmjty `nc `fstaftjgs `nc hf`njno (Wgajddfrstfjn & Afiifrt,
5<<1). @ggkrcjno tk Ekztfpf (5<<?e) usfr v`muf js, bust `s `fstaftjg pmf`surf, `n`ttrjeutjkn kd hf`njno `nc fhktjkn`m rfspknsf, grf`tfc `s ` rfsumt kd jntfr`gtjkn
eftwffn wa`t taf prkcugt prkvjcfs `nc wa`t taf usfr erjnos jn tfrhs kd ok`ms,
nffcs, mjhjt`tjkns ftg (prkcugt gkngfrns). Bust `s jn `rgajtfgturf, jn prkcugt cf-
sjon taf mfvfm kd fxpfrjfngfc s`tjsd`gtjkn js kdtfn usfc `s ` hf`surf dkr us`ejmjty
(efg`usf prkcugts ta`t `rf us`emf wjmm hkrf mjifmy fmjgjt pksjtjvf fhktjkns). Eut
`ggkrcjno tk Cfshft `nc Afiifrt (5<<?) us`ejmjty sakumc nkt ef gknsjcfrfc `s
` mfvfm kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf eut `s ` skurgf kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf (` prkcugt
ga`r`gtfrjstjg) efg`usf jt ckfs nkt g`usf ` ga`nof jn taf gkrf `ddfgt `ttrjeutfc tk
taf prkcugt auh`n-jntfr`gtjkn. ajs cjddfrfngf jn kpjnjkn hjoat rfm`tf tk taf
W@SJWD@GSJKN ‗
Mkvf taf prkcugt
@ttr`gtjvf ‗ fxgjtjno `nc
jhprkvjno qu`mjty
Wurprjsfs Wt`tfc
DVMMZ DVNGSJKN@MCZWDVNGSJKN@M
pfrdkrh`ngf
E`sjg
rf ujrfhfnts
Hust-ef - fxpfgtfc
`nc fvjcfnt qu`mjty
CJWW@WSJWD@GSJKN ‗
Cjsmjif taf prkcugt
Djourf 5.4 Ufprfsfnt`tjkn kd prkcugt qu`mjtjfs `ggkrcjno tk taf I`nk prjngjpmfs (e`sfc kn
_`mcfn, 5<<7)
CJWW@SJWD@GSJKN
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 46/341
7<
pfrspfgtjvf kd taf rfsf`rga stucjfs (sakrt tfrh/s`mf pfrspfgtjvf kr mkno tfrh/usf
pfrspfgtjvf) kr taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf rkmf kd taf usfr curjno prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt
(`gtjvf kr p`ssjvf).
5.6 T`muf systfhs jn cfsjon (prkgfss `pprk`ga)
Jn cjsgussjno cfsjon qu`mjty taf tfrh v`muf js bust `s jhpkrt`nt `s qu`mjty `nc pfr-
gfptjkn. Jn tajs sfgtjkn taf gkngfpt kd v`muf js cjsgussfc drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd
taf gknstrugtjkn jncustry. ajs pfrspfgtjvf dkgusfs kn taf rf`mjs`tjkn prkgfss kd `
eujmcjno `nc sakws taf humtjpmf st`ifakmcfrs‚ pfrspfgtjvfs. J tafrfdkrf gknsjcfr
tajs `s taf dkurta pfrspfgtjvf ta`t js rfmfv`nt dkr `ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty.
5.6.0 Saf gkngfpt kd v`muf
Jn gknstrugtjkn taf usf kd taf tfrh ‑v`muf‚ sffhs tk ef prfdfrrfc kvfr taf usf kd
taf tfrh ‑qu`mjty‚. Cjstjngtjkns g`n ef h`cf eftwffn v`muf, v`muf bucofhfnt `nc
v`muf systfh (Ifmmy ft `m., 5<<39 \umt`r, 0::4). \umt`r (0::4) cfdjnfs v`muf `s ”`nyst`tfc cfsgrjptkr wajga dkrhs taf suebfgt h`ttfr kd ` efmjfd jn taf gkrrfgtnfss kr
prfdfr`ejmjty kd ` gakjgf‘. @ggkrcjno tk akhskn ft `m. (5<<7) `nc Mf C`ntfg &
Z-Mufn Ck (5<<:) v`mufs `rf taf prjngjpmfs, st`nc`rcs `nc qu`mjtjfs ey wajga wf
mjvf nc oujcf kur gtjkns. af twk typfs kd v`mufs s cfdjnfc ey Ukif`ga (0:?7) ‗
tfrhjn`m v`mufs (fnc ok`ms) `nc jnstruhfnt`m v`mufs (hf`ns tk rf`ga ok`ms) ‗ sffh
tk fxpm`jn taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf ‑prkcugt gkngfrns‚ kd Cfshft (5<<5) `nc
taf ‑prkgfss v`mufs‚ kd _`nc`am (5<<6). T`muf a`s tafkrftjg`m, fgknkhjg, `fstaft-
jg, skgj`m, pkmjtjg`m `nc rfmjojkus cjhfnsjkns (@mmpkrt, Tfrnkn, & Mjncsfy, 0:4<)
`nc gkumc ef kd jndmufngf kn pfrgfptjkn (Efmm, ft `m., 0::4). T`mufs g`n cfvfmkp
`t cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfr mfvfms2 jncjvjcu`m, kro`njs`tjkn, kr skgjfty (Mfp`i ft `m.,5<<?). Hjmms, @ustjn, akhskn `nc Cfvjnf-_rjoat (5<<:) suggfssdummy `ppmjfc
taf smjoatmy `cbustfc Wgaw`rtz T`mufs Wurvfy (f.o. Wgaw`rtz & Ekfanif, 5<<3)
jn krcfr tk cfvfmkp `n `pprk`ga ta`t suppkrts (prkbfgt) st`ifakmcfrs jn uncfr-
st`ncjno kro`njs`tjkn`m `nc jncjvjcu`m v`mufs `nc prjkrjtjfs. afjr `pprk`ga cjd-
dfrfntj`tfs eftwffn tfn v`mufs g`tfokrjfs, suga `s Vnjvfrs mjsh, Ktafrs krjfntfc,
Gkndkrhjty, \kwfr, Wfgurjty `nc Wtjhum`tjkn, `nc prkvjcfs jnsjoat jntk pkssjemf
`mjonhfnts eftwffn gkst gknsumt`nts, fnojnffrs, v`muf h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts
`nc eujmcjno h`jntfn`ngf `nc kpfr`tjkns prkdfssjkn`ms.
\fkpmf h`if v`muf bucofhfnts wafn tafy `ssfs `n kebfgt wjta rfo`rc tk tafjr
efmjfds `nc fxpfgt`tjkns. Cfshft & Afiifrt (5<<?) rfdfr tk ‑prkcugt rfm`tfc ok`ms‚jn tajs h`ttfr. @ggkrcjno tk Gkmmjns (0:?0) v`muf bucofhfnts sakumc `mw`ys t`if
jntk `ggkunt tafjr fnvjrknhfnt`m, psygakmkojg`m, prkgfcur`m `nc ajstkrjg`m gkn-
tfxt kd prfgfcfnts kd taf pfkpmf jnvkmvfc jn taf bucofhfnt prkgfss. _afn jncj-
vjcu`ms gkmm`ekr`tf tk rf`mjsf ` gkhhkn ok`m prkbfgts `rf dkrhfc. @ v`muf sys-
tfh g`n fhfrof jd v`mufs `rf fxprfssfc `nc sa`rfc eftwffn tafh (Ifmmy, H`mf, &
Or`a`h, 5<<39 _`nc`am, 5<<6). @ v`muf systfh h`y ef cfdjnfc `s ` gkmmfgtjkn kd
v`muf bucofhfnts afmc ey ` pfrskn kr ` orkup rfo`rcjno v`rjkus v`mufs jnvkmvfc
jn ` pafnkhfnkn (\umt`r, 0::4) `nc js jcfntjdjfc ey taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf `s-
sjonfc tk v`mufs suga `s drffckh, pmf`surf, fqujty (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). T`muf
sjhjm`rjty prkcugfs ` skgj`m systfh kr gumturf ta`t d`gjmjt`tfs taf jntfr`gtjkns nfg-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 47/341
70
fss`ry dkr jncjvjcu`ms tk `gajfvf tafjr gkhhkn, fvfnt krjfntfc ok`ms (Cfshft &
Afiifrt, 5<<?9 Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<19 _`nc`am, 5<<6). _jtajn ` v`muf systfh,
v`muf bucofhfnts ck nkt fxjst jncfpfncfntmy kd f`ga ktafr9 tafrf `rf ekunc tk ef
jntfr`gtjkns `nc gkndmjgts eftwffn taf v`rjkus v`muf bucofhfnts. Jn tajs gkntfxt
_`nc`am (5<<3) `roufs ta`t p`rtjfs a`vf cjddjgumtjfs grf`tjno gkhhkn ok`ms `nc
` t`nojemf e`giorkunc dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno efg`usf kd prf-fxjstjno cjddfrfngfseftwffn taf p`rtjfs. ajs ckfs nkt hf`n ta`t jt js nkt pkssjemf tk sa`rf v`mufs
jn gknstrugtjkn. af stucy kd Hjmms ft `m. (5<<:) sakwfc dkr fx`hpmf cjddfrfngfs
eftwffn kro`njs`tjkns jn fnojnffrjno, cfsjon, gknsumt`ngy `nc h`jntfn`ngf, eut
`msk dkunc v`mufs ta`t wfrf mjonfc eftwffn taf kro`njs`tjkns, suga s rfspknsjejm-
jty, aknfsty `nc mky`mty.
@s cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 5.5 ` prkcugt a`s t`nojemf `nc jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfr-
jstjgs, wajga jn tafhsfmvfs ck nkt cftfrhjnf akw pfkpmf dkrh tafjr prfdfrfngfs.
Jn mjnf wjta taf pfrspfgtjvf kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf nc fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy,
_`nc`am (5<<6) cfdjnfs prkcugt v`muf `s taf v`muf wajga `n jncjvjcu`m pm`gfs
upkn `n kebfgt kr kutgkhf. Jn tajs h`nnfr, taf `gt kd v`mujno js cjsskgj`tfc drkhtaf v`muf jtsfmd. @msk, jt efgkhfs pkssjemf tk mmkw dkr taf d`gt ta`t cjddfrfnt pfkpmf
h`y akmc cjddfrfnt efmjfds kr prfdfrfngfs e`sfc kn taf s`hf v`muf. Ekztfpf (5<<?`)
prfsfnts dkur h`bkr g`tfokrjfs kd usfr v`muf e`sfc kn n ftankor`pajg stucy kn taf
`ssjonhfnt kd usf nc v`muf tk ijtgafn ppmj`ngfs2 utjmjty v`muf, skgj`m sjonjdjg`ngf
v`muf, fhktjkn`m v`muf, `nc spjrjtu`m v`muf. H`ghjmm`n (5<<4) cjstjnoujsafs sfv-
fr`m gkhp`r`emf h`jn typfs kd v`muf kd ` hjxturf kd t`nojemfs `nc jnt`nojemfs `nc
`s huga st`ifakmcfr orkups eftwffn wakh v`muf js fxga`nofc jn gknstrugtjkn
prkbfgts. afsf v`muf typfs `rf rfm`tfc tk taf cjddfrfnt eujmcjno typfs cfsgrjefc ey
Mkf (5<<<)2 usf, fxga`nof, jh`of nc eusjnfss v`muf eujmcjnos. Euggj`rfmmj (0::3)
gkngmucfs ta`t cfsjon js skgj`m prkgfss nc taf kebfgtjvf rf`mjty kd tfgankmkojg`m`rtfd`gt js jn d`gt ` skgj`m gknstrugt. af cfsjon kebfgt js tafrfdkrf pfr cfdjnjtjkn
`mjvf `nc m`cfn wjta ungfrt`jntjfs `nc `hejoujty.
@ggkrcjno tk Ofrrjtsf (5<<1) prkcugt v`muf js taf fxtfnt tk wajga prkcugt
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs dumdjm taf rfqujrfhfnts. _afn taf kutgkhf kd ` v`muf `ssfsshfnt js
`ttrjeutfc tk prkcugt s knf kd jts qu`mjtjfs, prkcugt v`muf efgkhfs ` hf`sur`emf
prkcugt `ttrjeutf. Crfsgamfr ft `m. (5<<6) gkngmucf ta`t jn gknstrugtjkn `mm cfdj-
njtjkns kd v`muf (fxgfpt dkr taf ftajg`m knf), gkhp`rf skhf mfvfm kd pfrdkrh`ngf,
dungtjkn`mjty, utjmjty, efnfdjt kr qu`mjty (pfrgfptjkn) wjta taf `sskgj`tfc mfvfm kd
prjgf kr gkst. @msk \rjns (5<<:), wak cfdjnfs `rgajtfgtur`m v`muf `s ` gkhpmfx trj-
`cjg systfh eftwffn pm`nft, spjrjtu`mjsh `nc prkdjt wjta hutu`mmy cfpfncfnt fmf-hfnts, `nc Ifmmy ft `m. (5<<3) cfnktf taf rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn dungtjkn, gkst `nc
wkrta. Jn v`muf fnojnffrjno knf spf`is kd fxga`nof v`muf, fstffh v`muf `nc usf
v`muf tk cfnktf taf rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn gksts `nc efnfdjts (Efst & cf T`mfngf,
0:::). E`sfc kn taf fgknkhjg prjngjpmf kd wfmd`rjsh, Crfsgamfr, Efafsatj `nc
cf Ujccfr (5<<6) gknsjcfr v`muf `s taf `hkunt tk wajga `mm pfrskns jnvkmvfc `rf
jndmufngfc jn tafjr wfmm-efjno `s ` gknsfqufngf kd taf gknstrugtjkn prkbfgt. ajs
hf`ns ta`t v`muf js cfdjnfc `s `n `eskmutf qu`ntjty tk ef usfc jn taf prkgfss kd
cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc `mm v`mufs nffc tk ef wfjoafc `nc `ccfc up tk cftfrhjnf taf
tkt`m hknft`ry v`muf kr tkt`m sgkrf (Crfsgamfr, 5<<19 B`nsfn, ft `m., 5<<?). af
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 48/341
75
pkjnt systfh, hknftjz`tjkn systfh `nc r`tjks `rf tarff hftakcs tk gkhejnf prjgf
`nc v`muf (B`nsfn, ft `m., 5<<?).
@ggkrcjno tk akhskn ft `m. (5<<7) taf cjstjngtjkn eftwffn qu`mjty `nc v`muf
mjfs jn taf kebfgtjvf kr suebfgtjvf ga`r`gtfr kd jts bucofhfnt9 v`muf `ssfsshfnts
g`n ef suebfgtjvf wafn dr`hfc `o`jnst `n jncjvjcu`m‚s v`mufs, wajmf qu`mjty `s-
sfsshfnts g`n ef gknsjcfrfc kebfgtjvf wafn taf rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn efnfdjt `ncfxpfnsf js gkhp`rfc kn ` mfvfm kd dumdjmhfnt kd rfqujrfhfnts. afy gkngmucf ta`t
v`muf js taf rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn pksjtjvf `nc nfo`tjvf gknsfqufngfs dkr `n jn-
cjvjcu`m (kutput `nc jnput, kr efnfdjts `nc s`grjdjgfs). af `mmkg`tjkn kd ` hkn-
ft`ry suh tk fxprfss pfrgfjvfc v`muf js ` gkhhkn hf`ns kd sfttjno taf prjgf kd `
prkcugt. ”_afn ` gknsuhfr `sis ajh kr afrsfmd ‑js jt wkrta jt;‚, tafy `rf h`ijno `
v`muf bucofhfnt jn mjoat kd tafjr kwn, kdtfn t`gjt, v`mufs `nc gkhp`rjno tajs wjta
taf h`rift v`muf `ssfsshfnt (typjg`mmy fxprfssfc `s ` prjgf)‘ (akhskn, ft `m.,
5<<7, p. 77?). Jn tajs sfnsf v`muf bucofhfnt `rf sffn `s r`tjkn`m gknsjcfr`tjkns kd
jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `hkno taf cjddfrfnt v`muf typfs ta`t g`n ef `ccrfssfc
tk (duturf) eujmcjnos.Djourf 5.? sakws taf gkngfpts kd v`mufs, v`muf bucofhfnt nc taf v`muf systfh
jn rfm`tjkn tk taf prkcugt v`muf `s `roufc ey taf v`muf `pprk`ga jn gknstrugtjkn
h`n`ofhfnt. Jn tajs pprk`ga pfkpmf rf sffn `s st`ifakmcfrs (orkups) ta`t gt `s
`gtjvf p`rtjgjp`nts jn taf cfvfmkphfnt prkgfss kd ` eujmcjno prkbfgt.
Wt`ifakmcfrs g`n ef cfdjnfc `s orkups kr jncjvjcu`ms wak a`vf st`if jn kr
fxpfgt`tjkn kd ` prkbfgts pfrdkrh`ngf (Nfwgkhef, 5<<7). Curjno knokjno cj`-
mkoufs kd st`ifakmcfrs wjta taf prkbfgt tf`h ekta suebfgtjvf `nc kebfgtjvf `ssfss-
hfnts kd v`muf `rf gknstrugtfc wajga sa`pf taf djn`m kutgkhf kd taf prkbfgt. af
Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr js ` afmpdum tkkm jn tajs prkgfss kd jntfrga`nojno pfrgfp-
tjkns kd st`ifakmcfr orkups. Akwfvfr, taf qufstjkn rfh`jns jd st`ifakmcfrs rf g-tu`mmy g`p`emf kd r`tjkn`m gknsjcfr`tjkns ekut efnfdjts nc s`grjdjgfs, fspfgj`mmy jn
g`sf kd taf mkno-tfrh gknsfqufngfs kd gfrt`jn `mtfrn`tjvfs. Ufsf`rga `nc tafkrjfs
uncfrmyjno taf `ssuhptjkns jn taf prkgfss `pprk`ga sffhs `esfnt, `nc mjttmf usf js
h`cf kd fxjstjno tafkrjfs `nc hkcfms jn ktafr djfmcs kd sgjfngf.
\UKCVGS
v`muf systfh
• Pu mjty
• T muf• \frskn m v`mufs
• \rkgfss v`mufs• Fgknkhjg wkrta
T@MVF BVCOFHFNS
• Kebfgtjvf ssfsshfnt
• Wuebfgtjvf `ssfsshfnt
Djourf 5.? T`muf bucofhfnt `s ` rfsumts kd taf gmjfnts v`mufs `nc taf prkcugt v`muf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 49/341
77
5.6.5 @ppmjg`tjkns jn cfsjon `nc gknstrugtjkn
arkuoa `n knokjno cj`mkouf kd st`ifakmcfrs wjta taf prkbfgt tf`h ekta kebfg-
tjvf nc suebfgtjvf ssfsshfnts kd v`muf rf gknstrugtfc. af CPJ prkvjcfs v`muf
dr`hfwkri tk cfvfmkp gkhhkn m`nou`of tk fno`of st`ifakmcfrs nc gkumc ef n
`pprkprj`tf tkkm tk strugturf `nc suhh`rjsf tafsf `ssfsshfnts (sff sfgtjkn 5.5.5).
@nktafr fx`hpmf kd `n systfh jn wajga taf knokjno cj`mkouf eftwffn st`ifakmc-frs ekut v`mufs pm`ys n jhpkrt`nt rkmf js taf gkngfpt kd v`muf tajnijno (ayssfn,
Fhhjtt, Eknif, & Ijri-Garjstkddfrsfn, 5<0<9 _`nc`am, 5<<6). Curjno taf gkn-
strugtjkn pa`sf kd ` eujmcjno taf cfsjon js suebfgt tk cfe`tf efg`usf jcf`s a`vf
tk ef tr`nsm`tfc jntk paysjg`m prkcugts. T`muf tajnijno a`s twk pa`sfs2 0) T`muf
Cfsjon ey T`muf H`n`ofhfnt, djn`mjsfc jn ` gkntr`gt dkr gknstrugtjkn, `nc 5)
T`muf Cfmjvfry ey T`muf Fnojnffrjno `nc djn`mjsfc jn ` gknstrugtjkn prkcugt.
T`muf H`n`ofhfnt `mw`ys jnvkmvfs ` rfm`tjvf `nc e`m`ngfc gknsjcfr`tjkn kd t`n-
ojemf `nc jnt`nojemf gksts `nc efnfdjts tk v`muf cfsjon `nc ` wjmmjnonfss tk h`if
tr`cf-kdds jn krcfr tk h`if o`jns (Efst & cf T`mfngf, 0:::). @ cjstjngtjkn g`n ef
h`cf eftwffn jntfrn`m (prkgfss) v`mufs kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts kd taf cfmjvfry tf`h
`nc fxtfrn`m (prkcugt) v`mufs kd taf gmjfnt, wajga taf cfmjvfry tf`h sakumc ef
dkgusjno kn `gajfvjno (Fhhjtt ft `m., 5<<69 Ifmmy, 5<<?). _`nc`am (5<<3) dkunc
jn tarff fxpfrjhfnts ta`t taf cjddfrfnt p`rtjfs jn gknstrugtjkn (usfrs, gmjfnts, `r-
gajtfgt, fnojnffrs, gkntr`gtkrs) a`vf knmy ` smjoatmy cjddfrfnt pfrgfptjkn kd v`muf
jn ` gknstrugtjkn prkbfgt. _jtajn taf dr`hfwkri kd T`muf H`n`ofhfnt ekta taf
jntfrn`m `nc fxtfrn`m v`muf g`n ef sfp`r`tfc jntk prkgfss v`muf `nc prkcugt v`muf.
\rkgfss v`muf js `ekut ojvjno taf gmjfnt taf efst fxpfrjfngf curjno taf cfsjon `nc
gknstrugtjkn kd taf prkbfgt `nc gkhprjsfs skdt v`mufs (gkhhunjg`tjkn, gkndmjgt
skmvjno ftg), a`rc v`mufs (tjhf, eucoft) `nc prkgfss v`mufs (mf`rnjno fxpfrjfngf).
\rkcugt v`mufs `rf e`sfc kn taf Tjtruvj`n v`mufs, `uohfntfc ey gkntfhpkr`ry
gkngfrns dkr a`rhkny wjta taf surrkuncjnos, fnvjrknhfnt`m jssufs `nc eujmc-
`ejmjty (Fhhjtt, W`ncfr, & Garjstkddfrsfn, 5<<6). \rkcugt `nc prkgfss v`mufs g`n
jntfr`gt, `nc fspfgj`mmy wafn taf prkcugt efgkhfs vjsjemf, jt gkumc hf`n ga`nofs
jn taf v`mufs kr r`tafr taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf v`mufs. Akwfs `nc Ojddkrc (5<<:)
tafrfdkrf cjstjnoujsa `ssjonfc v`mufs (sjtu`tjkn`m v`mufs) `nc afmc v`mufs (cffp-
sf`tfc, fncurjno v`mufs) ta`t `rf p`rt kd ` cyn`hjg v`muf ajfr`rgay. Jn gkndmjgtjvf
sjtu`tjkns tafy dkunc ta`t pfkpmf wak a`vf mfss djrhmy afmc v`mufs wfrf hkrf jn-
dmufngfc ey sjtu`tjkn`m cjddfrfngfs. @ggkrcjno tk Ifmmy (5<<?) taf v`muf systfh kd
` gmjfnt js nkt ajfr`rgay eut n krcfr kd prfdfrfngf dkr v`rj`emfs t taf s`hf mfvfm.af rfsumts kd ` wkrisakp jn wajga taf I`nk systfh w`s `ppmjfc sffh tk suoofst
ta`t v`mjc v`rj`emf js suebfgt kd gkntjnuuh o`jnst wajga taf gmjfnt g`n jncjg`tf
` pkjnt kd s`tjsd`gtjkn (_`mcfn, ft `m., 0::7). af fxpfrjfngfs kd taf ayssfn ft
`m. (5<0<, p. 5:) jncjg`tf ta`t ` sijmmfc prkgfss d`gjmjt`tkr js rfqujrfc tk cfvfmkp
` m`nou`of jn wajga gmjfnt v`mufs `rf uncfrst`nc`emf dkr eujmcjno prkdfssjkn`ms
efg`usf v`mufs g`nnkt ef h`cf fxpmjgjt ”kngf `nc dkr `mm ey wrjtjno jt ckwn jn `
djxfc v`muf systfh dkr suesfqufnt cfsjon fv`mu`tjkn‘.
T`muf cfmjvfry `nc v`muf fnojnffrjno hjoat a`vf ` nfo`tjvf gknnkt`tjkn ef-
g`usf jt js skhftjhfs jntfrprftfc `s guttjno gksts jnstf`c kd r`jsjno v`mufs, wajga
gkumc mf`c tk dkgus kn taf mkwfst gksts jnstf`c kd taf ajoafst qu`mjty (Mkf, 5<<<).Jn rfm`tjkn tk v`muf fnojnffrjno Mkf (5<<<, p. 65) gkngmucfs ta`t ”cfspjtf tajs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 50/341
73
jhprfssjvf mfvfm kd cfe`tf `nc `gtjvjty, rfgkngjmjno taf v`muf kd okkc cfsjon jn
`rgajtfgturf rfh`jns `n fmusjvf gkngfpt. Y….X wf `rf `cfpt `t fxga`nof v`muf eut
stjmm a`vf tk wfmc tk tajs tfganjquf taf hf`ns kd hf`surjno taf efnfdjts ta`t wfmm
cfsjonfc eujmcjnos erjno tk taf skgj`m, pkmjtjg`m, ure`n, nc jh`of v`mufs.‘ Jn pr`g-
tjgf gksts ck ga`nof taf v`mufs kd taf st`ifakmcfrs, fspfgj`mmy wafn gkndrkntfc
wjta taf djrst prktktypfs kd taf prkcugt (_`nc`am, 5<<6). ajs gkumc ef cuf tktaf d`gt ta`t tafy tafn rf`mjsf taf `gtu`m gksts kd tafjr `hejtjkns. Jt js tarkuoa taf
prkgfss kd cfsjon ta`t v`mufs rf fxpksfc nc nfoktj`tfc jn taf sf`rga dkr pktfntj`m
skmutjkns (Mf C`ntfg & Z-Mufn Ck, 5<<:).
Ekztfpf (5<<?e) pkjnts t taf cjstjngtjkn eftwffn prf-purga`sf nc pkst-pur-
ga`sf v`muf jn h`riftjno rfsf`rga. \rf-purga`sf rfdfrs tk fxpfgt`tjkns rfo`rcjno
taf v`muf ` prkcugt js okjno tk cfmjvfr ta`t `rf dkrhfc prjkr tk purga`sf kd taf
prkcugt. \kst-purga`sf v`muf jnvkmvfs v`muf rf`mjsfc tarkuoa taf usf kd prkcugt.
Curjno taf mjdf gygmf kd ` eujmcjno taf v`muf kd taf cfsjon ga`nofs drkh fxpfgtfc
v`muf kd taf gmjfnt, tk prkhjsfc v`muf kd taf cfsjonfrs `nc tafn cfmjvfrfc v`muf
kd taf gkntr`gtkrs. af jntfr`gtjkn wjta prktktypfs hf`ns ta`t fxpfgt`tjkns `ncfxpfrjfngfs oft hjxfc. af cjddfrfngf eftwffn ` gmjfnt `nc ` gustkhfr js rfm`tfc
tk tafsf v`mufs gkngfpt. ”@ gustkhfr js skhfknf wak purga`sfs ` gkhhkcjty kr
sfrvjgf drkh hfrga`nt wak suppmjfs n fxjstjno spfgjdjfc prkcugt dkr prjgf, nc
`gts jn ajs/afr kwn jntfrfst. Jd curjno taf hkhfnt kd purga`sf taf pfrdkrh`ngf
st`nc`rcs rf hft, taf gkntr`gt nc taf gustkhfr js s`tjsdjfc. @ gmjfnt, ey gkntr`st,
js skhfknf wak fno`ofs taf prkdfssjkn`m `cvjgf tk `gt jn taf gmjfnt‚s jntfrfst jn `
gkncjtjkn kd cfpfncfngy `nc cjrfgt gknt`gt.‘ (khefsj, 5<<4, p. 5?4). @ gmjfnt
`ssuhfs jndmufngf kn taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf prkcugt efg`usf af/saf euys ` nkt
yft fxjstjno prkcugt (Ckrff, 0::4). Gkmmjns (0:?0) `sgrjefs taf m`ypfrskn‚s jn`ejm-
jty tk `pprfgj`tf taf n`turf kd taf `rgajtfgt‚s cjmfhh` tk taf d`gt ta`t ` m`ypfrsknnkrh`mmy knmy purga`sfs djnjsafc rtjgmfs ta`t tafy a`vf jnspfgtfc efdkrf ny cfgj-
sjkn js h`cf `s tk taf prjgf tafy `rf wjmmjno tk p`y. ”Wakw ajh `n kmc Kddjgf wajga
js efjno kddfrfc dkr `ugtjkn, `nc af wjmm ejc dkr jt wjta dumm gkndjcfngf ta`t af
inkws ` okkc e`ro`jn wafn af sffs knf. Eut sakw ajh taf siftgafs `nc wkrijno
cr`dts kd ` eujmcjno af a`s gkhhjssjknfc, `nc af wjmm djnc jt jngkngfjv`emf fjtafr
ta`t sk dfw cr`wjnos `rf wkrta 6 pfr gfnt kd taf fstjh`tfc gkst kd taf eujmcjno, kr
ta`t taf `rgajtfgt g`nnkt h`if jhhfcj`tf `mtfr`tjkns sk `s tk a`mvf taf gkntr`g-
tkr‚s prjgfs wjtakut s`grjdjgjno `ny kd taf `hfnjtjfs‘ (Gkmmjns, 0:?0, p. 0:4).
5.4 Jntfor`tjkn `nc jhpmjg`tjkns
af pfrspfgtjvfs cjsgussfc jn tajs ga`ptfr `mm cf`m wjta taf pfrgfptjkn `nc jntfr-
prft`tjkn kd prkcugt qu`mjtjfs. \frgfptjkn kggurs wafn n jncjvjcu`m js gkndrkntfc
wjta taf t`nojemf `nc jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd ` prkcugt. Jn tajs rfsf`rga J
tafrfdkrf cfdjnf cfsjon qu`mjty `s `n kvfr`mm v`muf bucofhfnt ey `n jncjvjcu`m
pfrskn e`sfc kn taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn tajs pfrskn `nc `n kebfgt jn taf eujmt fn-
vjrknhfnt. J `ssuhf ta`t v`muf bucofhfnt jngmucfs `n `ssfsshfnt `ekut taf mfvfm
kd qu`mjty `s wfmm `s `n `ddfgtjvf rfspknsf. @dtfr ` bucofhfnt ` prkcugt js `sskgj-
`tfc wjta ` gfrt`jn v`muf, wajga gkumc rfm`tf tk `mm ijncs kd prkcugt v`mufs, suga
`s usf v`muf, fnvjrknhfnt`m kr fgknkhjg fxga`nof v`muf. Jn tajs sfnsf taf prkcugt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 51/341
76
rfgfjvfs jts v`muf `dtfr jts hf`njno js jntfrprftfc ey `n jncjvjcu`m. Cfsjon qu`mjty
rfm`tfs cjrfgtmy tk cjddfrfnt cjhfnsjkns kd prkcugt v`muf efg`usf tafsf cjhfnsjkns
jngmucf ` bucofhfnt `ekut gfrt`jn ga`r`gtfrjstjgs. Hkst kd taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd
` eujmcjno `rf gknsjcfrfc `s fvjcfnt `nc knmy mf`c tk gknsgjkus cjss`tjsd`gtjkn jn
g`sf e`sjg rfqujrfhfnts `rf nkt hft. G`sfs kd fxtrfhf pksjtjvf kr nfo`tjvf fxpfrj-
fngfs gkumc mf`c tk ` surprjsf kr ‑wkw‚-fxpfrjfngf.Jncjvjcu`ms `gt jn taf gkntfxt kd tafjr pfrskn`m v`muf systfh, wajga js `ppmjfc
curjno taf bucofhfnt. ajs v`muf systfh jngmucfs taf ok`ms `nc fxpfgt`tjkns kd
taf jncjvjcu`m. Jd `ssfsshfnts `rf h`cf jn orkups, ` v`muf systfh js cfvfmkpfc
`hkno taf hfhefrs kd taf orkup, wajga gkumc jndmufngf taf jncjvjcu`m v`muf
systfh. af jncjvjcu`m v`muf systfh gkumc `msk ef jndmufngfc ey pfrskn`m, skgj`m,
`nc fxtfrn`m v`rj`emfs kd taf gkntfxt. af cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs ta`t `rf ccrfssfc
jn tajs ga`ptfr sakw ta`t cjddfrfngfs jn v`muf bucofhfnts g`n ef `ssjonfc tk `
cjddfrfngf jn taf wfjoat kd v`mufs, taf `hkunt `nc usf kd jndkrh`tjkn curjno taf
bucofhfnt, kr ` cjddfrfngf jn tr`jnjno kd taf fxprfssjkn kr vfre`mjs`tjkn kd prkcugt
fxpfrjfngf. J prfsuhf ta`t taf st`of jn wajga ` prkcugt js jn ‗ ` rfprfsfnt`tjknkd ` duturf prkcugt kr ` paysjg`m kebfgt ‗ js p`rt kd taf jndkrh`tjkn ta`t js `v`jm-
`emf curjno v`muf bucofhfnt. Hkst kd taf pfrspfgtjvfs gknsjcfrfc jn taf prfvjkus
sfgtjkns ck nkt mjni v`muf bucofhfnt tk cfgjsjkn h`ijno, eut jhpmjgjtmy suoofst
ta`t ` cfgjsjkn g`n ef sffn `s ` gknsfnsus `hkno v`muf bucofhfnts kd taf orkup
hfhefrs `ekut ` prkcugt jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. J tafrfdkrf gkngmucf ta`t
cfgjsjkn h`ijno js `n jtfr`tjvf prkgfss kd cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts, rf-
sumtjno jn cjddfrfnt ijncs kd prkcugt v`mufs. afsf v`mufs `rf nkt f`sy tk suh up
`nc bustjdy `s knf ‑truta‚ efg`usf tafy `rf e`sfc kn pfrgfptjkns kd taf orkup hfh-
efrs. Fvfntu`mmy tafrf gkumc ef gknsfnsus eftwffn orkup hfhefrs ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty. @ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty js gknsfqufntmy p`rt kd ` prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno`hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Djourf 5.1 siftgafs taf gkntfxt kd v`muf bucofhfnt
`ekut cfsjon qu`mjty.
@s ` rfsumt kd taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn taf jncjvjcu`m `nc taf prkcugt, ` v`muf
bucofhfnt `mw`ys jngmucfs `n fxpfrjfngf ta`t js `ggkhp`njfc wjta `n `ddfgtjvf rf-
spknsf. E`sfc kn taf tafkry `ccrfssfc jn tajs ga`ptfr J prkpksf ta`t tajs `ddfgtjvf
rfspknsf gknsjsts kd tarff gkhpknfnts2 `fstaftjg fxpfrjfngf, fxpfrjfngf kd hf`n-
jno, `nc fhktjkn`m fxpfrjfngf. af cforff tk wajga ` pfrskn h`n`ofs tk cftfgt
strugturf, krcfr, kr gkhpmfxjty cftfrhjnfs taf cforff kd prfdfrfngf `nc cfmjoat
dkr ` prkcugt kn `n `fstaftjg mfvfm. af `pprk`ga kd fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy
dkgusfs kn tajs `fstaftjg fxpfrjfngf, wajga sffhs tk a`vf `n fvkmutjkn`ry e`sjs.Jn `rgajtfgturf knf kdtfn dkgusfs kn taf gknnkt`tjvf `spfgts kd ` eujmcjno ta`t
prkvjcf hf`njno, `nc gknsjcfrs taf skgj`m `nc skgjft`m jhp`gt kd ` prkcugt jn taf
eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. af `pprk`ga kd prkcugt fxpfrjfngf dkgusfs kn taf fhktjkn`m
`ppr`js`m kd `n fvfnt kr sjtu`tjkn `s pktfntj`mmy efnfdjgj`m kr a`rhdum tk ` pfrskn.
Drkh taf mjtfr`turf jt rfh`jns ungmf`r jn wa`t sfnsf `nc akw fx`gtmy tajs `ddfg-
tjvf rfspknsf jndmufngfs taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss kd cfsjon qu`mjty nc tafrfdkrf taf
prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd gmjfnts.
@rgajtfgts gkumc t`if `cv`nt`of kd taf inkwmfcof jn taf djfmc kd fnvjrknhfnt`m
psygakmkoy, prkcugt fxpfrjfngf, nc djncjnos drkh pkst kggup`ngy fv`mu`tjkns tk
try tk efttfr hfft taf nffcs kd taf gmjfnt wjta tafjr cfsjons (\ajmjp, 0::4). Dkr
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 52/341
74
fx`hpmf, N`s`r (0::3) suoofsts `cbustjno taf mfvfm kd krcfr, d`hjmj`rjty, gkhpmfx-
jty `nc cjsgrfp`ngjfs tk taf `jh kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. Cfsjon rfvjfw sffijno fxgjtf-
hfnt sakumc fngkur`of ajoa gkhpmfxjty, `typjg`mjty `nc mkw krcfr9 cfsjon rfvjfw
sffijno g`mhnfss sakumc fngkur`of ajoa krcfr `nc n`tur`mnfss. ‑_kw‚-fxpfrjfng-
fs sffh jhpkrt`nt tk jngrf`sf s`mf kd ` prkcugt. @ ‑wkw‚-fxpfrjfngf js prke`emy
e`sfc kn ` pfrgfptjkn kd ajoamy `pprfgj`tfc `nc jntfor`tfc paysjg`m `ttrjeutfs. Jtgkumc `msk ef e`sfc kn knmy knf strjijno df`turf dkr taf rjoat v`muf systfh. Jn taf
gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn cfsjon dkr fhktjkn gkumc ef `n jntfrfstjno str`tfoy
jn krcfr tk jhprkvf taf ga`ngf kn wjnnjno ` tfncfr. ajs akwfvfr rfqujrfs `c-
cjtjkn`m rfsf`rga.
@ v`muf bucofhfnt jngmucfs `n `ssfsshfnt `ekut taf mfvfm kd qu`mjty kr v`muf
kd ` prkcugt. Jn hy kpjnjkn hkst pfrspfgtjvfs cjsgussfc jn tajs ga`ptfr cf`m wjta
dkur ofnfr`m mfvfms jn `ssfssjno qu`mjty2 uncfr-pfrdkrh`ngf, e`sjg pfrdkrh`ngf,
`ccfc v`muf, nc fxgfmmfngf. Wkhf utakrs st`tf ta`t taf cjstjngtjkn eftwffn qu`m-
jty `nc v`muf mjfs jn taf kebfgtjvf kr suebfgtjvf ga`r`gtfr kd jts bucofhfnt `nc taf
dr`hf ta`t js usfc tk h`if taf gkhp`rjskn. Ktafrs `ttrjeutf taf suebfgtjvjty `nckebfgtjvjty tk taf ga`r`gtfr kd taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf prkcugt. Jn tajs rfsf`rga J
`ssuhf ta`t taf paysjg`m ga`r`gtfr kr t`nojejmjty kd ` prkcugt qu`mjty h`if jt pks-
sjemf tk cfvfmkp ` gkhhknmy `ggfptfc, `ssfsshfnt systfh. Ufsumts kd `ssfsshfnts
e`sfc kn taf usf kd qu`ntjt`tjvf `ssfsshfnt systfhs `rf usu`mmy hkrf gknsjstfnt
`nc tafrfdkrf pfrgfjvfc `s kebfgtjvf. Dkr prkcugt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t `rf mfss t`n-
ojemf `n `ssfsshfnt systfh js kdtfn eujmt `hkno ` systfh kd (fxpfrt) `ssfsskrs
waksf v`muf bucofhfnts `rf gkhhknmy `ggfptfc. af v`mjcjty kd tafsf ijncs kd
`ssfsshfnts g`n ef hf`surfc ey taf `orffhfnt `hkno taf `ssfsskrs, wajga kd
gkursf ckfs nkt a`vf tk mf`c tk taf s`hf bucofhfnt dkr fvfry `ssfsskr.
Djourf 5.1 Saf gkngfpt kd cfsjon qu`mjty cfnfc `s v`muf bucofhfnt `s ` rfsumt kd taf jntfr`g-
tjkn eftwffn ` prkcugt `nc `n jncjvjcu`m jn taf gkntfxt kd ` v`muf systfh kd ` orkup
fxtfrn`m
d`gtkrs prkcugt qu`mjtjfsv`muf systfh
WS@IFAKMCFU \UKCVGST@MVF
BVCOFHFNS
prkcugt v`mufs
CFWJON PV@MJSZ
• @ssfsshfnt
• @ddfgtjvf rfspknsf
/ /
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 53/341
7?
af kutgkhfs kd `n `ssfsshfnt kd `n jncjvjcu`m (fxpfrt) `ssfsskr js kdtfn pfr-
gfjvfc `s suebfgtjvf ey n`turf `nc tafrfdkrf kd mfssfr v`muf ta`n taf kebfgtjvf
bucofhfnts. Jn g`sf kd jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs taf orf`tfst kebfgtjvjty js kdtfn
grf`tfc tarkuoa jntfr-suebfgtjvf `ssfsshfnt ey ` orkup kd fxpfrts wajga g`n ef
gknsjcfrfc. Jn tkc`y‚s skgjfty, pfrgfjvfc kebfgtjvjty `nc qu`ntjdjg`tjkn sffh tk ef
v`mufc ajoafr ta`n v`mjcjty `nc rfmj`ejmjty. Jt `ppf`rs ta`t pfkpmf `ssuhf `n kebfg-tjvf bucofhfnt wjtajn ` st`nc`rcjsfc `ssfsshfnt systfh tk a`vf hkrf prfcjgtjvf
pkwfr ta`n suebfgtjvf bucofhfnt. @ qu`ntjt`tjvf ssfsshfnt prkcugfs nuhfrj-
g`m cfvj`tjkn eftwffn bucofhfnts, wajga g`n tafn ef st`tjstjg`mmy fx`hjnfc tk tfst
jts sjonjdjg`ngf. Akwfvfr, sh`mm cfvj`tjkns wjtajn ` hf`surfhfnt systfh `rf nk
ou`r`ntff ta`t taf v`muf bucofhfnt js v`mjc, rfmj`emf `nc ofnfr`mjs`emf. afrfdkrf
wf g`nnkt cfdjnjtjvfmy gakksf eftwffn kebfgtjvjty kr suebfgtjvf `ssfsshfnts2 okkc
`ssfsshfnts rfqujrf okkc `ssfsshfnt systfhs `c`ptfc tk taf t`si kd bucofhfnt
(Ako`rta, 5<<6). ajs hf`ns ta`t taf cfgjsjkn t`si sakumc cftfrhjnf taf `ssfss-
hfnt systfh. Jd suebfgtjvjty js p`rt kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si, taf systfh sakumc t`if
tajs jntk `ggkunt.E`sfc kn taf tafkry jn tajs ga`ptfr J gkngmucf ta`t `ssfsshfnt systfhs dkr
cfsjon qu`mjty nffc tk t`if jntk `ggkunt ta`t `ddfgtjvf rfspknsfs kggur jn taf jn-
tfr`gtjkn eftwffn ` prkcugt `nc `n jncjvjcu`m. afsf rfspknsfs gkhf tk taf dkrf
knmy `dtfr taf gkndrknt`tjkn wjta taf prkpks`ms kr prfsfnt`tjkns kd taf fntr`nts
kd ` tfncfr. ajs hf`ns ta`t suga ` rfspknsf g`nnkt ef prfcjgtfc `nc taf fx`gt
`spfgts ey wajga taf `ssfsshfnt js h`cf g`nnkt ef inkwn efdkrfa`nc. Ufsf`rga
a`s prkcugfc jnsjoats kn taf cjhfnsjkns kd taf v`muf kd ` prkcugt, suga `s skgj`m,
usfr `nc fgknkhjg v`muf, wajga g`n ef tr`gfc e`gi tk taf fssfntj`ms kd Tjtruvjus
`nc `ppf`r tk ef ` gknst`nt d`gtkr jn cfsjon `ssfsshfnts. afrfdkrf tafy gkumc ef
usfc tk cfvfmkp `n `pprkprj`tf `ssfsshfnt systfh. Jn hy kpjnjkn `n `ssfsshfntkd cfsjon qu`mjty sakumc `mw`ys jngmucf `n jncjvjcu`m gknsjcfr`tjkn kd gksts `nc
efnfdjts. @ rfh`jnjno ga`mmfnof js tk cfsjon ` systfh ta`t jngmucfs akmjstjg `s wfmm
`s cfgkhpksfc qu`mjty `nc t`ifs jntk `ggkunt taf ga`nojno v`muf ajfr`rgay kd `s-
sfsskrs `s jncjvjcu`ms `s wfmm `s kn ` orkup mfvfm.
af mjtfr`turf drkh psygakmkoy suoofsts ta`t taf f`sf kd taf `ssfsshfnt kd taf
paysjg`m `ttrjeutfs (ga`r`gtfrjstjgs) kd ` prkcugt rfm`tfs tk taf pktfntj`m cfvj`tjkn
kd taf kutgkhf kd taf `ssfsshfnts eftwffn cjddfrfnt jncjvjcu`ms. af `ssfsshfnts
wjtajn orkups kd cjddfrfnt mfvfms kd fxpfrtjsf `ppf`r nkt tk cjddfr `s huga `s ef-
twffn orkups, eut fvfn tafsf cjddfrfngfs `ppf`r tk ef rfstrjgtfc tk ekta fncs kd
taf sg`mf. Fspfgj`mmy jn fxtrfhf g`sfs kd hkcfrn kr tr`cjtjkn`m cfsjon, fxpfrts`nc nkvjgfs sffh tk gkhf tk cjddfrfnt v`muf bucofhfnts. Fxpfrts kdtfn rfprfsfnt
taf `rgajtfgtur`m kr ` cfsjon rfm`tfc prkdfssjkn`m gkhhunjty. Eut efg`usf kd taf
ajoa jhp`gt kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt`m J prkpksf ta`t ` v`muf bucofhfnt sakumc
`msk rfprfsfnt ktafr st`ifakmcfrs, suga `s usfrs kr gmjfnts/gustkhfrs. afn taf
qufstjkns `rjsfs wak wkumc ef `emf tk rfprfsfnt taf st`ifakmcfrs efst `nc wajga
gkhpftfngfs `rf nffcfc tk ef ` okkc burkr. ajs gkumc rfqujrf `ccjtjkn`m fcug`-
tjkn kr suppkrt dkr skhf burkrs. Fvfn pfkpmf wjta ` cfsjon fcug`tjkn hjoat nffc
tr`jnjno jn krcfr tk ef `emf tk bucof cfsjon qu`mjty kutsjcf taf gkntfxt kd tafjr
kwn jntfrfsts. Durtafr rfsf`rga js rfqujrfc kn taf cjddfrfnt mfvfms kd fxpfrtjsf kd
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 54/341
71
st`ifakmcfrs `nc tafjr `ejmjtjfs tk `ssfss cfsjon qu`mjty jn rfm`tjkn tk taf gksts `nc
efnfdjts kd usfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn.
af pksjtjkn kd us`ejmjty nc dungtjkn`mjty kd ` prkcugt jn rfm`tjkn tk taf `ddfg-
tjvf rfspknsf js stjmm tkpjg kd cfe`tf hkno taf sgakm`rs ccrfssfc jn tajs ga`ptfr.
ajs gkumc krjojn`tf drkh waftafr us`ejmjty kr dungtjkn`mjty `rf sffn `s prkcugt
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kr tk jhpmy `ssfsshfnts `ekut taf usf kd taf prkcugt. Jt gkumc `mskcfpfnc kn taf cjddfrfngf jn wfjoats kd `ssfsskrs kr cfvfmkpfrs kd taf prkcugt. af
cjddfrfngf eftwffn prf-purga`sf v`muf (prkcugt fxpfgt`tjkns) `nc pkst-purga`sf
v`muf (rf`mjsfc ey usf) `ppf`rs tk ef jntfrwkvfn jn taf cjddfrfnt `pprk`gafs tk cf-
sjon qu`mjty. Jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt v`muf h`n`ofhfnt tafkrftjg`mmy mjnis prf-
purga`sf v`muf tk st`ifakmcfrs wjta pkst-purga`sf v`muf tk usfrs curjno taf cj`-
mkouf. Jn prkcugt cfsjon rfsf`rgafrs hkstmy dkgus kn prf-purga`sf v`muf, wafrf`s
fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkojsts gkngfntr`tf kn fv`mu`tjkns curjno nc `dtfr usf. af
cjddfrfngf eftwffn ` gmjfnt `nc ` gustkhfr js rfm`tfc tk tafsf v`mufs gkngfpts.
af `rgajtfgtur`m `nc v`muf `pprk`ga ekta `ccrfss taf `gtjvf jnvkmvfhfnt kd `
gmjfnt `nc ktafr st`ifakmcfrs curjno taf prkgfss kd cfvfmkphfnt, wafrf`s drkhtaf pfrspfgtjvf kd pfrgfptjkn `nc prkcugt fxpfrjfngf taf usfrs kr gustkhfrs sffh
tk a`vf ` r`tafr p`ssjvf rkmf. Cfpfncjno kn taf pa`sf kd cfvfmkphfnt, taf tfrh
prkcugt js usfc dkr duturf paysjg`m kebfgt (` cfsjon) kr n fxjstjno paysjg`m kebfgt
(` eujmcjno kr gknsuhfr prkcugt). Jn `rgajtfgturf ` prkcugt js ‑ekuoat‚ e`sfc kn
fxpfgtfc kr jntfncfc cfsjon qu`mjty. Jn ta`t sfnsf taf gmjfnt cftfrhjnfs taf qu`mjty
st`nc`rcs, `mtakuoa tafsf jnfvjt`emy ga`nof curjno taf gkursf kd taf prkbfgt. Jt js
vfry mjifmy ta`t taf h`njdfst`tjkn kd taf prkcugt js `msk rfdmfgtfc jn taf `ddfgtjvf
rfspknsf. af ijncs kd gknsjcfr`tjkns h`cf curjno `ssfsshfnts rfdmfgt taf `gtjvf
`nc p`ssjvf rkmf kd taf gmjfnt guh gustkhfr9 taf e`m`ngf eftwffn gksts `nc qu`mj-
tjfs strknomy rfm`tfs tk `n `gtjvf rkmf jn prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt, wajmf taf fxpfrjfn-tj`m rfspknsf jhpmjfs ` p`ssjvf rkmf kd taf gmjfnt/gustkhfr.
Dkr duturf rfsf`rga jt wkumc ef jntfrfstjno tk inkw hkrf `ekut taf rfm`tjkn
eftwffn taf cjhfnsjkns kd gkhpmfxjty, pmf`surf `nc `rkus`m jn rfm`tjkn tk taf
eujmcjno ga`r`gtfrjstjgs wajga g`usf surprjsf kr gkntrjeutf tk taf ‑wkw‚-fddfgt
tk cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfr orkups jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. Ako`rta (0:11) jn-
trkcugfc taf cjddfrfngf eftwffn gkhpfns`tkry `nc nkn-gkhpfns`tkry hkcfms
kd v`muf bucofhfnt tk `ccrfss taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn ` tkt`m suh kd `oorfo`tfc
sgkrfs `nc gkhpfns`tjno `spfgts. ajs gkngfpt sffhs tk ef `ppmjg`emf tk taf js-
sufs jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon `nc nffcs durtafr fxpmkr`tjkn jn taf djfmc kd cfsjon
`ssfsshfnt. af m`gi kd fhpjrjg`m c`t` jn taf djfmcs kd `rgajtfgturf `nc gknstrug-tjkn h`n`ofhfnt hjoat ef fxpm`jnfc ey taf d`gt ta`t prkcugts g`n ef hkrf f`sjmy
pjmktfc ta`n eujmcjnos. Hkgi-ups h`if prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt hkrf rf`mjstjg `nc
cyn`hjg, eut sjhjm`r prkemfhs cjc nkt prfvfnt ktafr djfmcs kd sgjfngf drkh cf-
vfmkpjno ` rfsf`rga tr`cjtjkn. af a`ncs-kn `nc pr`oh`tjg gumturf wjta mjhjtfc
`ttfntjkn dkr systfh`tjg inkwmfcof cfvfmkphfnt hjoat ef `nktafr rf`skn dkr taf
m`gi kd fhpjrjg`m wkri. Jn rfm`tjkn tk prkgfss h`n`ofhfnt taf djfmcs kd `rgajtfg-
turf `nc gknstrugtjkn h`n`ofhfnt gkumc efnfdjt orf`tmy drkh stucjfs jn taf djfmc
kd pkmjtjg`m sgjfngf, okvfrn`ngf, puemjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc usfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn
prkcugt cfsjon. afsf djfmcs hjoat `msk safc mjoat jntk taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn `
gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty jn ` mfo`m sfnsf `nc ` gmjfnt jn rf`m mjdf. @mm pfrspfgtjvfs cjs-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 55/341
7:
gussfc jn tajs ga`ptfr ck nkt ccrfss taf jssufs kd mj`ejmjty ekut taf gknsfqufngfs
kd ` v`muf bucofhfnt `nc taf cjddfrfnt jcfntjtjfs rfprfsfntfc ey `n jncjvjcu`m.
Jnsjoats drkh cfgjsjkn h`ijno tafkrjfs gkumc gkntrjeutf tk inkwmfcof `ekut taf
mfvfm kd fxpfrjfngf ta`t js rfqujrfc tk h`if pprkprj`tf ssfsshfnts nc taf cfvfm-
kphfnt kd skunc ssfsshfnt systfhs jn krcfr tk h`if cfgjsjkns nc pursuf gtjkn
jn cfsjon. Jn Ga`ptfr 7 sfvfr`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno tafkrjfs `rf cjsgussfc jn rfm`tjkntk taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn `nc v`muf bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 56/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 57/341
30
Ga`ptfr 7
BVCOFHFNS @NC CFGJWJKN H@IJNO
7.0 Jntrkcugtjkn
af djfmc kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kddfrs ` erk`c r`nof kd pfrspfgtjvfs kn jncjvjcu`m
cfgjsjkn h`ijno `s wfmm `s cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn orkups kr kro`njs`tjkns. af djfmc
a`s mkno rfsf`rga tr`cjtjkn wjta cjvfrsjty kd rfsf`rga hftakcs jngmucjno fxpfrj-
hfnts, survfys, kesfrv`tjkns, jntfrvjfws, `nc humtjpmf rfsf`rga cjsgjpmjnfs suga
`s psygakmkoy, `chjnjstr`tjvf efa`vjkur, fgknkhjgs, skgjkmkoy `nc `ntarkpkmkoy.
_ajmf taf djrst ofnfr`tjkn kd tafkrjfs trf`tfc cfgjsjkn h`ijno `s r`tjkn`m prkgfss
`ijn tk h`ijno gakjgfs jn ` o`hf, hkrf rfgfnt tafkrjfs stucy cfgjsjkn h`ijno jnrf`m-mjdf gkntfxts `nc jngmucf jntujtjkn, `ddfgt `nc fhktjkn. @t taf s`hf tjhf, taf
sgkpf `msk erk`cfnfc drkh jnvfstjo`tjno jncjvjcu`m, gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs kd cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno tk `ccrfssjno skgj`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m jndmufngfs. @ttfntjkn tk taf
jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn jncjvjcu`m, orkup `nc taf kro`njs`tjkn`m jndmufngfs js nffcfc
tk jngrf`sf taf uncfrst`ncjno kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. _fjgi (0:4:) jntrkcugfc taf
gkngfpt kd sfnsfh`ijno, wajga fxpm`jnfc ta`t pfkpmf fn`gt tafjr fnvjrknhfnt
wafn tafy h`if sfnsf kd jt `nc `gt upkn tafjr jntfrprft`tjkn. F`ga ofnfr`tjkn kd
tafkrjfs eujmcs kn taf wkri kd taf prfvjkus ofnfr`tjkn. ajs hf`ns ta`t tafkrjfs
ck nkt gkhpftf kn fvfry `spfgt `nc kdtfn `rf gkhpmfhfnt`ry. af prfdfrfngf dkr
` gfrt`jn ijnc kd cfgjsjkn tafkry sffhs tk cfpfnc kn taf djfmc kd sgjfngf. Jn fgk-nkhjgs `nc fnojnffrjno, taf f`rmy hkcfms kd cfgjsjkn tafkry `nc djrst ofnfr`tjkn
tafkrjfs sffh tk ef prfdfrrfc, wajmf hkst kd taf wkri jn skgj`m `nc h`n`ofhfnt
sgjfngfs js e`sfc kn djrst `nc sfgknc ofnfr`tjkn tafkrjfs.
ajs ga`ptfr prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf psygakmkojg`m `spfgts ta`t sffh hkst
rfmfv`nt dkr bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf gkntfxt kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgaj-
tfgt. Jt fm`ekr`tfs kn taf cfdjnjtjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjty `s ` v`muf bucofhfnt drkh
Ga`ptfr 5. af pkmjtjg`m, gumtur`m `nc mfo`m gkntfxt jn wajga puemjg gmjfnts fn`gt
wjmm ef cjsgussfc jn Ga`ptfr 3. koftafr taf djrst dkur ga`ptfrs prkvjcf taf e`sjs
dkr taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri jn Ga`ptfr 6. af ga`ptfr st`rts wjta `n kvfrvjfw
kd tarff ofnfr`tjkns kd cfgjsjkn tafkry (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<69 Akcoijnskn &Wt`reugi, 5<<1`). af rfmfv`ngf kd f`ga ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkry tk sfmfgtjno
`n `rgajtfgt js cjsgussfc. af uncfrmyjno taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf ofnfr`tjkns
kd cfgjsjkn tafkry rfdmfgt pktfntj`m skurgfs kd gkndmjgt eftwffn r`tjkn`mjty `nc jn-
tujtjkn. ajs js fxpmkrfc jn taf sfgknc sfgtjkn. afn taf `gtu`m prkgfssfs kd h`i-
jno cfgjsjkns `rf cfsgrjefc. af cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs `nc d`gtkrs kd jndmufngf `rf
djrst cjsgussfc kn taf jncjvjcu`m nc tafn kn taf tf`h mfvfm. af ga`ptfr fncs wjta
` sakrt rfdmfgtjkn `nc gkngmusjkn jn rfm`tjkn tk taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 58/341
35
7.5 Sarff ofnfr`tjkns kd cfgjsjkn tafkry
ajs sfgtjkn `ccrfssfs taf tarff ofnfr`tjkns kd tafkrjfs jn taf djfmc kd cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. af f`rmy hkcfms kd cfgjsjkn tafkry dkgusfc kn akw jncjvjcu`m pfkpmf
sakumc h`if cfgjsjkns. afsf hkcfms `ssuhf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf g`p`emf kd
h`ijno r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkns efg`usf tafy `rf dummy jndkrhfc `nc `emf tk fstjh`tf
taf rjsis kd h`xjhuh utjmjty kd ` cfgjsjkn. _afn Wjhkn dkunc ta`t taf r`tjkn`m-jty kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs js `gtu`mmy ekuncfc (Wjhkn, 0::?, 0st fcjtjkn puemjsafc
jn 0:3?), ` nfw ofnfr`tjkn kd efa`vjkur`m cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs st`rtfc tk cfvfmkp.
ajs ofnfr`tjkn dkgusfs kn taf usf kd afurjstjgs `s cfgjsjkn rumfs. Wgakm`rs jn taf
`rf` kd n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno stucy cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn rf`m mjdf jn krcfr tk
kesfrvf akw cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf wafn jndkrh`tjkn js `esfnt, wa`t taf jndmufngf
kd taf kro`njs`tjkn`m gkntfxt js, wa`t rkmf fhktjkns, jntujtjkn `nc `ddfgt pm`y jn
cfgjsjkn h`ijno ftg. ajs efg`hf taf sfgknc ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs. Jn
tajs sfgtjkn mm tarff ofnfr`tjkns rf sakrtmy cfsgrjefc nc ppmjfc kn taf sjtu`tjkn
kd rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
7.5.0 F`rmy hkcfms kd cfgjsjkn tafkry
F`rmy hkcfms kd cfgjsjkn tafkry g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ofnfr`tjkn zfrk jn cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. Hkst kd tafsf hkcfms wfrf prfsgrjptjvf jn n`turf, j.f. tafy cfsgrjef akw
pfkpmf (jncjvjcu`ms kr kro`njs`tjkns) sakumc efa`vf jn krcfr tk dumdjm taf rfqujrf-
hfnts kd r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno. \rfsgrjptjvf tafkrjfs `ssuhf ta`t `n jcf`m cf-
gjsjkn h`ifr js dummy jndkrhfc, `emf tk gkhputf wjta h`xjhuh `ggur`gy, `nc
`gts gkhpmftfmy r`tjkn`mmy jn krcfr tk strjvf dkr h`xjhjz`tjkn kd taf suebfgtjvf
fxpfgtfc utjmjty jn ` cfgjsjkn (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). Gakjgfs `rf sffn `s efts
wjta ` prke`ejmjstjg r`nof kd kutgkhfs kd v`rjkus utjmjtjfs. ajs mjnf kd rf`sknjnost`rtfc wjta taf utjmjty tafkry kd Efrnkummj (0?71) `nc E`yfs‚s (0?47) tafkrfh kd
prke`ejmjty tafkry. af fxpfgtfc utjmjty tafkry kd vkn Nfuh`nn `nc Hkrofnstfrn
(0:3?) g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s knf kd taf djrst prfsgrjptjvf cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs `nc taf
h`bkr cfgjsjkn p`r`cjoh sjngf _krmc _`r JJ.
af prjsknfr‚s cjmfhh` (vkn Nfuh`nn & Hkrofnstfrn, 0:3?) `nc taf e`sjg
cfgjsjkn cjmfhh` (Efan & T`upfm, 0:15) `rf fx`hpmfs kd o`hfs `o`jnst kppk-
nfnts e`sfc kn taf o`hemjno `n`mkoy jn prfsgrjptjvf cfgjsjkn tafkry. af utjmjty
dungtjkn `ssuhfs ta`t prfdfrfngf rfdmfgts ekta taf v`muf kd taf kutgkhf kd ` cfgj-
sjkn tk ` cfgjsjkn h`ifr `nc ajs kr afr dffmjnos `ekut rjsis. afrf `rf v`rjkus vfr-
sjkns kd utjmjty tafkry eut tafy `mw`ys gknnfgt, jntfrrfm`tf `nc suh up v`mufs `ncrjsis (vkn _jntfrdfmct & Fcw`rcs, 0:14). arff ijncs kd rf`m wkrmc prke`ejmjtjfs
fxjst ta`t h`if jt pkssjemf tk utjmjsf taf kptjkns jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno (Ef`ga &
Gknnkmmy, 5<<69 Ojofrfnzfr, 0::0)2 nfgfss`ry prke`ejmjty wjta tafkrftjg`m ga`ngfs
(f.o. ` cjgf a`s sjx sjcfs), drfqufntjstjg prke`ejmjty ta`t prfcjgts mkno-run prke-
`ejmjtjfs (f.o. taf rfsumts kd taf prfvjkus tarkws), `nc suebfgtjvf kr pfrskn`m prke-
`ejmjty ta`t fstjh`tfs prke`ejmjtjfs kd unjquf fvfnts (f.o. pfrskn`m takuoats `ekut
taf kccs). Ufsf`rga a`s sakwn ta`t suebfgtjvf prke`ejmjty cfpfncs kn taf ijnc kd
`ssfsshfnt, taf st`tfc prke`ejmjty, `nc rfm`tjvf drfqufngy jn taf wkrcjno kd taf
qufstjkns, wajmf dkr taf ktafr ijncs kd prke`ejmjtjfs `ggur`gy `nc gkafrfngf `rf
hkst jhpkrt`nt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 59/341
37
Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs sffh tk usf cjddfrfnt str`tfojfs dkr cjddfrfnt bucofhfnt`m t`sis
jn cjddfrfnt bucofhfnt`m fnvjrknhfnts. af pr`gtjg`m `ppmjg`tjkn kd prfsgrjptjvf
tafkry js g`mmfc cfgjsjkn `n`mysjs `nc js `jhfc `t cfvfmkpjno tkkms `nc hftakcs tk
afmp pfkpmf h`ijno efttfr cfgjsjkns, suga `s cfgjsjkn trffs `nc cfgjsjkn h`trjgfs.
Wystfh`tjg skdtw`rf tkkms `rf `v`jm`emf `s cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs jn eusjnfss `s
wfmm `s jn cfsjon `nc fnojnffrjno. _jfrzejgij (0::?) dkunc ta`t humtj-grjtfrj`cfgjsjkn `jcs e`sfc kn f`rmy cfgjsjkn hkcfms ck nkt suppkrt taf `gtu`m gakjgf ef-
g`usf tajs gakjgf js kdtfn h`cf jntujtjvfmy. afrfdkrf af suoofsts ta`t jnstruhfnts
sakumc gkngfntr`tf hkrf kn suppkrtjno f`rmjfr st`ofs kd cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs ta`t
prfgfcf gakjgf.
Vtjmjty tafkry `nc prke`ejmjty tafkry `rf tafkrjfs `ekut `ssjonjno nuhefrs
tk fvfnts `nc nkt `ekut wa`t js v`mu`emf tk cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af efnfdjt kd taf
rfsf`rga jn tajs tr`cjtjkn js taf `ttfntjkn ojvfn tk rfpftjtjvf `nc sh`mm cfgjsjkns
gkhhkn jn c`jmy mjdf nc taf mf`rnjno fddfgts ta`t kggur jn tafsf sjtu`tjkns (Eftsga,
5<<6). Fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga a`s ofnfr`mmy sakwn ta`t taf `gtu`m prfdfrfngfs `nc
cfgjsjkn efa`vjkur `rf nkt jn mjnf wjta utjmjty `nc prke`ejmjty tafkry (Ef`ga &Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). af h`jn rf`skns dkr tajs `rf prke`emy ta`t hkst rf`m mjdf cfgj-
sjkns g`nnkt ef sffn `s o`hemjno prkemfhs. @mtakuoa pfkpmf skhftjhfs pfrgfjvf
rjsis `nc fstjh`tf tafjr ga`ngfs, tafy ck nkt utjmjsf tafjr kptjkns `s r`tjkn`mmy `s
js `ssuhfc. Jn c`jmy mjdf cfgjsjkns `rf d`r hkrf gkhpmfx ta`n prkpksfc jn m`ekr`-
tkry fxpfrjhfnts. Vsu`mmy jndkrh`tjkn ekut mtfrn`tjvfs js `esfnt nc gkntfxtu`m
d`gtkrs jndmufngf taf sjtu`tjkn. afrfdkrf jt js a`rc dkr cfgjsjkn h`ifrs tk o`jn `n
kvfrvjfw taf jndkrh`tjkn v`jm`emf nc taf gknsfqufngfs kd gtjkns. Ufgfnt cfvfm-
kphfnts kd cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs jn cfsjon usf cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfr jntfrfsts
(v`n Mkkn, Afurifns, & Erkniakrst, 5<<1) kr duzzy mkojg (Ejttfrh`nn, 5<<:) tk
jhjt`tf auh`n rf`sknjno jn taf gkntfxt kd orkups tk suppkrt cfgjsjkn h`ijno.Eut wa`tfvfr taf qu`mjtjfs kd suga systfhs, jt stjmm ckfs nkt ga`nof ta`t d`gt ta`t
taf `gtu`m cfgjsjkn g`nnkt ef t`ifn ey taf systfh eut a`s tk ef h`cf ey taf cfgj-
sjkn h`ifrs tafhsfmvfs.
Jn ofnfr`m tfncfrjno tafkry `ssuhfs ta`t taf kptjhuh ejc a`s twk gkhpk-
nfnts2 taf fstjh`tfc gksts kd fxfgutjno taf prkbfgt `nc ` str`tfoy dkr h`xjhjz-
jno prkdjt wajga gknstjtutfs ` gknst`nt h`ri-up (Uunfskn & Wijthkrf, 0:::).
Akwfvfr, `s sakwn ey Uunfskn `nc Wijthkrf (0:::), tfncfrjno tafkry ckfs nkt
pfrdkrh wfmm jn tfrhs kd `ggur`gy kd dkrfg`sts `nc jndkrh`tjvf gkntfnt. Jt sakws
jngknsjstfngjfs jn taf mkojg kd `ssuhfc prkdjt h`xjhjz`tjkn efa`vjkur `nc js nkt
e`sfc kn ` skunc tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri. ajs sffhs, dkr fx`hpmf, cuf tk taf d`gtta`t eujmcfrs `gtu`mmy ck nkt sfmm prkcugts eut sijmms `nc sfrvjgfs, ta`t tafsf sijmms
`rf skmc kn cjddfrfnt h`rifts, ta`t mf`rnjno t`ifs pm`gf, ta`t auh`ns `rf ekunc-
fcmy r`tjkn`m, ta`t prjgfs `nc h`ri-ups `rf `ddfgtfc ey ga`nofs jn cfh`nc, ta`t
gkntr`gtkrs skhftjhfs `gt str`tfojg`mmy kr pr`oh`tjg`mmy, `nc ta`t taf `ggur`gy kd
gkst fstjh`tfs js ofnfr`mmy vfry mkw. Cfspjtf tafsf jn`cfqu`gjfs cfgjsjkn trffs `nc
cfgjsjkn h`trjgfs g`n suppkrt taf e`sjg gakjgfs kd ` tfncfr prkgfcurf, taf `w`rc
hfga`njsh kr ktafr prjngjpmf gakjgfs kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf.
Cjddfrfnt sskgj`tjkns (f.o. @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:e9 Ga`k-Cujvjs, Iknjno,
Wpfiijni, & W`ufrwfjn, 5<<?9 GUK_ & E`m`ngf `nc Ufsumts, 5<<:) a`vf cfvfm-
kpfc gkhpftjtjkn `nc tfncfr hkcfms dkr taf Cutga gkntfxt, wajga rfdmfgt taf kp-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 60/341
33
pkrtunjtjfs prkvjcfc ey prkgurfhfnt m`w nc taf uncfrmyjno gknsjcfr`tjkns jn sf-
mfgtjno `n `mtfrn`tjvf dkr ` tfncfr prkbfgt. af ckgtkr`m tafsjs kd H`rgk Crfsgamfr
(5<<:) prkpksfs dkr fx`hpmf ` cfgjsjkn trff wjta kptjkns dkr taf `w`rc hfga`-
njsh dkr taf fgknkhjg`mmy hkst `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr. Jn gurrfnt tfncfr prkbfgts
cfgjsjkn h`trjgfs rf kdtfn usfc tk bustjdy sfmfgtjkn kr w`rc cfgjsjkn ey sakwjno
taf sgkrfs kd taf prkpks`ms kn taf grjtfrj` `nc tafjr rfm`tjvf wfjoats. Jn tajs sfnsftaf h`trjx js usfc `s ` Humtj-Grjtfrj` @n`mysjs (HG@).
7.5.5 Djrst ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs
af djrst ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs w`s m`rofmy jndmufngfc ey Wjhkn‚s wkri kn
‚ekuncfc r`tjkn`mjty‚ (Wjhkn, 0::?, djrst fcjtjkn 0:3?). af gkngfpt kd ekuncfc
r`tjkn`mjty js e`sfc kn taf prjngjpmf ta`t efg`usf taf g`p`gjty kd taf auh`n hjnc
js d`r tkk sh`mm tk dkrhum`tf `nc skmvf `mm prkemfhs `nc skmutjkn `mtfrn`tjvfs jn `
dummy r`tjkn`m h`nnfr, pfkpmf gakksf p`ta jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno ta`t ‑s`tjsdjfs‚ tafjr
nffcs r`tafr ta`n sf`rga dkr n kptjhuh s ssuhfc jn utjmjty tafkry. ajs nktjkn
efg`hf taf st`rt kd taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf tafkrjfs ta`t tkki taf `gtu`m prkgfss
kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc taf kro`njs`tjkn`m gkntfxt kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifr jntk `g-
gkunt (H`rga & Wjhkn, 0:61). afsf djrst ofnfr`tjkn cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs gknsjst
kn taf knf a`nc kd gkngfpts e`sfc kn bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno, suga `s
prkspfgt tafkry, `nc kn taf ktafr a`nc kn efa`vjkur`m tafkrjfs e`sfc kn taf usf
kd ofnfr`m rumfs kd tauhe jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno g`mmfc afurjstjgs.
Ufsf`rga jntk sk-g`mmfc rfdfrfngf cfpfncfngy a`s sakwn ta`t taf utjmjty gkn-
gfpt w`s `gtu`mmy hkrf gkhpmjg`tfc ta`n krjojn`mmy takuoat efg`usf pfkpmf tfnc
tk v`muf cjddfrfnt g`tfokrjfs kd hknfy cjddfrfntmy. I`anfh`n `nc vfrsiy (0:?:)
jngkrpkr`tfc tajs `pprk`ga jn tafjr prkspfgt tafkry. \rkspfgt tafkry `ssuhfs ta`t
taf v`muf kd `n ungfrt`jn ‑prkspfgt‚ js cftfrhjnfc ey ` wfjoatfc `vfr`of kd taf
cfgjsjkn h`ifr‚s v`mu`tjkns kd taf v`rjkus gknsfqufngfs kd taf prkspfgt, wafrf
taf wfjoats rfdmfgt ajs kr afr `ssfsshfnt kd taf mjifmjakkc kd f`ga gknsfqufngf.
Jn prkspfgt tafkry taf v`muf dkmmkws `n ‑W‚ p`ttfrn wjta stffp p`rts jn wajga mkss
kr o`jn `rf pfrgfjvfc `s hkrf fxtrfhf ta`n wkumc ef fxpfgtfc jn ` mjnf`r dung-
tjkn. af dungtjkn ckfs nkt gkunt tkt`m wf`mta, eut g`mgum`tfs taf suh kd o`jns
`nc mkssfs drkh `n `ngakr pkjnt `nc cfgjsjkn wfjoats jnstf`c kd dkrh`m kr suebfg-
tjvf prke`ejmjtjfs (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). af rfsumts kd prkspfgt tafkry `rf
rfh`ri`emy rkeust, `nc `ggkunt dkr ` wjcf r`nof kd gakjgfs jn m`ekr`tkry sfttjnos.
afy `rf gkhhknmy usfc jn fgknkhjg `n`mysjs. af h`jn grjtjgjshs kd prkspfgttafkry gkngfrn taf `ssuhptjkn kd ` p`ssjvf `ttjtucf kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc ktafr
psygakmkojg`m fddfgts suga `s mugi, ofttjno fvfn `nc fxgjtfhfnt jn rf`m mjdf fvfnts.
Wt`rtjno wjta Fcw`rcs (0:40), efa`vjkur`m cfgjsjkn tafkrjsts a`vf dkgusfc
kn djncjno w`ys jn wajga auh`n gakjgf cfvj`tfs drkh h`xjhjz`tjkn kd suebfg-
tjvf fxpfgtfc utjmjty ey jcfntjdyjno ` v`rjfty kd rumfs kd tauhe g`mmfc ‑afurjstjgs‚
(I`anfh`n, Wmkvjg, & vfrsiy, 0:15). afsf ofnfr`m rumfs kd tauhe rfcugf taf
tjhf `nc fddkrt rfqujrfc tk h`if rf`skn`emf bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkns, fspfgj`mmy
jn rkutjnf cfgjsjkns (Gyfrt & H`rga, 0:47). af tarff h`jn afurjstjgs prkpksfc
ey I`anfh`n `nc gkmmf`oufs `rf taf ‑rfprfsfnt`tjvf afurjstjg‚, taf ‑`v`jm`ejmjty
afurjstjg‚ `nc taf ‑`ngakrjno `nc `cbustjno afurjstjg‚. af rfprfsfnt`tjvf afu-rjstjg hf`ns ta`t cfgjsjkns tfnc tk rfdmfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd uncfrmyjno prkgfssfs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 61/341
36
`nc fvfnts ta`t `rf sjhjm`r eut nkt taf s`hf. af afurjstjg e`sfc kn `v`jm`ejmjty
cfsgrjefs ta`t curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno f`sy fx`hpmfs `rf usfc ta`t ‑a`ppfn tk ef
`v`jm`emf‚ efg`usf kd tafjr drfqufngy kr prke`ejmjty. _afn taf `ngakrjno & cbust-
hfnt afurjstjg ppmjfs taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs usfs n jnjtj`m oufss dkr taf djrst fstjh`-
tjkn `nc h`ifs `cbusthfnts tk tajs `ngakr v`muf.
Jt js stjmm nkt gmf`r wa`t fx`gtmy taf v`muf kd taf gkngfpt kd afurjstjgs `nc ej-`sfs js. Jt gmf`rmy jnspjrfc mkt kd rfsf`rgafrs tk n`mysf ej`sfs, taf hjst`ifs pfkpmf
h`if jn prke`ejmjty fstjh`tjkn. af rfprfsfnt`tjvfnfss afurjstjg gkumc dkr fx`h-
pmf g`usf wrknodum efmjfd jn taf m`w kd taf sh`mm nuhefrs (taf efmjfd ta`t r`nckh
s`hpmfs kd ` pkpum`tjkn wjmm rfsfhemf f`ga ktafr `nc taf pkpum`tjkn hkrf gmksfmy
ta`n st`tjstjg`m s`hpmjno tafkry wkumc ck), ` nfomfgt kd taf e`sf r`tf jndkrh`tjkn
(taf tfncfngy tk jonkrf taf rfm`tjvf drfqufngy wjta wajga `n fvfnt kggurs), `nc `
nfomfgt kd cj`onkstjgjty kd jndkrh`tjkn (taf tfncfngy tk h`if ‑nkn-rforfssjvf‚ prf-
cjgtjkns wafn nkt `ppmjg`emf) (\mkus, 0::7). afsf afurjstjgs gkumc strknomy jn-
dmufngf taf prke`ejmjty fstjh`tjkn wjtajn cfgjsjkns. Ufsf`rga kn afurjstjgs sffhs
tk prkvf ta`t wjtakut afmp kr `ttfntjkn skhf `pp`rfntmy sjhpmf prke`ejmjty prke-mfhs g`n ef trjgiy. Afurjstjgs `msk afmp tk eujmc ` g`us`m hkcfm dkr uncfrst`nc-
jno cfgjsjkn sjtu`tjkns. @msk jn m`w taf rkmf kd afurjstjgs curjno bucofs‚ cfmjefr`-
tjkns, taf cjddfrfngf eftwffn mfojtjhjz`tjkn `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc cf-ej`sjno
tfganjqufs curjno g`sfs `rf cjsgussfc (@rifs, 0:1:9 Njfuwfnaujs, 0:?49 Tjssfr,
5<<:). Ojofrfnzfr `nc gkmmf`oufs (5<<0) suoofst ta`t `n `mtfrn`tjvf g`tfokry kd
afurjstjgs, taf ‑d`st `nc druo`m‚ afurjstjgs, h`tga taf jndkrh`tjkn`m strugturf `nc
cfh`ncs kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn ` hkrf fgkmkojg`m `nc efttfr w`y. afy cfvfmkpfc
taf `c`ptjvf tkkmijt wajga h`ifs pfkpmf h`if ‑sh`rt‚ cfgjsjkn jn tfrhs kd tjhf,
inkwmfcof nc gkonjtjvf gkhput`tjkn.
H`n`ofhfnt `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m sgjfntjsts ekrrkwfc ` pmftakr` kd tfrhs drkhtaf e`sjg gkonjtjvf sgjfngfs (hfnt`m hkcfms, sgrjpts, gkonjtjvf h`ps, sgafh`t`)
tk jhprkvf tafjr uncfrst`ncjno kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Wtjmm taf gkngfpts `s dkunc
jn taf kro`njs`tjkn`m efa`vjkur mjtfr`turf m`gi tafkrftjg`m suest`ngf `nc `rf tkk
ofnfr`m tk fxpm`jn cfgjsjkn sjtu`tjkns (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). af mjhjt`tjkns
kd tajs typf kd rfsf`rga m`y jn jts gknsjcfrfc gkntfxt cfpfncfngy, jts rfmj`ngf kn
m`ekr`tkry fxpfrjhfnts wjta stucfnts, jts m`gi kd grkss gumtur`m krjfnt`tjkn nc taf
d`gt ta`t rfsf`rgafrs `rf vumnfr`emf tk taf s`hf ej`sfs tafy ck rfsf`rga kn (\mkus,
0::7). @ggkrcjno tk Akcoijnskn nc Wt`reugi (5<<1e) efa`vjkur`m cfgjsjkn taf-
kry a`s h`cf nk sjonjdjg`nt gkntrjeutjkns ta`t t`if hf`njnodum `ggkunt kd skgj`m
jntfr`gtjkn kr kro`njs`tjkn`m gkhpmfxjty. @ nffc dkr hkrf efa`vjkur`m rfsf`rga jnpr`gtjgf fxjsts efg`usf ”prkemfhs jcfntjdjfc jn pr`gtjgf sfmckh gkrrfspknc tk knmy
knf kr ` dfw sgjfntjdjg cjsgjpmjnfs `nc knf kr knmy ` dfw kro`njs`tjkn`m spfgj`mjz`-
tjkns‘ (Ijfsfr & _fmmstfjn, 5<<1, p. 6<:). Wjhjm`rmy Ef`ga `nc Gknnkmmy (5<<6)
pmf`c dkr hkrf rfsf`rga ta`t dkgusfs kn jhpmjg`tjkns dkr pr`gtjgf jnstf`c kd n`myz-
jno ej`sfs tk fxpm`jn cfvj`tjkns kd afurjstjgs.
Dkmmkwjno ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf, tfncfr sjtu`tjkns g`n ef uncfrstkkc jn tfrhs kd
djrst ofnfr`tjkn cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs kd r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno. \rkgurfhfnt rfou-
m`tjkns rfqujrf ta`t cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` dkr gkhp`rjskn kd taf `mtfrn`tjvfs `rf inkwn
efdkrfa`nc. af prkpks`ms suehjttfc ey taf `rgajtfgts dkrh taf cfgjsjkn `mtfr-
n`tjvfs. afsf prkpks`ms jngmucf jndkrh`tjkn ta`t gkumc ef fxpmjgjtmy gkhp`rfc,
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 62/341
34
suga `s taf prjgf, sust`jn`ejmjty sgkrf kr tkt`m `rf` jn squ`rf hftfrs, jn krcfr tk
h`if ` gakjgf `hkno taf `mtfrn`tjvfs. afrfdkrf prkgurfhfnt cfgjsjkn h`ijno
sffhs tk ef ` h`ttfr kd fstjh`tjkn kd taf prke`ejmjty dkr duturf qu`mjty. af `c`p-
tjvf tkkmijt kd Ojofrfnzfr `nc gkmmf`oufs (5<<09 0:::) wjta d`st `nc druo`m afu-
rjstjgs sffhs sujt`emf tk `ppmy jn tafsf ijncs kd sjtu`tjkns. afrfdkrf ej`sfs f`sjmy
kggur. @ggkrcjno tk Wjhkn (0::?) ` cfgjsjkn g`n ef gknsjcfrfc r`tjkn`m `s mkno`s taf pfrspfgtjvf jn wajga taf cfgjsjkn js t`ifn js gm`rjdjfc, wajga js taf g`sf dkr
mfo`m rfqujrfhfnts ta`t `ssuhf ` r`tjkn`m gkhp`rjskn kd `mtfrn`tjvfs kn taf e`sjs
kd wfjoatfc grjtfrj`. Akwfvfr, tfncfrs kggur jn kro`njs`tjkns `gtjno jn ` pkmjtjg`m
fnvjrknhfnt wjta sfvfr`m orkups kd st`ifakmcfrs wak w`nt tk ef jngmucfc. ajs
hf`ns ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs ck nkt `gt `s jncjvjcu`ms, `nc prkgfssfs `rf kdtfn jn-
grfhfnt`m jn krcfr tk grf`tf cfgjsjkn suppkrt. Jn tajs sfnsf cfgjsjkns g`nnkt `msk
nkt ef gkhp`rfc wjta v`muf bucofhfnt kd jncfpfncfnt fxpfrts, wajga js dkr fx-
`hpmf taf g`sf curjno or`nt suehjssjkns jn rt (Afiifrt & v`n _jfrjnofn, 0::1).
Cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `rf cfvfmkpfc curjno taf wakmf tfncfr prkgfss (Irfjnfr, 5<<4)
`nc `rf p`rt kd taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss (_fjgi, 0::6). @ccjtjkn`mmy, cfsjons `mskjngmucf mfss t`nojemf `spfgts suga `s `fstaftjgs, jntfor`tjkn jn taf surrkuncjnos,
stymf, `nc duturf v`muf. ”Jssufs kd cfsjon qu`mjty bucofhfnt `rf kdtfn tfstfc jn `
djfmc kd tfnsjkn strftgajno drkh tfganjqufs `nc dungtjkns wjtajn taf prkpks`m tk
`fstaftjg fxpfrjfngfs‘ (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:). ajs hf`ns ta`t tafsf `spfgts
`rf suebfgtjvf ey n`turf `nc g`nnkt ef skmfmy e`sfc kn `n jncfpfncfnt `ssfsshfnt
systfh.
7.5.7 Wfgknc ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs
af sfgknc ofnfr`tjkn kd efa`vjkur`m cfgjsjkn tafkry, `msk g`mmfc n`tur`mjstjg rf-
sf`rga nc tafkry, kddfrs mtfrn`tjvfs tk taf o`hemjno prjngjpmf ey cfsgrjejno hkrf
rf`mjstjg`mmy akw cfgjsjkns `rf `gtu`mmy h`cf (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). afsf
tafkrjfs a`vf, untjm nkw, h`jnmy dkgusfc kn prkdfssjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc taf
gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs tafy fno`of jn wajmf h`ijno cfgjsjkns jn prf-gakjgf prkg-
fssfs (Rs`heki, 0::?). Jntujtjkn, `ddfgt, hkkc `nc fhktjkns a`vf efgkhf hkrf
prkhjnfnt ta`n jn prfvjkus ofnfr`tjkns kd cfgjsjkn tafkry. k ` m`rof cforff sfg-
knc ofnfr`tjkn rfsf`rga nc tafkry js `msk e`sfc kn taf fxtfnsjvf wkri kd Afrefrt
Wjhkn. Wjhkn dkunc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn kro`njs`tjkns js strknomy jndmufngfc
ey taf strugturf `nc nkrhs kd taf kro`njs`tjkn, `nc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs ck nkt
usf taf dumm `rr`y kd kptjkns ta`t `n kutsjcfr hjoat gknsjcfr `v`jm`emf (Wjhkn,0::?). _ajmf stucjfs e`sfc kn djrst ofnfr`tjkn tafkrjfs wfrf kdtfn cknf jn m`ekr`-
tkry sfttjnos wjta jnfxpfrjfngfc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `ekut nkn-gkntfxtu`mjsfc sjtu-
`tjkns, rfsf`rga jn taf sfgknc ofnfr`tjkn trjfc tk sjhum`tf gkntfxt-rfm`tfc d`gtkrs
suga `s tjhf prfssurf, jngkhpmftf kr unrfmj`emf jndkrh`tjkn, `nc jmm-cfdjnfc ok`ms
(Auttkn & Imfjn, 0:::) `nc fxpmkrf kro`njs`tjkn`m prkgfssfs ta`t `rf d`r drkh
r`tjkn`m (Mjpsajtz, ft `m., 5<<4). Wfgknc ofnfr`tjkn tafkrjfs eujmc kn taf fxpfrj-
hfnt`m wkri kd taf prfvjkus ofnfr`tjkns, eut `msk usf kesfrv`tjkn`m `nc jntfrvjfw
hftakcs tk o`jn jnsjoats. @t prfsfnt sfvfr`m pjfgfs `nc dr`ohfnt`m tafkrjfs `rf ef-
ojnnjno tk gk`mfsgf jntk hkrf ofnfr`m tafkrjfs (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 63/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 64/341
31
taf orf`tfr taf rkmf kd rfgkonjtjkn. af efnfdjt kd tajs tafkry js ta`t jt js vfry f`sy
tk uncfrst`nc efg`usf knf g`n f`sjmy rfgkonjsf taf sjtu`tjkns ta`t `rf cfsgrjefc.
af sakrtgkhjnos kd tajs tafkry sffh tk ef ta`t jt nfvfr prkorfssfc efyknc taf
mfvfm kd ofnfr`m cfsgrjptjkn, `nc ta`t ` mjni wjta psygakmkojg`m tafkrjfs kn hfhk-
rjfs `nc dumm rfgkonjtjkn prkgfssfs js nkt t`ifn jntk `ggkunt (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy,
5<<69 Eftsga, 5<<6). afrf js stjmm cfe`tf `ekut taf cforff tk wajga NCH trumyrfprfsfnts ` p`r`cjoh sajdt (Okrf, ft `m., 5<<4). Efg`usf kd taf sg`ttfrfc ga`r-
`gtfr kd taf wkri jn tajs djfmc `nc taf m`gi kd `n kro`njs`tjkn`m dr`hfwkri, tajs
ijnc kd rfsf`rga sffhs mfss systfh`tjg ta`n tr`cjtjkn`m rfsf`rga. E`mkoun, \yf `nc
Akcoijnskn (5<<1) g`mm dkr hkrf rfsf`rga jn NCH ta`t dkgusfs kn h`ijno sfnsf
kd cfgjcjno, `nc Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy (5<<6) pmf`c dkr ` efttfr tafkrftjg`m fhefc-
cjno jn fxjstjno gkonjtjvf, skgj`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m tafkry. Hksjfr `nc Dr`sjfr
(5<<:) r`jsf jntfrfst jn taf rkmf kd `ddfgt jn NCH.
Ufgfntmy sfvfr`m rfsf`rgafrs rf`mjsfc ta`t fvfn wafn r`tjkn`mjty js jhpkrt`nt
jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno, dffmjno, `ddfgt `nc fhktjkn g`nnkt ef jonkrfc (\mkus, 0::7).
Jn prfvjkus rfsf`rga fhktjkns `nc jntujtjkn wfrf usu`mmy sffn `s cjstr`gtjkn krjrr`tjkn`mjty, wajga js nkt taf g`sf `nyhkrf (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). Gurrfnt
rfsf`rga kn fhktjkns sakw ta`t hkkc, rforft, cjs`ppkjnthfnt, `tt`gahfnt, kvfr-
gkndjcfngf `nc rjsi pfrgfptjkn jndmufngf cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn sfvfr`m w`ys (Ef`ga
& Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). af gkngfpt kd jntujtjvf bucofhfnt js tr`cjtjkn`mmy `sskgj-
`tfc wjta taf afurjstjgs `nc ej`sfs prkpksfc ey I`anfh`n, vfrsiy `nc kta-
frs (sff dkr fx`hpmf I`anfh`n, ft `m., 0:15) eut a`s nfvfr effn cfvfmkpfc jntk
` djfmc kd rfsf`rga. @cv`ngfs jn gkonjtjvf nfurksgjfngf `nc h`n`ofrj`m `nc kr-
o`njs`tjkn`m gkonjtjkn a`vf rfbuvfn`tfc taf `ttr`gtjkn kd taf gknstrugt kd jntuj-
tjkn (Akcoijnskn & Wt`reugi, 5<<1`). Cu`m prkgfss tafkrjfs (Ga`jifn & rkpf,
0:::9 C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?9 I`anfh`n, 5<<79 Wjngm`jr & @sai`n`sy, 5<<6) `s-suhf ta`t twk hkcfs kd prkgfssjno - `utkh`tjg ungknsgjkus prkgfssjno `nc gkn-
sgjkus `n`mytjg`m prkgfssjno - `rf nfgfss`ry dkr h`ny t`sis. Fmse`ga `nc Ir`hfr
(5<<7) dkunc fvjcfngf kd taf cu`m g`tfokrjz`tjkn prkgfssfs hkno fxpfrts bucojno
taf grf`tjvf pktfntj`m kd ktafrs. Curjno tajs prkgfss ‑g`tgafrs‚ usfc gufs tk h`tga
f`ga ‑pjtgafr‚ wjta knf kd sfvfn wfmm-inkwn prktktypfs kd sgrffnwrjtfrs. af `u-
takrs `msk dkunc ta`t g`tgafrs `rf jndmufngfc jn tafjr bucofhfnts ey gkonjtjvf `nc
`ddfgtjvf gufs jn rfm`tjkn tk gkmm`ekr`tjvf pktfntj`m.
Jn ajs ekki ‑Emjni‚, Om`cwfmm (5<<6) prkvjcfs ` gknvjngjno stkry kd akw pfk-
pmf ungknsgjkusmy h`if taf rjoat bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkns e`sfc kn taf wkri kd
sfvfr`m sgakm`rs suga `s Ojofrfnzfr ft `m. (0:::), C`h`sjk (0::3), Cjbistfraujsft `m. (5<<4) `nc Imfjn (0::1). Ako`rta `nc Wgakfh`ifr (5<<6) gkngmucf jn
` rfvjfw kd Om`cwfmm‚s wkri ta`t af knmy dkgusfs kn sjtu`tjkns jn wajga bucof-
hfnt`m pfrdkrh`ngf js ajoa `nc ta`t suoofstjkns dkr fcug`tjkn `nc gkntrkm `rf
`esfnt ‗ sjhjm`r grjtjqufs a`vf effn vkjgfc `ekut taf djncjnos kn afurjstjgs `nc
ej`sfs. afrfdkrf tafy g`mm dkr hkrf rfsf`rga jn tajs `rf` kn spfgjdjg gkncjtjkns.
Ojofrfnzfr‚s wkri (5<<?) `ekut out dffmjnos pursufs taf gkngfpt kd Om`cwfmm jn
fxpm`jnjno taf pkwfr kd jntujtjkn wajmf `ppmyjno `n `c`ptjvf tkkmekx wjta sf`rga,
stkp `nc cfgjsjkn rumfs kd tauhe dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno. W`cmfr-Whjta `nc Wp`rrkw
(5<<1) `rouf, akwfvfr, ta`t afurjstjgs gmf`rmy cjddfr drkh jntujtjkn efg`usf tafy
`rf, jn gkntr`st tk jntujtjkn, nfjtafr spknt`nfkus, nkr ckh`jn spfgjdjg `nc `rf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 65/341
3:
e`sfc kn taf `ppmjg`tjkn kd prfcftfrhjnfc rumfs. Jt g`n ef gkngmucfc ta`t tafkry
eujmcjno `rkunc jntujtjkn `nc fhktjkns jn n`tur`m gkntfxt sffhs tk ef `t taf ef-
ojnnjno kd `n jntfrfstjno fr`.
Wfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs kd `rgajtfgts sakw orf`t sjhjm`rjtjfs tk taf sjtu`tjkns cf-
sgrjefc jn taf sfgknc ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs. Jn `rgajtfgtur`m tr`cjtjkn
fxpfrts fv`mu`tf taf prkpks`ms ta`t a`vf effn suehjttfc. E`sfc kn taf dfw puemj-g`tjkns ta`t cfsgrjef taf bury prkgfssfs (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:9 Irfjnfr, 5<<49
Wprfjrfofn, 5<<1), jt g`n ef gkngmucfc ta`t p`ttfrn rfgkonjtjkn t`ifs pm`gf. Jn
gkhpftjtjkns bucofhfnt t`sis `rf gkhpmfx, hkr`m, ftajg`m `nc `fstaftjg ey n`-
turf `nc knmy mjhjtfc jndkrh`tjkn js `v`jm`emf. Nfxt tk ta`t tafrf js tjhf prfssurf
`nc skgj`m prfssurf. afrfdkrf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nffc tk ef `w`rf kd tafjr sjtu`-
tjkn `nc taf pkssjemf gknsfqufngfs kd tafjr `gtjkns. Fxpfrjfngf `nc tf`hwkri
fna`ngf tafsf ijncs kd sijmms ta`t g`n ef uncfrstkkc jn taf tr`cjtjkn kd sfnsfh`i-
jno. @rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon js ` prkdfssjkn`m sijmm e`sfc kn fcug`tjkn `nc fxpfrjfngf
o`jnfc tarkuoa pr`gtjgf. af rfsf`rga kn cfsjonfrs `nc gkhp`r`emf prkdfssjkn`ms
a`s sakwn ta`t fxpfrjfngfc pr`gtjtjknfrs jntfrprft `nc h`n`of gkhpmfx `nc cf-h`ncjno sjtu`tjkns d`stfr `nc hkrf `ggur`tfmy ey usjno t`gjt hfhkry sgafhfs
(Hjfo, 5<<4). afjr ckh`jn rfmfv`nt fxpfrjfngf fn`emfs tafh tk h`if jntuj-
tjvf cfgjsjkns e`sfc kn tafjr t`gjt inkwmfcof `nc ungknsgjkus hfhkry systfhs.
Hfhefrs kd taf s`hf prkdfssjkn sa`rf tajs gkcf, `nc wjmm `ggfpt pffr rfvjfw drkh
wjtajn tafjr cjsgjpmjnf.
af sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt sakumc ef sffn jn taf gkntfxt kd ` gmjfnt kro`njs`-
tjkn ta`t `jhs `t rf`mjzjno `hejtjkns jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf. @ pkmjtjgj`n g`n
ef afmc `ggkunt`emf dkr ` cfgjsjkn `nc nffcs tk t`if n`tjkn`m `nc jntfrn`tjkn`m
pkmjgjfs, st`ifakmcfr jntfrfsts, `nc m`ws jntk `ggkunt. ajs rfspknsjejmjty js kd-
tfn `ggkhp`njfc ey hjxfc dffmjnos kd `nxjfty, fntausj`sh `nc df`r. @ggkrcjnotk Irfjnfr (5<<4) taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn js `gtu`mmy ` prkgfss kd sfnsf-
h`ijno r`tafr ta`n h`n`ofrj`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno `nc
sgrffnjno `ppf`rs hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n taf `gtu`m gakjgf, wajga gkndjrhs ta`t
jh`of tafkry `nc taf gkngfpt kd sfnsfh`ijno gkumc ef `ppmjfc jn tajs gkntfxt.
Jn ` tr`cjtjkn`m cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn bury p`nfms bucof taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjonfr
`nknyhkusmy ey taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjon. af cfsjons gkumc `gt jn ta`t sjtu`tjkn
`s ekunc`ry kebfgts2 `rtfd`gt ta`t sfrvf `s `n jntfrhfcj`ry jn gkhhunjg`tjkn
eftwffn twk kr hkrf pfrskns kr orkups wak `rf gkmm`ekr`tjno jn wkri (Ekm`nc
& Gkmmkpy, 5<<3). @ tfncfr `jhs `t taf sfmfgtjkn kd ` sfrvjgf prkvjcfr jn cfsjon,
nkt `ekut taf purga`sf kd ` cfsjon prkcugt. Dkr gmjfnt cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jt js vfrya`rc tk h`if sfnsf kut kd taf humtjd`gftfc hfss`of ta`t `n `rgajtfgt sfncs (Bknfs
& Mjvnf-`r`nc`ga, 5<<1). afy a`vf tk h`if ` cjstjngtjkn eftwffn taf gkh-
pftfngfs kd taf `rgajtfgt, taf g`p`ejmjty kd gkhp`ny `nc taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjon
prkpks`m. Jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf bury p`nfms kdtfn gknsjst kd pkmjtjgj`ns `nc ktafr
st`ifakmcfr rfprfsfnt`tjvfs. @mtakuoa pkmjtjgj`ns `rf fxpfrjfngfc cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs, tfncfr cfgjsjkns `ekut `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty rfqujrf ckh`jn spfgjdjg sijmms jn
taf `rf` kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. Nkt huga rfsf`rga a`s effn gkncugtfc jn taf
sfgknc ofnfr`tjkn tafkrjfs ta`t t`if jntk `ggkunt st`ifakmcfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc
taf rkmf kd fxtfrn`m gknsumt`nts wjtajn taf mjhjt`tjkns kd taf m`w.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 66/341
6<
7.7 U`tjkn`mjty vfrsus jntujtjkn
Knf kd taf h`jn jssufs uncfrmyjno taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs
js taf mfvfm kd r`tjkn`mjty kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. ajs sfgtjkn fxpmkrfs taf gkngfpts kd
jntujtjkn jn rfm`tjkn tk r`tjkn`mjty jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc taf d`gtkrs ta`t gkumc
jndmufngf taf usf kd r`tjkn`mjty.
7.7.0 Skw`rcs ` cfdjnjtjkn kd jntujtjkn
@ggkrcjno tk Wjhkn (0::?, p. 13) ”r`tjkn`mjty js gkngfrnfc wjta taf sfmfgtjkn
kd prfdfrrfc efa`vjkur `mtfrn`tjvfs jn tfrhs kd skhf systfh kd v`mufs wafrfey
taf gknsfqufngfs kd efa`vjkur g`n ef fv`mu`tfc‘. ajs hf`ns ` cfgjsjkn g`n ef
kebfgtjvfmy, suebfgtjvfmy, gknsgjkusmy, cfmjefr`tfmy, kro`njs`tjkn`mmy, kr pfrskn`mmy
r`tjkn`m. Ftzjknj (0:11, p. 074) cfdjnfs r`tjkn`mjty `s ”taf gkngfpt kd ` h`n wak
`gts wjsfmy, `nc wak gakksfs fddjgjfntmy taf hf`ns ta`t `cv`ngf ajs kr afr ok`ms.
Jt fnt`jms cfmjefr`tjkns9 jt js nkt `utkh`tjg kr nkn-gknsgjkus `nc g`n v`ry ey cf-
orff. Jt js e`sfc kn kpfnnfss tk fvjcfngf (`n fhpjrjg`m krjfnt`tjkn) `nc kn skuncrf`sknjno (mkojg)‘. @ggkrcjno tk Ftzjknj (0:11) `mm cfgjsjkns g`n ef sffn `s hkrf
kr mfss r`tjkn`m. Eut efg`usf kd takuoatmfss r`tjkn`m rumfs kd tauhe ta`t `rf cffpmy
jndusfc wjta v`mufs `nc ktafr skgj`m d`gtkrs `nc efg`usf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf un-
`emf tk bucof taf mkojg`m-fhpjrjg`m hfrjt kd taf rumfs, cfgjsjkns `rf r`rfmy ajoamy
r`tjkn`m. Jn taf cfe`tf `ekut taf cforff kd r`tjkn`mjty kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs, H`rga
(0::?) gkngmucfs ta`t r`tjkn`m tafkrjfs gkhhknmy `ssuhf ta`t fvfry cfgjsjkn
h`ifr inkws `mm `mtfrn`tjvfs dkr `gtjkn, js `emf tk ck ` prke`ejmjty fstjh`tjkn kd
`mm gknsfqufngfs kd fvfry `mtfrn`tjvf `gtjkn, a`s ` gknsjstfnt prfdfrfngf krcfrjno
dkr `mtfrn`tjvf prfdfrfngf gkursfs kd `gtjkn, `nc usfs cfgjsjkn rumfs ta`t g`n sfmfgt
` sjnomf `gtjkn tk t`if.Jn taf gkntfxt kd kro`njs`tjkns Cf`n `nc Wa`rdh`n (0::7) `rouf ta`t ` r`-
tjkn`m `gtjkn js df`sjemf jd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf jn `orffhfnt `ekut ok`ms `nc g`usf
`nc fddfgt rfm`tjknsajps `nc jd tafy `rf `w`rf kd taf fnvjrknhfnt`m `nc ktafr gkn-
str`jnts. ajs hf`ns ta`t jn ktafr sjtu`tjkns, wajga js kdtfn taf g`sf jn fvfryc`y
mjdf, cfgjsjkn h`ifrs g`nnkt rfmy fxgmusjvfmy upkn r`tjkn`m hftakcs. Hkst kd tafsf
djncjnos `rf e`sfc kn m`ekr`tkry kr sjhum`tjkn stucjfs. Vncfrst`ncjno gknsgjkus
gakjgf rfqujrfs taf inkwmfcof kd taf pfrspfgtjvf kd taf `gtkr t taf tjhf kd gakjgf2
`n `gtjkn ta`t `ppf`rs jrr`tjkn`m `dtfr taf d`gt hjoat a`vf `ppf`rfc pfrdfgtmy r`-
tjkn`m wafn taf `gtkr gaksf jt (Akcoijnskn & Wt`reugi, 5<<1`). Jn rf`m mjdf pfk-
pmf `ppf`r tk `gtjvfmy try tk jndmufngf fvfnts jn krcfr tk h`if tafjr gakjgf tafrjoat gakjgf (E`mkoun, ft m., 5<<1). H`ijno rf`skns fxpmjgjt gkumc mf`c tk jndfrjkr
cfgjsjkns `nc mfss s`tjsd`gtjkn `ekut taf cfgjsjkn (_jmskn & Wgakkmfr, 0::0).
@ddfgt, hkkc `nc fhktjkn `rf ktafr rf`skns ta`t pfkpmf gkumc efa`vf cjddfrfnt
drkh fxjstjno tafkrjfs `nc hkcfms (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6).
Cjbistfraujs (5<<?) cjstjnoujsafs tarff ijncs kd cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs2 d`st cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno wjtakut tajnijno, ungknsgjkus cfgjsjkn h`ijno, `nc gknsgjkus cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno. U`tjkn`m `n mysjs `nc jntujtjvf bucofhfnt sffh tk ef gkhpmfhfnt`-U`tjkn`m `n`mysjs `nc jntujtjvf bucofhfnt sffh tk ef gkhpmfhfnt`-
ry gkhpknfnts kd fddfgtjvf cfgjsjkn h`ijno, wajga h`if jt pkssjemf dkr h`n`ofrs
tk ppmy r`nof kd h`n`ofhfnt sijmms wafnfvfr tafy efgkhf pprkprj`tf (W`cmfr-
Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<19 Wjhkn, 0:1?). Cu`m-prkgfss tafkrjfs (Ga`jifn & rkpf,
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 67/341
60
0:::9 Fpstfjn, Mjpskn, Akmstfjn, & Aua, 0::59 Fpstfjn, \`gjnj, Cfnfs-U`b, &
Afjr, 0::49 I`anfh`n, 5<<7) `tt`ga ` orf`t sjonjdjg`ngf tk `ddfgt `nc sa`rf taf
gkhhkn vjfw ta`t twk sfp`r`tf prkgfssfs kd r`tjkn`m `n`mysjs `nc fxpfrjfntj`m
jntujtjkn `rf jnvkmvfc jn rf`sknjno. af jntujtjvf systfh js kdtfn `sskgj`tfc wjta
ungknsgjkus prkgfssjno kd tfncfngjfs `nc prfdfrfngfs wajmf taf r`tjkn`m systfh
fn`emfs pfkpmf tk `ssfss jndkrh`tjkn cfmjefr`tfmy, tk cfvfmkp jcf`s, `nc tk fno`ofjn n`mysfs. af pfrspfgtjvf kd C`nf & \r`tt (5<<?, p. 74) mf`cs tk cfdjnjtjkn kd
jntujtjkn `s ` ”nkn-gknsgjkus prkgfss jnvkmvjno akmjstjg `sskgj`tjkns ta`t `rf prk-
cugfc r`pjcmy wajga rfsumts jn `ddfgtjvfmy ga`rofc bucofhfnts‘. ajs wkumc hf`n
ta`t `ddfgt `nc fhktjkn `rf `n jntfor`m gkhpknfnt kd jntujtjvf bucofhfnts.
Jn tafjr `ttfhpt tk cfdjnf jntujtjkn W`cmfr-Whjta `nc Wp`rrkw (5<<1) jn-
cfntjdjfc sjx pfrspfgtjvfs2 0) afurjstjgs & ej`sfs (f.o. Ojofrfnzfr, ft `m., 0:::9(f.o. Ojofrfnzfr, ft `m., 0:::9
I`anfh`n, ft `m., 0:15)9 5) jntujtjkn-`s-`ejmjty (f.o.Imfjn, 5<<39 Wjhkn, 0::?)9(f.o.Imfjn, 5<<39 Wjhkn, 0::?)9
7) jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno (f.o. Ekwfrs, Ufofar, E`mta`z`rc, & \`rifr, 0::<9
Hjntzefro, @amstr`nc, & M`hpfm, 0::1)9 3) cu`m prkgfssjno (f.o. Fpstfjn, 0::39
Wt`nkvjga & _fst, 5<<<)9 6) gkonjtjvf-`ddfgtjvf/nfurk-sgjfntjdjg (f.o. C`h`sjk,0::39 C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?9 Wjngm`jr & @sai`n`sy, 5<<6), `nc 4) jntujtjknjst &
`mtfrn`tjvf fpjstfhkmkoy (f.o. @h`ejmf, 0::49 Hkkrf, 0:<7). @ggkrcjno tk W`cmfr-
Whjta `nc Wp`rrkw (5<<1) tafrf sffhs tk ef ` gknsfnsus `hkno tafsf pfrspfg-
tjvfs ta`t jntujtjkn js `n fxpfrjfntj`m pafnkhfnkn e`sfc upkn jhpmjgjtmy stkrfc
gknstfmm`tjkn kd inkwmfcof, sijmms, pfrgfptjkns `nc fhktjkns. Jntujtjkn `nc jntuj-
tjvf prkgfssfs cr`w upkn ` gkhpmfx jntfrpm`y kd gkonjtjvf `nc `ddfgtjvf prkgfssfs
kpfr`tjno efmkw taf mfvfm kd gknsgjkus `w`rfnfss `nc gkhpmfx ckh`jn-spfgjdjg
sgafh`s kd wajga knf js un`w`rf (C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?9 Imfjn, 0::1, 5<<3). Hkst
rfsf`rgafrs vjfw jntujtjkn `s qujtf d`st wjta mjhjtfc fddkrt (C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?9
Wjhkn, 0:3?/0::?) gknsjstjno kd jnvkmunt`ry kr `utkh`tjg prkgfssfs (W`cmfr-Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<1). Jn gknsgjkus `w`rfnfss `ddfgt (‑aunga‚ kr ‑out dffmjno‚)
`nc ` cforff kd gfrtjtucf `rf taf h`njdfst`tjkns kd `n jntujtjkn (W`cmfr-Whjta &
Wp`rrkw, 5<<1).
Ufsf`rga kn fxpfrjfngfc gafss pm`yfrs sakws ta`t fxpfrt‚s jntujtjkn js e`sfc kn
fxpfrjfngf, wajga `mmkws pfkpmf tk rfgkonjsf taf p`ttfrn jn ` sjtu`tjkn `nc cr`w
kn prfvjkusmy mf`rnfc jndkrh`tjkn `sskgj`tfc wjta ta`t p`ttfrn tk `rrjvf `t ` cfgj-
sjkn gakjgf qujgimy (Ga`sf & Wjhkn, 0:?79 cf Orkkt, 0:34). @n fxpfrt g`n tafrf-
dkrf cfgjcf r`pjcmy e`sfc kn wa`t `ppf`rs tk ef vfry mjhjtfc jndkrh`tjkn. afsf
djncjnos jnspjrfc Imfjn (0::7) tk cfvfmkp taf rfgkonjtjkn prjhfc cfgjsjkn tafkry
`nc h`cf I`anfh`n ft `m. (0:15) fxpmkrf taf usf kd afurjstjgs curjno cfgjsjknh`ijno. Ojofrfnzfr ft `m. (0:::) fm`ekr`tf kn taf jnsjoats `ekut afurjstjgs `nc
ekuncfc r`tjkn`mjty dkr taf cfvfmkphfnt kd tafjr tkkmekx kd d`st (gkhput`tjkn`mmy
sjhpmf) `nc druo`m (sp`rjno jndkrh`tjkn rfqujrfhfnts) rumfs dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
@ggkrcjno tk Fpstfjn ft `m. (0::4) jntujtjkn js taf kutgkhf kd prf-gknsgjkus jn-
tfrprft`tjkns kd prfvjkusmy fxpfrjfngfc fvfnts wajga gkumc cftfrhjnf dkr ` orf`t
p`rt taf usf kd rfgkonjtjkn afurjstjgs. Ojofrfnzfr `nc Wfmtfn (5<<0) suoofst ta`t
str`tfojfs tk cfgjcf kn wajga afurjstjg tk usf (hft`-afurjstjgs) `rf oujcfc ey un-
gknsgjkus, fxpfrjfngf e`sfc jntujtjkn. Akwfvfr, `ggkrcjno tk W`cmfr-Whjta `nc
Wp`rrkw (5<<1), (hft`) afurjstjgs gmf`rmy cjddfr drkh jntujtjkn efg`usf jntujtjkn
js nkt e`sfc kn prfcftfrhjnfc rumfs tk ef cfmjefr`tfmy `ppmjfc jn rfspknsf tk `
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 68/341
65
spfgjdjg sgfn`rjk eut jngmucfs `n jnvkmunt`ry rfspknsf tk pfrgfjvfc stjhumj. af
mjifmjakkc kd tajs rfspknsf hjoat ef jndmufngfc ey dkr fx`hpmf taf `gqujsjtjkn kd
ckh`jn spfgjdjg inkwmfcof eut g`nnkt ef dkrgfc. af gkntfxt-cfpfncfnt usf kd
jntujtjkn js knf hf`ns kd cjstjnoujsajno eftwffn fxpfrt `nc nkvjgf pfrdkrh`ngf
(W`cmfr-Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<1).
7.7.5 D`gtkrs kd jndmufngf kn taf usf kd jntujtjkn
Gkntfxt `nc prkemfh strugturf pm`y ` grugj`m rkmf jn cftfrhjnjno taf `pprkprj-
`tfnfss `nc fddjg`gy kd jntujtjvf bucofhfnts (Eurif & Hjmmfr, 0:::9 Imfjn, 0::1,
5<<3). @ggkrcjno tk C`nf & \r`tt (5<<?) tafrf `rf twk sfts kd d`gtkrs ta`t jn-
dmufngf jntujtjkn fddfgtjvfnfss2 ckh`jn inkwmfcof d`gtkrs (cfvfmkphfnt kd sgaf-
h`s ey fxpmjgjt `nc jhpmjgjt mf`rnjno) `nc t`si ga`r`gtfrjstjgs (jntfmmfgtjvf vfrsus
bucofhfnt`m t`sis, fnvjrknhfnt`m ungfrt`jnty). _fmm strugturfc prkemfhs hjoat
ef gkhp`rfc tk t`sis wjta kebfgtjvf grjtfrj` dkr suggfss wjtajn ` p`rtjgum`r gkn-
gfptu`m systfh, wajmf jmm-strugturfc prkemfhs sffh sjhjm`r tk bucofhfnt`m t`sis
dkr wajga tafrf js nk kebfgtjvf grjtfrjkn kr cfhknstr`emf skmutjkn (C`nf & \r`tt,
5<<?). Jn tjoatmy strugturfc, jntfmmfgtjvf t`sis jn c`t` rjga, kebfgtjvfmy qu`ntjdj`-
emf, nc gkhput`tjkn`mmy gkhpmfx ckh`jns, st`tjstjg`m hkcfms pfrdkrh efttfr ta`n
auh`n bucofs (W`cmfr-Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<1). Akwfvfr, e`sfc kn sfvfr`m stucjfs
jt g`n ef gkngmucfc ta`t jntujtjkn js d`vkurfc kvfr `n`mytjg m `pprk`gafs jn mkksf
cfgjsjkn strugturfs wjta hkr`m, pkmjtjg`m, ftajg`m, `fstaftjg kr efa`vjkur`m bucof-
hfnt`m t`sis, jmm-strugturfc str`tfojg prkemfhs wjta mjttmf prfgfcfnt `nc jndkrh`-
tjkn tk cr`w kn, `nc jn sjtu`tjkns wjta tjhf prfssurf, cyn`hjg gkncjtjkns `nc
fxpfrjfngfc p`rtjgjp`nts (Cjbistfraujs, ft m., 5<<49 Ako`rta, 5<<59 I`atrj & No,
5<<<9 Imfjn, 5<<39 Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<19 Wa`pjrk & Wpfngf, 0::?). \kssjemf
rf`skns dkr tajs pafnkhfnkn jngmucf taf `ejmjty kd jntujtjkn tk sfnsf ga`nofs, tk
cftfgt d`jmurfs, tk h`if sfnsf, `nc tk jngmucf taf gkhp`ny‚s gumturf `nc v`mufs
ta`t rf cjddjgumt tk cfsgrjef. afsf jncjvjcu`m, kro`njs`tjkn`m, nc gumtur`m d`gtkrs
ta`t sffh tk jndmufngf taf usf kd jntujtjkn nffc `ccjtjkn`m rfsf`rga efdkrf tafsf
jnsjoats g`n `gtu`mmy ef `ppmjfc (A`hhknc, 0:1?9 Ako`rta, 5<<59 Wjngm`jr &
@sai`n`sy, 5<<6). Ufsf`rgafrs dkunc ta`t h`n`ofrs kd sh`mm `nc hfcjuh sjzfc
gkhp`njfs prfdfr qu`mjt`tjvf c`t`-o`tafrjno hftakcs ta`t rfqujrf bucofhfnt`m
t`sis, suga `s cfgjsjkn trffs, dkrgf djfmc cj`or`hs `nc pkrtdkmjk `n`mysjs, kvfr taf
usf kd efngah`ris `nc ktafr qu`ntjt`tjvf dkrfg`stjno tfganjquf jn str`tfojg pm`n-
njno (_rjoat & Ofrky, 0::0). Wtjmm r`tjkn`m tafkrjfs `rf gkhhknmy `ggfptfc `ncusfc jn fgknkhjgs tk prfcjgt jncjvjcu`m `nc djrh efa`vjkur jn taf mkno run. Eut
`s Ako`rta (5<<6, p. 41) st`tfs ”waftafr t`gjt kr cfmjefr`tf prkgfssfs `rf hkrf
v`mjc ta`n taf ktafr js nkt taf grjtjg`m jssuf. U`tafr, tajs js tk h`if v`mjc rfspknsfs
jn wajga ekta systfhs `rf jhpmjg`tfc‘.
Hkrf rfsf`rga js nffcfc tk fxpmkrf taf cjddfrfngfs jn t`si gkncjtjkns `nc gkn-
tfxts. Efg`usf kd taf sjonjdjg`nt cfvfmkphfnts jn gkonjtjkn, nfurkmkoy nc nfurk-
sgjfngf, ` drujtdum cj`mkouf eftwffn jntujtjkn rfsf`rgafrs drkh sfvfr`m djfmcs js tk
ef fxpfgtfc (W`cmfr-Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<1). aksf stucjfs sakumc nkt knmy ef
e`sfc kn sfmd-rfpkrt `nc fxpfrjhfnt`m rfsf`rga, eut sakumc jngmucf nfw ijncs kd
hftakcs tk hf`surf cfgjsjkn pfrdkrh`ngf. \rkhjsjno rf`s kd jntfrfst dkr fhpjrj-g`m rfsf`rga prkpksfc ey C`nf & \r`tt (5<<?) rf taf pr`gtjg`m jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 69/341
67
jntfrpm`y eftwffn jntujtjkn `nc `n`mysjs, taf mjni eftwffn grf`tjvjty `nc jntuj-
tjkn, ftajg`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn kro`njs`tjkns, `nc taf tr`nsdfr kd ckh`jn rfm`tfc
inkwmfcof sgafhfs jn krcfr tk iffp up wjta taf cyn`hjg ga`r`gtfr kd jncjvjcu`ms
jn kro`njs`tjkns. af sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt gkumc ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` sjtu`tjkn
jn wajga jntfrpm`y gknsjsts eftwffn jntujtjkn `nc `n`mysjs, `nc wajga gkumc ef
stucjfc jn rf`m mjdf.
7.3 Jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn kro`njs`tjkns
@ mkt kd tafkrjfs jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno dkgus kn prkgfssfs ta`t kggur kn taf mfvfm kd
taf jncjvjcu`m. afsf prkgfssfs `rf gkonjtjvf ey n`turf `nc g`n ef jndmufngfc ey
taf strugturf kd taf jndkrh`tjkn ta`t js usfc, taf usf kd afurjstjgs, fxpfrtjsf kr
ktafr pfrskn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs. Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs g`n akwfvfr msk ef jndmufngfc ey
ktafr, nkn-gkonjtjvf d`gtkrs suga `s `ddfgt, hkkc, fhktjkns kr taf kro`njs`tjkn`m
gkntfxt. ajs sfgtjkn `ccrfssfs taf jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs `nc taf d`gtkrs
ta`t jndmufngf tafsf prkgfssfs, suga `s sfnsfh`ijno.
7.3.0 Gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs
af tarff ofnfr`tjkns kd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs `rf `mm e`sfc kn psygakmkojg`m jnsjoats
`ekut gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m prkgfssfs kd taf auh`n hjnc. @ bucofhfnt t`ifs pm`gf
wjtajn ` systfh gkhpksfc kd taf pfrskn, taf t`si fnvjrknhfnt `nc taf `gtjkns
ta`t rfsumt drkh taf bucofhfnt `nc g`n suesfqufntmy `ddfgt ekta taf pfrskn `nc
taf t`si fnvjrknhfnt (Ako`rta, 0:11). \frgfptjkn js jhpkrt`nt jn cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno efg`usf pfkpmf‚s efa`vjkur js e`sfc kn tafjr pfrgfptjkns kd rf`mjty, nkt kn
rf`mjty jtsfmd (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). Cfgjsjkn h`ijno kggurs `s ` rf`gtjkn tk `
prkemfh kd wajga pfkpmf a`vf tk ef `w`rf `nc wajga tafy pfrgfjvf `s nffcjno `skmutjkn. \fkpmf kdtfn o`tafr c`t` drkh humtjpmf skurgfs nc tafn sgrffn, prkgfss,
`nc jntfrprft taf jndkrh`tjkn jn krcfr tk h`if ` cfgjsjkn. \frgfptjkn js jndmu-
fngfc ey d`gtkrs jn taf pfrgfjvfr (suga `s `ttjtucfs, fxpfrjfngf `nc fxpfgt`tjkns),
d`gtkrs jn taf t`roft (suga `s nkvfmty, e`giorkunc `nc sjhjm`rjty), `nc d`gtkrs jn
taf sjtu`tjkn (tjhf, wkri `nc skgj`m sfttjno) (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). Nkt fvf-
rytajno g`n ef pfrgfjvfc fxpmjgjtmy. Grf`tjvjty `mmkws pfkpmf tk jncfntjdy kptjkns
ta`t `rf vj`emf eut `msk taf `mtfrn`tjvfs ta`t `rf nkt vjsjemf jn taf djrst pm`gf kr ey
ktafrs. @ggkrcjno tk @h`ejmf (0::?) grf`tjvjty js gkhpksfc kd jntrjnsjg t`si hk-
tjv`tjkn (fna`ngfc ey ` stjhum`tjno gumturf, suddjgjfnt rfskurgfs, drffckh, okkc
supfrvjsjkn `nc suppkrtjno wkri orkup hfhefrs), fxpfrtjsf (fna`ngfc ey `ejmj-tjfs, inkwmfcof, prkdjgjfngjfs `nc sjhjm`r fxpfrtjsf), `nc grf`tjvjty tajnijno sijmms
(fna`ngfc ey pfrskn`mjty ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, `ejmjty tk usf `n`mkojfs `nc t`mfnt tk sff
tajnos cjddfrfntmy). Ukeejns & Bucof (5<<1) cjstjnoujsa sjhjm`r d`gtkrs kd jndmu-
fngf, n`hfmy `ejmjty (g`p`gjty tk pfrdkrh taf v`rjkus t`sis jn ` bke), `ttjtucfs
(fv`mu`tjvf st`tfhfnts gkngfrnjno kebfgts, pfkpmf kr fvfnts), `nc mf`rnjno (`ny
rfm`tjvfmy pfrh`nfnt ga`nof jn efa`vjkur ta`t kggurs `s ` rfsumt kd fxpfrjfngf) `s
taf dkunc`tjkn kd jncjvjcu`m efa`vjkur jn kro`njs`tjkns.
Dr`hjno js `n jhpkrt`nt prkgfss jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno efg`usf jt gkngfrns
taf prkgfss kd fhefccjno pfrgfjvfc fvfnts jn ` gkntfxt tk prkvjcf dkr hf`njno
(I`anfh`n & vfrsiy, 0:13). @ dr`hf js ` hfnt`m gknstrugt kr sgafhf gknsjstjno
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 70/341
63
kd fmfhfnts `nc taf rfm`tjknsajps `hkno tafh ta`t `rf `sskgj`tfc wjta ` sjtu`tjkn
ta`t js kd jntfrfst tk ` cfgjsjkn h`ifr (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<69 Ako`rta, 0:11).
af dr`hf kd ` sjtu`tjkn js g`mmfc `n ‑jh`of‚, wajga jhpmjfs ekta vjsu`m `nc n`r-
r`tjvf rfprfsfnt`tjkn. @ dr`hf ”oujcfs taf cfgjsjkn h`ifr‚s jntfrprft`tjkn kd wa`t
js okjno kn. Jt cfrjvfs drkh taf cfgjsjkn h`ifr‚s inkwmfcof `ekut fvfnts ta`t mfc
up tk taf sjtu`tjkn jn qufstjkn `nc ajs kr afr prjv`tf tafkrjfs `ekut akw pfkpmfefa`vf `nc wa`t h`ifs tajnos a`ppfn. Jt tafrfdkrf tfmms taf cfgjsjkn h`ifr wa`t
tk fxpfgt.‘ (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6, p. 57). af wkrcjno kd taf sjtu`tjkn `nc
taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf bucofhfnt`m t`si jndmufngfs taf dr`hjno, `nc tafrfdkrf
`msk taf prkgfss `nc kutgkhf kd taf cfgjsjkn (\mkus, 0::7).
Ftzjknj (0:11) cjstjnoujsafs tarff skurgfs kd jndmufngf kn cfgjsjkn h`ijno
ta`t `mm hust ef t`ifn jntk `ggkunt tk uncfrst`nc auh`n cfgjsjkn h`ijno2 utjmj-
t`rj`n (utjmjty `s stucjfc ey fgknkhjgs `nc nkrh`tjvf tafkry), skgj`m (skgj`m jn-
dmufngfs `s stucjfc ey `ntarkpkmkojsts `nc skgjkmkojsts), `nc cfkntkmkojg`m (`s
stucjfc ey ftajgs). `emf 7.0 sakws `n kvfrvjfw kd taf cfgjsjkn str`tfojfs e`sfc kn
taf cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs wajga `mjon wjta taf tafkrjfs drkh taf cjddfrfnt ofnfr`-tjkns. af t`emf fxpksfs taf djfmc kd tfnsjkn ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs fxpfrjfngf cur-
jno cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
_afn ` sjtu`tjkn js dr`hfc, ` pfrskn g`n cfgjcf `ekut jt ey rfgkonjtjkn, jn-
dfrfngf kr gakjgf. Ufgkonjtjkn g`n ef `ppmjfc wafn taf sjtu`tjkn js sk sjhjm`r tk
knf fngkuntfrfc efdkrf ta`t efa`vjkur g`n ef cupmjg`tfc ey taf usf kd ‑pkmjgjfs‚,
‑a`ejts‚ kr ‑sgrjpts‚ e`sfc kn prjkr fxpfrjfngfs. Jndfrfngf g`n ef `ppmjfc wafn
`n fcug`tfc oufss g`n ef h`cf `ekut taf rjoat cfgjsjkn, suga `s prkpksfc ey
Erunswji (0:3?) jn ajs ‑mfns hkcfm‚ wjta gufs. Ajs mfns hkcfm usfs psygakmkojg`m
jnsjoats tk rouf ta`t pfkpmf fxpfrjfngf kebfgts nc fvfnts ey gknstrugtjno hfnt`m
hkcfms e`sfc kn gufs `nc h`ijno jndfrfngfs. afsf gufs afmp pfkpmf tk jcfntjtyt`rofts `nc tk h`if gkhp`rjskns `hkno t`rofts. Ef`ga `nc Gknnkmmy (5<<6) usf
taf fx`hpmf kd taf sfmfgtjkn kd ` okkc s`mfspfrskn tk fxpm`jn taf mfns hkcfm2 djrst
knf a`s tk djnc kut wa`t h`ifs ` okkc s`mfspfrskn (wajga gufs), tafn knf a`s tk
usf tajs inkwmfcof tk cfvfmkp ` pkmjgy `ekut pktfntj`m bke `ppmjg`nts (pkmjgy kd
akw tk a`ncmf taf gufs), `nc djn`mmy knf a`s tk `ppmy taf pkmjgy tk sfmfgt ` nfw
s`mfspfrskn (`ssfss taf gufs). Akwfvfr, jn hkst sjtu`tjkns nkt `mm jndkrh`tjkn js
\frspfgtjvf _a t js taf cfgjsjkn h ifr
tryjno tk ck;
Akw ck cfgjsjkn h`ifrs gakksf taf
hf`ns tk cv`ngf taf ok`ms;
_ak `rf taf ify
`gtkrs;
Vtjmjt`rj`n H`xjhjsf pmf`surf kr sfmdjntfrfst (utjmjty).
Wfmfgtjkn kd `gtjkn wjta orf`tfstnft utjmjty ey wfjoat kd gksts `nc
efnfffts.
Drff st`ncjno jncjvj-cu`ms h`if cfgjsjkns
kn ajs kr afr kwn.
Wkgj`m Gkndkrh`tjkn tk
skgj`m nkrhs nc gumtur`m
cfh`ncs jn krcfr tk vkjc
punjsahfnt.
Wfmfgtjkn kd gkursf kd `gtjkn ta`t
gkndkrh tk taf fxpfgt`tjkns kd
rfdfrfngf orkup kr gkhhunjty.
Cfgjsjkn h`ifr
gkndkrhs tk rumfs kd
orkup kr gkhhunjty.
Cfkntkmkojg m Fv`mu tjkn kd hkr m nc
ftajg`m gknsjcfr`tjkns
(pmf`surf nc hkr`mjty)
jn mjoat kd utjmjt`rj`n `nc
skgj`m gknsjcfr`tjkns.
Vsf kd fhktjkn `nc v`muf bucof-
hfnts tk sfmfgt kr rfbfgt gkursfs
kd gtjkn ta`t rf gkhp`tjemf kr
vjkm`tf wjta kr prfsgrjefc ey hkr`m
kr ftajg`m gkcfs.
Cfgjsjkn h`ifr js
oujcfc ey kwn hkr`m
`nc ftajg`m prjngjpmfs
cfrjvfc drkh orkups
`nc gkhhunjtjfs.
S`emf 7.0 Kvfrvjfw kd pkssjemf cfgjsjkn str`tfojfs drkh cjfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs (e`sfc knFjknj, 0:11)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 71/341
66
`v`jm`emf tk `ssfss taf gufs. Nfxt tk ta`t taf mfns hkcfm `ssuhfs ta`t gufs `rf `c-
cjtjvf, jncfpfncfnt `nc mjnf`r (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6).
Jd nfjtafr rfgkonjtjkn nkr jndfrfngf prkvjcfs `cfqu`tf oujc`ngf, ` cfgjsjkn
h`ifr hust gakksf taf hkst prkhjsjno kptjkn `dtfr fxpmkr`tjkn kd taf `mtfrn`-
tjvfs. Ufsf`rgafrs a`vf `pprk`gafc gakjgf jn twk w`ys2 0) `ssuhf ta`t `n un-
cfrmyjno krcfrmjnfss fxjsts jn taf gkndusjkn `nc gkhpmfxjty `nc tr`cf rf`mjshdkr sjhpmjgjty (prfsgrjptjvf cfgjsjkn tafkry), `nc 5) `ssuhf ta`t gkndusjkn `nc
gkhpmfxjty `rf jntfor`m p`rt kd taf prkgfss `nc tr`cf sjhpmjgjty dkr rf`mjsh (djrst
ofnfr`tjkn cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs) (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). Ekta tafsf `pprk`gafs
jngmucf o`hemjno prjngjpmfs wajga hf`ns ta`t taf prke`ejmjty ta`t ` gfrt`jn sjtu`-
tjkn kr kptjkn wjmm ef prfdfrrfc a`s tk ef fstjh`tfc. @ggkrcjno tk Mjpsajtz, Imfjn,
Kr`s`nu `nc W`m`s (5<<0, p. 773-776) ”h`tgajno (rfgkonjtjkn) cjddfrs drkh gkn-
gurrfnt gakjgf jn tarff rfspfgts2 0) kptjkns `rf fv`mu`tfc sfqufntj`mmy `t ` tjhf
- fvfn wafn prfsfntfc wjta sfvfr`m kptjkns, cfgjsjkn h`ifrs qujgimy sgrffn hkst
kd tafh ey gkhp`rjno tafh o`jnst st`nc`rc, r`tafr ta`n wjta knf nktafr, nc
tafn dkgus kn knf, kr `t hkst twk kptjkns wajga `rf gkhp`rfc9 5) kptjkns `rfsfmfgtfc kr rfbfgtfc e`sfc kn tafjr gkhp`tjejmjty wjta taf sjtu`tjkns kr taf cfgj-
sjkns v`mufs9 7) taf prkgfss kd h`tgajno h`y ef `n`mytjg eut hkrf kdtfn jt rfmjfs
kn p`ttfrn h`tgajno `nc jndkrh`m rf`sknjno‘.
A`rrjskn (0:::) prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf stfps kd taf r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn-
h`ijno hkcfm dkr h`ijno gakjgfs2 prkemfh cfdjnjtjkn, jcfntjdjg`tjkn kd taf cfgj-
sjkn grjtfrj`, `mmkg`tjkn kd taf wfjoats tk taf grjtfrj`, cfvfmkphfnt kd `mtfrn`tjvfs,
`nc fv`mu`tjkn kd taf `mtfrn`tjvfs. afrf `rf str`tfojfs dkr gakjgf ta`t gkndrknt
gkndmjgts jnafrfnt jn taf gakjgf sjtu`tjkn `nc str`tfojfs ta`t `vkjc tafsf gkndmjgts
(Ako`rta, 0:119 Hjfo, 5<<0). Gkndmjgt-gkndrkntjno str`tfojfs `rf gkhpfns`tkry
‗ tafy `mmkw pfkpmf tk tr`cf kdd ` mkw v`muf kn knf cjhfnsjkn `o`jnst ` ajoa v`mufkn `nktafr. Gkndmjgt-`vkjcjno str`tfojfs `rf nkn-gkhpfns`tkry wajga hf`ns ta`t
tafy ck nkt mmkw tr`cf-kdds nc rfqujrf gfrt`jn hjnjhuh kr h`xjhuh kn fvfry
cjhfnsjkn.
Efg`usf kd tafjr ekuncfc r`tjkn`mjty pfkpmf grf`tf sjhpmjdjfc hkcfms ta`t fx-
tr`gt taf fssfntj`m df`turfs drkh prkemfhs wajga ckfs nkt hf`n ta`t tafy fjtafr
`gt jrr`tjkn`mmy kr kptjhjsf (Ojofrfnzfr & Wfmtfn, 5<<0). ajs kddfrs n `mtfrn`tjvf
tk gurrfnt nkrhs kd kptjhjz`tjkn, prke`ejmjtjfs `nc utjmjtjfs wajga t`ifs jntk `g-
gkunt taf gkonjtjvf mjhjt`tjkns kd pfkpmf `nc taf strugturf kd taf fnvjrknhfnt.
Kngf prkemfh js jcfntjdjfc, pfkpmf sf`rga dkr grjtfrj` nc mtfrn`tjvfs jn krcfr tk
fv`mu`tf taf mtfrn`tjvfs. af sf`rga stkps wafn n mtfrn`tjvf js dkunc ta`t hffts`n `ggfpt`emf mfvfm kd pfrdkrh`ngf. Curjno taf sf`rga dkr h`tgajno `mtfrn`tjvfs
tk taf grjtfrj`, pfkpmf tfnc tk usf afurjstjgs. Afurjstjgs `rf ‑fgkmkojg`mmy r`tjkn`m‚
efg`usf tafy `rf `c`ptfc tk p`rtjgum`r fnvjrknhfnts. ajs hf`ns ta`t tafy tfnc
tk ef ckh`jn, gumturf `nc tjhf spfgjdjg jn krcfr tk s`vf tjhf, eut tafy g`n ef
`s `ggur`tf `s gkhpmfx st`tjstjg`m hkcfms wajmf cfh`ncjno mfss jndkrh`tjkn `nc
gkhput`tjkn`m pkwfr (Ojofrfnzfr & Wfmtfn, 5<<09 Ojofrfnzfr, ft `m., 0:::). af
hfga`njsh kd akw pfkpmf cfgjcf `ekut tafsf rumfs js nkt yft wfmm uncfrstkkc.
@ggkrcjno tk Ef`ga `nc Gknnkmmy (5<<6, p. 57) ”cfgjsjkn h`ijno js fssfntj`mmy
skgj`m efa`vjkur, fvfn wafn tafrf js nkekcy fmsf prfsfnt, efg`usf knf `ntjgjp`tfs
akw ktafrs wjmm rf`gt `nc d`gtkrs tajs jntk taf cfgjsjkn. Y…X Kro`njs`tjkns pfr sf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 72/341
64
ck nkt h`if cfgjsjkns, eut jncjvjcu`ms jn kro`njs`tjkns ck. @nc wafn tafy ck tafy
hust t`if ktafrs jntk `ggkunt.‘ ajs gkntfxt jndmufngfs taf prkgfss `nc kutgkhf
kd taf cfgjsjkn (E`mkoun ft m., 5<<1). _afn pfkpmf h`if cfgjsjkns, tafy suppksf
ta`t tajs cfgjsjkn js turnfc jntk `gtjkn (Erunsskn, 0:1:), eut tafrf `rf nuhfrkus
gknnfgtjkns eftwffn taf prkgfss, cfgjsjkn, `nc `gtjkn ta`t sakumc `gt jn jskm`-
tjkn, sfqufntj`mmy `nc jn gkafrfngf tk cjrfgtmy mjni taf jntfntjkn tk taf kutgkhf.afrfdkrf cfgjsjkn kutgkhfs sakumc r`tafr ef sffn `s taf gknsfqufngfs kd `gtjkns
`nc jntfr`gtjkn kd humtjpmf jssufs ta`n kd spfgjdjg jcfntjdj`emf cfgjsjkns (Tjc`jmmft,
5<<1). _afn cfgjsjkns `nc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf jcfntjdjfc, jt js pkssjemf tk `ssjon
rfspknsjejmjty dkr gkursf kd gtjkn tk cfgjsjkn h`ifrs (Erunsskn, 5<<?). Efg`usf
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf `w`rf kd tajs, cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `ppf`r tk o`tafr jndkrh`tjkn
ta`t tafy hjoat nkt nfgfss`rjmy usf tk sakw ta`t tafy `rf okkc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
kr tk bustjdy tafjr cfgjsjkn jn `n unfxpfgtfc fvfnt (Dfmch`n & H`rga, 0:10)
kr tafy hjoat gakksf taf kptjkn ta`t wjmm ef f`sjfst tk bustjdy (ftmkgi, 0::5).
@ggkrcjno tk ftmkgi (0:17) ` cfgjsjkn h`ifr g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` pkmjtjgj`n
wak js `ggkunt`emf tk tafjr ‑gknstjtufnts‚ `nc wak js gknst`ntmy gkngfrnfc wjtaqufstjkns rfo`rcjno taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn nc rf`gtjkn kd ktafrs. Ftzjknj
(0:11, p. 3) prfsfnts taf ‑J & _f p`r`cjoh‚, wajga ”ajoamjoats taf `ssuhptjkn
ta`t jncjvjcu`ms `gt wjtajn ` skgj`m gkntfxt, ta`t tajs gkntfxt js nkt rfcugjemf tk
jncjvjcu`m `gts, `nc ta`t taf skgj`m gkntfxt js nkt nfgfss`rjmy kr wakmmy gkhpksfc.
Jnstf`c, taf skgj`m gkntfxt js tk ` sjonjdjg`nt fxtfnt pfrgfjvfc `s ` mfojtjh`tf `nc
jntfor`m p`rt kd knf‚s fxjstfngf, ` _f, `s wakmf wajga taf jncjvjcu`ms `rf gknstjtu-
fnt fmfhfnts.‘
7.3.5 Wfnsfh`ijno
Wfnsfh`ijno js taf prkgfss kd h`ijno skhftajno sfnsjemf `nc jnvkmvfs taf knok-
jno rftrkspfgtjvf cfvfmkphfnt kd pm`usjemf jh`ofs ta`t r`tjkn`mjsf wa`t pfkpmf
`rf ckjno (_fjgi, 0::69 _fjgi, Wutgmjddf, & Kestdfmc, 5<<6). Jt a`s jts ofnfsjs
jn cjsruptjvf `hejoujty `nc jts hjxturf kd rftrkspfgt `nc prkspfgt, js fhefccfc
jn jntfrcfpfncfngf `nc e`sfc kn ` cj`mkouf `hkno pfkpmf wak `gt kn efa`md kd
m`rofr skgj`m unjts. ”Wfnsfh`ijno p`ys `ttfntjkn tk akw pfkpmf ‑cf`m wjta‚ (wafta-
fr ungknsgjkusmy kr ktafrwjsf) gknstr`jnts jhpksfc ey taf jndkrh`tjkn prkgfss-
jno mjhjt`tjkns `nc tafjr kro`njs`tjkn`m gkntfxt, cfmvjno jntk taf skgjk-pkmjtjg`m
n`turf kd kro`njs`tjkns tk sakw ta`t taf `nswfr tk efttfr cfgjsjkn h`ijno ckfs
nkt nfgfss`rjmy mjf wjta taf prkvjsjkn kd orf`tfr qu`ntjtjfs kd ‑hkrf `ggur`tf‚, ‑ke- bfgtjvf‚ `nc tjhfmy c`t`, eut r`tafr rfqujrfs `n uncfrst`ncjno kd taf skgj`m prkg-
fssfs kd nfoktj`tjkn jnvkmvfc jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno‘ (E`mkoun, ft `m., 5<<1, p. 576).Gfntr`m qufstjkns `rf akw `n fvfnt gkhfs tk a`ppfn `nc wa`t ckfs `n fvfnt
hf`n. Cjddfrfnt jntfrprft`tjkns kd cfgjsjkns gkumc g`usf hejoujty nc gkndusjkn
`ekut taf `gtjkns rfqujrfc tk jhpmfhfnt ` cfgjsjkns.
@ggkrcjno tk _fjgi (0::6) `nc Tjc`jmmft (5<<1), eujmcjno stkrjfs wjta `rou-
hfnts `hkno cfgjsjkn h`ifrs, kppkrtunjstjg jntfrprft`tjkn, spfncjno tjhf kn
`gtjkns, `nc mjnijno jssufs `mm jngrf`sf sfnsfh`ijno `ekut cfgjsjkns `nc taf `t-
trjeutjkn kd kutgkhfs tk spfgjdjg jncjvjcu`ms `nc `gtjkns. Garjstj`nskn, D`ri`s,
Wutgmjddf `nc _fjgi (5<<:) sakwfc dkr jnst`ngf ta`t kro`njs`tjkns g`n mf`rntarkuoa r`rf fvfnts ta`t kggur kutsjcf taf fvfryc`y fxpfrjfngf kd `n kro`njs`tjkn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 73/341
6?
efg`usf r`rf fvfnts trjoofr mf`njno ey ucjtjno taf fxjstjno rfspknsf rfpfrtkjrfs, ey
cjsruptjno kr strfnotafnjno kro`njzjno rkutjnfs, nc ey rfcjrfgtjno kro`njs`tjkn`m
jcfntjty. E`mkoun, \yf `nc Akcoijnskn (5<<1) jngmucf ` skgjkmkojg mfns kn cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno nc cfdjnf sfnsfh`ijno s skgj`m prkgfss kd gknstrugtjkn nc rfgkn-
strugtjkn kd hf`njno ta`t fn`emfs jncjvjcu`ms tarkuoa jntfr`gtjno wjta ktafrs tk
gkmmfgtjvfmy grf`tf, h`jnt`jn nc jntfrprft taf wkrmc. af jntfrtwjnfc gkngfpts kd‑dr`hjno‚ (sa`pjno taf hf`njno kd ` suebfgt `nc sa`rjno jt wjta ktafrs), ‑sfnsfojv-
jno‚ (`ttfhpts tk jndmufngf sfnsfh`ijno `nc gknstrugtjkn kd hf`njno tkw`rc `
prfdfrrfc rfcfdjnjtjkn kd skgj`m rf`mjty), ‑sfnsfrf`cjno‚ (pfrgfptjkn kd gjrguhst`ng-
fs `nc `mjonjno kd jntfrprft`tjkns), `nc ‑sfnsfwrjoatjno‚ (jnafrjtjno, sa`pjno `nc
rfdmfgtjno taf uncfrst`ncjno kd taf wkrmc) `rf `mm rfm`tfc tk taf rfskurgf, prkgfss
`nc hf`njno kd pkwfr fddfgts jn kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno (E`mkoun, ft `m.,
5<<1). _fjgi, Wutgmjddf `nc Kestdfmc (5<<6, p. 3<:) fhpa`sjsf ta`t sfnsfh`ijno
js `ekut taf jntfrpm`y kd `gtjkn `nc jntfrprft`tjkn r`tafr ta`n taf jndmufngf kd
fv`mu`tjkn kn gakjgf ‗ ”jt js ` prkgfss ta`t js knokjno, jnstruhfnt`m, suetmf, swjdt,
skgj`m `nc f`sjmy t`ifn dkr or`ntfc‘.Jn taf tr`cjtjkn kd sfnsfh`ijno, jh`of tafkry suoofsts ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
usf tafjr jh`ofs (` jncjvjcu`m stkrf kd inkwmfcof) tk sft st`nc`rcs ta`t oujcf cfgj-
sjkns `ekut ok`ms `nc pm`ns (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). Jn jh`of tafkry ` dr`hf
gknsjsts kd taf prjngjpmfs, ok`ms `nc pm`ns (taf gknstjtufnts) kd taf jh`ofs `nc js
usfc tk sft taf st`nc`rcs ta`t jndmufngf taf cfgjsjkn (dkr fx`hpmf ey rfgkonjtjkn).
\ktfntj`m ok`ms `nc pm`ns ta`t `rf jngkhp`tjemf wjta taf st`nc`rcs `rf qujgimy
sgrffnfc kut `nc taf efst kd taf survjvkrs js tafn gaksfn. Jn taf kro`njs`tjkn`m
vfrsjkn kd jh`of tafkry, taf gknstjtufnts kd taf jh`ofs `rf g`mmfc kro`njs`tjkn`m
gumturf (sa`rfc v`mufs `nc efmjfds), kro`njs`tjkn`m vjsjkn (ok`ms `ofnc` `nc tjhf
mjnf), `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m str`tfoy (emufprjnt dkr ok`m `gajfvfhfnt). af dr`hjno`ssurfs ta`t wafn pfkpmf h`if cfgjsjkns dkr `nc `ekut kro`njs`tjkns rfmfv`nt jh-
`ofs `rf t`ifn jntk `ggkunt. Ufsf`rga kn taf jncjvjcu`m vfrsjkn kd jh`of tafkry
sakws ta`t sgrffnjno kd sujt`emf kptjkns sffhs hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n taf `gtu`m
gakjgf, ta`t gkhp`tjejmjty kd jh`ofs js mjnifc tk taf nuhefr kd vjkm`tjkns tk taf
jh`ofs (` vjkm`tjkn tarfsakmc) `nc ta`t taf hkrf hfhefrs kd `n kro`njs`tjkn
`orff ekut taf prjngjpmfs, taf hkrf tafy `orff ekut taf pprkprj`tfnfss kd pm`n
(Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). Jn kro`njs`tjkns, gkhp`tjejmjty wjta taf gkhp`ny‚s
gumturf jndmufngfs taf suppkrt dkr taf cfgjsjkn wajmf cjsgrfp`ngy eftwffn jcf`m
jh`of `nc `gtu`m jh`of gkumc jndmufngf bke s`tjsd`gtjkn. Ufsumts kd `ppmjg`tjkn kd
taf jh`of tafkry sffh prkhjsjno dkr jssufs suga `s bke turnkvfr, kro`njs`tjkn`m bustjgf `nc gmjnjg`m trf`thfnt sfmfgtjkn, jssufs ta`t sakw ` mkt kd rfsfhem`ngf wjta
taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt. @ggkrcjno tk E`mkoun ft `m. (5<<1) mjttmf rfsf`rga a`s
effn cknf ta`t jntfor`tfs taf h`n`ofrj`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m gkonjtjkn. ajs ijnc
kd rfsf`rga prke`emy rfqujrfs `n ftankor`pajg hftakc eut jt js fssfntj`m ta`t ”taf
stucy kd cfgjcjno nkt bust gknsjcfrs taf jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno dkgus kn pfrskn`m
prfdfrfngfs, ej`sfs nc afurjstjgs, eut `msk kn cfgjsjkn h`ifr‚s jcfntjtjfs nc tafjr
skgj`m sijmms `nc g`p`ejmjtjfs‘ (E`mkoun, ft `m., 5<<1, p. 537).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 74/341
61
7.3.7 D`gtkrs kd jndmufngf kn gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs
Afurjstjgs h`y ef usfdum eut tafy g`n `msk mf`c tk sfvfrf `nc systfh`tjg frrkrs
(vfrsiy & I`anfh`n, 0:?3). af gkngfpt kd afurjstjgs jnspjrfc mkt kd sgakm`rs
tk ck rfsf`rga `ekut taf hkst gkhhkn systfh`tjg ej`sfs `nc frrkrs jn `ppmyjno
afurjstjgs jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno2 taf kvfrgkndjcfngf ej`s, `ngakrjno ej`s, gkndjr-
h`tjkn e`sjs, sfmd-dumdjmmjno prkpafgjfs, `v`jm`ejmjty ej`s, rfprfsfnt`tjvf ej`s, fs-g`m`tjkn kd gkhhjthfnt, r`nckhnfss frrkr, `nc ajncsjoat ej`s (Ako`rta, 0:119
\mkus, 0::79 Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). Ako`rta (0:11) jcfntjdjfc jngknsjstfngy,
mf`rnjno, hfhkry, gkhput`tjkn`m g`p`gjty, d`jmurf tk `pprfgj`tf r`nckhnfss `nc
sfvfr`m ktafr gkonjtjvf `spfgts `s krjojns kd bucofhfnt`m ej`sfs rfm`tfc tk taf `g-
qujsjtjkn, prkgfssjno, kutput `nc dffce`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn. Ktafr d`gtkrs kd jndmu-
fngf kd cfvj`tjkns jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno ey afurjstjgs `rf pfrskn`mjty, ofncfr `nc
gumtur`m cjddfrfngfs (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). @ggkrcjno tk Auttkn & Imfjn
(0:::) hkrf rfgfnt rfsf`rga sakws ta`t taf sakrtgkhjnos kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs a`vf
effn orf`tmy fx`oofr`tfc, wajga hf`ns ta`t tafrf js jn prjngjpmf nktajno wrkno
wjta usjno afurjstjgs. Ekkis kn fddfgtjvf cfgjsjkn h`ijno usu`mmy fxpm`jn taf ej-
`sfs `nc prkpksf tkkms `nc hftakcs tk prfvfnt tafh (f.o. Uussk & Wgakfh`ifr,
5<<5). Jt js nkt yft gmf`r waftafr rfsf`rga kn ej`sfs `nc afurjstjgs g`n ef usfc
tk oujcf cfsjonfrs kd cfgjsjkn `jcs jn taf rfcugtjkn kd auh`n frrkr. _rjoat `nc
Okkcwjn (5<<1) prkvjcf `n kvfrvjfw kd gurrfnt jnsjoat `ekut taf fddfgtjvfnfss kd
hftakcs e`sfc kn taf usf kd afurjstjgs (suga s WH@U, Cfmpaj, cfgjsjkn `n`mysjs
`nc sgfn`rjk pm`nnjno) ta`t rf cfsjonfc tk prkvjcf strugturf nc suppkrt tk jncj-
vjcu`m `nc orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
H`rga & Wjhkn (0:61) `rouf ta`t taf e`sjg dungtjkn kd ` cfgjsjkn js tk skmvf
` prkemfh `nc tafrfey rfcugf ungfrt`jnty, eut m`tfr jnsjoats sakwfc ta`t fvfry
cfgjsjkn h`y prkcugf nfw ungfrt`jntjfs. Vngfrt`jnty js jntjh`tfmy mjnifc wjta
frrkr2 taf orf`tfr taf ungfrt`jnty, taf orf`tfr taf prke`ejmjty kd h`ijno `n frrkr.
Mjpsajtz ft `m. (5<<0, p. 77?) prkpksf tk cfdjnf ungfrt`jnty `s ”` sfnsf kd ckuet
ta`t emkgis kr cfm`ys `gtjkns‘. afy jcfntjdjfc tarff prjngjpmf dkrhs kd ungfr-
t`jnty2 jn`cfqu`tf uncfrst`ncjno (` sfnsf kd a`vjno jnsuddjgjfnt sjtu`tjkn `w`rf-
nfss), m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn (` sfnsf kd a`vjno jngkhpmftf, `hejoukus kr unrfmj`emf
jndkrh`tjkn), `nc gkndmjgtjno `mtfrn`tjvfs (` sfnsf ta`t `v`jm`emf `mtfrn`tjvfs `rf
jnsuddjgjfntmy cjddfrfntj`tfc). af U@_DW afurjstjg gkhejnfs djvf prjngjpmf str`t-
fojfs kd gkpjno wjta ungfrt`jnty2 Ufcugjno ungfrt`jnty, f.o. ey gkmmfgtjno `ccj-
tjkn`m jndkrh`tjkn9 @ssuhptjkn e`sfc rf`sknjno ey h`ijno `ssuhptjkns ta`t okefyknc cjrfgtmy `v`jm`emf c`t` tk djmm o`ps9 _fjoajno prks `nc gkns kd `t mf`st twk
`mtfrn`tjvfs9 Dkrfst`mmjno ey cfvfmkpjno `n pprkprj`tf rfspknsf kr rfspknsf g`p`-
ejmjtjfs tk `ntjgjp`tf uncfsjr`emf gkntjnofngjfs9 `nc Wupprfssjno ungfrt`jnty, f.o.
ey jonkrjno jt kr rfmyjno kn unw`rr`ntfc r`tjkn`mjz`tjkn (Mjpsajtz, ft `m., 5<<0, p.
771). @ppmyjno tafsf str`tfojfs jn ` garknkmkojg`m krcfr gkumc ef jntfrprftfc `s `
dkrhum` dkr suggfssdummy gkpjno wjta ungfrt`jnty.
Fxpfrts sffh efttfr `emf tk sff taf sjonjdjg`ngf kd jndkrh`tjkn `nc p`y `ttfn-
tjkn tk jhpkrt`nt gufs ta`t tfmm tafh wa`t tk ck jn grjtjg`m sjtu`tjkns (Erfnnfr,
`nnfr, & Gafsm`, 0::4). C``if, C`wmfy `nc @ntakny (5<<3) dkunc ta`t ajoamy
fcug`tfc prkdfssjkn`ms h`ijno str`tfojg cfgjsjkns jn ` akspjt`m rfmjfc hkrf knjndkrh`m c`t` `nc t`gjt, fxpfrjfngf-e`sfc jndkrh`tjkn ta`n kn d`gts `nc dkrh`m
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 75/341
6:
c`t`. Ako`rta (5<<5) suhh`rjsfs taf hkst jhpkrt`nt djncjnos kn fxpfrtjsf jn taf
usf kd cfgjsjkn str`tfojfs2 0) fxpfrtjsf js mjhjtfc tk spfgjdjg ckh`jns `nc `gqujrfc
tarkuoa fxpksurf tk nc gtjvjty wjtajn tafh, 5) kutst`ncjno pfrdkrh`ngf jn `ny
ckh`jn t`ifs yf`rs kd cfcjg`tjkn `nc dffce`gi drkh tf`gafrs, 7) tafrf js mjhjtfc
rfm`tjkn eftwffn fxpfrtjsf `nc prfcjgtjvf `ejmjty, 3) fxpfrts `nc nkvjgfs prkgfss
jndkrh`tjkn cjddfrfntmy ey taf usf kd p`ttfrns `nc t`gjt inkwmfcof. Fxpfrts sff`nc rfprfsfnt ` prkemfh `t ` cffpfr mfvfm, a`vf ` efttfr `ejmjty tk sff typjg`mjty, `n-
tfgfcfnts `nc gknsfqufngfs, `nc spfnc hkrf tjhf tryjno tk uncfrst`nc taf prke-
mfh (Auttkn & Imfjn, 0:::). Crfydus `nc Crfydus (0:14) prkpksf ta`t sijmmfc
pfrdkrh`ngf p`ssfs tarkuoa djvf mfvfms kd prkdjgjfngy jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno2 nkvjgf,
`cv`ngfc efojnnfr, gkhpftfnt, prkdjgjfnt nc fxpfrt. Erfnnfr ft m. (0::4) dkunc
ta`t wafn ` nkvjgf hkvfs tk efgkhjno `n fxpfrt (s)af djrst sajdts drkh rfmyjno kn
`estr`gt prjngjpmfs tk usjno gkngrftf fxpfrjfngf, (s)af tafn st`rts tk pfrgfjvf taf
sjtu`tjkn hkrf `s ` gkhpmftf wakmf wjta rfmfv`nt p`rts jnstf`c kd ` gkhpjm`tjkn
`nc tafn, jnstf`c kd efjno `n kesfrvfr (s)af g`n st`rt `gtjno `s `n p`rtjgjp`nt jn
taf sjtu`tjkn. Fxpfrts bust ck taf rjoat tajno tk `gajfvf ` ok`m efg`usf tafy a`vf `m`rofr ‑rfspknsf rfpfrtkjrf‚ `nc tafrfdkrf fxpfrjfngf dfwfr kgg`sjkns kd kvfrmk`c.
\`rskns (0:1?) suoofsts ` hkcfm ta`t jngmucfs sfvfr`m st`ofs kd fxpfrtjsf dkr fxpf-
rjfngjno `rt. Jn taf djrst st`of taf fxpfrjfngf js jntujtjvfmy pmf`sur`emf. Jn taf nfxt
st`of taf fxpfrjfngf wjmm `msk ef jntfrfstjno efg`usf kd taf gkntfnt. Jn taf tajrc
st`of knf `msk dffms ta`t taf fxpfrjfngf js vfry jntfrfstjno `nc jn taf nfxt st`of taf
fxpfrjfngf js put jntk ` ajstkrjg`m gkntfxt. Burkrs jn taf djdta `nc djn`m st`of `rf
`emf tk bucof `utknkhkusmy `nc dffm taf nffc tk cjsguss `nc a`rhknjsf wjta taf
prkdfssjkn`m djfmc. @ggkrcjno tk Hjfo (5<<0) jt js nkt knmy taf psygakmkojg`m sijmms
ta`t h`if pfkpmf n fxpfrt. Drkh hkrf skgjkmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf skhfknf js gkn-
sjcfrfc `n fxpfrt efg`usf skhfknf fmsf `ttrjeutfs fxpfrtjsf tk ` pfrskn. Fxpfrtjsfjs tafrfdkrf `mw`ys rfm`tjvf `nc tafjr pfrdkrh`ngf sakumc ef g`rfdummy gafgifc.
Wk`nf `nc Njgakmskn (5<<1) cjstjnoujsa sfvfr`m mfvfms kd pfrskn`m cjddfrfngfs
ta`t gkumc jndmufngf taf ok`ms ta`t cjrfgt cfgjsjkn h`ijno, taf gkntfnt kd cfgjsjkn
h`ijno, `nc taf cjrfgtjkn kd `ttfntjkn tk `v`jm`emf jndkrh`tjkn. \frskn`m cjddfr-
fngfs kggur kn taf mfvfm kd ejkor`pajg`m v`rj`emfs (`of, ofncfr), jntfrn`m prkg-
fssfs (`ddfgt, fhktjkn, `ttrjeutjkn, hktjv`tjkn, pfrskn`mjty, rjsi krjfnt`tjkn, sfmd-
hknjtkrjno, sfmd rfoum`tjkn, `utkh`tjgjty, sfmd-fddjg`gy), `ttrjeutfs (`ttjtucfs `nc
v`mufs), `nc `ejmjtjfs (gkhpftfngfs, ungfrt`jnty, jntfr`gtjknjsh, pfrskn-bke djt).
Akwfvfr, taf jndmufngf kd tafsf jncjvjcu`m cjddfrfngfs js nkt r`nckh efg`usf pfk-
pmf a`vf systfh`tjg nc gknsjstfnt prfdfrfngfs nc tr`jts. Jn ofnfr`m pfkpmf gakksftk ef jn kggup`tjkns nc sjtu`tjkns ta`t sujt tafjr tfncfngjfs. afrfdkrf n kvfr`mm
akhfkst`tjg prkgfss kd sfmd-jcfntjty rfoum`tfs taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn jncjvjcu`m
gakjgfs, ok`ms `nc sjtu`tjkn`m dkrgfs (Wk`nf & Njgakmskn, 5<<1).
Jn mjnf wjta taf djncjnos kn jh`of tafkry `ekut sgrffnjno (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy,
5<<6), Wutgmjdd `nc _fjgi (5<<1) suoofst ta`t jntfrprft`tjkn `nc sfnsfh`ijno
`rf hkrf jhpkrt`nt jn cfgjsjkn `gtjkn ta`n gakjgf. I`rh`nkv (5<<:) dkunc ta`t
`fstaftjg fxpfrjfngf kd m`ncsg`pf cfsjon js fna`ngfc ey inkwmfcof suga `s taf
rfgkonjtjkn kd pm`nts, taf pfrgfjvfc hf`njnos `nc n`rr`tjvfs tarkuoa wajga taf
paysjg`m prkpfrtjfs kd taf fnvjrknhfnt rf jntfrprftfc nc fv`mu`tfc, fvkifc ssk-
gj`tjkns nc hfhkrjfs nc fhktjkn`m rf`gtjkns. Mf C`ntfg nc Z-Mufn Ck (5<<:)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 76/341
4<
`msk dkunc ta`t n`rr`tjvfs nc fxprfssjkns kd v`mufs afmpfc tk gknvfy akw rfqujrf-
hfnts `nc v`mufs jn cfsjon `rf sjtu`tfc tkoftafr. Jndkrh`tjkn kvfrmk`c kggurs
wafn ` pfrskn rfgfjvfs tkk huga jndkrh`tjkn tk prkgfss, gkhputf, `nc jntfrprft
jt nc taf e`m`ngf eftwffn cfh`nc nc g`p`gjty js cjsturefc. Wyhptkhs kd jndkr-
h`tjkn kvfrmk`c `rf dkr fx`hpmf ofnfr`m m`gi kd pfrspfgtjvf, `n jn`ejmjty tk sfmfgt
kut rfmfv`nt jndkrh`tjkn `nc jngrf`sjno cjstr`gtjkn ey jrrfmfv`nt `nc jntfrdfr-jno gufs wajga mf`c tk strfss `nc ` dffmjno kd mkss kd gkntrkm (Wutgmjddf & _fjgi,
5<<1). Jd jndkrh`tjkn js kd mkw qu`mjty, mkw v`muf, ajoamy `hejoukus kr a`s sakrt
pfrjkc kd rfmfv`ngf, tkk huga fddkrt `nc tjhf wkumc ef nffcfc tk h`if sfnsf kd
taf jndkrh`tjkn. Kvfrmk`c g`n kggur wafn jnput jngrf`sfs, eut `msk wafn g`p`g-
jty js mjhjtfc. G`p`gjty g`n ef mjhjtfc ey jngrf`sjno gkhpmfxjty nc t`si cfh`ncs
eut `msk wafn tjhf js mjhjtfc kr prfssurf js ajoa. Cjstr`gtjkns `nc jntfrruptjkns
jncjrfgtmy `msk jngrf`sf taf ga`ngf kd kvfrmk`c. Ufsf`rga sakws ta`t uncfr gfrt`jn
gkncjtjkns `nc up tk ` gfrt`jn pkjnt, tjhf prfssurf gkumc `msk jhprkvf cfgjsjkn
tjhf nc cfgjsjkn ggur`gy efg`usf jt afmps cfgjsjkn h`ifrs tk n`rrkw ckwn tafjr
`ttfntjkn `nc tk dkgus kn taf hkst rfmfv`nt jndkrh`tjkn (A`an, M`wskn, & Mff,0::59 Wpfjfr, T`m`gjga, & Tfssfy, 0:::).
7.3.3 @ddfgt, hkkc `nc fhktjkn
Fhktjkns g`n jndmufngf `mm `spfgts kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. I`anfh`n (5<<7) g`mms
taf rfgkonjtjkn kd taf `ddfgt afurjstjg taf hkst jhpkrt`nt cfvfmkphfnt jn taf
stucy kd bucofhfnt afurjstjgs jn taf p`st dfw cfg`cfs, wajga rfdmfgts ` ga`nof
jn taf ofnfr`m gmjh`tf kd psygakmkojg`m kpjnjkn. @ggkrcjno tk Ukeejns & Bucof
(5<<1) `ddfgt js cfdjnfc `s ` erk`c r`nof kd dffmjnos ta`t pfkpmf fxpfrjfngf jn taf
dkrh kd fhktjkn kr hkkcs. af gknstrugt kd `ddfgt a`s twk jncfpfncfnt cjhfn-
sjkns dkr pksjtjvf `nc nfo`tjvf dffmjnos fxpfrjfngfc ey taf jncjvjcu`m `t taf s`hf
tjhf (Eftsga, 5<<6). Fhktjkns `rf erjfd, spfgjdjg `nc jntfnsf dffmjnos crjvfn ey
skhfknf‚s gkngfrns ta`t gkumc cjrfgt gfrt`jn efa`vjkur (Drjbc`, 0:149 Ojofrfnzfr
& Wfmtfn, 5<<0). Fhktjkn rfsf`rgafrs cjstjnoujsa eftwffn t`si-rfm`tfc nc ntjgj-
p`tfc jntfor`m `ddfgt (fhktjkn`m rfspknsfs fmjgjtfc ey taf cfgjsjkn sjtu`tjkn jtsfmd
kr jts pktfntj`m gknsfqufngfs) `nc e`giorkunc kr jngjcfnt`m `ddfgt (ungknnfgtfc
fhktjkns erkuoat jn ey `n jncjvjcu`m tk taf cfgjsjkn sjtu`tjkn) (Ojofrfnzfr &
Wfmtfn, 5<<09 Hksjfr & Djsgafr, 5<<:). af jhp`gt kd jngjcfnt`m fhktjkns sffhs
tk ef hkrf ta`n prfvjkusmy takuoat, `nc gkngfrns ekta ungknsgjkus `s wfmm `s
rf`gtjkns ta`t `rf cjddjgumt tk put `sjcf. Ufsf`rga a`s sakwn ta`t jngjcfnt`m fhk-tjkn jhp`gts cfgjsjkn h`ijno hkrf jn `hejoukus sjtu`tjkns ta`n jn un`hejoukus
sjtu`tjkns (Mfrnfr & Ifmtnfr, 5<<<). H`tf gakjgf js `n jhpkrt`nt cfgjsjkn e`sfc
kn skgj`m prkgfssfs `ddfgtfc ey fhktjkns ta`t gkumc `msk ef fxpm`jnfc drkh ` gum-
tur`m pfrspfgtjvf (Ojofrfnzfr & Wfmtfn, 5<<0).
@ppr`js`m tafkry `jhs tk fxpm`jn taf jhp`gt kd fhktjkn kn cfgjsjkn h`ijno
(Fmmswkrta & Wgafrfr, 5<<79 M`z`rus, 0::<). Jt sffs fhktjkns `s spfgjdjg `ppr`js`m
p`ttfrns ta`t hktjv`tf pfkpmf tkw`rcs spfgjdjg ok`ms `nc efa`vjkurs. Df`r gkumc
dkr fx`hpmf mf`c tk ungfrt`jnty rfcugtjkn, sfmd-prktfgtjkn `nc prfvfntjno a`rh
(N`ej, 5<<7) wajmf `nofr gkumc jncugf rjsi-t`ijno efa`vjkur `nc stjhum`tf `g-
tjkns tk ga`nof taf sjtu`tjkn (Mfrnfr & jfcfns, 5<<4). af wkri kn prkcugtfxpfrjfngf (f.o. Cfshft, 5<<5, sff `msk Ga`ptfr 5.3) js e`sfc kn `ppr`js`m tafkry
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 77/341
40
`nc tafrfdkrf gkngfrns jntfor`m `ddfgt. Uforft tafkry `nc cjs`ppkjnthfnt tafkry
`rf fx`hpmfs kd rjsiy gakjgf nc hkcjdjg`tjkn kd utjmjtjfs ey fhktjkns (Ojofrfnzfr
& Wfmtfn, 5<<0). Fhktjkns `rf `msk jhpkrt`nt dkr mf`rnjno prkgfssfs ‗ ` rfw`rc
jnspjrfs pfkpmf tk iffp up tafjr okkc wkri wajmf ` punjsahfnt g`usfs p`jndum
dffmjnos.
Djncjnos ey C`h`sjk (0::3, 0:::) kn er`jn c`h`of jncjg`tf ta`t fhktjkns`rf grjtjg`m tk r`tjkn`m tajnijno efg`usf tafy prkvjcf jhpkrt`nt jndkrh`tjkn ekut
akw pfkpmf `rf `w`rf `nc uncfrst`nc taf wkrmc jn `cv`ngf kd gknsgjkus `w`rf-
nfss. Fhktjkns gkumc gkntrjeutf tk rfcugtjkn kd taf kptjkns pfkpmf gknsjcfr nc
tafrfdkrf h`ifs cfgjsjkns hkrf h`n`of`emf. @s ` rfsumt kd ungknsgjkus jndkrh`-
tjkn prkgfssjno, hkkcs `nc fhktjkns pfkpmf h`y inkw hkrf ta`n tafy g`n fx-
prfss, `nc h`y ef un`emf tk vfre`mjsf akw tafy `rrjvfc `t ` p`rtjgum`r bucofhfnt
(Ekwfrs, ft `m., 0::<). Efg`usf taf ungknsgjkus systfh js `sskgj`tfc wjta `ddfgt
`nc ` m`gi kd `w`rfnfss akw tk ef gkntrkmmfc, taf ungknsgjkus systfh mjifmy tk ef
hkrf gkhpfmmjno nc cjddjgumt tk gkntrkm (Fpstfjn, 0::3). Fpstfjn tafrfdkrf gm`jhs
ta`t `mm prkgfssfs jn taf nkn-gknsgjkus systfh `rf fhktjkn`mmy crjvfn. M`nomfy ft`m. (0::6) st`tf ta`t fhktjkn, jh`ojn`tjkn `nc hfhkrjfs crjvf cfgjsjkn h`ijno
ey dkrhjno jnsjoats. Jntujtjvf bucofhfnts h`y ef trjoofrfc ey fhktjkns `nc `d-
dfgt (_fjss & Grkp`nz`nk, 0::4). Fhktjkn`m jntfmmjofngf jncjg`tfs knf‚s `ejmjty
tk cftfgt `nc h`n`of fhktjkn`m gufs `nc jndkrh`tjkn `nc js gkhpksfc kd taf cj-
hfnsjkns kd sfmd-`w`rfnfss, sfmd-h`n`ofhfnt, sfmd-hktjv`tjkn, fhp`tay nc skgj`m
sijmms (f.o. C`vjfs, Wt`nikv, & Ukefrts, 0::1).
@ddfgt gkumc jndmufngf jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno str`tfojfs kr prkgfssjno stymfs
(Hur`h`tsu & A`nkga, 5<<69 \ftfrs, T`stdb`mm, O`rmjno, & Wmkvjg, 5<<4).
Ojofrfnzfr `nc Wfmtfn (5<<0) suoofst ta`t fhktjkn `nc skgj`m nkrhs g`n ef `n
fddfgtjvf stkppjno rumf `s p`rt kd tafjr `c`ptjvf tkkmijt. Ufsf`rga djncjnos suoofstta`t `nofr gkumc dkr fx`hpmf mf`c tk hkrf stfrfktypjg bucofhfnts, mfss `ttfntjkn
tk taf qu`mjty kd rouhfnts nc hkrf ttfntjkn tk supfrdjgj`m gufs, wafrf`s df`r kr
`nxjfty gkumc mf`c tk systfh`tjg nc gkhprfafnsjvf jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssfs (Hksjfr
& Djsgafr, 5<<:). \ksjtjvf `ddfgt gkumc dkstfr qujgifr, hkrf supfrdjgj`m `nc mfss fd-
dkrtdum str`tfojfs usjno mjttmf jndkrh`tjkn, eut gkumc `msk mf`c tk hkrf grf`tjvf,
kpfn `nc jngmusjvf takuoats (W`cmfr-Whjta & Wp`rrkw, 5<<1). afsf djncjnos `rf
jn mjnf wjta taf rfsumts kd @h`ejmf (0::4), wajga jncjg`tf ` mjnf`r rfm`tjknsajp ef-
twffn pksjtjvf ddfgt nc grf`tjvf takuoats, gkonjtjvf v`rj`tjkn nc grf`tjvf fvfnts
`nc tafrfdkrf ` pkssjemf jngrf`sf kd kro`njs`tjkn`m prkcugtjvjty `nc bke s`tjsd`g-
tjkn. Grf`tjvjty gkumc `msk fvkif sakrt tfrh fhktjkn`m rf`gtjkns suga `s bky.Hksjfr & Djsgafr (5<<:) `rouf ta`t `ddfgt gkumc mf`c tk ` mjhjtfc jndkrh`-
tjkn sf`rga `nc ` ej`sfc jntfor`tjkn `nc jntfrprft`tjkn kd jndkrh`tjkn `nc gufs
jn kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno `msk. Jn `n kpfr`tjkn`m gkntfxt `nofr gkumc dkr
jnst`ngf fngkur`of ` ‑em`hf‚ gumturf jn wajga cfgjsjkn h`ifrs dkgus kn rfspknsj-
ejmjty nc rftrjeutjkn r`tafr ta`n prkemfh skmvjno, wajmf df`r kr nxjfty h`y fmjgjt
` orf`t gkngfrn dkr sfmd-prktfgtjkn `nc s`dfty. E`sfc kn rfsf`rga rfsumts kd ktafr
sgakm`rs, Hksjfr & Djsgafr (5<<:, p. 0<0) suoofst ta`t ”prkdfssjkn`ms `rf sfnsjtjvf
tk t`si-jntfor`m `ddfgt `nc jngkrpkr`tf jt jntk tafjr cfgjsjkn prkgfss‘. ajs jhpmjfs
ta`t fvfn fxpfrts skhftjhfs sfmfgt `nc jntfrprft taf jndkrh`tjkn wajga h`ifs
tafh dffm hkrf gkhdkrt`emf `s jnput dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno. @ggkrcjno tk _fjgi ft
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 78/341
45
`m. (5<<6, p. 301) ”fxpfgt`tjkns akmc pfkpmf akst`of tk tafjr rfm`tjknsajps jn taf
sfnsf ta`t f`ga fxpfgt`ngy g`n ef vjkm`tfc, `nc ofnfr`tfs ` cjsgrfp`ngy, `n fhk-
tjkn, `nc ` vjkm`tfc jntfrprft`tjkn‘. Hkrf rfsf`rga jn n`tur`m sfttjnos js nffcfc
tk durtafr fxpmkrf taf fddfgts kd ekta jntfor`m `nc jngjcfnt`m `ddfgt kn taf sf`rga
`nc jntfrprft`tjkn kd jndkrh`tjkn, sfnsfh`ijno, `nc taf qu`mjty kd taf cfgjsjkn
(@h`ejmf, 0::49 Hksjfr & Djsgafr, 5<<:9 _fjgi, ft `m., 5<<6).
7.6 Cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn orkups
H`ny cfgjsjkns jn kro`njs`tjkns `rf nkt h`cf ey jncjvjcu`ms eut ey orkups kr
tf`hs kd pfkpmf. ajs sfgtjkn prkvjcfs ` sakrt kvfrvjfw kd orkup cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno `nc skhf fddfgts ta`t gkumc t`if pm`gf wjtajn ` orkup. Efg`usf ` bury p`nfm kr
stffrjno gkhhjttff g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` orkup kd fxpfrts, taf gkngfpt kd fxpfrt
tf`hs js `msk `ccrfssfc.
7.6.0 Gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m prkgfssfs @ggkrcjno tk Dkktf, H`tskn, _fjss `nc _fnofr (5<<5), taf efmjfd cr`wn drkh
taf _fstfrn mfo`m systfh ta`t twk af`cs `rf efttfr ta`n knf js taf rf`skn way jn
h`ny kro`njs`tjkn`m tkc`y cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf ey orkups, tf`hs kr gkhhjttffs. @
trfhfnckus hkunt kd mjtfr`turf fxjsts kn tf`hs. ajs sfgtjkn rfdmfgts knmy taf e`-
sjg jnsjoats. @ orkup js cfdjnfc `s twk kr hkrf jncjvjcu`ms, jntfr`gtjno `nc jntfr-
cfpfncfnt, wak a`vf gkhf tkoftafr tk `gajfvf p`rtjgum`r kebfgtjvfs (Ukeejns &
Bucof, 5<<1). @ orkup g`n ef fjtafr dkrh`m cfdjnfc ey taf kro`njs`tjkn‚s strugturf
kr jndkrh`m. @ gkhh`nc orkup js ` dkrh`m orkup gkhpksfc kd jncjvjcu`ms wak
cjrfgtmy rfpkrt tk ` ojvfn h`n`ofr. `si orkups `rf dkrh`m orkups kd fhpmkyffs
wkrijno tkoftafr tk pfrdkrh ` t`si. @ tf`h js ` orkup wajga ofnfr`tfs pksjtjvfsynfroy tarkuoa gkkrcjn`tfc fddkrt wajga rfsumts jn ` mfvfm kd pfrdkrh`ngf ta`t js
orf`tfr ta`n taf suh kd jncjvjcu`m jnputs (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). Orkups a`vf
prkpfrtjfs, suga `s rkmfs, nkrhs, st`tus, orkup sjzf `nc orkup gkafsjvfnfss, ta`t
sa`pf taf efa`vjkurs kd orkup hfhefrs `nc h`if jt pkssjemf tk prfcjgt ` m`rof
p`rt kd jncjvjcu`m efa`vjkur jn ` orkup `s wfmm `s taf pfrdkrh`ngf kd taf orkup
`s ` wakmf.
\fkpmf `mjon tafjr dr`hfs wjta ktafrs jn twk w`ys2 ey cjsgussjkn `nc ey ` sa`rfc
sft kd efmjfds `nc v`mufs, g`mmfc `n kro`njs`tjkn`m gumturf (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy,
5<<6). Jd dr`hfs `rf sjhjm`r, pfkpmf `rf hkrf mjifmy tk uncfrst`nc ktafr pfkpmf‚s
jntfntjkns nc ok`ms. ajs hf`ns ta`t gkndmjgts tfnc tk ef ekut taf skmutjkn kd tafprkemfh, nkt `ekut taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf prkemfh. T`rj`tjkn jn gumturfs tfncs
tk ef mfss wjtajn kro`njs`tjkns ta`n eftwffn gkuntrjfs. Ftzjknj (0::1) roufs ta`t
jn h`ny rf`s gkmmfgtjvf tajnijno nc cfgjsjkn-h`ijno rf hkrf r`tjkn`m ta`n ta`t
kd jncjvjcu`ms efg`usf kd taf fxpmjgjt kpfnnfss tk fvjcfngf `nc rf`sknjno jn taf
prkgfss kd orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn kro`njs`tjkns sa`rfc uncfrst`ncjno, pkwfr
struoomf, jmm-cfdjnfc prkemfhs, nc ungmf`r cfgjsjkn kptjkns jngrf`sf taf gkhpmfx-
jty kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. afrf `rf v`rjkus hkcfms kd kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno2 taf r`tjkn`m hkcfm (fvfryekcy strjvfs tk `gajfvf taf s`hf ok`m), taf jndkrh`-
tjkn hkcfm (cfgjsjkns `rf t`ifn wafn ` s`tjsdyjno kptjkns `rf fngkuntfrfc), taf
strugtur`m hkcfm (cjddfrfntj`tjkn kd g`p`gjty kd kro`njs`tjkn`m unjts), taf o`re`of
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 79/341
47
g`n hkcfm (`n kro`njs`tjkn `s `n unprfcjgt`emf hjx kd p`rtjgjp`nts, skmutjkns,
prkemfhs nc gakjgf kppkrtunjtjfs), nc taf p`rtjgjp`tjkn hkcfm (jnvkmvfhfnt kd
hfhefrs jn orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno gkntrjeutfs tk efttfr cfgjsjkns, orf`tfr s`tjs-
d`gtjkn `nc orf`tfr gkndjcfngf jn cfgjsjkns) (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6).
_fjgi, Wutgmjddf & Kestdfmc (0:::) dkunc ta`t taf gkafrfngf kd sfnsfh`ijno
`nc sa`rjno kd pfrgfptjkns nc fxpfgt`tjkns fn`emf tf`hs tk gt gkafrfntmy curjnogrjsfs `nc a`z`rckus sjtu`tjkns. \fkpmf tafn cfvfmkp gkmmfgtjvf ‑hjncdumnfss‚, ”taf
gkhejn`tjkn kd knokjno sgrutjny kd fxjstjno fxpfgt`tjkns, gkntjnukus rfdjnfhfnt
`nc cjddfrfntj`tjkn kd fxpfgt`tjkns e`sfc kn nfwfr fxpfrjfngfs, wjmmjnonfss `nc
g`p`ejmjty tk jnvfnt nfw fxpfgt`tjkns ta`t h`if sfnsf kd unprfgfcfntfc fvfnts,
` hkrf nu`ngfc `pprfgj`tjkn kd gkntfxt `nc w`ys tk cf`m wjta jt, `nc jcfntjdjg`-
tjkn kd nfw cjhfnsjkns kd gkntfxt ta`t jhprkvf dkrfsjoat `nc gurrfnt dungtjkn-
jno‘ (_fjgi & Wutgmjddf, 5<<0, p. 35). Wtjmm ` mkt kd rfsf`rga js nffcfc cr`wjno kn
`ntarkpkmkoy, fgknkhjgs, h`n`ofhfnt, psygakmkoy, `nc skgjkmkoy tk fnrjga kur
uncfrst`ncjno kd taf cyn`hjg jntfrpm`y eftwffn hjgrk-prkgfssfs `nc pr`gtjgfs kd
`gtkrs, nc taf skgjkmkojg`m nc h`grk-fgknkhjg gkntfxts kd taksf gtkrs nc tafjrpr`gtjgfs (Akcoijnskn & _rjoat, 5<<4).
7.6.5 Fddfgts kd orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno
Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y (5<<1) `rouf ta`t orkups `rf gknsjcfrfc tk ef fddfg-
tjvf dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno t`sis efg`usf tafy g`n erjno h`ny pjfgfs kd jndkrh`tjkn
tkoftafr, tafy g`n `n`mysf jndkrh`tjkn grjtjg`mmy `nc tafy g`n ofnfr`tf gkhhjt-
hfnt jn tafjr hfhefrs. @ggkrcjno tk Ukeejns `nc Bucof (5<<1) taf wf`infssfs
kd orkups gkumc ef taf tjhf-gknsuhjno ga`r`gtfr, pkssjemf gkndkrhjty prfssurf,
pkssjemf ckhjn`tjkn kd knf kr ` dfw hfhefrs, `nc `hejoukus rfspknsjejmjtjfs.
Knf hjoat `ssuhf ta`t orkups `rf hkrf `ggur`tf, hkrf grf`tjvf wjta ` ajoafr cf-
orff kd cfgjsjkn `ggfpt`ngf `nc wkri s`tjsd`gtjkn, eut mfss fddjgjfnt ta`n jncjvjcu-
`ms. Akwfvfr, taf djncjnos drkh er`jnstkrhjno rfsf`rga sakw ta`t ` orkup js sfm-
ckh hkrf fddfgtjvf `nc kdtfn mfss fddjgjfnt ta`n gkmmfgtjno jcf`s kd jncfpfncfntmy
wkrijno jncjvjcu`ms (\`umus & Czjnckmft, 0::79 Wtrkfef & Cjfam, 0::3).
Ukeejns `nc Bucof (5<<1) suhh`rjzf taf d`gtkrs ta`t `rf inkwn tk ef kd jn-
dmufngf kn tf`h fddfgtjvfnfss jn orkups2 0) gkntfxt (suga `s trust, dffce`gi `nc
mf`cfrsajp), 5) gkhpksjtjkn (suga `s cjvfrsjty, hfhefr dmfxjejmjty `nc `ejmjtjfs),
7) wkri cfsjon (suga `s t`si jcfntjty `nc t`si sjonjdjg`ngf), `nc 3) orkup prkg-
fssfs (dkr fx`hpmf spfgjdjg ok`ms, gkhhkn purpksf nc gkndmjgt mfvfms). af fddfgtsta`t Uksfn ft `m. (5<<1) cfsgrjef dkr fn`emjno tf`h cfgjsjkn h`ijno jngmucf `mm
tafsf d`gtkrs2 sa`rfc hfnt`m hkcfms kd taf t`si, tf`h `nc fnvjrknhfnt9 mf`rnjno
`nc c`pt`tjkn9 gmf`r rkmfs nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs9 gmf`r, v`mufc nc sa`rfc vjsjkn9
gygmf kd prf-erjfd, pfrdkrh`ngf `nc cferjfd9 strkno tf`h mf`cfrs9 ` strkno sfnsf kd
gkmmfgtjvf, trust, tf`hnfss (taf dffmjno kd efjno p`rt kd `n fntjty) `nc gkndjcfngf9
`nc gkkpfr`tjkn `nc gkkrcjn`tjkn. Jn aftfrkofnfkus tf`hs f`ga hfhefr prkg-
fssfs cjddfrfnt spfgts kd taf fntjrf hfnt`m hkcfm kd taf t`si kr systfh. Ey sa`rjno
tafjr hfnt`m hkcfms tf`h hfhefrs `rf `emf tk dkrh gkhpmfhfnt`ry kr gknoru-
fnt fxpm`n`tjkns kd fnvjrknhfnt`m gufs `nc jhpmjgjtmy gkkrcjn`tf tafjr rfspknsfs
(Kr`s`nu & Wtr`uga, 0::3).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 80/341
43
f`hs g`n gknsjst kd fhpmkyffs kd `n kro`njs`tjkn, eut jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn
fxtfrn`m `cvjskrs `rf kdtfn jnvkmvfc `s wfmm. Hjfo (5<<4) jntrkcugfs twk typfs kd
fxpfrts ta`t `rf jhpkrt`nt jn tr`nscjsgjpmjn`ry prkbfgts2 systfh fxpfrts `nc cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno fxpfrt. Wystfh fxpfrts `rf jncjvjcu`ms wjta fxpfrjfngf-e`sfc mkg`m
inkwmfcof kd taf systfh kd wajga tafy `rf p`rt kd. Fhpmkyffs `nc pkmjtjgj`ns g`n
ef gknsjcfrfc `s systfh fxpfrts eut `rgajtfgts g`n `msk `gqujrf mkg`m inkwmfcoftarkuoa jnvkmvfhfnt jn prkbfgts. Gknsumt`nts `rf kdtfn ajrfc `s cfgjsjkn h`ijno
fxpfrts tk suppkrt taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. @ggkrcjno tk B`giskn (0::?)
taf hkst jhpkrt`nt rf`skns dkr taf orkwjno gknsumt`ngy h`rift js `n jngrf`sf
kd gkhpmfxjty `nc cyn`hjgs kd taf fnvjrknhfnt `nc kppkrtunjty tk rfo`jn taf
pfrgfptjkn kd gkntrkm. H`n`ofrs ajrf gknsumt`nts dkr ` str`tfojg rf`skn (Ijfsfr &
_fmmstfjn, 5<<1)2 tafy inkw ta`t taksf wak a`vf ` ga`ngf tk cfdjnf ` prkemfh g`n
jndmufngf taf sf`rga dkr skmutjkns nc taf cjrfgtjkn kd fnsujno cfgjsjkns. Eut h`n-
`ofrs, gknsumt`nts `nc h`n`ofhfnt rfsf`rgafrs `rf hfhefrs kd cjddfrfnt skgj`m
systfhs jn wajga tafy pursuf cjddfrfnt ok`ms, `ppmy cjddfrfnt grjtfrj` dkr suggfss,
`nc spf`i cjddfrfnt m`nou`ofs (Ijfsfr & _fmmstfjn, 5<<1). afsf cjddfrfngfs sffhtk a`hpfr gkhhunjg`tjkn eftwffn tafh. ”\fkpmf drkh kutsjcf taf kro`njs`tjkn
g`n knmy jndmufngf kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ifrs2 tafy g`nnkt h`if kro`njs`-
tjkn`m cfgjsjkns jn mjfu kd taf h`n`ofrs‘ (Ijfsfr & _fmmstfjn, 5<<1, p. 3:?).
Gknsumt`nts kr fxpfrts sakumc ef sfmfgtfc g`rfdummy (Hjfo, 5<<0). arkuoa
tafjr `gtjvjtjfs, gknsumt`nts tfnc tk ga`nof taf gkncjtjkns uncfr wajga h`n`ofrs
h`if cfgjsjkns `nc, jn taf `esfngf kd gkntrkm kn taf rf`gtjkns kd h`n`ofrs, dkgus
kn taf jhprfssjkn ta`t knf js efttfr kdd fno`ojno tafh (Gm`ri, 0::6). Efg`usf
taf gknsumt`nt js suppksfc tk cfmjvfr skhftajno taf gmjfnt ckfs nkt (yft) inkw,
tafrf js `n jndkrh`tjkn `syhhftry `t taf vfry af`rt kd `ny gknsumt`nt-gmjfnt rf-
m`tjknsajp (Frnst & Ijfsfr, 5<<5). ypjg`mmy taf `gtjvjtjfs kd ` gknsumt`nt jnvkmvfcfvfmkpjno ` vjsjkn dkr ga`nof, sgrffnjno taf fxjtjno sjtu`tjkn, cfvfmkpjno `mtfr-
n`tjvf skmutjkns, fv`mu`tjno `nc r`nijno taf `mtfrn`tjvfs `nc sfttjno up `n `gtjkn
pm`n (Iuer, 5<<5). Fxpfrtjsf js nffcfc dkr tafsf `gtjvjtjfs, wajga js kdtfn eujmt
jn prkbfgts jn ktafr kro`njs`tjkns. Kdtfn gknsumt`nts prkcugf `nc fxpmkjt inkwm-
fcof kn hftakcs. Gknsumt`nts `msk kddfr taf dungtjkns kd mfojtjhjz`tjkn, tfh-
pkr`ry h`n`ofhfnt g`p`gjty, fxtfrn`m rfvjfw, gkhhunjg`tjkn `nc `ggfpt`ngf kd
cfgjsjkns, wf`pkns dkr pkmjtjgs `nc jntfrprft`tjkn `nc rf`ssur`ngf kd fxpfrjfngfs
(Ijfsfr & _fmmstfjn, 5<<1). Akwfvfr, skhfakw taf fxpfrjfngf ta`t h`n`ofrs,
usfrs `nc gknsumt`nts `gqujrf a`s tk ef `ppmjfc jn krcfr tk h`if sust`jn`emf cf-
gjsjkns jn kro`njs`tjkn. ”Jt js jn taf tr`nsdkrh`tjkn kd jndkrh`tjkn tk inkwmfcof`nc jn taf mkg`tjkn kd pkwfr wjta rfo`rc tk umtjh`tf cfgjsjkn h`ijno ta`t rf`m
jndmufngf js dkunc‘ (G`jrns & Effga, 0:::, p. 0).
Jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno jn ` orkup gkumc ef fddfgtfc ey cfhkor`pajg ga`r`g-
tfrjstjgs kd orkup hfhefrs, taf gkafsjvfnfss kd orkup hfhefrs nc taf nuhfrjg`m
strfnota `nc st`tus kd cjvfrsf sueorkups wjtajn ` tf`h (Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y,
5<<1). Akwfvfr, rfsf`rga sakwfc ta`t orkup cjsgussjkns tfnc tk dkgus kn wa`t js
inkwn ey fvfryekcy nc unjqufmy afmc jndkrh`tjkn tfncs tk ef jonkrfc (Wnjfzfi,
\`fsf, & Wwjtzfr JJJ, 0::<9 Wt`ssfr & jtus, 0:16). Ukeejns `nc Bucof (5<<1)
hfntjkn gkhhunjg`tjkn e`rrjfrs kd djmtfrjno, sfmfgtjvf pfrgfptjkn, jndkrh`tjkn
kvfrmk`c, fhktjkns, m`nou`of `nc gkhhunjg`tjkn `pprfafnsjkn jn ` orkup.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 81/341
46
\fkpmf h`y nkt mw`ys sa`rf jndkrh`tjkn jn orkups efg`usf tafy skhftjhfs dffm jt
wkumc tarf`tfn taf gkafsjvfnfss `nc taf e`m`ngf jn taf orkup kr tafjr kwn st`tus
(Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y, 5<<1). afsf `rouhfnts a`vf tk ck wjta s`mjfnt sk-
gj`m g`tfokrjz`tjkn kd taf orkup hfhefrs. \ajmjps, H`nnjx, Nf`mf `nc Orufndfmc
(5<<3) dkunc ta`t orkups ta`t gkumc ef cjvjcfc jntk twk fqu`m sjzfc sueorkups
wjta gkhhkn jndkrh`tjkn wjtajn taf sueorkups eut unjquf jndkrh`tjkn `grksssueorkups cjc sa`rf jndkrh`tjkn. ajs fddfgt wkumc suoofst ta`t jndkrh`tjkn sa`r-
jno jn orkups wkumc efnfdjt drkh fqu`m sjzfc sueorkups. Nfxt tk ta`t, nkrhs ta`t
prkhktf grjtjg`m tajnijno, hfhefrs wjta ` gkuntfrd`gtu`m hjncsft `nc dr`hjno
taf prkemfh `s a`vjno ` cfdjnjtf skmutjkn sffh tk jngrf`sf taf sa`rjno kd jndkrh`-
tjkn (Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y, 5<<1).
af usf kd fxpmjgjt `ofnc`s, rumfs dkr spf`ijno, vktjno prkgfcurfs, `nc grjtf-
rj` dkr `rrjvjno `t cfgjsjkns g`n jndmufngf taf kutgkhf kd orkup cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno. Orkup jntfr`gtjkn `nc orkup gknsfnsus h`y mf`c tk kvfrgkndjcfngf jn orkup
cfgjsjkns. ‑Orkuptajni‚ `nc ‑orkupsajdt‚ `rf twk pafnkhfn` kd orkup cfgjsjkn
h`ijno ta`t a`vf taf pktfntj`m tk `ddfgt ` orkup‚s `ejmjty tk `ppr`jsf `mtfrn`tjvfskebfgtjvfmy `nc tk `rrjvf `t qu`mjty cfgjsjkns (\mkus, 0::79 Ukeejns & Bucof,
5<<1). Orkuptajni cfsgrjefs cftfrjkr`tjkn jn `n jncjvjcu`m‚s hfnt`m fddjgjfngy,
rf`mjty tfstjno, `nc hkr`m bucofhfnt `s ` rfsumt kd orkup prfssurf (B`njs, 0:15). Jt
g`n kggur jd `mm hfhefrs kd ` gkafrfnt orkup kvfrmkki `mtfrn`tjvf dr`hfs. Nkvfm
vjfwpkjnt `nc drfsa jcf`s g`n `msk ef jonkrfc kr hjsbucofc ey orkups wjta sa`rfc
dr`hfs. Orkuptajni sffhs tk kggur hkst wafn ` gmf`r orkup jcfntjty fxjsts, hfh-
efrs akmc ` pksjtjvf jh`of kd tafjr orkup, `nc taf orkup pfrgfjvfs ` gkmmfgtjvf
tarf`t tk tafjr jh`of (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1). Orkupsajdt rfm`tfs tk taf fddfgts kd
` cjsgussjkn hkno orkup hfhefrs tkw`rcs hkrf fxtrfhf pksjtjkn tkw`rcs rjsi.
Orkups tfnc tk t`if hkrf rjsiy cfgjsjkns ta`n jncjvjcu`ms, prke`emy cuf tk cjd-dusfc rfspknsjejmjty, skgj`m v`muf kd rjsi t`ijno pksjtjkns kr h`bkrjty jndmufngfs kd
ckhjn`nt vjfws (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y (5<<1, p.
7?0) suoofst ta`t ”jn ofnfr`m, cjvfrsf orkups wjmm ef mfss gkafsjvf ta`n akhkofnf-
kus orkups, cjvfrsf orkups ta`t `rf ckhjn`tfc ey ajoa st`tus jncjvjcu`ms rf hkrf
mjifmy tk ef gkafsjvf, nc taus tk suddfr drkh orkuptajni, ta`n cjvfrsf orkups ta`t
`rf ckhjn`tfc ey mkw st`tus jncjvjcu`ms‘. Gk`mjtjkn js ` prkvfn hftakc tk o`jn
pkwfr jn orkups. E`mkoun ft `m. (5<<1, p. 536) sfnsf ”` cjddfrfngf eftwffn ‑n`ëvf‚
pr`gtjtjknfrs wak ckfs nkt uncfrst`nc wa`t jh`of tafy prkbfgt kn tk ktafrs `nc
sijmmfc pr`gtjtjknfrs wak ck nkt knmy uncfrst`nc eut `rf `emf tk h`njpum`tf suga
jh`ofs `s `nc wafn rfqujrfc‘. afjr wkri suoofsts ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wak `rfhkrf gkonjtjvfmy sijmmfc `ppf`r tk ef efttfr jn sa`pjno pkwfr rfm`tjkns `nc ` nft
kd hf`njnos ey nfoktj`tjkn `nc tafrfdkrf oft hkrf suppkrt dkr `gtjkn kr ` p`r-
tjgum`r pkjnt kd vjfw.
@s ` rfsumt kd afr ckgtkr`m tafsjs Ofanfr (5<<1) prfsfnts ` str`tfoy t`emf (`
dr`hfwkri tk strugturf taf dkrhum`tjkn kd ` str`tfoy) ta`t cjstjnoujsafs jndkr-
h`tjkn sa`rjno eftwffn cfgjsjkn sa`pfrs, cfgjsjkn t`ifrs `nc cfgjsjkn `pprkvfrs
jn jnvfsthfnt cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn rf`m fst`tf. af `gtkrs `ppmy kro`njs`tjkn`m kr
prkbfgt jssuf rfm`tfc qu`mjt`tjvf `nc qu`mjt`tjvf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` curjno cjddfrfnt
cfgjsjkn pa`sfs kd prfp`r`tjkn (prkvjsjkn kd jndkrh`tjkn tk ofnfr`m h`n`ofhfnt),
suehjssjkn (tr`nsdfr kd jndkrh`tjkn tk cfgjsjkn t`ifrs `nc `pprkvfrs), `nc `p-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 82/341
44
prkv`m (`gtu`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc `utakrjz`tjkn). Wfvfn cfgjsjkn `gtjvjtjfs `rf
prkpksfc `s rfmfv`nt dkr jnvfsthfnt cfgjsjkn h`ijno vj` tarff jncjg`tkrs kd tjhf-
mjnfss (tjhfmy rfgkonjtjkn, mjhjtjno cur`tjkn), bustjdj`ejmjty (cftfrhjn`tjkn kd cf-
gjsjkn grjtfrj`, sf`rga dkr jndkrh`tjkn, jcfntjdjg`tjkn `nc `n`mysjs kd gkursf kd
`gtjkn, `n`mytjg`m fv`mu`tjkn) `nc `ggkunt`ejmjty (`utakrjz`tjkn). afsf cjddfrfnt
orkups, pkwfr mfvfms, cfgjsjkn pa`sfs `nc jncjg`tkrs sakw taf gkhpmfxjty `ncjntfrrfm`tjkns kd taf kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturf jn wajga cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf jn kr-
o`njs`tjkns ta`t inkwjnomy t`if rjsis. Kn taf ktafr a`nc tafrf `rf taf jndkrh`-
tjkn prkgfssjno gkngfpts kd sfnsfh`ijno, dr`hjno, sfnsfojvjno, sfnsfrf`cjno `nc
sfnsfwrjtjno `rf `mm rfm`tfc tk taf rfskurgf, prkgfss `nc hf`njno kd pkwfr fddfgts
jn orkup nc kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno (E`mkoun, ft m., 5<<1). @ dr`hf gkn-
stjtutfs taf rfm`tjkns eftwffn fmfhfnts ta`t rf kd jntfrfst tk cfgjsjkn h`ifr nc
tfmm ` cfgjsjkn h`ifr wa`t tk fxpfgt jn gfrt`jn sjtu`tjkns. Ey o`tafrjno jndkrh`-
tjkn taf dr`hf g`n ef tfstfc nc cfvfmkpfc jntk knf ta`t djts taf d`gts. ajs hf`ns
ta`t ekta strugturf `nc jntfrprft`tjkn `rf jhpkrt`nt fmfhfnts kd orkup cfgjsjkn
h`ijno.
7.6.7 Fxpfrt tf`hs
Fxpfrtjsf `ppf`rs tk a`vf ` mkt kd jndmufngf kn cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn ofnfr`m js
sffhs ta`t dr`hjno `mmkws fxpfrts tk ef jndkrhfc ey rjgafr jndkrh`tjkn ta`n `
nkvjgf. Fxpfrts `msk sffh tk a`vf hkrf dmfxjejmjty `nc `c`pt`ejmjty jn taf usf kd
dr`hfs `nc tafy sffh tk rfgkonjsf hf`njnodum p`ttfrns f`rmjfr, wajga ojvfs tafh
taf kppkrtunjty tk pfrdkrh kn ` ajoafr mfvfm (Ga`sf & Wjhkn, 0:?79 cf Orkkt,
0:34). Ufsf`rga sakws ta`t fxpfrt cfgjsjkn h`ifrs spfnc hkrf tjhf fv`mu`tjno
taf sjtu`tjkn wajmf nkvjgf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs spfnc hkrf tjhf ofnfr`tjno `nc fv`m-
u`tjno gkursfs kd `gtjkn efg`usf rfprfsfnt`tjkn kd taf sjtu`tjkn dkrhs taf e`-
sjs dkr p`ttfrn rfgkonjtjkn `nc hfnt`m sjhum`tjkn prkgfssfs (Auttkn & Imfjn,
0:::9 Wàngafz, \r`ts, @ofmm, & Krh`z`e`m, 5<<69 Wgaôn, 0::0). Fxpfrts g`n h`if
bucofhfnts `ekut taf gknsjstfngy, rfmj`ejmjty `nc gkhpmftfnfss kd tafjr jndkrh`-
tjkn `nc tafy inkw wafn tk stkp `n`myzjno `nc wafn tk sf`rga dkr `ccjtjkn`m
jndkrh`tjkn (Gkafn, Drffh`n, & _kmd, 0::49 Auttkn & Imfjn, 0:::). Uksfn ft
`m. (5<<1) prfsfnt njnf hfga`njshs akw fxpfrts `gajfvf supfrjkr pfrdkrh`ngf2
0) ` tjoat gkupmjno kd gufs `nc gkntfxtu`m df`turfs kd taf fnvjrknhfnt, 5) ` m`rof
inkwmfcof e`sf cjddfrfntmy kro`njsfc drkh nkn-fxpfrts, 7) fno`ofhfnt jn p`t-
tfrn rfgkonjtjkn, 3) fno`ofhfnt jn cfmjefr`tf `nc oujcfc pr`gtjgf, 6) ` sffi dkrcj`onkstjg dffce`gi, 4) efttfr sjtu`tjkn `ssfsshfnt `nc prkemfh rfprfsfnt`tjkns,
?) spfgj`mjsfc hfhkry sijmms, 1) `utkh`tfc sh`mm stfps jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno, `nc :)
sfmd-rfoum`tjkn `nc hknjtkrjno kd tafjr prkgfssfs.
Jn kro`njs`tjkns tf`hs `rf kdtfn `ssjonfc tk pfrdkrh t`sis ta`t fxgffc taf g`-
p`gjty kd knf pfrskn. Akwfvfr, ` orkup kd fxpfrts js nkt `n fxpfrt tf`h. W`m`s,
Eurif `nc Wt`om (5<<4, p. 33<) cfdjnf `n fxpfrt tf`h `s ”` sft kd jntfrcfpfncfnt
tf`h hfhefrs, f`ga kd wakh pkssfssfs unjquf `nc fxpfrt mfvfm inkwmfcof, sijmms,
`nc fxpfrjfngf rfm`tfc tk t`si pfrdkrh`ngf, nc wak `c`pt, gkkrcjn`tf, nc gkkp-
fr`tf s tf`h, tafrfey prkcugjno sust`jn`emf, nc rfpf`t`emf tf`h dungtjknjno t
supfrjkr kr t mf`st nf`r-kptjh`m mfvfms‘. Eurif ft m. (5<<4) suoofst ta`t n fxpfrttf`h `c`pts tk ga`nofs jn dkur pa`sfs kd sjtu`tjkn `ssfsshfnt2 0) eujmcjno gkh-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 83/341
4?
hkn uncfrst`ncjno, 5) pm`n dkrhum`tjkn ey cfgjcfc kn taf hkst fddfgtjvf gkursf
kd `gtjkn, 7) pm`n fxfgutjkn tarkuoa gkkrcjn`tfc tf`h pfrdkrh`ngf, `nc 3) tf`h
mf`rnjno ey fv`mu`tjkn. Jd rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs rf gmf`r, fxpfrt tf`h hfhefrs
efttfr `ggfpt ekunc`rjfs `nc `rf efttfr `emf tk `ntjgjp`tf taf `gtjkns `nc nffcs
kd ktafr tf`h hfhefrs. Gmf`r v`mufs `nc sa`rfc vjsjkns gkntrjeutf tk ofnfr`tjno
ok`ms `nc djncjno `pprkprj`tf hftakcs dkr rf`gajno tafsf ok`ms. Jn orkup cfgj-sjkn h`ijno, taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd ` orkup hfhefr sffhs
jhpkrt`nt. Euncfrskn (5<<7) dkunc ta`t fspfgj`mmy jn sakrtfr tfnurf tf`hs (suga
`s prkbfgt tf`hs) orkup hfhefrs tfnc tk bucof f`ga ktafrs fxpfrtjsf e`sfc kn g`t-
fokrjz`tjkn gufs, suga `s ofncfr kr r`gf jnstf`c kd t`si pfrdkrh`ngf gufs, efg`usf
tafrf js knmy mjhjtfc tjhf `nc jndkrh`tjkn dkr ktafr ijncs kd bucofhfnts.
Dffce`gi js grjtjg`m jn taf cfvfmkphfnt kd fxpfrtjsf, nc tafrfdkrf fxpfrt tf`hs
jngkrpkr`tf dffce`gi hfga`njshs. W`m`s ft `m. (5<<39 5<<4) dkunc ta`t fxpfrt
tf`hs a`vf mf`cfrs wak skmjgjt jcf`s `nc kesfrv`tjkns kd tf`h hfhefrs, fxpm`jn
(wafn pkssjemf) way tf`h jnput js rfbfgtfc, sffi kut kppkrtunjtjfs tk rfjndkrgf
fddfgtjvf tf`hwkri, `rf rfgfptjvf tk `nc rfqufst dffce`gi kn tafjr kwn pfrdkrh-`ngf, prkvjcf efa`vjkur`m `nc spfgjdjg skmutjkn krjfntfc dffce`gi, rfst`tf dffc-
e`gi drkh ktafrs tk h`if jt gknstrugtjvf, fxprfss s`tjsd`gtjkn wafn jhprkvfhfnts
`rf nktfc, `nc ojvf sjtu`tjkn`m upc`tfs. Fxpfrt tf`hs a`vf hfhefrs ta`t trust taf
`ejmjtjfs `nc jntfntjkns kd tafjr dfmmkw tf`h hfhefrs, efmjfvf jn taf jhpkrt`ngf
kd tf`h wkri, `rf gkndjcfnt kd taf `ejmjty kd taf tf`h tk rf`ga jts ok`ms `nc `rf
hktjv`tfc tk mf`rn akw tk wkri `s ` tf`h hkrf fddfgtjvfmy (Uksfn, ft `m., 5<<1).
k gkhpmftf taf t`si suggfssdummy `nc jn ` tjhfmy h`nnfr, ` tf`h hust gkkrcjn`tf
`nc `mmkg`tf taf jndkrh`tjkn `nc fxpfrtjsf kd taf jncjvjcu`m hfhefrs wajga rf-
qujrfs cjddfrfnt hfga`njsh ta`n jn jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
7.4 Gkngmusjkn
af djfmc kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno a`s ` mkno rfsf`rga tr`cjtjkn wjta ` cjvfrsf r`nof kd
rfsf`rga hftakcs jngmucjno fxpfrjhfnts, survfys, kesfrv`tjkns, jntfrvjfws, `nc js
e`sfc kn humtjpmf cjsgjpmjnfs suga `s psygakmkoy, `chjnjstr`tjvf efa`vjkur, fgk-
nkhjgs, skgjkmkoy, `nc `ntarkpkmkoy. ajs ga`ptfr cfsgrjefs tarff ofnfr`tjkns kd
cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs ta`t prfsfnt ` cjvfrsjty kd pfrspfgtjvfs kn taf jncjvjcu`m cfgj-
sjkn h`ifr `s wfmm `s cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn orkups kr kro`njs`tjkns. af tafkrjfs
kdtfn cjddfr kn taf prkpksfc stfps jn wajga cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf `nc taf w`y ta`t
pfkpmf cf`m wjta tafjr mjhjtfc g`p`gjtjfs. Ufsf`rga kn taf pfrdkrh`ngf cjddfrfngfskd cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs `ppf`rs cjddjgumt efg`usf kutgkhfs `rf nkt f`sjmy hf`surfc
`nc gkhp`rfc jn ` cjrfgt sfnsf. Fvfry ofnfr`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn tafkry kddfrs skhf
kr hkrf gkngfpts ta`t g`n ef `ppmjfc kn taf sjtu`tjkn jn wajga gmjfnts sfmfgt `n
`rgajtfgt. Akwfvfr, taf gkngfpt kd h`n`ofrj`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno sakws taf hkst
rfsfhem`ngf wjta taf strugturf gurrfnt tfncfr rfoum`tjkns. Zft, taf sfgknc ofn-
fr`tjkn tafkrjfs kd n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno cjspm`y hkst rfsfhem`ngf wjta
bucofhfnt prkgfssfs kd bury hfhefrs. afrfdkrf taf gurrfnt pr`gtjgf kd `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkns `ppf`rs tk ef e`sfc kn twk gkndmjgtjno hkcfms `ekut cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
af mfo`m hkcfm ssuhfs r`tjkn`m nc sfqufntj`m cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn wajga mtfr-
n`tjvfs `rf gkhp`rfc e`sfc kn prf-`nnkungfc grjtfrj`. af n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 84/341
41
hkcfm `ttrjeutfs `n jhpkrt`nt rkmf tk taf usf kd jntujtjkn `nc `ddfgt. af krjojn
kd taf gurrfnt prkemfhs jn pr`gtjgf gkumc gknsfqufntmy ef dkunc jn tafsf cjddfr-
fnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs.
Jn ofnfr`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` prkgfss kd h`ijno bucof-
hfnts ta`t cfpfnc kn taf cfgjsjkn t`sis, taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf cfgjsjkn
h`ifr, `nc taf kro`njs`tjkn`m gkntfxt jn wajga cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf. Jntujtjkn,fhktjkn `nc `ddfgt `rf tk ` m`rofr kr mfssfr fxtfnt p`rt kd taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. @ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `n jmm-strugturfc t`si wjta `
mkt kd `hejoujty. Fxpfrts `ppf`r tk ef efttfr `emf tk h`if cfgjsjkns jn ungfrt`jn
fnvjrknhfnts eut fxpfrtjsf js kdtfn ckh`jn spfgjdjg. af usf kd fxpfrt tf`hs kdtfn
mf`cs tk efttfr cfgjsjkns efg`usf tafy g`n gkhpmfhfnt f`ga ktafr jn jndkrh`tjkn,
inkwmfcof `nc grjtjg`m dffce`gi. afrfdkrf tafy sffh tk ef hkrf `emf tk h`if
sfnsf kd taf m`rof `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn ta`t a`s tk ef prkgfssfc curjno tfncfr
prkgfcurfs. Jn kro`njs`tjkns nkt knmy taf jnput dkr ` cfgjsjkn js jhpkrt`nt eut
`msk taf prkgfssfs ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs ok tarkuoa jn krcfr tk grf`tf suppkrt dkr
` cfgjsjkn. af gkngfpt kd sfnsfh`ijno kddfrs ` pfrspfgtjvf ta`t djts taf sjtu`tjknkd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns wfmm. Curjno taf prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno ` cfgjsjkn rfgfjvfs
hf`njno dkr taf hfhefrs kd ` orkup, wajga jngrf`sfs taf ga`ngf ta`t cfgjsjkn js
jhpmfhfntfc jntk `gtjkn. Jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf gmjfnts `ppf`r tk h`if sfnsf kd taf
prkgfss `s ` prkbfgt undkmcs, wajga js `msk `n fmfhfnt kd taf sfnsfh`ijno prkg-
fss (_fjgi, ft `m., 5<<6). afrf `rf `msk ` mkt kd `hejoujtjfs, gknnfgtjkns wjta
p`st fxpfrjfngfs `nc cj`mkoufs wjta st`ifakmcfrs. Jn Ga`ptfr 6 taf jnsjoats kd
tajs ga`ptfr `rf usfc tk cfvfmkp ` tafkrftjg`m rfsf`rga dr`hfwkri dkr taf gkntfxt
kd tfncfr cfgjsjkns kd puemjg gmjfnts jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon `s cf-
sgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 3.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 85/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 86/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 87/341
?0
Ga`ptfr 3
S AF GKNSFQS KD @UGAJSFGS WFMFGSJKNW
3.0 Jntrkcugtjkn
@n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn js nkt `n jskm`tfc fvfnt. \uemjg gmjfnts kpfr`tf jn ` gkn-
tfxt kd okvfrn`ngf `nc a`vf tk gknsjcfr tajs kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturf jn tafjr
cfgjsjkns. af Nftafrm`ncs js ` p`rmj`hfnt`ry cfhkgr`gy `nc ` hfhefr kd taf
Furkpf`n Vnjkn. ajs `ddfgts taf mfo`m `nc skgj`m rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd Cutga gmj-
fnts. \`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt `rf jhpkrt`nt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd
` cfhkgr`gy. af gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn jn `rgajtfgturf suppkrts tajs fmfhfnt kd
puemjg cfe`tf, eut `msk gkntrjeutfs sjonjdjg`ntmy tk taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf prk-dfssjkn`m djfmc. af sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts cjddfrs drkh taf sfmfgtjkn kd gkntr`g-
tkrs jn gknstrugtjkn, eut jn ekta sjtu`tjkns prkgurfhfnt m`w `ppmjfs. Mkg`m `u-
takrjtjfs gkhhjssjkn twk tk tarff tjhfs taf vkmuhf kd gknstrugtjkn ta`n gfntr`m
okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs ck (_fjbnfn & Efrckwsij, 5<<:). \uemjg gmjfnts jn taf
Furkpf`n Vnjkn a`vf tk gkhpmy wjta taf Furkpf`n tfncfr rfoum`tjkns, wajga kd-
dfr v`rjkus prkgfcurfs tk sfmfgt ` cfsjonfr. ajs js `ggkhp`njfc ey gknsjcfr`emf
gksts dkr ekta taf cfh`nc `nc suppmy sjcf kd taf h`rift.
ajs ga`ptfr `ccrfssfs dkur gkntfxtu`m fmfhfnts ta`t jn hy vjfw `rf fssfntj`m
tk uncfrst`nc taf fnvjrknhfnt jn wajga `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns t`if pm`gf2 taf pkmjtj-
g`m, gumtur`m, mfo`m, `nc fgknkhjg`m gkntfxt. af pfrspfgtjvf t`ifn jn tajs ga`ptfrjs ta`t kd taf gmjfnt kr gkhhjssjknjno ekcy r`tafr ta`n ta`t kd `rgajtfgts, gkn-
tr`gtkrs, gjtjzfns, mfo`m `cvjskrs kr ktafr pm`yfrs jn taf djfmc kd gknstrugtjkn, m`w,
prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt kr puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn. _afrf pkssjemf nc/kr rfmfv`nt taf
Cutga sjtu`tjkn js gkhp`rfc tk mjtfr`turf drkh ktafr gkuntrjfs. af djn`m sfgtjkn
kd tajs ga`ptfr `ccrfssfs taf pfrgfptjkns `nc fxpfgt`tjkns kd taf p`rtjfs jnvkmvfc
jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns ey eujmcjno kn taf jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc jn taf prfvjkus
sfgtjkns. Jt `msk jngmucfs `n `n`mysjs kd taf fxjstjno oujcfmjnfs tk suppkrt taf `r-
gajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss.
3.5 Saf pkmjtjg`m gkntfxt
ajs sfgtjkn gkngfntr`tfs kn taf rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf h`jn `gtkrs jn taf puemjg
sfgtkr nc skhf e`sjg ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn nc st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt
jn taf `rf` kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. af g`sfs ta`t `rf jngmucfc jn tajs tafsjs `rf `mm
sjtu`tfc jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. ajs sfgtjkn tafrfdkrf `msk `ccrfssfs taf `rgajtfgturf
pkmjgy kd taf Cutga okvfrnhfnt `nc taf rkmf kd taf Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt
jn prkhktjno `nc oujcjno taf cfvfmkphfnt kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty. Ekx 0 prk-
vjcfs ` sakrt suhh`ry kd taf Cutga okvfrn`ngf strugturf dkr taksf wak `rf jntfr-
fstfc jn kr und`hjmj`r wjta puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 88/341
?5
3.5.0 Cfgjsjkn strugturf kd puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs
ajs rfsf`rga dkgusfs kn `gtkrs jn taf djfmc kd okvfrn`ngf drkh ` psygakmkoj-
g`m pfrspfgtjvf, r`tafr ta`n puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn wajga stucjfs okvfrn`ngf jn
krcfr tk jhprkvf jt. Wk `p`rt drkh taf d`gt ta`t taf fxfgutjvf ek`rc js pfrjkcj-
g`mmy gaksfn kn cfhkgr`tjg prjngjpmfs `nc tafy `rf p`rt kd ` puemjg kro`njs`tjkn,
gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs kd cfp`rthfnt`m, prkvjngj`m `nc hunjgjp`m kro`njs`tjknsa`vf jn hy vjfw gkhp`r`emf rkmfs, t`sis `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs tk cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
jn prjv`tf kro`njs`tjkns. @ puemjg kro`njs`tjkn js `msk strugturfc `s cfp`rthfnts
`nc mfc ey cjrfgtkrs (jn tajs sjtu`tjkn gjvjm sfrv`nts). @chjnjstr`tkrs a`vf tk run
` tkwn, ` prkvjngf kr ktafr ijncs kd okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs. afy `rf `ggkunt-
`emf dkr tafjr `gtjkns `nc a`vf tk t`if taf pfrspfgtjvfs kd cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfrs
jntk ggkunt. Mfo`m rumfs, chjnjstr`tjvf rumfs `nc prkgfcurfs, nc fxtfrn`m rfvjfw
cfgjsjkns rf gkhpmfhfnt`ry, fna`ngjno taf qu`mjty kd puemjg chjnjstr`tjkn ekta
wjta kro`njs`tjkns `nc jn cf`mjno eftwffn `chjnjstr`tkrs `nc hfhefrs kd taf
puemjg (Dfmch`n, 5<<7). ajs pjgturf h`y mkki cjddfrfnt drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd
taf kro`njs`tjkn `nc ta`t kd jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wjtajn jt. @chjnjstr`tkrs
”`rf mjifmy tk vjfw `ppf`ms tk gkurts `nc bucjgj`m rfvjfw `s ` tarf`t r`tafr ta`n `
usfdum s`dfty nft jn a`rc g`sfs‘ (Dfmch`n, 5<<7, p. 514). @chjnjstr`tjkn nc pkmj-
tjgs g`nnkt ef gmf`rmy cfmjnf`tfc2 ”pkmjtjg`m gakjgfs rf fncfhjg dkr `chjnjstr`tjkn
`nc puemjg eurf`ugr`gjfs nffc tk ef uncfrstkkc `s nfstfc wjtajn ` nftwkri kd
pkmjtjg`m `gtkrs‘ (Erynfr, 5<<?, p. 01:).
Erunsskn (0:1:) st`tfc ta`t jn pkmjtjg`m gkntfxts cfgjsjkn h`ijno js ` prkgfss
kd cj`mkouf ta`t p`rtjgjp`nts fno`of jn s ` hf`ns kd eujmcjno r`tjkn`mfs dkr gtjkn,
grf`tjno vjsjkns kd duturf st`tfs `nc hkejmjzjno rfskurgfs. ”Efg`usf kro`njs`tjkns
a`vf cjddfrfnt ok`ms `nc st`ifakmcfrs ta`t g`nnkt `mm ef s`tjsdjfc sjhumt`nfkusmy,
kro`njs`tjkn`m mf`cfrs a`vf tk fspkusf cjddfrfnt vjsjkns `t cjddfrfnt tjhfs `nc sup-
pkrt hutu`mmy jngknsjstfnt gtjkns. Cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs msk grf`tf rfspknsjejmjty jn
ta`t pfkpmf akmc tk `ggkunt taksf wakh tafy pfrgfjvf tk a`vf `cvkg`tfc `gtjkns
kr h`cf cfgjsjkns. af w`ys jn wajga cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs undkmc grf`tf fxtfrn`m
pfrgfptjkns kd `ekut taf mfojtjh`gy kd taf cfgjsjkns, taf fnsujno `gtjkns `nc taf
cfgjcjno kro`njs`tjkn.‘ (Akcoijnskn & Wt`reugi, 5<<1`, p. 00).
\uemjg kro`njs`tjkns d`gf trfhfnckus fxpfgt`tjkns `s wfmm `s ga`mmfnofs tk s`t-
jsdy gkhpftjno `nc kdtfn gkntr`cjgtkry v`mufs. aksf v`mufs gm`sa wjtajn eurf`u-
gr`tjg kro`njs`tjkns `s tafy jntfr`gt wjta ktafr pkmjtjg`m jnstjtutjkns `nc `s tafy
kpfr`tf wjtajn taf erk`cfr cjstrjeutjkn kd fgknkhjg `nc pkmjtjg`m pkwfr `jhfc `ttafjr kro`njs`tjkns (Erynfr, 5<<?). @n jhpkrt`nt cjstjngtjkn nffcs tk ef h`cf ef-
twffn gkrpkr`tf, ajfr`rgajg`m, gkmmfgtjvf `nc jncjvjcu`m mj`ejmjty, eftwffn mj`ejmjty
`nc rfspknsjemf efa`vjkur, nc eftwffn gtjvf `nc p`ssjvf rfspknsjejmjty (Ekvfns,
0::<). ”Efg`usf jn gkhpmfx kro`njs`tjkns h`ny cjddfrfnt kddjgj`ms gkntrjeutf jn
h`ny w`ys tk cfgjsjkns `nc pkmjgjfs, jt js cjddjgumt fvfn jn prjngjpmf tk cftfrhjnf
wak js rfspknsjemf dkr kutgkhfs‘ (Ekvfns, 0::<, p. 753). ajs js g`mmfc taf prke-
mfh kd h`ny a`ncs (akhpskn, 0:1<). Gkafn, H`rga `nc Kmskn (0:?5) cf-
sgrjefc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn puemjg kro`njs`tjkns `s ‑o`re`of g`ns‚ jn wajga pfkpmf
cuhp tafjr prfdfrfngfs, `mtfrn`tjvfs, skmutjkns `nc p`rtjgjp`nts. Kpfnnfss `nc
puemjgjty `rf jhpkrt`nt v`mufs ta`t cftfrhjnf taf kpfr`tjkn`m fnvjrknhfnt kd `n
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 89/341
?7
`chjnjstr`tkr. kk huga kr tkk mjttmf kpfnnfss gkumc mf`c dkr `n `chjnjstr`tkr tk
a`vf tk rfsjon drkh tafjr bke.
Cjddjgumtjfs jn `mjonjno dr`hfs kd cjddfrfnt gumturfs `rf gkhhkn jn mkg`m pkmj-
tjgs (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). Jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns st`dd hfhefrs `rf usu`mmy
`ssjonfc tk g`rry kut tfncfr prkbfgt. Efg`usf kd taf okvfrn`ngf strugturf kd fmfg-
tjkn pfrjkcs, ga`nofs jn taf pkmjtjg`m gmjh`tf gkumc kggur curjno taf rf`mjs`tjknkd ` prkbfgt. Jn pr`gtjgf tajs hf`ns ta`t jn ofnfr`m taf hfhefrs kd ` prkbfgt tf`h
h`y rfh`jn taf s`hf eut tafjr cjrfgtjvfs h`y ga`nof. Okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs
jn taf Nftafrm`ncs a`vf a`c tk gut e`gi tafjr fxpfncjturfs dkr sfvfr`m yf`rs nkw
`nc h`ny t`sis a`vf effn kutskurgfc tk prjv`tf kro`njs`tjkns kr tfrhjn`tfc. @msk,
turnkvfr kd st`dd js rfm`tjvfmy ajoa jn mkg`m okvfrnhfnts. @ tfncfr dkr taf sfmfgtjkn
kd `n `rgajtfgt rfqujrfs vfry spfgjdjg mfo`m `nc rf`m fst`tf inkwmfcof. af Cutga
`rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn kdtfn gkhpm`jns `ekut taf m`gi kd qu`mjdjfc pfrsknnfm jn
taf djfmc kd ure`n pm`nnjno `nc cfsjon jn mkg`m okvfrnhfnt (@rgajtfgtuur Mki` m,
5<<:`). afsf ga`nofs, jn gkhejn`tjkn wjta taf cjvfrsjty `nc rfqujrfc mfvfm kd
fxpfrtjsf, a`vf grf`tfc ` sjtu`tjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs jn wajga gknsumt`nts `rfkdtfn ajrfc dkr spfgjdjg prkbfgts suga `s `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns (v`n cfr \km, ft `m.,
5<<:). af pfrjkcjg`m fmfgtjkns `nc ` m`rof `hkunt kd fxtfrn`mmy ajrfc `cvjskrs
taus grf`tfc ` ijnc kd cjsgkntjnujty jn puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn `nc ` gkndmjgt ef-
twffn taf gkntjnujty kd gjvjm sfrvjgf st`dd `nc pfrjkcjg ga`nof kd `chjnjstr`tkrs
`nc gknsumt`nts.
af Cutga okvfrnhfnt a`s effn jhpmfhfntjno `rgajtfgtur`m pkmjgy sjngf
0::0 (@tfmjfr Ujbisekuwhffstfr, 5<<1). Wfvfr`m hjnjstrjfs `rf jnvkmvfc jn taf cf-
vfmkphfnt kd `rgajtfgtur`m pkmjgy p`pfrs, suga `s Akusjno, Wp`tj m \m`nnjno `nc
taf Fnvjrknhfnt (jn Cutga ‑TUKH‚), Fcug`tjkn, Gumturf nc Wgjfngf (jn Cutga
‑KG_‚), @orjgumturf, N`turf `nc Dkkc Pu`mjty (jn Cutga ‑MNT‚), r`nspkrt,\uemjg _kris `nc _`tfr H`n`ofhfnt (jn Cutga ‑Tfn_‚) `nc Fgknkhjg @dd`jrs
(jn Cutga ‑FR‚). Jn H`y 5<<6, taf m`tfst @gtjkn \rkor`hhf kn Wp`tj`m \m`nnjno
`nc Gumturf w`s prfsfntfc. ajs prkor`hhf gkhejnfs `rgajtfgtur`m pkmjgy wjta
taf sk-g`mmfc Efmvfcfrf pkmjgy (`jhfc `t strfnotafnjno taf jndmufngf gumtur`m ajs-
tkry a`s kn sp`tj`m pm`nnjno), grf`tjno ` dr`hfwkri dkr cjvfrsf pkmjgy prkpks-
`ms `nc gkngrftf `gtjkns. Jn `ccjtjkn tk taf rkmf taf n`tjkn`m okvfrnhfnt pm`ys
jn sfttjno `n fx`hpmf, stjhum`tjno `nc suppkrtjno ktafr p`rtjfs `nc cfvfmkpjno
inkwmfcof ey hf`ns kd pkmjgjfs kn okkc gkntr`gtjno, pr`gtjgfs `nc `rgajtfgtur`m
jnstjtutjkns rfh`jn ify prjngjpmfs kd taf prkor`hhf. af Hjnjstry kd KG_ ef`rs
taf prjh`ry pkmjtjg`m rfspknsjejmjty dkr rgajtfgtur`m pkmjgy. @s cvjsfr kd taf Wt`tfWfgrft`ry kd KG_ taf Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt (Ujbisekuwhffstfr) prkvjcfs
taf Hjnjstfr kd TUKH `nc taf ktafr Hjnjstfrs wjta skmjgjtfc `nc unskmjgjtfc `c-
vjgf kn h`ttfrs kd pkmjgy `nc str`tfojg cfvfmkphfnts, kn `rgajtfgturf, ure`n `nc
rur`m pm`nnjno, jndr`strugturf, m`ncsg`pf cfvfmkphfnt nc ou`r`ntffjno qu`mjty jn
mfojsm`tjkn `nc rfoum`tjkns `nc jn fcug`tjkn (@tfmjfr Ujbisekuwhffstfr, 5<<1).
Mkg`m `utakrjtjfs, prkvjngj`m `utakrjtjfs `nc ktafr `utknkhkus `chjnjstr`-
tjvf `utakrjtjfs, suga `s taf pkmjgf rfojkns `nc ga`hefrs kd gkhhfrgf a`vf tk
h`n`of tafjr kwn akusjno nffcs. afjr rf`m fst`tf pkrtdkmjks jngmucf sgakkm
eujmcjnos, spkrt d`gjmjtjfs, utjmjty eujmcjnos, akusjno, gumtur`m d`gjmjtjfs, okvfrn-
hfnt`m kddjgfs `nc jndr`strugturf. af Ujbisofekuwfncjfnst (Cutga Okvfrnhfnt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 90/341
?3
Eujmcjno @ofngy) cf`ms wjta akusjno dkr Cutga okvfrnhfnt hjnjstrjfs `nc n`-
tjkn`m `ofngjfs, taf Ajoa Gkungjms kd Wt`tf, jncfpfncfnt `chjnjstr`tjvf ekcjfs
`nc jntfrn`tjkn`m kro`njs`tjkns. Jt js p`rt kd taf Hjnjstry kd Akusjno, Wp`tj`m
\m`nnjno `nc taf Fnvjrknhfnt. af Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt js taf prjh`ry
`cvjskr tk taf Cjrfgtkr-Ofnfr`m kd taf Ujbisofekuwfncjfnst kn prkhktjno `nc
hknjtkrjno taf `rgajtfgtknjg qu`mjty, a`rhknjsjno `rgajtfgturf wjta ure`n `ncrur`m pm`nnjno, hknuhfnt prfsfrv`tjkn `nc taf `ppmjg`tjkn kd vjsu`m `rts (@tfmjfr
Ujbisekuwhffstfr, 5<<1). af pksjtjkn kd Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt js jntfnc-
fc tk stjhum`tf taf qu`mjty kd `rgajtfgturf jn taf Nftafrm`ncs, dkr taf gfntr`m okv-
frnhfnt, eut `msk dkr rfojkn`m `utakrjtjfs. Jn g`rryjno kut ajs/afr t`si, taf Gajfd
Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt ssuhfs n jncfpfncfnt pksjtjkn. (W)af msk h`ifs spfgjdjg
rfgkhhfnc`tjkns upkn rfqufst dkr ktafr hjnjstrjfs jnvkmvfc jn `ggkhhkc`tjkns
gknstrugtjkn kr gknstrugtjkn djn`ngjno, prkvjcfs `cvjgf kn cfsjon `nc rfgkh-
hfncs `rgajtfgts, `nc js ` hfhefr kd taf Ek`rc kd Okvfrnhfnt @cvjskrs.
Ekx 02 \uemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs
Sf Nftafrm`ncs js ` p`rmj`hfnt`ry cfhkgr`gy wjta `n fmfgtfc okvfrnhfnt`nc ` af`c kd st`tf, taf ijno kr quffn. Jt js ` hfhefr kd taf Furkpf`n Vnjkneut taf Gknstjtutjkn kd taf Ijnockh kd taf Nftafrm`ncs rfoum`tfs dkr ` orf`tcf`m akw taf okvfrnhfnt js strugturfc. Sf okvfrnhfnt gkhprjsfs kvfr 0,4<<kro`njs`tjkns `nc ekcjfs, jngmucjno 07 hjnjstrjfs, 05 prkvjngj`m `utakrjtjfs`nc, untjm 01 H`rga 5<0<, 370 hunjgjp`m `utakrjtjfs (Kvfrafjc.nm, 5<<:). Jt`msk jngmucfs `utknkhkus `chjnjstr`tjvf `utakrjtjfs, suga `s pkmjgf rfojkns`nc ga`hefrs kd gkhhfrgf, `nc puemjg ekcjfs dkr jncustry `nc taf prkdfs-
sjkns, suga `s taf _`tfr Gkhhkcjty Ek`rc. @t taf s`hf tjhf, h`ny kro`nj-s`tjkns ta`t knf hjoat `ssuhf dkrh p`rt kd okvfrnhfnt `rf jn prjv`tf a`ncs.Sfy jngmucf af`mta jnsur`ngf duncs, ek`rcs kd prjv`tf sgakkms `nc efnffft`ofngjfs suga `s taf skgj`m sfrvjgfs. _jtajn taf okvfrnhfnt sfgtkr ` cjstjng-tjkn js h`cf eftwffn ekcjfs ta`t `rf cjrfgtmy fmfgtfc `nc taksf ta`t `rf nkt.Hunjgjp`m gkungjms, w`tfr ek`rcs `nc taf Kgf kd Ufprfsfnt`tjvfs `rf cj-rfgtmy fmfgtfc ey taf pfkpmf, wafrf`s h`ykrs, pkmjgf gkhhjssjknfrs `nc hjn-jstfrs `rf nkt. Akwfvfr, `mm okvfrnhfnt `utakrjtjfs `rf umtjh`tfmy `ggkunt`emftk taf puemjg dkr wa`t tafy ck. Sfrf `rf tarff mfvfms kd okvfrnhfnt2 gfntr`m,prkvjngj`m `nc hunjgjp`m. Ktafr `utakrjtjfs `rf gm`ssjfffc h`jnmy kn taf e`sjskd tafjr t`sis. @mm tafsf kro`njs`tjkns a`vf tk gkhpmy wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w.
Sf \rkvjngj`m Gkungjm (‑\rkvjngj`mf Wt`tfn‚ jn Cutga) js taf ofnfr`m `c-hjnjstr`tjvf ekcy kd taf prkvjngf (\rkvjngf kd Vtrfgat, 5<<:). \rkvjngj`mgkungjms `rf fmfgtfc ey cjrfgt pkpum`r vktf. Sf gkungjm tafn `ppkjnts taf\rkvjngj`m Fxfgutjvfs (‑Ofcfputffrcf Wt`tfn‚ jn Cutga) wak, wjta taf Puffn‚sGkhhjssjknfr, tafn dkrh taf fxfgutjvf ekcy. Jd taf \rkvjngj`m Gkungjm js cjs-s`tjsfffc wjta taf wkri cknf ey taf prkvjngj`m fxfgutjvf, jt h`y cjshjss tafjncjvjcu`m fxfgutjvf kr fxfgutjvfs rfspknsjemf. @t taf gkungjm‚s rfgkhhfnc`-tjkn, taf Grkwn `ppkjnts ` Puffn‚s Gkhhjssjknfr, wak ga`jrs taf gkungjm`nc taf fxfgutjvf. Gkungjm hfhefrs `rf fmfgtfc fvfry dkur yf`rs ey rfsjcfntskd taf prkvjngf wak `rf fntjtmfc tk vktf. Sf nuhefr kd gkungjm hfhefrs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 91/341
?6
cfpfncs kn taf sjzf kd taf pkpum`tjkn kd taf prkvjngf. @mm gkungjm hfhefrsefmkno tk knf kr ktafr pkmjtjg`m p`rty. Sksf rfprfsfntjno taf s`hf p`rty gkn-stjtutf ` pkmjtjg`m orkup kr g`ugus. Gkhejnfc orkups kd gkungjm hfhefrs ef-mknojno tk v`rjkus p`rtjfs `rf `msk pkssjemf. F`ga orkup sfmfgts ` ga`jrpfrskn
drkh `hkno jts hfhefrs, wak `gts `s mf`cfr `nc gajfd spkifspfrskn. Efjno `gkungjm hfhefr js nkt ` dumm-tjhf prkdfssjkn, jt js ` p`rt-tjhf `gtjvjty. Hksthfhefrs a`vf krcjn`ry bkes efsjcfs tafjr gkungjm wkri. Sfy rfgfjvf rfhu-nfr`tjkn `nc `n `mmkw`ngf dkr fxpfnsfs. Hfhefrs h`y nkt efnffft drkh tafjrgkungjm hfhefrsajp jn tfrhs kd tafjr c`y-tk-c`y `gtjvjtjfs.
Sf \rkvjngj`m Fxfgutjvf (‑Gkmmfof v`n Ofcfputffrcf Wt`tfn‚ (OW) jnCutga) js ga`rofc wjta taf c`y-tk-c`y h`n`ofhfnt kd taf prkvjngf. Sf fx-fgutjvf js h`cf up kd taf Puffn‚s Gkhhjssjknfr `nc sfvfr`m hfhefrs. Sffxfgutjvf rfgfjvfs `chjnjstr`tjvf suppkrt drkh taf prkvjngj`m gmfri, wak js`msk ofnfr`m af`c kd taf kgj`m `pp`r`tus kd taf prkvjngf. Sf Gkhhjssjknfrjs fmfgtfc dkr ` pfrjkc kd sjx yf`rs ey taf Grkwn `nc tajs tfrh kd kgf h`y ef
fxtfncfc. Hfhefrs kd taf fxfgutjvf `rf gaksfn ey taf prkvjngj`m gkungjm dkr `pfrjkc kd dkur yf`rs. Sjs `ppkjnthfnt t`ifs pm`gf kn taf e`sjs kd taf rfsumtskd fmfgtjkns dkr taf gkungjm. Sf fxfgutjvf g`n ef gkhp`rfc tk taf hunjgjp`mfxfgutjvf. Sf fxfgutjvf h`y t`if cfgjsjkns jn sfvfr`m fffmcs. Akwfvfr, wafrfgrugj`m h`ttfrs suga `s eucoft kr d`r-rf`gajno pm`ns `nc prkbfgts `rf gkn-gfrnfc, taf fxfgutjvf‚s t`si js tk jndkrh `nc `cvjsf taf gkungjm. Sf fxfgutjvftafn wkris kut pm`ns `ckptfc ey taf gkungjm. Sf fxfgutjvf js `msk rfqujrfctk bustjdy jts pkmjgjfs tk taf gkungjm.
Hunjgjp`mjtjfs `ppmy taf s`hf prjngjpmfs `s prkvjngfs. @ hunjgjp`mjty jsrun ey ` Gjty Gkungjm (jn Cutga2 ‑Ofhffntfr``c‚). Gkungjm hfhefrs `rf
fmfgtfc fvfry dkur yf`rs ey rfsjcfnts kd taf gjty. Hkst Gkungjmmkrs `msk a`vf` bke jn `ccjtjkn tk tafjr Gkungjm wkri (Gjty kd @hstfrc`h, 5<<:). Sjs jsefg`usf gkungjm hfhefrsajp js vkmunt`ry wkri, dkr wajga Gkungjmmkrs hfrfmyrfgfjvf `n `mmkw`ngf. Sf c`y-tk-c`y runnjno kd ` hunjgjp`mjty js taf t`si kd` ‑gkmmfof‚ h`cf up kd taf H`ykr `nc sfvfr`m @mcfrhfn (jn Cutga2 Gkmmfofv`n E&_). @mcfrhfn `rf fmfgtfc ey `nc drkh taf Gkungjm. @dtfr tafy `rf`ppkjntfc, taf @mcfrhfn rfh`jn hfhefrs kd taf dumm Gkungjm `nc vktf jnjts hfftjnos. Sf H`ykr `nc taf @mcfrhfn sa`rf tafjr wkri2 f`ga a`s ajs krafr kwn pkrtdkmjk `nc `rf`s kd rfspknsjejmjty. Sf Gkmmfof prfp`rfs taf rfsk-mutjkns tk ef `ckptfc ey taf Gkungjm `nc jhpmfhfnt tafsf rfskmutjkns kngftafy a`vf effn `ckptfc. Sf Gkungjm h`y `msk rfbfgt ` prkpks`m drkh taf
Gkmmfof, `s taf Gkungjm a`s taf ffn`m s`y. k ef `emf tk h`n`of ffgtjvfmy, tafGkungjm cfmfo`tfs h`ny t`sis tk taf Gkmmfof. Sfsf h`jnmy gkngfrn cfgjsjknst`ifn kn taf e`sjs kd `n fst`emjsafc pkmjgy, wajga tafrfdkrf ckfs nkt nffc tkef cfe`tfc ey taf Gkungjm. Sf H`ykr kggupjfs ` spfgj`m pksjtjkn. Af kr safjs nkt fmfgtfc ey taf gjty‚s rfsjcfnts, eut `ppkjntfc ey taf Hkn`rgay. Sfh`ykr ga`jrs taf Gjty Gkungjm `nc taf Gkmmfof kd @mcfrh`n. (W)af g`n vktfjn taf Gkmmfof, eut nkt jn taf dumm Gkungjm. Sf H`ykr `msk a`s ` pkrtdkmjk wjta v`rjkus rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd ajs kwn `nc js af`c kd taf pkmjgf `nc rfspkn-sjemf dkr h`jnt`jnjno puemjg krcfr jn taf gjty. k ` m`rof fxtfnt, (s)af `mskrfprfsfnts ` hunjgjp`mjty tk taf kutsjcf wkrmc.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 92/341
?4
3.5.5 \`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt
Jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno, okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs a`vf tk cf`m wjta taf jntfrfsts kd
taf puemjg `s tafjr h`jn st`ifakmcfrs. Efg`usf taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt `ddfgts fvf-
ryekcy, taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt js typjg`mmy `n jssuf ta`t gkumc efnfdjt drkh
puemjg cfe`tf tk jnvkmvf taf gkhhunjty (sff dkr fx`hpmf Bfngis, 0:1?). N`s`r
(0:::) st`tfs ta`t gkhpftjtjkns sfmckh mf`c tk h`stfrpjfgfs efg`usf `rgajtfgts`nc burjfs strfss `ppf`r`ngf jnstf`c kd taf gknvfnjfngf `nc cur`ejmjty kd taf du-
turf eujmcjno. \rfdfrfngfs kd ` bury ck nkt `mw`ys gkrrfspknc wjta taksf kd usfrs
`nc vjsjtkrs (N`s`r & I`no, 0:1:) eut `ggkrcjno tk Gkmmjns (0:?0, p. 0:3) jt js
h`jnmy taf cjddjgumty kd ”grf`tjno ` rf`mjstjg uncfrst`ncjno jn taf m`y hjnc kd taf
cjddfrfngf eftwffn prjgf `nc v`muf‘. ajs jhpmjfs ta`t `vfr`of gjtjzfns g`n ck `n
fddfgtjvf bke kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno jd tafy `rf prkvjcfc wjta `ggur`tf `nc rfmfv`nt
jndkrh`tjkn ta`t js kro`njsfc nc prfsfntfc jn w`y wajga js hf`njnodum wjtakut
efjno p`trknjzjno (Grksey, Ifmmfy, & Wga`fdfr, 0:149 Ukejnskn, 0:?5).
@ p`rtjgjp`tkry cfhkgr`gy js ga`r`gtfrjsfc ey ` ajoamy cfgfntr`mjsfc cfhkgr`t-
jg systfh kd gkmmfgtjvf cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn wajga jncjvjcu`ms g`n fddfgtjvfmy p`r-
tjgjp`tf jn v`rjkus w`ys jn taf h`ijno kd cfgjsjkns ta`t `ddfgt tafh. \`rtjgjp`tjkn
js ` ofnfr`m gkngfpt gkvfrjno cjddfrfnt dkrhs kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno ey ` nuhefr kd
jnvkmvfc orkups. af orkups g`n a`vf cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs kd wa`t ` okkc prkg-
fss js, suga `s mfojtjh`gy, jcfkmkojg`m cjsgussjkn, d`jrnfss, pkwfr struoomf, mf`c-
frsajp `nc gkhprkhjsf (_femfr, umfr, & Irufofr, 5<<0). @ggkrcjno tk W`nkdd
(5<<4, p. 077) ”taf `gtjvjty kd gkhhunjty p`rtjgjp`tjkn js e`sfc kn taf prjngjpmf
ta`t taf fnvjrknhfnt wkris efttfr jd gjtjzfns rf gtjvf nc jnvkmvfc jn jts grf`tjkn
`nc h`n`ofhfnt jnstf`c kd efjno trf`tfc s p`ssjvf gknsuhfrs‘. Jd cknf wfmm, p`r-
tjgjp`tjkn kd taf puemjg g`n jhprkvf taf qu`mjty, mfojtjh`gy nc g`p`gjty kd `ssfss-
hfnts `nc cfgjsjkns (Cjftz & Wtfrn, 5<<1). Jt `msk g`n fna`ngf trust `nc uncfr-
st`ncjno `hkno p`rtjfs, jngrf`sf f`sf kd jhpmfhfnt`tjkn, hjnjhjzjno gksts `nc
cfm`ys (W`nkdd, 5<<4). \`rtjgjp`tjkn sakumc tafrfdkrf ef rfgkonjsfc `s ` rfqujsjtf
kd fddfgtjvf `gtjkn jnstf`c kd ` hfrfmy dkrh`m prkgfcur`m rfqujrfhfnt. @ggkrcjno
tk B`nsfn, Oôssmjno, Hfris `nc Ofurts (5<<6), cfgjsjkn h`ifrs pfrgfjvf ` cf-
gjsjkn `s a`vjno hkrf qu`mjty jd sfvfr`m gkncjtjkns `rf dumdjmmfc sjhumt`nfkusmy.
afsf gkncjtjkns rfm`tf tk jnvkmvjno rfmfv`nt `nc gkhhjttfc `gtkrs, cf`mjno wjta
taf e`m`ngf eftwffn st`ejmjty `nc ga`nof, ` e`m`ngf eftwffn st`ifakmcfr jntfrfsts
kn sakrt `nc mkno tfrh, cf`mjno wjta cfmjefr`tjkns `ekut skgj`m rfspknsjejmjty `h-
pmf prkkd, okkc rf`sknjno `nc ` ou`r`ntff kd jhpmfhfnt`tjkn.Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs, suga `s gkungjm hfhefrs kr gjtjzfns, g`n t`if kn cjddfrfnt
typfs kd rkmfs drkh p`ssjvf `ucjtjno `nc jndkrh`tjkn gkmmfgtjkn tk prkvjcjno jn-
dkrh`tjkn `nc `gtjvf p`rtjgjp`tjkn. af \`rtjgjp`tjkn M`ccfr kd @rnstfjn (0:4:)
cjstjnoujsafc tarff ijncs kd gjtjzfn p`rtjgjp`tjkn2 nkn p`rtjgjp`tjkn, tkifnjsh
`nc gjtjzfn pkwfr jn fjoats mfvfms2 h`njpum`tjkn, tafr`py, jndkrhjno, gknsumt`-
tjkn, pm`g`tjkn, p`rtnfrsajp, cfmfo`tfc pkwfr `nc gjtjzfn gkntrkm. af Trkkh `nc
Zfttkn hkcfm kd h`n`ofrj`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno cjstjnoujsafs djvf mfvfms kd jncjvjcu`m
kr orkup mfvfm p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn kro`njs`tjkns (Trkkh & B`ok, 0:11), wajga gkr-
rfspknc tk taf mfvfms kd jndkrhjno, gknsumtjno, `cvjsjno, gkprkcugjno `nc gk-
cfgjcjno `s usfc ey Fcfmfneks & Imjbn (5<<6) jn ure`n pm`nnjno. af prkemfhga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t cftfrhjnf wajga kd tafsf mfvfms kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn js `pprkprj`tf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 93/341
??
sffh tk rfm`tf tk nuhfrkus d`gtkrs suga `s taf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf qu`mjty kd taf
cfgjsjkn, taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf `nc jndkrh`tjkn kd taf mf`cfr, taf strugturf kd taf
prkemfh, taf jhpkrt`ngf kd hfhefrs `ggfpt`ngf `nc gkhhjthfnt, taf ga`ngf
kd `ggfpt`ngf kd taf cfgjsjkn ey taf hfhefrs, taf hktjv`tjkn kd taf ok`ms, taf
prke`ejmjty dkr gknsfnsus, taf `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn `v`jm`emf, tjhf gknstr`jnts,
taf ofkor`pajg`mmy cjspfrsjkn kd taf hfhefrs, taf spffc kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nctaf jhpkrt`ngf kd dkstfrjno hfhefrs tarkuoa p`rtjgjp`tjkn (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy,
5<<6). af dkur typfs kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno kddfrfc
ey taf hkcfm kd Trkkh `nc Zfttkn (`nc gkhp`r`emf tk taf ktafr gm`ssjdjg`tjkns)
gkumc ef `ppmjfc tk tfncfr sjtu`tjkns (Trkkh & B`ok, 0:11)2
@2 `utkgr`tjg2 taf rfspknsjemf kddjgfr cfgjcfs dkr ajhsfmd e`sfc kn jndkrh`-
tjkn `v`jm`emf tk ajh `t taf tjhf. ajs jndkrh`tjkn g`n krjojn`tf drkh ktafr
jncjvjcu`ms wjtakut `gtjvf `w`rfnfss kr p`rtjgjp`tjkn. ajs ijnc kd cfgjsjkn
h`ijno js a`rcmy fxpmjgjtmy dkunc curjno tfncfrs kr cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns.
G2 gknsumt`tjvf2 taf rfspknsjemf kddjgfr sa`rfs taf prkemfh wjta rfmfv`nt sue-krcjn`tfs, ofttjno jcf`s `nc suoofstjkns wjta kr wjtakut erjnojno tafh tk-
oftafr `s ` orkup. afn (s)af h`ifs taf cfgjsjkn, wajga h`y kr h`y nkt
rfdmfgt taf jndmufngf kd taf suekrcjn`tfs. @ssfsshfnt ey ` usfr orkup g`n ef
gknsjcfrfc `s p`rt kd taf gknsumt`tjkn.
O2 orkup2 taf rfspknsjemf kddjgfr sa`rfs taf prkemfh, n`mysjs nc `mtfrn`tjvfs
wjta suekrcjn`tfs `s ` orkup. af rfspknsjemf kddjgfr `gts `s ` gkkrcjn`tkr kr
fqu`m orkup hfhefr. Cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf ey hutu`m `orffhfnt wjtajn taf
orkup. Wtffrjno gkhhjttffs kd prkbfgts gkumc ef sft up mjif tajs.
C2 cfmfo`tjkn2 taf rfspknsjemf kddjgfr cfmfo`tfs taf prkemfh `nc taf rfspkn-sjejmjty tk ` suekrcjn`tf. @ny skmutjkn ta`t js rf`gafc wjmm rfgfjvf taf kddjgfr‚s
suppkrt. @ stffrjno gkhhjttff cfmfo`tjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss tk ` bury js `
okkc fx`hpmf jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
@ggkrcjno tk Grksey, Ifmmfy `nc Wga`fdfr (0:14) `nc @rnstfjn (0:4:) ` cjstjng-
tjkn sakumc ef h`cf eftwffn suggfssdum hftakcs kd gjtjzfn p`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc sug-
gfssdum gjtjzfn mkeeyjno `nc h`njpum`tjkn fddkrts. \`rtjgjp`tjkn js ` gkngfpt ta`t
nffcs tk ef takuoat tarkuoa jn taf sfnsf kd ` h`tga eftwffn taf kebfgtjvfs, taf
hftakcs `nc qufstjkns suga `s wa`t, wafrf, waksf, akw `nc wafn js p`rtjgjp`-
tjkn cfsjrfc (_umz, 0:14). Jt nffcs okkc prfp`r`tjkn. Fst`emjsajno ` pkmjgy kd
jngmusjvfnfss, akmcjno kpfn hfftjnos, h`ijno spffgafs tk gkhhunjty orkups,ket`jnjno puemjg jnput, vkmunt`ry gkhhunjty gkungjms (sh`mm d`gf-tk-d`gf orkups
kd cjvfrsf gjtjzfns ta`t gknvfnf dkr sakrt pfrjkcs kd tjhf tk gknsjcfr skhf puemjg
gkngfrn), h`ijno puemjg `nnkungfhfnts, akmcjno d`gf-tk-d`gf hfftjnos `nc gkn-
cugtjno prkorfss survfys `rf knmy ` dfw kptjkns jn p`rtjgjp`tjkn prkgfssfs (W`nkdd,
5<<4).
Wfvfr`m sgakm`rs (Grksey, ft `m., 0:149 Cjftz & Wtfrn, 5<<19 Fcfmfneks &
Imjbn, 5<<69 _femfr, ft `m., 5<<0) jcfntjdjfc ` nuhefr kd prjngjpmfs ta`t sakumc
ef jngmucfc jn taf cfsjon kd taf p`rtjgjp`tjkn prkgfss jn taf puemjg sfgtkr, suga
`s rfprfsfnt`tjvf nkn-h`njpum`tjvf p`rtjgjp`tjkn sfmfgtjkn, gkmm`ekr`tjvf prkemfh
dkrhum`tjkn `nc prkgfss cfsjon, prkgfss h`n`ofhfnt, tr`nsp`rfngy, okkc-d`jta
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 94/341
?1
`nc gmf`r gkhhunjg`tjkn, `cfqu`tf duncjno `nc st`dd, `nc ` dkgus kn fddfgtjvf
cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Cr`wjno drkh taf mjtfr`turf kn orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno, Grksey
ft `m. (0:14) mjst djvf d`gtkrs dkr ` suggfssdum hftakc kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn2 0) suddjgjfnt
`hkunt kd tjhf dkr p`rtjgjp`nts tk mf`rn taf jndkrh`tjkn `nc tk rfdmfgt kn taf
v`mufs `nc ok`ms rfmfv`nt tk taf cfgjsjkn, 5) `n `pprkprj`tf sjzf kd taf cfgjsjkn
orkup, 7) pm`nnfc ofnc` sk ta`t taf jhpkrt`nt h`tfrj`m js gkvfrfc jn n krcfrmyd`sajkn, 3) taf pfrskn mf`cjno taf orkup hust d`gjmjt`tf taf cjsgussjkn, `nc 6) taf
vjfws kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts hust ef ojvfn `cfqu`tf rfgkonjtjkn.
@ dfw suoofstjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd st`ifakmcfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn `rgajtfgt sf-
mfgtjkn g`n ef cr`wn drkh taf mjtfr`turf. N`s`r (0:::) pmf`cs dkr ` systfh`tjg jn-
vfntkry kd vjsu`m qu`mjty dkr taf purpksf kd prf-bury fv`mu`tjkn `hkno `mm orkups
kd pfkpmf ta`t hjoat fxpfrjfngf taf eujmcjno, fspfgj`mmy usfrs. ajs sakumc ef
dkmmkwfc ey `n unej`sfc fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss ta`t js e`sfc kn jnsjoats drkh fn-
vjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy `ekut prfdfrfngfs `nc hf`njno (sff `msk Ga`ptfr 5.5)
`nc gkhpmftfc ey ` pkst kggup`ngy fv`mu`tjkn tk sff akw taf eujmcjno `gtu`mmy
pfrdkrhs. Grksey ft `m. (0:14) jntrkcugf taf gkngfpt kd ` ‑Gjtjzfns \`nfm‚, wajgajngmucfs dkur c`ys kd rfojkn`m `nc st`tf mfvfm st`dd prfsfnt`tjkns kn taf tkpjg, wjt-
nfss tfstjhknjfs kd sfvfr`m st`ifakmcfr orkups `nc taf prfp`r`tjkn kd ` rfpkrt kd
taf p`nfm hfhefrs `ekut taf rfgkhhfnc`tjkns. Fv mu`tjkn sakws taf gkngfpt js
dmfxjemf, fddfgtjvf `nc d`jr eut rfm`tjvfmy fxpfnsjvf wjta ` mjhjtfc pkwfr tk gkn-
vjngf taf pfkpmf jn ga`rof. Jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon `nc ure`n pm`nnjno gk-cfsjon
prkvjcfs `n jntfrfstjno kptjkn dkr taf cfvfmkphfnt kd ` cfsjon efg`usf cfsjonfrs
`nc pm`nnfrs wkri wjta jnstf`c kd `o`jnst gkhhunjty orkups (cf Bknof, 5<<:9
Ijno, 0:17). @dtfr `mm, ”fxpfrjfngfs jn taf p`rtjgjp`tjkn prkgfss a`vf sakwn ta`t
taf h`jn skurgf kd usfr s`tjsd`gtjkn js nkt taf cforff tk wajga ` pfrskn‚s nffcs
a`vf effn hft, eut taf dffmjno kd a`vjno jndmufngfc taf cfgjsjkns‘ (W`nkdd, 5<<4,p. 03<).
3.7 Saf gkntfxt kd cfsjon `nc gknstrugtjkn
af rf`m fst`tf gygmf gknsjsts kd `n jnjtj`mjz`tjkn, cfsjon, gknstrugtjkn, `nc kggu-
p`ngy pa`sf. Gmjfnts pm`y ify rkmf jn taf jnjtj`mjz`tjkn nc taf kggup`ngy pa`sf,
wajmf `rgajtfgts `rf taf hkst fssfntj`m pm`yfrs jn taf cfsjon pa`sf `nc gkntr`gtkrs
jn taf gknstrugtjkn pa`sf. @s hfntjknfc jn taf djrst ga`ptfr taf gurrfnt sfmfgtjkn
prkgfss kd `rgajtfgts krjojn`tfs drkh taf tr`cjtjkn kd taf cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn, taf
tfncfrjno kd wkris `nc sfrvjgfs, `nc taf sfmfgtjvf sf`rga dkr ` sujt`emf `rgajtfgt krcfsjon p`rtnfr (Wtrkno, 0::4). ajs sfgtjkn cfsgrjefs taf krjojn `nc ga`r`gtfr kd
cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns jn rgajtfgturf nc taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd p`rtnfr sfmfgtjkns jn
taf gknstrugtjkn jncustry. af mfo`m spfgts kd tfncfrjno kd wkris nc sfrvjgfs rf
cjsgussfc jn taf nfxt sfgtjkn.
3.7.0 Saf gkngfpt kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns
Wt`rtjno wjta taf `ngjfnt Orffis, gkhpftjtjkns a`vf tr`cjtjkn`mmy effn ` vfajgmf
dkr taf grf`tjkn kd h`bkr gjvjg eujmcjnos `nc puemjg sp`gfs, suga `s okvfrnhfnt
eujmcjnos, pfrdkrhjno rt gfntrfs, fcug`tjkn`m d`gjmjtjfs, puemjg mjer`rjfs, husfuhs
`nc akusjno (Gkmmyfr, 5<<39 Wtrkno, 0:?4). Cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns rf gknsjcfrfc s
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 95/341
?:
taf rfpksjtkrjfs kd taf `rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn (cf A``n & A``osh`, 0:11). afy
a`vf prkcugfc ajoa prkdjmf prkbfgts `s wfmm `s ` mkt kd cfe`tf, cjsputf `nc gkntrk-
vfrsjfs (Wtrkno, 0::4), `nc `ppf`r tk ef ` sjonjdjg`nt p`rt kd taf `rgajtfgtur`m gum-
turf. Hkst kd taf `utakrs kd puemjg`tjkns `ekut cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns gknsjcfr taf
pafnkhfnkn `s ` ojvfn wjtakut grjtjg`mmy `ssfssjno taf gkngfpt `nc jts tr`cjtjkn
`s suga, fvfn takuoa cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns `rf kdtfn suebfgt tk jntfnsjvf sgrutjny(Wprfjrfofn, 5<<1). aksf puemjg`tjkns ta`t `ccrfss taf prfhjsfs `nc wf`infssfs
kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns sakw orf`t sjhjm`rjtjfs jntfrn`tjkn`mmy jn taf prkemfhs tafy
jcfntjdy (cf A``n & A``osh`, 0:119 Afynfn, 5<<09 Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:9 Wtjgatjno
Ekuwrfsf`rga, 0:1<9 Wtrkno, 0::49 Wucbjg, 5<<6). \rkemfhs h`jnmy gkngfrn taf
tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf sfmfgtjkn kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts, taf gmjfnt‚s gkhhunjg`tjkn kd
taf rfqujrfhfnts tk taf p`rtjgjp`nts, taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury p`nfm, taf ke-
bfgtjvjty kd taf bury‚s bucofhfnt, `nc taf djn`ngj`m gkhpfns`tjkn gkhp`rfc tk
taf `hkunt kd wkri (Ajbcr`, 5<<?). Wprfjrfofn (0:?:) jcfntjdjfc tarff hytas
`ekut cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns2 gkhpftjtjkns gkst hknfy, gkhpftjtjkns gkst tjhf, nc
gkhpftjtjkn cfsjons nfvfr oft eujmt. afsf hytas `rf nkt suppkrtfc ey d`gts eutrfh`jn vfry pfrsjstfnt.
@ggkrcjno tk Gkmmyfr (5<<3) taf prkmjdfr`tjkn kd gkhpftjtjkns `nc taf jngmu-
sjkn kd sk h`ny eujmcjno typfs jn ta`t prkgfss g`n ef vjfwfc `s ` pkst-_krmc _`r
JJ pafnkhfnkn, `mtakuoa jt js rfm`tjvfmy r`rf jn taf Vnjtfc Wt`tfs. af rfmfv`ngf
kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns js `ginkwmfcofc wkrmcwjcf jn taf wkrmc kd `rgajtfgturf.
Zft jndkrh`tjkn kn p`st `nc rfgfnt cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns js dr`ohfntfc, jn`cfqu`tf
`nc drfqufntmy unrfgkrcfc (Mjpst`ct, 5<<69 Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:). Wfvfr`m puemjg`-
tjkns cfsgrjef taf `jhs, prkgfcurfs, pktfntj`ms `nc pjtd`mms kd cfsjon gkhpftj-
tjkns jn ` ajstkrjg`m pfrspfgtjvf kr sakw taf rfmfv`ngf kd gkhpftjtjkns dkr taf
`rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn (Gkmmyfr, 5<<39 M`rskn, 0::39 Mjpst`ct, 5<<69 WtjgatjnoEkuwrfsf`rga, 0:1<9 Wtrkno, 0:?4, 0::49 Wucbjg, 5<<6). Ktafrs sjhpmy ckgu-
hfnt taf wjnnjno cfsjons pjgturfs kr cfsgrjptjkns `nc rfpkrt taf kpjnjkn kd taf
bury `nc skhf ktafr `ssfsskrs dkr jnspjr`tjkn purpksfs (f.o. cf A``n & A``osh`,
0:119 Omusefro, 0::5). af fxpfrjfngfs `nc jntfrfsts kd taf gmjfnt `s duturf usfr
kd taf eujmcjno `rf usu`mmy nfomfgtfc jn taf fv`mu`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn (N`s`r,
0:::9 N`s`r & I`no, 0:1:).
af sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt js hfrfmy knf kd taf sfvfr`m purpksfs kd cfsjon
gkhpftjtjkns. Gkhpftjtjkns g`n a`vf fcug`tjkn`m purpksfs, (f.o. fcug`tjno stu-
cfnts, ga`mmfnojno ‑gknvfntjkn`m wjsckh‚), pkmjtjg`m rf`skns (f.o. fnm`rojno sup-
pkrt, h`riftjno ` prkbfgt, runnjno `rgajtfgturf pkmjtjgs, gkkrcjn`tjno cjddfrfntdjfmcs kd jntfrfsts), gumtur`m `jhs (f.o. grf`tjno ` cj`mkouf kn cfsjon, gkntrjeutjno
tk taf gumtur`m cjhfnsjkn kd taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt, fxp`ncjno taf ekunc`rjfs kd
cfsjon), `nc fgknkhjg`m rf`skns (f.o. jngrf`sjno gkhpftjtjkn, o`jnjno jnsjoat jn
gkhpftfngfs kr `ssurjno qu`mjty tarkuoa bury `ssfsshfnt) (cf A``n & A``osh`,
0:119 Fvfrs, 5<<19 Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:9 Wvfnsskn, 5<<1). ”af purpksf kd gkhpftj-
tjkn jn `rgajtfgturf js taf pursujt kd fxgfmmfngf. @s jn ktafr fncf`vkurs, taf ok`m
js jmmusjvf. Jt a`s tk ef pursufc gknst`ntmy jd jt js tk ef `gajfvfc, `nc wafn kn kg-
g`sjkn jt js, nfw `nc hkrf cjst`nt akrjzkns gkhf jntk vjfw. Wk taf pursujt gkntjn-
ufs‘ (Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:, p. 6). Wprfjrfofn jcfntjdjfc sfvfr`m efnfdjts `nc prkemfhs
wjta cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns ta`t stjmm suhh`rjsf taf cjsgussjkn `hkno prkdfssjkn`mstkc`y (sff emf 3.0).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 96/341
1<
Cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns `mw`ys jnvkmvf taf cfvfmkphfnt kd ` cfsjon tk taf pkjnt
wafrf jt rf`mjstjg`mmy rfprfsfnts ` rf`mjz`emf eujmcjno. afrf `rf twk h`jn gkhpf-
tjtjkn strugturfs (taf kpfn gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf jnvjtfc gkhpftjtjkn), twk h`jn
gkhpftjtjkn pkpum`tjkns (n`tjkn`m `nc jntfrn`tjkn`m), `nc twk h`jn gkhpftjtjknkebfgtjvfs (gkngfptjkn kn jts kwn g`mmfc `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn, `nc gkngfptjkn
mf`cjno tk gknstrugtjkn, wajga js ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn jn taf gknvfntjkn`m hf`n-
jno kd taf wkrc) (Mjpst`ct, 5<<6). Wprfjrfofn (0:?:) `msk cjstjnoujsafs stucfnt
gkhpftjtjkns, (ure`n) rfnfw`m gkhpftjtjkns, turn-ify gkhpftjtjkns `nc gknsumt-
`nt-sfmfgtjkn gkhpftjtjkns s v`rj`tjkns kn taf kpfn nc jnvjtfc gkhpftjtjkn. af
Uky`m Jnstjtutf kd Erjtjsa @rgajtfgts cjstjnoujsafs eftwffn df`sjejmjty stucy, cfsjon
prkpks`m `nc siftga cfsjon `s tarff mfvfms kd takrkuoanfss kd taf cfsjon `gtjvjtjfs
rfqujrfc dkr taf gkhpftjtjkn (Afynfn, 5<<0). Jn ` cfsjon prkpks`m `ekut 0< tk
06% kd taf tkt`m eujmcjno cfsjon js prfp`rfc dkr suehjssjkn, wajga sakumc ef sud-
djgjfnt dkr ` gkhpftjtjkn. @ siftga cfsjon rfqujrfs `ekut 7< tk 76% kd taf wkrikd ` cft`jmfc eujmcjno cfsjon. af hkrf wkri js rfqujrfc wjtakut `ny jntfr`gtjkn
kr ` prkpfr cj`mkouf wjta taf gmjfnt, taf hkrf taf mjifmjakkc fxjsts kd rfckjno taf
wkri.
afrf `rf twk prjngjpmfs ta`t prkvjcfc taf dkunc`tjkn kd `rgajtfgtur`m gkh-
pftjtjkns wkrmc wjcf2 ` p`nfm `ssfssfs taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjon `o`jnst grjtfrj`
fst`emjsafc jn taf erjfd `nc taf wakmf prkgfss js gkncugtfc jn ` d`jr `nc fqujt`emf
h`nnfr (Wtrkno, 0::4). Wtrkno (p. 37) mjsts dkur grjtfrj` ta`t cjstjnoujsa gkhpf-
tjtjkn drkh ktafr dkrhs kd gkhhjssjknjno wajga `msk ppmy dkr tfncfrs2 ”0) afrf
`rf sfvfr`m fntr`nts, 5) tafrf js `n jcfntjg`m prkemfh dkr `mm fntr`nts, 7) rumfs `nc
prkgfcurfs `rf prfsgrjefc `nc dkmmkwfc, `nc 3) systfh`tjg `nc jncfpfncfnt `s-
\rks Gkns
Jcfntjffg`tjkn kd nfw t`mfnt Gkst tk taf gmjfnt
Wtjhum`tjkn kd kmc t`mfnt Sjhf rfqujrfc
Wtjhum`tjkn kd puemjg cj mkouf \kssjejmj ty kd n fxgfssjvfmy gkstmy skmutjkn
Wtjhum`tjkn kd prkdfssjkn`ms Fmjhjn`tjkn kd taf prkor`h cfvfmkphfnt pa`sf
Fxpmkr`tjkn kd nfw gkngfpts @esfngf kd Gmjfnt-@rgajtfgt Cj`mkouf
Erjnojno tk ef`r taf efst cfsjon `ejmjty Nkt sujt`emf dkr gkhpmfx eujmcjnos
Ekkst kd kgf hkr mf dkr rgajtfgts \kssjemf jnfxpfrjfngf kd taf sfmfgtfc rgajtfgt
Cfvfmkphfnt kd nfw cfsjon dkrhs \kssjemf jhpr`gtjg`m sfmfgtjkn ey taf bury
H`jnt jnjno ttfntjkn dkr cfsjon Ufvfm tjkn kd gknffcfntj m sfgurjty jndkrh tjkn
Wakw g`stjno prkdfssjkn`m ejmjtjfs Gksts tk taf prkdfssjkn
Erjnojno jn ` wjcf pkjnt kd vjfw Uf`mjt jfs nc prfssurf kd taf p`trkn`of systfh
Drffjno cfsjonfrs drkh gknstr`jnts Nktjkn kd ‑` mkt kd trkuemf‚
Sfst `nc ga`mmfnof st`tus quk Nktjkn ta`t ‑okkc cfsjon js fxpfnsjvf‚
Ufqujrfhfnt kd kvfrmy fm`ekr`tf prfsfnt`tjkns
Cjgumty kd sgafcumjno puemjg ffn`ngjno
Vngfrt`jnty `ekut fnkuoa kr rjoat cfsjonfrs
M`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf h`n`ofhfnt kd ` gkhpftjtjkn
S`emf 3.0 \rks `nc gkns kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns `ggkrcjno tk Wprfjrfofn (0:?:)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 97/341
10
sfsshfnt ey ` p`nfm kd `ssfsskrs js usfc tk sfmfgt ` wjnnfr.‘ @ bury a`s jhpkrt`nt
dkrh`m, fstaftjg nc ftajg`m rfspknsjejmjtjfs, suga s taf kemjo`tjkn tk fnsurf gkh-
pmj`ngf wjta rfoum`tjkns nc taf prkgfss, gakksjno ` wjnnfr, cfsgrjptjkn nc prfs-
fnt`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn fntrjfs, `n kebfgtjvf `nc unej`sfc `ssfsshfnt kd taf
fntrjfs, jncfpfncfnt jcfntjdjg`tjkn kd mkno-tfrh v`muf, hktjv`tjkn kd taf gakjgf,
mky`mty tkw`rcs tafhsfmvfs `nc nkt okjno kut tk taf puemjg wjta ` cfvj`tjno kpjn-jkn wjtakut h`ijno ` rfsfrv`tjkn `o`jnst taf bury‚s cfgm`r`tjkns (I`zfhj`n &
Uônn, 5<<:). af humtjpmf `jhs, taf gkhpmfxjty kd taf gkntfxt `nc ga`r`gtfr kd
taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs rfsumt jn fmfvfn cjmfhh`s ta`t burjfs d`gf curjno tafjr cfgj-
sjkn prkgfss (Uônn, 5<<1)2
Cfhkgr`gy vfrsus Fxpfrt cfgjsjkn - Cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns a`vf kpfn fxtfrjkr
`nc prjv`tf jntfrjkr9 mjhjtfc cfhkgr`tjg gkntrjeutjkn.
@nknyhjty vfrsus Cjrfgt gkhhunjg`tjkn - Djn`m prkcugt js hkrf jhpkr-
t`nt ta`n taf pfrskn9 mjhjtfc gkhhunjg`tjkn eftwffn kro`njzjno ekcy `nc
p`rtjgjp`nts.\rkbfgt vfrsus @rgajtfgt - Cu`m dungtjkn kd gkhpftjtjkn systfh9 rfmfv`ngf dkr
taf gmjfnts `nc dkr taf prkdfssjkn.
Wfgurjty vfrsus Jnnkv`tjkn - \`rtjgjp`nts mkno dkr skhftajno nfw, gmjfnts rf-
qujrf wfmm-prkvfn gknstrugtjkn, fddjgjfngy, cur`ejmjty ftg.
\rfgjsjkn vfrsus M`tjtucf - Cforff kd stffrjno kd taf gmjfnts `nc taf nffc dkr
m`tjtucf kd taf bury.
Ufqujrfhfnts vfrsus Dffce`gi - Akw tk dkrfsff taf pktfntj`m grf`tfc ey taf
gkhpftjtjkn `nc fnsurf qu`mjty kd duturf eujmcjnos.Hjnjhjzjno d`umts vfrsus H`xjhjzjno qu`mjty - af `pprk`ga kn akw tk r`ni
qu`mjty `ggkrcjno tk taf `hkunt kd sakrtgkhjno jn rfm`tjkn tk taf pksjtjvf
qu`mjtjfs.
Mfttfr kd jntfnt vfrsus Fcug`tjkn`m cfvfmkphfnt - _afn taf kro`njzjno ekcy
gkhfs jn gknt`gt wjta taf prkpks`ms tafy `gqujrf ` cffpfr uncfrst`ncjno kd
taf `ssjonhfnt.
Kebfgtjvf vfrsus \rkgfss - af fntrjfs `nc kro`njs`tjkn cftfrhjnf taf bury
prkgfss eut taf prkgfss `jhs `t sfmfgtjno ` wjnnfr.
\rfsfnt vfrsus Duturf - af prfsfnt js taf pkjnt kd cfp`rturf dkr `n fstjh`tjkn
kd duturf qu`mjtjfs9 fqu`mmy cjddjgumt dkr bury `nc p`rtjgjp`nts.
\rkdfssjkn`m vfrsus Gkhhunjty `pprkv`m - Jndmufngf kd humtjpmf p`rtjfs kn
taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs9 gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury.
@ggkrcjno tk I`zfhj`n `nc Uônn (5<<:) bury hfhefrs hust ef ajoamy fxpfrj-
fngfc, jncfpfncfnt cfsjon tajnifrs `nc grjtjgs wjta okkc vjsjkn`ry bucofhfnt`m
`ejmjty jn cfsjon tk sfgurf taf fssfntj`ms kd gkhpftfngf nc gknsfnsus. @t taf s`hf
tjhf `n jhpkrt`nt knokjno cjsputf rfo`rcjno burjfs js waftafr tafy sakumc ef
h`cf up skmfmy kd rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn`ms kr sakumc msk jngmucf nkn-`rgajtfgts
gmksfmy jnvkmvfc wjta taf prkbfgt (usfrs, cfgjsjkn h`ifrs, pkmjtjgj`ns, ftg.). ajs
0.
5.
7.
3.
6.
4.
?.
1.
:.
0<.
00.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 98/341
15
cjsputf sffhs fvfn hkrf rfmfv`nt tkc`y jn rfm`tjkn tk taf gurrfnt pr`gtjgf kd rgaj-
tfgt sfmfgtjkns. Nfxt tk taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury p`nfm, ajoa-qu`mjty erjfd nc
` prkdfssjkn`m kro`njs`tjkn `rf jhpkrt`nt `spfgts kd ` gkhpftjtjkn (\`tjbn, 5<<<9
Wucbjg, 5<<6). Wprfjrfofn (5<<1) cfsgrjefs ` gkhpftjtjkn prkgfss `s gknsjstjno kd
sfvfn gkhpknfnts2 pm`nnjno, gkhpftjtjkn `nnkungfhfnt, cfsjon, rfgfjvjno `nc
prkgfssjno, bury, cfsjon `nnkungfhfnt, nc pkst-gkhpftjtjkn pa`sf. af gkhpf-tjtjkn gkncjtjkns jngmucf tarff e`sjg sfgtjkns kd ofnfr`m gkncjtjkns, jnstrugtjkns
`nc erjfd (Wtrkno, 0:?4). @ggkrcjno tk Irfjnfr (5<<4) gkhpftjtjkn erjfd rf`cs
`s a`md jnstrugtjkn, a`md jnspjr`tjkn `nc sakumc ef ekta un`hejoukus `nc nkn-
gknstr`jnjno. Af cjsgussfs taf jnafrfnt tfnsjkns `nc `hejoujtjfs kd ‑dkrh vfrsus
dungtjkn‚, ‑tr`cjtjkn vfrsus ga`nof‚ `nc ‑rfqujrfhfnt vfrsus suoofstjkn‚ jn ` erjfd.
Jn fvfry ijnc kd gkhpftjtjkn trust hust ef fst`emjsafc eftwffn taf `utakrjty `nc
taf cfsjonfr (Djsafr, Ukeskn, & kcc, 5<<?). @ggkrcjno tk Afynfn (5<<0) twk
gkhhunjg`tjkn djmtfrs fxjst jn gkhhunjg`tjkn eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf p`rtjgj-
p`nt2 drkh jcf`s kd taf gmjfnt jntk taf erjfd, `nc drkh taf jcf`s kd taf p`rtjgjp`nt
tk taf bury. @ vfre`m fxpm`n`tjkn kd taf wrjttfn ckguhfnts js tafrfdkrf vfry huga`pprfgj`tfc ey taf p`rtjgjp`nts. ajs gkumc gkntrjeutf tk taf rfm`tjknsajp eujmt kn
trust eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc `rgajtfgt. @ bury rfpkrt sfrvfs tajs purpksf, bust `s
jt sfrvfs ”tk jndkrh taf spknskr kd taf rf`skns dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd taf wjnnfr, tk
gm`rjdy taf ofnfr`m kebfgtjvfs efjno skuoat jn taf p`rtjgum`r cfsjon fxpfrjfngf `t
a`c `nc `s ` rfgkrc `nc rfdfrfngf kd ` p`rtjgum`r hkhfnt kd cfsjon takuoat `nc
`w`rfnfss‘ (Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:, p. 573).
af ofnfr`m efmjfd `hkno `rgajtfgts js ta`t taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno ` gkhpftj-
tjkn `rf vfry a`rc tk prfcjgt (Irfjnfr, 5<<?e). Jt js s`jc ta`t taf gkhpksjtjkn kd
` bury jn d`gt cftfrhjnfs taf kutgkhf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn (cf A``n & A``osh`,
0:119 M`rskn, 0::3) eut taf str`tfojfs kd p`rtjgjp`tjno `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs g`njndmufngf taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf cfsjons ta`t wjn (Irfjnfr, 5<<19 H`nzknj, ft `m.,
5<<:). Irfjnfr (5<<?`, p. 0) cfsgrjefs taf gkhpftjtjkn prkgfss `s dkmmkws2 ”Jd
`rgajtfgtur`m tf`hs wfrf tk cfsgrjef taf gkhpftjtjkn `s ` c`ngf, tafy wkumc cf-
sgrjefc jt `s ` pfgumj`r dkrh kd c`ngf jn wajga tafy `rf c`ngjno wjta `n `esfnt
p`rtnfr, d`ngyjno ajh kr afr `nc rfspkncjno tk ajs kr afr jh`ojn`ry hkvfhfnts
`nc ofsturfs. af esfnt p`rtnfr js taf gmjfnt (`nc jn skhf rfspfgts taf bury wajga
wjmm `ppkjnt taf wjnnfr kd taf gkhpftjtjkn). Wuga sa`ckw c`ngjno js pfrdkrhfc
gurrfntmy ey ` sh`mm nuhefr kd tf`hs kd `rgajtfgts, f`ga rfprfsfntjno kn kd taf
sfmfgtfc djrhs t`ijno p`rt jn taf gkhpftjtjkn‘. Wtrkno (0:?4) dkunc ta`t mtakuoa
knmy 0<% kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts jn gkhpftjtjkns `si qufstjkns curjno prfp`r`tjkns,6<% kd taf wjnnfrs r`jsfc qufstjkns wajga jncjg`tfs ` cjddfrfnt str`tfoy kd taf
pktfntj`m wjnnfrs. Jn ofnfr`m taf fgknkhjg gkncjtjkns, taf ga`mmfnojno ga`r`gtfr
kd taf erjfd `nc kvfr`mm `ttr`gtjvfnfss kd ` gkhpftjtjkn jndmufngf taf rfspknsf `nc
tafrfdkrf taf `ggkhpmjsahfnt kd ` gkhpftjtjkn. af suggfss kd ` gkhpftjtjkn
akwfvfr `msk cfpfncs kn taf mfvfm kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts, `nc p`rtjgjp`nts g`nnkt ef
dkrgfc tk bkjn.
af gkhpftjtjkn prjngjpmfs `rf usu`mmy jngkrpkr`tfc jn n`tjkn`m rfoum`tjkns,
st`nc`rcjsfc dkrh`ts `nc hkcfm gkhpftjtjkn gkncjtjkns. Jngrf`sjnomy, tafsf `rf
efjno rfpm`gfc ey oujcfmjnfs sfttjno kut okkc pr`gtjgf prkgfcurfs. Jn taf Nkrcjg
Furkpf`n gkuntrjfs (Wwfcfn, Nkrw`y, Cfnh`ri `nc Djnm`nc) `ekut 0<< `rgaj-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 99/341
17
tfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkns t`if pm`gf `nnu`mmy sprf`c rkuoamy fqu`mmy kvfr sfvfn `rf`s
(tkwn & ure`n pm`nnjno, sgakkms, gumturf & mfjsurf, akusjno, af`mta & skgj`m
wfmd`rf, kddjgfs, `nc ktafrs) (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:9 Uônn, 5<<1). @ekut 4<
tk ?6% kd tafsf gkhpftjtjkns t`if dkur yf`rs tk gkhpmftf `nc 06 tk 7<% `rf
g`ngfmmfc. Jn rfgfnt yf`rs jnvjtfc gkhpftjtjkns a`vf `msk efgkhf pkpum`r jn taf
Wg`ncjn`vj`n gkuntrjfs, `nc tafsf gkhpftjtjkns a`vf efgkhf hkrf mjif ` dkrh kd` puemjg nfoktj`tjkn (Uônn, 5<<1).
Jn taf Nftafrm`ncs, taf nuhefr kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns js mjhjtfc gkhp`rfc tk
ktafr w`ys kd gkhhjssjknjno bkes, eut `msk mjhjtfc gkhp`rfc tk ktafr Furkpf`n
gkuntrjfs, suga `s Dr`ngf, Ofrh`ny, Wwjtzfrm`nc `nc taf Wg`ncjn`vj`n gkuntrjfs
(Fvfrs, 5<<1). Hkst kd tafsf gkuntjfs a`vf fst`emjsafc kddjgj`m ekcjfs tk suppkrt
`nc rfoum`tf taf kro`njs`tjkn kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns. @mtakuoa taf gkuntrjfs wjta
kddjgj`m rfoum`tjkns `ppf`r tk fxpfrjfngf dfwfr prkemfhs wjta cfsjon gkhpftj-
tjkns, taf prkemfh`tjg n`turf kd sfmfgtjno `rgajtfgts ey cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns sffhs
tk ef rfgkonjsfc jntfrn`tjkn`mmy. Jn taf Nftafrm`ncs nkt huga `gtjkn a`s effn
t`ifn tk rfskmvf taf fxjstjno tfnsjkn eftwffn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf `nc gmjfntskn h`ttfrs ta`t rfm`tf tk taf kro`njs`tjkn kd ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns (Fvfrs, 0::6).
af Nftafrm`ncs ckfs nkt a`vf `n kddjgj`m ekcy `p`rt drkh `n kddjgf dkr prkgurf-
hfnt `nc cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns g`mmfc taf ‑Wtfunpunt @rgajtfgtuurkpcr`gatfn fn
Kntwfrpwfcstrjbcfn‚. ajs Kddjgf w`s fst`emjsafc jn 0::? ey @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m,
`n jncfpfncfnt n`tjkn`m gfntrf kd fxpfrtjsf `nc jndkrh`tjkn cfvktfc tk gkhhjs-
sjknjno eujmcjno cfvfmkphfnt, wjta taf `jh tk `cvjsf puemjg `nc prjv`tf gmjfnts
`ekut sfmfgtjno cfsjonfrs nc prkpfrty cfvfmkpfrs. Wjngf taf fnc kd taf 0:ta gfntury
Cutga rfoum`tjkns fxjst (suga `s taf ‑@mofhfnf Nfcfrm`ncsf \rjbsvr``orfofmjnofn‚)
eut tafsf wfrf, dkr uninkwn rf`skns, nkt `cfqu`tfmy `ppmjfc ey gmjfnts. Efg`usf
taf FV Cjrfgtjvfs kd 0::3 rfdfr tk n`tjkn`m rfoum`tjkns, rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd Cutgaokvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs `nc prkdfssjkn`ms cfgjcfc tk cfvfmkp taf ‑Ikhp`s‚ (v`n
G`hpfn & Afncrjisf, 0::?) ta`t jngmucfs oujcfmjnfs `nc hkcfms dkr gkhpftj-
tjkns jn `rgajtfgturf. Ga`nofs jn rfoum`tjkns `nc `n jngrf`sjno nffc dkr suppkrt
curjno taf kro`njs`tjkn kd prkgfcurfs h`cf sfvfr`m kro`njs`tjkns cfgjcf tk cfvfm-
kp nfw oujcfmjnfs, hkcfms nc ktafr ijnc kd puemjg`tjkns ta`t ppmy tk taf Cutga
sjtu`tjkn (f.o. @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:e9 Ga`k-Cujvjs, ft `m., 5<<?9 B`nsfn,
5<<:9 \`tjbn, 5<<<).
Kro`njzjno ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn rfqujrfs ` suest`ntj`m `hkunt kd hknfy `nc
fnfroy. @ggkrcjno tk I`zfhj`n `nc Uônn (5<<:) jt g`n t`if dkur tk tfn hkntas tk
g`rry kut `n jnvjtfc gkhpftjtjkn jn wajga ` bury cfgjcfs kn tarff tk djvf prkpks-`ms. Efg`usf `n kpfn gkhpftjtjkn `ttr`gts kn `vfr`of 1< fntrjfs, jhpmfhfnt`tjkns
gkumc t`if eftwffn sfvfn `nc fmfvfn hkntas. Wtrkno (0:?4) dkunc ta`t p`rtjgj-
p`nts spfnc eftwffn 04< tk 6<< akurs kn taf suehjssjkns dkr `n kpfn gkhpftj-
tjkn. @ twk-st`of jnvjtfc gkhpftjtjkn gkumc t`if up tk 014< akurs. afsf nuh-
efrs `nc gurrfnt fxpfrjfngfs jncjg`tf ta`t jn taf Wg`ncjn`vj`n gkuntrjfs huga
hkrf tjhf js jnvfstfc jn fv`mu`tjno taf fntrjfs ta`n prfsfntmy jn taf Nftafrm`ncs.
af hknfy ta`t `n `vfr`of `rgajtfgtur m cfsjon djrh spfncs pfr cfsjon gkhpftj-
tjkn w`s fstjh`tfc ey taf Uky`m Jnstjtutf kd Cutga @rgajtfgts (EN@) `t ₭ 0:.<<<
jn 5<<1 `nc ₭ 70.<<< jn 5<<: (EN@, 5<<:9 v`n cfn Auri, 5<<1). af tkt`m
gksts dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns wfrf fstjh`tfc ey taf EN@ `t ₭
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 100/341
13
0< hjmmjkn pfr yf`r dkr taf wakmf sfgtkr. Kn `vfr`of `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs f`rnfc ₭
051.<<< pfr yf`r jn gkhpftjtjkns.
3.7.5 \`rtnfr sfmfgtjkn jn gknstrugtjkn
af sfgknc rkkt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn rfdfrs tk ` sfmfgtjvf sf`rga dkr ` p`rtnfr
jn gknstrugtjkn. @rgajtfgts `rf nkt taf knmy pm`yfrs jn taf djfmc kd gknstrugtjkn.Fnojnffrs, gknsumt`nts, cfvfmkpfrs, h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts `nc gkntr`gtkrs
`msk p`rtjgjp`tf jn gknstrugtjkn tfncfrs. Hkst tfncfrs dkr wkris jn gknstrugtjkn
`rf sjhjm`r tk akw bkes wfrf gkhhjssjknfc efdkrf taf jntrkcugtjkn kd taf FV
Cjrfgtjvf jn 5<<3. afsf tr`ns`gtjkns wfrf h`jnmy e`sfc kn taf mkwfst prjgf, `s-
suhjno ta`t taf gkntr`gtkrs wkumc `mm kddfr gkhp`r`emf qu`mjty mfvfms. Ufsf`rga
sakws `n jngrf`sf kd taf prfdfrfngfs tk `w`rc gkntr`gts dkr wkris kn taf ‑hkst
fgknkhjg`mmy `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr‚ (HF@) jnstf`c kd mkwfst prjgf (Crfsgamfr,
5<<:). \rjv`tf gmjfnts `ppf`r tk ef ` ejt hkrf fntausj`stjg `ekut taf HF@ prjn-
gjpmf ta`n puemjg gmjfnts, wajga g`n ef `ttrjeutfc tk taf `ggkunt`ejmjty kd taf
cfgjsjkn (_kno, Akmt, & Gkkpfr, 5<<<). \knopfno `nc Mjstkn (5<<7) cfsgrjef
taf cfvfmkphfnt kd tfncfr fv`mu`tjkn tkkm ta`t gguhum`tfs jnput drkh humtjpmf
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs, jngkrpkr`tfs rjsi nc ungfrt`jnty nc kddfrs dmfxjejmjty tk ga`nofs
jn taf sjtu`tjkn curjno cfsjon tfncfrs. Jn tafjr tkkm taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf
ejc prjgf, jn gkhp`rjskn tk utjmjty `nc skgj`m wfmd`rf cftfrhjnfs wajga gkntr`g-
tkr kddfrs taf efst ejc `nc sakumc wjn taf tfncfr. af hftakckmkoy dkr efst v`muf
cfgjsjkn h`ijno `s cfvfmkpfc ey \ajmmjps, H`rtjn, C`jnty `nc \rjgf (5<<?) `msk
`ginkwmfcofs taf ungfrt`jnty `nc jhpfrdfgtjkn kd tfncfr cfgjsjkns. afjr tkkm
gkntrjeutfs tk taf tr`nsp`rfngy kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno ey usjno taf `n`mystjg ajfr`r-
gay prkgfss hftakc, p`jr wjsf gkhp`rjskn, humtjpmf-`ttrjeutf utjmjty tafkry `nc
efngah`ri sgkrfs drkh I\J‚s.
Wfvfr`m `utakrs (f.o. _`tt, I`yjs, & _jmmfy, 5<0<9 _kno, ft `m., 5<<<) dkunc
ta`t dkr puemjg eujmcjnos `nc fnojnffrjno wkris taf hkst jhpkrt`nt prkbfgt spf-
gjdjg grjtfrj` sffh tk ef taf gtu`m wkri qu`mjty gajfvfc kn sjhjm`r wkris (tfganj-
g`m fxpfrtjsf nc p`st pfrdkrh`ngf). Jt ppf`rs ta`t puemjg gmjfnts rf hkrf dkgusfc
kn prjgf ta`n prjv`tf gmjfnts, fvfn takuoa tafy sakumc ef `w`rf kd taf d`gt ta`t
taf mkwfst ejc ckfs nkt `mw`ys mf`c tk taf efst qu`mjty, mkwfst prjgf `t gkhpmftjkn
kr ajoafst gmjfnt s`tjsd`gtjkn (Wpkrrkno & Erôganfr, 5<<:). M`rof Cutga gmjfnts
jn gknstrugtjkn `ppf`r tk prfdfr taf prjgf `nc qu`mjty kd taf gkntr`gtkr kvfr taf
djn`ngj`m st`ejmjty, rfmj`ejmjty `nc fxpfrjfngf kd taf gkntr`gtkr (Ufojfr``c-Ekuw,5<<6), wajmf sh`mm gmjfnts tajni rfmj`ejmjty `nc qu`mjty kd taf gkntr`gtkr js hkrf
jhpkrt`nt ta`n gmjfnt dkgus, prjgf `nc fxpfrjfngf. E`sfc kn ` survfy \ajmmjps,
H`rtjn, C`jnty `nc \rjgf (5<<1) fxtr`gtfc tfn d`gtkrs wajga gkumc ef usfc tk cjd-
dfrfntj`tf efst v`muf e`sfc ejcs jn taf gkntfxt kd skgj`m akusjno2 uncfrst`ncjno
kd gmjfnts kebfgtjvfs, jnnkv`tjvf h`n`ofhft, suggfssdum tr`gi rfgkrc, gknstrugtjkn
pr`gtjgfs, qu`mjty h`n`ofhfnt prkgfcurfs, tr`nsp`rfngy kd gkst c`t`, uncfrst`nc-
jno kd p`rtnfrjno, fst`emjsafc pkmjgy, uncfrst`ncjno kd efst v`muf, `nc tfganjg`m
`ejmjty. afsf d`gtkrs sakw ekta taf skgj`m `spfgts `nc taf prkcugt rfm`tfc `spfgts
kd p`rtnfr sfmfgtjkn jn prkgurfhfnt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 101/341
16
af prfdfrfngf dkr v`muf e`sfc w`rc hfga`njshs js nkt taf knmy gurrfnt trfnc
jn Cutga gknstrugtjkn. Jn krcfr tk rfcugf taf fxtfnsjvf gksts kd frrkrs curjno gkn-
strugtjkn, okvfrnhfnt `nc ktafr jnstjtutjkns jn taf djfmc `rf fngkur`ojno taf usf
kd jntfor`tfc cfsjon `nc gknstrugtjkn gkntr`gts. Jn 5<<? ` s`hpmf kd 75<< Cutga
gmjfnts jncjg`tfc ta`t jn taf nf`r duturf tafy wkumc `w`rc `ekut 76% kd taf
gkntr`gts s jntfor`tfc gkntr`gts (Cfsjon-`nc-Eujmc, Cfsjon-Eujmc-H`jnt`jn ftg.)(Ufojfr``c-Ekuw, 5<<6). Ufsf`rga gkncugtfc jn @ustr`mj` suoofsts ta`t taf gum-
turf kd rjsi `vkjc`ngf stjmm mf`cs gmjfnts tk gakksf tr`cjtjkn`m prkgurfhfnt hfta-
kcs, fvfn jd `mtfrn`tjvf dkrhs gkumc jhprkvf taf prkbfgt kutgkhf (Mkvf, C`vjs,
Fcw`rcs, & E`gg`rjnj, 5<<1). \rjv`tf kro`njs`tjkns suga `s akusjno gkrpkr`tjkns
`nc m`rof gkrpkr`tjkns prfdfr trust `nc rfgjprkg`m fxpfrtjsf, bust `s puemjg gmjfnts
twfnty yf`rs `ok, `nc kdtfn gkmm`ekr`tf wjta taf s`hf gkntr`gtkrs efg`usf kd prf-
vjkus okkc fxpfrjfngf (Ufojfr``c-Ekuw, 5<<6). ajs js nkt pkssjemf dkr puemjg
gmjfnts `ny hkrf efg`usf kd gurrfnt tfncfr kemjo`tjkns. af djncjnos kd Ckrff
(0::4) suoofst ta`t dkr hunjgjp`mjtjfs taf pkssjejmjty kd eujmcjno rfm`tjknsajps
wjta gkntr`gtkrs js ` w`y tk s`dfou`rc `nc tk fnsurf taf gkntrkm kvfr qu`mjty.Ufgfnt nuhefrs sakw ta`t taf nuhefr kd jnnkv`tjvf tfncfr prkgfcurfs
jn Cutga gknstrugtjkn js stjmm vfry mjhjtfc (Wtjgatjno @`nefstfcjnosjnstjtuut
Ekuwfnc Nfcfrm`nc, 5<<:). ajs gkumc jncjg`tf afsjt`tjkn jn taf djfmc tk prfdfr
jntfor`tfc gkntr`gts kvfr tr`cjtjkn`m prkgurfhfnt hftakcs. \ajmmjps ft `m. (5<<1)
suhh`rjsfs taf ga`mmfnofs ta`t puemjg gmjfnts d`gf `t taf hkhfnt2 tkk huga prk-
gurfhfnt js uncfrt`ifn wjtakut prkdfssjkn`m suppkrt kr ey cfsjon`tfc prkgurf-
hfnt st`dd, tafrf js tkk huga dkgus kn gkpyjno efst pr`gtjgfs, prkemfhs kggur
jn grf`tjno gknsfnsus `hkno st`ifakmcfrs, `nc taf humtjpmjgjty kd v`mufs, tkkms,
cjsgjpmjnfs `nc st`ifakmcfrs grf`tfs tkk h`ny kptjkns. Zft, ` sajdt kggurs jn taf
prkgurfhfnt dungtjkn drkh jts tr`cjtjkn`m `chjnstr`tjvf `nc tr`ns`gtjkn`m rkmf tk` hkrf str`tfojg knf (Wpkrrkno & Erôganfr, 5<<:). afrfdkrf sijmms `nc prkdfs-
sjkn`mjsh kd gmjfnts `rf efgkhjno hkrf jhpkrt`nt `nc prkgurfhfnt str`tfojfs
sakumc ef jngmucfc jn pkmjgjfs kd okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs. Wpkrrkno & Erôganfr
(5<<:) dkunc ta`t gmjfnts fxpfrjfngf ajoa mfvfm kd ungfrt`jnty ekut akw tfncfrs
sakumc ef fv`mu`tfc. Jn tajs sfnsf wf sakumc ef `w`rf kd gknsfqufngfs kd puttjno
` strkno dkgus kn taf rkmf kd taf gmjfnt jn ga`nojno gumturf jn gknstrugtjkn. Jvkry
(5<<6) jncjg`tfs ta`t gmjfnts hjoat fvfn supprfss jnnkv`tjkn, h`jnmy efg`usf kd
tafjr cfsjrf tk `vkjc ekta sakrt `nc mkno tfrh rjsis. \rkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt tfncs tk
t`if kvfr taf pfrspfgtjvf kd taf prkbfgt kutgkhf. ajs `msk sakws jn taf ijnc kd
sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc grjtfrj` ta`t `rf gurrfntmy usfc ey gmjfnts curjno tfncfrs.A`rcmy ny rfsf`rga ccrfssfs taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` dkr rgajtfgts jn taf gkntfxt
kd prkgurfhfnt rfoum`tjkns. C`y `nc E`risc`mf (0::5) `n`mysfc akw eusjnfss
gmjfnts sfmfgt `nc fv`mu`tf ` prkdfssjkn`m sfrvjgf djrh jn cfsjon `nc dkunc dkur
uncfrmyjno cjhfnsjkns2 0) pfrgfjvfc fxpfrtjsf, fxpfrjfngf `nc gkhpftfngf kd taf
prkvjcfr, 5) taf prkvjcfr‚s uncfrst`ncjno kd taf gmjfnts nffcs `nc jntfrfsts, 7) taf
prkvjcfr‚s rfm`tjknsajp `nc gkhhunjg`tjkn sijmms, `nc 3) taf mjifmjakkc kd taf
prkvjcfr gkndkrhjno tk gkntr`gtu`m `nc `chjnjstr`tjvf rfqujrfhfnts. koftafr
wjta taf `gtu`m pfrdkrh`ngf tafsf d`gtkrs `msk gkntrjeutfc tk taf s`tjsd`gtjkn kr
cjss`tjsd`gtjkn kd taf gmjfnt `ekut taf sfrvjgfs ta`t wfrf cfmjvfrfc. Nkwff (5<<1)
jncfntjdjfc pfkpmf, prkgfss `nc prkdfssjkn rfm`tfc gkhpftfngfs jn ajs fxpmkr`tjkn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 102/341
14
kd ` p`st pfrdkrh`ngf systfh dkr `rgajtfgts. Gafuno, Iufn `nc Wijthkrf (5<<5)
dkunc ta`t jn Akno Ikno prkdfssjkn`m qu`mjdjg`tjkn `nc fxpfrjfngf, `v`jm`ejm-
jty kd qu`mjdjfc pfrsknnfm, prfsfnt wkrimk`c, qu`mjty kd wkri `nc gknsumt`nt dff
`rf jhpkrt`nt grjtfrj` dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd taf sfrvjgfs kd `rgajtfgts. af rfsf`rga
w`s e`sfc kn dkur g`tfokrjfs tk hf`surf taf sujt`ejmjty kd `rgajtfgts, n`hfmy taf
e`giorkunc kd taf djrh, p`st pfrdkrh`ngf, g`p`gjty tk `ggkhpmjsa taf wkri `ncprkbfgt `pprk`ga. afsf g`tfokrjfs `ppf`r tk rfm`tf tk taf djn`ngj`m `nc tfganjg`m
`ejmjtjfs s hfntjknfc jn FV prkgurfhfnt rfoum`tjkns (sff sfgtjkn 3.3). Gafuno ft
`m. (5<<5) usfc taf rfsumts kd tafjr stucy tk prkvjcf jnput dkr n ‑`rgajtfgtur`m gkn-
sumt`nt sfmfgtjkn systfh‚ tk suppkrt gmjfnts jn sfmfgtjno n rgajtfgt. Vndkrtun`tfmy
taf rfspknsf tk taf survfy w`s nkt vfry ajoa. Jt wkumc ef jntfrfstjno tk fxpmkrf
taf grjtfrj` usfc ey Cutga gmjfnts jn suga ` h`ttfr `s js `mrf`cy gkhhkn jn taf
sfmfgtjkn kd gkntr`gtkrs.
3.3 Saf mfo`m gkntfxt
@w`rcjno gkntr`gts js taf tajrc krjojn kd gurrfnt prkgfssfs kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn.
Efg`usf taf Nftafrm`ncs js p`rt kd taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn, puemjg gmjfnts w`ntjno tk
`w`rc ` gkntr`gt `msk a`vf tk gkhpmy wjta (Furkpf`n) prkgurfhfnt m`w. ajs sfg-
tjkn suhh`rjsfs taf hkst jhpkrt`nt cjrfgtjvfs `ppmjg`emf tk `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns
`nc usfs kd taf kddjgj`m tfrhs `s huga `s pkssjemf. Jn taf rfst kd taf sfgtjkn taf
Cutga sjtu`tjkn js sakrtmy fxpm`jnfc dkmmkwjno ey ` cjsgussjkn kd skhf g`sf m`w.
3.3.0 FV \rkgurfhfnt m`w
”\rkgurfhfnt rfdfrs tk taf dungtjkn kd purga`sjno okkcs kr sfrvjgfs drkh `n kut-
sjcf ekcy‘ (@rrkwshjta, 5<<6, p. 0). \rkgurfhfnt rfoum`tjkns `rf cjrfgtfc `t s`df-ou`rcjno eusjnfss gknnfgtjkns eftwffn okvfrnhfnt nc h`rift p`rtjfs. @ggkrcjno
tk taf VI pfrspfgtjvf `utakrjtjfs sakumc `gt g`rfdummy tkw`rcs gjtjzfns `nc fntrf-
prfnfurs `nc grf`tf ”efst v`muf dkr t`xp`yfrs‚ hknfy‘ (@rrkwshjta, 5<<6, p. 3).
ajs hf`ns ta`t puemjg gmjfnts `mw`ys a`vf tk gkhpmy wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w eut
ta`t knmy jn spfgjdjg g`sfs tafy a`vf tk gkhpmy wjta Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w
`nc kro`njsf ` puemjg tfncfr. ajs rfsf`rga dkgusfs kn tafsf ijncs kd sjtu`tjkns
drkh ` Cutga pfrspfgtjvf. Kn 07 H`rga 5<<3 twk Furkpf`n tfncfr cjrfgtjvfs
wfrf p`ssfc2 taf Cjrfgtjvf 5<<3/0?/FG gkkrcjn`tjno taf prkgurfhfnt prkgfcurfs
kd fntjtjfs kpfr`tjno jn taf w`tfr, fnfroy, tr`nspkrt `nc pkst`m sfrvjgfs sfgtkrs,
`nc taf Cjrfgtjvf 5<<3/01/FG kn taf gkkrcjn`tjkn kd prkgfcurfs dkr taf `w`rc kdpuemjg wkris gkntr`gts, puemjg suppmy gkntr`gts `nc puemjg sfrvjgf gkntr`gts.
af prjngjpmfs dkr `w`rcjno gkntr`gts `rf st`tfc jn `rtjgmf 5 kd Cjrfgtjvf
5<<3/01/FG s ”Gkntr`gtjno utakrjtjfs sa`mm trf`t fgknkhjg kpfr`tkrs fqu`mmy nc
nkn-cjsgrjhjn`tkrjmy `nc sa`mm `gt jn ` tr`nsp`rfnt w`y‘ (Furkpf`n \`rmj`hfnt &
Gkungjm kd taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn, 5<<3). @rgajtfgtur`m sfrvjgfs, fnojnffrjno sfrv-
jgfs `nc jntfor`tfc fnojnffrjno sfrvjgfs, ure`n pm`nnjno `nc m`ncsg`pf fnojnffr-
jno sfrvjgfs, rfm`tfc sgjfntjdjg `nc tfganjg`m gknsumtjno sfrvjgfs, tfganjg`m tfstjno
`nc `n`mysjs sfrvjgfs `mm efmkno tk g`tfokry nuhefr 05 kr Gkhhkn \rkgurfhfnt
G`tfokry rfdfrfngf 14? kd taf Cjrfgtjvf 5<<3/01/FG. Fvfry Furkpf`n puemjg
gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt js kemjofc tk akmc ` Furkpf`n tfncfr prkgfcurf dkr sfrv-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 103/341
1?
jgfs `ekvf gfrt`jn tarfsakmc `hkunts. Vntjm taf fnc kd 5<<:, tafsf `hkunts wfrf
₭ 077.<<< dkr sfrvjgfs dkr gfntr`m okvfrnhfnt utakrjtjfs (₭ 056.<<< jn 5<0<), nc
₭ 5<4.<<< dkr sfrvjgfs dkr ktafr okvfrnhfnt ekcjfs suga s prkvjngfs, hunjgjp`mj-
tjfs nc ktafr puemjg jnstjtutjkns (₭ 0:7.<<< jn 5<0<). Efmkw tafsf tarfsakmcs taf
prjngjpmfs kd taf Furkpf`n rf`ty (fqu`m trf`thfnt, tr`nsp`rfngy, prkpkrtjkn`mjty,
hutu`m rfgkonjtjkn `nc gkndjcfntj`mjty) wjmm a`vf tk ef t`ifn jntk gknsjcfr`tjkn. @rtjgmfs 51-73 cfsgrjef taf prkgurfhfnt prkgfcurfs ta`t ` gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty
g`n gakksf drkh. Jn ofnfr`m g`sfs `utakrjtjfs g`n gakksf eftwffn `n kpfn `nc `
rfstrjgtfc prkgfcurf. af nfoktj`tfc prkgfcurf kr gkhpftjtjvf cj`mkouf `rf knmy
`mmkwfc jn spfgjdjg gjrguhst`ngfs. @rtjgmfs 44 tarkuoa ?3 fn`emf taf kro`njs`tjkn
kd ` cfsjon gkntfst dkr taf `w`rc kd ` sfrvjgf gkntr`gt, suga `s taf sfrvjgfs kd `n
`rgajtfgt.
”@ tfncfr js ` prkgfcurf jn wajga sfvfr`m p`rtjfs `rf jnvjtfc tk `ppmy dkr `
gkntr`gt‘ (Fssfrs, 5<<:, p. 0?). Jn @rtjgmf 0 kd taf Cjrfgtjvf taf prkgfcurfs `rf
cfdjnfc `s2
‑Kpfn prkgfcurfs‚ (jn Cutga2 ‑kpfne`rf ``nefstfcjno‚) hf`ns taksf prkgf-
curfs wafrfey `ny jntfrfstfc fgknkhjg kpfr`tkr h`y suehjt ` tfncfr.
‑Ufstrjgtfc prkgfcurfs‚ (jn Cutga2 ‑njft kpfne`rf ``nefstfcjno‚) hf`ns taksf
prkgfcurfs jn wajga `ny fgknkhjg kpfr`tkr h`y rfqufst tk p`rtjgjp`tf `nc
wafrfey knmy taksf fgknkhjg kpfr`tkrs jnvjtfc ey taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty
h`y suehjt ` tfncfr.
‑Gkhpftjtjvf cj`mkouf‚ (jn Cutga2 ‑gkngurfntjfofrjgatf cj`mkko‚) js ` prkgf-
curf jn wajga `ny fgknkhjg kpfr`tkr h`y rfqufst tk p`rtjgjp`tf nc wafrfey
taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty gkncugts ` cj`mkouf wjta taf g`ncjc`tfs `chjttfc
tk ta`t prkgfcurf, wjta taf `jh kd cfvfmkpjno knf kr hkrf sujt`emf `mtfrn`-tjvfs g`p`emf kd hfftjno jts rfqujrfhfnts, `nc kn taf e`sjs kd wajga taf g`n-
cjc`tfs gaksfn `rf jnvjtfc tk tfncfr.
‑Nfoktj`tfc prkgfcurfs‚ (jn Cutga2 ‑ounnjno vj` kncfra`ncfmjno hft kd
zkncfr ``nikncjojno‚) hf`ns taksf prkgfcurfs wafrfey taf gkntr`gtjno `u-
takrjtjfs gknsumt taf fgknkhjg kpfr`tkrs kd tafjr gakjgf `nc nfoktj`tf taf
tfrhs kd gkntr`gt wjta knf kr hkrf kd tafsf.
‑Cfsjon gkntfsts‚ (jn pr`gtjgf kdtfn rfdfrrfc tk `s cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn9 jn
Cutga2 ‑prjbsvr``o‚ kd ‑kntwfrpwfcstrjbc‚) hf`ns taksf prkgfcurfs ta`t fn`emf
taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty, h`jnmy jn taf djfmcs kd tkwn `nc gkuntry pm`nnjno,`rgajtfgturf `nc fnojnffrjno kr c`t` prkgfssjno, tk `gqujrf ` pm`n kr cfsjon
sfmfgtfc ey ` bury `dtfr efjno `nnkungfc `s gkhpftjtjkn wjta kr wjtakut taf
`w`rc kd prjzfs.
Ga`ptfr 4 kd taf Cjrfgtjvf cfsgrjefs rumfs dkr taf puemjg`tjkn kd taf nktjgfs dkr
tfncfr, tjhf mjhjts, jndkrhjno g`ncjc`tfs `nc tfncfrfrs, gkhhunjg`tjkn `nc rf-
pkrts kd cfgjsjkns. af gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty js rfqujrfc tk pm`gf ` nktjgf jn taf
Kddjgj`m Bkurn`m kd taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn. af wfesjtf attp2//tfc.furkpf.fu `gts `s
` cjojt`m suppmfhfnt tk tajs bkurn`m, www.``nefstfcjnosi`mfncfr.nm prkvjcfs tajs
dungtjkn dkr taf Nftafrm`ncs. af jnvjt`tjkn tk suehjt ` tfncfr hust gknt`jn `tmf`st `n jnvjt`tjkn tk p`rtjgjp`tf, ` rfdfrfngf tk taf gkntr`gt nktjgf puemjsafc, taf
`.
e.
g.
c.
f.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 104/341
11
cf`cmjnf dkr taf rfgfjpt kd taf tfncfrs, taf `ccrfss tk wajga taf tfncfrs hust ef
sfnt, taf m`nou`of kr m`nou`ofs jn wajga taf tfncfrs hust ef cr`wn up, ` rfdfr-
fngf tk `ny pkssjemf `cbkjnjno ckguhfnts tk ef suehjttfc, taf rfm`tjvf wfjoat-
jno kd grjtfrj` dkr taf `w`rc kd taf gkntr`gt kr, wafrf `pprkprj`tf, taf krcfr kd
jhpkrt`ngf dkr suga grjtfrj`, `nc, jd tafy `rf nkt ojvfn jn taf gkntr`gt nktjgf, taf
spfgjdjg`tjkns kr taf cfsgrjptjvf (fxpm`n`tkry) ckguhfnt.Jn Ga`ptfr ? kd taf Cjrfgtjvf taf gkncugt kd taf prkgfcurf js cfsgrjefc. @
rfstrjgtfc prkgfcurf gknsjsts kd twk pa`sfs2 ` sfmfgtjkn pa`sf `nc `n `w`rc pa`sf
(sff Djourf 3.0). Jn eftwffn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf `nc taf `w`rc pa`sf tfncfrfrs a`vf
tk prfp`rf tafjr tfncfrs. ajs js skhftjhfs g`mmfc taf tfncfr pa`sf (@rgajtfgtuur
Mki``m, 5<<:`). Jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf `mm suppmjfrs g`n suehjt tafjr rfqufst tk ef
jnvjtfc dkr ` tfncfr. Jn taf gkntr`gt nktjgf, taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs sa`mm jncj-
g`tf taf kebfgtjvf `nc nkn-cjsgrjhjn`tkry grjtfrj` kr rumfs tafy jntfnc tk `ppmy,
taf hjnjhuh nuhefr kd g`ncjc`tfs tafy jntfnc tk jnvjtf `nc, wafrf `pprkprj-
`tf, taf h`xjhuh nuhefr. Jn taf rfstrjgtfc prkgfcurf taf hjnjhuh `hkunt kd
g`ncjc`tfs tk ef jnvjtfc dkr taf `w`rc pa`sf sa`mm ef djvf. Curjno taf sfmfgtjknpa`sf utakrjtjfs djrst a`vf tk vfrjdy taf sujt`ejmjty kd p`rtjgjp`nts. afn tafy a`vf
tk sfmfgt taf g`ncjc`tfs qu`mjt`tjvfmy e`sfc kn sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj`. afsf grjtfrj` g`n
rfm`tf tk taf2
\frskn`m sjtu`tjkn kd taf g`ncjc`tf kr tfncfrfr.
Wujt`ejmjty tk pursuf taf prkdfssjkn`m `gtjvjty.
Fgknkhjg `nc djn`ngj`m st`ncjno.
fganjg`m `nc/kr prkdfssjkn`m `ejmjty.
Pu`mjty ssur`ngf st`nc`rcs.
Fnvjrknhfnt`m h`n`ofhfnt st`nc`rcs.
@ccjtjkn`m ckguhfnt`tjkn `nc jndkrh`tjkn.
Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty sfmfgts ` wjnnfr `hkno taf
g`ncjc`tfs ta`t wfrf gknsjcfrfc sujt`emf tk `w`rc taf gkntr`gt tk. afsf g`ncj-
c`tfs `rf g`mmfc tfncfrfrs. Jn `n kpfn prkgfcurf taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf `rf
gkhejnfc. ajs hf`ns ta`t taf suehjttfc tfncfrs `rf fv`mu`tfc kn tafjr sujt`ejm-
jty `nc tafjr qu`mjty jn taf s`hf cfmjefr`tjkn.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
G`mm dkr
p`rtjgjp`tjkn
WFMFGSJKN \A@WF SFNCFU \A@WF @_@UC \A@WF
G`mm dkr
Bucofhfnt kd
prkpks`ms
Ufgfjpt kd
jnvjt`tjkn rfqufsts
kd g`ncjc`tfs
Wfmfgtjkn kd
tfncfrs
Ufgfjpt kd
prkpks`ms kd
tfncfrfrs
Hktjv`tjkn kd
cfgjsjkn ekut
wjnnfr
hjnjhuh 6
g`ncjc`tfs @mmkg`tjkn kd
gkntr`gt
Djourf 3.0 \a`sfs `nc `gtjvjtjfs kd ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 105/341
1:
af gkntr`gt g`n ef `w`rcfc e`sfc kn 0) taf hkst fgknkhjg`mmy cv`nt`ofkus
tfncfr (HF@) drkh taf pkjnt kd vjfw kd taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty, `nc v`rj-
kus grjtfrj` mjnifc tk taf suebfgt-h`ttfr kd taf puemjg gkntr`gt jn qufstjkn, dkr
fx`hpmf, qu`mjty, prjgf, tfganjg`m hfrjt, `fstaftjg `nc dungtjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs,
fnvjrknhfnt`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, kr (5) taf mkwfst prjgf knmy (`rtjgmf 67). af gkn-
tr`gtjno utakrjty a`s tk spfgjdy taf rfm`tjvf wfjoatjno wajga jt ojvfs tk f`ga kd tafgrjtfrj` gaksfn tk cftfrhjnf taf hkst fgknkhjg`mmy `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr. aksf
wfjoatjnos g`n ef fxprfssfc ey prkvjcjno dkr ` r`nof wjta `n `pprkprj`tf h`xj-
huh sprf`c. _afrf jn taf kpjnjkn kd taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty, wfjoatjno js nkt
pkssjemf dkr cfhknstr`emf rf`skns, taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty sa`mm jncjg`tf jn taf
gkntr`gt nktjgf kr gkntr`gt ckguhfnts kr, jn taf g`sf kd gkhpftjtjvf cj`mkouf, jn
taf cfsgrjptjvf ckguhfnt, taf grjtfrj` jn cfsgfncjno krcfr kd jhpkrt`ngf.
Dkr ` cfsjon gkntfst sjhjm`r rumfs `ppmy dkr gkhhunjg`tjkn, nktjgfs `nc tr`ns-
p`rfngy `s dkr taf ktafr prkgfcurfs. Cfsjon gkntfsts g`n ef kro`njsfc `s p`rt kd
` prkgfcurf mf`cjno tk taf `w`rc kd ` puemjg sfrvjgf gkntr`gt, kr `s gkntfsts wjta
prjzfs nc/kr p`yhfnts tk p`rtjgjp`nts (`rtjgmf 4?). af gkntr`gtjno utakrjty mska`s tk m`y ckwn gmf`r `nc nkn-cjsgrjhjn`tkry sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` jd p`rtjgjp`tjkn js
rfstrjgtfc tk ` mjhjtfc nuhefr kd p`rtjgjp`nts. Jn `ny fvfnt, taf nuhefr kd g`n-
cjc`tfs jnvjtfc tk p`rtjgjp`tf sa`mm ef suddjgjfnt tk fnsurf ofnujnf gkhpftjtjkn
(`rtjgmf ?5). af bury a`s tk ef gkhpksfc fxgmusjvfmy kd n`tur`m pfrskns wak `rf
jncfpfncfnt kd p`rtjgjp`nts jn taf gkntfst (`rtjgmf ?7). _afrf ` p`rtjgum`r prkdfs-
sjkn`m qu`mjdjg`tjkn js rfqujrfc drkh p`rtjgjp`nts jn ` gkntfst, `t mf`st ` tajrc kd
taf hfhefrs kd taf bury sa`mm a`vf ta`t kr `n fqujv`mfnt qu`mjdjg`tjkn. @rtjgmf ?3
cfsgrjefs taf cfgjsjkns kd taf bury2
af bury sa`mm ef `utknkhkus jn jts cfgjsjkns kr kpjnjkns.
Jt sa`mm fx`hjnf taf pm`ns `nc prkbfgts suehjttfc ey taf g`ncjc`tfs `nkny-
hkusmy `nc skmfmy kn taf e`sjs kd taf grjtfrj` jncjg`tfc jn taf gkntfst nktjgf.
Jt sa`mm rfgkrc jts r`nijno kd prkbfgts jn rfpkrt, sjonfc ey jts hfhefrs, h`cf
`ggkrcjno tk taf hfrjts kd f`ga prkbfgt, tkoftafr wjta jts rfh`ris `nc `ny
pkjnts wajga h`y nffc gm`rjdjg`tjkn.
@nknyhjty hust ef kesfrvfc untjm taf bury a`s rf`gafc jts kpjnjkn kr
cfgjsjkn.
G`ncjc`tfs h`y ef jnvjtfc, jd nffc ef, tk nswfr qufstjkns wajga taf bury a`s
rfgkrcfc jn taf hjnutfs tk gm`rjdy `ny `spfgts kd taf prkbfgts.
Gkhpmftf hjnutfs sa`mm ef cr`wn up kd taf cj`mkouf eftwffn bury hfhefrs
`nc g`ncjc`tfs.
af h`jn cjddfrfngfs eftwffn ` cfsjon gkntfst `nc `n kpfn kr rfstrjgtfc prk-
gfcurf `rf taf `nknyhkus fx`hjn`tjkn kd pm`ns `nc taf `utknkhy kd taf bury
p`nfm. Kro`njzjno ` cfsjon gkntfst g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s gkndfrrjno ` d`vkur upkn
taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf (Afynfn, 5<<0). af pm`ns `rf fx`hjnfc ey `ginkwm-
fcofc fxpfrts eut efg`usf kd `nknyhjty tafrf js nk rf`m cj`mkouf wjta taf bury.
af kpfn `nc rfstrjgtfc prkgfcurfs sffh tk rfqujrf mfss dkrh`mjty ta`n taf cfsjon
gkntfst. Jn sjtu`tjkns wjta mfss fxpfgtfc kppksjtjkn, taf kpfn prkgfcurf js suddj-gjfnt efg`usf tafrf `rf nkt sk h`ny suppmjfrs `v`jm`emf `nc taf tjhf sp`n js rfm`-
0.
5.
7.
3.
6.
4.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 106/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 107/341
:0
ajs cjstjngtjkn js e`sfc kn fxpfrjfngfs drkh pr`gtjgf, kptjkns jn prkgurfhfnt
m`w `nc taf puemjg`tjkn kd Afynfn (5<<0).
3.3.5 Saf Cutga jntfrprft`tjkn kd prkgurfhfnt m`w
af Nftafrm`ncs a`s ` mkno ajstkry jn taf djfmc kd rumfs tk jnvjtf h`rift p`rtjfs
tk gkhpftf. Ga`k-Cujvjs (5<<:, p. 50) cfsgrjefs ta`t `mrf`cy jn 07?4 ` tfn-cfr w`s usfc tk ”sfmfgt ` g`rpfntfr dkr ` efmm g`of jn Ofnt‘, ` dkrhfr p`rt kd taf
Nftafrm`ncs. Drkh taf sfgknc a`md kd taf 01ta gfntury knw`rcs gkhpftjtjkns wfrf
usfc tk stjhum`tf sgjfngfs (Fvfrs, 0::6). Jn 0106 taf djrst prkgurfhfnt rfoum`-
tjkn w`s `nnkungfc dkr taf rf`mh okvfrnhfnt `t Uky`m Cfgrff (v`n Ukheuroa,
5<<6). af `jh kd tafsf rumfs w`s, bust `s tafy `rf nkw, `n fddjgjfnt h`n`ofhfnt
kd rfskurgfs `nc djoatjno gkrruptjkn kd gjvjm sfrv`nts. af djrst Furkpf`n rumfs
dkr jnvjt`tjkns tk tfncfr `rksf jn taf efojnnjno kd taf sfvfntjfs wjta taf `jh kd
rf`gajno drff, aknfst gkhpftjtjkn wjtajn taf Furkpf`n Fgknkhjg Gkhhunjty.
af _krmc r`cf Kro`njs`tjkn w`s m`ungafc jn 0::6 tk kddjgj`mmy mjefr`mjsf tr`cf,
nfoktj`tf tr`cf orffhfnts nc sfttmf tr`cf cjsputfs, eut taf tr`cf systfh js `ekuta`md ` gfntury kmcfr (_krmc r`cf Kro`njz`tjkn, 5<<:).
Jn taf Nftafrm`ncs taf hjxturf kd rumfs `nc rfoum`tjkns krjojn`tjno drkh taf
0:1<s `nc 0::<s wfrf jn 0::7 erkuoat tkoftafr jn ` n`tjkn`m mfojsm`tjvf dr`hf-
wkri. @s ` rfsumt kd taf p`rmj`hfnt`ry fnqujry jn taf gknstrugtjkn jncustry jn
5<<0, taf Cutga okvfrnhfnt cfgjcfc tk cfvfmkp ` gkhhkn tfncfrjno rfoum`-
tjkn g`mmfc ‑aft @`nefstfcjnorfomfhfnt _frifn‚ (@U_ 5<<3, m`tfr rfpm`gfc
ey @U_ 5<<6). Jn rf`gtjkn tk taf jntrkcugtjkn kd taf twk rfnfwfc Furkpf`n
tfncfr cjrfgtjvfs 5<<3/0?/FG `nc 5<<3/01/FG kd 07 H`rga 5<<3 taf Cutga
cjrfgtjvfs wfrf kn 04 Bumy 5<<6 durtafr sjhpmjdjfc tk taf knf cjrfgtjvf dkr taf
suppmy kd prkcugt, sfrvjgfs `nc wkris2 taf E@K (‑Efsmujt @`nefstfcjnosrfofms
* ssuhfs nknyhkus fx`hjn`tjkn kd taf pm`ns
# `ssuhfs `utknkhy kd taf bury p`nfm
K p f n
p r k g f c u r f
U f s t r j g t f c p r k g f c u r f w j t a
p r f s f n t ` t j k n k d v j s j k n
U f s t r j g t f c p r k g f c u r f w j t a
c f s j o n
p r k p k s ` m
K p f n
c f s j o n g k n t f s t * #
U f s t r j g t f c c f s j o n g k n t f s t #
J c f ` s g k h p f t j t j k n * #
Fxfhpm`ry dungtjkn wjta st`ifakmcfr jntfr`gtjkn + + + +
Wtjhum`tjkn ykuno t`mfnt + + +
Gkhpmfx nc/kr jhpkrt`nt mkg`tjkn + +
Fxpmkr`tjkn kd gkngfpts nc pkssjejmjtjfs + + +
Wpfgjffg prkbfgt rfqujrfhfnts nffcfc + + +
Wpfgjfffc prkbfgt cfffnjtjkn v`jm`emf + +
Jntfr`gtjkn wjta p`rtjgjp`nts cfsjrfc + + +
Mjhjtfc tjhf nc hknfy v`jm`emf + +
S`emf 3.5 Kvfrvjfw kd prkbfgt `hejtjkns `nc ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jn rfm`tjkn tk pks-
sjemf tfncfr prkgfcurfs dkr ofnfr`m prkbfgts
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 108/341
:5
vkkr Kvfrafjcskpcr`gatfn‚). af Vtjmjtjfs sfgtkr a`s jts kwn cjrfgtjvf, taf E@WW
(‑Efsmujt @`nefstfcjnofn Wpfgj`mf Wfgtkrfn‚). af EK@ `nc E@WW `rf stjmm mf`cjno
dkr prkgurfhfnt jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. Jn taf Nftafrm`ncs ` nffc fxjsts dkr ` gmf`r
`nc unjdkrh dr`hf dkr Cutga gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs jn taf puemjg sfgtkr jn krcfr
tk stjhum`tf jnnkv`tjkn, jntforjty, kpfn ggfss dkr sh`mm nc hfcjuh sjzfc gkhp`-
njfs, nc sust`jn`ejmjty nc rfcugf kvfraf`c. af ejmm ta`t wkumc prkvjcf tajs nfwunjdkrh dr`hf (jn Cutga ‑@`nefstfcjnoswft‚) w`s rfbfgtfc ey taf Cutga Vppfr
Ga`hefr jn Bumy 5<<1, h`jnmy cuf tk taf strjgt dr`hf `nc mkw mfvfm kd taf prkvj-
sjkns jn taf prkpksfc ejmm. Jn @prjm 5<<: ` nfw gkngfpt kd taf m`w w`s prfsfntfc
dkr gknsumt`tjkn tk ` nuhefr kd p`rtjfs `nc `n `cvjskry gkungjm. af gurrfnt prk-
pks`m kd taf ‑@`nefstfcjnoswft‚ a`s effn `pprkvfc ey taf G`ejnft jn Nkvfhefr
5<<: `nc js nkw (hjcst 5<0<) tk ef `pprkvfc ey taf Gkungjm kd Wt`tf.
af rfm`tjvfmy sg`rf nuhefr kd g`sf m`w kn tfncfr rfoum`tjkns okt ` ‑ekkst‚
wafn taf FV g`hf jntk efjno. Dkr taf uncfrst`ncjno kd prkgurfhfnt m`w gkurt
cfgjsjkns rf tafrfdkrf vfry jnstrugtjvf, nkt tk s`y fssfntj`m. af cfgjsjkns kd buco-
fs sa`pf taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf kddjgj`m rfoum`tjkns nc prkvjcf jnput dkr cfe`tf.E`sfc kn ` rfgfnt g`sf `ekut ` mjer`ry Fvfrs (5<0<) dkr fx`hpmf qufstjkns jn taf
gkntfxt kd rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns taf pksjtjkn `nc cfgjsjkn t`si kd ` prkdfssjkn`m bury
p`nfm `nc taf `gtu`m hf`njno kd ` vjsjkn gkhp`rfc tk ` siftga cfsjon. Gkmmjns
(0:?0) mjnis `rgajtfgtur`m bucofhfnts tk mfo`m bucofhfnts efg`usf taf prjngjpmfs
kd rgajtfgturf rf s hf`njnodum `nc ofnujnf s taf prjngjpmfs kd m`w. Af (Gkmmjns,
0:?0, p.31) st`tfs ta`t ”jn m`w nc `rgajtfgturf ny v`mjc cfgjsjkn hust cfpfnc kn
wjcfr gkntfxts2 taf gkntfxt kd ajstkry (wajga prkvjcfs prfgfcfnts), taf gkntfxt kd
skgjfty (wajga prkvjcfs s`dfou`rcs dkr taf puemjg wjta rfo`rc tk taf pkssjemf fddfgt
kd `ny cfgjsjkn kn taksf nkt jhhfcj`tfmy jnvkmvfc), `nc taf gkntfxt kd taf paysj-
g`m fnvjrknhfnt (wajga prkvjcfs ekta ` sfnsf kd pm`gf `nc taf bucjgj`m oujcfmjnfskd gustkh`ry m`w)‘. afrfdkrf ajstkry, skgjfty nc taf paysjg`m fnvjrknhfnt hust
ef jnvkmvfc jn taf prkgfss kd rf`sknjno `nc fv`mu`tjkn `ekut `rgajtfgturf. ”@nc
wafn `n `rgajtfgt g`n fnungj`tf ajs rf`sknjno wjta taf s`hf gm`rjty `nc prfgjsjkn
`s ` Ajoa Gkurt bucof, af h`y dffm `ssurfc ta`t ajs bucofhfnt js prkdfssjkn`m jn
taf nkemfst `nc hkst `pt sfnsf kd taf tfrh.‘ (Gkmmjns, 0:?0, p. 31). Af durtafr
st`tfs ta`t m`wyfrs `s wfmm `s `rgajtfgts `rf jngrf`sjnomy jndmufngfc ey taf orkwta
kd pkmjtjg`m sgjfngfs `s `n `g`cfhjg cjsgjpmjnf. ”Ey taf stucy kd mfojsm`tjvf prkg-
fssfs taf m`wyfrs try tk gkntrkm pkmjtjgs‘ (Gkmmjns, 0:?0, p. 43). Gkmmjns suoofsts
ta`t jn `rgajtfgturf taf gkngfpt kd cfe`tf gkumc pfrdkrh tajs rkmf kd gkntrkmmjno
pkmjtjgs `nc pkmjgy.Vntjm ` dfw yf`rs `ok Cutga `rgajtfgts cjc nkt, `s gkntr`gtkrs cjc ck, ok tk
gkurt wafn cfgjsjkns curjno taf tfncfrjno pa`sf wfrf nkt `ggfpt`emf. ajs pr`g-
tjgf a`s ga`nofc `nc hkrf `nc hkrf g`sf m`w cfvfmkps kn tfncfr prkgfcurfs jn
wajga `rgajtfgts `rf taf sujno p`rty (v`n _jbno``rcfn & Ga`k-Cujvjs, 5<0<`).
@p`rt drkh tajs nfw ekcy kd g`sf m`w tafrf `rf `msk g`sfs jn ktafr djfmcs ta`t `rf
kd usf dkr tfncfrs gkngfrnjno `rgajtfgtur`m sfrvjgfs. afsf g`sfs sakw ta`t jn ofn-
fr`m bucofs `rf wjmmjno tk t`if taf spfgjdjg n`turf kd taf wkri kd taf `rgajtfgt jntk
gknsjcfr`tjkn. af st`rtjno pkjnt js ta`t jn usjno taf HF@ `w`rc grjtfrjkn (taf
hkst rfmfv`nt grjtfrjkn wjta tafsf gkntr`gts) gkntr`gtjno ofngjfs a`vf skhf rkkh
dkr cjsgrftjkn`ry cfgjsjkns. Bucofs tfnc tk f`sjmy `ggfpt tafsf cfgjsjkns. k ojvf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 109/341
:7
taf rf`cfr `n jhprfssjkn kd taf sjtu`tjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs sfvfr`m hkrf kr mfss
rfprfsfnt`tjvf g`sfs wjmm ef cfsgrjefc.
af Cjstrjgt Gkurt kd ‑s Afrtkofneksga st`tfc kn 1 Dferu`ry 5<<1 (04131?/
IO R@ <?-155, MBN2 EG7:64) ta`t jn g`sfs kd jntfmmfgtu`m qu`mjtjfs g`ncjc`tfs
`nc tfncfrfrs sakumc `ggfpt ` gknsjcfr`emf `hkunt kd suebfgtjvjty, prkvjcfc ta`t
ga`ngfs dkr `mm g`ncjc`tfs rfh`jn fqu`m. Kn 5 @prjm 5<<: taf Cjstrjgt Gkurt kdA``rmfh (0637:3 / IO R@ <:-?:, MNB2 EA:3:?) `ginkwmfcofc ta`t `w`rcjno
` gkntr`gt kd t`xj sfrvjgfs e`sfc skmfmy kn taf grjtfrjkn kd qu`mjty js nkt f`sy tk
rfgkngjmf wjta taf e`sjg prjngjpmfs kd kebfgtjvjty, tr`nsp`rfngy `nc fqu`m trf`t-
hfnt, efg`usf kd taf suebfgtjvf bucofhfnt rfqujrfc. afrfdkrf taf `ssfsshfnt
systfh sakumc ef `s kebfgtjvf `s pkssjemf. af gkntr`gtjno `ofngy js nkt rfqujrfc
tk cfsgrjef jn dumm cft`jm akw af fxpfgts taf tfncfrfrs tk sakw akw tafy prkvf ta`t
tafy hfft taf rfqujrfc st`nc`rcs. af systfh sakumc mf`vf rkkh dkr tfncfrfrs tk
fnsurf skhf mfvfm kd gkhpftjtjkn `nc jnnkv`tjkn. af tfncfrfr a`s tk sakw nkt
knmy ta`t, eut `msk akw ` h`xjhuh sgkrf wjmm ef rf`gafc. @ggkrcjno tk taf bucof
taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty sfgurfc taf e`sjg prjngjpmfs kd prkgurfhfnt m`w ey tafusf kd `n jncfpfncfnt gkhhjttff kd fxpfrts jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. ajs gkhhjttff
djrst bucofc taf prkpks`ms jncjvjcu`mmy `nc tafn cjsgussfc taf rfsumts jn krcfr tk
cftfrhjnf taf djn`m sgkrf.
af Cjstrjgt Gkurt kd ‑s Or`vfna`of (775?43/ IO R@ <:-774, MBN2 EJ1?4?)
`roufc kn 5: H`y 5<<: ta`t fvfn jd taf hktjv`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn js nkt dummy gmf`r,
taf usf kd taf `w`rc p`nfm, gknsjstjno kd njnf pfkpmf bucojno jncfpfncfntmy drkh
`nktafr, jhpmjfc ` g`rfdum bucofhfnt. Ey suppmyjno taf sgkrfs kn taf `w`rc grj-
tfrj` `nc durtafr fxpm`n`tjkn `ekut taf `rouhfnt`tjkns taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty
prkvjcfs fnkuoa jnsjoat jn taf w`y taf `ssfsshfnt w`s cknf curjno taf `w`rc
pa`sf. @t 04 Dferu`ry 5<0< taf Cjstrjgt Gkurt kd Ukttfrc`h (736415/ IO R@<:-0743, MBN2 EM3<70) prknkungfc ` gm`jh dkr durtafr fxpm`n`tjkn jn `n `w`rc
h`trjx fvfn nkt `chjssjemf efg`usf taf bury a`c rfpkrtfc tafjr hktjv`tjkn jn `
bury rfpkrt `nc a`c `gtfc `ggkrcjno tk taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms. af fmfhfnt kd jn-
cfpfncfnt hfhefrs kd taf bury js gknsjcfrfc `n jhpkrt`nt knf ey Cutga bucofs,
sff f.o. taf @ppfmm`tf Gkurt kd af A`ouf, 1 Dferu`ry 5<<?, <4/0350 IO fn
<4/037< IO, MBN @R14?<. Jn tajs g`sf taf bury gknsjstfc kd sfvfr`m cjsgjpmjnfs
`nc taf prkpks`ms wfrf `nknyhkus2 tafsf twk `spfgts dkrhfc ` suddjgjfnt ou`r`n-
tff ta`t taf bury wkumc `gt jn ` nkn cjsgrjhjn`tkry h`nnfr. af Cjstrjgt Gkurt
kd Hjccfmeuro (07 dferu`ry 5<<:, 46:5</ IO R@ <1-533, MBN2 EB07?7) gkn-
djrhs ta`t `nnkungjno taf wfjoat kd taf sue `w`rc grjtfrj` js fnkuoa. @ durtafrerf`ickwn kd taf grjtfrj` usfc js nkt rfqujrfc ey taf Cutga prkgurfhfnt rfoum`-
tjkn. Jn taf s`hf g`sf taf usf kd ` prfsfnt`tjkn `s knf kd taf `w`rc grjtfrj` w`s
cffhfc tk ef `mmkwfc. @ prfsfnt`tjkn kddfrs taf kppkrtunjty tk bucof taf mfvfm kd
pfrdkrh`ngf jn rfm`tjknsajp tk taf rfqujrfhfnts dkr taf `ssjonhfnt ta`t js efjno
tfncfrfc.
Jt js fssfntj`m ta`t gkntr`gtjno `ofngjfs stjgi tk taf w`y tafy `nnkungfc tafy
wkumc bucof taf kddfrs. @ hjst`if js f`sjmy h`cf afrf, `s js sakwn ey taf g`sf
bucofc ey taf Cjstrjgt Gkurt kd Vtrfgat, 0 @uoust 5<<4, nr 5034<: (tk ef inkwn
drkh v`n _jbno``rcfn & Ga`k-Cujvjs, 5<0<`). Jn tajs g`sf taf gkntr`gtjno ofn-
gy a`c nnkungfc ta`t pkjnts wkumc ef w`rcfc dkr spfgjdjg qu`mjtjfs jn taf `w`rc
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 110/341
:3
pa`sf. af gtu`m w`rcjno kd taf pkjnts akwfvfr w`s e`sfc kn taf rfm`tjknsajp kd
taf prfsfnt`tjkns drkh taf cjddfrfnt tfncfrfrs `nc nkt kn taf qu`mjtjfs jtsfmd. ajs
hf`nt ` dkrejccfn ga`nof kd `w`rc grjtfrj`. @nktafr hjst`if wajga gkumc a`vfn
effn `vkjcfc pm`yfc jn taf dkmmkwjno g`sf, cfgjcfc ey taf @ppfmm`tf Gkurt kd
@hstfrc`h, 5<<.<54.51<, 3 @uoust 5<<:, MBN2 EI1671. Jn tajs g`sf taf hfh-
efrs kd taf bury a`c bucofc taf tfncfrfrs kn taf e`sjs kd fmfvfn pkjnts wjta fjtafr‑pksjtjvf‚ kr ‑nfo`tjvf‚ dkmmkwfc ey ` hktjv`tjkn. @n fhpmkyff kd taf gkntr`gt-
jno `ofngy w`s suppksfc tk tr`nsm`tf tafsf bucofhfnts jntk nuhefrs `dtfr wajga
taf bury wkumc gafgi tajs. ajs m`st gafgi a`c nkt t`ifn pm`gf. af gkntr`gtjno
`ofngy tafrfdkrf w`s nkt `mmkwfc tk `w`rc taf gkntr`gt tk taf wjnnjno p`rty, eut
w`s krcfrfc tk mft taf bury djnjsa jts wkri. Jn tajs s`hf bucofhfnt taf Gkurt `m-
mkwfc taf gkntr`gtjno `ofngy tk usf wjsafs kn taf knf a`nc `nc rfqujrfhfnts
kn taf ktafr a`nc. Nkt mjvjno up tk taf wjsafs ckfs nkt `utkh`tjg`mmy hf`n ta`t
taf tfncfrfr js fxgmucfc drkh durtafr p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn taf prkgfcurf. af Gkurt
bucofc tajs tk ef `ggfpt`emf jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. Akwfvfr, tajs bucofhfnt a`s `msk
effn grjtjgjsfc.Drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno skhf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd mfo`m bucof-
hfnts g`n ef rf`c eftwffn taf mjnfs. Jn f`ga kd taf `ekvf g`sfs taf bucofs `roufc
ta`t taf v`muf kd taf prkpks`ms g`n ef sffn jn gkhp`rjskn tk taf ktafr prkpks`ms.
Jt `msk suoofsts ta`t ` prkpks`m gkumc ef fv`mu`tfc `o`jnst ktafr prkbfgts kr taf
gurrfnt gkntfxt kn ` akmjstjg mfvfm jd taf `jhs `nc gkntfxt kd tafsf prkbfgts sup-
pkrt f`ga ktafr jn taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf prkbfgt. Hkst g`sfs `ginkwmfcof
ta`t suebfgtjvjty fxjsts, fspfgj`mmy jn taf `w`rc pa`sf wafn taf fgknkhjg`m hkst
`cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr jngmucfs bucofhfnts `ekut qu`mjty. af prjngjpmf kd tr`ns-
p`rfngy rfqujrfs `n kebfgtjvf `ssfsshfnt systfh ta`t g`n ef gafgifc `dtfrw`rcs
tk fnsurf kebfgtjvjty, nkt `n kebfgtjvf tkpjg kd `ssfsshfnt (\J@NKk-v`iorkfp @`nefstfcjnosrfgat, 5<<:). af gkhhjthfnt kd `n jncfpfncfnt gkhhjttff kd
prkdfssjkn`m st`dd hfhefrs kr fxtfrn`m fxpfrts wjmm suppkrt taf tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf
`ssfsshfnt prkgfss, fspfgj`mmy jd taf hfhefrs djrst fv`mu`tf taf prkpks`ms jncjvjcu-
`mmy `nc tafn cjsguss `ekut taf `vfr`of kutgkhf. T`n _jbno``rcfn `nc Ga`k-
Cujvjs (5<0<`, 5<0<e) suoofst ` cjstjngtjkn eftwffn ` gknsfnsus hkcfm `nc jn-
cjvjcu`m jncfpfncfnt burkrs jn sjtu`tjkns jn wajga ` bury p`nfm cfgjcfs `ekut taf
wjnnjno tfncfrfr. Bustjdjg`tjkn kd suga ` cfgjsjkn g`n ef cknf ey ojvjno jnsjoat jn
taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss `nc taf sgkrfs kd taf prkpks`m jn qufstjkn. @ h`trjx safft
wjta `oorfo`tfc sgkrfs kn taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` js nkt rfqujrfc. Durtafr fxpm`n`tjkn
kd taf sue grjtfrj` `nc sgkrfs kd taf ktafr prkpks`ms js `ggkrcjno tk g`sf m`w nktnfgfss`ry `s mkno `s tafy g`n prkvf ta`t tafy hfft taf rfqujrfc st`nc`rcs.
3.6 Saf fgknkhjg`m gkntfxt
Drkh ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf, taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn js gknsjcfrfc `s taf
purga`sf kd ` sfrvjgf dkr wajga prkgurfhfnt m`w `ppmjfs. Wk d`r tafrf a`s effn
nk systfh`tjg rfsf`rga jn taf djfmc kd cfsjon tfncfrs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. Jt js
tafrfdkrf cjddjgumt tk cr`w ` gkhprfafnsjvf pjgturf kd taf fgknkhjg`m gkntfxt kd
`rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns wajga gkumc jncjg`tf taf `hkunt `nc ijnc kd tfncfrs dkr taf
sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts. @ nuhefr kd ckguhfnts puemjsafc ey cjddfrfnt `utakrjtjfs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 111/341
:6
`nc gknsumt`ngy djrhs sakw cjvfrofnt d`gts nc djourfs ekut prkgurfhfnt jn ofn-
fr`m. _jtakut taf djn`ngj`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon djrhs, jt js a`rc
tk cr`w ` pjgturf `ekut taf rfm`tjkn kd taf kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturf `nc taf w`y
tafjr eusjnfss js `ddfgtfc ey taf tfncfr jncustry. Jn tajs sfgtjkn sfvfr`m skurgfs `rf
gkhp`rfc jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns tk prkvjcf ` pjgturf kd taf Cutga
fgknkhjg sjtu`tjkn kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
3.6.0 Cutga h`rift pktfntj`m
@ggkrcjno tk taf m`tfst fstjh`tfs taf tkt`m purga`sjno vkmuhf kd taf Cutga
Okvfrnhfnt w`s ₭ 6?.3 ejmmjkn jn 5<<?, kd wajga ₭ 71 ejmmjkn w`s spfnt kn sup-
pmjfs `nc sfrvjgfs (_fjbnfn & Efrckwsij, 5<<:). @ vkmuhf kd ₭ 0<.7 ejmmjkn kd
sfrvjgfs a`c tk ef puemjgmy tfncfrfc efg`usf jt fxgffcfc taf hknft`ry tarfsakmcs
kd ₭ 5.: ejmmjkn ey gfntr`m okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs `nc ₭ ?.3 ejmmjkn ey mkg`m
`utakrjtjfs. ajs hf`ns ta`t hkrf ta`n ?<% kd sfrvjgf rfm`tfc tfncfrs `rf kro`n-
jsfc ey mkg`m gkntr`gtjno utakrjtjfs, suga s taf prkvjngfs, hunjgjp`mjtjfs, cjstrjgt
w`tfr ek`rcs, kr `utakrjtjfs ktafr ta`n taf st`tf. @ggkrcjno tk Crfsgamfr (5<<:)
taf tkt`m turnkvfr kd `rgajtfgts `nc fnojnffrjno djrhs w`s ₭ 6.3 ejmmjkn jn 5<<6.
@ekut ₭ 5.< ejmmjkn w`s spfnt kn rfsjcfntj`m `nc gkhhfrgj`m eujmcjno prkbfgts,
suga `s puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn kddjgfs (6.5%), fcug`tjkn (:.:%) `nc af`mta `nc
wfmd`rf wkri (05.3%), wajmf ₭ <.16 ejmmjkn w`s spfnt kn sfrvjgfs dkr tkwn `nc
tr`ddjg pm`nnjno. af Uky`m Jnstjtutf kd Cutga @rgajtfgts fstjh`tfc ` tkt`m nft
turnkvfr kd taf `rgajtfgturf er`nga kd ₭ 0.7 ejmmjkn jn 5<<4 (Tkofms, Hkkjerkfi,
& cf Trjfs, 5<<1).
@ rfpkrt ey taf gknsumt`ngy djrh Efrfnsgakt uncfr taf `utakrjty kd taf
Hjnjstry kd Fgknkhjg @dd`jrs sakws ta`t tafrf wfrf `ekut 4,<<< n`tjkn`m `nc
Furkpf`n tfncfrs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs eftwffn Bunf 5<<1 `nc Bunf 5<<: (Uujtfr,
ft `m., 5<<:). @ekut a`md kd tafsf tfncfrs wfrf `ekvf taf tarfsakmcs `nc knf tajrc
jngmucfc ` tfncfr dkr sfrvjgfs. Jn tafjr s`hpmf kd ?<7 n`tjkn`m `nc Furkpf`n tfn-
cfrs, 05.0% usfc taf rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf9 5?% kd taf s`hpmf w`s tfncfrfc
ey m`rof hunjgjp`mjtjfs (kvfr 0<<,<<< jna`ejt`nts), 01% ey sh`mm hunjgjp`mjtjfs,
55% ey gfntr`m okvfrnhfnts `nc 06% ey prkvjngj`m okvfrnhfnts. @ggkrcjno tk
Fssfrs (5<<:) taf gfntr`m okvfrnhfnt gkhpmjfs wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w efttfr ta`n
taf hunjgjp`mjtjfs, `nc m`rof hunjgjp`mjtjfs gkhpmy efttfr ta`n sh`mmfr knfs. Af
`msk hfntjkns ta`t taf `mmkg`tjkn kd gkntr`gts dkr wkris `nc suppmjfs gkhpmjfs
hkrf wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w ta`t taf `mmkg`tjkn kd sfrvjgf gkntr`gts.fncfrs dkr eujmcjno prkbfgts sakw efttfr rfsumts ta`n tfncfrs dkr jndr`strug-
tur`m wkris efg`usf gkntr`gts `rf hkst kdtfn `w`rcfc e`sfc kn taf fgknkhjg`mmy
hkst `cv`nt`ofkus kddfr `nc ` rfstrjgtfc prkgfcurf. Gmjfnts jn suga tfncfrs prf-
p`rf tafhsfmvfs efttfr, `nc wjta hkrf tr`nsp`rfnt rfqujrfhfnts dfwfr m`wsujts `rf
nffcfc (Ikfnfn, 5<<:). afrf js ` nktjgf`emf nffc dkr gmf`r prkgurfhfnt pkmjgjfs
`nc oujcfmjnfs dkr jhpmfhfnt`tjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. H`ny hjst`ifs `rf h`cf
`nc Cutga gmjfnts kdtfn ck nkt dumdjm tafjr mfo`m kemjo`tjkns. @ekut 64% kd taf
gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs cjc nkt puemjsa tafjr sakrt mjstjno systfh jn ` rfstrjgtfc
tfncfr `nc `ekut 31% cjc nkt `nnkungf taf wfjoat kd taf grjtfrj` (Uujtfr, ft `m.,
5<<:). af s`hf rfpkrt ojvfs `n jncjg`tjkn kd taf rfqujrfhfnts ta`t gmjfnts `sikd taf tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs `nc taf rfm`tjkn tk taf djn`m `w`rc cfgjsjkn. Jt sakws dkr
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 112/341
:4
fx`hpmf ta`t jn 1:% kd taf sfrvjgf tfncfrs kn `vfr`of 5.6 rfdfrfngf prkbfgts `rf
`sifc tk sfmfgt tfncfrfrs. af djn`m cfgjsjkn dkr sfmfgtjkn ppf`rs tk ef cftfrhjnfc
dkr 41% ey taf `ssfsshfnt kd tafsf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts. Ktafr jhpkrt`nt rfqujrf-
hfnts wfrf rfm`tfc tk qu`mjty hf`surfhfnt (00%), pfrsknnfm (1%) `nc tfganjg`m
g`p`ejmjtjfs (?%).
3.6.5 Sfncfrs dkr `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs
Hkst Cutga gmjfnts rfqujrf g`ncjc`tfs dkr ` tfncfr jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon tk ef `
rfojstfrfc `rgajtfgt. Gkhp`rfc tk ckgtkrs `nc m`wyfrs wak cfvfmkpfc tafjr prk-
dfssjkn jn taf m`tf Hjccmf @ofs, `rgajtfgts a`vf ` rfm`tjvfmy rfgfntmy fst`emjsafc
prkdfssjkn (Hjfo, 5<<4). @ orkwjno ekcy kd `estr`gt inkwmfcof, ` bustjdj`emf rfd-
frfngf tk ` skgj`m gkrf v`muf, dkrh`m `g`cfhjg tr`jnjno `nc ` n`tjkn`m prkdfs-
sjkn`m `sskgj`tjkn `rf pafnkhfn` ta`t `rf gknnfgtfc tk prkdfssjkn`mjz`tjkn. Jn
taf Nftafrm`ncs taf tjtmf kd @rgajtfgt js prktfgtfc. Jn 5<<:, pprkxjh`tfmy 07,<<<
pfkpmf wfrf rfojstfrfc s rgajtfgts, ure`n pm`nnfrs, jntfrjkr cfsjonfrs kr m`ncsg`pf
`rgajtfgts jn taf Cutga @rgajtfgt Ufojstfr WE@, eut nkt `mm tafsf pfkpmf pr`g-
tjgf tafjr prkdfssjkn (Wtjgatjno Eurf`u @rgajtfgtfnrfojstfr, 5<<:). @pprkxjh`tfmy
0<,<<< kd tafh `rf `rgajtfgts. af EN@ js taf prkdfssjkn`m kro`njs`tjkn kd `rgaj-
tfgts jn af Nftafrm`ncs nc a`s ekut 7,<<< jncjvjcu`m hfhefrs `nc 0,6<< djrh
hfhefrs. afrf js `n jngrf`sf kd taf nuhefr kd `rgajtfgts jn taf Nftafrm`ncs2
jn 5<<? `ekut 16< nfw pfrskns rfojstfrfc jn taf rfojstfr wajmf `rkunc 7<< a`c
tafjr n`hfs rfhkvfc (Wtjgatjno Eurf`u @rgajtfgtfnrfojstfr, 5<<?). Jn 5<<? `ekut
5,16< `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs wfrf rfojstfrfc wjta taf Cutga Ga`hefr kd Gkhhfrgf
(Tkofms, ft `m., 5<<1). @ekut 0,6<< kd tafsf djrhs wfrf knf-h`n eusjnfssfs. @ rf-
pkrt kd Wfntfr Nkvfh sakws ta`t jn taf Nftafrm`ncs `ekut 4< `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs
a`vf 6< fhpmkyffs kr hkrf (Wfntfr Nkvfh, 5<<:). @ggkrcjno tk taf s`hf rfpkrt
wkrmcwjcf tafrf `rf knmy 0<< `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon djrhs ta`t a`vf hkrf ta`n 0<<
fhpmkyffs, kd wajga 6 `rf Cutga.
af Uky`m Jnstjtutf kd Cutga @rgajtfgts `nnu`mmy survfys Cutga `rgajtfgtur`m
djrhs kn tafjr kro`njs`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs. @ekut 0?< Cutga `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs
p`rtjgjp`tfc jn ` pfrjkcjg`m gkhp`rjskn `ekut taf yf`r kd 5<<? (v`n cfn Auri,
5<<1), 337 p`rtjgjp`tfc jn taf s`hf ijnc kd rfsf`rga `ekut 5<<1 (EN@, 5<<:).
ajs js knmy ` sh`mm pkrtjkn kd taf tkt`m nuhefr kd tafjr djrh hfhefrs eut nkt
fvfry djrh js wjmmjno tk p`rtjgjp`tf jn tafsf ijncs kd rfsf`rga. Ufsumts sakw `n
`vfr`of yf`rmy nft turnkvfr kd ₭ 605.30? jn 5<<? wjta ` nft prkdjt kd :.5% `nc₭ 40<.<<< jn 5<<1 wjta ` nft prkdjt kd 03.?% pfr djrh. Knmy 4?% kd `mm Cutga
`rgajtfgtur`m djrhs js prkdjt`emf. Fspfgj`mmy m`rof djrhs (kvfr 3< DF, `vfr`of nft
turnkvfr ₭ ?.3 hjmmjkn) `nc taf vfry sh`mm djrhs (<-5 DF, `vfr`of nft turnkvfr
₭ 6:.<<<) wfrf prkdjt`emf jn 5<<1. af `vfr`of r`tf pfr akur jn 5<<? w`s ₭ ?5
dkr cfsjon wkri `nc taf `vfr`of nft turnkvfr pfr DF w`s ₭ 10.035, wajga sffhs
tk jngrf`sf wjta taf sjzf kd taf djrh. Jn ofnfr`m taf nuhefr kd fhpmkyffs kd `n
`rgajtfgtur`m djrh jngrf`sfc drkh `n `vfr`of kd 3,6 DF jn 5<<3 tk 4,4 DF jn
5<<? `nc ?,0 DF jn 5<<1. ajs hf`ns ta`t taf sjzf kd taf `vfr`of `rgajtfgtur m
djrh jngrf`sfc kvfr taf p`st yf`rs eut nkt fvfry fhpmkyff kd `n `rgajtfgtur`m cf-
sjon djrh js `n rgajtfgt. af gmjfnts kd rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon djrhs h`jnmy gknsjst kdprjv`tf pfrskns, prkbfgt cfvfmkpfrs, eusjnfss rfm`tjkns `nc akusjno gkrpkr`tjkns.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 113/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 114/341
:1
@rgajtfgtuurkpcr`gatfn fn Kntwfrpwfcstrjbcfn‚, `eerfvj`tfc `s taf ‑Wtfunpunt‚
ta`t suppkrts puemjg gmjfnts jn kro`njzjno tfncfrs `nc gkhpftjtjkns jn taf sfg-
tkr kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. @ggkrcjno tk Irkfsf ft `m. (5<<1) 5<3 tfncfrs `nc ?
cfsjon gkntfsts wfrf `nnkungfc dkr `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon gkntr`gts jn taf pfrjkc
kd B`nu`ry 5<<4 tjmm Kgtkefr 5<<1. @ekut 6<% wfrf drkh hunjgjp`mjtjfs, 5<%
drkh fcug`tjkn`m jnstjtutjkns `nc 0% drkh taf hjnjstrjfs. Hkst kd taf tfncfrsgknt`jnfc fcug`tjkn`m eujmcjnos `nc okvfrnhfnt`m kddjgfs. 41% kd taf tfncfrs
wfrf oujcfc ey gknsumt`nts. Knmy 000 nktjdjg`tjkns wfrf h`cf kn taf `w`rc cf-
gjsjkns. af gkntr`gts wfrf `w`rcfc tk ?3 cjddfrfnt `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs kd wajga
40 wjta hkrf ta`n 0< fhpmkyffs `nc `n `vfr`of kd 7: fhpmkyffs (Irkfsf, ft `m.,
5<<1). fncfrs `rf taus `w`rcfc ey gkhpftjtjkn tk ` mjhjtfc sa`rf kd taf h`rift
(h`xjhuh 6%).
af Wtfunpunt `n`mysfc taf puemjg`tjkn kd `mm Cutga tfncfrs wjta ` cfsjon
gkhpknfnt jn taf pfrjkc kd 04 Bumy 5<<6 tjmm 0 Nkvfhefr 5<<: (Offrtsf, ft `m.,
5<<:). Jn tkt`m tafrf wfrf 711 tfncfrs dkr `rgajtfgtur`m sfrvjgfs `nc 017 dkr cf-
vfmkphfnt gkhpftjtjkns nnkungfc jn tajs pfrjkc. 1:% kd tafsf tfncfrs wfrf FVrfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurfs (sff `emf 3.7). af nuhefrs kd rfstrjgtfc tfncfrs
gkntjnuf tk jngrf`sf9 untjm 0 Nkvfhefr 5<<: tafrf wfrf `mrf`cy 001, gkhp`rfc
tk 1< jn 5<<4. af m`tfst jnsjoat dkr 5<<: sakw ` tkt`m `hkunt kd 03< tfncfrs
dkr `rgajtfgtur`m sfrvjgfs (11% rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf) `nc 31 dkr jntfor`tfc
gkntr`gts `nc cfvfmkphfnt gkhpftjtjkns wajga jngmucf cfsjon (46% rfstrjgtfc
tfncfr prkgfcurf) (Offrtsf, 5<0<).
@ mkg`m okvfrnhfnt `gtfc `s gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty dkr `ekut a`md kd taf tfn-
cfrs, taf gfntr`m okvfrnhfnt dkr `n `vfr`of kd ?% (Offrtsf, ft `m., 5<<:). 66% kd
`mm gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs wfrf hunjgjp`mjtjfs, 4% gfntr`m okvfrnhfnts, 7% prk-
vjngj`m okvfrnhfnt, 06% fcug`tjkn`m jnstjtutjkns, 3% akusjno gkrpkr`tjkns. afcjstrjeutjkn kd prkbfgts kvfr taf cjddfrfnt eujmcjno sfohfnts js d`jrmy gknsjstfnt.
Hkst kd taf prkbfgts (`vfr`of 46%) gkngfrnfc skgj`m rf`m fst`tf (sgakkm eujmcjnos,
spkrts d`gjmjtjfs). Gjty a`mms efmkno tk taf g`tfokry kd okvfrnhfnt`m kddjgfs (05%).
Djourf 3.5 sakws taf tfncfrs dkr `rgajtfgts pfr eujmcjno sfgtkr dkr 5<<:.
M`rof gkhhjssjkns `rf jhpkrt`nt dkr djrhs efg`usf tafy gkntrjeutf tk taf
st`ejmjty kd taf djrh. M`rofr prkbfgts jn `rgajtfgturf, fspfgj`mmy eujmcjnos ta`t `rf
usfc ey mkt kd pfkpmf kr sjtu`tfc t gfntr`m mkg`tjkn, cc jhpkrt`nt v`muf tk taf
pkrtdkmjk nc rfput`tjkn kd djrh. @mtakuoa prkbfgt cfvfmkpfrs, akusjno gkrpkr`-
tjkns nc prjv`tf eusjnfss `msk gkhhjssjkn tafsf ijncs kd eujmcjnos, okvfrnhfnt`m
`utakrjtjfs rfprfsfnt `n jhpkrt`nt orkup kd gmjfnts. `ijno jntk `ggkunt ta`t hkst
5<<6 5<<4 5<<? 5<<1 5<<: @vfr`of %
Ufstrjgtfc FV prkgfcurf 0: ?7 4< 16 0<3 1:%
Kpfn FV prkgfcurf 0 3 5 : 7 6%
Ufstrjgtfc NM prkgfcurf < 5 7 0 0 5%
Kpfn NM prkgfcurf < 0 1 5 0< 3%
Skt`m 5< 1< ?7 :? 001 711
S`emf 3.7 Nuhefrs kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon sfrvjgfs tfncfrs drkh 04-<?-5<<6tjmm <0-00-5<<:
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 115/341
::
kd taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs dkr tafsf prkbfgts `rf mkg`m, taf hknft`ry tarfsakmc
dkr ` tfncfr w`s untjm Cfgfhefr 5<<: ₭ 504.<<<. ajs js `ekut a`md kd taf `nnu`m
turnkvfr kd `n `vfr`of `rgajtfgtur`m djrh `nc fxgmucfs `ekut ?<% kd taf djrhs.
\`rtjgjp`tjno jn taf `w`rc pa`sf kd ` tfncfr prkgfcurf gksts `n `rgajtfgtur`m djrh
`ekut 6 tk 0<% kd tafjr nnu`m nft turnkvfr. Dkr m`rof djrhs tajs js knmy <.<0% kn
tafjr nft turnkvfr. afsf nuhefrs cfhknstr`tf ta`t tfncfrs `rf prfsuh`emy hkrf
df`sjemf dkr m`rof djrhs ta`n dkr taf `vfr`of rgajtfgtur m djrh. Efg`usf t mf`st djvf
djrhs p`rtjgjp`tf jn ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfr taf tkt`m gksts (kd gmjfnts `nc `rgajtfgts)
prke`emy `rf eftwffn ₭ 0<<.<<< `nc ₭ 56<.<<< pfr dumm tfncfr. Ufgfnt nuhefrs
sakw `rkunc 0:< rfstrjgtfc tfncfrs ` yf`r dkr eujmcjnos `nc `rf` cfvfmkphfnts
(Offrtsf, 5<0<), wajga jhpmjfs ` tkt`m kd ₭ 01 tk 36 hjmmjkn pfr yf`r spfnt jn
Cutga skgjfty kn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn tfncfrs.
Jn 5<<: `ekut 4<% kd taf tfncfrs wfrf kro`njsfc wjta suppkrt kd gknsumt`nts
wak `gtfc `s gknt`gt pfrskns. Jn tkt`m 0<7 cjddfrfnt gknsumt`ngy djrhs wfrf `gtjvf
jn taf djfmc kd tfncfrs tk sfmfgt `rgajtfgts (Offrtsf, ft `m., 5<<:). wk djrhs wfrf
jcfntjdjfc `s h`rift mf`cfrs wjta 53 `nc 70 tfncfrs f`ga kvfr ` pfrjkc kd 3 yf`rs,tfn kd tafh kro`njsfc `t mf`st 7 tfncfrs ` yf`r. 5?6 kd ` tkt`m kd 711 `nnkungfc
taf wjnnjno djrh kd taf gkntr`gt. Jn tkt`m 01< `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs wfrf `w`rcfc
` gkntr`gt tarkuoa ` tfncfr jn taf p`st djvf yf`rs. ajs js `ekut 4% kd taf tkt`m
pkpum`tjkn kd `ekut 7,<<< djrhs `s rfojstfrfc `t taf Ga`hefr kd Gkhhfrgf. Jn
taf p`st 6 yf`rs 0< `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs okt `w`rcfc 4 kr hkrf tfncfrs. afsf 0<
djrhs wkn `ekut knf djdta kd `mm tfncfrs jn taf p`st 6 yf`rs.
af `vfr`of rfqujrfhfnt dkr nft turnkvfr kd taf djrhs tk p`rtjgjp`tf jn taf rf-
strjgtfc tfncfrs w`s ₭ 145.6<< dkr taf pfrjkc kd 5<<4 tk 5<<1. ajs js `ekut 0.6
tjhfs s huga taf vfr`of nft turnkvfr kd mm `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs
jn tajs pfrjkc. ajs g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s rfm`tjvfmy ajoa gkhp`rfc tk taf `nnu`mturnkvfr kd `n `vfr`of `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon djrh `nc fxgmucfs `ekut 16% kd taf
Gumtur`m d`gjmjtjfs9 4%
Okvfrnhfnt m kddjgfs9
05%
Jndr`strugturf9 6%
Wkgj`m rf`m fst`tf9
46%
Vtjmjty eujmcjnos9 0<%Akusjno9 0%
Djourf 3.5 Cjstrjeutjkn kd puemjg tfncfrs dkr `rgajtfgts jn
cjfrfnt eujmcjno sfgtkrs jn 5<<: (e`sfc kn Offrtsf, 5<0<)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 116/341
0<<
h`rift. af mkwfst rfqujrfhfnt w`s zfrk, taf ajoafst ₭ 5 hjmmjkn. af rfqujrf-
hfnts `ppf`r tk rfm`tf tk taf sjzf kd taf prkbfgt jn orkss squ`rf hftfrs. Jn `ekut
?<% kd taf tfncfrs rfqujrfc rfdfrfngf prkbfgts ta`t wfrf rf`mjsfc hkrf ta`n tarff
yf`rs ok wajmf taf Cjrfgtjvf t`mis ekut h`xjhuh kd tarff yf`rs ok. Knmy 56%
`mmkwfc prkbfgts ta`t a`vf nkt yft effn eujmt. @pprkxjh`tfmy ?<% kd taf tfncfrs
rfqujrfc 7 kr dfwfr rfdfrfngf prkbfgts.af c`t` kd taf Wtfunpunt `rf e`sfc kn puemjgmy `v`jm`emf jndkrh`tjkn. ajs
hf`ns ta`t nkt `mm kd taf 711 tfncfrs ta`t wfrf jcfntjdjfc ey taf Wtfunpunt wfrf
jngmucfc jn taf `n`mysjs efg`usf kd ` m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn. Ktafr `n`mysfs, suga
taf r`tjk eftwffn dff `nc nft turnkvfr, taf nuhefr kd p`rtjgjp`nts pfr tfncfr, taf
ijnc kd djrhs ta`t wfrf sfmfgtfc dkr taf `w`rc pa`sf kr taf `w`rc grjtfrj`, wfrf nkt
pkssjemf fjtafr efg`usf kd hjssjno c`t`. @t taf hkhfnt jt js tafrfdkrf nkt pkssjemf
dkr `ny jnstjtutf kr okvfrnhfnt m `ofngy tk prkvjcf fvjcfngf e`sfc rfgkhhfnc`-
tjkns dkr taf mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnts kd ktafr ijncs kd st`nc`rcs ta`t nffc suddjgjfnt
efngah`rijno.
3.4 Gurrfnt pr`gtjgf jn taf Nftafrm`ncs
af prfvjkus sfgtjkns cfsgrjefc taf `chjnjstr`tjvf, gumtur`m, mfo`m, `nc fgknkhj-
g`m gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. af gurrfnt pr`gtjgf cjspm`ys ` sg`ttfrfc `nc
cjss`tjsdyjno jh`of kd akw `rgajtfgts `rf gurrfntmy sfmfgtfc jn taf Nftafrm`ncs.
afrf js gmf`rmy ` suest`ntj`m nffc dkr ga`nof. af cjddfrfnt pm`yfrs jn taf djfmc `mm
a`vf tafjr kwn jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf dunc`hfnt`m wf`infssfs kd taf tfncfr sys-
tfh nc taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn g`p`gjtjfs kd puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs. Wkmutjkns
`rf skuoat jn cjddfrfnt cjrfgtjkns eut nk rf`m `gtjkn a`s effn uncfrt`ifn. Jn tajs
sfgtjkn taf pfrgfptjkns `nc fxpfgt`tjkns kd taf pm`yfrs jn taf djfmc `rf `ccrfssfc`nc fxjstjno suppkrtjno tkkms `rf erjfdmy `n`mysfc tk grf`tf `n kvfrvjfw kd gurrfnt
pr`gtjgf.
3.4.0 \frgfptjkns `nc fxpfgt`tjkns
Cfspjtf taf djn`ngj`m prkemfhs `t taf hkhfnt jn taf rf`m fst`tf h`rift rfgfnt
nuhefrs sakw `n jngrf`sf jn taf nuhefr kd tfncfrs dkr `rgajtfgtur`m sfrvjgfs jn
taf Nftafrm`ncs (Offrtsf, 5<0<9 Offrtsf, ft `m., 5<<:). ajs jngrf`sf g`nnkt ef
fxpm`jnfc knmy jn tfrhs kd jngrf`sfc purga`sjno vkmuhf kd okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrj-
tjfs, eut msk sakws taf jhp`gt kd taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf nfw rfoum`tjkns st`rt-
jno sjngf taf jntrkcugtjkn jn 5<<6. Jngrf`sjnomy taf hjsusf kd tfncfr rfoum`tjkns w`s fxpksfc jn taf hfcj`. Efg`usf `rgajtfgts a`c prfvjkusmy nkt dfmt taf nffc tk
ok tk gkurt, mjttmf g`sf m`w w`s `v`jm`emf dkr taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd FV prkgurf-
hfnt m`w jn spfgjdjg g`sfs kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. Jn Cfgfhefr 5<<1 ` djrst hfft-
jno `ekut tfncfrjno prkgfssfs w`s kro`njsfc jn taf Nftafrm`ncs ey @rgajtfgtuur
Mki``m jn gkmm`ekr`tjkn wjta taf Hjnjstry kd Akusjno, Wp`tj`m \m`nnjno `nc taf
Fnvjrknhfnt (TUKH), taf Uky`m Jnstjtutf kd Cutga @rgajtfgts (EN@), taf
@sskgj`tjkn kd Cutga \rkbfgt cfvfmkpfrs (NF\UKH), `nc taf @sskgj`tjkn kd
Cutga Hunjgjp`mjtjfs (TNO) tk cjsguss taf prkemfhs `rkunc `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn
jn taf gkntfxt kd prkgurfhfnt. afy sf`rgafc dkr skmutjkns eut cjc nkt dummy orff
`ekut taf prkemfh kr skmutjkn sp`gf yft.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 117/341
0<0
@t taf dkmmkw-up hfftjno jn Cfgfhefr 5<<:, taf cjrfgtkr kd @rgajtfgtuur
Mki``m Gjmmy B`nsfn cfsgrjefc taf fssfngf kd taf prkemfh `s ”` gkndrknt`tjkn ef-
twffn taf nffc dkr gfrt`jnty `nc taf cfsjrf dkr grf`tjvjty‘ (v`n cfr \km, ft `m.,
5<<:, p. 0<). ajs gfrt`jnty vfrsus jnnkv`tjkn cjmfhh` w`s `msk st`tfc ey Uônn
(5<<1) dkr cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn taf Furkpf`n Nkrcjg gkuntrjfs. Jn taf f`rmy c`ys
gmjfnts sfmfgtfc ` djrh ta`t tafy gkumc trust. Jn prkgurfhfnt sjtu`tjkns tafy cknkt inkw wa`t `nc wak tafy g`n fxpfgt tk rf`gt kn tafjr rfqufst dkr jnvjt`tjkns.
Jn krcfr tk rfcugf taf nuhefr kd pktfntj`m p`rtjgjp`nts `nc cfgrf`sf ungfrt`jnty
tafy jssuf ajoafr djn`ngj`m `nc tfganjg`m rfqujrfhfnts. Akwfvfr taf sfmfgtjkn kd
`n `rgajtfgt js e`sfc kn bucofhfnts `ekut jntfmmfgtu`m g`p`gjtjfs `nc grf`tjvjty,
wajga js nkt f`sjmy `ssfssfc ey djn`ngj`m `nc mfo`m grjtfrj`.
af djn`ngj`m tarfsakmcs dkr prkbfgts tk ef puemjgmy tfncfrfc `rf rfm`tjvfmy mkw
sk `mhkst `mm kd taf jntfrfstjno prkbfgts dkr taf sfgtkr rfqujrf kddjgj`m tfncfrjno.
Knf kd taf ify prkemfhs wjta taf FV prkgfcurfs js taf gkst `nc wkri jnvkmvfc jn
`chjnjstfrjno taf jnvjt`tjkn (Wtrkno, 0::4). Ufspknsf r`tfs g`n ef ajoa. @ gmjfnt
kro`njs`tjkn h`y ef rfqujrfc tk sfnc kut ` dfw auncrfc sfmfgtjkn h`nu`ms fvfn wafn jt jntfncs tk sfmfgt knmy ` dfw sfrvjgf prkvjcfrs tk tfncfr. Fvfn wafn tajs
prkgfss kd jnvjt`tjkn `nc ckguhfnt`tjkn js cjojtjsfc, taf `hkunt kd `chjnjstr`-
tjvf wkri js ajoa. af g`ncjc`tfs nffc tk suehjt suest`ntj`m p`pfrwkri tk sakw
tafjr g`p`ejmjtjfs. Jd tafy `rf `sifc tk suehjt ` cfsjon prkpks`m jn taf `w`rc pa`sf
tajs hf`ns fvfn hkrf wkrimk`c `nc jnvfsthfnt (sff sfgtjkn 3.6.5 dkr `n fstjh`-
tjkn kd taf gksts jnvkmvfc jn tfncfrjno). @n kvfrvjfw kd taf hkst prfssjno jssufs
js ojvfn jn `emf 3.3, wajga js e`sfc kn sfvfr`m puemjg`tjkns (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m,
Wfmfgtjkn pa`sf
•
Buhemf kd oujcfmjnfs• Vngmf`r sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj`
• Skk ajoa qu`mjffg`tjkn rfqujrfhfnts
• Skk h ny sujt`ejmjty rfqujrfhfnts
• Cfsjon `gtjvjtjfs curjno sfmfgtjkn
• Skk h ny g`ncjc`tfs `rf sfmfgtfc dkr taf `w`rc pa sf
• G`rfmfss rfqufsts tk p`rtjgjp`tf drkh taf g`ncjc`tfs
Sfncfr pa`sf
• Hjssjno, tkk `hejoukus, kr tkk strjgt erjfds `nc `hejtjkn ckguhfnts
• Mjttmf kr nk ffn`ngj`m gkhpfns`tjkn dkr cfsjon `gtjvjtjfs
• Vnrf`mjstjg eujmcjno eucofts drkh gmjfnts
• Mjttmf kr nk jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn tfncfrfr `nc gmjfnt
• M`gi kd prkdfssjkn`mjsh curjno jntfr`gtjkn wjta ktafr tfncfrfrs
• Cfm`y curjno taf prkgfcurf
@w`rc pa`sf
• Vngmf`r kr nkt wfmm-gknsjcfrfc w`rc grjtfrj`
• Jncjstjngt usfr `nc gjtjzfn p`rtjgjp`tjkn
• M`gi kd pkmjtjg`m suppkrt
• Gkncjtjkn`m kfrs
• Skk huga kr tkk mjttmf wkri cknf ey taf tfncfrfrs
• Jngkhpmftf gkst g`mgum`tjkns
• Hjxturf kd pkmjtjgs `nc prkgurfhfnt
• @hejoukus kr jngkhpmftf hktjv`tjkn kd taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn
• Nk kgj`m `nnkungfhfnt kd taf wjnnfr
• Nfoktj`tjkns `dtfr `nnkungfhfnt kd taf wjnnfr
S`emf 3.3 Kvfrvjfw kd hkst prfssjno jssufs curjno tfncfrs jn `rgajtfgturf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 118/341
0<5
5<<:`9 @tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm, 5<<19 Irkfsf, ft `m., 5<<19 \kstfm, 5<<09 v`n cfr \km,
ft `m., 5<<:).
af sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts vj` ` tfncfr prkgfcurf stjmm pksfs cjddjgumtjfs dkr
gkntr`gtjno `ofngjfs `nc hkrf g`sf m`w g`n ef fxpfgtfc. E`sfc kn suga g`sf m`w
(sff `msk sfgtjkn 3.3.5) gkntr`gtjno `ofngjfs sakumc ef `emf tk mjhjt taf rjsi kd `
cjsputf ey2 0) usjno jncfpfncfnt bury hfhefrs `nc bury hfhefrs wak `rf prkp-frmy qu`mjdjfc, 5) dkmmkwjno taf prkgfcurf taf w`y jt w`s `nnkungfc, 7) usjno un-
`hejoukus m`nou`of, `nc 3) hktjv`tjno tafjr bucofhfnts. Gurrfnt fxpfrjfngfs jn
pr`gtjgf `s wfmm `s bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno tafkry suoofst ta`t jn `mm dkur
pkssjejmjtjfs tk mjhjt taf rjsi kd pktfntj`m gkndmjgts `rjsf jn taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn
fxpfgt`tjkns drkh ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf `nc ` efa`vjkur`m pfrspfgtjvf. Jt js, dkr fx-
`hpmf, vfry a`rc tk djnc jncfpfncfnt bury hfhefrs jn ` rfm`tjvfmy sh`mm prkdfs-
sjkn`m gkhhunjty suga `s `rgajtfgturf. af gkngfpt kd sfnsfh`ijno suoofsts ta`t
cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs ck nkt `mw`ys ok `s knf fxpfgts `nc ta`t prjkrjtjfs h`y sajdt
curjno taf prkgfss. af suebfgtjvf `nc jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd `rgajtfgtur`m
qu`mjty h`if taf sfrvjgfs kd `rgajtfgts `hejoukus ey n`turf wjta humtjpmf pfr-spfgtjvfs `nc jntfrprft`tjkns, `nc hktjv`tjno cfgjsjkns js usu`mmy cjddjgumt wafn
jntujtjkn js usfc jn h`ijno bucofhfnts `ekut taf qu`mjty mfvfm kd cfsjons.
af uncfrmyjno cjddjgumty kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns `ppf`rs tk ef taf `hejou-
jty jn taf `gtu`m `jh2 Js jt taf sfmfgtjkn kd ` prkcugt (` cfsjon), taf sfmfgtjkn kd `
sfrvjgf (cfsjon `gtjvjtjfs) kr taf sfmfgtjkn kd ` p`rtnfr (` cfsjonfr kr ` djrh); af
ungknsgjkus hjxturf kd tafsf cjddfrfnt `jhs g`usfs jngknsjstfngjfs jn taf cfsjon
`nc fxfgutjkn ` tfncfr, `s `msk `ccrfssfc ey Fvfrs (5<0<). Gurrfnt cjsgussjkn jn
`rgajtfgtur`m pr`gtjgf h`jnmy dkgusfs kn taf mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnts dkr sfmfgtjkn nc
bucofhfnt `ekut taf qu`mjdjg`tjkn kd tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs. @n `pprkprj`tf `nswfr tk
taf qufstjkn kd sujt`ejmjty kd prkdfssjkn`ms a`s nkt effn dkunc. Wkhf suoofst usjnoktafr prkgfcurfs hkrf kdtfn, suga `s taf cfsjon gkntfst kr gkhpftjtjvf cj`mkouf.
Ktafrs t`mi `ekut mkwfrjno kr e`m`ngjno taf djn`ngj`m rfqujrfhfnts, kr `cbustjno
taf w`y rfdfrfngf prkbfgts `rf usfc (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:`9 v`n cfr \km, ft
`m., 5<<:). af h`bkrjty kd tfncfrs `si dkr rfdfrfngf prkbfgts, wajga sakws taf
fhpa`sjs kn fxpfrjfngf. Akwfvfr, kdtfn tafsf prkbfgts nffc tk ef rf`mjsfc jn taf
m`st tarff tk djvf yf`rs. Efg`usf `n `rgajtfgt knmy cfmjvfrs taf cfsjon `nc nkt taf
gknstrugtjkn, ` o`p fxjsts eftwffn taf c`tf taf cfsjon sfrvjgf w`s cfmjvfrfc `nc
taf eujmcjno w`s fst`emjsafc. Nfxt tk ta`t, cfsjons `rf skhftjhfs nkt rf`mjsfc kr
cfm`yfc dkr fxtfrn`m rf`skns, fspfgj`mmy jd `rgajtfgts p`rtjgjp`tf jn `n jcf`s kr cf-
sjon gkhpftjtjkn. @nktafr jhpkrt`nt jssuf curjno sfmfgtjkn `ppf`rs tk ef taf kro`njs`tjkn`m
strugturf `nc sjzf kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon djrhs. Jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf gmjfnts `ppf`r
tk pfrgfjvf ta`t taf sujt`ejmjty kd tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs jngrf`sfs wjta taf strugturf
`nc sjzf kd djrh. @n rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon djrh g`n ef gknsjcfrfc s prkdfssjkn`m
sfrvjgf djrh. @rgajtfgtur`m djrhs kdtfn gakksf tk rfh`jn ` sh`mm kr hfcjuh sjzfc
fntfrprjsf tk prfsfrvf grf`tjvjty. ajs hf`ns ta`t taf ga`r`gtfr `nc strugturf kd `
prkdfssjkn`m sfrvjgf djrh ck nkt h`tga taf fgknkhjg prjngjpmfs kd sjzf `nc m`rof
turnkvfrs tk `ssurf taf rfmj`ejmjty kd ` tfncfr g`ncjc`tf. af stymf kd `n `rgajtfgt
tfncs tk ef cfrjvfc drkh taf mfvfm `nc ijnc kd cfsjon qu`mjty fst`emjsafc jn prfvj-
kusmy cfmjvfrfc eujmcjnos (v`n Fmckni, 5<<1). Kn taf knf a`nc, m`rof djrhs wjta
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 119/341
0<7
fst`emjsafc cfsjonfrs a`vf typjg`mmy `gqujrfc ` orf`t `hkunt kd fxpfrjfngf `nc
tafrfdkrf sujt`ejmjty tk cf`m wjta ny `ggkhhkc`tjkn prkemfh jn puemjg gkntfxt.
Fxpfrjfngf kn taf ktafr a`nc js nkt taf s`hf `s taf `ejmjty tk cfsjon `nc kddfrjno
kd taf rfqujrfc fxpfrtjsf tk cf`m wjta spfgjdjg gkhpmfxjtjfs jn cfsjon. @rgajtfgts
`rf prkuc kd tafjr g`p`ejmjtjfs tk `n`mysf gkhpmfxjtjfs kn `n `estr`gt mfvfm jn krcfr
tk djnc skmutjkns efyknc taf kevjkus. afy cfmjvfr jntfmmfgtu`m sfrvjgfs. Jn tajssfnsf fxpfrtjsf h`ttfrs. Akwfvfr, jt sffhs ta`t fxpfrtjsf g`n ef eujmt ey fxpfrj-
fngf eut js nkt ou`r`ntffc ey jt. Cfsjon fxgfmmfngf `nc jnnkv`tjkn js tafrfdkrf
nkt `mw`ys cjrfgtmy rfm`tfc tk fxpfrjfngf. Wkhf `rgajtfgts hjoat fvfn suoofst taf
kppksjtf. af sujt`ejmjty kd g`ncjc`tfs sakumc tafrfdkrf nkt `mw`ys ef rfm`tfc tk
fxpfrjfngf kr sjzf kd taf gkhp`ny. Jn krcfr tk ga`nof taf gurrfnt pr`gtjgf knf kd
taf suoofstjkns dkr gmjfnts js tk h`if ` cjstjngtjkn eftwffn jnnkv`tjvf prkbfgts
ta`t rfqujrf ‑n`ëvf‚ fntrfprfnfursajp `nc drfsa grf`tjvjty, `nc gm`ssjg`m prkbfgts
ta`t nffc gfrt`jnty jn krcfr tk cjstjngt taf ijnc kd sujt`ejmjty ` cfsjon prkbfgt rf-
qujrfs (v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:).(v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:).
af rfpkrt ey Irkfsf ft m. (5<<1) `nc rfpkrt kd taf tfncfr hfftjno jn Cfgfhefr(5<<1) nc rfpkrt kd taf tfncfr hfftjno jn Cfgfhefr5<<1 (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:`) sakw cjddfrfnt skmutjkns nc pfrgfptjkns kd taf
prkemfhs ta`t rf gurrfntmy fxpfrjfngfc. af rgajtfgts, gmjfnts nc gknsumt`nts ck
nkt sffh tk trust f`ga ktafr `nc kdtfn rfprk`ga f`ga ktafr dkr taf gurrfnt gkursf
kd fvfnts. (Dkrhfr) Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgts h`jnmy em`hf taf gknsumt`nts
dkr jngrf`sjno taf gkhpmfxjty kd taf prkgfcurfs. Gknsumt`nts pkjnt tafjr djnofrs
tkw`rcs taf gmjfnts nc t`mi ekut gumtur`m cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf cjsgjpmjnfs nc
taf m`gi kd spjrjt `nc jnnkv`tjkn kd taf gmjfnts tafy rfprfsfnt. @ggkrcjno tk taf
gknsumt`nts `nc `rgajtfgts gmjfnts sakumc prfp`rf tafhsfmvfs efttfr, ekta jn rfm`-
tjkn tk tafjr `hejtjkns nc wjta rfspfgt tk tafjr prkgfcurfs (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m,
5<<:`9 Ajbcr`, 5<<?). af usf kd ` ofnfr`mmy ginkwmfcofc hkcfm tk strugturf taftfncfr prkgfcurf hjoat fvfn ef rfqujrfc. af ofnfr`m qu`mjty kd taf sfmfgtjkn nc
`w`rcs gkhhjttffs a`s effn grjtjgjsfc `nc `rgajtfgts `rf `msk gkhpm`jnjno `ekut
taf d`gt ta`t a`rcmy `ny dffce`gi js ojvfn tk taf tfncfrfrs `ekut tafjr cfgjsjkns.
Ajoa mfvfms kd rfqujrfhfnts jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf hjoat cfgrf`sf rjsi dkr taf gmj-
fnt eut prfvfnt nfw p`rtjfs drkh fntfrjno taf h`rift. Jn taf fnc tajs gkumc mf`c
tk ` pkkr `rgajtfgtur`m gumturf. Gmjfnts suoofst ta`t p`rtjgjp`nts gkntrjeutf tk taf
m`gi kd trust tafhsfmvfs ey gkhhunjg`tjno `ekut tafjr cjspmf`surf tarkuoa taf
gkurt jnstf`c kd wjta taf `utakrjtjfs tafhsfmvfs (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:`).
Gmjfnts suoofst ta`t `rgajtfgts gkumc `msk ofnfr`tf jcf`s dkr sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurfs
ta`t wkumc mjoatfn taf eurcfn jn runnjno tfncfr prkbfgts jnstf`c kd em`hjno tafhdkr `vkjcjno rjsis (v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:). @mm `gtkrs `jh `t sjhpmjdjfc prkgf-
curfs wjta hutu`m trust `nc rkkh tk rf`mjsf sa`rfc crf`hs. Okkc pr`gtjgfs sakumc
sakw taf pktfntj`m kd tfncfrs jnstf`c kd taf nfo`tjvf gknsfqufngfs `nc pjtd`mms.
af gurrfnt prkgurfhfnt rfoum`tjkns prkvjcf fnkuoa rkkh tk fn`emf gmjfnts tk
dumdjm taf jhs kd tafjr prkbfgts (Irkfsf, ft m., 5<<1). @ hkrf qu`mjt`tjvf prkgfcurf
js surfmy mfo`mmy pkssjemf, bust `s jntfr`gtjkn tk grf`tf efttfr uncfrst`ncjno eftwffn
taf gtkrs (Ga`k-Cujvjs, 5<<1). @n cv`nt`of kd taf d`gt ta`t gmjfnts a`vf tk gkh-
pmy wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w js taf jngrf`sfc tr`nsp`rfngy kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc
taf cfgrf`sf jn jhpkrt`ngf kd taf kmc-ekys nftwkri, wajga sakumc grf`tf ga`ngfs
dkr nfw djrhs `nc fnsurf d`jr mfvfm kd pm`yjno djfmc. Wfvfr`m suoofstjkns a`vf effn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 120/341
0<3
h`cf tk jhprkvf gurrfnt pr`gtjgf jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf tfncfr, suga s knmy
`sijno dkr prkpkrtjkn`m nc rf`skn`emf rfqujrfhfnts, mmkwjno unrf`mjsfc prkbfgts
kr prkbfgts kd ` cjddfrfnt sfgtkr `s rfdfrfngf prkbfgts, ` c`t`e`ni wjta rfdfrfngfs
`nc fxajejts, hjnjhjzjno taf nuhefr kd rfqujrfc ckguhfnts, `nc taf usf kd pfr-
skn`m st`tfhfnts (‑fjofn vfrim`rjnofn‚) `ekut taf djn`ngj`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m rf-
qujrfhfnts (@tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm, 5<<19 Irkfsf, ft `m., 5<<1). Ktafr suoofstjknsrfm`tf tk taf jngmusjkn kd fxpfrts jn taf bury p`nfm kr `w`rc gkhhjttff, taf rkmf kd
gjtjzfns nc usfrs jn taf tfncfr pa`sf, taf usf kd cjojt`m hf`ns dkr gkhhunjg`tjkn
`nc fv`mu`tjkn kd taf rfqufsts dkr jnvjt`tjkn `nc tfncfr prkpks`ms, `nc wjmc g`rcs
dkr ‑ykuno‚ djrhs (@tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm, 5<<19 v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:).
Wfvfr`m utakrs suoofst fst`emjsajno n jncfpfncfnt tfncfr `utakrjty tk ga`nof
taf gurrfnt pr`gtjgf. af Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt gkumc pm`y `n jhpkrt`nt
rkmf jn tajs `utakrjty efg`usf (s)af `nc taf st`dd kd taf @tfmjfr Ujbisekuwhffstfr
`mrf`cy suppkrt ` nuhefr kd gfntr`m okvfrnhfnt`m ekcjfs jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
af Wtfunpunt kd @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m js `msk kdtfn hfntjknfc `s g`ncjc`tf dkr `
n`tjkn`m fxpfrtjsf gfntrf. Fx`hpmfs `rf t`ifn drkh nfjoaekurjno gkuntrjfs suga`s Efmojuh, Ofrh`ny `nc Dr`ngf. Curjno 5<<: sfvfr`m gkhpm`jnts `nc sfrvjgf
cfsis wfrf (rf)fst`emjsafc ey taf Cutga prkdfssjkn`m kro`njs`tjkns, suga taf EN@,
@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m `nc NF\UKH. afsf jnjtj`tjvfs `rf jn `ccjtjkn tk taf fxjst-
jno Cutga \uemjg \rkgurfhfnt Fxpfrtjsf Gfntfr \J@NKk `nc taf \rkgurfhfnt
Jnstjtutf dkr Gknstrugtjkn `nc Jndr`strugturf g`mmfc ‑Aft @`nefstfcjnosjnstjtuut‚,
wajga h`jnmy dkgus kn tfncfrs dkr wkris, suppmjfs `nc ktafr sfrvjgfs r`tafr ta`n
`rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. Jn Cfgfhefr 5<<: taf @tfmjfr Ujbisekuwhffstfr, EN@,
NF\UKH `nc TNO `nnkungfc tafjr suppkrt dkr taf usf kd ` nfw tfncfr hkcfm
dkr `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns, taf ‑Ikhp`s Mjoat‚ (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:e), wajga
wkumc rfpm`gf `mm taf prfvjkus oujcfmjnfs. afjr `jh js tk stjhum`tf `mm ktafr ijncskd jnstjtutjkns, gknsumt`nts `nc puemjg gmjfnts tk usf taf s`hf hkcfm `nc eujmc `
nfw st`nc`rc.
3.4.5 Hkcfms `nc oujcfmjnfs
Jn n ttfhpt tk suppkrt puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts sfvfr`m hkcfms, oujcfmjnfs,
rfoum`tjkns `nc prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt oujcfs a`vf effn cfvfmkpfc. `emf 3.6 prk-
vjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf stfps ta`t nffc tk ef t`ifn jn taf prkgfss kd taf prfp`r`-
tjkn `nc rf`mjz`tjkn kd ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfr (f.o. @rrkwshjta, 5<<69 Ga`k-Cujvjs,
ft `m., 5<<?9 Fssfrs, 5<<:9 Afynfn, 5<<09 \jbn`gifr Akrcjbi, v`n cfr Efnc, & v`nNkuauys, 5<<:9 Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:9 Wtrkno, 0:?4).
Durtafr `n`mysjs kd taf puemjg`tjkns `ekut tfncfrs jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf
sakws ta`t taf puemjg`tjkns g`n ef cjvjcfc jntk djvf g`tfokrjfs2
\rkgurfhfnt hftakcs `nc hkcfms.
Gkhpftjtjkn hkcfms `nc oujcfmjnfs.
Cfgjsjkn suppkrt `nc n`vjo`tjkn systfhs.
\rkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt tkkms `nc hftakcs.
jps & rfgkhhfnc`tjkns (kdtfn jn gkhejn`tjkn wjta ktafr g`tfokrjfs).
0.
5.
7.
3.
6.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 121/341
0<6
afsf g`tfokrjfs kd suppkrt tkkms dkr taf kro`njs`tjkn kd ` tfncfr jn `rgaj-tfgtur`m cfsjon sakw taf humtj-d`gftfc n`turf kd ` tfncfr prkbfgt. G`tfokrjfs `rf
kdtfn gkhejnfc jn taf puemjg`tjkns, dkr fx`hpmf taf hkcfms wjta taf tjps `nc rfg-
khhfnc`tjkns, kr taf gkhpftjtjkn hkcfms wjta taf prkgurfhfnt hkcfms.
af puemjg`tjkns kn prkgurfhfnt hftakcs `nc hkcfms `rf wrjttfn drkh ` mf-
o`m pfrspfgtjvf. afy cfsgrjef taf pkssjejmjtjfs `s wfmm `s taf jhpkssjejmjtjfs ta`t
prkgurfhfnt m`w kddfrs `nc skhftjhfs `msk skhf tjps `nc trjgis. Hkst kd tafsf
hkcfms `rjsf drkh taf puemjg`tjkn kd taf FV Cjrfgtjvf jn 0::39 skhf wfrf h`cf
fspfgj`mmy dkr rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. af hkst jhpkrt`nt Cutga fx`hpmfs t taf hk-
hfnt `rf taf ‑Mfjcr``c @`nefstfcfn‚ (B`nsfn, 5<<:) dkr tfncfrs jn gknstrugtjkn,
`nc ‑Ikhp`s Mjoat‚ (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:e). af Ikhp`s Mjoat js `n `p-prkprj`tf fx`hpmf kd ` gkhejn`tjkn kd ` tfncfr hkcfm wjta ` gkhpftjtjkn hkcfm
dkr `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn.
af gkhpftjtjkn hkcfms `rf kdtfn wrjttfn ey `rgajtfgts kr ktafr prkdfssjkn-
`ms jn taf djfmc kd cfsjon `nc cfvfmkpfc ey okvfrnhfnt m ekcjfs. afsf oujcfmjnfs
`nc hkcfms kdtfn cfrjvf drkh gkhpftjtjkn rfoum`tjkns jn 0:ta `nc 5<ta gfntury
`nc jngmucf rfgkhhfnc`tjkns tk suppkrt ` cfgjsjkn. Jntfrn`tjkn`m fx`hpmfs `rf
‑\`rtjgjp`tjno jn @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkn (Wtrkno, 0:?4), ‑Cfsjon Gkhpftjtjkns‚
(Wprfjrfofn, 0:?:), ‑Hkcfm dkr Uunnjno Cfsjon Gkhpftjtjkns‚ (N`s`r, 0:::),
‑Pu`mjdjg`tjkns‗E`sfc Wfmfgtjkn‚ (Knt`rjk @sskgj`tjkn kd @rgajtfgts, 5<<1) `nc
‑Kvfrafjcskpcr`gatfn `rgajtfgtuur‚ (Afynfn, 5<<0). Fx`hpmfs dkr taf Cutga
\rfp`r`tjkn
`. Dkrh prkbfgt tf`h
e. Fxpmkrf taf h`rift
g. Cftfrhjnf jd prkgurfhfnt m`w `ppmjfs
c. Cfgjcf `ekut taf tfncfr prkgfcurf nc pm`nnjno
f. Dkrhum`tf tfncfr jntfntjkn `nnkungfhfnt
d. Cfgjcf taf kebfgt kd taf tfncfr `nc gkntr`gto. Cftfrhjnf taf `hejtjkn `nc erjfd
a. Cftfrhjnf taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
j. Cfgjcf taf grjtfrj` `nc hftakc dkr taf sfmfgtjkn
b. Cfgjcf taf grjtfrj` `nc hftakc dkr `w`rcjno taf gkntr`gt
i. Cfgjcf taf rumfs kd taf tfncfr
Uf`mjs`tjkn
j. @nnkungf taf tfncfr
jj. Wfnc kut g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn
jjj. Ufgfjvf nc prkgfss g`ncjc`tfs‚ grfcfntj`ms
jv. @ssfss `nc sfmfgt taf g`ncjc`tfs
v. Jssuf taf g`mm dkr tfncfrs
vj. Ufgfjvf nc strugturf taf tfncfr prkpks`ms
vjj. Wtrugturf `nc ssfss taf prkpks`ms
vjjj. Bucof taf prkpks`ms
jx. @mmkg`tf taf gkntr`gt prfmjhjn`ry
x. Bustjdy taf cfgjsjkn
xj. Djn`m mmkg`tjkn kd taf gkntr`gt
xjj. \uemjsa taf gkntr`gt `mmkg`tjkn
xjjj. Dkmmkw up `nc qu`mjty gkntrkm
S`emf 3.6 Kvfrvjfw kd stfps tk t`if curjno ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfr jn `rgajtfgturf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 122/341
0<4
gkntfxt `rf taf ‑Ikhp`s‚ dkr cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns (v`n G`hpfn & Afncrjisf,
0::?), `nc ‑Ufjswjbzfr Ofejfcskntwjiifmjno 5<<:‚ dkr cfvfmkphfnt gkhpftj-
tjkns (Ifrstfn, _kmtjno, tfr Efiif, & Erfoh`n, 5<<:). af ‚0< tjps kd taf Gajfd
Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt‚ (\`tjbn, 5<<<) sakws ` pr`oh`tjg `pprk`ga tk stjhum`tf
prkdfssjkn`ms jn taf djfmc.
Hkst kd taf cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs dkgus kn sfmfgtjkn kd gkntr`gtkrs kr prk-gurfhfnt hftakcs dkr jntfor`tfc gknstrugtjkn prkbfgts. Cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs
`rf cyn`hjg systfhs wajga jngmucf dungtjkns tk gkhp`rf prkgurfhfnt hftakcs
kr cfvfmkp tfncfr ckguhfnts, suga `s taf MF@ CWW (GUK_ & E`m`ngf `nc
Ufsumts, 5<<:) kr systfhs suga `s taksf cfsgrjefc ey Mkvf ft m (5<<1). af Cutga
MF@ CWW systfh js e`sfc kn taf ‚Mfjcr``c @`nefstfcfn‚ (B`nsfn, 5<<:) uncfr
taf `utakrjty kd Ufojfr``c Ekuw (Cutga Gkungjm dkr Jnnkv`tjkn jn Eujmcjno `nc
Gknstrugtjkn). Ktafr Cutga systfhs suppkrt spfgjdjg fmfhfnts kd taf tfncfr prkg-
fss, suga `s p`st pfrdkrh`ngf kd gkntr`gtkrs (Ikkmwjbi, Ofr`fcts, & Ga`k-Cujvjs,
5<<6) kr `n`mysjno `nc gkhp`rjno cfsjon `mtfrn`tjvfs (Ejttfrh`nn, 5<<:9 v`n
Mkkn, ft `m., 5<<1). af @rgajsfmfgt systfh kddfrs ` cjojt`m pkrt`m tk gkhhunjg`tf wjta tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs `nc tfncfrfrs `nc gkmmfgt taf rfqufsts dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn
`nc prkpks`ms (JGK\, 5<<4). Jntfrn`tjkn`mmy sfvfr`m ktafr cfgjsjkn suppkrt sys-
tfhs `rf cfsgrjefc ey rfsf`rgafrs dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts (Gafuno, ft `m.,
5<<5) kr taf fv`mu`tjkn kd tfncfrs wjta humtjpmf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs (\knopfno &
Mjstkn, 5<<7). Wtjmm hkrf rfsf`rga js nffcfc tk v`mjc`tf taf grjtfrj` ta`t dkrh taf
e`sjs kd tafsf gkhp`rjskn systfhs. Eut knf hust e`rf jn hjnc ta`t `mtakuoa `
pmftakr` kd tkkms nc tfganjqufs rf v`jm`emf, ”nk spfgjdjg tfganjqufs a`vf o`jnfc
wjcfsprf`c `ggfpt`ngf, p`rtjgum`rmy ey taf puemjg sfgtkr‘ (Mkvf, ft `m., 5<<1, p.
??7). afrfdkrf ` dr`hfwkri kr prkgfss n`vjo`tkr js prfdfrrfc kvfr ` prfsgrjptjvf
skmutjkn.af Kddjgf kd Okvfrnhfnt Gkhhfrgf (KOG) jn taf VI kddfrs sfvfr`m prkgurf-
hfnt ckguhfnts ta`t prkvjcf ` prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt gkntfxt dkr taf kro`njs`tjkn
kd tfncfrs jn gknstrugtjkn. Fx`hpmfs `rf \UJNGF5, taf Efst \r`gtjgf Oujc`ngf
`nc Gkmm`ekr`tjvf \rkgurfhfnt. Jn taf Nftafrm`ncs tajs ijnc kd suppkrt ckfs
nkt sffh tk ef kddfrfc ey gkhp`r`emf jnstjtutfs suga `s \J@NKk. Wfvfr`m inkwm-
fcof gfntrfs, suga `s WEU (Inkwmfcof \m`tdkrh dkr Gknstrugtjkn) `nc GUK_
(N`tjkn`m Jndkrh`tjkn `nc fgankmkoy \m`tdkrh dkr r`nspkrt, Jndr`strugturf `
nc \uemjg sp`gf) ck prkvjcf suppkrt `nc inkwmfcof kn tajs h`ttfr. Cutga gkn-
sumt`ngy djrhs sffh tk djmm tajs o`p jn prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt. af Ufojfr``c Ekuw
puemjsafc sfvfr`m rfpkrts `ekut jnnkv`tjkn, gkmm`ekr`tjkn, trust `nc jntforjty jntaf gknstrugtjkn sfgtkr (Ekucfwjbn & Erkfiaujzfn, 5<<?, 5<<:9 Omuni & Kmjf,
5<<1).
E`sfc kn taf prfvjkus sfgtjkns sfvfr`m jssufs g`n ef cjstjnoujsafc ta`t sffh kd
spfgjdjg jntfrfst dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt2
Wijmms `nc hf`ns rfqujrfc tk kro`njsf ` tfncfr.
Dkrhum`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd.
Gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury.
fganjqufs `nc hftakcs tk prfsfnt taf prkpks`ms.
@ssfsshfnt, fv`mu`tjkn `nc bucofhfnt kd taf prkpks`ms.
\`rtjgjp`tjkn kd usfrs, vjsjtkrs `nc gjtjzfns.
•
•
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 123/341
0<?
afsf jssufs `rf `mm p`rt kd taf `n`mysjs dr`hfwkri ta`t w`s usfc jn taf fhpjrj-
g`m g`sfs kd tajs tafsjs ta`t mfc tk ` g`tfokrjs`tjkn kd `gtkr jcfntjdjg`tjkn, `n`mysjs
kd taf prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, `hejtjkn & erjfd, tfncfr prkgfcurf, st`ifakmcfr
jnvkmvfhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn prkgfss (sff Ga`ptfr 4). @ gkhp`rjskn kd taf puemjg`-
tjkn g`tfokrjfs tk tafsf jssufs sakws ta`t nknf kd taf puemjg`tjkns gknnfgts taf
rfqujrfc `gtjvjtjfs kd prfp`r`tjkn `nc rf`mjz`tjkn tk taf kutput kd sfmfgtjno `n `r-gajtfgt (sff `emf 3.4).
@mtakuoa hkst kd taf puemjg`tjkns hfntjkn `spfgts kd taf jssufs, taf dkgus
rfh`jns sg`ttfrfc. Wkhf puemjg`tjkns dkgus kn gknstrugtjkn jn ofnfr`m wajmf kta-
frs `rf spfgjdjg dkr taf sjtu`tjkn kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt. af hkcfms dkgus kn taf
tfncfr ckguhfnts s rfsumt kd taf prkbfgt, wajmf prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt tkkms dkgus
kn taf prkgfss kd prfp`r`tjkn `nc rf`mjz`tjkn. ajs jhpmjfs ta`t jn krcfr tk h`if
` tfncfr jn `rgajtfgturf suggfssdum, sfvfr`m ijncs kd puemjg`tjkns `rf nffcfc. af
fxjstjno puemjg`tjkns `mm sakw kptjkns `nc uncfrmyjno gknsjcfr`tjkns, kdtfn e`sfc
kn jhpmjgjt inkwmfcof, eut ck nkt tfmm fxfhpm`ry stkrjfs ta`t jmmustr`tf wa`t `gtu-
`mmy a`ppfns jn taf gkhpmfxjty kd kro`njzjno ` wakmf tfncfr prkgfss. af hkcfmsck nkt prkvjcf gakjgf kutsjcf taf kptjkns prkvjcfc jn taf rfoum`tjkns nc fxjstjno
hkcfms nc ck nkt trjoofr gtjkn. afy ck nkt gknsjcfr taf humtj-cjsgjpmjn`ry nc
pktfntj`mmy gkndmjgtjno n`turf kd taf prkemfh kd `ssurjno qu`mjty curjno taf sfmfg-
tjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt. Jn hy kpjnjkn tajs js cuf tk taf d`gt ta`t tafy `mm try tk skmvf
taf prkemfh drkh wjtajn tafjr kwn r`tjkn`mjty `nc nkt dkgus kn taf uncfrmyjno
prjngjpmfs kd auh`n efa`vjkur.
3.? Gkngmusjkn
Jn tajs ga`ptfr J `ccrfssfc taf pkmjtjg`m, gumtur`m, mfo`m `nc fgknkhjg`m gkntfxt kd`rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn, `nc sakwfc skhf gurrfnt suoofstjkns dkr jhprkvfhfnt. Zft
tafsf suoofstjkns ck nkt `ppf`r tk skmvf taf gkhpmftf sft kd prkemfhs kggurrjno
jn gurrfnt Cutga pr`gtjgf tkc`y. af nffc tk jhpmfhfnt fxjstjno oujcfmjnfs kr `
sjnomf hkcfm sffhs hkrf urofnt ta`n taf cfvfmkphfnt kd nfw hkcfms `nc oujcf-
mjnfs. Hkst kd taf gkhhktjkn ekut Furkpf`n tfncfrs jn rgajtfgturf js g`usfc ey
`rgajtfgts. \uemjg gmjfnts `rf rfh`ri`emy `esfnt jn taf cjsgussjkn, bust `s `g`cfh-
jgs. Wystfh`tjg c`t` gkmmfgtjkn js hjssjno. _jtakut efngah`ri c`t` nk rfgkhhfn-
c`tjkns g`n ef h`cf kn taf mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnt, taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno kr taf
sjzf kd djn`ngj`m gkhpfns`tjkn jn taf `w`rc pa`sf, nc nfjtafr g`n wf eujmc pkmjgy
ta`t js e`sfc kn d`gts `nc inkwmfcof. H`ny qufstjkns rfh`jn un`nswfrfc. _aydkr fx`hpmf ck gmjfnts prfdfr taf rfstrjgtfc prkgfcurf kvfr ktafr prkgfcurfs, suga
`s ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn; _a`t `rf taf truf gksts kd tfncfrs, `nc `rf tafsf gksts jn
e`m`ngf wjta taf efnfdjts; @nc way ck `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs stjmm p`rtjgjp`tf jn sk
h`ny tfncfrs, fvfn takuoa tafjr ga`ngfs ck nkt `ppf`r rf`mjstjg; Akw sakumc `
tfncfr prkgfcurf ef cfsjonfc cjddfrfntmy;
@rgajtfgts kdtfn sffh tk dkroft ta`t efdkrf taf jntrkcugtjkn kd taf prkgurf-
hfnt rfoum`tjkns, taf p`trkn`of systfh cjc nkt h`if jt f`sy dkr ykuno t`mfnt
kr dkr mfss nktfc djrhs tk fntfr taf h`rift fjtafr. Furkpf`n tfncfrs `rf ` stfp jn
taf rjoat cjrfgtjkn tk kpfn up taf puemjg h`rift `nc jn sfmfgtjno `rgajtfgts jn
taf d`jrfst pkssjemf h`nnfr. @mtakuoa taf gkhhjssjkns kd puemjg gmjfnts `rf kdtfnga`mmfnojno prkbfgts, taf rfgfnt orkwta kd puemjg-prjv`tf jnjtj`tjvfs grf`tfs nfw
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 124/341
0<1
pkssjejmjtjfs dkr `rgajtfgts `s p`rt kd gknskrtj` `s wfmm. ajs rfqujrfs ` cjddfrfnt
w`y kd kro`njzjno ` cfsjon prkbfgt (Ufnjfr & Tkmifr, 5<<1). Wtjmm, `ekut :6% kd
prkbfgts `rf gkhhjssjknfc wjtakut ` puemjg tfncfr efg`usf tafy gkngfrn gkn-
tr`gts efnf`ta taf hknft`ry tarfsakmcs kr `rf dkr prjv`tf gmjfnts. @mtakuoa hkst
gkhpm`jnts `ekut `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn gkngfrn puemjg gmjfnts, jt js nkt gmf`r ta`t taf
gkhhjssjknjno systfh kd prjv`tf gmjfnts js `ny efttfr. _a`t fx`gtmy `rf taf cjddfr-
fngfs eftwffn taf systfh(s) ta`t prjv`tf gmjfnts usf tk sfmfgt n `rgajtfgt nc taksf
usfc ey puemjg gmjfnts; @nc way ck `rgajtfgts nkt gkhpm`jn `ekut tafh `s huga;
_jmm taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt fvfr s`tjsdy ekta sjcfs kd taf h`rift; @dtfr `mm,
` gkhpftjtjkn pfr cfdjnjtjkn grf`tfs hkrf mksfrs ta`n wjnnfrs. J dffm ta`t wjtakut
` ga`nof jn gumturf `nc jn taf mfvfm kd prkdfssjkn`mjsh taf gurrfnt prkemfhs wjmm
gkntjnuf. @ efttfr sprf`c kd inkwmfcof `nc pkmjgy h`ijno gkumc gkntrjeutf tk
tajs ga`nof eut jt rfqujrfs `msk ` ga`nof kd `ttjtucfs `nc efa`vjkur kd taf `gtkrs
tafhsfmvfs tk rf`mjsf jt.
@ gmjfnt dumdjms ` vfry jhpkrt`nt rkmf jn ` eujmcjno prkbfgt, fspfgj`mmy curjno
taf prfp`r`tjkns kd ` tfncfr gkhpftjtjkn. af gakjgfs h`cf curjno taf prfp`r`-
tjkn pa`sf cftfrhjnf tk ` gknsjcfr`emf fxtfnt taf rfsumts `nc `pprkprj`tfnfss kd
taf tfncfr, `s wfmm `s taf stymf kd taf `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. Fxjstjno inkwmfcof rf-
h`jns sg`ttfrfc `nc js nkt usfc `cfqu`tfmy ey taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs. Knmy
taf prkgurfhfnt hkcfms a`vf n kemjo`tkry n`turf nc gkumc gtu`mmy ef fndkrgfc.
Akwfvfr, jt `ppf`rs ta`t jt js taf pfrgfptjkn kd tafsf mfo`m kemjo`tjkns r`tafr ta`n
taf `gtu`m prkgurfhfnt m`w ta`t prfvfnt ` sfmfgtjkn prkgfss e`sfc kn kpfn cj`-mkouf eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf `rgajtfgts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty. afrf `rf nk
kpfn cjsgussjkns `ekut taf cjddjgumtjfs fxpfrjfngfc ey gmjfnts `s wfmm `s `rgajtfgts.
\rkdfssjkns tfnc tk sf`rga dkr skmutjkns wjtajn tafjr kwn ckh`jns wajmf `n `rgaj-
tfgt sfmfgtjkn js jn d`gt ` humtj-cjsgjpmjn`ry pafnkhfnkn ey n`turf. @ o`p fxjsts
eftwffn taf fxjstjno strugturfs prkvjcfc tk suppkrt cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc `gtu`m
cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd puemjg gmjfnts. Gmjfnts ck nkt sffh `emf tk h`if fnkuoa sfnsf
kut kd taf fxjstjno strugturfs. ajs rfsf`rga `jhs `t gkntrjeutjno tk erjcof tajs
o`p drkh ` psygakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf ey cfsgrjejno `nc fxpm`jnjno akw sfmfgtjkn
cfgjsjkns wfrf t`ifn jn taf p`st `nc akw tafy gkumc ef `ddfgtfc jn taf duturf. af
`jh kd tajs rfsf`rga js tafrfdkrf tk fxpksf uncfrmyjno efa`vjkur`m pafnkhfn` kdgmjfnts sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt dkr ` eujmcjno jn taf puemjg ckh`jn.
\ r k g u r f h f n t
h k c f m s
G k h p f t j t j k n
h k c f m s
C f g j s j k n s u p -
p k r t s y s t f h s
\ r k b f g t h ` n ` o f -
h f n t t k k m s
@gtkr jcfntjffg`tjkn x x
\rkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs x x
@hejtjkn nc Erjfd x x
\rkgfcurf x x
Wt`ifakmcfrs x x
Cfgjsjkn prkgfss x
S`emf 3.4 Dkgus kd puemjg`tjkns `ekut `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 125/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 126/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 127/341
000
Ga`ptfr 6
S AFKUFSJG@M DU@HF_KUI
6.0 Jntrkcugtjkn
af rfsf`rga qufstjkns jn tajs stucy `rf2
Akw ck puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs cfgjcf kn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt
jn taf gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w;
_ajga sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd
puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs jn tajs gkntfxt;
_a`t `rf taf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd prkgfcurfs dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd`rgajtfgts;
af prfvjkus ga`ptfrs jntrkcugfc ` nuhefr kd tafkrftjg`m `nc pr`gtjg`m jnsjoats
`ekut taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt jn taf gkntfxt kd FV tfncfrjno rfo-
um`tjkns. FV prkgurfhfnt m`w sfts taf rfqujrfhfnts dkr taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss.
Akwfvfr, puemjg gmjfnts `rf djncjno jt cjddjgumt tk gkhpmy wjta tafsf rumfs `nc
rfoum`tjkns. af prfvjkus ga`ptfrs jncjg`tf ta`t tfncfrjno jnvkmvfs ` prkgfss kd
gknsgjkus `nc ungknsgjkus cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn wajga gkndmjgts g`n kggur eftwffn
mfo`m kemjo`tjkns, okvfrn`ngf rfspknsjejmjtjfs nc gkhhunjty rfm`tfc fxpfgt`tjkns.
J prkpksf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn suga ` spfgjdjg, fmusjvf `nc cyn`hjg gkntfxtrfqujrfs fxpfrtjsf jn cjddfrfnt ckh`jns tk ef `emf tk jntfrprft `nc h`if sfnsf kd
taf cfgjsjkn t`si. @ gknsfqufngf kd sffjno `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn `s suga ` cyn`hjg
prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno js ta`t jt js nkt rf`mjstjg tk fxpfgt gmjfnts tk `ppmy prf-`n-
nkungfc cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `nc efa`vf `ggkrcjno tk ` prf-cfsjonfc prkgfcurf. Jn
tajs ga`ptfr taf hkst jhpkrt`nt jnsjoats kd taf prfvjkus ga`ptfrs rf jntfor`tfc jn
krcfr tk cfdjnf pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkg-
fss jn taf gkntfxt kd Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w. afsf jhpmjg`tjkns t`if dkrh kd
` sfrjfs kd prkpksfc suggfss d`gtkrs.
af dr`hfwkri prkvjcfc jn tajs ga`ptfr g`n ef gknsjcfrfc ` erjcof eftwffn
taf tafkrftjg`m `nc taf fhpjrjg`m p`rt kd taf rfsf`rga efg`usf jt jcfntjdjfs tafga`r`gtfrjstjgs dkunc jn taf tafkrjfs `ekut v`muf bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon ta`t a`vf tk ef gknsjcfrfc jn ` tfncfr
cfsjon. afsf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs mf`c tk djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs kd wajga J `ssuhf
tk pm`y ` rkmf jn taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfssfs kd puemjg gmjfnts dkr taf sfmfgtjkn
kd `n `rgajtfgt. Jn taf dkmmkwjno sfgtjkn kd tajs ga`ptfr J `rouf wa`t ijnc kd prkg-
fssfs g`n ef fxpfgtfc jn taf cfgjsjkn efa`vjkur kd puemjg gmjfnts curjno ` tfncfr
`nc prkpksf uncfrmyjno suggfss d`gtkrs dkr ta`t spfgjdjg sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss. af
ga`ptfr fncs wjta taf fxpm`n`tjkn kd taf rfsf`rga cfsjon `nc hftakckmkoy dkr
fhpjrjg`mmy v`mjc`tjno taf prkpksfc prkgfssfs `nc suggfss d`gtkrs. E`sfc kn taf
fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga jn Ga`ptfrs 4 `nc ?, gkngmusjkns wjmm ef cr`wn jn Ga`ptfr 1
0.
5.
7.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 128/341
005
kn tafsf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc taf prkpksfc suggfss d`gtkrs,dkr taf cfsjon kd
duturf tfncfrs.
6.5 \rkpksfc suggfss d`gtkrs dkr ` tfncfr cfsjon
ajs sfgtjkn fxpmkrfs taf djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs J jcfntjdjfc drkh taf mjtfr`-
turf ta`t ga`r`gtfrjsf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd puemjg gmjfnts curjno `rgajtfgt sfmfg-
tjkns2 0) rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si, 5) sf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga, 7) wrjtjno taf cfgj-
sjkn prkgfss, 3) `oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts, `nc 6) bustjdyjno taf cfgjsjkn. Dkr
f`ga sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss taf tafkrftjg`m gkngfpts `nc djncjnos kd taf prfvjkus
ga`ptfrs mf`c tk sfvfr`m pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkrs dkr taf cfsjon kd `n `rgajtfgt drkh
` gmjfnts‚ pfrspfgtjvf. Jn tkt`m J prkpksf djdtffn suggfss d`gtkrs ta`t rfm`tf tk djvf
sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs. afsf prkgfssfs `nc d`gtkrs `rf knmy skhfwa`t garknk-
mkojg`m `nc jntfrrfm`tf. af cjvfrsf rkkts `nc gkngfptjkns kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn
`ppf`r tk g`usf ` gknsjcfr`emf `hkunt kd `hejoujty jn taf fxpfgt`tjkns `ekut taf
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt. Jn hy kpjnjkn gmjfnts tafrfdkrf a`vf tk jcfntjdytafjr `hejtjkns `nc `jhs djrst efdkrf tafy st`rt cfsjonjno ` tfncfr. Akwfvfr, taf
`jhs `nc `hejtjkn `rf suebfgt tk taf jntfr`gtjkn ta`t t`ifs pm`gf curjno ` tfncfr
eftwffn taf suppmy `nc cfh`nc sjcfs kd taf h`rift. af cfgjsjkn prkgfss curjno
taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf tfncfr js e`sfc kn taf `ssfsshfnt kd taf prkpks`ms jn
krcfr tk bucof cfsjon qu`mjty. Jn tajs prkgfss taf cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucof-
hfnts h`cf kd taf prkpks`ms a`vf tk ef `oorfo`tfc. Fxpfrtjsf pm`ys `n jhpkrt`nt
rkmf jn cfdjnjno `nc sa`pjno taf strugturf kd taf prkgfcurf ta`t sakumc mf`c tk `
cfgjsjkn `ekut taf wjnnfr kd ` tfncfr prkbfgt. @t taf fnc kd ` cfgjsjkn prkgfss taf
cfgjsjkn nffcs tk ef bustjdjfc tk taf st`ifakmcfrs.
6.5.0 Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si
af djrst sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss J jcfntjdjfc `s p`rt kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd pue-
mjg gmjfnts js e`sfc kn taf sfnsfrf`cjno gkngfpt `s cfsgrjefc ey E`mkoun, \yf `nc
Akcoijnskn (5<<1). Curjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss gmjfnts a`vf tk jntfrprft taf
gjrguhst`ngfs jn wajga tafy a`vf tk h`if tafjr cfgjsjkn `nc sa`pf taf hf`njno
kd ` suebfgt. Wa`pjno hf`njno `nc bucojno jts ga`r`gtfr `nc sjonjdjg`ngf js p`rt
kd ` dr`hjno prkgfss ta`t js rfqujrfc tk h`if cfgjsjkns (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<69
vfrsiy & I`anfh`n, 0:10). af rf`cjno kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si js `msk fvjcfnt jn
taf d`gt ta`t ` puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt `gts `s ` gmjfnt jnstf`c kd ` gustkhfr,
`nc a`s tk try tk `n`mysf cjstjngtjvf cjhfnsjkns kd `rgajtfgtur`m m`nou`of `ncgkhpftjtjkn tk inkw wa`t tk fxpfgt (Bknfs & Mjvnf-`r`nc`ga, 5<<19 Wtrkno,
0::4).
af pfrspfgtjvfs kn cfsjon qu`mjty `s cjsgussfc jn Ga`ptfr 5 - taf `rgajtfgtur-
`m cfsjon `pprk`ga (5.5), taf gkonjtjvf `pprk`ga (5.7), taf jntfr`gtjkn `pprk`ga
(5.3), nc taf prkgfss pprk`ga (5.6) - mfc tk cfdjnjtjkn ta`t cfdjnfs cfsjon qu`m-
jty `s ` v`muf bucofhfnt ta`t rfsumts drkh taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn `n jncjvjcu`m
`nc ` cfsjon kebfgt. Efg`usf kd tajs bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty `rf `mw`ys
h`cf jn rfm`tjkn tk taf fxjstjno v`mufs, strugturfs, hejtjkns nc nffcs kd n jncj-
vjcu`m st`ifakmcfr `nc tafjr pktfntj`m dkr taf duturf. af cfgjsjkn t`si kd ` gmjfnt
curjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt rfqujrfs sfvfr m bucofhfnts `ekut taf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 129/341
007
pktfntj`m cfsjon qu`mjty. Jn krcfr tk h`if ` bucofhfnt, taf hf`njno kd ` suebfgt
a`s tk ef dr`hfc. @dtfr durtafr n`mysjs kd taf pfrspfgtjvfs kn cfsjon qu`mjty J prk-
pksf ta`t taf cjddjgumtjfs `ekut bucojno cfsjon qu`mjty rfm`tf tk2 0) taf pfrspfgtjvf
ey wajga taf `ssfsshfnt js h`cf (sff Djourf 6.0), `nc 5) taf gkndjour`tjkn kd taf`ssfsshfnt (sff Djourf 6.5).
af `ssfsshfnt pfrspfgtjvf cfpfncs kn taf jntfrfsts `nc v`mufs kd taf pfrskn
wak bucofs taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjon. @ggkrcjno tk Euggj`rfmmj (5<<7, p. ::) ”taf
kebfgt g`n hf`n, g`n ef, cjddfrfnt tajnos tk cjddfrfnt pfkpmf‘. Jn taf s`hf mjnf kd
tajnijno J suppksf ta`t cjddfrfnt p`rtjgjp`nts jn cfsjon sff taf kebfgt kd cfsjon
cjddfrfntmy cfpfncjno upkn tafjr gkhpftfngjfs, rfspknsjejmjtjfs `nc tafjr tfganj-
g`m jntfrfsts. Efg`usf kd tajs humtjd`gftfc ga`r`gtfr kd taf kebfgt, ` cfsjon js knf
kebfgt wjta humtjpmf kebfgt-wkrmcs. Durtafr n`mysjs kd taf mjtfr`turf mfc tk mjst kd
pktfntj`mmy gkndmjgtjno pfrspfgtjvfs nc jntfrfsts ta`t gkumc kggur curjno prkgfss
kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn, fjtafr drkh wjtajn taf pfrspfgtjvfs tafhsfmvfs kr eftwffntaf jntfrfsts `nc v`mufs ta`t g`usfc taf v`muf bucofhfnt (sff Djourf 6.0). Dkr fx-
`hpmf, n rgajtfgt hjoat ef hkrf gkngfrnfc wjta taf rf`gtjkns kd taf rgajtfgtur-
`m gkhhunjty ta`n ta`t kd taf pktfntj`m usfrs kd ` eujmcjno, usfrs hjoat ef hkrf
jntfrfstfc jn taf dungtjkn`mjty `nc `fstaftjgs ta`n jn gknstrugtjkn kr cur`ejmjty,
`nc ` prkbfgt mf`cfr hjoat dkgus hkrf kn taf prkgfss fddjgjfngy `nc fddfgtjvfnfss
ta`n kn taf prkcugt qu`mjty. Eut `s ` usfr, ` prkbfgt mf`cfr kr `n `rgajtfgt hjoat
`msk ef jntfrfstfc jn taf dungtjkn`mjty `nc `fstaftjgs, `nc ` prkbfgt mf`cfr hjoat
`msk ef gkngfrnfc `ekut taf rf`gtjkns kd taf `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty. afsf pfr-
spfgtjvfs `nc v`mufs nffc tk ef e`m`ngfc wjtajn `n jncjvjcu`m `nc wjtajn ` orkup
kd jncjvjcu`ms jn krcfr tk rf`ga ` djn`m bucofhfnt `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty.af kebfgt kd hf`surfhfnt `nc taf n`turf kd taf hf`surfhfnt `rf `msk vfry
rfmfv`nt jn gkhp`rjno taf mfvfms kd cfsjon qu`mjty. @s cjspm`yfc jn Djourf 6.5,
hf`surfhfnt mfvfms gkumc dkr fx`hpmf cjddfr eftwffn taf kebfgt `nc taf gkntfxt,
taf jncjvjcu`m vfrsus ` orkup, kr `spfgts vfrsus taf tkt`mjty. Jn Ga`ptfr 5.5 J dkunc
ta`t mjtfr`turf jn rgajtfgturf usu`mmy ckfs nkt cjddfrfntj`tf g`rfdummy eftwffn hf`s-
urfhfnt mfvfms, eut ckfs cjstjnoujsa cjddfrfnt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf cfsjon. af
n`turf kd taf hf`surfhfnts cftfrhjnfs taf strugturf kd ` hf`surfhfnt. Cfsjon
kebfgts g`n a`vf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t g`n ef cyn`hjg, st`tjg, t`nojemf, jnt`nojemf,
pfrgfjvfc, sfnsfc ftg. (sff Djourf 6.5). afsf cjvfrsf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jndmufngf taf
`ejmjty tk qu`ntjdy kr qu`mjdy taf `ssfsshfnt kd taf cfsjon qu`mjtjfs. @ eujmcjno
\FUW\FGSJTF/ JNSFUFWSW
`rtjstjg fxprfssjkn vs. prkdfssjkn`m jntfrfst vs. usfr sfrvjgf
fxpfrts vs. m`yhfn
.
gksts vs. qu`mjty
`fstaftjgs vs. dungtjkn`mjty vs. gknstrugtjkn vs. cur`ejmjty
purga`sf vs. h`jntfn`ngf
ok`ms vs. hf`ns.
`gtjvf burkr vs. p`ssjvf pfrgfjvfr
cfe`tf vs. cfgjsjkn h`ijno
Djourf 6.0 Kvfrvjfw kd pfrspfgtjvfs jn `ssfssjno qu`mjty `nc v`muf jn cfsjon
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 130/341
003
g`n ef sffn `s gknsjstjno kd df`turfs kr p`rts ta`t g`n ef hf`surfc `nc sfnsfc
paysjg`mmy, suga `s jts jnckkr gmjh`tf kr afjoat. Jt `msk gknt`jns h`ny `spfgts ta`t
prkvjcf hf`njno, suga `s taf jhp`gt kn taf fnvjrknhfnt `nc taf sfnsf kd akhf.
afsf cjddfrfngfs rfm`tf tk taf t`nojejmjty kd ` df`turf. Cfsjon qu`mjty rfm`tfs tk taf
suh kd tafsf cjddfrfnt qu`mjtjfs. Jn taf sjtu`tjkns kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn jt sffhs
mjifmy ta`t bucofhfnts wjmm `mw`ys prkcugf gkndmjgts `ekut taf pktfntj`m cfsjon
qu`mjty ta`t taf g`ncjc`tfs kddfr. @n `ssfsshfnt `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty js vfry gkh-
pmfx nc cjvfrsf nc g`nnkt ef cfdjnfc jn st`tjg h`nnfr. Wkhf hf`ns kd rrjvjno
`t `nc puemjsajno taf bucofhfnts wjmm jndm`hf gkndmjgts, wajmf ktafrs h`y `mm`y
tafh. af `ssfsshfnt systfh kd cfsjon qu`mjty sakumc `ccrfss ekta t`nojemf `nc
jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs eut msk ga`nnfm cfgjsjkn. Efg`usf kd tajs gkhpmfxjty J
prfsuhf ta`t cfsjon qu`mjty js fvfntu`mmy pfrgfjvfc kn ` akmjstjg mfvfm curjno cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno. Jn krcfr tk suggfssdummy rf`c taf cfgjsjkn t`si J `ssuhf ta`t2
af hyrj`c kd tafkrftjg`m nc pr`gtjg`m jnsjoats jn taf prfvjkus ga`ptfrs ekut
v`muf bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkns sakwfc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno wjta taf `jh kd sf-
mfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt `ccrfssfs ` mkt kd pktfntj`mmy gkndmjgtjno ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`tkrjojn`tf drkh taf cjvfrsf rkkts kd taf pafnkhfnkn2 taf tfncfrjno dkr wkris
HKHFNS KD HF@WVUFHFNS
rfprfsfnt`tjkns kd duturf kebfgts vs. fxjstjno paysjg`m kebfgts
prf-purga`sf vs. pkst-purga`sf
. .
KEBFGS KD HF@WVUFHFNS
.
jncjvjcu`m vs. kro`njs`tjkn vs. skgjfty mfvfm
kvfr`mm v`muf vs. gksts/qu`mjty e`m`ngf
orkups vs. jncjvjcu`ms
`spfgts vs. tkt`mjty
.
t`nojemf spfgts vs. jnt`nojemf spfgts
s`tjsd`gtjkn vs. cjss`tjsd`gtjkn
qu`mjdjg`tjkn vs. qu`ntjdjg`tjkn
v`mufs vs. v`muf systfh
kebfgt `s suga vs. kebfgt `s pfrgfjvfc
sjhum tjkn vs. rf m mjdf.st`tjg vs. cyn`hjg
hf`surfhfnt vs. hf`njno
Djourf 6.5 Kvfrvjfw kd gknour`tjkn kptjkns dkr gkhp`rjno qu`mjty `nc v`muf jn cfsjon
D`gtkr 0
@ tfncfr wjmm prkcugf dfwfr gknjgts `nc wjmm ef hkrf suggfssdum jd taftfncfr cfsjon mmkws dkr ` akmjstjg bucofhfnt ta`t jngkrpkr`tfs pktfntj`mmygknjgtjno bucofhfnts wjtajn jtsfmd.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 131/341
006
`nc sfrvjgfs, taf sf`rga dkr ` p`rtnfr, `nc taf cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn (Wtrkno, 0::4).
Curjno `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns `ssuhptjkns `rf h`cf `ekut duturf dungtjknjno kd `
eujmcjno `nc gfrt`jn `mtfrn`tjvfs nffc tk ef gkhp`rfc. @t tajs st`of jn taf cfsjon
prkbfgt ` v`mjc `nc rfmj`emf fstjh`tjkn kd taf gknstrugtjkn gkst jn rfm`tjkn tk taf
pktfntj`m qu`mjty js huga hkrf gkhpmjg`tfc ta`n taf rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn prjgf
`nc qu`mjty `t taf st`rt kd ` gknstrugtjkn prkbfgt. ajs `ppf`rs tk ef rfdmfgtfc jntaf nuhefr kd tfncfrs w`rcfc kn taf mkwfst prjgf (prfdfrrfc jn gknstrugtjkn) nc
taf hkst fgknkhjg`mmy `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr (prfdfrrfc jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns). Zft
` suppksfcmy jrrfgkngjm`emf pafnkhfnkn t`ifs pm`gf curjno `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
ajs a`s tk ck wjta taf d`gt ta`t taf djn`m `jh kd taf gmjfnt js tk euy ` wkri (` nfw
eujmcjno), eut taf gmjfnt hust djrst sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt e`sfc kn ` rfprfsfnt`tjkn
kd taf pktfntj`m wkri. af prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn knmy `mmkws `n jncjrfgt
mjni wjta taf djn`m `jh kd taf gmjfnt2 ` nfw eujmcjno. af prkcugts kd taf `rgajtfgt
`nc kd taf gkntr`gtkr rf kdtfn sfp`r`tfc curjno taf sfmfgtjkns prkgfssfs eut t taf
s`hf tjhf `msk tafy `rf gknnfgtfc ey jn taf hjncs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af
hjxturf kd `jhs `nc hf`ns g`usfs ta`t taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt js `gkhpmjg`tfc prkgfss wjta ` skhfwa`t ungmf`r `jh `t taf efojnnjno.
Djourf 6.7 prfsfnts taf tfnsjkns ta`t `ppf`r kdtfn drkh taf cjddfrfnt jntfrfsts
`t pm`y jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. af mfdt sjcf kd taf djourf sakws taf `rgajtfgtur`m
gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn, wajga js e`sfc kn taf gmjfnt‚s jntfntjkn tk `gqujrf ` cfsjon
prkcugt `s ` p`trkn. ajs tr`cjtjkn `ginkwmfcofs taf `rtjstjg ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd `n
`rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. _afn gmjfnts mkki dkr `n `rgajtfgt dkr taf cfsjon kd ` puemjg
eujmcjno, `rgajtfgts `rf kdtfn `sifc tk sakw tafjr gkhpftfngfs tk taf puemjg `nc
tk taf gmjfnt `nknyhkusmy. ajs puemjg cfe`tf js p`rt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cj-
tjkn. Curjno gkhpftjtjkn taf dkgus mjfs kn taf cfsjon kd, kr vjsjkn dkr, taf duturf
eujmcjno. af rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty js rfprfsfntfc jn ` bury gkhhjttff ta`t a`staf `utakrjty tk `ppkjnt ` wjnnfr e`sfc kn `nknyhkus fv`mu`tjkn kd taf cfsjon
prkpks`ms. ajs tr`cjtjkn js e`sfc kn taf ssuhptjkn ta`t ` p`rtnfr jn `rgajtfgtur`m
cfsjon g`n ef gaksfn ey bucojno taf gkhpftfngfs kd ` pfrskn ey (`nknyhkusmy)
fv`mu`tjno ajs kr afr paysjg`m wkri kr ` prfvjfw kd tajs prkcugt.
GKH\FSJSJKN SU@CJSJKN
\rkcugt
\UKGVUFHFNS \UJNGJ\MFW
\`rtnfr
k ` kg` kn @rtjst
Kebfgt dkgus
Gknsumt`tjkn
frv gf ` kg` knFntrfprfnfur
\rkgfss dkgus
@gqujsjtjkn
fs on gkngfpt
Gkst-qu`mjty r`tjk
Gkhpftjtjkn rfoum`tjkns
Bury utakrjty
rk fgt v s kn
T`muf h`xjhjs`tjkn
Sfncfr prkgfcurfs
Gmjfnt utakrjty
nknyh y n fr`g kn
Djourf 6.7 Sfnsjkns krjojn`tjno drkh taf gkhpftjno gkngfptjkns kd taf `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn
prkgfss
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 132/341
004
af rjoat sjcf kd taf djourf sakws taf prkgurfhfnt prjngjpmfs `nc tafjr h`n-
`ofrj`m prkgfssfs ta`t `ppmy tk taf sjtu`tjkn kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn. Jn taf prk-
gurfhfnt `pprk`ga `rgajtfgts `rf gknsjcfrfc `s fntrfprfnfurj`m sfrvjgf prkvjcfrs
gkhpftjno dkr gkntr`gt. Vncfrmyjno taf FV prkgfcurfs js taf jcf` kd sfmfgtjno `
p`rtnfr dkr ` eujmcjno prkbfgt wak js g`p`emf kd cfsjonjno taf duturf eujmcjno.
Wuga ` prkgfss dkgusfs kn h`xjhuh v`muf dkr taf gmjfnt `nc tafrfdkrf taf gmjfnta`s taf djn`m cfgjsjkn `utakrjty ‗ ‑af wak p`ys taf pjpfr g`mms taf tunf‚. Jn krcfr
tk inkw wjta wakh taf gmjfnt wjmm ef ckjno eusjnfss wjta, jntfr`gtjkn js `n jh-
pkrt`nt fmfhfnt jn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss.
Ekta `pprk`gafs jn Djourf 6.7 cjspm`y ` vjfw kd taf sf`rga dkr ` p`rtnfr jn
cfsjon jn mjnf wjta tafjr kwn r`tjkn`mjty `nc tr`cjtjkns. Jn hy kpjnjkn ekta `p-
prk`gafs `rf `pprkprj`tf. Akwfvfr, taf fx`gt emfnc jn `ny p`rtjgum`r sfmfgtjkn prk-
gfcurf hust rfdmfgt `s mkno `s tafy djt taf `jhs kd taf gmjfnt. Ekta taf gkhpftjtjkn
`nc taf tfncfr tr`cjtjkn rfqujrf jntujtjvf bucofhfnts `s wfmm `s r`tjkn`m `n`mytjg`m
tajnijno tk bucof taf gkhpftfngfs kd taf tfncfrfr nc taf qu`mjty kd taf prkpks`m.
Eut wa`t fx`gtmy js taf sfrvjgf ta`t ` cfsjon djrh cfmjvfrs `nc akw g`n jt ef `s-sfssfc; @ gmjfnt tafrfdkrf a`s tk `n`mysf tafjr `jhs kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss djrst
`nc tafn st`rt tk cfvfmkp `n `ssfsshfnt prkgfss dkr sfmfgtjkn. C`y `nc E`risc`mf
(0::5) nc Gafuno, Iufn nc Wijthkrf (5<<5) dkunc ta`t `rgajtfgts rf ssfssfc
kn tafjr pfrgfjvfc fxpfrtjsf, fxpfrjfngf `nc gkhpftfngfs, taf e`giorkunc kd taf
djrh, tafjr uncfrst`ncjno `nc rfm`tjknsajp wjta taf gmjfnts, `nc taf mjifmjakkc
ta`t tafy wjmm gkndkrh tk taf gkntr`gtu`m `nc `chjnjstr`tjvf rfqujrfhfnts. afsf
rf`skns rfdmfgt taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf n`turf kd taf sfrvjgf `nc taf pr`gtjgf kd
`ssfsshfnt jn cfsjon. @rgajtfgtur`m sfrvjgfs `ccrfss unjquf gjrguhst`ngfs `nc taf
rfsumts `rf nkt f`sjmy dkrfsffn ‗ knf g`nnkt fxpfgt `n `rgajtfgt‚s nfxt eujmcjno tk
mkki mjif ajs/afr m`st ‗ sk ta`t taf bucofhfnt hust ef h`cf nkt knmy kn prfvjkuscfsjons, eut msk jn p`rt kn taf ga`r`gtfr n sijmms taf rgajtfgt g`n cfhknstr`tf kr
cfsgrjef jn ajs/afr prkpks`m. J tafrfdkrf gkngmucf ta`t taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n rgajtfgt
rfm`tfs tk taf gkhejn`tjkn kd taf `rgajtfgt `s ` pfrskn wjta gfrt`jn gkhpftfngfs,
taf qu`mjty kd taf pktfntj`m prkcugt, nc taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf djrh tafy rfprf-
sfnt. ajs ‑p`gi`of‚ g`nnkt ef t`ifn `p`rt curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af prjkrjtjfs
`nc jhs kd gmjfnt cftfrhjnf taf rfm`tjvf e`m`ngf eftwffn taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cj-
tjkn nc prkgurfhfnt prjngjpmfs. J tafrfdkrf prfsuhf ta`t pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkr
jn rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si wjmm ef tk `ginkwmfcof ta`t2
D`gtkr 5
@ tfncfr cfsjon wjmm knmy ef suggfssdum jd jt `ccrfssfs taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kdtaf `rgajtfgt `s ` pfrskn, taf prkpksfc cfsjon, `s wfmm `s taf rh ta`t tafyrfprfsfnt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 133/341
00?
6.5.5 Wf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs, `nckppkrtunjtjfs
af sfgknc prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno J cjstjnoujsa jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns js e`sfc kn
taf jntfr`gtjkn prjngjpmf kd h`rift p`rtjfs uncfrmyjno prkgurfhfnt m`w jn gkh-
ejn`tjkn kd taf jh`of tafkry kd Ef`ga (0::<) `nc taf h`tgajno prjngjpmfs kd taf
`c`ptjvf tkkmijt wjta afurjstjgs (Ojofrfnzfr & Wfmtfn, 5<<09 Ojofrfnzfr, ft `m.,
0:::). Jn taf `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss taf okvfrn`ngf strugturf kd taf gmjfnt
nffcs tk ef t`ifn jntk ggkunt nc gknnfgtfc tk taf fgknkhjg`m nc mfo`m gkntfxt
kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. @ggkrcjno tk jh`of tafkry cfgjsjkn h`ifrs h`tga tafjr
kwn v`mufs `nc efmjfds wjta spfgjdjg ok`ms `nc kpfr`tjkn`m pm`ns. af djrst prkgfss
kd rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si js `n jhpkrt`nt stfp jn cfdjnjno taf ok`ms. ajs prkgfss
strknomy rfm`tfs tk taf kpfr`tjkn`m pm`ns. Jn `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss gmjfnts
a`vf tk djnc w`y tk h`tga tafjr hejtjkns nc nffcs wjta taf kppkrtunjtjfs ta`t
`rf kddfrfc ey taf `rgajtfgts ta`t bkjn ` tfncfr, ` prkgfss gkhp`r`emf tk taf djnc-
jnos kd Fmse`ga `nc Ir`hfr (5<<7).
Jn eskmutf nuhefrs taf nuhefr kd tfncfrs jn wajga rgajtfgts rf sfmfgtfc dkr
` eujmcjno prkbfgt jn taf puemjg sfgtkr js mjhjtfc9 rfgfnt nuhefrs sakw dkr 5<<:
`ekut 03< rfstrjgtfc tfncfrs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs (Offrtsf, 5<0<). Akwfvfr jt rf-
o`rcs sjonjdjg`nt pkrtjkn kd mm eujmcjnos wjta puemjg ga`r`gtfr eujmt jn `ny ojv-
fn yf`r. af jhpmjg`tjkns, `nc tafrfdkrf `msk taf gkhpmfxjty kd taf `ssjonhfnt kd
taksf prkbfgts ta`t a`vf tk ef tfncfrfc, a`vf ` ajoa jhp`gt kn skgjfty. Jn cfvfmkp-
jno eujmcjnos puemjg gmjfnts h`if cfgjsjkns ta`t gkumc a`vf ` trfhfnckus jhp`gt
kn taf wfmmefjno kd h`ny pfkpmf kr orkups kd pfkpmf. Dkr rgajtfgts tafsf ijncs kd
prkbfgts rf kd h`bkr jntfrfst efg`usf kd taf kppkrtunjty tk eujmc up taf pkrtdkmjk,
taf puemjgjty ta`t gkhfs wjta taf prkbfgt, `nc `ttr`gtjvfnfss kd taf `ssjonhfnt tk
cfsjon ` puemjg eujmcjno. Kngf taf `rgajtfgt js gaksfn, (s)af wjmm efgkhf `n jh-
pkrt`nt hfhefr kd taf prkbfgt tf`h `s taf eujmcjno wjmm orf`tmy cfpfnc kn ajs kr
afr g`p`ejmjtjfs tk vjsu`mjsf `nc eujmc taf ‑crf`h‚ kd taf gmjfnt.
Dkr puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts taf prkpks`ms kd taf g`ncjc`tfs jn taf sfmfg-
tjkn pa`sf `nc tfncfrfrs jn taf `w`rc pa`sf `rf fssfntj`m jnput dkr cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno. Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs fxpfrjfngf mm ijncs kd cjmfhh`s ekut taf jhs, gtjkns nc
`gtkrs kd ` cfgjsjkn (Ftzjknj, 0:11). @ cfgjsjkn `ekut taf wjnnfr kd taf tfncfr
a`s tk ef suppkrtfc ey taf kro`njs`tjkn kd taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy, taf h`rift
p`rtjfs jn qufstjkn `s wfmm `s taf gkhhunjty jn ofnfr`m (Dfmch`n, 5<<7). @ tfn-
cfr wjmm tafrfdkrf prke`emy nkt knmy gknsjst kd ` tfncfr erjfd `nc ` prkgfcurf tkh`if taf djn`m cfgjsjkn, eut `msk jngmucf ` prkgfcur`m prkgfss jn krcfr tk gkmmfgt
taf prkpks`ms drkh taf h`rift `nc ` gkngfpt tk jnvkmvf st`ifakmcfrs jn cfgjsjkn
h`ijno.
J suoofst `ppmyjno taf tfrh ‑cfsjon‚ `nc taf `gtjvjty kd cfsjonjno kn cfgjsjkns
ta`t `rf h`cf tk sa`pf taf tfncfr prkgfcurf9 ` gmjfnt a`s tk cfsjon ` tfncfr jn
krcfr tk sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt. af cfsjon kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf sakumc spfgjdy taf
dkrh`t kd taf jndkrh`tjkn usfc curjno taf `ssfsshfnt `nc bucofhfnt kd taf prk-
pks`ms `nc cftfrhjnf taf `gtkrs jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno. E`sfc kn taf `jhs kd taf gmj-
fnt, ` pfrspfgtjvf a`s tk ef gaksfn tk cfsjon taf tfncfr rfoum`tjkns ta`t sft taf cj-
rfgtjkn kd taf tfncfr (sff Djourf 6.7). af cjrfgtjkn `nc `jh kd taf tfncfr sakumcef rfdmfgtfc jn taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `nc taf prkgfcurf ta`t `rf usfc. Jn tfrhs kd
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 134/341
001
tajs rfsf`rga tajs hf`ns ta`t taf tfrh ‑cfsjon‚ skhftjhfs rfdfrs tk taf sfrvjgfs `nc
prkcugts kddfrs ey taf rgajtfgts (taf suppmy sjcf kd taf h`rift) nc skhftjhfs ey
taf gkhhjssjknjno puemjg gmjfnts (taf cfh`nc kr purga`sjno sjcf kd taf h`rift.
J `ssuhf ta`t jt js taf pktfntj`m djt eftwffn taf cfsjon kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc
taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt ta`t fvfntu`mmy cftfrhjnfs taf qu`mjty kd
taf h`tga eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf `rgajtfgt. ajs mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno pktfn-tj`m suggfss d`gtkr jn sf`rgajno dkr h`tga eftwffn taf `jhs, nffcs, hejtjkns nc
kppkrtunjtjfs kd `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss2
Gjtjzfns, pkmjtjgj`ns, `nc taf `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty a`vf orf`t jntfrfst jn
tafsf ijncs kd tfncfr prkbfgts. Jt usu`mmy cfpfncs kn taf jhp`gt kd taf duturf
eujmcjno jd puemjg gmjfnts jnvkmvf taf gjtjzfns, fxpfrts jn rgajtfgturf nc gjty pm`n-
njno kr ktafr st`ifakmcfrs jn taf prkgfss (v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:). Wkhf kd taf
prkemfhs jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf jncjg`tf ta`t taf nkjsf ta`t js grf`tfc `rkunc `rgaj-
tfgt sfmfgtjkns p`rtmy rfm`tfs tk taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd st`ifakmcfrs, fspfgj`mmy gjtjzfns,
`nc tafjr pktfntj`m jndmufngf kn taf djn`m rfsumts. ajs gkumc ef g`usfc ey taf m`gi
kd ` gmf`r cjstjngtjkn eftwffn p`rtjgjp`tjkn `jhs `nc mkeeyjno purpksfs kd gmjfnts
(Grksey, ft `m., 0:14). Dkr taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt J jcfntjdjfc djvf `g-
tkr orkups ta`t gkumc ef jnvkmvfc jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno2 st`ifakmcfrs ta`t krjojn`tfdrkh taf okvfrn`ngf strugturf (f.o. gjtjzfns `nc prkdfssjkn`ms), st`ifakmcfrs ta`t
`rf p`rt kd taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn (f.o. fhpmkyffs, pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs), st`dd hfhefrs
ta`t `rf p`rt kd taf prkbfgt tf`h, hfhefrs kd taf bury p`nfm `gtjno `s ` sfmfgtjkn
`nc/kr `w`rc gkhhjttff, `nc taf stffrjno gkhhjttff kd taf puemjg gkhhjssjkn-
jno gmjfnt. af st`ifakmcfrs `mm a`vf ` cjddfrfnt rkmf `nc jntfrfst jn taf eujmcjno
prkbfgt nc taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd taf rgajtfgt. Dkr mm gtkr orkups taf cvjskry
kr cfgjsjvf rjoats nffcs tk ef prkpfrmy `ccrfssfc (sff dkr fx`hpmf Fcfmfneks &
Imjbn, 5<<69 Trkkh & B`ok, 0:11).
`emf 6.0 sakws dkur str`tfojfs J cjstjnoujsafc jn p`rtjgjp`tjkn rkmfs kd `g-
tkrs curjno gkhpftjtjkns `nc tfncfrs2 taf tr`cjtjkn gkhpftjtjkn, taf p`rtjgjp`-tkry gkhpftjtjkn, taf gkhp`gt tfncfr, `nc taf p`rtjgjp`tkry tfncfr. af hkcfm kd
Trkkh `nc Zfttkn (0:11) kddfrs 3 typfs kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn
h`ijno, wajga gkumc ef `ppmjfc kn tfncfr sjtu`tjkns2 `utkgr`tjg (@), gknsumt`tjvf
(G), orkup (O) `nc cfmfo`tjkn (C) (sff Ga`ptfr 3.5.5). @ppmyjno tafsf nktjkns tk
tfncfr sjtu`tjkns sffhs prkhjsjno efg`usf jt cjstjnoujsafs cjddfrfnt ‑cfsjon‚ typfs
kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs `nc cjddfrfntj`tfs taf `gtu`m `gtkrs jn taf
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss drkh taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs. @ssfsshfnt ey st`dd `s p`rt kd taf
prkbfgt `nc `n`mysjs tf`h g`n ef p`rt kd taf gknsumt`tjkn, bury prkgfssfs g`n ef
gknsjcfrfc s orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfssfs nc stffrjno gkhhjttff ppkjnt-
jno ` bury p`nfm tk sfmfgt taf wjnnfrs sffhs tk ef ` okkc fx`hpmf kd cfmfo`tjkn
D`gtkr 7
Saf t eftwffn taf `jhs `nc taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr wjmm gkntrjeutf tk tafsuggfss kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 135/341
00:
jn taf gkntfxt kd taf tfncfr. Jn hy kpjnjkn ` gmjfnt a`s tk cfsjon ` p`rtjgjp`tjkn
prkgfss ta`t djts taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf st`ifakmcfrs. Jn Ga`ptfr 3.5.5 twkhftakcs kd st`ifakmcfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn wfrf jntrkcugfc ta`t `rf sujt`emf dkr gjtjzfns
jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. Jn g`sf kd ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn kr rfstrjgtfc
tfncfr wjta cfsjon prkpks`ms, taf prkpks`ms g`n ef fv`mu`tfc kn tafjr prfdfrfngfs
jn taf tr`cjtjkn kd fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy (N`s`r, 0:::). ajs rfqujrfs ` rf-
sf`rga `pprk`ga wjta ` Mjifrt-sg`mf kn gfrt`jn v`rj`emf `nc st`tjstjg`m `n`mysjs `nc
` prkpfr r`nckhjsfc s`hpmf `nc nkt ` supfrdjgj`m ‑ef`uty gkntfst‚ `s gurrfntmy
usfc jn pr`gtjgf. af ktafr kptjkn wkumc ef tk `ssjon ` gjtjzfn p`nfm ey kn taf
jcf`s kd Grksey, Ifmmfy `nc Wga`fdfr (0:14) ta`t js fcug`tfc kn taf tafhf `nc
suppkrtfc jn wrjtjno ` rfpkrt `ekut tafjr rfgkhhfnc`tjkns.
af h`jn cjddfrfngf eftwffn ` gkhpftjtjkn `nc ` tfncfr jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf`ppf`rs tk ef taf rkmf kd taf bury p`nfm. @rf tafy gknsumt`nts dkr taf stffrjno gkh-
hjttff, kr ck tafy a`vf rfspknsjejmjty dkr taf kutgkhf kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno;
Wakumc taf `w`rc gkhhjttff gknsjst kd okvfrnhfnt rfprfsfnt`tjvfs, kr sakumc jt
gknsjst kd fxpfrts jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf `nc ure`n pm`nnjno; _a`t sakumc ef
taf rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn taf stffrjno gkhhjttff nc taf w`rc gkhhjttff; afsf
gknsjcfr`tjkns `msk krjojn`tf drkh taf hjxfc krjojns kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgf-
curfs `s cfsgrjefc ey Wtrkno (0::4). Kn taf kro`njs`tjkn`m mfvfm ` gkndmjgt gkumc
kggur eftwffn taf prkbfgt strugturf kd taf tfncfr kr gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf kro`nj-
s`tjkn`m strugturf kd taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy. Ufspknsjejmjtjfs `rf cfmfo`tfc tk
`gtkrs ta`t rf nkt p`rt kd taf kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturf nc tafrfdkrf a`vf cjddfrfntrfspknsjejmjtjfs. ajs mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkr dkr p`rtjgjp`-
tjkn kd st`ifakmcfrs jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns2
@ 8 `utkgr`tjg, G 8 gknsumt`tjvf, O 8
orkup, nc C 8 cfmfo`tjkn
Sr`cjtjkn`m
gkhpftjtjkn
\`rtjgjp`tkry
gkhpftjtjkn
Gkhp`gt
tfncfr
\`rtjgjp`tkry
tfncfr
Wt`ifakmcfrs krjojn`tjno drkh taf
okvfrn`ngf strugturf (vjsjtkrs, gjtjzfns,
prkdfssjkn`m fffmc)
G G
Wt`ifakmcfrs `s p`rt kd taf gmjfnt kro`nj-
s`tjkn (fhpmkyffs, pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs)G G
Wt` hfhefrs - \rkbfgt tf`h (G) G (G) G
Wfmfgtjkn & @w`rc gkhhjttff - Bury
p`nfmO O G G
Gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt ekcy - Wtffrjno
gkhhjttffC C @ kr O @ kr O
S`emf 6.0 Sypkmkoy kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn kptjkns jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkns
D`gtkr 3
Saf t eftwffn taf pksjtjkn `nc typf kd taf st`ifakmcfrs `nc tafjr rkmfjn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss wjmm gkntrjeutf tk taf suggfss kd taf p`rtjgjp`tjknstr`tfoy kd taf tfncfr cfsjon.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 136/341
05<
6.5.7 _rjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss
af tajrc sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss ta`t fvkmvfc drkh taf prfvjkus ga`ptfrs js taf
prkgfss kd wrjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. ajs sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss js e`sfc kn taf
gkngfpt kd ‑sfnsfwrjoatjno‚ nc ‑sfnsfojvjno‚ kd E`mkoun ft m. (5<<1) jn wajga taf
cfgjsjkn t`si js jnafrjtfc `nc taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno js jndmufngfc ey taf
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. J gkhejnf tajs sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss wjta taf gkngfpt kd sa`rjnodr`hfs `hkno cfgjsjkn h`ifrs (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). Jn hy kpjnjkn tajs
prkgfss g`n ef gkhp`rfc tk taf `gtjvjty kd ‑wrjtjno‚ ` prkgfss efg`usf ` cfgjsjkn
prkgfss js sa`pfc nc taus wrjttfn curjno taf cur`tjkn kd taf prfp`r`tjkns nc taf
jhpmfhfnt`tjkns kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt.
af mjtfr`turf rfvjfw jn Ga`ptfr 7 sakwfc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno js ` prkgfss
kd ok`m sfttjno, pfrgfptjkn, jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno, dr`hjno, gkhp`rjskn, fv`mu`-
tjkn, cfgjcjno kn `gtjkn `nc djncjno cfgjsjkn suppkrt wajga kggurs `t jncjvjcu`m
`s wfmm `s kn taf mfvfm kd taf tf`h (Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<69 Akcoijnskn &
Wt`reugi, 5<<1e). afrfdkrf ok`m sfttjno sakumc ef taf djrst stfp jn ` tfncfr prkg-
fss. ajs rfm`tfs gmksfmy tk rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si (sfgtjkn 6.5.0). J gknsjcfr taf
prfp`r`tjkns kd ` g`mm dkr prkpks`ms `s ` prkgfss kd eujmcjno dr`hfs `ggkrcjno tk
wajga taf prkpks`ms kd taf `rgajtfgts wjmm ef bucofc. k fnsurf ta`t taf dr`hf kd
ok`m sfttjno js sjhjm`r tk taf dr`hf kd fv`mu`tjkn `nc `gtjkn cfgjsjkn, prfp`r`tjkns
sakumc ef gkncugtfc jn gkmm`ekr`tjkn wjta taf burkrs. @mjonjno ` cfgjsjkn dr`hf
js nkt taf s`hf `s gkpyjno ` dr`hf sk taf `gtkrs `rf stjmm `emf tk pursuf tafjr kwn
ok`ms. Jn g`sf gmjfnt cfgjcfs tk ajrf gknsumt`nts dkr taf h`n`ofhfnt nc mfo`m jh-
pmjg`tjkns kd taf tfncfr nc jnvjtf fxtfrn`m fxpfrts s hfhefrs kd tafjr bury p`nfm,
tafy a`vf tk ef `w`rf kd taf cjddfrfngfs jn ok`ms `nc grjtfrj` dkr suggfss (Ijfsfr
& _fmmstfjn, 5<<1). Efg`usf kd taf spfgjdjg ga`r`gtfr kd `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn `n
jndkrh`tjkn syhhftry nc gkhhunjg`tjkn djmtfrs rf fxpfgtfc eftwffn taf gkn-
sumt`nts, bury hfhefrs `nc taf gmjfnt rfprfsfnt`tjvfs.
Nuhfrkus cfgjsjkns `ekut taf prkgfcurf, erjfd `nc st`ifakmcfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn
a`vf tk ef t`ifn efdkrf taf fv`mu`tjvf wkri kd taf bury prkgfss st`rts. @ dfw fx-
`hpmfs kd suga cfgjsjkns `rf taf sjzf, typf `nc gkntfnt kd taf gkntr`gt, taf ijnc
kd tfncfrjno prkgfcurf, taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` kr taf dkrh`t kd taf prkpks`ms. Ey
grf`tjno hjxfc tf`hs wjta st`dd `nc fxtfrn`m `cvjskrs, jndkrh`tjkn `ekut tafsf js-
sufs g`n ef fxga`nofc `nc grjtjg`mmy `ssfssfc ey ` cjvfrsf orkup kd pfkpmf jn taf
prfp`r`tjkn `nc taf rf`mjs`tjkn pa`sf (Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y, 5<<1). Jd tafsf
`gtkrs wkumc sa`rf tafjr cfgjsjkn dr`hfs, kdtfn krjojn`tjno drkh cjddfrfnt djfmcskd fxpfrtjsf `nc `ddjmj`tjkns, tajs wkumc jngrf`sf taf prkgfssfs kd sfnsfh`ijno ef-
twffn taf cfgjsjkn `gtkrs. J tafrfdkrf suoofst taf dkmmkwjno suggfss d`gtkr jn wrjt-
jno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss2
D`gtkr 6
@mm `gtkrs jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss nffc tk `mjon tafjr dr hf kd rfdfrfngfs cu-rjno prfp`r`tjkn kd taf tfncfr prkgfss jn krcfr tk rf`ga cfgjsjkn t taf fnckd taf prkgfss ta`t ts taf `hejtjkns `nc `jhs kd taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 137/341
050
@ erjfd js `n jmm-strugturfc prkemfh wjta nk ‑rjoat‚ skmutjkn. af bucofhfnt kd
taf qu`mjty kd ` cfsjon prkpks`m g`n tafrfdkrf ef ga`r`gtfrjsfc `s ` bucofhfnt`m
t`si `ekut sfvfr`m t`nojemf `nc jnt`nojemf qu`mjty `spfgts. ajs rfqujrfs ckh`jn
spfgjdjg inkwmfcof. af gkhejn`tjkn kd cjddfrfnt ijncs kd bucofhfnt`m t`sis jh-
pmjfs ta`t twk sfp`r`tf prkgfssfs kd r`tjkn`m n`mysjs nc fxpfrjfntj`m jntujtjkn (taf
cu`m-prkgfss tafkry, sff dkr fx`hpmf Ga`jifn & rkpf, 0:::9 I`anfh`n, 5<<7)`rf jnvkmvfc jn h`ijno cfgjsjkns `ekut taf efst `rgajtfgt. af v`muf bucofhfnts
`si dkr ekta gknsgjkus, `n`mytjg`m `ssfsshfnt prkgfssfs `s wfmm `s jntujtjvf, ungkn-
sgjkus `ssfsshfnt prkgfssfs. Curjno tafsf prkgfssfs pfkpmf usf afurjstjgs tk s`vf
tjhf `nc fnfroy, eut ey ckjno sk systfh`tjg frrkrs `rf h`cf (\mkus, 0::79 Wjhkn,
0::?). afrfdkrf hf`surfhfnts sakumc ef t`ifn tk prfvfnt ej`sfs.
af prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno ekut cfsjon qu`mjty curjno ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfr
kddjgj`mmy rfqujrfs twk pa`sfs. Jn taf djrst pa`sf ` sfmfgtjkn js h`cf eftwffn taf
`rgajtfgts ta`t sakwfc jntfrfst jn taf gkntr`gt, taf tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs. @ggkrcjno
tk prkgurfhfnt m`w tajs cfgjsjkn sakumc rfm`tf tk taf tfganjg`m, djn`ngj`m `nc kr-
o`njs`tjkn`m qu`mjtjfs kd taf djrhs. Jn taf sfgknc pa`sf ` cfgjsjkn js h`cf wajgarfsumts jn `w`rcjno taf gkntr`gt tk knf kd taf tfncfrfrs. Mfo`mmy tajs cfgjsjkn
sakumc rfm`tf tk taf kddfrs kr prkpks`ms h`cf ey taf gkhpftjno djrhs. af gafgi
kn djn`ngj`m kr mfo`m rfqujrfhfnts kd taf djrhs jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf g`n ef gkn-
sjcfrfc `s ` wfmm-strugturfc t`si wjta kebfgtjvf grjtfrj` dkr suggfss. Fjtafr ` djrh
dumdjms taf rfqujrfhfnts kr jt ckfs nkt, wajga suoofsts ` nkhjn`m hf`surfhfnt
sg`mf. J prfsuhf ta`t suga ` t`si g`n ef cknf wjta mjhjtfc ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfr-
tjsf. af kutgkhfs gkumc ef v`mjc jnput dkr ` cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh tk grf`tf
`n kvfrvjfw kd taf jndkrh`tjkn kd taf g`ncjc`tfs. af fv`mu`tjkn kd ` rfdfrfngf
prkbfgt kr Gurrjgumuh Tjt`f tk bucof taf gkhpftfngfs kd n rgajtfgt akwfvfr a`s
` mfss t`nojemf ga`r`gtfr. Jn hy kpjnjkn tajs g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` bucofhfnt`mt`si kn `n krcjn`m sg`mf ta`t g`n knmy ef gkhpmftfc ey skhfknf wjta ckh`jn spf-
gjdjg inkwmfcof. Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf taf `rgajtfgts usu`mmy a`vf tk prfsfnt `
cfsjon prkpks`m kr vjsjkn kn taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. ajs rfqujrfs ` m`rof `hkunt kd
ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf `nc sakumc taus ef pfrdkrhfc ey ckh`jn spfgjdjg fx-
pfrts. ajs mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno `ssuhfc suggfss d`gtkr dkr taf prkgfss kd wrjtjno
` cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns2
af d`gt ta`t mfvfms kd cfsjon qu`mjty g`n ef cjstjnoujsafc (sff Ga`ptfr 5.4)
jhpmjfs `n ungknsgjkus kr gknsgjkus gkhp`rjskn kd taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf cfsjon
kebfgt wjta fxpfgt`tjkns `nc pfrgfjvfc v`mufs drkh ` gfrt`jn `ngakr pkjnt dkr `s-
sfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty. ajs `ngakr pkjnt prkvjcfs ` pkjnt kd rfdfrfngf ta`t
gkumc ef e`sfc kn prfvjkus sjhjm`r fxpfrjfngfs eut gkumc `msk ef cftfrhjnfc ey
D`gtkr 4
Saf typf kd fxpfrtjsf nffcfc dkr taf v`rjkus cfgjsjkn t`sis curjno taf sfmfg-tjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt nffcs tk ef `mjonfc wjta taf n`turf `nc gkntfntkd taf cfgjsjkn t`si.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 138/341
055
taf usf kd afurjstjgs ta`t gkhp`rf tajs sjtu`tjkn tk ` prfvjkus knf wjta ` cjddfrfnt
n`turf (\mkus, 0::7). af gkntfxt `nc prkbfgt cfdjnjtjkn `rf ekta st`rtjno pkjnt
`nc fnc, jnjtj`tjvf `nc tkugastknf, kd taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss (Afynfn, 5<<0).
Efg`usf fxpfrts `rf `emf tk rfgkonjsf p`ttfrns, tafy usf cjddfrfnt rfdfrfngf pkjnts
ta`n m`y pfkpmf wajga prkvjcf ` st`nc`rc dkr gkhp`rjskn (cf Orkkt, 0:34). ajs
`mmkws tafh tk ef jndkrhfc ey rjgafr jndkrh`tjkn ta`n nkvjgfs wajga cfgrf`sfstaf ungfrt`jnty kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si (Hjfo, 5<<0). Jn `rgajtfgturf tajs hf`ns ta`t
fxpfrts `rf `emf tk usf inkwmfcof `ekut prfvjkus cfsjons tk `ssfss taf qu`mjty kd
`n `rgajtfgt dkr ` p`rtjgum`r prkbfgt. afy inkw taf h`rift `nc pm`yfrs jn taf
djfmc. afy g`n cjstjnoujsa cfsjon stymfs, wkrijno hftakcs, gkst-qu`mjty r`tjks,
spfgj`mjtjfs `nc hkrf `spfgts ta`t cftfrhjnf jd taf cfsjonfr wkumc sujt ` prkbfgt
kr nkt. M`yhfn ck nkt sa`rf tajs inkwmfcof `nc g`n tafrfdkrf knmy usf tafjr kwn
fxpfrjfngfs. Jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns tajs hf`ns ta`t m`yhfn prke`emy
a`vf tk eujmc tafjr dr`hfs kd rfdfrfngf drkh tafjr gurrfnt `nc mjhjtfc fxpfrjfngf
kd ` sjnomf g`sf, wajmf fxpfrts g`n usf tafjr rfm`tjvfmy erk`c fxpfrjfngf tk eujmc `
gkhprfafnsjvf dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf dkr taf tfncfr. Efg`usf kd taf sa`rfc dr`hf kdrfdfrfngfs, bucofhfnts kd fxpfrts `nc hfhefrs kd taf s`hf gumturf kr prkdfssjkn
`rf usu`mmy hkrf gknsjstfnt ta`n bucofhfnts kd m`y pfkpmf kr jncjvjcu`ms.
Gknnfgtfc tk taf cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs kd jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts `rf taf js-
sufs kd gkhhunjg`tjno prfdfrfngfs `nc kpjnjkns. Vsfrs, cfsjonfrs, gmjfnts `nc
ktafr st`ifakmcfrs spf`i cjddfrfnt m`nou`ofs (Euggj`rfmmj, 5<<7). Efg`usf taf eujmt
fnvjrknhfnt js surrkuncjno us `mm, fvfryekcy a`s skhf fxpfrjfngf jn h`ijno
bucofhfnts `ekut paysjg`m eujmcjno. @msk jn `rgajtfgtur`m tfncfrjno prkgfssfs taf
qu`mjty kd `n `nswfr cfpfncs kn taf qu`mjty kd taf jnqujry (Afynfn, 5<<0). Drkh
hy pfrspfgtjvf tafrf `rf tarff pa`sfs jn `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss jn wajga `
hfss`of kd knf st`ifakmcfr orkup js gkhhunjg`tfc tk `nc jntfrprftfc ey `nktafrorkup2 0) drkh jcf`s kd gmjfnt jntk tfncfr erjfd, 5) drkh tfncfr erjfd kd taf gmj-
fnt jntk ` cfsjon prkpks`m kd taf tfncfrfr, `nc 7) drkh ` cfsjon prkpks`m kd ` tfn-
cfrfr jntk taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd jcf`s ey ` bury p`nfm. @mm tafsf hkhfnts kd tr`ns-
dfrfngf jngmucf knf kr hkrf gkhhunjg`tjkn djmtfrs. Jt rfqujrfs fxpfrtjsf tk h`if
tafsf tr`nsm`tjkns `s dmufntmy `s pkssjemf. @mtakuoa Bknfs `nc Mfvjnf-`r`nc`ga
(5<<1) suoofst ta`t `rgajtfgts `ccrfss `mm tafsf st`ifakmcfrs ey usjno humtjv`mfnt
ifywkrcs, hy ssuhptjkn js ta`t rgajtfgts kdtfn fxpfgt ktafrs, jngmucjno m`y pfr-
skns, tk uncfrst`nc `nc usf tafjr `rgajtfgtur`m m`nou`of.
@ qufstjkn ta`t rfh`jns un`nswfrfc js taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf nffcfc tk h`if
v`mjc bucofhfnts drkh ` gmjfnt‚s pfrspfgtjvf. Fxpfrts `rf usu`mmy hkrf fxpfrjfngfcjn rf`cjno cfsjons ta`t rfprfsfnt (duturf) eujmcjnos `nc tafy `rf `emf tk jngkrpk-
r`tf fxpfrjfngfs `ekut eujmcjno df`turfs jn `mm pa`sfs kd taf mjdf gygmf kd ` eujmc-
jno (jnjtj`mjz`tjkn, cfsjon, gknstrugtjkn `nc usf) (e`sfc kn Gkafn, ft `m., 0::4).
Fxpfrts `rf efttfr `t sffjno sjonjdjg`ngf kd jndkrh`tjkn, jcfntjdyjno jhpkrt`nt
gufs dkr rjsis, `nc fstjh`tjno gknsfqufngfs (Auttkn & Imfjn, 0:::). afy g`n
bucof `utknkhkusmy `nc dffm taf nffc tk cjsguss `nc a`rhknjsf wjta taf prkdfs-
sjkn`m djfmc. Fxpfrts `rf ofnfr`mmy efttfr `t fxprfssjno tafjr nffcs `nc sa`rf taf
s`hf m`nou`of `nc prkdfssjkn jn wajga bucofhfnts `nc inkwmfcof `rf gkhhunj-
g`tfc (Erfnnfr, ft `m., 0::49 Hjfo, 5<<4). Akwfvfr, taf pfrspfgtjvf `nc mfvfm kd
taf fxpfrt `ppf`rs tk jndmufngf taf v`muf kd jts bucofhfnt. af djncjnos kd Erkwn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 139/341
057
`nc Ojddkrc (5<<0) fvfn suoofst ta`t mfss fxpfrjfngfc `rgajtfgts `rf efttfr `t prf-
cjgtjno taf prfdfrfngfs kd taf ofnfr`m puemjg ta`n taf fxpfrts. Jn tajs pfrspfgtjvf
Tkmm``rc (5<<:`) suoofsts gkursf dkr prkdfssjkn`m rgajtfgts wak w`nt tk p`rtjgj-
p`tf jn ` bury p`nfm efg`usf ` gmjfnt‚s pfrspfgtjvf rfqujrfs cjddfrfnt sijmms ta`n ef-
jno `n `rgajtfgt. Dkr taf ` suggfssdum wrjtjno prkgfss J suoofst t`ijno taf pktfntj`m
cjddfrfngfs `nc mjhjt`tjkns kd cjddfrfnt mfvfms `nc ijncs kd fxpfrtjsf jntk `ggkunt wafn sfmfgtjno cfgjsjkn h`ifrs dkr taf bucofhfnt`m prkgfssfs `ekut cfsjon qu`m-
jty. ajs gkumc hf`n ta`t pfkpmf wkumc a`vf tk ef tr`jnfc jn `ssfssjno cfsjon qu`m-
jty kr t`if ‑m`nou`of gkursf‚ jn krcfr tk p`rtjgjp`tf jn rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. Jn tajs
mjnf kd rf`sknjno taf dkmmkwjno pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkr g`n ef par`sfc2
af usf kd jntujtjkn sffhs tk jngrf`sf taf pfrdkrh`ngf kd bucofhfnt`m t`sis
(C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?). Akwfvfr, jntujtjkn nc ungknsgjkus cfgjsjkn h`ijno g`n-
nkt ef dkrgfc. Jt gkumc akwfvfr ef stjhum`tfc ey ` m`rof `hkunt kd ckh`jn spf-
gjdjg inkwmfcof, fxpfrjfngf jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc hkrf tjhf curjno cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. I`zfhj`n & Uônn (5<<:) cfsgrjef akw Djnnjsa burjfs `mw`ys hfft sfv-
fr`m tjhfs jnstf`c kd knf mkno sfssjkn. Jn tajs w`y tafy grf`tf rkkh dkr jntujtjkn
`nc rfdmfgtjkn jn tafjr prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn ungfrt`jn `nc `hejoukussjtu`tjkns gkumc g`usf fhktjkns ta`t ck nkt rfm`tf tk taf sjtu`tjkn jndmufngf taf
prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Df`r `nc `nxjfty gkumc mf`c tk hkrf systfh`tjg `nc
gkhprfafnsjvf jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno, eut gkumc msk jndmufngf taf qu`mjty kd cf-
gjsjkn h`ijno nfo`tjvfmy ey prkcugjno ` em`hf gumturf kr sfmd-prktfgtjkn (Hksjfr
& Djsgafr, 5<<:). \ksjtjvf `ddfgt g`n stjhum`tf grf`tjvf takuoat `nc `n kpfn `t-
hkspafrf, eut gkumc `msk mf`c tk hkrf supfrdjgj`m `nc mfss takrkuoa jndkrh`tjkn
str`tfojfs. Fvfn dkr fxpfrts jt js a`rc nkt tk ef jndmufngfc ey pfrskn`m jntfrfsts
`nc prfdfrfngfs. af cfdjnjtjkns kd jntujtjkn suoofst ta`t `ddfgt `nc fhktjkn `rf
`n jntfor`m gkhpknfnt kd jntujtjvf bucofhfnts. Jn hy kpjnjkn taf mjtfr`turf js jn-
gkngmusjvf `ekut taf rfm`tjkn eftwffn prkcugt fhktjkn, jntujtjkn, jntfor`m `ddfgt,`nc tafjr pktfntj`m jndmufngf kn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. Jt `msk rfh`jns tk ef sffn jd
fhktjkn`m rfspknsfs drkh gmjfnts g`n ef stffrfc ey gknsgjkus cfsjon kd taf rgaj-
tfgts. @ggkrcjno tk Irfjnfr (5<<?e, 5<<1) taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno ` gkhpftjtjkn
g`nnkt ef jndmufngfc ey taf p`rtjgjp`tjno rgajtfgts efg`usf taf fv`mu`tjkn grjtfrj`
`rf cfvfmkpfc ey taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Ajs djncjnos
suoofst ta`t `n `rgajtfgtur`m djrh g`n stffr tafjr pkrtdkmjk ey str`tfojg`mmy suehjt-
tjno knmy prkpks`ms wjta ` ‑tarjmm‚ d`gtkr.
Wfvfr`m sgakm`rs (f.o. D`wgftt, ft `m., 5<<19 Ojddkrc, 5<<5) a`vf sakwn ta`t
prkdfssjkn`ms nc c`jmy usfrs gmf`rmy cjddfr jn tafjr prfdfrfngfs ekut eujmcjnos, eut
nkt `s fxtrfhfmy `s prkdfssjkn`ms jn `rgajtfgturf skhftjhfs suspfgt. J `ssuhf ta`t
D`gtkr ?
Fcug`tjno cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn rf`cjno `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjons drkh ` gmjfnt pfrspfgtjvf wjmm ef efnfgj`m dkr taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno`rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 140/341
053
tajs gkumc ef fxpm`jnfc ey taf ejkmkojg`m krjojn kd `fstaftjg pmf`surf wajga rfm`tfs
tk ` auh`n nffc dkr strugturf. Gkntr`ry tk taf ktafr fmfhfnts kd prkcugt fxpfrj-
fngf, taf `ttrjeutjkn kd hf`njno `nc taf fhktjkn`m rfspknsf (sff Ga`ptfr 5.3),
`fstaftjg pmf`surf `ppf`rs tk rfm`tf tk gkonjtjvf pfrgfptjkn `nc nkt spfgjdjg`mmy tk
fxpfrtjsf (f.o. Ojddkrc, ft `m., 5<<5). Fxpfrtjsf g`n jndmufngf taf `ttrjeutjkn kd
hf`njno efg`usf jt js jndmufngfs ey gumtur`m `nc pfrskn`m fxpfrjfngfs. Ekta tafpfrgfjvfc s wfmm s taf pktfntj`m qu`mjtjfs kd ` prkpks`m (Afynfn, 5<<09 I`zfhj`n
& Uônn, 5<<:) `ppf`r tk ef p`rt kd taf `ttrjeutjkn kd hf`njno jn ` prkgfss kd
rfgkonjtjkn, jntfrprft`tjkn, sskgj`tjkn nc ssjonhfnt. Fvfry prkcugt fxpfrjfngf
jngmucfs `n fhktjkn`m rfspknsf ta`t ojvfs taf pfrskn `n jncjg`tjkn `ekut taf pk-
tfntj`m a`rh kr efnfdjts dkr tafjr prkcugt gkngfrns (Cfshft, 5<<59 Wgajddfrstfjn
& Afiifrt, 5<<1). af mfvfm kd cfsjon fxgfmmfngf kdtfn jngmucfs ` wkw-fxpfrjfngf
kr `ddjrh`tjvf surprjsf, wajga `ppf`rs tk ef gkhp`r`emf tk taf ‑tarjmm‚ d`gtkr kd
Irfjnfr (5<<?e). ajs fhktjkn`m rfspknsf js h`jnmy pksjtjvf `nc sffhs tk dkgus
kn taf hkhfnt kd purga`sf. J ssuhf ta`t fxpfrts rf efttfr t cf`mjno wjta (prkc-
ugt) fhktjkns `nc jntujtjkn efg`usf tafjr dr`hfs kd rfdfrfngf `rf hkrf st`emf `nctafy rf efttfr emf tk djmtfr nkn-rfmfv`nt kr cjsturejno jndkrh`tjkn. ajs ckfs nkt
hf`n taf fhktjkns ck nkt pm`y ` rkmf jn fxpfrt cfgjsjkn h`ijno `t `mm, eut tk `
mfssfr fxtfnt ta`n wjta nkvjgfs. afrfdkrf J gknsjcfr taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd fxpfrts `s
` pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkr jn wrjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns2
Jn ekta taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf prkgurfhfnt tr`cjtjkn (sff sfgtjkn 6.5.0) `
cj`mkouf eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf `rgajtfgt js skuoat tk o`jn jndkrh`tjkn `ekut
` pktfntj`m p`rtnfr. af hkrf `rgajtfgts sakw jntfrfst jn ` tfncfr `nc taf hkrf
fxtfnsjvf (cfsjon) prkpks`ms `rf rfqufstfc, taf hkrf jndkrh`tjkn js o`tafrfc. @mm
tajs jndkrh`tjkn nffcs tk ef `ssfssfc `nc fv`mu`tfc jn krcfr tk h`if sfnsf kut kd
taf c`t`. afrfdkrf taf tfncfr dkrh`t sakumc prkvjcf ` gmf`r jndkrh`tjkn strug-turf wjtakut surpmus rfqujrfhfnts. @t taf s`hf tjhf ungfrt`jnty js rfcugfc ey
jndkrh`tjkn. af mjtfr`turf ekut cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns suoofst ta`t gmjfnts d`gf taf
cjmfhh`s kd sfgurjty vfrsus jnnkv`tjkn, prfgjsjkn vfrsus m`tjtucf, prfsfnt vfrsus
duturf, `nc rfqujrfhfnts vfrsus dffce`gi curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno (Uônn, 5<<1).
afsf cjmfhh`s gkntrjeutf tk taf cforff kd ungfrt`jnty ta`t `ggkhp`njfs ` sfmfg-
tjkn prkgfss. afrf `rf cjddfrfnt dkrhs kd ungfrt`jnty2 jn`cfqu`tf uncfrst`ncjno,
m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn `nc gkndmjgtjno `mtfrn`tjvfs (Mjpsajtz, ft `m., 5<<0). Fhktjkns
a`vf ` pksjtjvf `s wfmm `s ` nfo`tjvf cjhfnsjkn `nc ungfrt`jnty g`n taus rfsumt jn
df`r eut `msk jn fxgjtfhfnt (Eftsga, 5<<69 Hksjfr & Djsgafr, 5<<:). Mjnijno e`gi
tk taf mjtfr`turf kn prkcugt fhktjkn (Ga`ptfr 5.3), gmjfnts wjmm prke`emy fxpfgt
D`gtkr 1
Saf jnvkmvfhfnt kd (fxtfrn`m) fxpfrts wjmm ef efnfgj`m dkr taf prkgfss kdcfgjsjkn h`ijno `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty efg`usf tafy a`vf ckh`jn spfgjgfxpfrtjsf `nc `rf efttfr `t gkntrkmmjno prkcugt fhktjkns `nc usjno jntuj-tjkn ta`n nkvjgfs.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 141/341
056
tk ef surprjsfc ey taf prkpks`ms kd taf `rgajtfgts. @t taf s`hf tjhf tafy `msk df`r
taf pkssjemf gknsfqufngfs kd taf cfgjsjkn kutgkhf. Jndkrh`tjkn kvfrmk`c gkumc
kggur, fspfgj`mmy jn sjtu`tjkns jn wajga ` cfgjsjkn js e`sfc kn jndkrh`tjkn wajga
js mkw jn v`muf, qu`mjty `nc rfmfv`ngf, kr ajoamy `hejoukus (Wutgmjddf & _fjgi,
5<<1). N`rr`tjvfs nc e`giorkunc jndkrh`tjkn g`n suppkrt sfnsfh`ijno nc afmp
tk grf`tf `n kvfrvjfw kd taf jndkrh`tjkn (f.o. I`rh`nkv, 5<<:9 Mf C`ntfg & Z-Mufn Ck, 5<<:). ajs jhpmjfs ta`t ` pfrskn`m fxpm`n`tjkn kd taf `rgajtfgt js
efnfdjgj`m dkr taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. ajs mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno pkssjemf
suggfss d`gtkr dkr wrjtjno `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss2
Wvfnsskn (5<<1) dkunc ta`t ` gknsfnsus `hkno bury hfhefrs js nkt taf s`hf
`s `n `vfr`of kd tafjr kpjnjkns, eut r`tafr taf rfsumt kd ` nfoktj`tjkn prkgfss. Bury
hfhefrs usu`mmy rf`ga ` gknsfnsus tarkuoa sfvfr`m rkuncs kd cjsgussjkn kr vkt-
jno. Curjno tafsf rkuncs `cbusthfnts `rf h`cf tk bucofhfnts cuf tk fxtfrn`m
jndmufngfs, suga `s kpjnjkns kd ktafr hfhefrs kd ` orkup, ga`nofs jn taf gkntfxt,
kr jntfrn`m pfrskn`m d`gtkrs, suga `s hkkcs kr ktafr ijnc kd fhktjkns. af djnc-
jnos kd Irfjnfr (5<<4), Wvfnsskn (5<<1) nc I`zfh`jn & Uônn (5<<:) sakw ta`t
cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `rf cfvfmkpfc curjno taf fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss jn ` cfsjon gkh-
pftjtjkn. afrfdkrf J prfsuhf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgtsfmfgtjkns g`n ef gkngfptu`mjsfc `s `n jngrfhfnt`m `nc gygmjg prkgfss e`sfc kn `
cyn`hjg jntfrpm`y kd bucofhfnts. Jn tajs jntfrpm`y, cjsgussjkn `ekut jhpkrt`nt
jssufs js prke`emy fvfn hkrf jhpkrt`nt dkr sfnsfh`ijno ta`n taf `gtu`m gakjgf.
`ijno `mm gkntfxtu`m `nc ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns jntk `ggkunt, J
gknsjcfr nfoktj`tjkn `s `n fssfntj`m fmfhfnt dkr suppkrt kd taf cfgjsjkn `nc taf
prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno. ajs mf`cs tk taf djn`m pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkr jn wrjtjno
taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss2
6.5.3 @oorfo`tjno cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts
af dkurta prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno rfm`tfs tk taf pktfntj`m gm`sa eftwffn taf mf-
o`m prkgurfhfnt r`tjkn`mjty `nc jts uncfrmyjno r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn hkcfm, `nc taf
gkhpmfx ga`r`gtfr kd h`ijno bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty wafn gakksjno `n
D`gtkr :
@ pfrskn`m fxpm`n`tjkn ey taf `rgajtfgt wjmm jhprkvf taf gmjfnts‚ uncfrst`n-cjno kd taf prkpks`m.
D`gtkr 0<
Cjsgussjkn `nc nfoktj`tjkn `hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wjmm pksjtjvfmyjnufngf taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfss kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 142/341
054
`rgajtfgt. @s sakwn jn Ga`ptfr 5.4 `nc sfgtjkn 6.5.0 ` bucofhfnt `ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty a`vf humtjpmf m`yfrs `nc pfrspfgtjvfs. Wjhkn (0::?), Ftzjknj (0:11) `nc
Wnfmmfn (0:1?) cfsgrjef taf cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs jn wajga cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf.
Fspfgj`mmy curjno taf oorfo`tjkn kd taf cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts prke-
mfhs gkumc kggur ta`t fnc`nofr taf rfsumt kd ` tfncfr prkbfgt.
\rkgurfhfnt m`w ckfs nkt cjstjnoujsa eftwffn ` n`tur`m pfrskn `nc ` mfo`mfntjty. Jt `msk ckfs nkt spfgjdy wak `nc akw h`ny pfrskns sakumc t`if cfgjsjkns
kr akw h`ny ga`r`gtfrjstjgs sakumc ef bucofc. Jn hy kpjnjkn cjstjngtjkn sakumc
ef h`cf eftwffn n jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnt, bucofhfnt kd ` orkup, nc cfgjsjkn
`ekut cfsjon qu`mjty. Vnmjif v`muf bucofhfnts, cfgjsjkns `rf jntfntjkns dkr `gtjkn
ta`t jngmucf `n fmfhfnt kd gakjgf (Akcoijnskn & Wt`reugi, 5<<1`). J gknsjcfr
cfgjsjkns `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty `s taf djn`m rfsumt kd ` bucofhfnt`m prkgfss. Jn taf
gkntfxt kd rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns knf dumm prkpks`m js gaksfn s wjnnfr kd taf tfncfr
gkhpftjtjkn. ajs js jn mjnf wjta taf `ssuhptjkn jn sfgtjkn 6.5.0 `ekut rf`cjno
taf cfgjsjkn t`si ta`t ` cfgjsjkn `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty js `mw`ys t`ifn `t ` akmjstjg
mfvfm (D`gtkr 0). Ekta bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkns g`n jngmucf gkhp`rjskns kd `mtfr-n`tjvfs `t akmjstjg kr `oorfo`tfc mfvfms. Jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts hust ef `oorfo`tfc
tk dkrh orkup bucofhfnts `nc tk `rrjvf drkh dr`ohfntfc cfsjon qu`mjtjfs tk ak-
mjstjg cfsjon qu`mjty.
Djourf 6.3 sakws dkur pkjnts kd cfp`rturf dkr `n ssfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty2
sjnomf bucofhfnt `ekut sfp`r`tf qu`mjtjfs, ` sjnomf bucofhfnt `ekut akmjstjg qu`m-
jty, humtjpmf bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjtjfs, `nc humtjpmf bucofhfnts `ekut
akmjstjg qu`mjty. Mjnijno tafsf pfrspfgtjvfs prkvjcfs sjx rfm`tjkns eftwffn taf dkur
cjddfrfnt `ssfsshfnt strugturfs. Cfpfncjno kn taf `jh `nc st`rtjno pkjnt kd `n
`ssfsshfnt, knf kr hkrf stfps `rf nffcfc tk h`if `n `ssfsshfnt. af mfo`m strug-
turf kd n rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn rfqujrfs taf cjstjngtjkn kd grjtfrj` dkr sfvfr`m sfp`r`tfcfsjon qu`mjtjfs, eut knf tfncfrfr tk wjn taf tfncfr. af rfoum`tjkns dkr ` cfsjon
gkntfst suoofst ta`t ` orkup kd bury hfhefrs fv`mu`tf taf prkpks`ms kn cjddfrfnt
`spfgts `nc tafn rf`ga ` cfgjsjkn `ekut taf wjnnfr, wajga g`n ef pksjtjknfc jn
taf mkwfr sfohfnt kd taf sgafhf. Dkr taf ktafr prkgfcurfs taf nuhefr kd cfgj-
sjkn h`ifrs js nkt hfntjknfc, wajga hf`ns ta`t tafkrftjg`mmy rfm`tjkn 0 gkumc ef
`ppmjg`emf2 drkh sjnomf bucofhfnt kd sfp`r`tf qu`mjtjfs tk sjnomf akmjstjg bucof-
hfnt. Jn tajs `pprk`ga taf `spfgt kd nfoktj`tjkn `nc cjsgussjkn js hjssjno, wajga
js gkndmjgtjno wjta prkpksfc suggfss d`gtkr 0< kd taf prfvjkus sfgtjkn `ekut wrjt-
jno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
Jd ` bucofhfnt `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty js h`cf ey hkrf ta`n knf jncjvjcu`m,tafrf `rf cjddfrfnt w`ys tk gkhf tk ` gkhhkn bucofhfnt dkr taf orkup. af djrst
`pprk`ga js tk `oorfo`tf taf jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts wjtakut jntfr`gtjkn jn ` sys-
tfh `nc `vfr`of taf sgkrfs (rfm`tjkn 5 `nc rfm`tjkn 4). ajs hftakc sakws wf`i-
nfssfs jn taf hf`surfhfnt sg`mfs kd taf jnt`nojemfs (sff Ga`ptfr 5.5) eut sauts kut
skgj`m jndmufngfs. Jt g`n tafrfdkrf ef pfrgfjvfc ey taf kutsjcf wkrmc `s hkrf `ggu-
r`tf. Cjs`cv`nt`ofs kd tajs hftakc `rf ta`t jnsjoats kd ktafr cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf
nkt sa`rfc `nc cfgjsjkns `rf mfss f`sjmy `ggfptfc (f.o. Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y,
5<<1). Jn taf mfo`m systfh tajs js rfdfrrfc tk `s taf jncfpfncfnt fxpfrt hkcfm
(sff Ga`ptfr 3.3.5). Fx`hpmfs kd hftakcs ta`t `rf e`sfc kn tajs prjngjpmf `rf taf
Cfmpaj hftakc, wajga js e`sfc kn ` r`nijno kd jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts kd sfvfr`m
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 143/341
05?
cfsjon qu`mjtjfs wjtakut skgj`m jntfr`gtjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn burkrs (rfm`tjkn 4) kr
taf Wkno dfstjv`m hftakc (gkuntrjfs jncfpfncfntmy fxprfss tafjr or`cfs) js e`sfc
kn akmjstjg jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty (rfm`tjkn 3). af Kmyhpjg
sgkrjno systfh dkr spkrts suga `s oyhn`stjgs kr djourf-si`tjno js e`sfc kn jncj-
vjcu`m bucofhfnts ekut cfsjon qu`mjtjfs (rfm`tjkn 5) ta`t rf fxprfssfc jn akmjstjg
bucofhfnts `nc rfm`tfc tk ktafr bury hfhefrs (rfm`tjkn 7) tk prfsfnt ` r`nijno
ta`t sakws taf djn`m wjnnfr (rfm`tjkn 3).
@nktafr `pprk`ga js tk cjsguss taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf jncjvjcu`m bucof-
hfnts kn ` akmjstjg mfvfm `nc cfdjnf knf bucofhfnt dkr taf orkup (rfm`tjkn 3),
cjsguss taf sfp`r`tf qu`mjtjfs wjta taf ktafr orkup hfhefrs `nc tafn rf`ga `
cfgjsjkn (rfm`tjkn 4), kr `msk cjsguss taf prkpks`ms kn ` akmjstjg mfvfm jn eftwffn
(rfm`tjkn 7). af hkrf cjddfrfngfs jn pfrspfgtjvfs, taf hkrf cjddjgumt jt js tk cjs-guss jssufs eut jn fvfry sjtu`tjkn ` gknsfnsus hust ef rf`gafc. af gknsfnsus
hkcfm js `msk `ginkwmfcofc jn g`sf m`w. @s cjsgussfc f`rmjfr taf n`turf kd taf
kebfgt `ddfgts taf f`sf kd taf cjsgussjkn efg`usf jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs fmjgjt
hkrf cjvfrsf bucofhfnts ta`n t`nojemfs. Efg`usf kd taf gknsjstfngy kd taf bucof-
hfnt, jn pr`gtjgf t`nojemf spfgts rf hkrf kdtfn sffn `s skmjc e`sf dkr cjsgussjkn
(H`ghjmm`n, 5<<6). Zft, mf`vjno kut kr qu`ntjdyjno taf jnt`nojemf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
ckfs nkt efnfdjt taf v`mjcjty kd taf bucofhfnt. af d`gt ta`t curjno cjsgussjkn
hkrf jndkrh`tjkn g`n ef put kn taf t`emf `nc cjsgussjkns gkntrjeutf tk cfgjsjkn
`ggfpt`ngf g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` efnfdjt. @t taf s`hf tjhf tafrf js hkrf prfssurf
tk gkndkrh, pkssjemf ckhjn`tjkn kd knf kr twk hfhefrs `nc ga`ngfs kd orkup-
AKMJWSJG
PV@MJSZ
WF\@U@SF
PV@MJSJFW
WJNOMF
BVCOFHFNS
0
5 36 4
HVMSJ\MF
BVCOFHFNSW7
Djourf 6.3 Dkur pkjnts kd cfp`rturf `nc jntfrrfm`tjkns dkr qu`mjty `ssfsshfnt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 144/341
051
tajni `nc orkupsajdt `s fxpm`jnfc jn Ga`ptfr 7.6. af rfsumts kd ekta `pprk`gafs
g`n ef rfo`rcfc `s jntfr-suebfgtjvf `nc ` gknsfnsus ta`t js e`sfc kn trust jn taf
ktafr orkup hfhefrs. @ cfgjsjkn ekut cfsjon qu`mjty g`n tafrfdkrf ef gknsjcfrfc
`s `n jntfr-suebfgtjvf gknsfnsus `hkno taf hfhefrs kd ` orkup kd cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:).
G`sf m`w sakws ta`t taf gkurt `ginkwmfcofs taf suebfgtjvf ga`r`gtfr kd sfrv-jgfs (sff Ga`ptfr 3.3.5). E`sfc kn taf g`sf m`w `nc tafkrjfs kd v`muf bucofhfnts
J gkngmucf ta`t kebfgtjvjty sakumc ef skuoat jn taf `ssfsshfnt systfh, nkt jn taf
`ssfsshfnt jtsfmd. Fvfry bucofhfnt gknt`jns `n `ssfsshfnt kd ` cfsjon kebfgt ta`t
cfpfncs kn taf `gtkrs, taf hf`ns `nc taf gkntfxt. Efg`usf kd taf gkhpmfxjty kd
`n eujmcjno (cfsjon), taf qufstjkn sakumc nkt ef jd taf `ssfsshfnt js kebfgtjvf kr
suebfgtjvf, eut jd jt js v`mjc ‗ jd jt gtu`mmy hf`surfs wa`t jt sakumc ef hf`surjno, jd
taf bucofhfnt js nkt ej`sfc kr jngknsjstfnt. ajs hf`ns ta`t ` ‑bucofhfnt e`sfc
`pprk`ga‚ sakumc nkt ef pfrgfjvfc ey cfdjnjtjkn `s hkrf suebfgtjvf ta`n taf ‑h`n-
`of `nc hf`surf `pprk`ga‚ (O`nn & _aytf, 5<<7). Jn sfgtjkn 6.5.0 J cfsgrjefc
taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si jn rfm`tjkn tk `ssfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty.af n`turf kd taf hf`surfhfnt `nc taf pfrspfgtjvf kd taf st`ifakmcfr g`nnkt ef
ga`nofc, eut taf kebfgt `nc hkhfnt kd hf`surfhfnt g`n ef strugturfc jn krcfr
tk jhprkvf taf gkhp`r`ejmjty kd taf `mtfrn`tjvfs (sff Djourf 6.0 & 6.5). Euggj`rfmmj
(5<<7, p. 3<) st`tfs ta`t wf sakumc inkw efttfr ta`n ”tk tajni jn twk wkrmcs2
taf skgj`m - wafrf suebfgtjvjty, kpjnjkn `nc v`mufs h`ttfr, `nc mjdf cfpfncs kn
nffcs, cfsjrfs `nc jntfrfsts kd pfkpmf - `nc taf tfganjg`m/sgjfntjdjg ktafr - wafrf
kebfgtjvjty, unjdkrhjty, sgjfntjdjg m`w `nc gkmc v`muf-drff jnstruhfnt`m rf`sknjno
h`ttfr, wafrf m jdf efgkhfs e`n`m, hunc`nf, `utknkhkus, purfmy jnstruhfnt`m‘.
`ijno taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd cfsjon qu`mjty jntk `ggkunt, J suoofst ta`t strugtur-
jno taf `ssfsshfnts `nc h`ijno taf `oorfo`tjkn systfh fxpmjgjt g`n gkntrjeutf tk` suggfssdum `oorfo`tjkn systfh kd v`muf bucofhfnts `nc v`mjc gkhp`rjskn kd taf
`mtfrn`tjvfs ta`t `rf kddfrfc ey taf `rgajtfgts. ajs mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno pkssjemf
suggfss d`gtkr dkr `oorfo`tjno taf cjddfrfnt v`muf bucofhfnts ta`t `rf h`cf jn `r-
gajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs2
Ekta taf mjtfr`turf `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty `ssfsshfnt `nc ta`t `ekut cfgjsjkn
h`ijno prkvjcf mjttmf jnsjoat kn taf `oorfo`tjkn prjngjpmfs kd taf v`muf bucof-
hfnts. E`sfc kn taf rfvjfw jn Ga`ptfr 5 J dkunc dkur e`sjg mfvfms kd cfsjon qu`m-
jty2 uncfr-pfrdkrh`ngf, e`sjg pfrdkrh`ngf, `ccfc v`muf, `nc cfsjon fxgfmmfngf.
afsf dkur mfvfms dkrh `n krcjn`m sg`mf drkh uncfr-pfrdkrh`ngf tk fxgfmmfngf.
@mtakuoa tajs js kdtfn jonkrfc jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf, `n krcjn`m sg`mf g`n nkt ef usfc
`s ` r`tjk sg`mf efg`usf tafrf js nk n`tur`m `nc djxfc zfrk-pkjnt `nc taf jntfrv`ms
D`gtkr 00
H`ijno taf `ssfsshfnt strugturf `nc `oorfo`tjkn systfh kd v`muf bucof-
hfnts fxpmjgjt jn taf prfp`r`tjkn prkgfss wjmm gkntrjeutf tk taf v`mjcjty kdtaf gkhp`rjskn kd `mtfrn`tjvfs jn taf `gtu`m tfncfr prkgfss.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 145/341
05:
eftwffn taf mfvfms rf nkt fqu`m. ajs hf`ns ta`t sgkrfs sakumc nkt ef ccfc, sue-
tr`gtfc kr vfr`ofc nc knmy nkn-p`r`hftrjg n`mytjg`m st`tjstjgs g`n ef pfrdkrhfc
kn tafsf c`t` (cf Ifyzfr, 0::1). Knmy taf hfcj`n sakumc ef usfc `s n jncjg`tjkn
kd `vfr`of prfdfrfngfs. Jn pr`gtjgf h`ny fx`hpmfs g`n ef dkunc jn wajga krcjn`m
sg`mfs rf hjsusfc dkr g`mgum`tjkns. W`tjsd`gtjkn js dkr fx`hpmf kdtfn hf`surfc kn
6-pkjnt sg`mf kr ey or`cjno kn sg`mf drkh 0 tk 0<. afsf sgkrfs rf tafn suhhfcup pfr g`tfokry kr jtfh `nc `vfr`ofc tk h`if ` st`tfhfnt suga `s ‑af `vfr`of js
7,: kn sg`mf drkh 0 tk 6, wajga jhpmjfs s`tjsdjfc pkpum`tjkn‚. ajs w`y kd cf`mjno
wjta krcjn`m c`t` js vfry `ppf`mjno efg`usf jt kddfrs ` suddjgjfnt systfh tk gkhp`rf
jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts. Wtjmm wjtakut taf gkntfxt `nc taf krjojn`m dkrhum`tjkn kd
taf sg`mfs jn wajga taf hf`surfhfnts wfrf t`ifn, `n `vfr`of nuhefr js hftakck-
mkojg`mmy jnv`mjc. Jn ccjtjkn jtfhs nc jncjvjcu`ms rf trf`tfc s fqu`m, fvfn jd tajs
js nkt taf g`sf.
Wkhf nkn-p`r`hftrjg st`tjstjg`m `n`mysjs tfganjqufs t`if tajs jn`cfqu`gy
jntk `ggkunt eut g`nnkt ‑gurf‚ taf prkemfh. Afynfn (5<<0) hfntjkns taf @rous
hftakc tk ef usfc jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns, wajga js `n `eerfvj`tjkn dkr ‑@gajfvjnoUfspfgt dkr Or`cfs ey Vsjno Krcjn`m Wg`mfs knmy‚. @nktafr `pprk`ga tk jhprkvf
taf pkwfr kd taf kutgkhf js tk jngmucf taf wfjoat kd taf jtfhs jn taf `vfr`of.
ajs js taf hftakc `s usfc jn ` humtj-grjtfrj` `n`mysjs (HG@) kr jn prkspfgt taf-
kry (I`anfh`n & vfrsiy, 0:?:), knf kd taf djrst ofnfr`tjkn cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs.
Wtjmm, jd ` hf`surfhfnt kn `n krcjn`m sg`mf js t`ifn `s e`sjs dkr taf g`mgum`tjkns,
taf kutgkhf a`s mjhjtfc pkwfr. Zft g`mgum`tjvf systfhs wjta grjtfrj` `nc wfjoatfc
jntfrfsts rf kdtfn ppmjfc ey gmjfnts curjno rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns tk grf`tf r`nijno
`hkno taf tfncfrfrs. ajs hf`ns ta`t grjtfrj` wjta cjddfrfnt hf`surfhfnt sg`mfs
`rf trf`tfc `s fqu`m jnput dkr taf r`nijno. Jn gurrfnt gknstrugtjkn taf jssuf kd
hknftjzjno v`muf js gknsjcfrfc tk kpfn up taf cjddjgumtjfs kd hf`surjno ga`r`gtfr-jstjgs jn cfsjon (sff dkr fx`hpmf Crfsgamfr, 5<<:). \rkgurfhfnt m`w fvfn suoofsts
taf usf kd ` systfh ta`t js e`sfc kn tafsf prjngjpmfs tk s`dfou`rc tr`nsp`rfngy. Jn
hy kpjnjkn gmjfnts sakumc ef `w`rf ta`t `mtakuoa tajs humtj-grjtfrj` systfh g`n
suppkrt taf `n`mysjs kd taf c`t`, taf sgjfntjdjg v`muf js mjhjtfc wjtakut `w`rfnfss
kd taf jn`cfqu`gjfs.
af `oorfo`tjkn kd bucofhfnts r`jsfs `nktafr jssuf ta`t sakumc ef h`cf hkrf
fxpmjgjt, n`hfmy taf gkhpfns`tjno kr kvfrm`ppjno ga`r`gtfr kd cfsjon qu`mjtjfs.
af dr`hfwkri kd taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr (sff Ga`ptfr 5.5) suoofsts ta`t
qu`mjtjfs g`n kvfrm`p, eut ckfs nkt jngmucf tajs pktfntj`m kvfrm`p jn taf `ssfss-
hfnt systfh. @t taf s`hf tjhf sfvfr`m `utakrs (f.o. Ofrrjtsf, 5<<1) `ssfrt ta`tjn `rgajtfgturf taf v`muf kd taf wakmf fxgffcs taf suh kd taf p`rts. af tafk-
rjfs `nc dr`hfwkris cjsgussfc jn Ga`ptfr 7 ck nkt fxpmjgjtmy `ccrfss taf gkh-
pfns`tjno `nc gkndmjgtjno ga`r`gtfr jn rfm`tjkn tk v`muf bucofhfnt. \rkgurfhfnt
m`w `ssuhfs ta`t sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc grjtfrj` `rf hutu`mmy fxgmusjvf wjta gmf`r
ekunc`rjfs `nc ta`t tafy tkoftafr dummy gkvfr taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn. Drkh tajs pfr-
gfptjvf nfjtafr ` pktfntj`m kvfrm`p nkr `ccjtjkn`m grjtfrj` `rf t`ifn jntk `ggkunt
fjtafr. Ako`rta (0:11) nc Hjfo (5<<0) r`jsf taf jssuf kd taf dunc`hfnt`m cjddfr-
fngf eftwffn gkhpfns`tjno `nc nkn-gkhpfns`tjno bucofhfnts jn cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno. @ gkhpfns`tkry str`tfoy `vkjcs gkndmjgt, wajmf ` nkn-gkhpfns`tkry str`tfoy
gkndrknts gkndmjgts. af gkngfpt kd taf ‑wkw‚- d`gtkr (Cfshft, ft `m., 5<<?), taf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 146/341
07<
‑surprjsfs‚ jn taf hkcfm kd I`nk (0:13) `nc taf ‑tarjmm‚ d`gtkr kd Irfjnfr (5<<?e)
suoofsts ta`t `n `ddfgtjvf rfspknsf g`n gkhpfns`tf cfdjgjfngjfs `nc f`sf gakjgf.
Dkr taf v`mjcjty kd taf v`muf bucofhfnt, `n `ssfsshfnt systfh dkr cfsjon qu`mjty
sakumc tafrfdkrf `msk t`if pkssjemf gkhpfns`tjkn, jngrf`sjno jnsjoats, `nc pkssj-
emf kvfrm`ppjno qu`mjtjfs jntk `ggkunt. ajs mf`cs tk taf `ssuhptjkn ta`t `mmkwjno
gkhpfns`tjkn jn taf `oorfo`tjkn systfh kd v`muf bucofhfnts wkumc gkntrjeutf tktaf suggfss kd `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. ajs mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno prkpksfc
suggfss d`gtkr2
6.5.6 Bustjdyjno `o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs
af djn`m prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno J jcfntjdjfc `s p`rt kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd `
puemjg gmjfnt sfmfgtjno n `rgajtfgt cf`ms wjta taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf djn`m cfgjsjkn
`ekut taf wjnnfr kd taf tfncfr. ajs prkgfss krjojn`tfs drkh taf pktfntj`m gkndmjgt
eftwffn taf mfo`m, pkmjtjg`m, fgknkhjg`m `nc taf skgj`m r`tjkn`mjty `s cfsgrjefc ey
Wnfmmfn (0:1?) `nc taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno `s cf-
sgrjefc ey sfvfr`m `utakrs jn taf ekki `ekut kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd
Akcoijnskn nc Wt`reugi (5<<1e).
Jn bustjdyjno ` cfgjsjkn, gmjfnts a`vf tk fv`mu`tf tafjr jntfntjkns jn rfm`tjkntk tafjr rfspknsjejmjtjfs. \uemjg gmjfnts rfprfsfnt tafjr gjtjzfns `nc fhpmkyffs `nc
g`n ef afmc hkr`mmy, pfrskn`mmy, gkmmfgtjvfmy kr ajfr`rgajg`mmy `ggkunt`emf dkr tafjr
cfgjsjkns (Ekvfns, 0::<). Jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns tafrf js ` mkt kd
ungfrt`jnty. @ccjtjkn`mmy taf jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc jn taf prkpks`ms js nkt `mw`ys
gkhp`r`emf `nc gkumc m`gi jndkrh`tjkn kn grugj`m pkjnts. @s st`tfc `ekvf, cfsjon
prkemfhs rf jmm-cfdjnfc wjta nk ‑rjoat‚ skmutjkn nc `mtfrn`tjvfs gkumc ef gkndmjgt-
jno. ajs grf`tfs rfspknsjejmjtjfs ta`t `rf humtjd`gftfc `nc gkndmjgtjvf ey n`turf
`nc h`ifs ` v`mjc gkhp`rjskn kd `mtfrn`tjvfs `nc ` rjsi jhpmjg`tjkn vfry cjddjgumt
`nc suebfgt tk frrkr. af f`rmy cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs `ccrfss taf pfrgfptjkn kd rjsis
`nc kutgkhf v`muf hkrf fxpmjgjtmy ta`n taf sfgknc ofnfr`tjkn tafkrjfs (Ef`ga &Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). af `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty pfrgfjvfs Cutga puemjg gmjfnts `s
rjsi `vkjcjno cfgjsjkn h`ifrs (v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:). @p`rt drkh taf d`gt ta`t
rjsi `vkjc`ngf ckfs nkt a`vf tk ef nfo`tjvf jn ` puemjg dungtjkn, tajs `vfrsjkn tk
rjsi gkumc ef fxpm`jnfc ey ` m`gi kd fxpfrtjsf `hkno puemjg gmjfnts `ekut `rgajtfg-
turf. Fxpfrtjsf gkumc suppkrt prkpfr rjsi fstjh`tjkn, gkntrkm kvfr taf prkgfss `nc
tafrfdkrf rfcugf taf df`r kd d`jmurf (Hksjfr & Djsgafr, 5<<:). Df`r gkumc `msk ef
rfcugfc ey trust jn ktafr hfhefrs kd taf orkup ta`t h`y kr h`y nkt a`vf ckh`jn
spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf (W`m`s, ft `m., 5<<4). @ggkrcjno tk Euggj`rfmmj (5<<7) trust js `
skgj`m h`ttfr ta`t ejncs efmjfds `nc pfkpmf tkoftafr. Inkwmfcof prfsuhfs efmjfd
`nc efmjfd rfsts upkn trust. Jd puemjg gmjfnts jnvkmvf nuhfrkus p`rtjfs, gknsumt`nts
D`gtkr 05
@mmkwjno dkr gkhpfns`tjkn jn `oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjonqu`mjty wjmm jngrf`sf taf v`mjcjty kd taf ssfsshfnt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 147/341
070
`nc st`ifakmcfrs, jt gkumc ef a`rc tk fst`emjsa trust (Ijfsfr & _fmmstfjn, 5<<1).
ajnijno ekut nc cfdjnjno rkmfs, rfspknsjejmjtjfs nc utakrjtjfs kd taf cfgjsjkn
sa`pfrs, cfgjsjkn t`ifrs `nc cfgjsjkn `pprkvfrs efdkrfa`nc (sff Ofanfr, 5<<1)
gkumc jhprkvf taf mfvfm kd trust wjtajn taf orkup kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc eftwffn
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc st`ifakmcfrs kd taf prkbfgt. @ssjonjno cfgjsjkn t`sis tk pfk-
pmf wjta taf rjoat mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf gkumc `msk cfgrf`sf taf mfvfm kd df`r dkr cfgj-sjkns. Jn rfm`tjkn tk tajs `spfgt kd rfspknsjejmjty taf `utakrjty kd taf bury p`nfm js
knf kd taf jssufs ta`t taf gmjfnts nffcs tk cfgjcf upkn jn tafjr tfncfr prkgfcurf
(sff `msk sfgtjkn 6.5.5). ajs mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno `ssuhfc suggfss d`gtkr dkr taf
djn`m bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn2
Jd bury p`nfm gknsjsts kd fxpfrts nc gts s `n fxpfrt tf`h (W`m`s, ft m., 5<<4),
jt g`n ef usfc tk f`sf taf bustjdjg`tjkn prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Wprfjrfofn
(5<<1) rfpkrtfc jn rfm`tjkn tk taf qu`mjty kd ` bury cfgjsjkn ta`t knmy `n fxpfrt
p`nfm gkumc a`vf sfmfgtfc taf wjnnjno cfsjon dkr taf Tjftn`h Tftfr`ns Hfhkrj`m
jn _`sajnotkn CG efg`usf ` m`y bury wkumc gfrt`jnmy a`vf kvfrmkkifc jt. Bury
hfhefrs a`vf gfrt`jn kemjo`tjkns ta`t jngmucf gkntrkm kvfr taf rfoum`tjkns, jn-
cfpfncfnt `ssfsshfnt kd taf prkpks`ms, hktjv`tjkn dkr taf gakjgf kd wjnnfr, `ncmky`mty tkw`rcs taf rfst kd taf bury p`nfm (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:). afy a`vf
tk cf`m wjta tjhf prfssurf `nc a`vf rfspknsjejmjtjfs tkw`rcs taf gmjfnt, taf prkdfs-
sjkn, taf p`rtjgjp`nts, tafjr kwn kro`njs`tjkn, `nc skgjfty. Bury hfhefrs sakumc
ef g`p`emf kd dumdjmmjno tafsf kemjo`tjkns `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs. Ckuets kd taf bury
`ekut ungfrt`jnty kd tafjr bucofhfnts `rf rfcugfc ey tafjr gkhpftfngf `nc gkn-
sfnsus `hkno tafh (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:).
Akwfvfr, ` tf`h kd fxpfrts `ppf`rs nkt tk ef taf s`hf `s `n fxpfrt tf`h. @n
fxpfrt tf`h a`s tk eujmc gkhhkn uncfrst`ncjno, dkrhum`tf pm`ns kn taf hkst
fddfgtjvf gkursf kd `gtjkn, pm`n fxfgutjkn ey gkkrcjn`tfc tf`h pfrdkrh`ngf `nc
mf`rn ey fv`mu`tjkn (W`m`s, ft m., 5<<4). af usf kd tf`h g`n msk grf`tf gkhhjt-hfnt tk f`ga ktafr `nc taf orkups tafy rfprfsfnt. Jn grf`tjno `n fxpfrt tf`h, `t-
tfntjkn sakumc ef ojvfn tk taf gkhpksjtjkn, taf gkntfxt, taf wkri cfsjon, nc taf
orkup prkgfssfs. Ufsf`rga suoofsts ta`t fqu`mmy sjzfc sueorkups jn tf`hs wkumc
efnfdjt cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc tkk h`ny ajoa prkdjmf hfhefrs gkumc jngrf`sf taf
ga`ngf kd orkuptajni (Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y, 5<<1). Jn g`sf st`ifakmcfrs `rf
rfprfsfntfc jn taf bury p`nfm ta`t ck nkt a`vf spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf jn `rgajtfgtur`m
cfsjon, tafy a`vf tk ef suppkrtfc ey taf ktafr hfhefrs kd taf p`nfm jn rf`cjno
cfsjon jndkrh`tjkn. ajs ckfs nkt jhpmy ta`t tafjr bucofhfnts rf kd mfssfr qu`mjty
eut tafy hjoat a`vf cjddjgumty jn grf`tjno `n kvfrvjfw kd taf jndkrh`tjkn `nc fx-
prfssjno tafjr prfdfrfngfs. @mm bury hfhefrs prkvjcf jnput dkr taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss
D`gtkr 07
G`rfdummy `ccrfssjno taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrsjn taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr wjmm gkntrjeutf tk taf trust eftwffn taf cfgjsjknh`ifrs `nc jngrf`sf suppkrt dkr taf cfgjsjkn `hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 148/341
075
drkh tafjr kwn fxpfrtjsf. Dkr taf bury tk gt s `n fxpfrt tf`h taf ga`jr kd taf bury
p`nfm a`s tk skmjgjt jcf`s `nc kesfrv`tjkns kd tf`h hfhefrs, stjhum`tf `nc fn`emf
`mm ijnc kd dffce`gi `nc ojvf sjtu`tjkn`m upc`tfs (W`m`s, ft `m., 5<<3).
af rfsf`rga kn fxpfrt tf`hs dkgusfs kn cjvfrsf orkups ta`t `gt `s gkafrfnt
`nc rfpf`t`emf tf`hs. Jt suoofsts ta`t tf`hs `rf `emf tk jhprkvf pfrdkrh`ngf kn
rfpftjtjvf t`sis (Uksfn, ft m., 5<<1). @ bury kr gmjfnt p`nfm s kdtfn ppmjfc jn tfn-cfrs nkw`c`ys ckfs nkt gkndkrh tk tajs cfdjnjtjkn kd fxpfrt tf`h efg`usf kd taf
tfhpkr`ry `nc taf jngjcfnt`m ga`r`gtfr kd ` tfncfr. Akwfvfr, jt r`jsfs `n jntfrfst-
jno tr`jnjno jssuf. Jt jhpmjfs ta`t nkt knmy taf mfvfm kd fxpfrjfngf `s `n jncjvjcu`m
cfgjsjkn h`ifr, eut `msk fxpfrjfngf `s ` hfhefr kd ` spfgjdjg tf`h hust ef t`ifn
jntk `ggkunt. af sfrjfs kd hfftjnos jn Wg`ncjn`vj`n gkuntrjfs jhpmy ` ijnc kd
tf`h cfvfmkphfnt wajga kpfns up taf pkssjejmjty dkr dffce`gi, hknjtkrjno `nc
gkkrcjn`tjkn (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:). Jn eftwffn tafsf hfftjnos sfvfr`m jndkr-
h`m sfssjkns `rf afmc wafrf taf hfhefrs hfft jn sh`mmfr orkups tk sgrutjnjsf taf
prkpks`ms, `ssfss tafjr qu`mjtjfs `nc gm`rjdy jssufs `ekut qu`mjty. @mm tafsf `gtjvj-
tjfs stjhum`tf ` mf`rnjno prkgfss wajga gkumc `msk ef cknf wjta sjhjm`r t`sis `ncprkvjcjno dffce`gi efdkrf taf `gtu`m `ssfsshfnt prkgfss st`rts. ajs hjoat fvfn
fn`emf bury p`nfms tk ef cfpmkyfc `s fxpfrt tf`hs jn cjddfrfnt tfncfrs tk bucof
sjhjm`r cfgjsjkn t`sis. af gkngfpt kd taf fxpfrt tf`h mf`cs tk taf dkmmkwjno pks-
sjemf suggfss d`gtkr dkr ` bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf djn`m cfgjsjkn2
Jn Ga`ptfr 3.4.5 J jcfntjdjfc cjddfrfnt hkcfms `nc tkkms ta`t gurrfntmy fxjst
jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns2 prkgurfhfnt hkcfms, gkhpftjtjkn hkcfms,
cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs nc prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt tkkms. Nknf kd tafsf tkkms gkvfr
taf dumm pm`yjno djfmc kd ` sfmfgtjkn prkgfss jn `rgajtfgturf. @n jntfrfstjno jssuf
js taf usf kd cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs `nc ktafr hkcfms jn rfm`tjkn tk tr`nsp`r-
fngy kd taf prkgfss. Jn tr`cjtjkn`m cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns jt js `ggfptfc ta`t knmy taf
n`hfs kd taf bury hfhefrs `rf puemjsafc efdkrfa`nc jnstf`c kd fx`gt prkgfcurf
`nc cfdjnjtf grjtfrj` kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn g`sf kd n fxpfrjfngfc nc wfmm-inkwn bury, taf n`hfs `gtu`mmy prkvjcf p`rtjgjp`tjno `rgajtfgts wjta taf jndkrh`tjkn tafy
nffc tk t`if tafjr ga`ngfs jn taf gkhpftjtjkn. af bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf djn`m cfgj-
sjkn w`s gknsjcfrfc tk ef rfdmfgtfc jn ` bury rfpkrt. Wtjmm taf uncfrmyjno rf`sknjno
`nc nfoktj`tjkns rfh`jnfc wjtajn taf orkup, eut p`rtjgjp`nts trustfc taf bury
hfhefrs jn h`ijno skunc cfgjsjkns. Efg`usf kd taf jntujtjvf ga`r`gtfr kd bury
cfgjsjkns jt wkumc `msk ef tk bustjdy ` cfgjsjkn ktafrwjsf ta`n ey ` wrjttfn rfpkrt.
@mhkst `mm cfgjsjkn systfhs usfc curjno tfncfrs usf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`, jn mjnf wjta
taf mfo`m w`y kd tajnijno `ekut cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Hkst puemjg gmjfnts cfgjcf kn
taf hfhefrs kd tafjr bury p`nfm tafhsfmvfs. Kdtfn tafsf p`nfms jngmucf hfhefrs
kd taf ek`rc kr gjty gkungjm wjtakut prkdfssjkn`m cfsjon fxpfrjfngf. Efg`usf tafsf
D`gtkr 03
@ g`rfdummy gkhpksfc, tr jnfc `nc wfmm-oujcfc bury p`nfm wjmm gkntrjeutf tktaf suggfss kd n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 149/341
077
pfkpmf `rf mfss fxpfrjfngfc jn bucojno `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty e`sfc kn cr`wjnos,
tafy h`y oft cjstr`gtfc hkrf f`sjmy ey grjtfrj` ta`t `rf mfss rfmfv`nt tk taf `ssjon-
hfnt (Fvfrs, 0::6). ajs jngrf`sfs taf ga`ngf ta`t tfncfrfrs wjmm nkt `ggfpt taf
bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn.
@ prkgurfhfnt prkgfcurf kddfrs strugturf curjno taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss.
@ggkrcjno tk gurrfnt jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf mfo`m rfqujrfhfnts, taf kutput kd `cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh g`n prkvjcf ` bustjdjg`tjkn kd ` cfgjsjkn efg`usf taf kut-
gkhf kd taf prkgfss g`n ef rftrjfvfc ey taf jtfhjz`tjkn pfr tfncfrfr kr pfr grj-
tfrjkn. _jfrzejgij (0::?) akwfvfr qufstjkns jd taf kutgkhf kd suga ` cfgjsjkn
systfh wkumc ef ggfptfc s taf djn`m cfgjsjkn ey taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nc suoofsts
usjno ` cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh knmy `s p`rt kd taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Fx`hpmfs kd taf Vre`n Cfgjsjkn Ukkh (v`n Mkkn, ft `m., 5<<1) kr taf Cfsjon
Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr (O`nn, ft `m., 5<<7) sakw pksjtjvf rfsumts jn jngrf`sjno taf
tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss wafn taf prfdfrfngfs `rf usfc `s jngrfhfnt`m
jnput curjno taf prkgfss. @ cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh gkumc tafrfdkrf jhprkvf taf
tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss eut ckfs nkt `utkh`tjg`mmy rfdmfgt taf djn`mcfgjsjkn nkr mf`c tk ` v`mjc cfgjsjkn.
`ijno taf jcf` kd sfnsfh`ijno jntk `ggkunt, trust wjmm prke`emy pm`y `n jh-
pkrt`nt rkmf jn taf `ggfpt`ngf kd ` tfncfr cfgjsjkn. Jd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf nkt
`w`rf kd taf hf`njno kd taf kutput kd cfgjsjkn systfh kr wfrf nkt ttfncjno taf
prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn prkgfss, jt js vfry a`rc tk mfojtjhjsf kr trust ` cfgjsjkn. Duturf
rfsf`rga wjmm a`vf tk sakw taf jndmufngf kd cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs `nc ktafr
wjcfmy `ginkwmfcofc hftakcs `nc tkkms kn tr`nsp`rfngy, kebfgtjvjty `nc hktjv`-
tjkn kd cfgjsjkn. Dkr nkw J suoofst ta`t taf usf kd taf cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh kr
gkhp`r`emf strugturf g`n jhprkvf taf tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss tk taf
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs, eut ckfs nkt gkntrjeutf tk taf `ggfpt`ngf kd taf cfgjsjkn ey taftfncfrfrs nc taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs. ajs mf`cs tk taf djn`m pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkr
jn taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn2
6.7 Ufsf`rga cfsjon
ajs rfsf`rga dkgusfs kn taf gkhpmftf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno drkh taf pfr-
spfgtjvf kd puemjg gmjfnts sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt jn taf gkntfxt kd FV \rkgurfhfnt
m`w. af `jh kd taf rfsf`rga js tk `n`mysf taf g`usfs kd gurrfnt prkemfhs jn taf
cfgjsjkn pr`gtjgf kd puemjg gmjfnts curjno `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn `nc prkvjcf jnput dkr
taf duturf cfsjon kd tfncfr prkgfcurfs jn `rgajtfgturf. Jn taf prfvjkus sfgtjkn taf
tafkrftjg`m dr`hf `nc pktfntj`m d`gtkrs kd jndmufngf kn taf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sf-
D`gtkr 06
Saf usf kd ` cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh curjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss wjmmjhprkvf taf tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss tk taf cfgjsjkn h`-ifrs eut g`nnkt ef usfc tk bustjdy ` cfgjsjkn tk taf tfncfrfrs `nc ktafrst`ifakmcfrs.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 150/341
073
mfgtjkn a`vf effn cjsgussfc. E`sfc kn tafsf jnsjoats J prkpksfc djdtffn suggfss d`g-
tkrs `ekut v`muf bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno ta`t gkumc prkvjcf ` skmjc e`sjs
dkr taf fhpjrjg`m wkri jn ` strugturf kd djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs.
k ggkunt dkr taf d`gt ta`t taf rfsf`rga djfmc kn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns js n`sgfnt
`nc nfjtafr fhpjrjg`m stucjfs nkr tafkrjfs fxjst ta`t `ccrfss prkgfssfs kd cfgjsjkn
h`ijno jn tajs gkntfxt J gaksf taf g`sf stucy hftakc tk o`tafr fhpjrjg`m c`t`.Eujmcjno tafkry drkh g`sf stucjfs js ` rfsf`rga str`tfoy ta`t jnvkmvfs usjno knf kr
hkrf g`sfs tk grf`tf tafkrftjg`m gknstrugts, prkpksjtjkns `nc/kr hjcr`nof tafkry
drkh g`sf-e`sfc fhpjrjg`m fvjcfngf (Fjsfna`rct, 0:1:) `nc ta`t typjg`mmy `nswfrs
rfsf`rga qufstjkns ta`t `ccrfss ‑akw‚ `nc ‑way‚ p`rtjgum`rmy wfmm jn unfxpmkrfc
rfsf`rga `rf`s (Fchkncskn & HgH`nus, 5<<?). F`ga g`sf sfrvfs `s ` cjstjngt
fxpfrjhfnt ta`t st`ncs kn jts kwn `s `n`mytjg unjt `nc tafkry js eujmt e`sfc kn
jncugtjkn `nc rfpmjg`tjkn mkojg.
af rfsf`rga cfsjon js e`sfc kn taf rk`ch`p s prkpksfc ey Fjsfna`rct (0:1:),
wajga syntafsjsfs prfvjkus wkri kn qu`mjt`tjvf hftakcs, taf cfsjon kd g`sf stucy
rfsf`rga `nc orkuncfc tafkry eujmcjno. ajs rk`ch`p cfsgrjefs ta`t `dtfr taf sf-mfgtjkn kd g`sfs `nc gr`dtjno kd taf rfsf`rga prktkgkms, humtjpmf sfts kd c`t` nffc
tk ef gkmmfgtfc jn taf djfmc jn ` dmfxjemf `nc kppkrtunjstjg h`nnfr. @ wjtajn-g`sf
`n`mysjs prkvjcfs d`hjmj`rjty wjta taf c`t` `nc dkrgfs taf rfsf`rgafr tk mkki `t taf
c`t` drkh cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs. Aypktafsfs nc tafkry g`n ef eujmt e`sfc kn taf
gknstrugts dkunc jn taf g`sf `n`mysjs jn gkhejn`tjkn wjta ` rfdmfgtjkn kd gkndmjgt-
jno `nc sjhjm`r mjtfr`turf. Jn mjnf wjta taf rk`ch`p taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri
`nc taf c`t` gkmmfgtjkn `nc `n`mysjs kd taf g`sfs cfvfmkpfc tarkuoa ` p`r`mmfm eut
jntfr`gtjvf prkgfss. af strugturf kd taf suggfss d`gtkrs `nc taf gknstrugts usfc
curjno `n`mysjs kd taf c`t` `rf gkhejnfc jn taf djn`m ga`ptfr jn krcfr tk cr`w
gkngmusjkns.af hftakc kd stucyjno g`sfs h`ifs jt pkssjemf tk stucy cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn `
rf`m mjdf gkntfxt kn cjddfrfnt mfvfms kd jncjvjcu`m, orkup `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno (A`gih`n, 5<<79 Zjn, 5<<:). @ggkrcjno tk Fjsfna`rct nc Or`fenfr
(5<<?, p. 56) ”tafkry eujmcjno drkh humtjpmf g`sfs js fhfrofnt jn taf sfnsf ta`t
jt js sjtu`tfc jn `nc cfvfmkpfc ey rfgkonjzjno p`ttfrns kd rfm`tjknsajps `nc tafjr
uncfrmyjno mkojg`m `rouhfnts `hkno gknstrugts wjtajn `nc `grkss g`sfs‘. Jn tajs
rfsf`rga J usfc g`sf stucjfs `s ` rjga fhpjrjg`m cfsgrjptjkn kd p`rtjgum`r jnst`ngfs
kd pafnkhfnkn ta`t `rf typjg`mmy e`sfc kn v`rjfty kd c`t` skurgfs (Zjn, 5<<:).
F`ga g`sf g`n ef cfsgrjefc `s `n jnstruhfnt`m g`sf stucy jn taf sfnsf ta`t jt js `n
jntfnsjvf stucy kd ` sjnomf unjt dkr taf purpksf kd uncfrst`ncjno ` m`rofr gm`ss kd(sjhjm`r) unjts (Dmyvebfro, 5<<3). @ v`rjfty kd cjddfrfnt dkrhs kd c`t` w`s gkmmfgtfc
dkr f`ga g`sf tk `mmkw dkr trj`noum`tjkn eftwffn sfmd-rfpkrt, kesfrvfc efa`vjkur
`nc kddjgj`m bustjdjg`tjkns.
Efg`usf taf rfsf`rga jhs t cfvfmkpjno tafkry jnstf`c kd tfstjno jt, tafkrftjg`m
s`hpmjno js `pprkprj`tf. Jn tajs sjtu`tjkn g`sfs wfrf sfmfgtfc efg`usf kd kppkrtu-
njtjfs dkr unusu`m rfsf`rga `ggfss `nc rfvfm`tkry sjtu`tjkns (Zjn, 5<<:). @mtakuoa
tr`nsp`rfngy kd puemjg okvfrn`ngf sffhs tk jhpmy ktafrwjsf, o`jnjno `ggfss tk
tfncfr sjtu`tjkns prkvfc tk ef vfry cjddjgumt. J fxpfrjfngfc ta`t tfncfr sjtu`tjkns
kdtfn a`vf ` vfry sfnsjtjvf `nc cfmjg`tf n`turf. Nfxt tk ta`t jt `ppf`rfc a`rc tk
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 151/341
076
tr`gf gmjfnts prfp`rjno ` tfncfr efdkrf taf kddjgj`m `nnkungfhfnt js h`cf tk tr`gf
tafjr hktjvfs. _jtajn tafsf mjhjt`tjkns `nc taf `v`jm`emf tjhf, J gkncugtfc tarff
jnstruhfnt`m g`sfs (Wt`if, 0::6) jn taf gkntfxt kd ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfrjno prkgfcurfjn taf Nftafrm`ncs2 ` Wgakkm, ` Gjty A`mm, `nc ` \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf.
af g`sfs cjddfrfc jn taf sgkpf kd taf erjfd, taf typf kd tfncfr `nc taf ga`r`gtfr-
jstjgs kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. @ccjtjkn`mmy J gkncugtfc knf g`sf `ekut `n jcf`s
gkhpftjtjkn dkr ` nfw D`gumty Eujmcjno kd ` Cutga unjvfrsjty. `emf 6.5 prkvjcfs
`n kvfrvjfw kd taf g`sfs `nc tafjr h`jn ga`r`gtfrjstjgs.
af g`sfs sakw taf prkgfss kd rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn drkh psygakmkojg`m pfrspfg-
tjvf jn tafjr dumm gkhpmfxjty jngmucjno taf jntfrrfm`tjkns kd taf pa`sfs, `gtkrs `nc
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs. k fxpmkrf taf cjddfrfnt rfsf`rga hftakcs `nc cfvfmkp rfsf`rga
prktkgkms skhf pjmkt stucjfs wfrf gkncugtfc (Tkmifr & cf Bknof, 5<<?9 Tkmifr
& Afjntz, 5<<?). Ga`ptfr 4 cfsgrjefs taf rfsf`rga hftakckmkoy `nc rfsumts kd `grkss-g`sf `n`mysjs dkr p`ttfrns `grkss taf tarff tfncfr g`sfs. af g`sfs wfrf `n`-
mysfc `s sfp`r`tf jcfntjtjfs djrst (Tkmifr & Ga`k-Cujvjs, 5<0<9 Tkmifr & M`ugaf,
5<<19 Tkmifr, M`ugaf, Afjntz, & cf Bknof, 5<<1) `nc tafn systfh`tjg`mmy gkh-
p`rfc kn `ppf`rjno gknstrugts. af djncjnos `rf cfsgrjefc dkr f`ga kd taf gfntr`m
gknstrugts kd `n kvfr`mm dr`hfwkri kd taf prkgfss kd tfncfrjno dkr `n `rgajtfgt.
af dr`hfwkri jcfntjdjfc tarff gtkr orkups (` stffrjno gkhhjttff, prkbfgt tf`h
`nc ` bury p`nfm), dkur fmfhfnts kd taf prkbfgt (prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, gmjfnt okv-
frn`ngf, st`ifakmcfrs `nc prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt), `nc dkur dunc`hfnt`ms kd ` tfn-
cfr cfsjon (tfncfr erjfd, prkgfss prkgfcurf, st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt nc cfgjsjkn
prkgfss). afsf s`hf gknstrugts wfrf usfc jn taf `n`mysjs kd ` dkurta g`sf `ekut`n jntfrn`tjkn`m kpfn jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn. af rfsumts nc rfsf`rga hftakckmkoy kd
tajs g`sf `rf rfpkrtfc jn Ga`ptfr ?.
af ga`r`gtfrjstjgs nc prkgfssfs s cjstjnoujsafc jn taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri
`nc taf fhpjrjg`m g`sfs wfrf v`mjc`tfc jn wkrisakp wjta tfn prkdfssjkn`m gmjfnts,
mfo`m prkdfssjkn`ms, `nc `rgajtfgts. af v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp gknsjstfc kd twk v`mj-
c`tjkn stfps2 rfdmfgtjkn kn taf djncjnos `nc ` hkcfmmjno fxfrgjsf. @ cfsgrjptjkn kd
taf wkrisakp `nc taf rfsumts `rf jntfor`tfc jn Ga`ptfr ?.
G`sf Sypf kd gmjfnt Sypf kd prkgfcurf Ufsf`rga hftakcs
@ Wgakkm wjta Wpkrts
d`gjmjty
Wgakkm ek`rc wjta hunj-
gjp`m rfprfsfnt`tjvfs
Ufstrjgtfc tfncfr
dkr tr`cjtjkn`m
cfsjon gkntr`gt
Nkn p`rtjgjp`tkry kesfrv`tjkns
Jntfrvjfws
Ckguhfnt n`mysjs
@ Gjty A`mm wjta
Mjer`ry
Gjty gkungjm wjta mjer`ry
rfprfsfnt`tjvfs
Ufstrjgtfc tfncfr
dkr tr`cjtjkn`m
cfsjon gkntr`gt
Jntfrvjfws
Ckguhfnt n`mysjs
Nkn p`rtjgjp`tkry kesfrv`tjkns
@ \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kgf
\rkvjngj m Fxfgutjvfs Ufstrjgtfc tfncfr
dkr Cfsjon Eujmc
gkntr`gt
\`ssjvf p`rtjgjp`tkry kesfrv`tjkns
Jndkrh`m gknvfrs`tjkns
Ckguhfnt n`mysjs
@ D gumty Eujmcjno Cf n s rfprfsfnt tjvf
kd taf Fxfgutjvf Ek`rc
kd taf Vnjvfrsjty
Kpfn jcf`s
gkhpftjtjkn wjta
prjzf hknfy
@gtjvf p`rtjgjp`tkry kesfrv`tjkns
Ckguhfnts n`mysjs
Jntfrvjfws
S`emf 6.5 Kvfrvjfw kd fhpjrjg`m c`t`
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 152/341
074
Jn Ga`ptfr 1 taf fhfrofnt dr`hfwkri drkh Ga`ptfrs 4 `nc ? js gkhp`rfc
wjta taf fvjcfngf drkh f`ga g`sf `nc taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc suggfss d`g-
tkrs prkpksfc jn tajs ga`ptfr. afn gkngmusjkns `rf cr`wn `ekut taf cfgjsjkn
prkgfss kd puemjg gmjfnts curjno `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns `nc taf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf
cfsjon kd `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf jn taf gkntfxt kd Furkpf`n tfncfrjno
rfoum`tjkns `rf cfsgrjefc. Ga`ptfr 1 gkngmucfs wjta ` rfdmfgtjkn kn taf rfsf`rga`pprk`ga `nc suoofstjkns dkr duturf rfsf`rga.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 153/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 154/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 155/341
07: ‗
Ga`ptfr 4
S AUFF FH\JUJG@M SFNCFU G@WFW ‗ GUKWW G@WF @N@MZWJW
4.0 Jntrkcugtjkn `nc rfsf`rga qufstjkns
H`n`ofrj`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno js ` gkhpmfx pafnkhfnkn ta`t g`n efst ef uncfr-
stkkc jn taf spfgjdjg gkntfxts jn wajga jt t`ifs pm`gf. @ spfgjdjg gkntfxt, mjif
taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt kr taf fv`mu`tjkn kd ` cfsjon prkpks`m, js vfry cjddj-
gumt tk sjhum`tf kr tr`gf. afrfdkrf g`sf stucjfs `rf taf hkst `pprkprj`tf rfsf`rga
hftakc dkr fxpmkrjno taf gkhpmfx rfm`tjknsajps nc sskgj`tfc g`us`m hfga`njshs
(Ofrrjno, 5<<3) eftwffn cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn cfsjon `nc taf pfrgfptjkn kd cfsjon
qu`mjty. @s hfntjknfc jn taf djrst ga`ptfr vfry mjttmf fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga a`s effncknf jn taf spfgjdjg gkntfxt kd gmjfnt cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno Furkpf`n tfncfrs kr
cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns (Wtrkno, 0::4). Bust rfgfntmy skhf p`pfrs a`vf effn puemjsafc
`ekut taf prfp`r`tjkns `nc cfgjsjkn prkgfss dkr ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn (I`zfhj`n
& Uônn, 5<<:9 Irfjnfr, 5<<?e, 5<<19 Wvfnsskn, 5<<1) eut tfncfr prkgfcurfs `rf
nkt fxpmjgjtmy p`rt kd tafsf puemjg`tjkns. @ggkrcjno tk `rgajtfgts `nc gknsumt`nts
jn pr`gtjgf, taf m`gi kd prkdfssjkn`mjsh kd puemjg gmjfnts js taf h`jn rf`skn dkr
taf jngrf`sjno cjss`tjsd`gtjkn `ekut taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts jn taf gkntfxt kd
FV prkgurfhfnt m`w (v`n cfr \km, ft `m., 5<<:). Gmjfnts `ginkwmfcof taf gurrfnt
prkemfhs wjta `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns eut `msk pkjnt tk hkrf systfh`tjg cjddjgumtjfs.
Wk d`r tfncfr sjtu`tjkns a`vf nkt effn `n`mysfc kn taf uncfrmyjno cjddjgumtjfs ta`tgmjfnts fxpfrjfngf. af `jh kd tajs ga`ptfr js tk afmp rfhfcy tajs sjtu`tjkn ey fx-
pmkrjno tarff gkngfptu`mmy cjddfrfnt tfncfr g`sfs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs.
af ga`ptfr dkgusfs kn taf dkmmkwjno rfsf`rga qufstjkns2
Akw ck puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs cfgjcf kn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt
jn taf gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w;
_ajga sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd
puemjg gmjfnts jn tajs gkntfxt;
4.5 Ufsf`rga hftakckmkoy
af g`sf stucy hftakc w`s gaksfn jn mjoat kd taf d`gt ta`t taf rfsf`rga djfmc js n`s-
gfnt, m`gijno ekta fhpjrjg`m stucjfs nc tafkrjfs ta`t `ccrfss prkgfssfs kd cfgjsjkn
h`ijno jn tajs gkntfxt. @n jnstruhfnt`m g`sf stucy g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` rjga
fhpjrjg`m cfsgrjptjkn kd p`rtjgum`r jnst`ngfs kd ` pafnkhfnkn ta`t `rf typjg`mmy
e`sfc kn ` v`rjfty kd c`t` skurgfs (Zjn, 5<<:) wjta taf purpksf kd uncfrst`ncjno
` m`rofr gm`ss kd (sjhjm`r) unjts (Dmyvebfro, 5<<3). af rfsf`rga cfsjon djts taf jcf`
kd taf rk`ch`p s prkpksfc ey Fjsfna`rct (0:1:) wajga syntafsjsfs taf prjngjpmfs
kd qu`mjt`tjvf hftakcs, g`sf stucy rfsf`rga nc orkuncfc tafkry. ajs ga`ptfr cf-
sgrjefs taf rfsumts kd ` grkss g`sf sf`rga dkr p`ttfrns `grkss tarff g`sfs. af g`sfs
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 156/341
03<
wfrf `n`mysfc `s sfp`r`tf jcfntjtjfs djrst `nc tafn systfh`tjg`mmy gkhp`rfc kn taf
e`sjs kd gknstrugts `s tafy `ppf`rfc jn taf g`sfs. af djncjnos `rf cfsgrjefc dkr
f`ga kd taf gfntr`m gknstrugts kd `n kvfr`mm dr`hfwkri kd taf prkgfss kd tfncfrjno
dkr `n `rgajtfgt (sff sfgtjkn 4.7). af s`hf gknstrugts `rf usfc jn taf `n`mysjs kd
` dkurta g`sf gkngfrnjno ` D`gumty Eujmcjno jn Ga`ptfr ?. Jn f`ga sfgtjkn gkn-
gmusjkns `rf cr`wn ta`t gkntrjeutf tk taf eujmcjno emkgis kd ` tfncfr cfsjon. afrfdmfgtjkn prkvjcfs ` sakrt suhh`ry kd taf djncjnos kd tafsf tarff g`sfs.
@ v`rjfty kd cjddfrfnt dkrhs kd c`t` w`s gkmmfgtfc dkr f`ga g`sf tk `mmkw dkr
trj`noum`tjkn eftwffn sfmd-rfpkrt, kesfrvfc efa`vjkur `nc kddjgj`m bustjdjg`tjkns
(sff `emf 4.0). Jn taf Wgakkm `nc \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf taf ke-
sfrv`tjkns `nc ekta dkrh`m `nc jndkrh`tjkn jntfrvjfws wfrf taf h`jn skurgf kd
jndkrh`tjkn, wajmf jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf ckguhfnts `nc jntfrvjfws wfrf hkst
jhpkrt`nt. Vndkrtun`tfmy taf kddjgj`m nktfs kd taf kesfrv`tjkns kd taf Wgakkm g`sf
wfrf cfstrkyfc jn taf djrf `t kur d`gumty eujmcjno jn H`y 5<<1. Eut efg`usf hkst
kd taf `n`mysjs a`c `mrf`cy effn cknf `nc taf ktafr c`t`, jngmucjno pjgturfs `nc
pfrskn`m nktfs, wfrf stjmm `v`jm`emf, taf Wgakkm g`sf gkumc stjmm pm`y `n jhpkrt`ntrkmf jn taf rfsf`rga. af g`sfs wfrf sft up `ggkrcjno tk taf prjngjpmfs kd Zjn
(5<<:) `nc Wt`if (0::6) jn krcfr tk `ccrfss taf pktfntj`m sakrtgkhjnos kd usjno
` g`sf stucy hftakc jn tfrhs kd mjhjtfc ofnfr`mjs`ejmjty, v`mjcjty `nc rfmj`ejmjty.
af sfhj-strugturfc jntfrvjfws wfrf rfgkrcfc `nc tr`nsgrjefc. af gkcjno `nc
`n`mysjs kd mm ckguhfnts w`s cknf ey taf utakr jn @tm`s.tj, skdtw`rf p`gi`of tk
suppkrt qu`mjt`tjvf gkcjno, `nc v`mjc`tfc ey taf supfrvjskry tf`h kd taf rfsf`rga
prkbfgt. Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf, taf dr`hfwkri kd taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr
`nc jts rfskurgf fnvfmkpf (O`nn, ft `m., 5<<79 _aytf & O`nn, 5<<7) w`s usfc
tk `n`mysf taf `rouhfnts dkr sfmfgtjno taf efst cfsjon. Jn tkt`m 711 par`sfs wfrf
`n`mysfc `nc gkcfc tk knf kd taf dkurtffn cfsjon `spfgts jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf. @ hkrf cft`jmfc cfsgrjptjkn kd tajs `n`mysjs g`n ef dkunc jn Tkmifr, M`ugaf, Cf
Bknof `nc Afjntz (5<<1). @mm c`t` wfrf gkmmfgtfc jn Cutga. afrfdkrf `mm gjt`tjkns
usfc jn tajs ga`ptfr `rf tr`nsm`tjkns ey taf `utakr.
Wgakkm nc spkrts d`gjmjty Gjty A`mm wjta mjer`ry \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kgf
Kesfrv`tjkns 5 hfftjnos (03 akurs
jn tkt`m)
4 prfsfnt`tjkns
7 hfftjnos (? akurs jn tkt`m)
0< prfsfnt`tjkns
0: hfftjnos (67 akurs ofnfr`m
rfpkrt)
0 hfftjno (5 akurs cft`jmfc
rfpkrt)
Ckguhfnts 1 ckguhfnts (gkhpftj-
tjkn rumfs, h`trjx, kgj`m
gkrrfspkncfngf)
4 ckguhfnts (gkhpftj-
tjkn rumfs, hfhks, kgj`m
gkrrfspkncfngf)
06 ckguhfnts (wkrijno ckgu-
hfnts, gkhpftjtjkn rumfs)
Jntfrvjfws 1 jntfrvjfws wjta prkbfgt
tf`h hfhefrs nc
rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf
st`ifakmcfrs
: jntfrvjfws wjta prkbfgt
tf`h hfhefrs, rfprfsfnt`-
tjvfs kd taf gmjfnt ekcy `nc
p`rtjgjp`tjno `rgajtfgts
jndkrh`m gknvfrs`tjkns wjta
prkbfgt tf`h hfhefrs nc
hfhefrs kd taf gmjfnt ekcy
Cforff kd
jnvkmvfhfnt
Jnvkmvfc s kesfrvfr
drkh kgj`m nnkungf-
hfnt untjm ffn`m w`rc
cfgjsjkn
Jnvkmvfc s kesfrvfr dtfr
ffrst rkunc kd sfmfgtjkn untjm
ffn`m w`rc cfgjsjkn
Jnvkmvfc s p`rtjgjp`nt kesfrvfr
drkh efdkrf kgj`m nnkungf-
hfnt untjm taf prkgfss w`s
g`ngfmmfc dtfr sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
S`emf 4.0 Kvfrvjfw kd rfsf`rga hftakcs `nc c`t` pfr g`sf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 157/341
030 ‗
4.7 Dr`hfwkri dkr c`t` `n`mysjs
Jn tajs ga`ptfr taf rfsumts kd `mm tarff g`sfs `rf jntfor`tfc tk v`mjc`tf taf prkpksj-
tjkns `s dkrhum`tfc jn taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri dkr gmjfnt cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf
gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w. af jntfrvjfw c`t`, kesfrv`tjkns nc ckguhfnts
kd `mm g`sfs `rf gkhejnfc `nc v`mjc`tfc ey trj`noum`tjkn `s huga `s pkssjemf ey `
prkgfss kd jntfrprft`tjkn, rfdmfgtjkn `nc fv`mu`tjkn kd taf djncjnos. af wjtajn-g`sf `n`mysjs mf`c tk taf strugturf kd tarff tafhfs2 taf `gtkrs, taf prkbfgt `nc
taf tfncfr cfsjon (sff Djourf 4.0). af dr`hfwkri sakws rfsfhem`ngf wjta taf
tarff gkngfpts ta`t B`nsfn, Oôssmjno, Hfris `nc Ofurts (5<<6) usfc dkr ` gkn-
tfnt `n`mysjs stucy kd taf rfm`tjkn eftwffn cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc cfgjsjkn qu`mjty2
cfgjsjkn prkgfss ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf cfgjsjkn rfsumts `nc gkntfxt
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs.
af prjngjpmfs efajnc Djourf 4.0 g`n ef fxpm`jnfc `s dkmmkws. af gmjfnt‚s
stffrjno gkhhjttff, taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf bury p`nfm (sfmfgtjkn `nc/kr `w`rc
gkhhjttff) `rf taf ify `gtkrs kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt. af jnput kd taf ktafr st`if-
akmcfrs, jngmucjno taf prkpks`ms kd taf `rgajtfgts, js p`rt kd taf jndkrh`tjkn ta`t
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs usf curjno taf prkgfss. @rgajtfgts rf tafrfdkrf gknsjcfrfc s sup-
pmjfrs kd jndkrh`tjkn jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
@ tfncfr prkbfgt gknsjsts kd gfrt`jn ga`r`gtfrjstjgs wjtajn ` gkntfxt kd gmjfnt
okvfrn`ngf, skgj`m st`ifakmcfrs `nc prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt. Curjno taf wakmf tfn-
cfr prkgfss ga`nofs jn taf fnvjrknhfnt g`usf ` gknst`nt jntfrpm`y eftwffn taf
`gtkrs `nc taf prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs. af `gtkrs `nc taf prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
prkvjcf taf jnput dkr taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr, wajga gknsjsts kd taf tfncfr erjfd,
taf prkgfss kd taf prkgfcurf, taf strugturf dkr taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd st`ifakmcfrs
`nc taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. af djrst tarff fmfhfnts (tfncfr erjfd, prkgfss prkgfcurf
Djourf 4.0 Safhf strugturf kd grkss g`sf `n`mysjs
\UKBFGS@GSKUW
\rkbfgt
tf`h
\rkbfgt
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
• Okvfrn`ngf
• Wt`ifakmcfrs
• \rkbfgt
h`n`ofhfnt
gkhhjttff p`nfm
SFNCFU CFWJON
Sfncfr erjfd
\rkgfss prkgfcurf
Wt`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt
Cfgjsjkn prkgfss
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 158/341
035
`nc st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt) prkvjcf taf strugturf jn wajga taf cfgjsjkn prkg-
fss t`ifs pm`gf. afy tafrfdkrf nffc tk ef cfsjonfc efdkrf taf tfncfr g`n ef `n-
nkungfc. afsf cfsjon `gtjvjtjfs `rf hkstmy cknf ey taf prkbfgt tf`h. afrfdkrf
hkst kd taf `n`mysjs kd taf c`t` js cknf drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd taf prkbfgt tf`h.
af stffrjno gkhhjttff js gknsjcfrfc tk ef kd hkst jndmufngf kn taf jnvkmvfhfnt
kd st`ifakmcfrs, jn gkmm`ekr`tjkn wjta taf prkbfgt tf`h. af bury p`nfm gkncugtshkst kd taf cfgjsjkns jn taf `gtu`m sfmfgtjkn prkgfss.
4.3 G`sf cfsgrjptjkns
Jn tkt`m tarff g`sf stucjfs wfrf pfrdkrhfc jn ` rf`m mjdf gkntfxt jn wajga taf rf-
strjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf w`s `ppmjfc. `emf 4.5 prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf ga`r-
`gtfrjstjgs kd taf tarff g`sfs. af Wgakkm `nc Gjty A`mm g`sfs wfrf suggfssdum tfn-
cfrs, wajga mfc tk ` gkntr`gt eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf `rgajtfgt. af tfncfr kd
taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf w`s g`ngfmmfc `dtfr taf djrst rkunc kd sfmfgtjkn.
\r`oh`tjsh, taf `jh dkr okkc gkmm`ekr`tjkn, `nc ` crjvf dkr kebfgtjvjty turnfckut tk ef jhpkrt`nt tafhfs jn taf Wgakkm g`sf. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm knf
kd taf h`jn `jhs w`s tk `ppmy cfhkgr`tjg prjngjpmfs jn gakksjno ` eujmcjno ta`t
wajga wkumc `cc v`muf tk taf gjty. af \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf g`n
ef ga`r`gtfrjsfc `s ` pkmjtjg`m prkgfss jn wajga skhf kd taf `gtkrs strkvf tk o`jn
gkntrkm kvfr taf prkgfss `nc skuoat suppkrt wjtajn `nc kutsjcf taf kro`njs`tjkn.
af dkmmkwjno sfgtjkns cfsgrjef taf g`sfs jn hkrf cft`jm.
4.3.0 @ pr`oh`tjg prkgfss2 @ Wgakkm wjta Wpkrts d`gjmjty
af djrst g`sf js `ekut taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt dkr ` m`rof fmfhfnt`ry sgakkm,
g`mmfc ‑cf w``mdrujtfr‚ jn ` tkwn jn taf hjccmf kd taf Nftafrm`ncs g`mmfc Tmfutfn.af tfncfr tkki pm`gf jn taf pfrjkc drkh @uoust tjmm Nkvfhefr 5<<?. Tmfutfn
d`mms uncfr taf burjscjgtjkn kd taf Gjty kd Vtrfgat. af prkbfgt `msk jngmucfs `
spkrts d`gjmjty wjta twk a`mms `nc `ccjtjkn`m d`gjmjtjfs. af Wgakkm Ek`rc (kd taf
Dkunc`tjkn kd taf Ukh`n G`takmjg Fmfhfnt`ry Wgakkms kd taf pm`gfs Tmfutfn,
Cf Hffrn, A``rzujmfns) `nc taf Cfp`rthfnt kd Wpkrts kd taf Gjty kd Vtrfgat
`rf taf kddjgj`m `w`rcjno `utakrjtjfs. af h`jn sa`rfakmcfrs jn tajs g`sf `rf taf
Wgakkm wjta Wpkrts
d`gjmjty
Gjty A`mm wjta Mjer`ry \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kgf
Gkntr`gt Sr`cjtjkn`m Sr`cjtjkn`m Cfsjon & Eujmc
Skt`m eujmcjno gksts (fxgm T@S) ₭ 6.? hjmmjkn ₭ 70.1 hjmmjkn ₭ 7: hjmmjkn
Orkss stkkr rf` 6,?<< h5 01,7<< h5 04,<<< h5
Wfmfgtjkn cfgjsjkn h`jnmy
e`sfc kn2
\krtdkmjk, rfdfrfngf prk-
bfgts, GT mf`c `rgajtfgt
Ufdfrfngf prkbfgts,
prkffmf kd mf`c rgajtfgt
Ufdfrfngf prkbfgts
@w`rc cfgjsjkn h`jnmy e`sfc
kn2
\rfsfnt`tjkn kd cfsjon
vjsjkn
Wiftga cfsjon, sg`mf
hkcfm nc prfsfnt`tjkn
Gkngfpt cfsjon
`nc prfsfnt`tjkn
Sfncfrjno pa`sfs `n`mysfc Wfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rcjno
pa`sf
@w`rc pa`sf Wfmfgtjkn pa`sf
Djn`ngj`m gkhpfns`tjkn dkr
tfncfrfrs w`rc pa`sf
₭ < ₭ 06.<<< ₭ 06<.<<<
S`emf 4.5 Kvfrvjfw kd rfstrjgtfc tfncfr g`sfs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 159/341
037 ‗
Wgakkm Ek`rc, twk cfp`rthfnts kd taf Gjty kd Vtrfgat (Cfp`rthfnt kd Wpkrts
`nc Cfp`rthfnt kd Fcug`tjkn) `nc rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd ` akmcjno gkhp`ny cf-
vfmkpjno taf nfjoaekurakkc g`mmfc taf OFH Tmfutfrwfjcf (Cutga `eerfvj`tjkn
dkr Gkhhkn Fxpmkjt`tjkn Gkhp`ny Tmfutfrwfjcf). ajs g`sf js cknf drkh taf
pfrspfgtjvf kd taf Wgakkm Ek`rc efg`usf tafy tkki taf mf`c jn taf prkbfgt. afy
gaksf tk usf taf rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf tk sfmfgt tafjr `rgajtfgt. @ gknsumt`nt w`s ajrfc tk `gt `s kddjgj`m `w`rcjno `utakrjty jn tfrhs kd kro`njsjno taf tfncfr,
prkvjcjno ` erjfd, `nc h`n`ojno taf kvfr`mm prkbfgt. af gknsumt`nt dungtjknfc `s
taf gknt`gt pfrskn dkr tajs tfncfr.
Jn taf djrst rkunc kd taf Tmfutfn g`sf, taf sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno
st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs wfrf2
Mfo`m rfqujrfhfnts - tk ef dumdjmmfc ey sjonjno ` cfgm`r`tjkn dkrh.
Fgknkhjg `nc djn`ngj`m rfqujrfhfnts - tk ef dumdjmmfc ey sjonjno ` cfgm`r`-
tjkn tkoftafr wjta ` sjonfc st`tfhfnt kd taf `nnu`m turnkvfr kd taf m`st tarff
yf`rs.\rkdfssjkn`m rfqujrfhfnts - tk ef dumdjmmfc ey ` pkrtdkmjk wjta tarff gkhp`r`-
emf prkbfgts cfsjonfc ey taf prkpksfc mf`c `rgajtfgt, ` st`tfhfnt kd wjmmjno-
nfss tk t`if kn taf bke e`sfc kn tkt`m fnojnffrjno (`w`rcjno taf gkntr`gt kd
`mm cfsjon `gtjvjtjfs (dungtjkn`m, tfganjg`m ftg.) tk knf p`rty `gtjno `s gknt`gt
pfrskn `nc gkkrcjn`tkr), tarff mfttfrs kd rfdfrfngf sjonfc ey taf gmjfnt jn
qufstjkn, `nc sakrt cfsgrjptjkns kd taf djrh‚s kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturf, taf
nuhefr kd fhpmkyffs, taf djrh‚s qu`mjty h`n`ofhfnt systfh `nc taf fxpfrj-
fngf kd taf mf`c `rgajtfgt prkpksfc dkr tajs bke.
af sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff gknsjstfc kd taf dkur gmjfnt p`rtjfs wjta sjhjm`r vktjnorjoats. afy `mm `ssfssfc taf pkrtdkmjk, taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts `nc taf GTs kd f`ga
g`ncjc`tf curjno knf-c`y hfftjno. af ktafr ckguhfnts nc rfqujrfhfnts wfrf
gafgifc efdkrfa`nc ey taf gknsumt`nt. Cjddfrfnt wfjoats wfrf `ssjonfc tk taf cf-
gjsjkn grjtfrj` dkr taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf (\krtdkmjk2 7, GT2 5, `nc Ufdfrfngf prkbfgts2
0). af wfjoatjno d`gtkrs kd taf grjtfrj` wfrf nkt hfntjknfc jn taf kddjgj`m gkhpf-
tjtjkn rumfs eut cfgjcfc kn jn n f`rmjfr hfftjno nc ppmjfc jn h`trjx (sfmfgtjkn
grjtfrj` kn taf akrjzknt`m `xjs, p`rtjgjp`nts kn taf vfrtjg`m `xjs) curjno cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. Wfmfgtjkn `s wfmm `s `w`rcjno wkumc ef ‑e`sfc kn un`njhjty‚.
Jn tkt`m 76 djrhs `ppmjfc dkr tajs tfncfr, kd wajga tarff wfrf fxgmucfc drkh
sfmfgtjkn efg`usf tafy cjc nkt gkhpmy wjta taf hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts nc fxgmu-sjkn orkuncs. af gmjfnt cfgjcfc tk sfmfgt sjx tfncfrfrs dkr taf `w`rc pa`sf. af
g`ncjc`tfs rfgfjvfc ` mfttfr cfsgrjejno taf sfmfgtjkn cfgjsjkn, `ggkhp`njfc ey taf
kddjgj`m hjnutfs `nc `n `ppfncjx wjta taf h`trjx dkrh djmmfc wjta taf `ssfsshfnt
sgkrfs kd `mm g`ncjc`tfs.
af `w`rc gkhhjttff gknsjstfc kd taf Wgakkm Ek`rc `nc taf Cfp`rthfnt kd
Wpkrts, cvjsfc ey taf OFH Tmfutfrwfjcf nc taf Cfp`rthfnt kd Fcug`tjkn. af
gkntr`gt wkumc ef `w`rcfc e`sfc kn taf hkst fgknkhjg`mmy `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr.
af kddjgj`m jnstrugtjkns tk taf tfncfrfrs dkr taf fmfhfnt`ry sgakkm `nc gkhpmf-
hfnt`ry spkrts d`gjmjtjfs rf`c `s dkmmkws (tr`nsm`tfc drkh Cutga ey taf `utakr)2
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 160/341
033
”\mf`sf prkvjcf ` vjsjkn dkr taf prfsfnt gknstrugtjkn t`si. Dffm drff tkfm`ekr`tf kn taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf vjsjkn kn `mm tafsf jssufs. Saf `w`rcgkhhjttff fxpfgts vjsu`ms tk fn`emf `ssfssjno kd taf vjsjkn `ekut taf prk-
bfgt. \mf`sf ok jntk taf sp`tj`m-dungtjkn`m erjfd (taf gkngfpt kd taf sgakkm`nc taf rfm`tjkn wjta taf spkrts d`gjmjtjfs), `hejtjkn dkr ` sust`jn`emf `nccur`emf eujmcjno (suoofstjkns dkr ` af`mtay jntfrjkr gmjh`tf `nc taf prk-
gfss tk rf`mjsf tajs `hejtjkn), `nc taf ure`n gkntfxt (gkntrjeutjkn tk taf`rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty kd taf `rf` `nc rfm`tjknsajp wjta taf nfjoaekurjnoakusfs `nc d`gjmjtjfs).‘
af h`jn rfqujrfhfnts kd taf erjfd wfrf (sff `msk Djourf 4.5)2
Jntfor`tjkn kd taf sgakkm eujmcjno `nc taf spkrts d`gjmjty, jntk ` sjnomf
cfsjon.
af prfsfnt`tjkn kd mfo`m `spfgts nfgfss`ry tk pfrhjt taf gkhhjssjkn tk ef
`w`rcfc `s ` ‑tkt`m fnojnffrjno‚ prkbfgt.
@ eujmcjno vkmuhf kd 3,04< hµ orkss dmkkr `rf` dkr taf sgakkm `nc :0< hµ
orkss dmkkr `rf` dkr taf spkrts d`gjmjtjfs. @ sjtf pm`n js rfqujrfc dkr taf `rf` kd
taf sgakkm eujmcjno, spkrt d`gjmjtjfs `nc kutsjcf sp`gf kd `ekut 6,7?< hµ wjta
` dkktprjnt kd `ekut 5,5<< hµ.
@ eucoft dkr taf sgakkm eujmcjno kd `ekut ₭ 6.7 hjmmjkn jngmucjno T@, `nc `
eucoft dkr taf spkrt d`gjmjtjfs kd ₭ 0.6 hjmmjkn jngmucjno T@.
•
•
•
•
Djourf 4.5 Cft`jmfc h`p kd mkg`tjkn `nc ure`n fnvjrknhfnt wjta h`jn `ggfss rkutfs. (skurgf2erjfd jn gkhpftjtjkn rumfs, cr`wjno ey Fnnk Rujcfh` Wtfcfekuw)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 161/341
036 ‗
af kddjgj`m `w`rc grjtfrj` `s st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs wfrf2
Tjsjkn dkr taf prkbfgt (taf erjfd, `hejtjkn dkr sust`jn`ejmjty `nc taf ure`n
pm`nnjno gkntfxt) ‗ tk ef `ssfssfc e`sfc kn jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc ey taf p`r-
tjgjp`nt jn ` dkrh`t kd tafjr gakjgf.
\rkdfssjkn`m gkhpftfngjfs kd taf cfsjonfr `nc taf djrh ‗ tk ef `ssfssfc e`sfckn taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd tafjr pkrtdkmjk `nc kd ` prfsfnt`tjkn kd tafjr vjsjkn dkr
taf prkbfgt.
Gkhhunjg`tjvf sijmms ‗ tk ef `ssfssfc e`sfc kn tafjr `ejmjty tk uncfrst`nc
`nc tr`nsm`tf taf rfqujrfhfnts kd taf gmjfnt, tafjr fhp`tay, `nc `ejmjty tk
gkhhunjg`tf jn Cutga.
Tjsjkn (kr prkpks`m) dkr taf rf`mjs`tjkn kd taf prkbfgt `nc taf fstjh`tfc dff kd
taf p`rtjgjp`nt ‗ tk ef ssfssfc e`sfc kn ` sfp`r`tf wrjttfn ckguhfnt a`ncfc
jn `t taf tjhf kd prfsfnt`tjkn.
Jn taf h`trjx safft ta`t w`s usfc curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno tafsf grjtfrj` `p-pf`rfc tk a`vf cjddfrfnt wfjoatjno d`gtkrs eut tafsf wfjoats wfrf nkt hfntjknfc
jn taf kddjgj`m gkhpftjtjkn rumfs.
af gmjfnt rfqufstfc ta`t taf rgajtfgt wak wkumc ef rfspknsjemf dkr taf prkbfgt
jn g`sf kd wjnnjno taf gkntr`gt wkumc pfrdkrh taf prfsfnt`tjkn tk taf bury p`nfm.
afy cjc nkt rfqujrf taf fntr`nts tk a`nc jn tafjr prfsfnt`tjkns efdkrfa`nc. af
Wgakkm Ek`rc `nc taf Cfp`rthfnt kd Wpkrts cfgjcfc tk `w`rc taf gkntr`gt tk
@rgajtfgtfn- fn Jnofnjfurseurf`u Irjstjnsskn. af p`rtjgjp`nts rfgfjvfc ` mfttfr
`nnkungjno taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn, `ggkhp`njfc ey taf kddjgj`m hjnutfs `nc ` h`-
trjx safft djmmfc wjta taf `ssfsshfnt sgkrfs kd `mm sjx p`rtjgjp`nts. @s js gkhhkn jn
taf djfmc kd sgakkm cfsjon, taf p`rtjgjp`nts rfgfjvfc nk djn`ngj`m gkhpfns`tjkn dkrtafjr suehjssjkns. Jn Dferu`ry 5<0< taf `rgajtfgt w`s stjmm wkrijno kn taf cft`jmfc
cfsjon. af prkbfgt cfmjvfry js pm`nnfc dkr Wfptfhefr 5<00.
4.3.5 @ cfhkgr`tjg prkgfss2 @ Gjty A`mm wjta Mjer`ry
af Gjty A`mm g`sf stucy gkngfrns ` rfstrjgtfc Furkpf`n tfncfrjno prkgfcurf tk
sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt dkr taf cfsjon kd taf nfw tkwn a`mm `nc mjer`ry dkr taf ajstkrj-
g`m gjty gfntrf kd Cfvfntfr. af tfncfr tkki pm`gf jn taf pfrjkc drkh Dferu`ry
tjmm Bunf 5<<4. Cfvfntfr js ` gjty kd 0<<,<<< jna`ejt`nts jn taf f`stfrn p`rt kd taf
Nftafrm`ncs. af cfsjon erjfd g`mmfc dkr 01,7<< hµ orkss dmkkr `rf` `nc w`s ga`m-mfnojno efg`usf kd taf gfntr`m mkg`tjkn `nc n`rrkw strffts kd `n ajstkrjg`m ga`r`g-
tfr, taf p`rijno rfqujrfhfnts, nc taf prfsfngf kd n kddjgf eujmcjno nc kd ` taf`-
trf gknsjcfrfc tk ef kd `rgajtfgtur`m `nc ajstkrjg`m v`muf. af Gjty kd Cfvfntfr
w`ntfc tk utjmjsf taf prkdfssjkn`m jnsjoat kd taf gkhpftjno `rgajtfgts tk cftfrhjnf
taf d`tf kd taf twk eujmcjnos, `nc tafrfdkrf o`vf taf `rgajtfgts `s huga drffckh
`s pkssjemf jn prkvjcjno ` cfsjon skmutjkn.
af gmjfnt gknsjstfc kd taf Gjty Gkungjm `nc taf Ek`rc kd taf H`ykr `nc
@mcfrhfn. af ek`rc kd taf Cfvfntfr mjer`ry w`s jnvkmvfc `s knf kd taf duturf
usfrs kd taf eujmcjno. af Gjty Gkungjm `gtfc `s taf gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt. @
prkbfgt tf`h `nc stffrjno gkhhjttff wfrf `ssjonfc tk taf tfncfr prkbfgt. af
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 162/341
034
prkbfgt tf`h gknsjstfc kd `n jntfrjh h`n`ofr `nc sfvfr`m st`dd hfhefrs kd taf
hunjgjp`mjty. afy ajrfc sfvfr`m gknsumt`nts tk `ssjst tafh kn mfo`m `nc djn`ngj`m
h`ttfrs. af stffrjno gkhhjttff jngmucfc hfhefrs kd taf fxfgutjvf ek`rc kd taf
hunjgjp`mjty, taf ga`jr kd taf Cfvfntfr mjer`ry ek`rc, taf af`c kd taf rf`m fst`tf
cfp`rthfnt kd taf hunjgjp`mjty `nc taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr.
af kddjgj`m tfncfr erjfd drkh taf Gjty kd Cfvfntfr rf`c `s dkmmkws (tr`nsm`tfcdrkh Cutga ey taf `utakr)2
”Cfmjvfr ` siftga cfsjon kd h`xjhuh 06 @3 p`ofs, gm`rjg`tjkn, ` pm`n kd`gtjkn `nc sg`mf hkcfm dkr taf nfw Gjty A`mm, taf mjer`ry, `nc `n uncfr -
orkunc p`rijno o`r`of kn taf mkg`tjkn kd taf dkrhfr taf`trf jn taf OrktfIfriakd squ`rf, rfsumtjno jn taf g`p`gjty kd 01,7<< h5 jn tkt`m.‘
af h`jn rfqujrfhfnts jn taf erjfd wfrf cfsgrjefc `s (sff `msk Djourf 4.7)2
af gknstrugtjkn eucoft w`s sft `t ₭ 70.1 hjmmjkn fxgmucjno T@ (tkt`m
prkbfgt gksts ₭ 66.: hjmmjkn) ‗ jngmucjno h`gajnfry (gmjh`tf gkntrkm, mjdtsftg) `nc ` p`rijno o`r`of.
af gkungjm a`mm w`s tk ef rfstkrfc `nc taf cfsjon sakumc djt jntk taf fxjst-
jno ure`n cfvfmkphfnt pm`n. Nk cfgjsjkn wkumc ef h`cf efdkrfa`nc wafta-
fr taf d`g`cfs kd taf gurrfnt eujmcjnos `t taf mkg`tjkn sakumc rfh`jn kr ef
cfhkmjsafc.
af h`jn fntr`ngf w`s tk ef mkg`tfc `t taf squ`rf `nc taf rfgfptjkn `nc taf
puemjg dungtjkns `t taf orkunc dmkkr.
@ nfw gkngfpt kd kddjgf kro`njs`tjkn wkumc ef `ppmjfc, sk ` v`rjfty kd wkri-
pm`gfs a`c tk ef kddfrfc `nc taf eujmcjno sakumc kddfr ` ajoa cforff kd dmfx-jejmjty jn jtsfmd.
af cfsjon gkngfrnfc taf ure`n djt `nc gkntkurs kd taf eujmcjno, `s wfmm `s
taf vjsjkn nc tr`nsm`tjkn kd taf kro`njs`tjkn`m prkgfssfs jntk taf cfsjon, suga
`s taf synfroy eftwffn taf mjer`ry `nc taf gjty, taf wfmgkhjno kd gmjfnts `nc
taf paysjg`m tr`nsm`tjkn kd taf wkripm`gfs.
af gkntr`gt w`s tk ef `w`rcfc e`sfc kn taf hkst fgknkhjg`mmy cv`nt`ofkus
ejc ta`t dumdjmmfc taf `fstaftjg `nc dungtjkn`m `spfgts kd taf cfsjon. @ggkrcjno
tk taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs, `mm tarff grjtfrj` wfjoafc fqu`mmy. af grjtfrj` wfrf cf-
sgrjefc `s2
af cforff kd dmfxjejmjty kd taf prkor`hhf gkngfrnjno taf synfroy eftwffn
mjer`ry `nc Gjty A`mm, jntfor`tjkn kd drknt `nc e`gi kddjgf, `nc tfganjg`m `nc
fnvjrknhfnt`m cur`ejmjty.
af jntfmmjofngf `nc grf`tjvjty kd taf skmutjkn jn jts ajstkrjg`m gkntfxt.
af gkntrjeutjkn tk taf cjvfrsjty `nc rfstkr`tjkn kd spmjt ure`n ga`r`gtfr kd
kmc `nc nfw.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 163/341
03? ‗
Jn tkt`m 55 djrhs sakwfc jntfrfst dkr tajs tfncfr ey suehjttjno taf ckguhfnts
`sifc dkr jn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn. @ sfmfgtjkn w`s h`cf ey taf sfmfgtjkn gkh-
hjttff e`sfc kn taf sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` kd taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts (h`xjhuh kd 4<
pkjnts) `nc taf prkpksfc mf`c `rgajtfgts (h`xjhuh 3< pkjnts). af sfmfgtjkn
gkhhjttff gknsjstfc kd rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf Ek`rc kd taf H`ykr `nc @mcfrhfn,
taf hunjgjp`mjty, taf Cfvfntfr mjer`ry `nc taf prkbfgt tf`h kd taf tfncfr. af
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss fxjstfc kd ` hfftjno kd taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff wjta cjsgussjkn
`nc vktjno. Efg`usf taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf tfncfr a`c `mrf`cy t`ifn pm`gf
wafn taf g`sf stucy st`rtfc, tafrf wfrf knmy mjhjtfc c`t` `v`jm`emf `ekut tajspa`sf (h`jnmy jntfrvjfws).
Djourf 4.7 Gurrfnt sjtu`tjkn `nc ajstkrjg`m h`p kd taf mkg`tjkn (skurgf2 `ppfncjgfs kd gkhpf-
tjtjkn rumfs)
Gaurga
squ`rf Gknstrugtjknsjtf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 164/341
031
Djvf djrhs drkh taf 55 wfrf jnvjtfc tk bkjn taf `w`rc pa`sf kd taf tfncfr.
Djourf 4.3 rfprfsfnt jmmustr`tjkns kd taf sg`mf hkcfms kd taf cfsjons ta`t wfrf prf-
sfntfc curjno taf tfncfr. af `rgajtfgts, fxgfpt dkr taf wjnnfr, f`ga rfgfjvfc ₭06.<<< gkhpfns`tjkn dkr tafjr `gtjvjtjfs jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. af `w`rc gkhhjt-
tff, wak a`c tk cftfrhjnf taf wjnnfr kd taf tfncfr, gknsjstfc kd rfprfsfnt`tjvfs
kd taf pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs kd taf Gjty Gkungjm. af `w`rc gkhhjttff gknsjcfrfc taf
`cvjgf kd sfvfr`m st`ifakmcfrs (mjer`ry, usfr orkup kd taf gjty `nc taf gjtjzfns) `s
wfmm `s taf `cvjgf kd `n fxpfrt gkhhjttff curjno ` vktjno prkgfss. @n `cvjskry
rfpkrt ey taf prkbfgt tf`h prkvjcfc tafh wjta `n `ssfsshfnt kd taf prkpks`ms jn
mjoat kd taf st`tfc prkbfgt rfqujrfhfnts.
Djourf 4.3 Saf prkpksfc cfsjons jn taf `w`rc
pa`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm g`sf (pjgturfs t`ifn kd
taf krjojn`m sg`mf hkcfms kd taf tfncfrfrs ey
v`n cfr _krp dktkor`f uncfr taf `utakrjty
kd taf Gjty kd Cfvfntfr).
Cfsjon 5 @rgajtfgtuurstucjk AA & _jttfvffn+Eks
Cfsjon 6 Nfutfmjnos Ujfcjbi @rgajtfgtfn
Cfsjon 3 Ir``jbv`nofr¿Vrejs
Cfsjon 0 @rgajtfgtfn Gjf
Cfsjon 7 Jeks Tjt`rt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 165/341
03: ‗
af cfsjon prkpks`ms g`n ef cfsgrjefc `s2
Cfsjon 0 (@rgajtfgtfn Gjf.) gknsjstfc kd tarff sfp`r`tf eut gknnfgtfc eujmc-
jnos. Jt pm`gfc taf mjer`ry `t taf drknt `nc taf gjty kddjgfs `t taf e`gi `nc cf-
hkmjsafc `mm taf fxjstjno eujmcjnos `t taf sjtf.
Cfsjon 5 (@rgajtfgtuurstucjk AA jn gkhejn`tjkn wjta _jttfvffn+Eks) usfc` systfh kd m`yfrs tk djt jntk taf surrkuncjnos `nc pm`gfc taf mjer`ry `t taf
e`gi kd taf eujmcjno, grf`tjno ` m`rof jntfrn`m squ`rf. Wfvfr`m fxjstjno eujmc-
jnos wfrf jngmucfc jn taf cfsjon.
Cfsjon 7 (Jeks Tjt`rt) gkumc ef cfsgrjefc s mkno om`ss rjeekn. af fntr`ngf
kd taf mjer`ry w`s sjtu`tfc `t taf drknt. @mm fxjstjno eujmcjnos `t taf sjtf wfrf
tk ef cfhkmjsafc.
Cfsjon 3 (Ir``jbv`nofr¿Vrejs) kro`njg`mmy djmmfc taf `v`jm`emf sp`gf `nc rfnk-
v`tfc hkst kd taf kmc kddjgf eujmcjno. af fntr`ngf kd taf mjer`ry w`s sjtu`tfc
`t taf drknt.Cfsjon 6 (Nfutfmjnos Ujfcjbi @rgajtfgts) w`s sa`pfc `s `n fmmjpsf `nc prk-
vjcfc ` m`rof wjntfr o`rcfn `t taf tkp. @mhkst `mm fxjstjno eujmcjnos wfrf
rfnkv`tfc `nc taf mjer`ry fntr`ngf w`s pm`gfc `t taf drknt.
af djrh kd Nfutfmjnos Ujfcjbi (cfsjon 6) w`s gaksfn `s taf wjnnfr kd tajs
tfncfr.
Jn 5<<: sfvfr`m hfhefrs kd taf gurrfnt fxfgutjvf Ek`rc kd H`ykr nc @mcfrhfn
rfsjonfc kvfr tajs prkbfgt efg`usf taf gkungjm cjc nkt `pprkvf taf cft`jmfc cfsjon
kd Nfutfmjnos Ujfcjbi. af h`jn rf`skns wfrf taf d`gt ta`t taf cfsjon cjc nkt hfft
jhpkrt`nt mkg`m pm`nnjno rfqujrfhfnts, f.o. ta`t taf afjoat kd taf eujmcjno sakumcnkt fxgffc taf afjoat kd nf`rey gaurga. af prkbfgt msk d`jmfc tk prkvjcf gkn-
vjngjno `nc suppkrtfc g`mgum`tjkn kd gknstrugtjkns gksts ta`t w`s wjtajn eucoft,
fvfn `dtfr ` sfgknc kpjnjkn ey `n jncfpfncfnt fnojnffrjno djrh. afsf gkndmjgts
wjta taf rfqujrfhfnts wfrf inkwn curjno taf tfncfr sfmfgtjkn prkgfss eut wfrf
jonkrfc jn taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfss. af hkst rfgfnt jndkrh`tjkn rfo`rcjno
taf Gjty A`mm g`sf suoofsts ta`t taf prkbfgt a`s effn jncfdjnjtfmy pkstpknfc.
4.3.7 @ pkmjtjg`m prkgfss2 @ \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf
af tajrc g`sf gkngfrns taf sfmfgtjkn kd ` Cfsjon-`nc-Eujmc gknskrtjuh dkr nfw
p`rt kd taf okvfrnhfnt`m kddjgfs kd taf \rkvjngf kd Vtrfgat. ajs g`sf jnvkmvfctaf pfrjkc drkh Bumy 5<<? tjmm B`nu`ry 5<<1. af gurrfnt kddjgfs kd taf \rkvjngf
gknsjst kd ` tkwfr, eujmt jn taf :<s, `nc ` mkwfr emkgi g`mmfc ‑af Wt`rs‚, eujmt jn
taf ?<s. ajs g`sf rfo`rcs taf tfncfrjno prkgfcurf dkr ` nfw eujmcjno rfpm`gjno
‑af Wt`rs‚.
af \rkvjngj`m Gkungjm (\W) js pkmjtjg`mmy taf rfprfsfnt`tjvf ekcy kd taf prkv-
jngf `nc tafrfdkrf taf gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt jn tajs g`sf. \rkvjngj`m Fxfgutjvfs
(OW) `rf ga`rofc wjta taf c`y-tk-c`y h`n`ofhfnt kd taf \rkvjngf. Wfvfr`m kd taf
fxfgutjvfs wfrf p`rt kd taf stffrjno gkhhjttff kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt, ggkhp`njfc
ey taf af`cs kd taf prkvjngj`m kro`njs`tjkns tk ef akusfc jn taf nfw eujmcjno.
af prkbfgt tf`h gknsjstfc kd twk p`rt-tjhf prkbfgt mf`cfrs, ` sfgrft`ry, twk st`dd
•
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 166/341
06<
hfhefrs kd taf purga`sjno cfp`rthfnt, `nc sfvfr`m gknsumt`nts. af gmjfnt gaksf
tk tfncfr tafjr gkntr`gt s Cfsjon-`nc-Eujmc gkntr`gt nc tk usf ` rfstrjgtfc tfn-
cfrjno prkgfcurf. Vndkrtun`tfmy taf tfncfrjno prkgfcurf w`s g`ngfmmfc bust `dtfr
taf qu`mjt`tjvf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf cuf tk rfgknsjcfr`tjkn kd taf krjojn`m pksjtjkns kd
taf cfgjsjkn tk rfpm`gf taf mkwfr p`rt kd taf eujmcjno.
k `ppmy dkr taf tfncfr jntfrfstfc p`rtjfs wfrf `sifc tk dkrh ` gknskrtjuh, wajga sakumc jngmucf `t mf`st `n `rgajtfgt, ` gkntr`gtkr `nc ` prkbfgt h`n`ofr.
af gknskrtjuh wkumc ef rfspknsjemf dkr cfmjvfrjno taf nfw eujmcjno (cfsjon `s
wfmm `s gknstrugtjkn) dkr ` djxfc prjgf kd ₭ 7: hjmmjkn fxgmucjno T@.
af erjfd dkr taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf rf`cs `s dkmmkws (tr`nsm`tfc
drkh Cutga ey taf `utakr)2
”Saf nfw eujmcjno a`s tk dkrh ` nfw kgf gkngfpt wjta fxjemf wkripm`gfs`nc gkntfhpkr`ry d`gjmjtjfs. Saf eujmcjno sakumc ef hkrf fgjfnt (tfganj-g`mmy `nc dungtjkn`mmy) ta`n taf gurrfnt eujmcjno `nc rfqujrfs ` nfw gfn-tr`m fntr`ngf. Saf eujmcjno a`s tk kfr `ekut 0<,5<< h 5 us`emf kkr `rf`
(`ekut 04,<<<h 5 orkss kkr `rf`) `nc sp`gf dkr `ekut 6<< wkripm`gfs. @spfgj`m pkjnt kd `ttfntjkn js taf gknnfgtjkn / rfm`tjkn tk taf tkwfr.‘
Fjoat gknskrtj` `ppmjfc dkr tajs tfncfr. af hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts `nc sf-
mfgtjkn grjtfrj` wfrf e`sfc kn strjgt kro`njs`tjkn`m `nc djn`ngj`m rfqujrfhfnts kd
taf gknskrtjuh eut taf cfgjcjno d`gtkr w`s sujt`ejmjty kd taf `rgajtfgt, tk ef `s-
sfssfc e`sfc kn tarff rfdfrfngf prkbfgts ta`t wfrf cfsjonfc ey taf prkpksfc mf`c
`rgajtfgt. arff gknskrtj` wfrf fxgmucfc dkr d`jmjno tk hfft taf hjnjhuh rfqujrf-
hfnts, rfsumtjno jn djvf g`ncjc`tfs. af sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff, gknsjstjno kd hfh-
efrs kd taf fxfgutjvf ek`rc kd taf \rkvjngf `nc `n jncfpfncfnt ga`jr, cftfrhjnfc
taf cforff jn wajga taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts dumdjmmfc taf grjtfrj` kd ` ‑puemjg, tjhf-mfss, eusjnfss-mjif ga`r`gtfr wjta auh`n sg`mf‚ jn sjnomf hfftjno kd tarff akurs.
afy wfrf `ssjstfc ey `n `rgajtfgtur`m fxpfrt. @mm gknskrtj` p`rtjgjp`tjno jn taf
`w`rc pa`sf wkumc rfgfjvf djn`ngj`m gkhpfns`tjkn kd ₭ 06<.<<<.
af sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` wfrf2
Djn`ngj`m rfqujrfhfnts ‗ tk ef ckguhfntfc ey `n `ucjt gfrtjdjg`tf wjta taf
`nnu`m turnkvfr `nc mjqujcjty kd taf m`st tarff yf`rs kd `t mf`st knf kd taf gkn-
skrtjuh hfhefrs.
\rkdfssjkn`m rfqujrfhfnts kd taf gkntr`gtkr ‗ tk ef ckguhfntfc ey ` gfrtjdj-
g`tf kd ` prkdfssjkn`m rfojstfr, ` gfrtjdjg`tf kd taf qu`mjty h`n`ofhfnt systfh`nc ` gfrtjdjg`tf dkr taf TG@ (W`dfty, Af`mta `nc Fnvjrknhfnt dkr gkntr`g-
tkrs) kd `t mf`st knf kd taf gknskrtjuh hfhefrs, `nc tarff rfdfrfngf prkbfgts
wjta spfgjdjg hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts `ekut taf dungtjkn (hjnjhuh 6<% kd-
djgf), sg`mf (hjnjhuh kd 0<,<<<hµ) `nc eucoft (₭ 03 hjmmjkn gknstrugtjkn
gksts), ta`t a`c tk ef cfmjvfrfc jn taf p`st djvf yf`rs, jngmucjno ` st`tfhfnt
kd s`tjsd`gtjkn kd taf gmjfnt, `t mf`st knf kd taf prkbfgt nffcs tk ef sust`jn`emf
`nc `t mf`st knf kd taf prkbfgt nffcs tk ef ` utjmjty eujmcjno rf`mjsfc ey `n
jntfor`tfc gkntr`gt.
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 167/341
060 ‗
\rkdfssjkn`m rfqujrfhfnts kd taf rgajtfgts jnvkmvfc jn taf gknskrtjuh ‗ tk ef
`ssfssfc ey rfdfrfngf prkbfgts kd tarff nfw utjmjty eujmcjnos ta`t wfrf cfsjonfc
ey taf prkpksfc mf`c `rgajtfgt `nc cfmjvfrfc jn taf p`st djvf yf`rs, vjsu`mjsfc
kn `n @< pkstfr wjtakut `ny rfdfrfngf tk taf n`hf kd taf `rgajtfgt nkr taf
gknskrtjuh.
Jd taf tfncfr a`c nkt effn g`ngfmmfc taf p`rtjgjp`tjno gknskrtj` wkumc a`vfeffn bucofc kn ` cft`jmfc cfsjon jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. @w`rc grjtfrj` dkr taf fgk-
nkhjg`mmy hkst `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr wkumc hkst mjifmy a`vf effn2 ‑`rgajtfgtur-
`m qu`mjty‚, ‑dungtjkn`m qu`mjty‚, ‑cur`ejmjty‚, ‑h`jntfn`ngf‚, ‑prjgf‚, `nc ‑pm`n kd
`gtjkn‚.
4.6 Djncjnos `ekut `gtkrs
af rfsumts kd taf g`sfs jn rfm`tjkn tk taf gtkrs sakw ta`t tfncfr js gknsjcfrfc ey
gmjfnts `s ` prkbfgt `nc trf`tfc sjhjm`rmy tk ktafr prkbfgts. Cuf tk taf okvfrn`ngf
strugturf kd puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts, cfgjsjkns wfrf usu`mmy t`ifn jn orkups`nc nkt ey jncjvjcu`ms. H`ny pfkpmf `rf jnvkmvfc jn taf cfgjsjkns h`cf jn ` tfn-
cfr prkbfgt. emf 4.7 sakws `n kvfrvjfw kd taf `gtkrs jn taf g`sfs `nc tafjr pksj-
tjkns. Jn skhf g`sfs taf stffrjno gkhhjttff gknsjstfc kd vjrtu`mmy taf s`hf pfkpmf
`s taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc gkhhjttff
wfrf sjhjm`r eut cjddfrfnt jn `utakrjty, wajmf jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf hfhefr-
sajp kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff w`s gkhpmftfmy cjddfrfnt drkh ta`t kd taf sfmfgtjkn
gkhhjttff. af ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf gkhhjttff nc tf`h hfhefrs jndmufngf taf
jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf tfncfr orf`tmy. af nfxt sfgtjkns cfsgrjef taf ga`r`gtfrjs-
tjgs kd taf `gtkrs jn ` tfncfr prkbfgt hkrf takrkuoamy.
•
S`emf 4.7 Kvfrvjfw kd `gtkrs jn taf g`sfs
Wgakkm wjta Wpkrts d`gjmjty Gjty A`mm wjta Mjer`ry \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kgf
Wtffrjno
gkhhjttff
Hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm ek`rc, af`c
kd taf hunjgjp`m cfp`rthfnt kd
Wpkrts, prkbfgt h`n`ofr
Hfhefrs kd taf fxfgutjvf
ek`rc, ga`jr kd taf mjer`ry
ek`rc, cfp`rthfnt af`cs kd taf
hunjgjp`mjty, prkbfgt h`n`ofr
Hfhefrs kd taf fxfgutjvf
ek`rc, af`c kd taf cfp`rthfnts
kd prkvjngj`m kro`njs`tjkn
Wfmfgtjkn
gkhhjttff
Hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm ek`rc, fh-
pmkyffs kd taf hunjgjp`m cfp`rthfnt
kd Wpkrts, fhpmkyffs kd taf hunjgjp`m
cfp`rthfnt kd Fcug`tjkn, rfprfsfnt`-
tjvfs kd taf OFH Tmfutfrwfjcf
Hfhefrs kd taf fxfgutjvf
ek`rc, ga`jr kd taf mjer`ry ek`rc,
cfp`rthfnts af`cs kd taf
hunjgjp`mjty
W`hf `s stffrjno gkhhjttff2
hfhefrs kd taf fxfgutjvf
ek`rc, cfp`rthfnt af`cs kd
\rkvjngj`m kro`njs`tjkn, wjta
fxtfrn`m cvjskr
@w`rc gkhhjttff Hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm ek`rc, fh-
pmkyffs kd taf hunjgjp`m cfp`rthfnt
kd Wpkrts
Ufprfsfnt`tjvfs kd mm pkmjtjg`m
p`rtjfs, `cvjsfc ey gjtjzfns,
fxpfrts `nc usfr orkups
\rke`emy s`hf s sfmfgtjkn
gkhhjttff eut nkt gknstjtutfc.
\rkbfgt tf`h Swk h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts,
cjrfgtkr kd taf Wgakkm
Jntfrjh prkbfgt h`n`ofr,
hfhefrs kd fxfgutjvf ek`rc,
af`c kd st` cfp`rthfnts,
pfrh`nfnt st` hfhefrs, nc
h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts
Jntfrn`m prkbfgt h`n`ofrs,
pfrh`nfnt st` hfhefrs,
`nc sfvfr`m h`n`ofhfnt
gknsumt`nts
Ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd
taf tfncfr prkgfss
\r`oh`tjg prkgfss, crjvf dkr kebfgtj-
vjty nc gkmm`ekr`tjkn
Cfhkgr`tjg prkgfss, hejtjkn tk
h`if ` st`tfhfnt suppkrtfc ey
gkhhunjty
\kmjtjg`m prkgfss, df`r tk mkksf
gkntrkm nc sf`rga dkr jntfrn`m
suppkrt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 168/341
065
4.6.0 Wtffrjno gkhhjttff
@ puemjg gmjfnt js fhefccfc jn ` okvfrn`ngf strugturf wajga g`nnkt ef rfcugfc
tk knf sjnomf cfgjsjkn h`ifr. Wtjmm cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf afmc `ggkunt`emf dkr taf
puemjg hknfy tafy spfnc. Knf kd taf p`rtjgjp`tjno rgajtfgts jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf
qujtf jrknjg`mmy st`tfc jn `n jntfrvjfw ta`t2
”@ puemjg gmjfnt js jn d`gt nkt ` sjnomf gmjfnt eut ` hknstfr wjta h`ny af`cs,` gknomkhfr`tjkn kd gmjfnts wak ckfs nkt inkw wa`t saf w`nts `nc `mw`ystrjfs tk nc ` skmutjkn jn taf hjccmf.‘
Jn krcfr tk rf`mjsf taf eujmcjno prkbfgt jn `mm g`sfs ` prkbfgt strugturf w`s grf-
`tfc wjta ` stffrjno gkhhjttff tk h`if taf hkst jhpkrt`nt ofnfr`m cfgjsjkns `nc
` prkbfgt tf`h tk kro`njsf taf prkbfgt `nc prfp`rf taf cfgjsjkns kd taf stffrjno
gkhhjttff. af tfncfr w`s usu`mmy ` p`rt kd taf tkt`m eujmcjno prkbfgt wjta taf
s`hf stffrjno gkhhjttff eut ` sfp`r`tf prkbfgt tf`h. Jn `mm g`sfs taf djn`m cfgj-
sjkn `ekut taf wjnnfr kd taf gkntr`gt w`s tk ef `pprkvfc ey taf kddjgj`m gkhhjs-
sjknjno ekcy2 taf Wgakkm Ek`rc, taf Gjty Gkungjm jngmucjno taf @mcfrhfn kr taf
\rkvjngj`m Gkungjm. af stffrjno gkhhjttff hkstmy gknsjstfc kd dfw hfhefrs kd
taf puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt ekcy, gkhpmfhfntfc wjta hfhefrs kd taf pfr-
h`nfnt h`n`ofrj`m st`dd wjta d`gjmjtjfs kr djn`ngfs jn tafjr pkrtdkmjk. wk kd taf
Wgakkm Ek`rc hfhefrs wfrf rf`m fst`tf prkdfssjkn`ms jn c`jmy mjdf, eut jn taf ktafr
g`sfs nknf kd taf stffrjno gkhhjttff hfhefrs wfrf prkdfssjkn`ms jn `rgajtfgturf
kr rfm`tfc djfmcs. Jn d`gt, nknf kd taf gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts wfrf prkdfssjkn`m
gmjfnts wajga hf`nt ta`t ` eujmcjno prkbfgt w`s ` r`rf fvfnt dkr hkst cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs. ajs g`n ef fxpm`jnfc ey taf d`gt ta`t ` puemjg gmjfnt js p`rt kd taf puemjg
`chjnjstr`tjkn `nc js tafrfdkrf run ey pkmjtjgj`ns jnstf`c kd prkdfssjkn`ms jn gkn-
strugtjkn kr `rgajtfgturf. Jn taf g`sfs jn wajga (knf kd) taf prkbfgt ga`hpjkn(s)
w`s p`rt kd taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy, taf Wgakkm `nc taf Gjty A`mm, taf cfgjsjkn
prkgfssfs sffhfc tk ef hkrf dmufnt ta`t wafn taf prkbfgt ga`hpjkns wfrf knmy
p`rt kd taf prkbfgt tf`h.
af eujmcjno prkbfgt w`s pfrgfjvfc ey skhf hfhefrs kd taf stffrjno gkhhjt-
tff s pksjtjvf ga`mmfnof, wajmf dkr ktafrs suga ` prkbfgt ppf`rfc tk ef taf jhpf-
tus kd ungfrt`jnty nc df`r. ajs pfrgfptjkn w`s p`rtmy jndmufngfc ey taf pfrskn`m-
jty, gkhpftfngfs, fxpfrjfngf, hejtjkn nc fxpfrtjsf kd taf pfrskn rfspknsjemf dkr
taf prkbfgt. Knf kd taf h`n`ofrs kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf cfsgrjefc
tajs pafnkhfnkn curjno ` hfftjno kd taf prkbfgt tf`h2”Kevjkusmy tafrf js taf df`r kd ` pkmjtjg`m _`tfrmkk. Vngfrt`jnty `ekut tafgkntr`gt ckhjn`tfs taf prkgfss. .…. Df`r js `mw`ys ` e`c `cvjskr.‘
af d`gt ta`t `n `rgajtfgt a`s tk ef jnvkmvfc jn ` prkbfgt `msk sffhs tk ef pfr-
gfjvfc `s ` rjsi ey gfrt`jn gmjfnts. @rgajtfgts a`vf f`rnfc ` rfput`tjkn dkr spfnc-
jno tkk huga hknfy `nc efjno tkk ckhjn`nt jn t`ijno cfsjon cfgjsjkns. Wkhf
gmjfnts ck nkt sffh tk ef ektafrfc ey tajs rfput`tjkn `nc `ginkwmfcof ta`t tafy
nffc `n `rgajtfgt tk tr`nsdkrh tafjr `hejtjkns `nc rfqujrfhfnts jntk ` paysjg`m
sa`pf. af Wgakkm Ek`rc, dkr fx`hpmf, w`s rf`mmy mkkijno dkrw`rc tk wkrijno
wjta taf `rgajtfgt9 tafy `gtu`mmy pfrgfjvfc taf `rgajtfgt `s ` p`rtnfr jn tajs prkbfgt.afrfdkrf tafy gaksf tk kro`njsf taf tfncfr `t ` pa`sf jn tafjr prkbfgt jn wajga
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 169/341
067 ‗
taf erjfd w`s nkt yft dummy spfgjdjfc. Knf kd taf e`sjg jcf`s dkr taf Gjty A`mm w`s
tk usf taf grf`tjvjty kd taf `rgajtfgt jn sa`pjno tafjr jcf`s kd ‑ nfw akhf dkr taf
gjty‚. afy gaksf tk `si dkr ` siftga cfsjon jn taf `w`rc pa`sf tk sff akw tajs
tr`nsdkrh`tjkn wkumc wkri kut jn tafjr sjtu`tjkn. Curjno taf prfp`r`tjkns kd taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf taf m`gi kd cft`jm kn gfrt`jn `spfgts kd taf erjfd
`gtu`mmy jngrf`sfc taf `nxjfty `ekut taf pkssjemf ckhjn`ngf kd `rgajtfgts jn tafprkbfgt. ajs dffmjno w`s jngrf`sfc ey taf d`gt ta`t tafy wkumc `w`rc n jntfor`tfc
Cfsjon-Eujmc gkntr`gt jn wajga taf gmjfnt g`nnkt h`if h`ny ga`nofs tk taf cf-
sjon efdkrf gknstrugtjkn. af sf`rga dkr gkntrkm kvfr taf prkbfgt w`s sakwn wjta
` gkhhfnt cr`wn drkh taf kesfrv`tjkns2
”_f nffc tk nc fnkuoa sp`gf eftwffn taf prfmjhjn`ry `w`rc cfgjsjkn`nc `mmkg`tjkn kd taf gkntr`gt…. Fvfrytajno sffhs tk ef cjsput`emf. Afwak p`ys taf pjpfr sakumc g`mm taf tunf.‘
4.6.5 \rkbfgt tf`hEfg`usf kd m`gi kd inkwmfcof, fxpfrtjsf nc g`p`gjty ekut tfncfrjno nc eujmc-
jno prkbfgts, h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts wfrf ajrfc jn kn ` prkbfgt e`sjs jn `mm g`sfs.
@mm tfncfr prkbfgt tf`hs gknsjstfc kd ` hjxturf kd st`dd hfhefrs `nc fxtfrn`m
`cvjskrs. Knmy jn taf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf wfrf taf prkbfgt
h`n`ofrs pfrh`nfnt st`dd hfhefrs. afy wfrf suppkrtfc ey ` mfo`m `cvjskr, `
h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nt `nc skhf gkmmf`oufs drkh taf purga`sjno cfp`rthfnt.
af Wgakkm Ek`rc (h`cf up kd p`rt-tjhf vkmuntffrs) ajrfc ` h`n`ofhfnt gkn-
sumt`nt tk run taf wakmf eujmcjno prkbfgt, jngmucjno taf tfncfr. Jn taf g`sf kd
taf Gjty A`mm `n jntfrjh prkgfss h`n`ofr tkki taf mf`c, wajmf efjno `cvjsfc ey
` mfo`m gknsumt`ngy djrh `nc sfvfr`m fhpmkyffs kd taf hunjgjp`mjty. Jn hkst g`sfs
taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr kd taf (duturf) eujmcjno prkbfgt w`s nkt `gtjvfmy jnvkmvfc jn
taf tfncfr. ajs hf`nt ta`t taf (duturf) prkbfgt h`n`ofr wkumc nkt a`vf ` s`y jn
taf cfgjsjkn `ekut taf pfrskn (s)af wjmm ef wkrijno wjta. af prkbfgt h`n`ofr kd
taf Gjty A`mm g`sf fxpm`jnfc curjno `n jntfrvjfw ta`t jn ajs g`sf tajs w`s cknf kn
purpksf tk h`if ` gmf`n st`rt kd taf nfxt pa`sf2
”J a`vf effn tafrf dkr twk yf`rs `nc ta`t js ` mkno tjhf dkr `n jntfrjh h`-n`ofr. J pm`yfc skhf cjrty trjgis tk rf`mjsf tajs tfncfr. Safn taf e`c ouynffcs tk ef rfpm`gfc ey taf okkc ouy. Jn taf nfxt pa`sf skhfknf nffcs tk
eujmc ` trustdum rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn taf `rgajtfgt `nc taf gmjfnt.‘
Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf fxtfrn`m prkbfgt h`n`ofr w`s dkunc tk a`vf taf
`cv`nt`of kd efjno `emf tk h`if cfgjsjkns `utknkhkusmy jn krcfr tk iffp taf
prkgfss runnjno. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf gknsumt`nt `gtfc `s `n jncfpfncfnt hf-
cj`tkr eftwffn p`rtjfs. afn `o`jn, taf djncjnos kd ekta g`sfs jncjg`tf ta`t fxtfr-
n`m hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`h `rf nkt `mw`ys `w`rf kd taf sfnsjtjvjtjfs kd taf
prkbfgt gkhp`rfc tk pfrh`nfnt st`dd hfhefrs. afrfdkrf tafy hjoat ef mfss `emf
tk tr`nsm`tf taf `hejtjkns kd taf gmjfnt jntk taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr `nc t`if cfmj-
g`tf jssufs jntk `ggkunt. Jn taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf ` wfmm rfputfc
mfo`m `cvjskr efg`hf jnvkmvfc jn taf djn`m st`of kd taf prkbfgt. af mfo`m `cvjskrrfwrktf taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn `s t`ifn ckwn ey taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc tarf`t-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 170/341
063
fnfc tk wjtacr`w tafjr mfo`m rfspknsjejmjty jd taf p`r`or`pa ekut taf rgajtfgtur`m
`hejtjkn kd taf gmjfnt `nc taf rfm`tfc sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` w`s nkt h`cf hkrf kp-
fr`tjkn`m ta`n `s wrjttfn ey taf prkbfgt tf`h. Akwfvfr taf suebfgtjvf ga`r`gtfr kd
tajs `spfgt kd `rgajtfgturf h`cf jt `mhkst jhpkssjemf dkr durtafr kebfgtjdjg`tjkn.
Djn`mmy taf jssuf w`s skmvfc tarkuoa taf `cvjgf kd ` mfo`m fxpfrt drkh taf Cutga
Okvfrnhfnt Eujmcjno @ofngy wak rfgfntmy wkrifc kn ` mfo`m oujcfmjnf dkr tfn-cfrs dkr taf gfntr`m okvfrnhfnt. af \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt g`sf sakwfc ta`t tkk
huga jnvkmvfhfnt kd ` mfo`m `cvjskr gkumc mf`c tk ` mfo`mjstjg prkgfcurf jn wajga
gkhpmyjno wjta taf m`w g`hf tk ef hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt.
ajs jngjcfnt `msk sakws taf cfmjg`tf `nc r`tafr uncfvfmkpfc st`tus kd `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkns `nc taf m`gi kd fxpfrjfngf wjta jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf rfoum`tjkns.
@hkno taf jssufs dkr taf stffrjno gkhhjttff tk cfgjcf w`s taf gkhpksjtjkn kd
taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc gkhhjttffs, taf pfrdkrh`ngf mfvfms rfqujrfc tk hfft taf
rfqujrfhfnts, taf djn`m pprkv`m kd taf sfmfgtjkn `nc w`rc grjtfrj` nc taf prkbfgt
erjfd. @mm taf ckguhfnts dkr taf stffrjno gkhhjttff wfrf prfp`rfc ey taf prkbfgt
tf`hs. af rfsumts kd taf g`sfs jncjg`tf ta`t taf strfnota kd taf mjni eftwffn tafprkbfgt tf`h `nc taf stffrjno gkhhjttff cftfrhjnfs taf e`sjs dkr taf suggfss kd
cfgjsjkn h`ijno nc taf tr`nsm`tjkn kd taf hejtjkns kd taf gmjfnt jntk taf prkgfss
prkgfcurf kd taf tfncfr. ajs g`n ef fn`emfc ey taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr wak gknnfgts
taf prkbfgt tf`h, bury p`nfm `nc stffrjno gkhhjttff, `s jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf `nc
taf Wgakkm g`sf, kr ey puttjno hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc/kr stffrjno gkh-
hjttff jn taf bury p`nfm. Jn taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf taf mjni eftwffn
taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf stffrjno gkhhjttff guh bury p`nfm `ppf`rfc tk ef vfry
wf`i `nc prfsuh`emy knf kd taf rf`skns ta`t taf tfncfr w`s g`ngfmmfc.
4.6.7 Bury p`nfm @mm gmjfnts `ppkjntfc ` bury p`nfm (jn tfncfr usu`mmy rfdfrrfc tk `s ` sfmfgtjkn `nc/
kr `w`rc gkhhjttff) tk bucof taf prkpks`ms jn taf sfp`r`tf pa`sfs kd taf tfncfr
prkgfss wajga w`s bust `s taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf stffrjno gkhhjttff fspfgj`mmy
gkhpksfc dkr taf prkbfgt. Jn mm g`sfs taf c`t` gkmmfgtjkn st`rtfc dtfr taf gkhpksj-
tjkn kd taf `gtkr tf`hs. Jt js tafrfdkrf a`rc tk rftrjfvf taf fx`gt rf`skns way pfk-
pmf wfrf jnvkmvfc jn taf bury p`nfm kr ktafr gkhhjttffs. af jntfrvjfws jncjg`tfc
ta`t taf p`nfm hfhefrs wfrf h`jnmy sfmfgtfc efg`usf kd tafjr pksjtjkn wjtajn
taf kro`njs`tjkn `nc rfm`tfc djfmc kd fxpfrtjsf, kr tafjr pksjtjkn wjtajn taf hkst
jhpkrt`nt st`ifakmcfr kro`njs`tjkns. Nknf kd taf hfhefrs jn taf bury p`nfms kdtaf g`sfs w`s spfgjdjg`mmy `sifc efg`usf kd tafjr fxpfrtjsf `ekut `rgajtfgt sfmfg-
tjkns kr `rgajtfgturf jn ofnfr`m. af sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff taf Wgakkm gknsjstfc kd
rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf stffrjno gkhhjttff `nc taf gkrf kro`njs`tjkn kd taf gmjfnt,
gkhpmftfc wjta rfprfsfnt`tjvf kd taf supfrvjskry orkups. af s`hf gkhhjttff
`gtfc `s taf `w`rc gkhhjttff - knmy taf rjoats kd taf supfrvjskry orkups ga`nofc
drkh cfgjsjvf jntk `cvjskry. Jn taf Gjty A`mm ` sjhjm`r gkhhjttff `gtfc `s sfmfgtjkn
gkhhjttff. af `w`rc gkhhjttff akwfvfr gknsjstfc kd rfprfsfnt`tjvf hfhefrs
kd taf pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs, wak a`c vktjno pkwfr prkpkrtjkn`m tk taf sjzf kd tafjr
p`rty. ajs pkmjtjg`m gkhpksjtjkn kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff rfdmfgts taf ga`r`gtfr kd
taf w`rc pa`sf jn wajga h`ny st`ifakmcfr orkups wfrf jnvkmvfc. @mm st`ifakmcfrorkups a`c `cvjskry rjoats tk taf hfhefrs kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff. Jt sakumc ef
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 171/341
066 ‗
nktfc ta`t taf H`ykr nc @mcfrhfn wfrf nkt p`rt kd taf w`rc gkhhjttff9 r`tafr
tafjr pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs wfrf rfprfsfntfc jn taf w`rc gkhhjttff. afy cjc a`vf taf
djn`m `pprkv`m `utakrjty kvfr taf cfgjsjkn kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff. Nfjtafr taf
gknsumt`nt nkr `ny ktafr hfhefr kd taf prkbfgt tf`h a`c cfgjsjvf kr gknsumt`tjvf
rjoats jn `ny kd taf g`sfs. Akwfvfr, tafy kdtfn d`gjmjt`tfc `nc/kr ga`jrfc taf gkh-
hjttff hfftjnos. Knmy jn taf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf cjc tafstffrjno gkhhjttff `msk `gt `s taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff.
4.4 Djncjnos `ekut prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
af djncjnos `ekut taf prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `ccrfss taf rfm`tjkns kd taf tfncfr
prkbfgt wjta taf kvfr`mm eujmcjno prkbfgt `nc taf okvfrn`ngf strugturf kd taf gmj-
fnt. Jt sakws ta`t ` tfncfr prkbfgt js fhefccfc jn ` nftwkri kd pktfntj`m gkndmjg-
tjvf st`ifakmcfr jntfrfsts `nc fxpfgt`tjkns. @ccjtjkn`mmy taf kebfgt `nc ga`r`gtfr
kd ` prkbfgt ‗ taf grf`tjkn kd ` paysjg`m eujmcjno ‗ grf`tfs jssufs kd cjsgussjkn kn
cjddfrfnt mfvfms `nc pfrspfgtjvfs ta`t a`vf tk ef t`ifn jntk `ggkunt curjno tafcfgjsjkn prkgfss. Efg`usf kd taf humtjpmf pfrspfgtjvfs ta`t ga`r`gtfrjsf puemjg `c-
hjnjstr`tjkn, prjv`tf `nc prkdfssjkn`m jntfrfsts kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs kdtfn jntfr`gt.
af dkmmkwjno sfgtjkns cjsguss taf prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc cfgjsjkn jssufs ta`t
wfrf dkunc jn taf g`sfs jn hkrf cft`jm.
4.4.0 \rkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
fncfrjno rfoum`tjkns `ppmy wafn puemjg gmjfnts w`nt tk eujmc tafjr kwn kddjgf
eujmcjnos eut `msk dkr ktafr puemjg eujmcjnos, suga `s fcug`tjkn`m eujmcjnos, prjs-
kns, husfuhs `nc skgj`m akusjno. Jn tajs rfsf`rga knf g`sf gkngfrnfc taf gkn-
strugtjkn kd ` prjh`ry sgakkm eujmcjno `nc twk g`sfs gkngfrnfc duturf hunjgjp`m`nc prkvjngj`m kddjgfs `nnfx puemjg jndkrh`tjkn ‑akusfs‚. _jtajn tafsf prkbfgts
twk ijncs kd erjfds wfrf cjstjnoujsafc2 0) taf erjfd dkr taf tfncfr prkgfss, `nc 5)
taf erjfd dkr taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. af eujmcjno erjfd js hf`nt tk ef pkjnt kd rfdfr-
fngf dkr taf cfsjon `nc gknstrugtjkn kd taf nfw eujmcjno `nc jngmucfs paysjg`m,
skgj`m, pm`nnjno `nc djn`ngj`m rfqujrfhfnts. af tfncfr erjfd sakumc fxprfss taf
`hejtjkns kd taf gmjfnt tk suppkrt taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd taf `rgajtfgt `nc prk-
vjcf ` e`sjs dkr taf ejc kd taf tfncfrfrs. afkrftjg`mmy taf tfncfr erjfd gkumc ef
taf s`hf `s taf eujmcjno erjfd eut ` gmf`r cjddfrfngf jn `jhs w`s dkunc. Nfxt tk
ta`t tafrf rf prjv`gy rfm`tfc jssufs ta`t gkumc prfvfnt gmjfnts drkh usjno taf fx`gt
eujmcjno erjfd jn ` tfncfr prkgfcurf.Jn `mm g`sfs taf tfncfr erjfd w`s e`sfc kn taf gfrt`jn spfgjdjg`tjkns jn taf
eujmcjno erjfd `nc taf sjtf `nc eucoft dkr taf prkbfgt wfrf gmf`rmy cfdjnfc. Jn `mm
g`sfs taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf eujmcjno erjfd w`s akwfvfr nkt gkhpmftfmy djnjsafc
`t taf tjhf taf tfncfr w`s `nnkungfc, wajga jncjg`tfs taf `hejoukus ga`r`gtfr
kd taf rfqujrfhfnt jn tajs f`rmy st`of kd taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. af cjddfrfngfs jn
taf ijncs `nc rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf `w`rc grjtfrj` eftwffn taf Gjty A`mm `nc
taf Wgakkm suoofst ` strkno gknnfgtjkn tk taf ijnc kd tfncfr erjfd `nc taf rf`-
sknjno efajnc taf `w`rc prkgfcurf (siftga cfsjon vfrsus prkbfgt vjsjkn). _afn
`sijno dkr ` siftga cfsjon jn taf tfncfr prkgfcurf taf tfncfr erjfd nffcs tk ef
kn ` cft`jmfc mfvfm, `s jn taf g`sf dkr taf Gjty A`mm. af Wgakkm `tt`gafc ` tfncfr
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 172/341
064
erjfd wjta mfss cft`jmfc dungtjkn`m rfqujrfhfnts dkr taf Wgakkm Eujmcjno eut vfry
spfgjdjg rfqujrfhfnt dkr taf Wpkrts d`gjmjtjfs. af rfprfsfnt`tjvf kd taf Wpkrts cf-
p`rthfnt kd taf Gjty kd Vtrfgat fxpm`jnfc curjno ` rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfw ta`t
tafy usfc st`nc`rcjsfc erjfds dkr taf cfvfmkphfnt kd spkrt d`gjmjtjfs, `nc taus `msk
dkr taf usf jn tfncfrs. Kvfr`mm jt hf`nt ta`t taf tfncfrfrs jn taf Wgakkm g`sf cjc
nkt a`vf fnkuoa jndkrh`tjkn tk h`if ` siftga cfsjon, wajga sujtfc taf `jh kdtaf tfncfr.
Efg`usf kd taf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf erjfd `s ` rfdfrfngf pkjnt dkr taf tfncfrfrs jn
prfp`rjno tafjr ejc, tafsf djncjnos jncjg`tf ta`t ` tfncfr erjfd sakumc ef spfgjdj-
g`mmy cfsjonfc dkr ` tfncfr. @p`rt drkh taf hknft`ry tarfsakmcs, taf sjzf kd taf
prkbfgt cjc nkt sffh tk ef jhpkrt`nt dkr taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr. Eut efg`usf `
tfncfr js `mw`ys e`sfc kn `ssuhptjkns h`cf jn `n f`rmy pa`sf kd taf prkbfgt `nc
taf mkno tjhf sp`n kd ` gknstrugtjkn prkbfgt, tafsf `ssuhptjkns kdtfn a`vf tk ef
`cbustfc `mkno taf w`y. Jn `mm g`sfs taf rfqujrfhfnts `s st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn
rumfs mrf`cy ga`nofc curjno taf pfrjkc taf tfncfr w`s runnjno nc cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs a`c tk cf`m wjta jngrf`sjno jnsjoats `ekut tafjr prkbfgts.Hkst eujmcjno prkbfgts a`vf spfgjdjg gknstr`jnts ta`t grf`tf spfgjdjg ga`mmfnofs
dkr taf cfsjonfr. Wkhf ga`mmfnofs rfm`tf tk taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd ` eujmcjno sfg-
tkr, ktafrs tk taf mkg`tjkn kr usfrs. Jn taf Nftafrm`ncs, sgakkm eujmcjnos dkr fx-
`hpmf ofnfr`mmy a`vf ` mjhjtfc eucoft cftfrhjnfc ey taf gfntr`m okvfrnhfnt.
r`nsdfrfngf `nc `ggfssjejmjty kd jndkrh`tjkn js vfry jhpkrt`nt dkr ` mjer`ry kr `
Gjty A`mm. @n`mysjs sakwfc ta`t jn skhf g`sfs taf gmjfnt usfc tafsf ga`mmfnofs tk
grf`tf jnput dkr taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. afy cfmjefr`tfmy mfdt skhf ga`mmfnofs kpfn
dkr taf `rgajtfgt tk prkvjcf ` skmutjkn curjno taf tfncfr. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty
A`mm jt w`s stjmm tk ef cftfrhjnfc jd taf kddjgf eujmcjno `nc taf taf`trf wfrf tk ef
cfhkmjsafc. @msk taf tfncfr erjfd jn taf Wgakkm g`sf kpfnfc up sfvfr`m pkssjejmj-tjfs tk jntfor`tf taf spkrt d`gjmjtjfs wjta taf sgakkm eujmcjno.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf kemjo`tjkn tk sft ` okkc fx`hpmf tk ktafrs pm`yfc `n jhpkr-
t`nt rkmf jn taf ga`r`gtfr dkr taf duturf eujmcjno. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf sust`jn`ejmjty jssufs wfrf vfry prkhjnfnt jn taf
eujmcjno erjfd. Dkr taf Wgakkm Ek`rc jt w`s vfry jhpkrt`nt tk prkvjcf ` s`df fnvj-
rknhfnt dkr taf gajmcrfn. af Gjty Gkungjm `nc taf \rkvjngj`m Fxfgutjvf Ek`rc
`jhfc dkr prfstjojkus kddjgfs. @t taf s`hf tjhf, tafy `mm dfmt taf prfssurf tk spfnc
tafjr hknfy `s fddjgjfntmy `s pkssjemf `nc tk ef `ggkunt`emf dkr tafjr `gtjkns. af
c`t` suoofst ta`t taf `hejtjkn mfvfm kd taf gmjfnt cftfrhjnfs taf jhp`gt kd taf fx-
fhpm`ry rkmf kd taf gmjfnt kn gfrt`jn spfgjdjg`tjkns jn taf tfncfr erjfd9 taf orf`tfrtaf `hejtjkn, taf hkrf spfgjdjg wfrf taf rfqujrfhfnts jngkrpkr`tfc jn taf tfncfr
erjfd. ajs rfdmfgts kn taf prkdjmf kd taf rgajtfgt gmjfnts rf akpjno tk djnc tarkuoa
taf tfncfrjno prkgfss.
4.4.5 Gmjfnt okvfrn`ngf
Drkh ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf taf h`jn `jh kd ` tfncfr prkgfcurf js tk sfmfgt `n `rgaj-
tfgtur`m cfsjon djrh. af djncjnos kd taf g`sfs sakwfc ta`t ` tfncfrjno prkgfcurf
kdtfn a`s humtjpmf `jhs, `p`rt drkh `w`rcjno taf gkntr`gt tk `n `rgajtfgt. afsf
`jhs rfm`tfc tk taf prkgfss, taf kutgkhf `nc/kr taf prkbfgt kd taf tfncfr. Jd taf`jhs dkr taf prkgfss kd taf tfncfr wfrf jn mjnf wjta taf prjngjpmfs kd FV tfncfrjno,
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 173/341
06? ‗
suga `s efjno tr`nsp`rfnt (Gjty A`mm) kr efjno ` rfspknsjemf gmjfnt (Wgakkm), taf
ga`ngf kd gkndmjgts wjta taf rfoum`tjkns w`s mjhjtfc. Akwfvfr, jn taf g`sf kd taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf hkst cfgjsjkn h`ifrs pfrgfjvfc taf prkgurfhfnt
rfoum`tjkns `s jngknvfnjfntmy rfstrjgtjno tafjr r`nof kd `gtjkn. af rjojc `pprk`ga
jhpmjfc ey taf mfo`m prkgfcurf cjc nkt sujt taf str`tfojg `jhs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs. Nkr ckfs taf mfo`m prkgfss sffh tk `ggkhhkc`tf usfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn. Jn tafGjty A`mm g`sf `nc taf Wgakkm g`sf taf tfncfr prkbfgt w`s sffn `s `n kppkrtunjty
tk jnvkmvf st`ifakmcfrs, tk grf`tf suppkrt wjtajn ` gkhhunjty `nc tk sakw taf
gkhpftfngfs `nc `hejtjkn kd ` gmjfnt. Vsfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn curjno taf tfncfr w`s
tafrfdkrf sffn `s ` pksjtjvf gkntrjeutjkn tk taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. af hfhefrs
kd taf stffrjno gkhhjttff kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf pfrgfjvfc usfr
p`rtjgjp`tjkn `s ` tarf`t tk tafjr cfgjsjkn h`ijno m`tjtucf `nc tk tafjr ga`ngfs kd
ket`jnjno ` sfgurf pksjtjkn wjtajn taf kro`njs`tjkn.
@ nfw eujmcjno js kdtfn pfrgfjvfc ey gmjfnts `s `n kppkrtunjty tk ga`nof taf
vjrtu`m `nc skgj`m kro`njs`tjkn `s wfmm. Gmjfnts efmjfvf ta`t `rgajtfgts gkumc gkn-
trjeutf tk tajs ga`nof ey pfrsu`cjno taf st`ifakmcfrs tk suppkrt ktafr cfgjsjknsgkngfrnjno taf kro`njz`tjkn h`cf `t taf s`hf tjhf. Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf gmj-
fnt usfc taf eujmcjno prkbfgt tk prkhktf taf gfntr`mjs`tjkn `nc synfroy eftwffn
taf hunjgjp`mjty `nc taf mjer`ry kro`njs`tjkn, `nc taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd ` nfw
cjojt`m mjer`ry gkngfpt, `nc cfhknstr`tf taf pktfntj`m tk jngrf`sf taf mjvfmjnfss kd
taf mkg`tjkn. Wjhjm`rmy taf \rkvjngf w`ntfc tk usf taf `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss
tk suppkrt taf jntrkcugtjkn kd ` nfw kddjgf gkngfpt kd nkn-tfrrjtkrj`m wkripm`gfs.
af Wgakkm eujmcjno wkumc ef taf kddjgj`m st`rt kd nfw sgakkm jn rfgfntmy cfvfm-
kpfc ure`n rf` nc taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd n jnnkv`tjvf sgakkm gkngfpt. Efg`usf
kd taf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf rgajtfgt jn taf prkgfss kd ` prkbfgt, tafsf gkhpmfhfnt`ry
prkbfgt `jhs `msk cftfrhjnfc taf jntfrfsts kd taf gmjfnt curjno taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n`rgajtfgt.
Ufsumts sakw ta`t jn skhf g`sfs taf tfncfr prkbfgt w`s usfc tk strfnotafn gkm-
m`ekr`tjkn wjtajn taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn kr wjta p`rtjfs cjrfgtmy rfm`tfc tk taf
kro`njs`tjkn. af Wgakkm Ek`rc jnvkmvfc taf Gjty kd Vtrfgat dkr h`jnmy str`tfojg
rf`skns. afjr `hejtjkn w`s tk grf`tf ` sust`jn`emf `nc ‑af`mtay‚ eujmcjno, wajga
wkumc rfqujrf `ccjtjkn`m djn`ngfs kn tkp kd taf st`nc`rc duncs prkvjcfc ey taf
hunjgjp`mjty. Jn taf Gjty A`mm prkbfgt, taf H`ykr rf`mjsfc ta`t `ccjno `n `rgaj-
tfgtur`m jgkn tk tajs ajstkrjg`m mkg`tjkn gkumc r`jsf gkndmjgts wjta taf `cvkg`tfs
kd taf ajstkrjg`m gjty gfntrf. af `hejtjkns kd taf `chjnjstr`tkrs kd taf gjty wfrf
tafrfdkrf ckkhfc tk gkndmjgt wjta taf gkngfrns kd taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs. Jn ektag`sfs usfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn w`s usfc `s ` hf`ns tk prkvjcf ` drujtdum dkunc`tjkn dkr
taf prkbfgt `nc mjhjt taf rjsis kd d`jmurf. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm tajs cjc nkt
prfvfnt taf prkbfgt drkh efjno cfm`yfc - ` gkndmjgt `ekut taf eucoft `nc taf gjty
siymjnf mfc tk ` h`n`ofrj`m grjsjs tarff yf`rs `dtfr taf gkntr`gt w`s `w`rcfc.
@p`rt drkh taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf mfojsm`tjkn `nc usfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn, taf okv-
frn`ngf strugturf jtsfmd `ppf`rfc tk ef kd cjrfgt jhpkrt`ngf dkr taf suggfss kd `
tfncfr. Ekta jn taf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf (g`ngfmmfc `dtfr taf
sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf tfncfr) `nc taf Gjty A`mm (jn wajga taf prkbfgt w`s put kn
akmc curjno taf cfsjon pa`sf) taf okvfrn`ngf strugturf sffhfc tk gkndmjgt wjta
taf mkno tfrh pfrspfgtjvf kd ` eujmcjno prkbfgt `nc ajncfrfc taf gkntjnu`tjkn kd
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 174/341
061
taf (eujmcjno) prkbfgt. Efg`usf kd taf pfrjkcjg`m ga`nofs jn taf gkungjms, cfgjsjkns
t`ifn jn prfvjkus tfrh kd kddjgf nffc tk ef fxfgutfc jn taf dkmmkwjno. Cft`jm nc
bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn js hjssjno efg`usf fhpmkyffs jnvkmvfc jn taf tfncfr
a`vf sajdtfc cfp`rthfnt kr kro`njs`tjkn, `s w`s taf g`sf dkr taf Gjty A`mm `nc
taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf. ajs fddfgt sffhfc tk ef fna`ngfc ey taf pfr-
skn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc mf`cfrsajp gkhpftfngfs kd puemjg cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nctaf jhp`gt kd tafsf gkhpftfngfs kn taf jntfrn`m suppkrt kd taf cfgjsjkn h`cf jn
taf tfncfr.
Jn taf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf ` orf`tfr cforff kd ungfrt`jnty
w`s dkunc `hkno taf `gtkrs gkhp`rfc tk taf ktafr g`sfs. Jn taf Wgakkm `nc taf
Gjty A`mm taf prkbfgt ga`hpjkns, rfspfgtjvfmy twk hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm Ek`rc
`nc taf H`ykr, grf`tfc ` strkno dr`hfwkri dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno ey st`tjno tafjr
`hejtjkns gmf`rmy. Wtjmm, wajmf ` sa`rfc dr`hf kd `hejtjkns hjoat gkntrjeutf tk
taf f`sf kd taf cfgjsjkn, jt g`nnkt h`if cjddfrfngfs jn taf jntfrfsts cjs`ppf`r. af
djncjnos jncjg`tf ta`t ` ajoa mfvfm kd ungfrt`jnty g`n ef `ttrjeutfc tk ` m`gi kd
gmf`r prkbfgt `hejtjkns `nc tafrfdkrf `msk ` m`gi kd gknsjstfnt kr sa`rfc jntfrfstskd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Durtafr `n`mysjs sakwfc ta`t jncfpfncfntmy kd taf `hej-
tjkn mfvfm, jn fvfry g`sf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf jntfrfsts kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs gkumc
ef dkunc. Jn taf nfxt sfgtjkn `ekut taf skgj`m gkntfxt kd taf st`ifakmcfrs tafsf
cjddfrfngfs wjmm ef `ccrfssfc hkrf spfgjdjg`mmy.
4.4.7 Wkgj`m gkntfxt kd st`ifakmcfrs
@mm g`sfs jmmustr`tf ta`t taf puemjg ga`r`gtfr kd ` gmjfnt mfc tk kd taf jnvkmvfhfnt
kd ` m`rof nuhefr kd st`ifakmcfrs jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno (sff `emf 4.3). Efg`usf taf
eujmt fnvjrknhfnt js skhftajno ofnfr`mmy inkwn `nc fxpfrjfngfc ey `mm ijncs
kd pfkpmf, ` pmftakr` kd jcf`s, jntfrfsts, `hejtjkns `nc kpjnjkns gkumc ef dkunc
`hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs.
Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs h`jnmy cjddfrfc jn tafjr gkngfrn dkr
usfr nffcs (st`dd vfrsus pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs), taf jntfor`tjkn jn taf gkntfxt (gjtjzfns
vfrsus pkmjtjgj`ns), taf jhpkrt`ngf kd djn`ngj`m hf`ns (eftwffn cjddfrfnt pkmjtjg`m
p`rtjfs), `nc taf pkmjtjg`m `jhs kd taf prkbfgt (eftwffn Gjty Gkungjm `nc Ek`rc
kd H`ykr `nc @mcfrhfn). Curjno taf Wgakkm g`sf cjddfrfngfs h`jnmy kggurrfc ef-
twffn taf Wgakkm ek`rc nc taf OFH tkoftafr wjta taf Hunjgjp`m sgakkm cfp`rt-
hfnt ta`t rfm`tfc tk taf jntfrfst mfvfm (ure`n mfvfm vfrsus eujmcjno mfvfm), taf usfr
mfvfms (sa`rfakmcfrs vfrsus usfrs), taf jnput kd hf`ns (rf`mjs`tjkn vfrsus h`jntf-n`ngf), taf pfrspfgtjvf jn tjhf (sakrt tfrh vfrsus mkno tfrh usf), jntfrfsts jn taf
prkcugt (qu`mjty vfrsus tjhf `nc hknfy), jntfrfsts jn taf prkgfss (gkntrkm vfrsus
rjsis), ijncs kd rfspknsjejmjtjfs (supfrvjsjkn vfrsus gkhhjssjknjno), `nc nffc dkr
jnnkv`tjkn (pfrskn`m usf vfrsus fxfhpm`ry dungtjkn). Jn taf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf taf pfrgfptjkn kd rjsis, taf cfgjsjkn suppkrtjvf mfvfm, taf rf-
spknsjejmjtjfs, `nc taf mfvfm kd jnvkmvfhfnt jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno cjddfrfc eftwffn
taf st`ifakmcfrs kd taf prkbfgt, fspfgj`mmy eftwffn taf Fxfgutjvfs `nc taf st`dd
hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`h. @mm tkoftafr tajs mfc tk taf dkmmkwjno kvfrvjfw kd
p`jrs kd pktfntj`m gkndmjgtjno jntfrfsts ta`t nffc tk ef `ccrfssfc curjno taf sfmfg-
tjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt `s cjspm`yfc jn Djourf 4.6.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 175/341
06: ‗
Hkst kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs efmknofc tk cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfr orkups. af
hfhefrs kd taf \rkvjngj`m fxfgutjvf ek`rc dkr fx`hpmf, wfrf fhpmkyffs kd taf
prkvjngf, eut `msk taf rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf gmjfnt ekcy. afrfdkrf tafy wfrf
st`ifakmcfrs `nc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `t taf s`hf tjhf wjta ekta prkdfssjkn`m `s wfmm
`s pfrskn`m jntfrfsts. af cjrfgtkr kd taf Wgakkm w`s p`rt kd taf bury p`nfm, taf
prkbfgt tf`h `nc duturf rfspknsjemf kddjgfr dkr taf eujmcjno prkbfgt eut taf cjrfg-
tkr `msk rfprfsfntfc taf gajmcrfn, taf p`rfnts `nc taf tf`gafrs curjno taf prkg-fss. af jntfrfsts kd taf st`ifakmcfr orkups rfm`tfc strknomy tk taf gmjfnt, prkbfgt,
Wgakkm wjta Wpkrts
d`gjmjty
Gjty A`mm wjta Mjer`ry \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt
Kgf
Gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt
ekcy
Hunjgjp`m cfp`rthfnt
kd Fcug`tjkn
Gjty Gkungjm \rkvjngj`m Gkungjm
Ufprfsfnt`tjvfs kd
taf gmjfnt ekcy
Wgakkm Ek`rc, Hunjgjp`m
cfp`rthfnt kd Wpkrts
Ek rc kd H`ykr nc @mcfrhfn \rkvjngj m Fxfgutjvfs,
Puffn‚s gkhhjssjknfr
Wa`rfakmcfrs nc
supfrvjskrs
Gkhhkn Fxpmkjt`tjkn
Gkhp`ny, Hunjgjp`mjty
\rkvjngf, Cfp`rthfnt
kd Jntfrjkr `nc Ijnockh
Ufm`tjkns
Cfp`rthfnt kd Jntfrjkr
`nc Ijnockh Ufm`tjkns
C`jmy usfrs Sf`gafrs, Gajmcrfn Mkg`m okvfrnhfnt
sfrv`nts `nc kgj`ms, Mjer`ry
fhpmkyffs
\rkvjngj`m fhpmkyffs
Nkn-c jmy usfrs \`rfnts, Nfjoaekurs Gjtjzfns, Mjer ry usfrs,
Skurjsts, Gjty gfntrf sakp
iffpfrs, Nfjoaekurs
\rkvjngj`m jna`ejt`nts,
Tjsjtkrs, Eusjnfss p`ri
gkhp`njfs
Ufprfsfnt`tjvf
orkups kd taf usfrs
Fhpmkyffs unjkn,
\`rfnts‚ gkungjm
Fhpmkyffs gkungjm gt,
Ajstkrjg`m jntfrfst orkups,
\kmjtjg`m p`rtjfs
Fhpmkyffs gkungjm gt,
Ejkmkojg`m kr fnvjrkn-
hfnt`m jntfrfst orkups,\kmjtjg`m p`rtjfs
S`emf 4.3 Kvfrvjfw kd hkst jhpkrt`nt st`ifakmcfrs pfr g`sf
GMJFNS UFM@SFC JWWVFW EVJMCJNO UFM@SFC JWWVFW
Wakrt tfrh
Gfrt`jnty
\kmjtjg`m suppkrt
\frh`nfnt st`dd
Fxfhpm`ry dungtjkn
Mkno tfrh
Jnnkv`tjkn
\kmjgy
\kmjtjg`m p`rtjfs
@ggkunt`ejmjty
Vre`n mfvfm
\frskn`m usf
Jnnkv`tjkn
Ajstkry
Gjty afrjt`of
Eujmcjno mfvfm
Ufprfsfnt`tjkn dungtjkn
Dungtjkn`mjty
Duturf
\frskn`m rfhfher`ngf
\frskn`m jntfrfsts \rkdfssjkn`m jntfrfsts
\UKBFGS UFM@SFC JWWVFW \UKGFWW UFM@SFC JWWVFW
Pu`mjty
Gknstrugtjkn
Sjhf `nc hknfy
H`jntfn`ngf
Cfgjsjkn rfspknsjejmjty
Wupfrvjskry dungtjkn
@cvjskry rjoats
Gkhhjssjknjno ekcy
\rjh`ry eucofts Wfgknc`ry eucofts Gkntrkm Ujsis
Djourf 4.6 Kvfrvjfw kd dkur g`tfokrjfs jn p`jrs kd pktfntj`m gknjgtjvf jntfrfsts dkunc jn taf
g`sfs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 176/341
04<
prkgfss `nc eujmcjno rfm`tfc jssufs ta`t wfrf cjspm`yfc curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkg-
fss. Kn ofnfr`m mfvfm cjstjngtjkns wfrf dkunc eftwffn sa`rfakmcfrs (wjta h`jnmy
djn`ngj`m jnvkmvfhfnt) `nc st`ifakmcfrs (wjta pr`gtjg`m usfr jnvkmvfhfnt), ef-
twffn cfgjsjkn h`ifrs (jnvkmvfc jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss) `nc p`ssjvf st`ifakmcfrs
(kdtfn rfprfsfntfc jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss), `nc eftwffn pfrskn`m jntfrfsts (wjta
prjv`tf rfspknsjejmjtjfs) `nc prkdfssjkn`m jntfrfsts (wjta kddjgj`m kr wkri rfm`tfcrfspknsjejmjtjfs).
Jn krcfr tk h`if ` djn`m cfgjsjkn sfvfr`m kd tafsf pktfntj`m gkndmjgtjno jssufs
nffcfc tk ef `ccrfssfc wjtajn taf gfrt`jn pfrjkc kd tjhf. Cfm`yjno taf tfncfr js
usu`mmy nk kptjkn efg`usf kd mfo`m kr djn`ngj`m jhpmjg`tjkns `nc g`ngfmmjno wkumc
hf`n mkss kd d`gf dkr taf ek`rc `nc gkungjm hfhefrs. Jn ekta taf Gjty A`mm
`nc taf Wgakkm g`sf taf gmjfnts fxpfgtfc cjddjgumtjfs eftwffn taf jntfrfsts kd taf
st`ifakmcfrs9 tafy tafrfdkrf jntfntjkn`mmy strugturfc taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss wfmm `nc
cfdjnfc gmf`r rfspknsjejmjtjfs `nc fxpfgt`tjkns kd taf st`ifakmcfrs. af rfsumtjno
suggfssdum prkgfss rfo`jnfc trust jn taf prkdfssjkn`mjsh kd taf hunjgjp`mjty jn taf
Gjty A`mm g`sf `nc grf`tfc okkcwjmm wjta taf supfrvjskry p`rtjfs kd taf Wgakkm.Curjno taf prkgfss `msk cfgjsjkn h`ifrs o`jnfc uncfrst`ncjno jn f`ga ktafrs jn-
tfrfsts wajga sffhfc tk ef prkhjsjno st`rt dkr taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. Jn g`sf kd taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt`m Kddjgf taf prkgfss rfvf`mfc taf m`gi kd gkndjcfngf jn taf
st`rtjno pkjnt kd taf wakmf prkbfgt nc erkuoat tk taf surd`gf taf m`rof cjddfrfngfs
jn taf `jhs `nc `pprk`ga eftwffn taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf stffrjno gkhhjttff.
af g`ngfmm`tjkn kd taf tfncfr dtfr taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf js `n unmugiy gknsfqufngf
kd taf uncfrmyjno ungfrt`jntjfs jn taf prkbfgt. ajs gkndjrhs ta`t tfncfr nffcs tk
ef g`rfdummy cfsjonfc jn krcfr tk ef suggfssdum. Jn krcfr tk prfvfnt taf g`ncjc`tfs
drkh w`stjno fnfroy, jt hjoat ef efst tk cfm`y taf `nnkungfhfnt kd taf tfncfr jn
sjtu`tjkns wjta sfvfrf ckuets `ekut taf prkbfgt.
4.4.3 \rkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt
Jn twk g`sfs, taf Wgakkm `nc taf Gjty A`mm, taf gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt gkmm`ekr`tfc
wjta ktafr puemjg kro`njs`tjkns. af djncjnos kd taf g`sfs jhpmy ta`t taf jhpmf-
hfnt`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno efnfdjts orf`tmy drkh ` tr`nsp`rfnt strugturf dkr
tajs gkmm`ekr`tjkn wjta gmf`rmy cfdjnfc rkmfs nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs. af hkst jhpkr-
t`nt rf`skns dkr tajs `rf taf ga`nofs kd ek`rc hfhefrs `t taf fnc kr efojnnjno
kd fmfgtjkn pfrjkcs `nc taf ajoa turnkvfr kd okvfrnhfnt`m st`dd jn rfm`tjkn tk taf
mkno tjhf sp`n kd gknstrugtjkn prkbfgts. Dkr fx`hpmf, prfp`r`tjkns dkr taf GjtyA`mm prkbfgt st`rtfc jn 5<<59 taf cfmjvfry kd taf eujmcjno w`s jnjtj`mmy pm`nnfc dkr
5<07. Nknf kd taf prkbfgt tf`h hfhefrs dkr taf tfncfr jn 5<<4 wfrf stjmm wkrijno
wjta taf hunjgjp`mjty jn 5<<1. Fmfgtjkns `rf afmc fvfry dkur yf`rs. af prjngjpmfs
kd tr`nsp`rfnt okvfrn`ngf h`if cfgjsjkns pkmjtjg`mmy sfnsjtjvf, fspfgj`mmy bust ef-
dkrf kr dtfr n fmfgtjkn pfrjkc. ajs gkumc prkvjcf n ccjtjkn`m stjhumus dkr ojm-
jty nc qujgi cfgjsjkns, kr hjoat g`usf sfrjkus m`gi kd suppkrt kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf prkbfgt ga`hpjkn, taf H`ykr, w`ntfc tk h`ri ajs tfrh
ey sfmfgtjno n rgajtfgt ta`t wkumc cfsjon eujmcjno ta`t wkumc ‑`cc v`muf tk taf
gjty‚. Jn taf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf taf Fxfgutjvf `ssjonfc tk
taf prkbfgt a`c tk fxfgutf ` cfgjsjkn `ekut taf typf kd gkntr`gt h`cf ey ajs prfc-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 177/341
040 ‗
fgfsskr. ajs cfgjsjkn prkvfc tk ef knf kd h`jn rf`skns tk g`ngfm taf tfncfr. ajs
sakws ta`t cfgjsjkn g`nnkt ef t`ifn wjtakut gknsjcfrjno taf gkntfxt jn wajga jt
w`s h`cf efg`usf jt knmy h`ifs sfnsf jn ta`t spfgjdjg gkntfxt.
af g`sfs sakw cjddfrfnt hktjvfs efajnc taf pm`nnjno kd ` tfncfr prkbfgt. @n
jhpkrt`nt `spfgt kd taf pm`nnjno kd taf tfncfr w`s taf `hkunt kd fxpfrjfngf kd
` cfgjsjkn h`ifr jn ajs kr afr pksjtjkn wjtajn taf fmfgtjkn kr okvfrn`ngf pfrjkc.af c`t` suoofst ta`t prjkrjtjfs gkumc a`vf cjddfrfc jd dkr fx`hpmf taf H`ykr kd
taf Gjty A`mm a`c nkt effn ` strfftwjsf pkmjtjgj`n `t taf fnc kd ajs tfrh eut `
ykuno, rfgfntmy fmfgtfc mcfrh`n. af tjhjno kd taf tfncfr msk rfm`tfc tk taf st`-
tus kd taf eujmcjno erjfd `nc taf pkjnt kd vjfw kd taf gmjfnt kn taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd
taf `rgajtfgt. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf tafy w`ntfc tk jnvkmvf taf `rgajtfgt jn taf erjfd-
jno pa`sf kd taf eujmcjno prkbfgt nc tafrfdkrf kro`njsfc tfncfr jn ` r`tafr f`rmy
st`of kd taf gknstrugtjkn prkbfgt wjta knmy ` gkngfpt eujmcjno erjfd `v`jm`emf. af
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf w`ntfc tk `w`rc taf Cfsjon Eujmc gkntr`gt tk `
gknskrtjuh e`sfc kn tafjr cfsjon prkpks`m jngmucjno taf eujmcjno spfgjdjg`tjkns.
Efg`usf tafy nffcfc ` cft`jmfc erjfd wjta cft`jmfc gkst fstjh`tjkn, taf tfncfr w`s`nnkungfc `dtfr taf eujmcjno erjfd w`s djn`mjsfc.
Efg`usf taf tfncfr js `n fssfntj`m p`rt kd ` gkhpmftf eujmcjno prkbfgt, taf
tfncfr nffcs tk ef gkkrcjn`tfc wjta taf pm`nnjno kd taf wakmf eujmcjno prkbfgt
`nc wjta taf okvfrn`ngf pkmjgy. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm `nc taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt`m Kddjgf tafsf prkgfssfs wfrf nkt `mw`ys jn mjnf. ajs hf`nt ta`t, dkr
fx`hpmf, p`rts kd taf eujmcjno erjfd nffcfc tk ef cr`wn up jn ` rfm`tjvfmy sakrt pf-
rjkc tk ef rf`cy dkr usf jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. Dkr taf Wgakkm jt w`s nk prkemfh ta`t
taf eujmcjno erjfd w`s nkt tkt`mmy djnjsafc efg`usf tafy nffcfc jt kn ` gkngfptu`m
mfvfm knmy curjno taf tfncfr. Jn taf Gjty A`mm prkbfgt, taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr rfg`mms
ta`t skhftjhfs af a`c tk `gt vfry erusqufmy tk oft pfrhjssjkn tk pursuf wjta taftfncfr. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, efg`usf tafy w`ntfc tk djnjsa taf tfncfr efdkrf suh-
hfr, tafy a`c ` gmf`r cf`cmjnf. Jn g`sf kd taf Okvfrnhfnt`m Kddjgf jt sffhfc `s
tjhf p`ssfc, hkrf `nc hkrf rf`skns wfrf dkunc nkt tk pursuf taf tfncfr. _afn
taf pm`nnfc cf`cmjnf `pprk`gafc, taf prfssurf kn taf Fxfgutjvf jngrf`sfc `nc af
efg`hf hkrf `nxjkus `ekut taf mfo`m jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf tfncfr.
4.? Djncjnos `ekut taf tfncfr cfsjon
af djncjnos `ekut taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr `ccrfss taf rkmf kd taf tfncfr erjfd,
taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf, taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd st`ifakmcfr jn taftfncfr prkbfgt `nc taf fv`mu`tjvf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Ufsumts jmmustr`tf ta`t `w`rc
cfgjsjkns `rf e`sfc kn ` gkhejn`tjkn kd prkpks`m, pfrskn `nc prkgfss rfm`tfc js-
sufs. af gmjfnt cftfrhjnfs taf e`m`ngf eftwffn tafsf `spfgts, wajga sakumc ef
rfdmfgtfc jn taf tfncfr prkgfcurf. Efg`usf cfgjsjkn h`ijno js h`jnmy e`sfc kn
taf jndkrh`tjkn rfgfjvfc drkh taf tfncfrfrs `nc taf pfrgfptjkn kd st`ifakmcfrs,
taf dkrh`t kd taf prkgfcurf js `n jhpkrt`nt p`rt kd taf tfncfr cfsjon. Akwfvfr,
curjno taf prfp`r`tjkns kd taf tfncfr cfsjon taf jhpmjg`tjkns kd gfrt`jn cfgjsjkns
`rf nkt gmf`r yft. Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nffc tjhf tk rf`mjsf taf `jh `nc jhpkrt`ngf kd
taf cfgjsjkns ta`t tafy a`vf tk h`if curjno tfncfr prkgfss. af jhpmfhfnt`tjkn
kd ` tfncfr prkgfcurf tafrfdkrf jngmucfs nuhfrkus jhpmjgjt cfgjsjkns jn jtfr`tjvf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 178/341
045
cfgjsjkn pa`sfs ta`t cftfrhjnf taf cjrfgtjkn `nc dkrh`t kd taf prkpks`ms ta`t taf
`rgajtfgts suehjt. ajs sfgtjkn sakws akw p`nfm hfhefrs ta`t rfprfsfnt taf gkh-
hjssjknjno gmjfnt ekcy h`if sfnsf kd tafjr `jhs `nc taf jntfntjkns kd taf `rgaj-
tfgts ta`t sakwfc jntfrfst jn cfsjonjno tafjr duturf eujmcjno. ajs prkgfss rfsumtfc
dkr twk gmjfnts jn ` h`tga wjta `n `rgajtfgt `nc dkr knf gmjfnt jntk g`ngfmm`tjkn kd
taf tfncfr prkgfcurf.
4.?.0 Sfncfr erjfd
@n`mysjs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs dkr taf tfncfr prkbfgts sakwfc ta`t jn hkst
g`sfs taf dkmmkwjno `spfgts wfrf `ccrfssfc jn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc g`mm dkr
tfncfrs2
Cfsgrjptjkn kd taf gmjfnt `nc taf gkntfxt.
Eucoft `nc pm`nnjno kd taf prkbfgt.
(Wuhh`rjsfc) prkbfgt erjfd jngmucjno taf duturf mkg`tjkn.Fxpfgt`tjkns `ekut taf rkmf kd taf `rgajtfgt jn taf eujmcjno prkbfgt.
Cfsgrjptjkn kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf jngmucjno taf pm`nnjno, `nc taf gkhpk-
sjtjkn `nc rjoats kd taf bury p`nfms dkr taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf.
Cfsgrjptjkn `nc rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf (jd `ppmjg`emf) kd taf hjnjhuh rfqujrf-
hfnts `nc fxgmusjkn orkuncs, sfmfgtjkn kd taf g`ncjc`tfs, `nc `mmkg`tjkn kd
taf gkntr`gt.
Dkrh`t kd taf ckguhfnts tk ef prkvjcfc `nc taf mfo`m kr dkrh`m cfgm`r`tjkns
jd `ppmjg`emf.
\rkgurfhfnt m`w cjstjnoujsafs tarff ijncs kd rfqujrfhfnts jn taf sfmfgtjkn
pa`sf kd ` tfncfr2 0) orkuncs dkr fxgmusjkn, 5) hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts dkr sfmfg-
tjkn, `nc 7) sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj`. Nkt fvfry g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn h`cf ` gmf`r cjs-
tjngtjkn eftwffn tafsf ijncs kd rfqujrfhfnts. af djncjnos kd taf g`sfs suoofst
ta`t jn pr`gtjgf taf h`jn cjddfrfngf eftwffn taf hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts `nc taf
orkuncs dkr fxgmusjkn js pfrgfjvfc `s cjddfrfngfs jn taf jhp`gt kd taf fv`mu`tjkn
‗ nkt dumdjmmjno taf fxgmusjkn orkuncs mf`cs tk fxgmusjkn `utkh`tjg`mmy wajmf taf
hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts gkumc mf`c tk mkwfr ga`ngfs kd ofttjno sfmfgtfc. ajs js g-
gkrcjnomy tk prkgurfhfnt m`w. Akwfvfr, taf djncjnos `msk sakw ` pktfntj`m hjx up
eftwffn taf sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` nc taf hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts dkr sfmfgtjkn. afstrjgtnfss kd ssfsshfnt kd taf rfqujrfhfnts w`s dkunc tk rfm`tf tk taf ga`r`gtfr kd
taf jndkrh`tjkn nc tk taf cjvjsjkn kd t`sis eftwffn taf prkbfgt tf`h nc taf bury
p`nfm curjno taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sfs kd taf tfncfr. G`tfokrjg`m jndkrh`-
tjkn (nkhjn`m hf`surfhfnt mfvfm) w`s trf`tfc hkrf strjgtmy ta`t nkn-g`tfokrjg`m
jndkrh`tjkn (krcjn`m, jntfrv`m `nc r`tjk mfvfm), wajga g`n ef rfm`tfc tk taf hf`s-
urfhfnt st`nc`rcs nc gm`rjty kd g`tfokrjfs2 fjtafr yku a`vf n jnsur`ngf pkmjgy kr
nkt. Jn hkst g`sfs taf `ssfsshfnt kd taf g`tfokrjg`m jndkrh`tjkn `ekut djn`ngj`m,
tfganjg`m kr h`n`ofrj`m w`s `ssjonfc tk taf prkbfgt tf`h efg`usf jt w`s sffhjnomy
f`sjfr tk `ssfss ta`n nkn-g`tfokrjg`m jndkrh`tjkn.
•
•
••
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 179/341
047 ‗
af h`jn ga`mmfnof jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf w`s dkunc tk ef taf fv`mu`tjkn kd
taf mfvfm kd prkdfssjkn`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m `ejmjtjfs kd taf g`ncjc`tfs. ajs `s-
sfsshfnt t`si kd nkn-g`tfokrjg`m jndkrh`tjkn w`s usu`mmy taf h`jn t`si kd taf
sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff. Kesfrv`tjkns sakwfc tajs rfqujrfhfnt w`s pfrgfjvfc `s `
hjxturf kd fxpfrtjsf `nc fxpfrjfngf. Dkur jncjg`tkrs kd `ejmjty wfrf jcfntjdjfc2 0)
(rfgfnt) gkhp`r`emf prkbfgts, 5) rfgfnt (gkhp`r`emf) cfsjon fxpfrjfngf, 7) spf-gjdjg prkdfssjkn`m gkhpftfngfs, `nc 3) prkdfssjkn`mjsh jn ofnfr`m. afsf `spfgts
wfrf skhftjhfs fm`ekr`tfc jn rfm`tjkn tk taf djrh, `nc skhftjhfs jn rfm`tjkn tk
taf jncjvjcu`m `rgajtfgt wak wkumc ef `ssjonfc tk taf bke. Jn `mm g`sfs gmjfnts `p-
pf`rfc tk mkki dkr `rgajtfgts kr djrhs ta`t suehjttfc prkbfgts kd rfdfrfngf sjhjm`r
tk taf suebfgt kd tfncfr.
@dtfr taf g`ncjc`tfs (sjx jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc djvf jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf) wfrf
sfmfgtfc tk p`rtjgjp`tf jn taf `w`rc pa`sf, taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms w`s sfnt tk taf
tfncfrfrs. af tfncfrfrs prfp`rfc ` prkpks`m e`sfc kn taf tfncfr erjfd `nc taf
ktafr jnstrugtjkns jn taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms. af strugturf kd taf c`t` kd taf Gjty
A`mm g`sf h`cf jt pkssjemf tk systfh`tjg`mmy `n`mysf taf uncfrmyjno jhpkrt`ngf kd`rouhfnts jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. E`sfc kn taf strugturf kd taf CPJ, dkurtffn cf-
sjon `spfgts wfrf jcfntjdjfc jn taf ckguhfnts rfm`tjno tk taf tarff e`sjg Tjtruvj`n
`rf`s kd dungtjkn`mjty, eujmc qu`mjty `nc jhp`gt `nc jts rfskurgf fnvfmkpf kd tjhf,
djn`ngf, `nc n`tur`m `nc auh`n rfskurgfs (O`nn, ft `m., 5<<79 _aytf & O`nn,
5<<7). Hkst par`sfs kd tkt`m 711 fxtr`gtfc drkh taf ckguhfnts ekut taf `ssfss-
hfnt prkgfss jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf gkngfrnfc taf rf`s kd jhp`gt (7:%) nc dung-
tjkn`mjty (74%) kd taf cfsjon. af eujmc qu`mjty w`s knmy hfntjknfc jn 3% kd taf
par`sfs wajmf taf prkbfgt gknstr`jnts `nc taf prkdfssjkn`m `ejmjtjfs `nc rfput`tjkn
kd taf `rgajtfgts wfrf rfdfrrfc tk jn 07% `nc 1% kd taf gkhhfnts. af `n`mysjs
rfvf`ms ta`t hkst kd taf `rouhfnts usfc tk orkunc taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn rfm`tfc tktaf kddjgj`m `w`rc grjtfrj`. Akwfvfr, `ekut twfnty pfrgfnt kd taf `rouhfnts jn-
gmucfc h`n`ofrj`m `nc pfrskn`m `spfgts `ekut taf prkbfgt `nc taf fntr`nt kd taf
tfncfr, grjtfrj` ta`t wfrf nkt kddjgj`mmy jngmucfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs.
Dkr fvfry `spfgt kd taf tfncfr erjfd jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf `n kvfrvjfw kd hf`n-
jnos gkumc ef cfrjvfc. Dkr fx`hpmf, wjtajn taf `rf` kd dungtjkn`mjty, usf `spfgt
par`sfs gkngfrnfc taf `mmkg`tjkn kd taf `gtjvjtjfs `nc kddjgf gkngfpts `ggkrcjno tk
taf erjfd, taf qu`mjty kd taf wkripm`gfs, `nc taf wkrisp`gf gmjh`tf (sff `emf 4.6).
af pktfntj`m qu`mjty kd cfvfmkpjno nfw `gtjvjtjfs `nc taf dmfxjejmjty kd taf dmkkr
`rf`s wfrf `msk hfntjknfc. \ar`sfs gkngfrnjno taf dungtjkn`mjty jssufs `ccrfssfc
taf pksjtjknjno kd taf `gtjvjtjfs, fspfgj`mmy taf mkg`tjkn kd taf mjer`ry, taf rfgko-njs`ejmjty kd taf cfp`rthfnts, taf rf`c`ejmjty `nc krjfnt`tjkn wjtajn taf eujmcjno,
`nc dmfxjejmjty jn taf usf kd sp`gfs. Wkhf `ttfntjkn w`s ojvfn tk sfgurjty `dtfr kd-
djgf akurs, d`gjmjty h`n`ofhfnt, taf dungtjkn`mjty kd taf h`tfrj`ms, `nc taf rfgko-
njs`ejmjty kd taf fntr`ngf drkh kutsjcf.
Gkhp`r`tjvfmy mjttmf `ttfntjkn w`s ojvfn tk taf eujmc qu`mjty kd taf cfsjons jn
taf Gjty A`mm g`sf (sff `emf 4.4). @mtakuoa taf erjfd sifc dkr n fnvjrknhfnt`mmy
drjfncmy skmutjkn `nc ` gmf`r gakjgf dkr taf cfhkmjtjkn kr rfnkv`tjkn kd taf fxjst-
jno eujmcjnos, knmy njnf par`sfs wfrf jcfntjdjfc ta`t rfm`tfc tk tafsf jssufs curjno
taf `w`rc prkgfss. af fnfroy fddjgjfngy kd taf duturf eujmcjno w`s hfntjknfc
knmy kngf `nc skhf gkngfrns wfrf fxprfssfc `ekut mjoatjno `nc af`tjno. af
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 180/341
043
Dunc`hfnt m fmfhfnt Cfsjon spfgt
(N 8 nuhefr kd par`sfs)
Cfsgrjptjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjtjfs
Dungtjkn`mjty
(N tkt`m 8 07:)
Vsf (N 8 47) @mmkg`tjkn kd gtjvjtjfs ggkrcjno tk erjfd
Dmfxjejmjty kd stkkrs
@ppmjg`tjkn kd kgf gkngfpt
Pu`mjty kd wkripm`gfs
\ktfntj`m gtjvjtjfsMjoat `nc cfpta kd stkkr sp`gfs
@ggfss (N 8 3) Wfgurf fntr`ngf dtfr kgf akurs
Ufgkonjs`emf fntrêf
D`gjmjty h`n`ofhfnt nc sfgurjty eftwffn rf`s
Wp`gf (N 8 ?5) \ksjtjknjno cjfrfnt stkkrs nc gtjvjtjfs
_`mijno cjst`ngfs
Ufgkonjs`ejmjty kd cfp`rthfnts
Dmfxjejmjty `nc pkssjejmjtjfs kd sp`gf usf
S`emf 4.6 Pu`mjty pfrgfptjkn `spfgts jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf, gkngfrnjno taf fmfhfnt kd
Dungtjkn`mjty
Dunc`hfnt m fmfhfnt Cfsjon spfgt
(N 8 nuhefr kd par`sfs)
Cfsgrjptjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjtjfs
\frdkrh`ngf (N 8 0) Fnfroy sugjfngy
Eujmc qu`mjty
(N tkt`m 8 04)
Fnojnffrjno Wystfhs (N 8 4) Jnnfr gmjh tf systfh
N`tur`m `nc `rtjffgj`m mjoatjno pkssjejmjtjfs
Gknstrugtjkn (N 8 :) @ppmjg tjkn kd fnvjrknhfnt m drjfncmy skmutjkns
Cfhkmjtjkn kr rfnkv`tjkn kptjkns
S`emf 4.4 Pu`mjty pfrgfptjkn `spfgts kd taf Gjty A`mm, gkngfrnjno taf fmfhfnt kd Eujmc qu`mjty
Dunc`hfnt m fmfhfnt Cfsjon spfgt
(N 8 nuhefr kd par`sfs)
Cfsgrjptjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjtjfs
Dkrh nc H`tfrj ms (N 8 00) H`tfrj mjs`tjkn nc sa`pf jn gkntfxt
\frgfptjkn nc sskgj`tjkns (f.o. om`ss js gkmc)
Jhp`gt
(N tkt`m 8 065)
Jntfrn`m Fnvjrknhfnt (N 8 1) @thkspafrf jn eujmcjno
Ufm`tjkn eftwffn mjoat nc sp`gf
_krijno gmjh`tf t wkripm`gfs
Vre`n nc Wkgj`m Jntfor`tjkn
(N 8 35)
\ksjtjknjno kd taf eujmcjno jn mkg`tjkn
Ufgkonjs`ejmjty kd eujmcjno
Ufspfgt dkr ajstkrjg`m gkntfxt `nc usf kd h`tfrj`ms
Jntfr`gtjkn wjta prjv`tf nc puemjg `rf`s
Ufnkv`tjkn gakjgfs
Gknstjgt kd sjzf `nc sa`pf vs. (jn)vjsjejmjty `nc jntfor`tjkn
Ga`r`gtfr nc Jnnkv`tjkn
(N 8 :0)
Jcf` (f.o. krjojn`m, jnnkv`tjvf, grf`tjvf)
Gmfvfrnfss kd skmutjkn
Gknspjgukusnfss nc pfrgfptjkn (f.o. gkmc, kro`njg,
kutc`tfc, tr`nsp`rfnt, surprjsjno, ga`mmfnojno, c`rjno)
Gmf`r vjsjkn nc qu`mjty kd gkngfpt
Akspjt`mjty, ga`rh nc rfprfsfnt`tjvf
@ccjno v`muf nc fyf g`tgafr
@sskgj`tjkns nc njgi n`hfs
S`emf 4.? Pu`mjty pfrgfptjkn `spfgts jn Gjty A`mm g`sf, gknsjcfrjno taf Jhp`gt fmfhfnt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 181/341
046 ‗
mjhjtfc nuhefr kd `spfgts ta`t rfm`tfc tk taf duturf eujmc qu`mjty kd taf eujmcjno
g`n ef fxpm`jnfc ey taf f`rmy st`of kd taf eujmcjno prkbfgt jn wajga ` tfncfr t`ifs
pm`gf.
af Jhp`gt fmfhfnt kd ` cfsjon gkngfrns taf fddfgt kd taf duturf eujmcjno jn
tfrhs kd jts (vjsu`m) jhp`gt kn jts surrkuncjnos `nc taf fddfgt kn usfrs, vjsjtkrs
`nc taf ofnfr`m puemjg (`emf 4.?). Dkr taf Gjty A`mm taf dkrh `nc h`tfrj`ms kdtaf cfsjon a`c tk djt taf gkntfxt `nc fvkifc rf`gtjkns `ekut taf w`rhta kd taf
eujmcjno. Knmy sfvfn par`sfs rfm`tfc tk taf jntfrn`m fnvjrknhfnt kd taf eujmcjno,
gknsjcfrjno taf `thkspafrf jn taf eujmcjno `nc taf h`ttfr kd tr`nsp`rfngy. Vre`n
`nc skgj`m jntfor`tjkn kd taf cfsjon w`s knf kd taf hkst jhpkrt`nt jssufs. af pk-
sjtjknjno, rfgkonjs`ejmjty `nc jntfr`gtjkn wjta taf prjv`tf `nc puemjg sp`gfs wfrf
fv`mu`tfc, s w`s taf jhp`gt kd taf sa`pf nc sjzf kd taf eujmcjno kn taf surrkunc-
jnos. Jt w`s dfmt jhpkrt`nt ta`t taf cfsjon sakwfc rfspfgt dkr taf ajstkrjg`m gkntfxt
eut `t taf s`hf tjhf a`c `n jcfntjty kd jts kwn. Hkst `ttfntjkn w`s ojvfn tk taf
ga`r`gtfr `nc mfvfm kd cfsjon jnnkv`tjkn (:0 par`sfs jn tkt`m, 53% kd taf tkt`m).
af bucofhfnts a`c ` mkt tk ck wjta taf rf`gtjkns fvkifc ey taf cfsjon. af `fs-taftjgs kd taf wjnnjno cfsjon wfrf bucofc s efjno ‑strjijno‚, ‑surprjsjno‚, ‑krjojn`m‚
`nc ‑c`rjno‚, wajmf taf ktafr cfsjons wfrf cfsgrjefc `s ‑h`ssjvf‚, ‑unnktjgf`emf‚ kr
‑kmc d`sajknfc‚. @pprfgj`tjkn w`s sakwn dkr gmfvfr, strkno, ga`rhjno `nc krjojn`m
jcf`s. Akwfvfr, dkr taf djn`m `nc hkst `estr`gt fv`mu`tjkn taf cfsjon a`c tk `cc
v`muf tk taf gjty `nc jts jh`of jn suga ` w`y ta`t pfkpmf wkumc t`mi `ekut jt, gkjn
njgin`hfs, `nc eujmc crf`hs `rkunc taf nfw Gjty A`mm eujmcjno.
Efyknc taf e`sjg Tjtruvj`n g`tfokrjfs kd taf CPJ hkcfm, twk ktafr `spfgts kd
pktfntj`m qu`mjty kd taf ejcs wfrf jcfntjdjfc jn taf c`t` ta`t rfm`tfc tk jts rfskurgf
fnvfmkpf. afsf gkngfrnfc taf gknsjstfngf wjta taf rfqujrfhfnts sft kut jn taf
erjfd `nc djn`ngj`m gknstr`jnts kn taf knf a`nc, `nc pfrskn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kdtaf `rgajtfgt `nc taf qu`mjty kd cr`wjnos `nc prfsfnt`tjkns kn taf ktafr a`nc.
@hkno taf prkbfgt gknstr`jnts `spfgts suga `s taf fxjstjno zknjno pm`n kr eucoft
gkndkrhjty wfrf cjsgussfc (sff `emf 4.1). Wkhf prkpks`ms dkr taf Gjty A`mm cjc
nkt jngmucf fnkuoa jndkrh`tjkn tk h`if gkst g`mgum`tjkns. afrfdkrf tafy a`c tk
ef p`rtmy e`sfc kn sjhum`tjkn nc g`mgum`tjkns wfrf tafrfdkrf gknsjcfrfc tk ef mfss
rfmj`emf. Akwfvfr, taf jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf `ggur`gy `nc rfmj`ejmjty kd taf gkst
g`mgum`tjkns cjc nkt sffh tk h`ttfr curjno djn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Wkhf ckguhfnts gknor`tum`tfc taf `rgajtfgts kn taf ajoa qu`mjty kd tafjr cf-
sjons `nc tafjr jnspjrjno prfsfnt`tjkns. Jn tkt`m 53 par`sfs gkngfrnfc taf gknsjst-
fngy kd taf pm`ns wjta taf erjfd, taf qu`mjty kd taf pm`ns `nc prfsfnt`tjkns `nctaf orf`t gkkpfr`tjkn curjno taf wakmf tfncfrjno prkgfcurf (sff `emf 4.:). af
pfrskn`m fxpfrjfngf `nc pfrskn`mjty kd taf `rgajtfgt cjc nkt sffh tk ef kd huga
jhpkrt`ngf jn taf fv`mu`tjkn kd taf cfsjons eut stjmm djvf par`sfs wfrf cfcjg`tfc tk
taf pfrskn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf cfsjonfrs.
af djn`m prfdfrfngf kd hkst st`ifakmcfr orkups `nc taf fxpfrt gkhhjttff
kd taf Gjty A`mm sffhfc tk ef e`sfc upkn `n kvfr`mm bucofhfnt kd `mm pktfntj`m
qu`mjtjfs kd taf cfsjon, jntfor`tfc jntk taf ‑hkst `ppf`mjno prkpks`m‚. Cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs mkkifc dkr taf gmfvfrnfss kd taf cfsjon, taf jhp`gt kd taf cfsjon kn taf
puemjg, usfrs `nc ure`n surrkuncjnos, `nc fhktjkn`m rf`gtjkns suga `s ‑mkvf `t
djrst sjoat‚ `nc ‑surprjsjno `nc fxgjtjno gkngfpt‚. Jntfrvjfws gkndjrh ta`t tafsf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 182/341
044
fhktjkns wfrf dfmt ey taf p`rtjgjp`tjno `rgajtfgts `s wfmm wafn tafy wfrf prfsfnt-
jno `nc mjstfnjno tk taf ktafr tfncfrfrs. Knf kd taf hfhefrs kd taf `w`rc gkh-
hjttff cfsgrjefc taf fhktjkn`m jhp`gt kd taf cfsjon prkpks`m jn taf puemjg cfe`tfprfgfcjno taf hfftjno kd taf `w`rcjno gkhhjttff2
”Jt w`s mkvf `t rst sjoat. Djrst J wkncfrfc wa`t jt w`s9 ` eff ajvf, ` sp`gfsajp, h`yef ` gfntjpfcf. Eut tafn J s`w jt2 Jt js `n @ri. _`cf-`emf. Safaf`rt w`s tkugafc….‘.
af prfss rfmf`sf kd Bumy 03 5<<4 cfsgrjefs taf kddjgj`m `rouhfnt`tjkn kd taf
jntfor`m `w`rc cfgjsjkn (tr`nsm`tjkn drkh Cutga ey taf `utakr)2
”Saf wjnnjno cfsjon kd Nfutfmjnos Ujfcjbi js dumm kd gkntr`st nc vfry dung-
tjkn`m. @ cfsjon wjta ga`rjsh` ta`t sf`hmfssmy ts jntk taf ajstkrjg sur -rkuncjnos. Saf `w`rc gkhhjttff pr`jsfc taf d`gt ta`t p`rts kd taf kmc taf-`trf nc sgakkm rf ojvfn sfgknc ga`ngf. Saf d`ï`cf kd taf kmc gjty kgfjs rft`jnfc `nc jntfor`tfc jntk taf cfsjon. Y…X @mm jn `mm tajs mf`cs tk ` vfry
okkc jntfor tjkn kd taf nfw cfsjon jn taf fxjtjno gjty d`erjg. Saf vjsjejmjtykd taf cjfrfnt dungtjkn`m gtjvjtjfs (mjer`ry, drknt kgf, e`gi kgf) js s-surfc ey taf prkpksfc gkngfpt. Wjtu`tjno taf mjer`ry kn taf hjnus 0 mfvfm jsvfry surprjsjno. Jntfrwf`vjno taf gurrfnt e`sfhfnt dungtjkns jntk ` nfwgkngfpt js `n jnvfntjkn.‘
Dunc`hfnt m fmfhfnt Cfsjon spfgt
(N 8 nuhefr kd par`sfs)
Cfsgrjptjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjtjfs
\rkbfgt gknstr`jnts (N
tkt`m 8 65)
Mfojsm`tjkn nc rfqujrfhfnts erjfd
(N 8 76)
Gknsjstfnt wjta erjfd
\kssjemf gknstjgts wjta zknjno pm`n
Nuhefr kd squ`rf hftfrs `nc p`rijno pm`gfs
@ggkrcjno tk eucoft
Djn`ngj`m hf`ns (N 8 0?) Eucoft wjtajn mjhjt`tjknsGafgi kn eucoft
S`emf 4.1 Pu`mjty pfrgfptjkn `spfgts jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf, gkngfrnjno taf fmfhfnt kd \rkbfgt
gknstr`jnts
Dunc`hfnt m fmfhfnt Cfsjon spfgt
(N 8 nuhefr kd par`sfs)
Cfsgrjptjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjtjfs
Pu`mjtjfs kd p`rtnfr
(N tkt`m 8 5:)
\rkdfssjkn`m ejmjtjfs nc rfput`tjkn
kd cfsjonfr (N 8 6)
Fxpfrjfngf wjta kgf nc gjvjg eujmcjnos
Ga`r`gtfr jn gkmm`ekr`tjvf prkbfgts
Gkhhjthfnt tk taf prkbfgt
Pu`mjty kd pm`ns nc prfsfnt`tjkns
(N 8 53)
@mmkg`tjkn kd `gtjvjtjfs gknsjstfnt wjta erjfd
Wt`tus kd taf cfsjon (siftga ‗ gkngfpt)
Cfhknstr`tfc gkkpfr`tjvf ttjtucf
\rfsfnt`tjkn qu`mjty
S`emf 4.: Pu`mjty pfrgfptjkn `spfgts jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf, gkngfrnjno taf fmfhfnt kd Pu`mjtjfs
kd p`rtnfr (prkdfssjkn`m `nc prfsfnt`tjkn`m `ejmjtjfs `nc rfput`tjkn kd taf cfsjonfr)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 183/341
04? ‗
4.?.5 \rkgfss prkgfcurf
k cfsjon ` tfncfr ` prkgfcurf nffcs tk ef cr`wn up kn taf e`sjs kd prkgurfhfnt
m`w. af g`mm dkr prkpks`ms nffcs tk `ccrfss taf `gtu`m `ssfsshfnt prkgfss jngmuc-
jno taf pfkpmf, systfhs `nc hf`ns ta`t wjmm ef usfc jn krcfr tk sfgurf tr`nsp`r-
fngy `nc kebfgtjvjty kd taf prkgfcurf dkr taf tfncfrfrs. af nuhefr kd pa`sfs kd
taf tfncfr prkbfgt cfpfncs kn taf tfncfr prkgfcurf ta`t js gaksfn. @s fxpfgtfcdrkh taf g`sf sfmfgtjkn, jn `mm g`sfs taf gmjfnt cfgjcfc tk `ppmy taf rfstrjgtfc tfn-
cfrjno prkgfcurf wjta ` sfp`r`tf sfmfgtjkn `nc `n `w`rc pa`sf. af gkntr`gts wfrf
tk ef `w`rcfc kn taf e`sjs kd taf fgknkhjg`mmy hkst `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr. af
rf`skns dkr tafsf prkgfcur`m cfgjsjkns ta`t wfrf hfntjknfc curjno taf jntfrvjfws
wfrf ta`t ”` rfstrjgtfc prkgfcurf sujtfc taf prkgfss `nc taf erjfd‘ , tafy ”prfvjkusmya`c okkc fxpfrjfngf wjta tajs prkgfcurf‚ ‘, `nc ‘jt sffhfc pr`gtjg`m‘. afsf rf`skns
jhpmy ` a`ejt r`tafr ta`n ` wfmm gknsjcfrfc gakjgf. Knmy jn g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf w`s taf gkntr`gt nkt tr`cjtjkn`m Cfsjon-Ejc-Eujmc eut jntf-
or`tfc Cfsjon-`nc-Eujmc. Jn tajs g`sf taf gmjfnt cfgjcfc tk `ppmy taf hjnjhuh
djn`ngj`m rfqujrfhfnts knmy tk taf gkntr`gtkrs nc mft taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts kd taf
`rgajtfgt ef taf cfgjcjno d`gtkr. Ekta taf Wgakkm `nc taf Gjty A`mm prkbfgt tf`hs
takuoat `ekut ` tkt`m fnojnffrjno gkntr`gt (knf gkntr`gt pfrskn dkr `mm cfsjon
`gtjvjtjfs), eut w`ntfc tk djmm jn taf cft`jms kd taf gkntr`gt `dtfr taf tfncfr, sk nk
cfdjnjtf st`tfhfnts ekut taf gkntr`gt wfrf h`cf efdkrfa`nc. af Wgakkm kemjofc
`mm suehjttjno p`rtjfs tk sjon st`tfhfnt ta`t tafy wkumc ef wjmmjno tk t`if kn taf
gkntr`gt kn tkt`m fnojnffrjno e`sjs.
af cfsjon kd ` tfncfr prkgfcurf a`s tk ef jn mjnf wjta taf FV prjngjpmfs kd
fqu`m trf`thfnt, tr`nsp`rfngy, kebfgtjvjty, `nc prkpkrtjkn`mjty. @mtakuoa fvfryknf
wkumc `orff kn tafsf e`sjg prjngjpmfs, jhpmfhfntjno tafh sffhs hkrf cjddjgumt
ta`n `ginkwmfcojno tafh. Jn `mm g`sfs taf h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nt cfsjonfc hkst
kd taf prkgfcurf, jngmucjno taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc grjtfrj`, `nc `gtfc `s gknt`gt
pfrskn tk taf fntr`nts. @mm prkgfcur`m `spfgts wfrf cjsgussfc `nc djn`mjsfc jn taf
stffrjno gkhhjttff. Knmy jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm cjc taf prkbfgt tf`h cfsjon
taf grjtfrj` tafhsfmvfs, `nc taf gjty gkungjm cftfrhjnfc taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf
`w`rc gkhhjttff. Jn hkst g`sfs taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms wjta taf `gtu`m `ssjonhfnt
dkr taf ejc w`s nkt yft djn`m t taf hkhfnt taf tfncfr w`s nnkungfc nc taf g`mm
dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn w`s h`cf puemjg. ajs hf`nt ta`t jn mm g`sfs taf g`ncjc`tfs wfrf
nkt `w`rf kd taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf `w`rc grjtfrj` `nc taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf
kd taf grjtfrj` wafn tafy suehjttfc tafjr rfqufsts dkr jnvjt`tjkn. Drkh ` mfo`m pfr-spfgtjvf tajs g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s nkt vfry tr`nsp`rfnt. Drkh ` psygakmkojg`m pfr-
spfgtjvf tajs sakws ta`t ` tfncfr prkgfss js kdtfn nkt e`sfc kn ` st`nc`rc dkrh`t
`nc ta`t jt js `msk ` ‑wkri jn prkorfss‚ ta`t js `cbustfc e`sfc kn jngrf`sjno jnsjoats
`nc ga`nofs ta`t kggur curjno taf prkgfss. af `jh kd taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf js cjd-
dfrfnt ta`n taf `jh kd taf `w`rc pa`sf. @rgajtfgtur`m djrhs ta`t `rf jntfrfstfc jn
taf tfncfr sakumc ef emf tk uncfrst`nc wa`t wjmm ef fxpfgtfc kd tafh jn tfrhs kd
taf gkntr`gt `nc tafjr ga`ngfs kn efjno sfmfgtfc `s ` tfncfrfr, eut ck nkt a`vf tk
ef jndkrhfc `ekut taf `ssjonhfnt jn taf `w`rc pa`sf drkh taf efojnnjno kd taf
prkgfss. afrf `rf mjhjt`tjkns tk tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf prkgfcurf eut taf djncjnos
jncjg`tf ta`t gmjfnts a`vf tk fxpmkrf tafsf ekunc`rjfs ey tafhsfmvfs.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 184/341
041
Jn `mm tarff g`sfs taf str`tfojfs dkr taf cfsjon kd taf prkgfcurf `ppf`rfc tk ef
cjddfrfnt. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf prkgfcurf prkvjcfc ` pr`oh`tjg e`sjs dkr taf tfn-
cfr prkgfss. Jt kddfrfc rkkh tk jngmucf `mm st`ifakmcfrs nc suppkrtfc taf `jh nc
st`of kd taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. Jn tafjr mjnf kd tajnijno taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd humtjpmf
st`ifakmcfrs `nc taf fxpmjgjt jngmusjkn kd cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `nc tafjr wfjoats cur-
jno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss wkumc jngrf`sf kebfgtjvjty. Jn g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm tafgknsumt`nt prkvjcfc ` st`nc`rcjsfc dkrh`t wajga w`s `cbustfc tk taf ga`r`gtfrjs-
tjgs kd taf prkbfgt ey taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr. _jtajn taf mfo`m kemjo`tjkns taf prkbfgt
tf`h kd taf Gjty A`mm trjfc tk grf`tf `s huga rkkh dkr fv`mu`tjno taf cfsjon prk-
pks`ms `s pkssjemf. afy `gtfc drkh taf jcf` ta`t tr`nsp`rfngy wkumc efnfdjt drkh
` cfhkgr`tjg prkgfcurf. af prkbfgt tf`h kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf
trjfc tk h`if taf stffrjno gkhhjttff `w`rf kd taf cjddjgumty kd bucojno `rgajtfg-
tur`m qu`mjty eut taf fxfgutjvfs‚ h`jn gkngfrn w`s taf mjhjt`tjkn kd rjsis nc djnc-
jno w`y tk gkntrkm taf cfsjon prkgfss dtfr gkntr`gtjno. ajs gmjfnt gtfc drkh taf
efmjfd ta`t tafy wkumc efnfdjt drkh ` mfo`mmy skunc prkgfcurf.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf prfp`r`tjkns dkr taf tfncfr prkbfgt wfrf h`cf ey taf prkbfgttf`h. Gknsumt`nts pm`yfc ` m`rof rkmf jn sfttjno up taf prkgfcurf. Curjno taf
sfmfgtjkn pa`sf taf prkbfgt tf`h gafgifc jd taf fxgmusjkn `nc hjnjhuh rfqujrf-
hfnts wfrf dumdjmmfc, `nc prfp`rfc taf suehjssjkn ckguhfnts dkr f`sf kd rf`cjno
ey taf p`nfm hfhefrs. Jn ekta taf Wgakkm `nc taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf
g`sfs tarff fntrjfs wfrf tafrfdkrf fxgmucfc drkh durtafr p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn taf tfncfr
e`sfc kn taf fxgmusjkn orkuncs `nc/kr nkt dumdjmmjno taf hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts.
Jn taf Gjty A`mm knf fntry w`s fxgmucfc dkr sfmfgtjkn. Hkst fntrjfs wfrf fxgmucfc
kd durtafr p`rtjgjp`tjkn efg`usf kd ` m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn kr jnv`mjc prkbfgt rfdfr-
fngfs (tkk kmc, tkk nfw, wrkno sfgtkr).
af h`jn ckguhfnts rfqujrfc jn taf g`mms dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn wfrf pkrtdkmjks,spfgjdjg prkbfgt rfdfrfngfs `nc Gurrjgumuh Tjt`f kd taf `rgajtfgts ta`t wkumc ef
`ssjonfc tk taf prkbfgt. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf prkbfgts ta`t wfrf usfc `s rfdfrfngf
jh`ofs a`c tk ef cfsjonfc ey taf s`hf `rgajtfgt ta`t wkumc cfsjon taf eujmc-
jno kd taf gmjfnt. Knmy jn taf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf wfrf taf
rfdfrfngfs bucofc `nknyhkusmy. Eut efg`usf taf mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnts dkr sfmfg-
tjkn w`s sk ajoa (`nc tafrfdkrf taf prkbfgts `nc tafjr `rgajtfgts wfrf rfm`tjvfmy
wfmm-inkwn) `mhkst `mm prkbfgt cfsjonfrs gkumc ef jcfntjdjfc ey skhfknf d`hjmj`r
wjta gkntfhpkr`ry Cutga `rgajtfgturf. af Wgakkm cjc st`tf `mm (sue) grjtfrj` dkr
sfmfgtjkn jn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn eut tafy wfrf skhftjhfs ‑ajccfn‚ `nc nkt
cjrfgtmy rfdfrrfc tk jn taf af`cjnos kd taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs. afy hfntjknfc dkrfx`hpmf taf fxtfnt tk wajga taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts wkumc a`vf tk ef gkhp`r`emf
tk taf tfncfr erjfd kr sakw fxpfrjfngf wjta sust`jn`ejmjty, eut cjc nkt mjst tafsf
jssufs uncfr af`cjno kd sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` kr fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss. \rkgurfhfnt m`w
rfqujrfs gmjfnts tk cftfrhjnf `nc puemjsa taf rfm`tjvf wfjoat kd taf cfgjsjkn grj-
tfrj` efdkrfa`nc jd tajs js `ppmjg`emf dkr taf prkgfcurf. af wfjoat g`n ef fqu`mmy
cjvjcfc (`s jn taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf `nc Gjty A`mm) kr v`ry wjta
rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf (`s jn taf Wgakkm g`sf). Jn g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt
Kddjgf dkur fqu`mmy jhpkrt`nt `spfgts kd `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty wfrf spfgjdjfc2 taf
mfvfm kd puemjg ga`r`gtfr, tjhfmfssnfss, auh`n sg`mf `nc prkdfssjkn`m ga`r`gtfr.
afsf spfgts wkumc ef ssfssfc kn mfvfm drkh < (nkt suddjgjfnt) tjmm 7 (fxgfmmfnt).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 185/341
04: ‗
af Wgakkm usfc njnf grjtfrj` jn tkt`m jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf9 tarff kd tafsf wfrf
`ssfssfc kn ` sg`mf mfvfm drkh 4 tk :¸ sjhjm`r tk sgakkm or`cjno, ktafrs wfrf hkrf
g`tfokrjg`m (yfs kr nk). af Wgakkm cjc nkt puemjsa taf fx`gt wfjoats kd taf sfmfg-
tjkn grjtfrj` efdkrfa`nc, eut cjc usf tafh jn taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd tafjr cfgjsjkn.
k skhfknf (suga `s taf `utakr) wjtakut mfo`m tr`jnjno tajs hjoat `ppf`r tk ef `
vjkm`tjkn kd Furkpf`n fncfrjno m`w. Akwfvfr, taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf w`s `mskp`rt kd tafjr sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss jn prfp`rjno taf sfmfgtjkn cfgjsjkns.
af rfdfrfngf prkbfgts `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf djrhs `ppf`rfc
tk ef taf h`jn skurgfs kd jndkrh`tjkn usfc ey taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff curjno
`ssfsshfnt kd taf prkpks`ms. af Wgakkm a`c taf muxury eut `msk taf eurcfn kd
gakksjno drkh 75 g`ncjc`tfs. af supfrvjskr kd OFH Tmfutfrwfjcf s`jc curjno
`n jntfrvjfw ta`t af pmf`cfc dkr mkw mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnts dkr taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
jn krcfr tk kddfr sh`mm nc hkrf jnnkv`tjvf djrhs ga`ngf t taf bke. af rfm`tjvf-
my mkw mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnts, gkhejnfc wjta taf orf`t pktfntj`m `nc m`rof sjzf kd
taf prkbfgt, gkumc fxpm`jn taf r`tafr m`rof nuhefr kd jntfrfstfc p`rtjfs curjno taf
sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf tfncfr. Jn rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr `ncWgakkm Ek`rc hfhefrs st`tfc ta`t tafy wfrf pksjtjvfmy surprjsfc ey taf `hkunt
kd jntfrfst sakwn jn tafjr prkbfgt. @mtakuoa taf m`rof nuhefr kd fntr`nts cjc grf-
`tf ` ajoafr `chjnjstr`tjvf eurcfn kn taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjt-
tff, tafy cjc nkt rforft tafjr cfgjsjkn `ekut taf rfqujrfhfnts. Jn taf g`sf kd taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf tafrf wfrf knmy djvf p`rtjfs mfdt dkr taf sfmfgtjkn
pa`sf dtfr fxgmusjkn nc gafgi kn hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts. Efg`usf prkgurfhfnt
m`w rfqujrfs ` hjnjhuh kd djvf tfncfrfrs, tafy a`c tk jnvjtf `mm djvf dkr taf `w`rc
pa`sf. ajs gkumc ef p`rtmy fxpm`jnfc ey taf ajoa rfqujrfhfnts nc tk skhf fxtfnt
ey taf mkw jntfrfst drkh taf h`rift jn taf Cfsjon-`nc-Eujmc gkntr`gt t ta`t tjhf
(taf fnc kd 5<<?).k gkhpmy wjta Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w ` gmjfnt js kemjofc tk `mmkw taf g`n-
cjc`tfs nc tfncfrfrs tk r`jsf qufstjkns ekut taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn nc g`mm dkr
prkpks`ms. Hkst kd taf qufstjkns r`jsfc jn tafsf g`sfs rfm`tfc tk taf jntfrprft`tjkn
kd taf prkgfcurf `nc taf grjtfrj`. @nswfrs wfrf cjspfrsfc vj` kddjgj`m hjnutfs. Jn
taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf \rkvjngj m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf taf jnst`ngfs kd cjrfgt
gkhhunjg`tjkn eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf fntr`nts wfrf rfstrjgtfc tk ` prfsfn-
t`tjkn curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf. ajs dkrh`mjty kd gkhhunjg`tjkn w`s cuf tk taf
prkbfgt tf`h‚s jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf FV prjngjpmfs. afsf rfqujrf ta`t `mm g`ncj-
c`tfs rfgfjvf taf s`hf jndkrh`tjkn. Zft tajs prkgfcurf w`s `msk cjgt`tfc ey a`ejt
`nc prfvjkus fxpfrjfngfs. af tfncfrfrs jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf wfrf jnvjtfc tk vjsjttaf duturf gknstrugtjkn sjtf `t taf st`rt kd taf tfncfr pa`sf wajmf efjno wfmgkhfc
ey taf H`ykr. Curjno taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws wjta taf tfncfrfrs hkst kd taf
`rgajtfgts s`jc tafy `pprfgj`tfc taf sjtf vjsjt `nc taf kppkrtunjtjfs ta`t wfrf kd-
dfrfc tk hfft taf gmjfnt.
af dkrh`t kd taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf prkpks`ms s jngmucfc jn taf cfsjon kd taf
tfncfr w`s jndmufngfc ey taf st`tus kd taf eujmcjno erjfd (cfvfmkpfc jn gkngfpt kr
jn cft`jm), taf jhs kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt (cfsjon vfrsus rgajtfgt), nc taf pa`sf kd
taf eujmcjno prkbfgt curjno taf pfrjkc kd tfncfr (st`rt kd jnjtj`m st`of vfrsus st`rt
kd cfsjon st`of). af prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf prkpks`ms jn taf w`rc pa`sf v`rjfc drkh
` sjhpmf prfsfnt`tjkn jn wajga taf `rgajtfgt fxpm`jns ` str`tfoy kr vjsjkn dkr taf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 186/341
0?<
prkbfgt (taf Wgakkm g`sf), tk taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd siftga cfsjon wjta sg`mf hkcfm
(taf Gjty A`mm) `nc tk ` cft`jmfc cfsjon (taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf).
@mm tfncfrfrs a`c tk prfsfnt tafjr prkpks`ms tk taf `w`rc gkhhjttff tafh-
sfmvfs. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf `cvjskry hfhefrs kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff (dkrhfr
hfhefrs kd taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff) wfrf prfsfnt `t `mm prfsfnt`tjkns. af tfn-
cfrfrs cjc nkt suehjt `ny ckguhfnts efdkrfa`nc. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mmtaf p`rtjgjp`nts nffcfc tk suehjt taf siftga cfsjon efdkrfa`nc kn @<-pkstfrs
`nc `s ` sg`mf hkcfm, `ggkhp`njfc ey ` cft`jmfc gkst fstjh`tjkn `nc sfvfr`m ktafr
ckguhfnts cfsgrjejno taf gkngfpt. Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf tfncfrfrs a`c tk
prfsfnt tafjr prkpks`ms jn drknt kd dkur cjddfrfnt `ucjfngfs9 taf stffrjno gkhhjt-
tff, taf gjty gkungjm tkoftafr wjta taf prkbfgt hfhefrs, taf fhpmkyffs, `nc taf
gjtjzfns. @ suhh`ry kd tafjr ckguhfnt`tjkn w`s pm`gfc kn taf jntfrnft p`of kd
taf hunjgjp`mjty.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf prfsfnt`tjkns wfrf gkhejnfc wjta ` qufstjkn-`nc-`nswfr sfs-
sjkn wjta taf tfncfrfrs `hkno taksf prfsfnt. ajs skgj`m `nc jntfr`gtjvf `spfgt
h`cf jt pkssjemf tk sfnsf ` pktfntj`m gmjgi eftwffn taf rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf gmjfnt`nc tafjr pktfntj`m p`rtnfr jn cfsjon. Zft, `p`rt drkh tafjr `pprfgj`tjkn dkr taf
pkssjemjtjfs tk jntfr`gt wjta taf gmjfnt, taf Gjty A`mm prkgfcurf w`s `msk pfrgfjvfc
`s kvfr fm`ekr`tf. af m`rof nuhefr kd prfsfnt`tjkns `nc taf drfqufnt cjsgussjkns
wjta st`ifakmcfrs curjno taf `w`rcjno pa`sf turnfc taf wakmf tfncfr prkgfss jntk
` spfgt`gmf, kr r`tafr ` ‑prfsfnt`tjkn kroy‚ `s knf kd taf p`rtjgjp`tjno `rgajtfgts
`rtjgum`tfc jn `n jntfrvjfw `s ` rfspknsf tk ` qufstjkn `ekut taf ofnfr`m kpjnjkn
`ekut taf prkgfcurf2
”@ w`rh prkgfcurf wjta skhf sjons kd kvfr-cfsjon. Sa`t prfsfnt`tjkn kroy,tafy hjoat gknsjcfr jt vfry jhpkrt`nt eut dkr us jt gkumc a`vf effn hkrfgkncfnsfc. Jt w`s ` ejt kd ` psfuck cfhkgr`gy.‘
@mtakuoa taf tfncfr erjfds `nc prfsfnt`tjkn dkrh`ts dkr taf Gjty A`mm `nc taf
Wgakkm g`sfs cjddfrfc, twk ijncs kd prfsfnt`tjkn str`tfojfs kd taf tfncfrfrs gkumc
ef cjstjnoujsafc2 0) ` dkgus kn `n jntrkcugtjkn kd taf djrh `nc taf `rgajtfgt ta`t
wkumc ef `ssjonfc tk taf prkbfgt ey prfsfntjno ` r`tafr kpfn jcf` `ekut ` pktfntj`m
skmutjkn dkr prkbfgt, `nc 5) taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd ` gkhpmftf cfsjon skmutjkn dkr taf
prkbfgt. Ekta str`tfojfs jhpmjfc ` rjsi tk taf `rgajtfgts. af prfsfntjkn kd ` gkh-
pmftf skmutjkn taf gmjfnt h`ifs jt pkssjemf dkr ` gmjfnt tk bucof taf pktfntj`m gkh-
pftfngfs kd taf djrh jn taf gkntfxt kd taf eujmcjno prkbfgt `nc h`if ` st`tfhfnt
ta`t js suppkrtfc ey ` vjsu`mjs`tjkn kd taf duturf eujmcjno. ajs fn`emfs taf gmjfnttk oft ` t`stf kd wa`t‚s jn stkrf dkr tafh kngf tafy sjon ` gkntr`gt. af `rgajtfgt
akwfvfr runs taf rjsi ta`t taf gmjfnt ckfs nkt mjif taf cfsjon. Knf kd taf `cvjskry
hfhefrs kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff kd taf Wgakkm fxpm`jnfc curjno `n jntfrvjfw
way tajs js jhpkrt`nt dkr gmjfnts2
”Gmjfnts ajrf `n `rgajtfgt tk vjsu`mjsf tafjr jcf`s `nc tafrfdkrf tafy `rfmkkijno dkr `n `rgajtfgt jn tafjr mjnf kd tajnijno.‘
Kn taf ktafr a`nc skhf kd taf Wgakkm cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jncjg`tfc ta`t taf `r-
gajtfgts wak prkpksfc ` gkhpmftf cfsjon skmutjkn sakwfc ‑jndmfxjejmjty‚. Knf kd
taf hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm Ek`rc mjtfr`mmy hfntjknfc ‑kppkrtunjtjfs‚ s rf`skn tk
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 187/341
0?0 ‗
sfmfgt taf gaksfn `rgajtfgt. Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf skhf tfncfrfrs mfdt skhf `spfgts
kd taf cfsjon kpfn kr tafy prfsfntfc twk kptjkns tk cfhknstr`tf tafjr dmfxjejmjty.
Uf`gtjkns tk tajs str`tfoy v`rjfc. Wkhf pfkpmf rf`gtfc r`tafr sakrt-sjoatfcmy tk taf
mfvfm kd cft`jm kd prkpks`m ‗ ”tajs cfsjon ckfs nkt a`vf ejgygmf safc‘ - wajmf ktafrs
cjc nkt pprfgj`tf taf siftgafc kptjkns ta`t wfrf siftgafc efg`usf ”taf cfsjon w`s
nkt djnjsafc‘ . af djn`m cfgjsjkn jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf sffhfc tk ef h`jnmy e`sfckn taf fxtfrjkr `nc gkngfpt kd taf cfsjon. Hkrf fxpfrjfngfc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
st`tfc jn taf jntfrvjfws ta`t knf sakumc nkt bucof taf cft`jms curjno taf tfncfrjno
prkgfcurf efg`usf f`ga djrh ”wjmm tarkw taf cfsjon s prfsfntfc jntk taf w`stfe`sift ‘jd taf `gtu`m cfsjon prkgfss st`rts efg`usf ”taf ga`r`gtfr kd taf st`rtjno pkjnts `rfstjmm kd mjhjtfc usf jn suga `n f`rmy pa`sf jn taf prkbfgt‘ . Drkh tafjr fxpfrjfngf tafy
inkw ta`t ` cfsjon prkgfss sakumc ef e`sfc kn ` gknstrugtjvf cj`mkouf eftwffn
taf gmjfnt `nc taf `rgajtfgt. @ tfncfr prkgfcurf usu`mmy ckfs nkt prkvjcf tajs jn-
tfr`gtjkn. af `gtu`m v`muf kd ` skmutjkn prfsfntfc curjno ` tfncfr prkgfss taus
rfh`jns skhfwa`t ungmf`r9 ckfs taf cfsjon prkvjcf taf `gtu`m e`sjs dkr taf cfsjon
kd taf eujmcjno prkbfgt kr jt js usfc `s hf`ns tk ssfss taf qu`mjty kd taf tfncfrfr;Jd taf m`ttfr js taf g`sf, js ` (cft`jmfc) siftga cfsjon taf rjoat dkrh`t kd suehjs-
sjkn, gknsjcfrjno taf `hkunt kd tjhf `nc hknfy taf tfncfrfrs a`vf tk jnvfst; Ey
m`w gmjfnts `rf nkt kemjofc tk kddfr djn`ngj`m gkhpfns`tjkn dkr taf `gtjvjtjfs tafy
`si drkh taf tfncfrfrs. Jn tafsf g`sfs taf cfgjsjkn tk gkhpfns`tf taf `gtjvjtjfs kd
taf p`rtjgjp`nts w`s dkunc tk cfpfnc kn gustkh wjtajn taf sfgtkr (jn taf sgakkm
sfgtkr nk gkhpfns`tjkn js usu`mmy ojvfn), taf pfrgfptjkn kd wa`t jt t`ifs tk ef `
prkdfssjkn`m gmjfnt (prkpksfc ey taf prkbfgt tf`h jn taf Okvfrnhfnt`m \rkvjngj`m
Kddjgf `nc Gjty A`mm), `nc/kr taf `hkunt kd wkri taf fntr`nts `rf efjno `sifc tk
cfmjvfr (siftga kr cft`jmfc cfsjon vfrsus ` vjsjkn prfsfnt`tjkn).
FV m`w rfqujrfs ta`t jn f`ga pa`sf kd taf tfncfr prkgfss taf cfgjsjkn (sue)grjtfrj` nc tafjr rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf a`vf tk ef puemjsafc efdkrfa`nc. Jn mm g`sfs
taf kddjgj`m `w`rc grjtfrjkn w`s taf ‑fgknkhjg`mmy hkst `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr‚. Jn
taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm taf ‑dmfxjejmjty `nc synfroy kd taf prkor`hhf‚, taf ‑jn-
tfmmjofngf `nc jnnkv`tjkn kd taf skmutjkn‚, `nc taf ‑`ccfc v`muf dkr taf gkntfxt‚
wfrf taf sue grjtfrj` `s `nnkungfc jn taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms. afsf `spfgts wfrf
`mm rfm`tfc tk taf cfsjon prkpks`m `s prfsfntfc ey taf tfncfrfrs. Durtafr `n`mysjs
e`sfc kn taf CPJ systfh kd O`nn ft `m. (5<<7) sakws ta`t taf djrst grjtfrjkn gkr-
rfspkncs tk dungtjkn`mjty, `nc taf sfgknc `nc tajrc grjtfrj` tk jhp`gt kd taf cf-
sjon. Eujmc qu`mjty `nc fxkofnkus jssufs suga `s eucoft `nc cfmjvfry fxpfgt`tjkns
`ppf`r tk ef suesuhfc jntk dungtjkn`mjty. af prkhjnfngf kd jhp`gt hkno tafsfgrjtfrj` gkumc ef sjon ta`t taf gkngfptjkn kd suggfss w`s h`rifcmy cjddfrfnt drkh
wa`t hjoat nkrh`mmy ef fxpfgtfc uncfr taf tafhf kd ‑fgknkhjg`mmy hkst `cv`n-
t`ofkus‚. Jn tajs g`sf taf dff w`s djxfc efdkrf taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss `s p`rt kd taf
gkntr`gt gkncjtjkns, wajga jncjg`tfs ta`t taf fstjh`tfc eucoft `nc dff prkpks`m
wfrf h`jnmy gknsjcfrfc `s hjnkr jhpkrt`ngf gkhp`rfc tk taf qu`mjty kd cfsjon.
Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf Wgakkm g`sf gmf`rmy dkgusfc kn djncjno ` p`rtnfr. ajs
w`s rfdmfgtfc jn taf ijnc kd `w`rc grjtfrj`9 dkur kut kd fjoat `spfgts kd taf `w`rc
grjtfrj` `s cfsgrjefc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs rfdfr tk taf prkdfssjkn`m `ejmjtjfs `nc
rfput`tjkn kd taf `rgajtfgt (gkhhunjg`tjvf sijmms, prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf vjsjkn kn
taf erjfd, taf pkrtdkmjk, taf pm`n kd `gtjkn), kd wajga taf gkhhunjg`tjvf sijmms
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 188/341
0?5
sffhfc hkst jhpkrt`nt. af ktafr `spfgts kd taf `w`rc grjtfrj` (vjsjkn kn taf
erjfd, sust`jn`ejmjty `nc ure`n pm`n) g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s `spfgts ta`t rfm`tf tk
dungtjkn`mjty, eujmc qu`mjty `nc jhp`gt kd taf cfsjon prkpks`m. @ggkrcjno tk taf
bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn taf djn`ngj`m hf`ns a`c ` rfm`tjvf wfjoat sjhj-
m`r tk taf gkhhunjg`tjvf sijmms kd taf tfncfrfr. ajs jhpmjfs ta`t jn taf Wgakkm
g`sf taf prkgfss kd taf prkbfgt `nc prkdfssjkn`m `ejmjtjfs kd taf `rgajtfgt wfrf bust`s jhpkrt`nt s taf prkpks`m jtsfmd. af prkpksfc grjtfrj` dkr taf \rkvjngj`m Kddjgf
wfrf `rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty, dungtjkn`mjty, sust`jn`ejmjty, h`jntfn`ngf, prjgf `nc
pm`n kd `gtjkn. Wk ekta jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf
taf `w`rc grjtfrj` rfm`tfc tk taf e`sjg `spfgts kd taf CPJ (dungtjkn`mjty, eujmc
qu`mjty `nc jhp`gt), gkhpmftfc wjta `spfgts drkh jts rfskurgf fnvfmkp (auh`n
rfskurgfs, n`tur`m rfskurgfs, tjhf `nc djn`ngf).
Drkh ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn sakumc dkgus kn taf kddfr kd taf
tfncfrfr jn rfm`tjkn tk taf rfqujrfhfnts jn taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms. Durtafr `n`my-
sjs drkh taf g`mm dkr prkpks`ms jn gkhejn`tjkn wjta taf kesfrv`tjkns curjno taf
`w`rc pa`sf sakws ta`t jn pr`gtjgf taf hkst fgknkhjg`mmy `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfrgknt`jns ` hjxturf kd prkpks`m, pfrskn `nc prkgfss rfm`tfc jssufs (sff `emf 4.0<).
af prkpks`m rfm`tfc jssufs a`vf tk ck wjta taf ddfgtjvf rfspknsfs tk taf prkpks`ms
`nc taf h`tga eftwffn taf fxpfgt`tjkns `nc kppkrtunjtjfs ta`t `rf kddfrfc. af
pfrskn rfm`tfc jssufs cf`m wjta sfmfgtjno p`rtnfr. af ktafr rouhfnts cfpfnc kn
taf gkursf kd taf prkgfss `nc taf prfdfrfngfs kd taf st`ifakmcfrs. afsf djncjnos
jncjg`tf ta`t taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf sakumc cfpfnc kn taf rf`sknjno
efajnc taf `jh kd taf tfncfr2 ` sf`rga dkr taf ‑hkst `ppf mjno cfsjon prkpks`m‚ kr
mkkijno dkr taf ‑hkst `ppf`mjno cfsjon p`rtnfr‚. Jn tajs gkntfxt ` tfncfr erjfd `nc
prkgfcurf sakumc ef dkgusfc kn sfmfgtjno ` ‑cfsjon‚ kr ` ‑cfsjonfr‚. af tr`cjtjkn
kd taf cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn jn wajga `nknyhkus cfsjons `rf usfc tk fv`mu`tf tafgkhpftfngfs kd n rgajtfgt, g`usfs hjxturf kd jntfrprft`tjkns kd taf rfoum`tjkns.
ajs hjxturf g`usfs gkndusjkn dkr gmjfnt tryjno tk oft taf efst kd ekta wkrmcs eut
fncjno up jn ` buhemf kd fxpfgt`tjkns `nc cjs`ppkjnthfnts.
af kesfrv`tjkns kd taf hfftjnos jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc
taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf sakwfc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs usf knf kd
twk str`tfojfs tk pfrgfjvf `nc bucof taf jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc ey taf g`ncjc`tfs2
0) djrst vjfw nc fv`mu`tf taf jndkrh`tjkn jncjvjcu`mmy, nc tafn st`rt cjsgussjkn,
`nc 5) vjfw `nc fv`mu`tf taf jndkrh`tjkn `s p`rt kd ` orkup cjsgussjkn. Jn taf
djrst sgfn`rjk taf cfgjsjkn h`ifr rfmjfs kn ajs kr afr pfrskn`m dr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs
curjno taf v`muf bucofhfnt kd taf ckguhfnts, wafrf`s jn taf sfgknc sgfn`rjk tafdr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs rf jndmufngfc ey ktafr orkup hfhefrs
curjno v`muf bucofhfnt. Jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf Wgakkm tafrf wfrf sk h`ny
ckguhfnts `nc sk mjttmf tjhf (knf c`y) ta`t jt w`s nkt pkssjemf dkr taf cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs tk jncjvjcu`mmy stucy taf ckguhfnt`tjkn efdkrf taf cjsgussjkn wjta taf
orkup st`rtfc. Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf dkr taf Gjty A`mm taf s`hf ckguhfnts
ta`t wfrf a`ncfc jn efdkrfa`nc wfrf cjstrjeutfc hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af
prfsfnt`tjkn `nc sg`mf hkcfms h`cf `v`jm`emf tk taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `s orkup. Jntaf g`sf kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf `n `cvjskry fxpfrt oujcfc taf p`nfm
hfhefrs jn vjfwjno taf @< pkstfrs wjta vjsu`mjs`tjkns kd taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts.
Af ‑tr`nsm`tfc‚ taf jh`ofs jntk jndkrh`tjkn ta`t wkumc ef kd jntfrfst dkr taf hfh-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 189/341
0?7 ‗
efrs kd taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff. E`sfc kn ta`t jndkrh`tjkn `nc tafjr kwn pfrgfp-tjkns tafy jncjvjcu`mmy bucofc taf sujt`ejmjty kd taf `rgajtfgts. afsf bucofhfnts
wfrf jnput dkr ` pa`sf jn wajga taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs cfmjefr`tfc `ekut taf pkssjemf
jhpmjg`tjkns kd ` gfrt`jn g`ncjc`tf.
Jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf dkr taf Wgakkm taf pfrgfptjkn `nc bucofhfnt str`tfojfs
cjddfrfc pfr p`rty. af Wgakkm Ek`rc vjfwfc taf ckguhfnts djrst jncjvjcu`mmy `nc
tafn cjsgussfc tafjr djncjnos wjta f`ga ktafr. Knf (hkrf fxpfrjfngfc) cfgjsjkn
h`ifr kd taf hunjgjp`m Cfp`rthfnt kd Fcug`tjkn cjsgussfc taf ckguhfnt`tjkn
wjta ` mfss fxpfrjfngfc pfrskn wajmf fcug`tjno afr `ekut cfsjon. afn tafy gkh-
hknmy bucofc taf rfqufsts kn taf sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj`. afsf cjddfrfnt str`tfojfs kd
jncjvjcu`m nc gkmmfgtjvf pfrgfptjkn suoofst ta`t taf jntfrprft`tjkn nc bucofhfnt
prkgfss js jndmufngfc ey taf `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn (cfpfncjno kn taf nuhefr kd
prkpks`ms), taf dkrh`t kd jndkrh`tjkn (vjsu`ms vfrsus tfxt), taf f`sf kd cjstrjeutjkn
(cjojt`m, paysjg`m, kr vjrtu`m), taf `v`jm`ejmjty kd tjhf kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs (sfv-
fr`m akurs tk sfvfr`m c`ys), `nc taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs (mfss
vfrsus hkrf).
@p`rt drkh taf d`gt ta`t taf mfvfm kd cft`jm kd taf jndkrh`tjkn `s prkvjcfc jn
taf tfncfr erjfd, taf dkrh`t kd taf ckguhfnts `msk jndmufngfc taf mfvfm kd cft`jm kd
taf prkpks`ms. Jn `mm g`sfs strjgt rfqujrfhfnts wfrf sft dkr taf dkrh`t kd taf prk-
pks`ms jn taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf. Kesfrv`tjkns sakwfc ta`t ` st`nc`rcjsfc
dkrh`t jhprkvfc taf gkhp`r`ejmjty kd jndkrh`tjkn eut cfgrf`sfc taf pkssjejmjtjfs
dkr taf rgajtfgts tk prfsfnt tafjr jncjvjcu`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs. Curjno taf pfrgfptjkn
kd taf jndkrh`tjkn s prkvjcfc ey taf rgajtfgts, jndkrh`tjkn js rftrjfvfc drkh cjd-
dfrfnt vfre`m `nc vjsu`m skurgfs. Jn `mm g`sfs taf jh`ofs `nc tfxts `s prkcugfc ey
taf `rgajtfgt wfrf taf h`jn skurgf kd jndkrh`tjkn curjno taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc
pa`sf. Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf tajs jndkrh`tjkn wfrf gkhejnfc wjta fxpm`n`tjkns
drkh taf `rgajtfgts tafhsfmvfs `nc jnput drkh ktafr st`ifakmcfrs. Kesfrv`tjkns
jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf sakwfc ta`t ` prfsfnt`tjkn gkumc cjstr`gt pfkpmf drkh taf
ckguhfnt`tjkn, eut gkumc `msk gkndjrh kr gkuntfr`gt `ssuhptjkns h`cf e`sfc
kn taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf krjojn`ms. N`rr`tjvfs kd taf `rgajtfgt wfrf dkunc tk ojvf
taf prkpks`ms hkrf hf`njno jn taf fyfs kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs. af prfsfnt`tjkns
\rkpks`m rfm`tfc jssufs
Gkntfnt kd taf vjsjkn dkr taf erjfd kr taf cfsjon prkpks`m
Djt kd taf prkpks`m wjta fxpfgt`tjkns `nc crf`hs kd taf gmjfnt
Wurprjsf kr cfmjoat kfrfc ey taf prkpks`m
Dff kd taf rgajtfgt nc/kr g`mgum`tfc eucoft
Saf mfvfm kd cft`jm jn taf prkpks`m
\frskn rfm`tfc jssufs
\frskn`mjty kd taf rgajtfgt
Cfhknstr`tfc gkhpftfngfs s cfsjonfr kr mf`c rgajtfgt
\rkgfss rfm`tfc jssufs
Saf gkursf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss
Wuppkrt kd taf cfgjsjkn ey ktafr st`ifakmcfrs
S`emf 4.0< Kvfrvjfw kd jssufs ta`t wfrf fhpmkyfc curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf `w`rc pa`sf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 190/341
0?3
fn`emfc taf `rgajtfgts tk gkhhunjg`tf taf h`jn jssufs `nc v`mufs kd taf prkpks`m
tk taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wajga kdtfn mfc tk `pp`rfntmy nfw jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf
prkpks`ms. @mm tkoftafr tajs hf`ns ta`t jn tafsf g`sfs taf jndkrh`tjkn skurgfs dkr
cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno taf tfncfr prkgfss wfrf2
Jh`ofs `nc tfxts prkcugfc ey taf `rgajtfgt.
Cjsgussjkn wjta ktafr st`ifakmcfrs e`sfc kn taf suehjttfc prkpks`ms.Fxpm`n`tjkn kd taf `rgajtfgt `ekut taf krjojn`m jh`ofs `nc tfxts.
Fxpm`n`tjkn kd taf fxpfrts, gknsumt`nt kr st`ifakmcfrs `ekut taf krjojn`m jh-
`ofs `nc tfxts.
(Jn)Dkrh`m gknt`gt eftwffn gmjfnt nc taf tfncfrfr (f.o. curjno mkg`tjkn vjsjt
kr `dtfr taf prfsfnt`tjkn).
af rgajtfgts p`rtjgjp`tjno jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf jncjg`tfc jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf
jntfrvjfws ta`t tafy wkumc a`vf `pprfgj`tfc hkrf jnput kd taf gmjfnt jn jntfrprft-
jno taf tfncfr erjfd efg`usf tafy wfrf nkt surf dkr wa`t taf gmjfnt w`s `jhjno dkr.
Zft taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr `nc taf gmjfnt fhpa`sjsfc jn tafjr jntfrvjfws ta`t tafy
wfrf cfdjnjtfmy mkkijno dkr `n jgkn `nc ta`t tajs `hejtjkn a`c effn wjcfmy `n-
nkungfc curjno taf ijgi-kdd hfftjno (jngmucjno taf sjtf vjsjt) wjta `mm taf tfncfr-
frs. afsf cjddfrfngfs jn jntfrprft`tjkn gkumc a`vf effn g`usfc ey taf d`gt ta`t
gkntr`ry tk rfoum`r cfsjon prkgfssfs vfry mjttmf jntfr`gtjkn js pkssjemf eftwffn taf
gmjfnt `nc taf `rgajtfgt curjno ` tfncfr. @ mkg`tjkn vjsjt g`n gkntrjeutf tk taf
uncfrst`ncjno eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf tfncfrfrs, eut jt ckfs nkt rfpm`gf taf
n`tur`m prkgfss kd st`rtjno taf cfsjon prkgfss tkoftafr.
af mfo`m gkntfxt nfgfssjt`tfc strjgt pm`nnjno kd taf tfncfr prkgfss9 nkt gkh-
pmyjno tk tafsf rfoum`tjkns jngrf`sfs taf ga`ngf kd m`w g`sfs. Jn `mm g`sfs taf p`nfm
hfhefrs rfmjfc kn taf suppkrt st`dd (suga s taf prkbfgt tf`h nc jntfrn`m gkhhjt-
tffs) tk prfp`rf taf `ssfsshfnt pa`sf jn tafjr cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfss efg`usf kd
` m`gi kd tjhf ekta jn tfrhs kd taf g`mfnc`r `nc jn tafjr `v`jm`ejmjty. Kesfrv`tjkns
sakwfc ta`t skhftjhfs tafrf w`s sjhpmy nk tjhf dkr taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs tk vfrjdy
taf jndkrh`tjkn `s prfsfntfc ey taf prkbfgt tf`h kr tfncfrfrs, fvfn jd taf rfoum`-
tjkns `mmkwfc. @p`rt drkh taf d`gt ta`t jt wkumc a`vf effn `mhkst jhpkssjemf tk
oft ` bury p`nfm tkoftafr dkr hkrf ta`n ` dfw c`ys, taf qufstjkns rfh`jns waftafr
hkrf jndkrh`tjkn kr tjhf wkumc jhprkvf taf cfgjsjkn. @s knf kd taf hkrf fxpf-
rjfngfc p`nfm hfhefrs dkr taf Wgakkm, `n `rgajtfgt ajhsfmd, st`tfc2
”Jd `n `rgajtfgt g`nnkt sfmm ajs jcf`s tk ` sh`mm gmjfnt p`nfm jn a`md `n akur,
akw tafn g`n af sfmm `n jcf` jn ` gknstrugtjkn hfftjno kd knf `nc ` a`mdakur;‘
af g`sfs sakw ta`t taf hkrf jndkrh`tjkn `ssfssfc `nc taf hkrf cfgjsjkn grj-
tfrj` nffcfc tk ef `ppmjfc, taf hkrf strugturf w`s nffcfc tk h`if ` okkc bucof-
hfnt. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf ` h`trjx safft wjta ` mjst kd taf grjtfrj` kn taf knf `xjs
`nc ` mjst kd taf fntrjfs kn taf ktafr grf`tfc sfvfr`m efnfdjts curjno taf `ssfsshfnt
prkgfss. @ggkrcjno tk taf jntfrvjfwffs tajs mfc tk strugturfc cjsgussjkn, fddjgjfnt
usf kd tjhf, `nc ` rf`cy rfgkrcjno tkkm tk gkmmfgt taf hkst jhpkrt`nt `nc strji-
jno `spfgts kd taf prkpks`ms. Drkh tafjr pfrspfgtjvf taf safft gkntrjeutfc tk taf
kebfgtjvjty kd taf cfgjsjkn `nc taf tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf prkgfss. Curjno taf sfmfg-tjkn pa`sf taf h`trjx safft suppkrtfc taf rfcugtjkn kd taf hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn
•
••
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 191/341
0?6 ‗
vjfwfc kn taf jncjvjcu`m `nc orkup mfvfms, wajmf curjno cjsgussjkn jn taf `w`rc
pa`sf jt strugturfc taf prkgfss dkr taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Kesfrv`tjkns sakw cjddfr-
fnt w`ys tk usf taf dkrh jn cjddfrfnt pa`sfs kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Wkhf cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs bucofc f`ga fntry kn f`ga kd taf sue grjtfrj` `nc tafn suhhfc taf bucof-
hfnts kd `mm tkpjgs tk grf`tf `n krcfr kd prfdfrfngf `hkno taf g`ncjc`tfs. Ktafrs
pfrgfjvfc `mm jndkrh`tjkn pfr rfqufst `nc tafn grf`tfc `n kvfr`mm bucofhfnt pfrg`ncjc`tf. aksf pfkpmf usu`mmy tkki nktfs kn taf dkrh wafn tafy pfrgfjvfc taf
jndkrh`tjkn tk suppkrt tafh kn h`ijno ` bucofhfnt. Wkhf pfkpmf usfc taf h`-
trjx safft jn twk w`ys2 djrst tk survfy pmussfs `nc hjnusfs jn taf sue grjtfrj` `nc
tafn tk tkt`m taf sgkrf. Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf kd taf Wgakkm g`sf sfgknc h`trjx
safft w`s cjstrjeutfc, eut jt w`s knmy usfc ey skhf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jncjvjcu`mmy.
@oorfo`tfc sgkrfs wfrf nkt cjsgussfc jn taf orkup. Jn `mm g`sfs skhf dkrh kd mjst
kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts w`s usfc. af usf kd taf h`trjx safft `msk g`usfc ` sjcf fddfgt
efg`usf jt stjhum`tfc str`tfojg sgkrjno efa`vjkur. Kesfrv`tjkns nc jntfrvjfws jn-
cjg`tf ta`t fxpfrt cfgjsjkn h`ifrs fspfgj`mmy usfc tajs kppkrtunjty tk jngrf`sf taf
wfjoat kd tafjr prfdfrfngfs.af dkmmkwjno hftakcs wfrf dkunc kn akw taf p`nfm hfhefrs rf`gafc tafjr
djn`m cfgjsjkn2
• Tktjno dkr ` nuhefr kd fntrjfs.
• U`nijno taf fntrjfs.
• Cjsgussjkn `hkno taf p`nfm hfhefrs.
Vsu`mmy ` cjsgussjkn w`s gkhejnfc wjta r`nijno (wjta kr wjtakut taf usf kd
wfjoatjno d`gtkrs kn taf sfp`r`tf grjtfrj`) kr vktjno tk rf`ga ` gknsfnsus. af djn`m
cfgjsjkn w`s t`ifn fjtafr ey vktjno kr ey gknsfnsus. af cfgjsjkn hftakcs `nc
cfgjsjkn stfps wfrf nkt hfntjknfc jn taf g`mms dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn kr prkpks`ms eut
cfgjcfc ey taf p`nfm hfhefrs curjno taf fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss. Jn twk g`sfs (taf
Wgakkm `nc taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf) taf grjtfrj` wfrf usfc tk strugturf
taf cjsgussjkn `ekut taf prkpks`ms, fspfgj`mmy curjno taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf. Jn taf
sfmfgtjkn dkr taf \rkvjngj`m Kddjgf taf prkpks`ms wfrf cjsgussfc pfr grjtfrj`9 tafrf-
dkrf taf dkur grjtfrj` grf`tfc dkur cjsgussjkn rkuncs. Jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf
Wgakkm taf jnput dkr ` ejo h`trjx safft w`s e`sfc kn taf bucofhfnts pfr grjtfrjkn
pfr p`rty. af safft `utkh`tjg`mmy jngkrpkr`tfc taf wfjoat kd taf grjtfrj` `nc kut-
gkhfs wfrf jnput dkr taf cjsgussjkn. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf hfhefrs kd taf sfmfg-
tjkn gkhhjttff djrst rf`gafc ` gknsfnsus `ekut taf djrst tarff kr dkur djrhs kn tkp
kd taf mjst `nc fxgmucfc taf djrhs `t taf fnc kd taf mjst. afn tafy cjsgussfc taf
hkst strjijno cjddfrfngfs jn bucofhfnts pfr p`rty `s sakwn jn taf safft. E`sfc kn
ta`t cjsgussjkn tafy cfgjcfc tk sfmfgt sjx fntrjfs dkr taf nfxt pa`sf kd taf tfncfr.
Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf taf bury p`nfm st`rtfc wjta r`nijno taf sjx fntrjfs akmjstj-
g`mmy `nc tafn st`rtfc ` cjsgussjkn `hkno taf p`rtjfs. af djn`m cfgjsjkn prkgfss
kd taf bury p`nfm jn taf Gjty A`mm tkki pm`gf efajnc gmksfc ckkrs. @ggkrcjno tk
taf jntfrvjfwffs taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs st`rtfc wjta vktjno `nc tafn cjsgussfc taf
h`bkr cjddfrfngfs jn krcfr tk fnc wjta ` vktjno rkunc. af djncjnos kd taf g`sfs
suoofst ta`t fspfgj`mmy wafn nfoktj`tjkns a`vf dkuncfrfc kr m`rof rfcugtjkn stfps
a`vf tk ef h`cf, ` cjddfrfnt cfgjsjkn hftakc js gaksfn tk oft taf prkgfss okjno.
Knf g`nnkt efdkrfa`nc cftfrhjnf wajga hftakc wjmm ef `ppmjfc jn wa`t krcfr
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 192/341
0?4
efg`usf tajs gakjgf js p`rt kd taf prkgfss kd h`ijno sfnsf kd taf kppkrtunjtjfs ta`t
`rf prkvjcfc ey taf suehjttfc prkpks`ms.
4.?.7 Wt`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt
Jn taf `n`mysjs kd taf c`t` ` cjstjngtjkn w`s h`cf eftwffn taf `gtu`m `gtkrs jn
cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs (sff `msk Ga`ptfr 4.4.7). Wfvfr`m `jhs wfrf dkunc dkr jnvkmvjno st`ifakmcfrs jn taf prkgfss kd `ssfssjno taf jndkrh`tjkn
kd taf fntr`nts2
Jngrf`sjno taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd st`ifakmcfrs (Wgakkm, Gjty A`mm).
Hkrf fddjgjfnt jndkrh`tjkn prkgfssjno/ jhprkvjno taf rf`c`ejmjty (\rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf, Gjty A`mm, Wgakkm).
Tfrjdyjno taf jndkrh`tjkn (Gjty A`mm).
O`tafrjno cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs `nc kpjnjkns (Gjty A`mm, Wgakkm).
@mm `gtkrs jn taf g`sfs efmknofc fjtafr tk taf stffrjno gkhhjttff, taf prkbfgt
tf`h `nc/kr taf bury p`nfm. af ktafr st`ifakmcfrs `rf nkt h`ijno cfgjsjkns eut`rf hkrf p`ssjvfmy jnvkmvfc jn taf tfncfr. afsf st`ifakmcfrs jngmucfc taf p`rfnts
kr nfjoaekurs kd taf Wgakkm, taf Puffn‚s gkhhjssjknfr `nc taf Cfp`rthfnt kd
Jntfrjkr nc Ijnockh Ufm`tjkns jn taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf, nc pfkpmf
drkh taf (mkg`m) `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf. afsf st`ifakmc-
frs efgkhf jnvkmvfc `utkh`tjg`mmy wafn taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy jnjtj`tfs taf
prkbfgt efg`usf tafy `rf p`rt kd taf okvfrn`ngf strugturf kd taf gmjfnt `nc usfrs kd
taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. fncfr g`ncjc`tfs `nc tfncfrfrs `msk a`vf ` r`tafr p`ssjvf
rkmf curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd taf gmjfnt jn ` tfncfr efg`usf tafy knmy prkvjcf
jnput dkr taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc ck nkt h`if cfgjsjkns kn taf gmjfnts‚ efa`md.
afy efgkhf jnvkmvfc jn taf tfncfr ey rf`gtjno kn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn `nca`vf tk dkmmkw taf prkgfcurf `s sft kut jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs. Akwfvfr, tafy
ck stffr taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf tfncfr `nc taf eujmcjno prkbfgt ey taf cfsjons tafy
prkpksf. afjr suehjssjkns cftfrhjnf taf nuhefr `nc ga`r`gtfr kd taf kptjkns
ta`t gmjfnts a`vf tk gakksf drkh jn cfgjcjno `ekut ` wjnnfr. afrfdkrf tafy cf-
tfrhjnf taf jntrjnsjg e`sjs kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si. af nuhefr kd st`ifakmcfrs ta`t
`rf jnvkmvfc jn taf tfncfr prkgfss `nc taf rkmf tafy a`vf jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno w`s
dkunc `msk tk ef p`rt kd taf tfncfr cfsjon.
`emf 4.00 sakws `n kvfrvjfw kd taf pksjtjkn `nc taf rkmf kd taf st`ifakmc-
frs pfr g`sf. \fkpmf wak `rf p`rt kd taf stffrjno gkhhjttff, sfmfgtjkn gkhhjt-
tff, `w`rc gkhhjttff kd prkbfgt tf`h `rf `gtkrs. Ktafr pfkpmf `rf fjtafr nkt jn-vkmvfc, a`vf `n `cvjskry rkmf dkr taf `gtkrs, kr `rf rfprfsfntfc jn taf gkhhjttffs
ey taf `gtkrs. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm sfvfr`m st`ifakmcfrs wfrf jnvkmvfc kn
` gknsumt`tjvf e`sjs jn taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss kd taf prkpks`ms curjno taf `w`rc
pa`sf. Cjddfrfnt dkrh`ts kd jnvkmvfhfnt wfrf dkunc ta`t rfm`tfc tk taf dkrh`t jn
wajga tafjr `cvjgf w`s gkhhunjg`tfc tk taf bury hfhefrs. af fxpfrt gkhhjt-
tff, taf hunjgjp`m usfr orkup `nc taf mjer`ry usfr orkup prkvjcfc taf hfhefrs
kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff wjta ` hfhk jngmucjno tafjr kpjnjkns, prfdfrfngfs `nc
`rouhfnt`tjkn. af fhpmkyffs `nc gjtjzfns wfrf `sifc tk djmm kut ` survfy kn taf
jntfrnft kr jn taf taf`trf wafrf taf prkpks`ms wfrf prfsfntfc. af prkbfgt tf`h
prkvjcfc taf hfhefrs kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff wjta ` hfhk `ekut taf rfsumts kd
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 193/341
0?? ‗
` rfqujrfhfnt gafgi `nc twk eucoft gafgis ey jncfpfncfnt fxpfrts (`s gkuntfr
gafgis). Bust efdkrf taf `w`rc gkhhjttff kd taf Gjty A`mm hft ` puemjg cfe`tf w`s
afmc jn wajga taf hfhefrs kd taf w`rc gkhhjttff wfrf emf tk bustjdy tafjr cfgj-
sjkn. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Wgakkm taf h`jn st`ifakmcfrs wfrf rfprfsfntfc jn taf sfmfg-
tjkn gkhhjttff, wajga hf`nt ta`t tafy a`c cfgjsjvf rjoats jn p`rt kd taf cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf taf hfhefrs kd taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff wak
wfrf nkt p`rt kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff a`c taf pkssjejmjty tk `cvjsf taf `w`rc gkh-hjttff. Jn taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf taf stffrjno gkhhjttff gknsjst-
fc kd taf s`hf hfhefrs s taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff. ajs hf`nt ta`t jn hkst g`sfs
taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wfrf `msk taf duturf usfrs kd taf eujmcjno. Jn taf pr`oh`tjg
`nc cfhkgr`tjg g`sfs taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs wfrf skhfakw `gtjvfmy jnvkmvfc jn
cfgjsjkn h`ijno wajmf jn taf vfry pkmjtjg`m g`sf ` mjhjtfc orkup kd pfkpmf w`s jn-
vkmvfc. Knmy jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf Wgakkm g`sf wfrf st`ifakmcfrs jnvkmvfc
jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno wak wkumc nkt usf taf duturf eujmcjno tafhsfmvfs.
af dkrh`t jn wajga taf prfdfrfngfs kd taf st`ifakmcfr orkups wfrf o`tafrfc
cjddfrfc pfr orkup `nc pfr g`sf. Curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf kd taf Wgakkm fvfryekcy
sffhfc tk `orff kn taf wjnnfr, sk cfgjsjkn h`ijno h`jnmy gknsjstfc kd `n fx-ga`nof kd prfdfrrfc djrhs jnstf`c kd ` gkntfnt e`sfc cjsgussjkn. Jn g`sf kd taf Gjty
A`mm taf survfy grf`tfc n kvfrvjfw kd taf prfdfrfngfs kd taf gjtjzfns nc gkhpmftf
st`dd, eut knmy kn taf `spfgts ta`t wfrf jngmucfc jn taf survfy. af prfdfrfngfs kd
taf gjtjzfns `nc fhpmkyffs sakwfc ` sg`ttfrfc jh`of. af rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf
usfr orkup nc taf fxpfrts prkvjcfc taf w`rc gkhhjttff wjta hfhk jngmucjno
tafjr hkst jhpkrt`nt djncjnos `nc `n `cvjgf `ekut taf prkpks`m ta`t wkumc efst
dumdjm taf rfqujrfhfnts kd hkst fgknkhjg`mmy `cv`nt`ofkus tfncfr. Efg`usf taf
hfhk w`s rfdfrrfc tk curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno hkrf jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf, hfhk
`ppf`rfc tk ef hkrf hf`njnodum tk taf hfhefrs kd taf w`rc gkhhjttff ta`n taf
survfy. af rfsumts kd survfy mw`ys cjspm`y vfr`of prfdfrfngfs kn gfrt`jn tkpjgs`nc `n jh`of kd taf kvfr`mm prfdfrfngfs. Jn taf Gjty A`mm tajs jh`of w`s sg`ttfrfc
* Nk w`rc pa`sf
jngmucfc jn g`sf
Wgakkm wjta spkrts d`gjmjty Gjty A`mm wjta mjer`ry \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt
Kgf*
Gkhhjssjknjno ekcy Nffcfc dkr `pprkv`m kd
`w`rc cfgjsjkn eut nk gtkrs
curjno cfgjsjkn prkgfss
Ufprfsfntfc jn taf w rc gkhhjttff Nffcfc dkr pprkv m kd w rc
cfgjsjkn eut nk `gtkrs curjno
cfgjsjkn prkgfss
Ufprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf
gmjfnt ekcy
\`rt kd stffrjno gkhhjttff,
sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff nc
`w`rc gkhhjttff
\`rt kd stffrjno gkhhjttff, sfmfgtjkn
gkhhjttff nc prkbfgt tf`h, hfhefr kd
p`rty rfprfsfntfc jn w`rc gkhhjttff
\`rt kd stffrjno gkhhjttff
`nc sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff
Wa`rfakmcfrs nc supfr-
vjskrs kd taf prkbfgt
\`rt kd sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff,
`cvjskr dkr w`rc gkhhjttff
Nkt cjrfgtmy jnvkmvfc Nkt cjrfgtmy jnvkmvfc
C`jmy usfrs Ufprfsfntfc jn sfmfgtjkn `nc
`w`rc gkhhjttff, p`rt kd
prkbfgt tf`h
@cvjskrs dkr w`rc gkhhjttff, p`rt kd
prkbfgt tf`h
\`rt kd prkbfgt tf`h
Nkn-c`jmy usfrs Nkt jnvkmvfc @cvjskrs dkr w`rc gkhhjttff Nkt jnvkmvfc
Ufprfsfnt`tjvf orkups
kd taf usfrs
Nkt jnvkmvfc Jncjrfgtmy rfprfsfntfc vj` gkhhjssjknjno
ekcy nc cvjskr dkr w`rc gkhhjttff
Jncjrfgtmy rfprfsfntfc vj`
gkhhjssjknjno ekcy
S`emf 4.00 Kvfrvjfw kd st`ifakmcfr `nc `gtkr jnvkmvfhfnt pfr g`sf.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 194/341
0?1
`nc cjc tafrfdkrf nkt stffr taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jntk ` gfrt`jn cjrfgtjkn. af jn-
dmufngf kd taf prfdfrfngfs gkumc akwfvfr `msk a`vf rfm`tfc tk ` pkwfr cjddfrfngf
eftwffn taf st`ifakmcfrs orkups.
af jssuf kd st`ifakmcfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn r`jsfs taf cjsgussjkn `ekut taf pksjtjkn
`nc rkmf kd taf st`ifakmcfrs kr tafrf rfprfsfnt`tjvfs. af c`t` suoofst ta`t gmjfnts
djnc jt a`rc tk fstjh`tf taf jhpkrt`ngf kd fxpfrjfngf, fxpfrtjsf, nc inkwmfcof jncfgjsjkn jnvkmvfhfnt. afy rf`mjsf ta`t taf cfgjsjkns tafy h`if gkumc a`vf h`bkr
jhpmjg`tjkns dkr ` m`rof pkpum`tjkn efg`usf ` mkt kd pfkpmf wjmm ef c`jmy usfrs kr
vjsjtkrs kd taf duturf eujmcjno. Akwfvfr, tajs ckfs nkt `utkh`tjg`mmy hf`n fvfry-
ekcy sakumc ef jnvkmvfc jn taf tfncfr prkgfss. @ cjddfrfngf w`s dkunc eftwffn
a`vjno fxpfrtjsf `s ` cfgjsjkn h`ifr, a`vjno fxpfrtjsf `ekut `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon,
`nc a`vjno fxpfrtjsf jn tfncfr rfoum`tjkns. Hkst `gtkrs jn tafsf g`sfs (ktafr ta`n
taf gknsumt`nts) a`c effn jnvkmvfc jn ` tfncfr kr sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf efdkrf, eut
knmy ` dfw `gtu`mmy sfmfgtfc taf sfrvjgfs kd `n `rgajtfgt jn `n FV gkntfxt. Durtafr
`n`mysjs kd taf djncjnos jn taf g`sfs cjspm`yfc cjddfrfnt ijncs kd fxpfrtjsf jn sfvfr`m
mfvfms `nc wjta humtjpmf pfrspfgtjvfs. Fxpfrtjsf tfncs tk ef ckh`jn spfgjdjg. Fvfntaf mfo`m `cvjskr kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf, ` nktfc pfrskn jn gkn-
strugtjkn m`w, dkunc jt a`rc tk cf`m wjta taf suebfgtjvjty kd taf tfncfr erjfd `nc
taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc grjtfrj`. Curjno taf `ssfsshfnt kd taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts
curjno taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf Wgakkm taf p`nfm hfhefrs wjta rfmfv`nt fxpfrj-
fngf jn gknstrugtjkn `nc tfncfrs eut wjtakut ` e`giorkunc jn `rgajtfgturf cjc
nkt `ginkwmfcof taf s`hf qu`mjtjfs `s taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wjta ` e`giorkunc jn
`rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. ajs grf`tfc cjddjgumtjfs jn taf cjsgussjkn. Kn taf ktafr a`nc
taf cjddfrfnt e`giorkuncs `nc pfrspfgtjvfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs rfdmfgtfc taf
gkhpmfx n`turf kd h`ijno cfgjsjkns `ekut eujmcjnos wjta ` puemjg ga`r`gtfr. af
c`t` ojvf rf`skn tk efmjfd ta`t taf hkrf cjvfrsf ` bury p`nfm, taf hkrf gkhpmftftaf `ssfsshfnt wjmm ef.
af djncjnos sakwfc ta`t ` m`gi kd fxpfrtjsf wjta ` gfrt`jn orkup w`s kdtfn
gkuntfre`m`ngfc ey jnvkmvjno ktafr fxpfrts jn taf bury p`nfm kr suppkrt kn `
gknsumt`tjvf e`sjs. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm `nc taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt`m
Kddjgf taf pkmjtjgj`ns h`cf usf kd spfgj`m `cvjskry gkhhjttffs wjta fhpmkyffs
ta`t dkgusfc kn ` spfgjdjg jtfh. Efg`usf taf gmjfnts cjc nkt a`vf st`dd hfhefrs
wjta taf spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf `ekut `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns, tafy `mm ajrfc h`n`ofhfnt
gknsumt`nts tk suppkrt tafh dkr taf tfncfr prkbfgt. Zft, tafsf gknsumt`nts cjc nkt
`mw`ys a`vf taf hkst spfgjdjg inkwmfcof fjtafr. af e`giorkunc kd taf h`n`of-
hfnt gknsumt`nts jn tafsf g`sfs v`rjfc drkh gjvjm fnojnffrjno tk rf`m fst`tf h`n-`ofhfnt `nc `rgajtfgturf. af mfo`m `cvjskrs sffhfc tk a`vf mjhjtfc fxpfrjfngf
wjta tfncfrs jn `rgajtfgturf tkk. af `utakrjty mfvfm kd taf gknsumt`nts `gtjno
jn taf prkbfgt tf`hs `ppf`rfc sjhjm`r tk taf ktafr hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`h.
Wkhftjhfs mfo`m, rgajtfgtur`m, kr rf`m fst`tf prkdfssjkn`ms kutsjcf taf prkbfgt tf`h
wfrf `sifc tk prkvjcf taf stffrjno gkhhjttff spfgjdjg str`tfojg `cvjgf kn jssufs
ta`t rfm`tfc tk taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. afsf ‑`ccjtjkn`m‚ gknsumt`nts `ppf`rfc tk
a`vf hkrf jndmufngf jn taf djn`m cfgjsjkn prkgfss ta`n taf gknsumt`nts wak cjc
hkst kd taf wkri kn taf prkgfcur`m cfsjon mfvfm jn taf prkbfgt tf`h. af gknsumt-
`nts ta`t p`rtjgjp`tfc jn taf g`sf cjc nkt a`vf ny cfgjsjvf rjoats, nc tafrfdkrf nk
spfgjdjg rfspknsjejmjty tk taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn `p`rt drkh tafjr kwn jntforjty.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 195/341
0?: ‗
af pfrgfptjkn kd `n jncjvjcu`m‚s kwn mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf jndmufngfc taf pksj-
tjkn af kr saf dkunc ajh kr afrsfmd jn curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. af c`t` kd taf
g`sfs suoofst ta`t taf pfrskn`mjty kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifr js jhpkrt`nt dkr taf cforff
jn wajga knf js `w`rf kd spfgjdjg cjddfrfngfs jn fxpfrtjsf. Dkr fx`hpmf, taf Wgakkm
cjrfgtkr jncjg`tfc ta`t af knmy `ttfncfc taf gkhhjttff hfftjnos p`ssjvfmy2
”Saf wakmf c`y J s`t tafrf wjta hy fyfs nc f`rs wjcf kpfn. J h m`yh`n9J cjc nkt nc tjhf tk s`y `nytajno usfdum `ekut taf fntr`nts J s`w. J busts`t tafrf dkr taf sakw.‘
Eut taf prkbfgt h`n`ofr wak ga`jrfc taf hfftjnos jncjg`tfc ta`t taf pfrgfp-
tjkn kd taf gkntrjeutjkn kd taf Wgakkm cjrfgtkr tk taf cjsgussjkn cjddfrfc drkh ajs
kwn2
”Nkvjgfs `rf vfry kdtfn vfry g`p`emf kd gknvfyjno ` gkafrfnt jh`of. AfYtaf Wgakkm CjrfgtkrX af`rc tfrhs af cjc nkt inkw eut af w`s `emf tk h`if` bucofhfnt. Safsf ijnc kd pfkpmf inkw wa`t cfsjon qu`mjty js ekut. Safn
jntujtjkn gkunts.‘
af djncjnos suoofst ta`t taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf `msk cjddfrfc pfr pksjtjkn kr
rkmf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs pm`y. Knf kd taf Wgakkm Ek`rc hfhefrs ‗ ` rf`m fst`tf
h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nt jn c`jmy mjdf - fxpm`jnfc taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn efjno `
gknsumt`nt `nc efjno ` ek`rc hfhefr2
”Jt js tkt`mmy cjfrfnt. @s ` gmjfnt wf ck nkt knmy a`vf taf `utakrjty eut `msktaf rfspknsjejmjty. Sa`t js way wf `rf hkrf `w`rf kd taf gakjgfs wf h`if.
Nkw J uncfrst nc way gmjfnts nc jt cjgumt tk h`if cfgjsjkns…. Jt js cf-njtfmy a`rcfr. J dffm rfspknsjemf. @s gknsumt`nt J `h rfspknsjemf eut J ck nkt
a`vf cjrfgt jnufngf kn taf cfgjsjkn. Sa`t drffckh, yku ck nkt fxpfrjfngfta`t `s `chjnjstr`tkr efg`usf yku a`vf tk `gt `s yku cfgjcfc.‘
@ sjhjm`r pafnkhfnkn w`s dkunc jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf. Dkr hkst gkungjm
hfhefrs efjno ` pkmjtjgj`n js nkt tafjr prjh`ry prkdfssjkn ‗ tafy usu`mmy a`vf
ktafr c`jmy bkes. Akwfvfr, tajs ckfs nkt hf`n ta`t pfkpmf tafy tafrfdkrf `rf mfssfr
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Kr `s taf prkgfss h`n`ofr kd taf Gjty A`mm jncjg`tfc `ekut taf
cfgjsjkns t`ifn jn taf `w`rc gkhhjttff2
”J tajni jt js rf`mmy gmfvfr kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff akw tafy e`m`ngfc `mm prfdfrfngfs. @mtakuoa ` pa`rh`gjst js nkt `n ure`n pm`nnfr, jt cjc turn
kut wfmm.‘
@mm bury p`nfms jn taf g`sfs gknsjstfc kd pfkpmf wjta cjddfrfnt e`giorkuncs
`nc cjddfrfnt mfvfms kd fxpfrtjsf ta`t `gtfc drkh cjddfrfnt pksjtjkns wjta cjvfrsf
jntfrfsts. af bury p`nfms kd taf Gjty A`mm `nc taf Wgakkm gknsjstfc kd ` hjxturf
kd rgajtfgts, chjnjstr`tkrs nc h`n`ofrs wjta cjddfrfnt cfgjsjkn rjoats. af c`t`
sakwfc cjddfrfngfs jn taf efa`vjkur kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs e`sfc kn tafjr jntfrfsts
`nc mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf, dkr fx`hpmf `ekut hknfy2 p`nfm hfhefrs wak wfrf nkt
rfspknsjemf dkr taf fvfntu`m gksts kr a`c hkrf fxpfrjfngf jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfg-
turf sakwfc hkrf rjsi t`ijno efa`vjkur. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, ktafr chjnjstr`tkrs
sakwfc hkrf rjsi `vfrsjvf efa`vjkur, prfsuh`emy efg`usf tafy g`n ef afmc pfr-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 196/341
01<
skn`mmy `ggkunt`emf dkr tafjr cfgjsjkns. af `n`mysjs jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf gmf`rmy
sakwfc cjddfrfnt jntfrfsts eftwffn taf st`ifakmcfr orkups ey taf nuhefr nc typf
kd `spfgts tafy usfc jn tafjr `rouhfnt`tjkn. Jn tkt`m 03 `spfgts kd cfsjon qu`mjty
wfrf jcfntjdjfc curjno taf `n`mysjs kd taf g`sf kn taf fmfhfnts kd dungtjkn`mjty,
eujmc qu`mjty, jhp`gt, prkbfgt gknstr`jnts, prkdfssjkn`m `ejmjtjfs, `nc rfput`tjkn kd
taf rgajtfgt. af prkbfgt tf`h nc taf jncfpfncfnt djn`ngj`m gknsumt`nt rfvjfwfcknmy taf spfgts tafy wfrf ssjonfc, suga s pkssjemf gkndmjgts wjta taf zknjno pm`n
kr eucoft, `nc cjc nkt fxprfss ` prfdfrfngf dkr `n `rgajtfgt.
af survfy kd taf gjtjzfns w`s cfvfmkpfc efdkrfa`nc `nc dkgusfc kn taf jntf-
or`tjkn, h`tfrj`ms `nc ga`r`gtfr kd taf cfsjon jn taf gkntfxt kd taf gjty ey usjno
gmksfc qufstjkns. afrfdkrf taf prkspfgtjvf eujmcjno usfrs wjta nk prkdfssjkn`m
e`giorkunc jn rgajtfgturf (taf gjtjzfns) wfrf emf tk prfsfnt tafjr prfdfrfngfs kn
dkur `spfgts kd cfsjon qu`mjty. ajs w`s `ekut a`md kd taf `spfgts ta`t taf fxpfrt
gkhhjttff `nc taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff usfc. af fhpmkyffs kd taf gjty gkh-
pmftfc taf s`hf survfy wjta `ccjtjkn`m qufstjkns `ekut taf usf `nc `ttr`gtjvfnfss
kd taf kddjgfs (sjx `spfgts jn tkt`m). af usfr orkup fxtfncfc tafsf `spfgts wjta`n fv`mu`tjkn kd taf `jr gkncjtjknjno systfhs `nc taf jntfrjkr gmjh`tf (mjoat `nc
af`tjno) efg`usf kd taf gknsfqufngfs kd tafsf `spfgts dkr taf qu`mjty kd taf wkri-
pm`gfs. af mjer`ry fhpmkyffs dkgusfc kn taf pksjtjkn kd taf mjer`ry jn rfm`tjkn tk
taf ktafr p`rts kd taf eujmcjno `nc taf rfgkonjs`ejmjty `nc jh`of kd taf mjer`ry
drkh kutsjcf. afy uncfrmjnfc taf rfqujrfhfnts drkh taf erjfd `s ` w`y tk fv`mu-
`tf taf cfsjon qu`mjtjfs `nc usfc tfn kut kd taf dkurtffn `spfgts. Jt w`s taf fxpfrt
gkhhjttff ta`t gknsjcfrfc taf ajoafst nuhefr kd cfsjon `spfgts (fmfvfn) kd taf
`cvjskrs, dkgusjno kn df`sjejmjty `nc taf gkntrjeutjkn kd taf cfsjon vjsjkn kd taf
qu`mjty kd taf gjty, eut fxgmucjno djn`ngfs, pfrdkrh`ngf, `nc eujmcjno sfrvjgfs.
af `w`rc gkhhjttff sffhfc tk a`vf dkmmkwfc taf fxpfrt gkhhjttff jn tafjr bucofhfnt eut `msk strfssfc taf djn`ngj`m mjhjt`tjkns. Jn taf puemjg cfe`tf tafy
`msk st`tfc ta`t taf gurrfnt st`tf kd taf cfsjon w`s tk ef cfvfmkpfc durtafr jn cj`-
mkouf eftwffn taf `rgajtfgt `nc taf gmjfnt. Jn tafjr prfss rfmf`sf, tajrtffn kd taf
dkurtffn `spfgts kd cfsjon qu`mjty wfrf hfntjknfc. Kvfr`mm taf `spfgts kd ure`n
`nc skgj`m jntfor`tjkn, dkrhs `nc h`tfrj`ms, ga`r`gtfr `nc jnnkv`tjkn wfrf hfn-
tjknfc ey `mm st`ifakmcfrs. \frdkrh`ngf, systfh fnojnffrjno `nc djn`ngj`m hf`ns
wfrf knmy erkuoat up ey ` dfw st`ifakmcfrs.
Cjddfrfngfs jn fxpfrtjsf wfrf `msk dkunc jn taf pfrgfptjkn `nc usf kd jndkrh`-
tjkn. Kesfrv`tjkns sakwfc ta`t fxpfrts wfrf efttfr `emf tk sff tarkuoa taf jh-
`ofs `nc nffcfc mfss tjhf tk jntfrprft jndkrh`tjkn. af Wgakkm Cjrfgtkr, knf kdtaf mfss fxpfrjfngfc hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm p`nfm, fxprfssfc tk a`vf effn ` ejt
hkrf gknvfrtjemf jd `ccjtjkn`m jndkrh`tjkn wkumc a`vf effn `v`jm`emf `nc wkumc
a`vf `pprfgj`tfc hkrf tjhf tk tajni efdkrf a`vjno tk t`if taf djn`m cfgjsjkn. af
jnfxpfrjfngfc hfhefrs kd taf \rkvjngj`m bury p`nfm `sifc taf fxpfrt dkr hkrf jn-
dkrh`tjkn `ekut ktafr fxfhpm`ry eujmcjnos kd ` spfgjdjg `rgajtfgt, taf dmfxjejmjty
kd taf `rgajtfgt, taf g`p`gjty tk mjstfn tk gmjfnts, `nc taf jnnkv`tjvf `nc stymjstjg
fxpfgt`tjkns kd taf pkssjemf nfw eujmcjno. ajs w`y tafy grf`tfc `n jh`of kd taf
tfncfrfr `nc tafjr djrh jn ofnfr`m `nc tafy usfc taf fxpfrt tk tr`nsm`tf taf jh-
`ofs nc jhpmjgjt inkwmfcof ekut taf rgajtfgts. Curjno prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf Gjty
A`mm prkpks`ms kesfrv`tjkns sakwfc ta`t dkr skhf hfhefrs st`ifakmcfr orkups jt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 197/341
010 ‗
w`s cjddjgumt tk fv`mu`tf taf siftga cfsjon `nc uncfrst`nc taf vjsjkn kd taf `rgaj-
tfgt. Wt`ifakmcfrs skhftjhfs dkgusfc kn vfry auh`n jssufs kr cft`jmfc dungtjkn`m
cfsjon ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, suga `s taf mkg`tjkn kd taf ejgygmf safc `nc st`dd fntr`ngf,
wajmf taf cfsjon jn taf siftga st`of usu`mmy ckfs `ccrfss tafsf ijncs kd jtfhs.
Efsjcfs, nkt fvfry `spfgt kd pktfntj`m cfsjon qu`mjty g`n ef fx`hjnfc drkh taf
jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc jn taf tfncfr pa`sf. Fvfn taf `cvjskry fxpfrt jnvkmvfc jntaf Okvfrnhfnt`m Kddjgf g`sf `chjttfc a`vjno a`c cjddjgumty jn bucojno skhf kd
taf grjtfrj` e`sfc kn taf jh`ofs kd taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts. Af fxpm`jnfc ta`t fvfry
prkbfgt nffcs tk ef fv`mu`tfc jn taf gkntfxt kd jts eucoft, erjfd, gmjfnt `nc mkg`-
tjkn. @ggkrcjno tk ajh taf qu`mjty kd ` cfsjon g`n nfvfr ef dummy `ssfssfc wjtakut
a`vjno `ny pfrskn`m jnvkmvfhfnt jn ` prkbfgt.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf cjsgussjkn eftwffn taf p`nfm hfhefrs jndmufngfc taf dr`hf
kd rfdfrfngfs kd taf orkup `nc taf jncjvjcu`m. Kpjnjkns kd taf hkrf fxpfrjfngfc
p`nfm hfhefrs wfrf kdtfn t`ifn rfm`tjvfmy sfrjkusmy curjno ` cjsgussjkn eut ‑nkv-
jgfs‚ gkumc `msk h`if taf ktafr hfhefrs tajni `ekut gfrt`jn `rouhfnts. af c`t`
jncjg`tf ta`t mfss fxpfrjfngfc p`nfm hfhefrs usfc hkrf `rouhfnts prkvjcfc eytaf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs ta`n cjc taf fxpfrts jn eujmcjno tafjr dr`hfs kd rfdfr-
fngf. af m`gi kd `n fxjstjno cfgjsjkn dr`hf gkumc fxpm`jn taf r`tafr p`ssjvf `nc
rf`gtjvf `ttjtucf kd taf mfss fxpfrjfngfc p`nfm hfhefrs jn taf Wgakkm g`sf. Jn taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt g`sf taf Fxfgutjvf trjfc tk skmvf fvfry ungfrt`jnty wjta `
mfo`m hf`surf, wajmf taf Cjrfgtkr kd taf Wgakkm”trustYfcX ajs ktafr orkup hfhefrskn tajs‘. Fxpfrts mrf`cy a`vf tafjr kwn dr`hfs kd rfdfrfngf. @mtakuoa tafy sffhfc
tk `cbust tafjr dr`hf tk taf tfncfr erjfd `nc taf `jhs kd taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs,
tafy cfpfncfc mfss kn taf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs `nc sffhfc gfrt`jn kd tafjr gkh-
pftfngfs. Jn ekta taf Wgakkm `nc taf \rkvjngj m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sfs taf fx-
pfrts sffhfc tk t`if taf mf`c jn cjsgussjkns `nc puttjno `rouhfnts kn taf t`emf.afy wfrf `msk `emf tk usf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfcurf hkrf str`tfojg`mmy ey usjno fx-
trfhf sgkrfs kr tafjr vftk rjoats curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Wkhftjhfs tafy usfc
fhktjkns mjif efgkhjno `nory kr cjs`ppkjntfc tk gknvjngf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs.
af pkmjtjgj`ns jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf cjspm`yfc tafjr `ejmjty tk usf hft`pakrs `nc
pfrskn`m fhktjkn`m fxprfssjkns tk h`if st`tfhfnt. @t taf s`hf tjhf, jn mm g`sfs
fxpfrts wfrf hkrf g`p`emf kd cjstjnoujsajno eftwffn tafjr kwn t`stf nc taf nffcs
kd ` gmjfnt jn ` p`rtjgum`r sjtu`tjkn `nc eftwffn knf fx`hpmf kd fxgfmmfnt cfsjon
`nc taf gkhpmftf wkri kd ` gkhpftfnt prkdfssjkn`m. ajs jhpmjfs ta`t fxpfrts `rf
efttfr `t t`ijno e`m`ngfc cfgjsjkns wjta ` mkno tfrh pfrspfgtjvf, wajmf nkvjgfs
usu`mmy dkgus kn taf jhhfcj`tf gknsfqufngfs kd ` cfgjsjkn.Wkhf kd taf jntfrvjfwffs kd taf Wgakkm hfntjknfc ta`t tafy a`c skhftjhfs
`cbustfc tafjr bucofhfnts cuf tk jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc ey kr kpjnjkns kd ktafr
tf`h hfhefrs. afsf ga`nofs wfrf hjnkr, f.o. drkh ? tk 1 kn ` sg`mf drkh 0
tk :¸. Cjsgussjkns `msk sffhfc tk a`vf suppkrtfc inkwmfcof tr`nsdfr `hkno
taf p`nfm hfhefrs `nc eftwffn taf p`nfm hfhefrs `nc taf `cvjskrs. af p`nfm
hfhefrs skhftjhfs gkhpmfhfntfc f`ga ktafr jn fxpfrtjsf eut jt w`s `msk dkunc
ta`t jn skhf g`sfs ` p`rtjgum`r inkwmfcof djfmc w`s hjssjno. Jn taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf sust`jn`ejmjty w`s ` h`bkr tafhf kd taf prkbfgt. Curjno
taf sfmfgtjkn hfftjno, taf p`nfm cjsgkvfrfc ta`t nknf kd taf `v`jm`emf p`nfm hfh-
efrs kr fxpfrts a`c fnkuoa fxpfrtjsf tk h`if ` prkpfr bucofhfnt kn tajs `spfgt.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 198/341
015
af s`hf pafnkhfnkn kggurrfc jn taf Wgakkm g`sf wjta sust`jn`ejmjty. Jn taf
djn`m cfgjsjkn pa`sf sust`jn`ejmjty cjc nkt sffh tk ef `n jssuf `nyhkrf. Jt g`n
ef gkngmucfc ta`t knokjno cjsgussjkns eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jngrf`sfc
taf `pprfgj`tjkn kd ktafr jntfrfsts, r`jsfc taf `w`rfnfss kd taf jhpkrt`ngf kd `
v`mjc bucofhfnt, `nc fxpksfc hkrf qu`mjtjfs kd taf suehjssjkns. Akwfvfr, cjs-
gussjkn g`nnkt gkhpfns`tf ckh`jn spfgjdjg inkwmfcof ta`t js nkt `v`jm`emf wjtataf bury p`nfm. afrfdkrf taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf p`nfm nffcs tk djt wjta taf grj-
tfrj` ta`t wjmm ef `ssfssfc `nc taf skurgfs kd jndkrh`tjkn ta`t `rf prkvjcfc ey taf
p`rtjgjp`nts.
4.?.3 \rkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno
Dkr ` gmjfnt ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf gknsjsts kd ` sfmfgtjkn pa`sf `nc `n
`w`rc pa`sf. Jn `mm g`sfs f`ga pa`sf kd taf tfncfr prkgfss gknsjstfc kd dkur jtfr`t-
jno cfgjsjkn stfps kd ‑jnjtj`mjz`tjkn‚, ‑gkndrknt`tjkn‚, ‑gkhhunjg`tjkn‚, `nc ‑gkn-
tr`gt‚ eftwffn taf gmjfnt nc taf rgajtfgt. ajs prkgfss s jmmustr`tfc jn Djourf 4.4
rfsfhemfs ta`t kd `ny e`sjg cfsjon prkgfss (sff dkr fx`hpmf Ukkzfneuro & Ffifms,
0::6)2 taf cfsjon prkemfh js cfdjnfc, skmutjkns `rf prkpksfc `nc tafn fv`mu`tfc
jn krcfr tk jcfntjdy taf hkst sujt`emf knf. afy `msk rfsfhemf taf prkgfss `s cf-
sgrjefc ey r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn hkcfms2 prkemfh cfdjnjtjkn, jcfntjdjg`tjkn kd cfgj-
sjkn grjtfrj`, `mmkg`tjkn kd wfjoats `nc fv`mu`tjkn kd `mtfrn`tjvfs (f.o. A`rrjskn,
0:::). Zft knf kd taf tajnos ta`t taf e`sjg cfsjon hkcfm `nc r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn
hkcfms `estr`gts drkh, n`hfmy taf rkmf kd cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfrs `nc `gtkrs jn
taf cfsjon prkgfss, js h`cf fxpmjgjt jn tajs cj`or`h. Ekta jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
`nc taf `w`rc pa`sf taf gmjfnt jnjtj`tfs taf tfncfr ey puttjno taf cfh`nc jntk
taf h`rift ey prfsfntjno ` prkemfh cfdjnjtjkn `nc `n jnvjt`tjkn dkr `rgajtfgts tk
bkjn taf tfncfr. af `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs ta`t `rf jntfrfstfc jn taf gkntr`gt tafn
st`rt tk prfp`rf tafjr ckguhfnt`tjkn. @dtfr taf `rgajtfgts a`vf suehjttfc tafjr
prkpks`ms, taf rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy `rf gkndrkntfc wjta
taf nuhefr `nc gkntfnt kd taf prkpks`ms. ajs gkndrknt`tjkn eftwffn taf erjfd
`nc taf suehjttfc prkpks`ms g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s taf `gtu`m st`rt kd taf cfgjsjkn
h`ijno prkgfss `ekut taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjon(frs), wajga fncs jn gkhhunjg`-
tjkn `nc gkntr`gt `mmkg`tjkn. Curjno tajs prkgfss taf ‑cfh`ncs‚ kd taf gmjfnts `rf
mjnifc tk taf `mtfrn`tjvfs taf h`rift p`rtjfs kddfr tafh `nc st`rt tk h`if sfnsf tk
taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs.
Kn taf sjcf kd taf `rgajtfgts (taf suppmyjno `gtkrs), taf jnjtj`m cfgjsjkn js waftafr kr nkt tk bkjn taf tfncfr kngf taf prkemfh cfdjnjtjkn a`s effn h`cf pue-
mjg. Jn taf tfncfr pa`sf wafn prkpks`ms nffc tk ef prfp`rfc, taf pa`sfs taf `rgaj-
tfgt okfs tarkuoa g`n ef cfsgrjefc `s ‑jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf prkemfh cfdjnjtjkn‚,
‑prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf prkpks`m‚, ‑pfrgfptjkn kd taf `rouhfnt`tjkn‚, `nc ‑`ggfpt`tjkn
kd taf cfgjsjkn‚ (@0 ‗ @3 jn Djourf 4.4). af `gtu`m gkntr`gt `mmkg`tjkn g`n st`rt
knmy `dtfr taf cfgjsjkn kd taf gmjfnt js `ggfptfc ey taf ktafr p`rtjgjp`nts `nc taf
mfo`m tfrh dkr `ppf`mjno a`s fxpjrfc. af prkgfss kd jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn ` gmjfnt
`nc n rgajtfgt curjno tfncfr cjddfrs drkh taf prkgfss kd jntfr`gtjkn jn rfoum`r
jnjtj`mjz`tjkn pa`sf kd ` eujmcjno prkbfgt. Hkst jntfrvjfwffs jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf
st`tfc ta`t ` okkc trustjno rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc `rgajtfgt js fssfn-tj`m dkr ` ajoa-qu`mjty eujmcjno. Kn taf knf a`nc ` tfncfr prkbfgt js pfrgfjvfc `s
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 199/341
017 ‗
` r`tafr `rtjdjgj`m w`y tk eujmc ta`t rfm`tjknsajp. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, `ggkrcjno tk
knf kd taf `rgajtfgts, wjnnjno ` tfncfr gkumc `ggfmfr`tf taf st`rt kd ` prkbfgt ef-
g`usf ”` okkc fhktjkn `mrf`cy fxjsts eftwffn taf gmjfnt `nc taf cfsjon prkpks`m‘ .af jntfrvjfws `nc kesfrv`tjkns kd taf gmjfnt cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jncjg`tfc ta`t
psygakmkojg`mmy `n jtfr`tjvf prkgfss kd pfrgfptjkn, bucofhfnt `nc fv`mu`tjkn g`n
ef cjstjnoujsafc jn ekta taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf kd ` tfncfr prkgfss. af
c`t` jhpmy ta`t jn taf g`sf kd ` cfsjon tfncfr tajs prkgfss ofnfr`mmy fxjsts kd dkur
pa`sfs (G0 tjmm G3 jn Djourf 4.4)2 ‑pfrgfptjkn kd jndkrh`tjkn‚, ‑jncjvjcu`m v`muf
bucofhfnt‚, ‑orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno‚, `nc ‑djn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno‚. E`sfc kn taf
pfrgfptjkn kd ` prkpks`m, taf hfhefrs kd taf bury p`nfm fv`mu`tfc tafjr pfrskn`m
jntfrfsts jn rfspfgt tk taf prkpks`m `nc dr`hf tafjr jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnt wjtajn
taf gkntfxt kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt. Jn taf Wgakkm `nc taf Gjty A`mm g`sf f`ga p`rty`gtfc `s ` p`nfm hfhefr jn taf orkup cjsgussjkn - tafy djrst cjsgussfc tafjr jncj-
vjcu`m v`muf bucofhfnts wjtajn tafjr kwn p`rty nc tafn cjsgussfc tafjr gkhhkn
bucofhfnt wjtajn taf bury p`nfm. af hfhefrs kd taf gkhhjttff kd taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf `gtfc `s jncjvjcu`m p`nfm hfhefrs wjtakut rfprfsfntjno `
orkup. Jn `mm g`sfs nfoktj`tjkn eftwffn p`nfm hfhefrs mfc tk ` djn`m cfgjsjkn ta`t
w`s gkhhunjg`tfc tk taf tfncfrfrs. Jn ekta taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf kd taf
tfncfr p`nfm hfhefrs nffcfc sfvfr`m rkuncs kd cjsgussjkn `nc/kr ktafr hf`ns tk
gkhf tk ` djn`m cfgjsjkn. af prkgfss kd gmjfnt cfgjsjkn h`ijno g`n tafrfdkrf ef
sffn `s `n jtfr`tjvf prkgfss `hkno taf dkur cfgjsjkn pa`sfs gknsjstjno kd gknst`nt
fv`mu`tjkns eftwffn taf prkemfh cfdjnjtjkn, taf prkpks`ms kd taf `rgajtfgts `nctaf jntfrfsts kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs, rfspfgtjvfmy `s jncjvjcu`ms, `s rfprfsfnt`tjvfs
\rkemfh
cfdjnjtjkn
Jntfrprft`tjkn kd
prkemfhWtfp 02
Jnjtj`mjs`tjknG< @0
\frgfptjkn kd \rfsfnt`tjkn kd
Tjsu`mjs`tjkn
Wtfp 52
Gkndrknt`tjknG0 @5
Jncjvjcu`m v`muf
Fv`mu`tjkn kd
pfrskn`m jntfrfsts
prkpks`
G5 u
Orkup cfgjsjkn
Nfoktj`tjkn kd
cjddfrfnt jntfrfsts
\frgfptjkn kdWtfp 72
h`ijno
Fv`mu`tjkn tkgrjtfrj`
`rouhfnt`tjkn
Ufdmfgtjkn
Gkhhunjg`tjkn
n` fg s kn ggfp `ngffp 2
Gkntr`gtG3 @3
Djourf 4.4 Saf cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs kd ` tfncfr `s ` rfsumt kd taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn cfh`nc
`nc suppmy jn `rgajtfgturf.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 200/341
013
kd ` st`ifakmcfr orkup `nc `s ` bury p`nfm. afsf fv`mu`tjkns gkntrjeutfc tk taf
cfvfmkphfnt kd ` gkhhkn dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf eftwffn taf p`nfm hfhefrs. ajs
dr`hf jngrf`sfc taf uncfrst`ncjno kd taf prkemfh, taf qu`mjty kd taf `ssfsshfnt
kd pktfntj`m skmutjkns, `nc taf mfvfm kd s`tjsd`gtjkn kvfr taf djn`m cfgjsjkn.
Jn `mm g`sfs skhf hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`h wfrf `ttfncjno taf hfftjnos kd
bury p`nfms jn taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf jn ` suppkrtjno rkmf. Hkst kd taf tjhftafy prfsfntfc taf djncjnos kd ` gafgi kd taf prkpks`ms kn taf fxgmusjkn orkuncs,
hjnjhuh rfqujrfhfnts `nc dkrh`t spfgjdjg`tjkns kn efa`md kd taf prkbfgt tf`h,
eut cjc nkt p`rtjgjp`tf jn taf `gtu`m sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. af p`nfm hfhefrs kd taf
Wgakkm afmpfc f`ga ktafr jn djncjno jndkrh`tjkn jn krcfr tk bucof gfrt`jn grjtf-
rj`, jn taf \rkvjngj`m Kddjgf g`sf taf `cvjskry fxpfrt afmpfc tk rf`c taf c`t`. Nk
ga`nofs jn taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury p`nfms kggurrfc curjno `ssfsshfnt, wajga
js jn mjnf wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w. ajs akwfvfr `msk hf`nt ta`t ` pktfntj`m m`gi kd
fxpfrtjsf wjtajn taf p`nfm hfhefrs gkumc nkt ef skmvfc ey jnvkmvjno ktafr pfkpmf.
Wkhftjhfs taf jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc ey taf g`ncjc`tf kr tfncfrfr w`s jngkhpmftf,
wajga cfgrf`sfc taf pkssjejmjty dkr ` systfh`tjg gkhp`rjskn. Jn skhf sjtu`tjknstajs jndkrh`tjkn w`s ‑gkhpmftfc‚ ey taf burkrs tafhsfmvfs, jn ktafrs jt w`s bust mfdt
kpfn. Jn taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm nc taf Wgakkm hjssjno jndkrh`tjkn cjc nkt prf-
vfnt taf wjnnfrs drkh wjnnjno, eut dkr skhf g`ncjc`tfs `nc tfncfrfrs jt cjc mf`c
tk fxgmusjkn kr mkw sgkrf kn gfrt`jn grjtfrj`. Kesfrv`tjkns jncjg`tf ta`t taf p`nfm
hfhefrs (ungknsgjkusmy) usfc ` m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn kr gkndmjgtjno jndkrh`tjkn
dkr tafjr kwn efnfdjt, fspfgj`mmy curjno taf orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Wkhftjhfs
gkndmjgtjno kpjnjkns hkno taf p`nfm hfhefrs mfc tk ` hkrf takrkuoa n`mysjs kd
taf prkpks`ms, wajmf jn ktafr sjtu`tjkns jt mfc tk cjsqu`mjdjg`tjkn kr mjhjtfc prfdfr-
fngfs dkr prkpks`m. ajs msk cfpfncfc kn taf pkwfr e`m`ngf wjtajn orkup nc
taf ga`r`gtfr kd taf ga`jr9 jn taf \rkvjngj m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf taf ga`jr cjc nktjntfnc tk a`vf mkt kd cjsgussjkn wjta taf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs, wafrf`s taf ga`jr
jn taf Wgakkm g`sf spfgjdjg`mmy stjhum`tfc ` strugturfc cfe`tf `ekut taf prkpks`ms
`hkno taf cjddfrfnt p`rtjfs ta`t wfrf `ttfncjno taf hfftjno.
Curjno taf `ssfsshfnt kd taf prkpks`ms jn `mm g`sfs cfgjsjkn h`ifrs fxpfrj-
fngfc cjddjgumtjfs kn akw tk cf`m wjta taf ekunc`rjfs `nc jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf
rfqujrfhfnts st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs jn krcfr tk gkhp`rf taf g`ncjc`tfs
`nc tfncfrfrs `s fqu`m `s pkssjemf. \`nfm hfhefrs nffcfc tk h`if sfnsf kd tafjr
kwn rfqujrfhfnts efg`usf tafy a`c nkt rf`mjsfc taf fddfgts kd taf rfqujrfhfnts
efdkrfa`nc. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf, dkr fx`hpmf, skhf kd taf tfncfrfrs h`cf ` sg`mf
hkcfm kr d`jrmy cft`jmfc siftga tk prfsfnt tafjr vjsjkn kn taf tfncfr erjfd. Ktafrsprfsfntfc bust ` sakrt `n`mysjs kd taf eujmcjno vkmuhfs. Ekta dkrh`ts wfrf jn mjnf
wjta taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs eut jt h`cf fqu`m gkhp`rjskn taf prkpks`ms cjddjgumt
efg`usf kd taf cjddfrfnt jndkrh`tjkn mfvfms. af s`hf prkemfh kggurrfc wjta hjss-
jno kr jncfdjnjtf jndkrh`tjkn. Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf knf kd taf prkpks`ms cjc nkt
cf`m wjta taf gkst fstjh`tf jn ` prkpfr h`nnfr. k gkhp`rf taf prkpks`m wjta taf
ktafrs taf prkbfgt tf`h stjmm trjfc tk gkuntfr e`m`ngf tafsf gksts wajmf kddjgj`mmy
tafy sakumc a`vf fxgmucfc tajs prkpks`m drkh `ssfsshfnt. @nktafr jntfrfstjno
pafnkhfnkn ta`t kggurrfc w`s taf fddfgt kd cfvj`tjkns kd taf tfncfr erjfd kn taf
ga`ngf kd wjnnjno. Kn taf knf a`nc, ` surprjsjno fmfhfnt `ccjtjkn`m tk taf tfn-
cfr erjfd gkumc gknvjngf taf gmjfnt tk prfdfr ` gfrt`jn prkpks`m, eut kn taf ktafr
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 201/341
016 ‗
a`nc ` prkpks`m gkumc f`sjmy ef rfbfgtfc bust efg`usf kd ` cfvj`tjkn drkh taf erjfd.
afsf djncjnos jncjg`tf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs usf tajs rkkh jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno tk
stffr taf prkgfss jn ` cjrfgtjkn ta`t wkumc efnfdjt tafh. ajs h`ifs jt cjddjgumt dkr
tfncfrfrs tk fstjh`tf taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno ` tfncfr.
Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf Wgakkm `nc Gjty A`mm g`sf st`tfc curjno taf jntfrvjfws
ta`t ekta jn taf sfmfgtjkn `nc taf `w`rc pa`sf taf `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn prk-vjcfc ey taf prkpks`ms w`s suddjgjfnt tk h`if cfgjsjkns. @t taf s`hf tjhf sfvfr`m
p`nfm hfhefrs jncjg`tfc ta`t gfrt`jn `spfgts, mjif taf g`p`ejmjty kd `n `rgajtfgt
tk h`if ` sust`jn`emf eujmcjno, wfrf vfry a`rc tk `ssfss. Jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
jt w`s fvfn dkr fxpfrts cjddjgumt tk bucof taf pktfntj`m qu`mjtjfs kd taf g`ncjc`tf
efg`usf taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts nffcfc tk ef `ssfssfc jn rfm`tjkn tk taf gkntfxt jn
wajga tafy wfrf h`cf. af c`t` suoofst ta`t jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs h`jnmy rfmjfc kn tafjr kwn jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf prkpks`ms, wajmf tafy o`tafrfc
hkrf jnput drkh ktafrs jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. ajs gkngmusjkn hjoat ef cjstkrtfc ey
taf d`gt ta`t gkntr`ry tk taf `w`rc pa`sf taf prkpks`ms jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf wfrf
nkt suppkrtfc ey ` n`rr`tjvf kd taf `rgajtfgts. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, jn taf sfmfgtjknpa`sf p`nfm hfhefrs usfc jndkrh`tjkn `nc pfrskn`m fxpfrjfngfs ta`t tafy o`jnfc
efdkrf taf tfncfr a`c st`rtfc `ekut gfrt`jn `rgajtfgts kr tafjr eujmcjnos, wajmf
`rouhfnt`tjkns jn taf `w`rc pa`sf rfm`tf hkrf tk taf gkntfnt kd taf kddfrs kd taf
tfncfrfrs. ajs suoofsts ta`t pfrgfptjkn `nc bucofhfnt jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf js
hkrf rfm`tfc tk taf rfput`tjkn `nc stymf kd taf `rgajtfgts wafrf`s cfgjsjkns jn taf
`w`rc pa`sf `rf rfm`tfc hkrf cjrfgtmy tk taf prkpks`m. Jn taf `w`rc pa`sf p`nfm
hfhefrs skhftjhfs sffhfc tk dkroft ta`t tafy wfrf fv`mu`tjno prkpks`ms jnstf`c
kd gtu`m cfsjons `nc tafrfdkrf tkki taf jndkrh`tjkn hkrf mjtfr`mmy kr strjgtmy ta`n
taf tfncfrfrs jntfncfc. af dkrh`t kd taf siftga kr gkngfpt cfsjon fngkur`ofs
tajs ijnc kd hjsjntfrprft`tjkn hkrf ta`n ` vjsjkn prfsfnt`tjkn wjtakut ` spfgjdjgcfsjon.
af djncjnos kd taf g`sfs jhpmy ta`t taf mknofr taf p`nfm hfhefrs wfrf jn-
vkmvfc jn taf prkgfcurf, taf hkrf tafy sffhfc tk efgkhf `w`rf kd taf jhpkr-
t`ngf kd taf tfncfr jn rfm`tjkn tk taf gkhpmftf eujmcjno prkbfgt. Curjno taf tfncfr
prkgfss cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jngrf`sjnomy okt d`hjmj`r wjta taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf
prkbfgt, wjta f`ga ktafr, `nc wjta tafjr kwn `hejtjkns, nffcs `nc fxpfgt`tjkns.
Efg`usf jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc jn \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf taf bury
p`nfms jn taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf wfrf sjhjm`r, taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf w`s `
skrt kd prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf dkr taf w`rc pa`sf. ajs grf`tfc mf`rnjno fddfgt wajga
jngrf`sfc taf `w`rfnfss kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `ekut taf jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf cfgj-sjkns. Cfspjtf taf d`gt ta`t taf p`nfm hfhefrs kd taf \rkvjngf wfrf nkt jnvkmvfc
vfry huga jn taf prfp`r`tjkns kd taf tfncfr, taf hfftjno jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
trjoofrfc taf fntausj`sh kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs2
”J `h tfrrjemy gurjkus `ekut taf jcf`s tafsf vf g`ncjc`tfs wjmm prfsfnt jntaf `w`rc pa`sf.‘
\ktfntj`m gkndmjgts eftwffn jntfrfsts kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs g`hf jn p`rtjgum`r
tk taf surd`gf wafn rkkh `nc dmfxjejmjty jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno w`s fxpmkrfc curjno
nfoktj`tjkns `nc wafn taf hkhfnt kd djn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno `pprk`gafc. @t taf
s`hf tjhf p`nfm hfhefrs wfrf prfp`rfc dkr taf d`gt ta`t ` cfgjsjkn nffcfc tk ef
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 202/341
014
h`cf `nc gfrt`jn e`rrjfrs eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc tafjr jntfrfsts nffcfc
tk ef kvfrgkhf. Ekta jn taf taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf hkrf fx-
pfrjfngfc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jncjg`tfc curjno taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws ta`t jn
taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf jt js r`tafr f`sy tk rf`ga ` cfgjsjkn `ekut taf tkp tarff `nc taf
ekttkh tfn kd taf g`ncjc`tfs eut ta`t taf hjccmf g`tfokry grf`tfs taf hkst cjsgus-
sjkn. Eut tafy `msk st`tfc ta`t ` djn`m cfgjsjkn wjmm `mw`ys ef h`cf. af djncjnosjhpmy ta`t taf h`jn cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf `nc taf `w`rc pa`sf
`rf taf ga`r`gtfr kd taf djn`m cfgjsjkn `nc taf `hkunt kd m`tjtucf wjtajn taf cfgj-
sjkn. af `jh kd taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf js sfmfgtjno sfvfr`m pktfntj`m g`ncjc`tfs wajmf
jn taf w`rc pa`sf knf wjnnfr a`s tk ef gaksfn. afrfdkrf tafrf sffhs tk ef hkrf
rkkh dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf ta`n curjno taf w`rc pa`sf.
Kn taf ktafr a`nc, tafrf sffhs tk ef hkrf rkkh dkr jntfrprft`tjkn jn fv`mu`tjno
taf prkpks`ms jn taf `w`rc pa`sf ta`n jn `ssfssjno taf rfqufsts dkr jnvjt`tjkns jn
taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf efg`usf taf rfqufsts dkr jnvjt`tjkn jngmucf hkrf dkrh`m st`tf-
hfnts `nc djn`ngj`m jndkrh`tjkn. af cfgjsjkns `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty jn taf `w`rc
pa`sf ojvf taf p`nfm hfhefrs hkrf m`tjtucf tk dkmmkw tafjr jntujtjkn.Ekta curjno taf tfncfr nc taf `w`rc pa`sf kd taf Wgakkm g`sf taf p`nfm hfh-
efrs djrst cjsgussfc tafjr jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts `hkno taf hfhefrs kd tafjr kwn
p`rty. af pmussfs `nc hjnusfs kd f`ga kptjkn wfrf put jn ` ejoofr pjgturf `nc
gkhp`rfc tk f`ga ktafr. afn tafjr prfdfrfngfs `nc bucofhfnts wfrf cjsgussfc
wjta taf ktafr p`rtjfs `nc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs efg`hf `w`rf kd taf prfdfrfngfs `nc
jntfrfsts kd taf ktafr p`rtjfs. af djncjnos suoofst ta`t inkwjno taf rf`skn efajnc
` cfgjsjkn w`s efnfdjgj`m dkr `ggfpt`ngf kd taf cfgjsjkn `nc jngrf`sfc taf `hkunt
kd suppkrt dkr taf cfgjsjkn. af pkwfr rfm`tjknsajps eftwffn taf hfhefrs kd taf
bury p`nfm kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf wfrf cjddfrfnt ta`n jn taf Wgakkm
g`sf. Gkhp`rfc tk taf Wgakkm g`sf taf prkbfgt tf`h cjc nkt a`vf `s huga jndmu-fngf kn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. ajs gkumc ef cuf tk taf d`gt ta`t taf p`nfm hfh-
efrs kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf wfrf hkrf `gqu`jntfc wjta f`ga ktafr
(tafy wfrf `mm hfhefrs kd taf s`hf Fxfgutjvf ek`rc) ta`n jn taf Wgakkm g`sf. af
kesfrv`tjkns jncjg`tf ta`t curjno taf hfftjno kd taf bury p`nfm kd taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf gfrt`jn efa`vjkur`m p`ttfrns kggurrfc jn krcfr tk prfvfnt dur-
tafr gkndmjgt wjtajn taf orkup, wajga gkumc ef jntfrprftfc `s orkup tajni. Jn `mm
g`sfs taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jncjg`tfc jn rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws ta`t taf cjsgussjkns
curjno taf p`nfm hfftjnos gkntrjeutfc tk taf strfnota kd taf tfncfr prkbfgt `nc
kddfr `n fxgfmmfnt st`rtjno pkjnt dkr durtafr gkmm`ekr`tjkn.
Jn g`sf kd taf Wgakkm `nc taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf taf cfgjsjkn grj-tfrj` wfrf usfc vfry fxpmjgjtmy curjno taf efojnnjno `nc taf fnc kd taf prkgfss,
eut vfry jhpmjgjtmy curjno taf cjsgussjkns jn eftwffn. Knf kd taf Wgakkm p`nfm
hfhefrs fxpm`jnfc `ekut afr fxpfrjfngfs curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf2
”Zku knmy usf taf grjtfrj` efg`usf yku a`vf tk ef tr`nsp`rfnt `nc efg`usf yku a`vf tk fxpm`jn m`tfr kn. Eut J cjc nkt mkki `t taf grjtfrj` curjno hy bucofhfnt prkgfss9 J wkumc mjf jd J wkumc s`y sk...‘
af grjtfrj` kggurrfc tk a`vf jnjtj`tfc twk ijncs kd prkgfssfs2 0) strugturjno
taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss, `nc 5) jntfrprftjno taf `jhs dkr taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Jn taf
sfmfgtjkn pa`sf taf h`trjx safft kd taf Wgakkm g`sf strfnotafnfc taf fddfgt ta`t taf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 203/341
01? ‗
grjtfrj` a`c kn strugturjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf. Kngf taf
prkpks`ms wfrf r`nifc jn taf safft krjojn`m bucofhfnts cjc nkt sffh jhpkrt`nt
`nyhkrf. Fvfryekcy trustfc taf cjojt`m safft nc dkgusfc kn taf tkt`m sgkrfs. ajs
w`s nffcfc tk t`if taf cjsgussjkn kn tk ` ajoafr mfvfm `nc djnc ` e`m`ngf eftwffn
taf sfmfgtfc g`ncjc`tfs `nc taf pfrskn`m jntfrfsts kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af `o-
orfo`tjkn systfh kd taf sfp`r`tf bucofhfnts w`s t`ifn dkr or`ntfc `nc nkt grjtj-g`mmy `ssfssfc ey taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af f`sf jn wajga taf rfsumts kd taf h`trjx
safft wjta bucofhfnt kd p`rtjfs jnvkmvfc jn taf Wgakkm g`sf w`s ggfptfc, jncjg`tf
ta`t taf wfjoatjno d`gtkrs `s jngkrpkr`tfc jn taf safft wfrf nkt fxpmjgjtmy `ppmjfc
eut t`ifn `s ` ojvfn curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. af cfgjsjkn `ekut taf rfm`tjvf
jhpkrt`ngf kd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` tafrfdkrf a`c jhpkrt`nt eut jhpmjgjt jhpmjg`-
tjkns kn taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf sfmfgtjkn cfgjsjkns.
af djncjnos kd taf g`sfs suoofst ta`t sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc grjtfrj` `s hfn-
tjknfc jn taf kddjgj`m gkhpftjtjkn rumfs knmy gkvfr taf e`sjg rfqujrfhfnts kd taf
gmjfnt. \rjkrjtjfs sajdtfc curjno taf prkgfss efg`usf taf hf`njno kd taf cfgjsjkn
t`si jngrf`sfc. ajs jncjg`tfs ta`t taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf grjtfrj` jngrf`sfs wjtaeujmcjno ` dr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs wjtajn taf orkup. ajs hf`nt ta`t skhftjhfs grjtf-
rj` wfrf jntfrprftfc hkrf wjcfmy, `nc skhftjhfs hkrf n`rrkwmy curjno taf prkg-
fss. Fvfry nkw `nc tafn taf prfvjkus fxpfrjfngf kd ` p`nfm hfhefr wjta ` gfrt`jn
djrh kr `rgajtfgt w`s usfc tk gknvjngf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs, fspfgj`mmy ey taf
hkrf fxpfrjfngfc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af p`nfm hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm usfc taf
`rouhfnt kd fxpfrjfngf jn taf fcug`tjkn`m sfgtkr mkt curjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss
wajmf taf kddjgj`m sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj` dkr taf rfdfrfngf prkbfgts wfrf nkt spfgjdjg kn
(prjh`ry) fcug`tjkn. Jn g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm taf puemjg cfe`tf jn taf w`rc pa`sf
gmf`rmy sakwfc ` ga`nof jn jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`. ajs w`s `msk
gkndjrhfc jn taf jntfrvjfw. Djrst dungtjkn`mjty, djn`ngj`m `spfgts `nc skgj`m tr`jts kdtaf cfsjonfrs ckhjn`tfc taf cjsgussjkn `hkno taf p`rtjgjp`nts kd taf cfe`tf. @t
taf fnc kd taf cfe`tf taf pkmjtjg`m p`rtjfs cjsgussfc taf kvfr`mm bucofhfnt wjtakut
rfdfrrjno tk `ny kd tafsf pkssjemf gknstr`jnts. Fhktjkn`m rfspknsfs tk taf cfsjons
g`hf jntk pm`y `nc `rouhfnts efg`hf hkrf ofnfr`m, hkrf suebfgtjvf `nc hkrf
e`sfc kn jntujtjkn. af cfgjsjkn h`ifrs rfdfrrfc tk taf grjtfrj` kd ‑hkst ppf`mjno
cfsjon‚ s tafjr h`jn cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` jnstf`c kd ‑fgknkhjg`mmy hkst cv`nt`ofkus
tfncfr‚. af ‑hkst `ppf`mjno cfsjon‚ sffhs tk jngmucf r`tafr jnt`nojemf grjtfrj`
suga `s pfrskn`m gknnfgtjkn, d`jta jn, `nc `ddjnjty wjta taf `rgajtfgtur`m djrh, `
cfsjon nc/kr tafjr cfsjonfrs. @msk jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf h`jn rouhfnt dkr cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno `ppf`rfc tk ef taf ‑gmjgi wjta taf `rgajtfgt‚, wajga sakws taf hf`n-jno tafy o`vf tk taf kddjgj`m `w`rc grjtfrj`.
af `gtu`m jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf grjtfrj` `s st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs
gkumc knmy ef p`rtmy rftrjfvfc drkh taf paysjg`m kesfrv`tjkns `nc ckguhfnts ta`t
wfrf `v`jm`emf. af jhpmjgjt `rouhfnt`tjkn w`s cfrjvfc drkh jntfrvjfws `nc jn-
dkrh`m gknvfrs`tjkns wjta cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Jn g`sf kd taf Okvfrnhfnt`m Kddjgf
taf prfssurf tk t`if cfgjsjkns, taf m`gi kd `hejtjkn, `nc taf m`gi kd spfgjdjg fx-
pfrtjsf sffhfc tk kvfrrumf taf `gtu`m `ssfsshfnt kd taf prkpks`ms. Dkr skhf kd taf
sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj`, suga `s ‑tjhfmfss‚ `nc ‑eusjnfss mjif‚, rfsfhem`ngf w`s fxpfrj-
fngfc jn taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf grjtfrj`, tajs cjc nkt h`if `ppmyjno taf grjtfrj`
f`sy. Akwfvfr, efg`usf tafrf wfrf knmy djvf g`ncjc`tfs mfdt, tafy cjc nkt a`vf tk
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 204/341
011
par`sf `rouhfnts wajga wkumc bustjdy tafjr skmutjkn. Gkhp`rfc tk taf ktafr bury
p`nfms, taf p`nfm kd taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf fxpfrjfngfc gknsjcfr`emf
gkndmjgts wjta taf pfrgfjvfc `hkunt kd drffckh wjtajn taf FV prkgfcurf. ajs
w`s fngkur`ofc ey taf d`gt ta`t ` Cfsjon-`nc-Eujmc gkntr`gt wkumc ef `w`rcfc.
af cfgjsjkn tk `w`rc `n jntfor`tfc gkntr`gt w`s h`cf jn ` prfvjkus tfrh kd kd-
djgf wjta cjddfrfnt Fxfgutjvf ek`rc. @w`rfnfss ekut taf mjhjt`tjkns kd tajs ijnckd gkntr`gt jn gkhejn`tjkn wjta ` ga`nojno h`rift sjtu`tjkn fvfntu`mmy mfc tk
g`ngfmm`tjkn kd taf tfncfr.
af fxpfrjfngf `nc/kr fxpfrtjsf kd taf djrhs, taf fxpfrjfngf `nc/kr fxpfrtjsf
kd taf prkpksfc `rgajtfgt, taf `ppf`m kd taf cfsjon stymf, `nc prfvjkus pfrskn`m
fxpfrjfngf wjta djrh, rgajtfgt nc/kr tafjr eujmcjnos wfrf dkunc tk ef taf h`jn
cfgjsjvf d`gtkrs kd sfmfgtjno p`rtjgum`r g`ncjc`tfs dkr taf `w`rc pa`sf. af c`t`
drkh taf Wgakkm g`sf suoofst ta`t taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss
dkgusfc kn `ssfssjno taf `ddjnjty kd taf djrh `nc/kr `rgajtfgt wjta taf dungtjkn,
gkntfxt `nc prkgfss kd taf duturf eujmcjno. @n`mysjs kd taf c`t` sakwfc ta`t cfgj-
sjkn h`ifrs a`c cjddjgumty wjta taf cjstjngtjkn eftwffn fxpfrtjsf `nc fxpfrjfngf,`nc eftwffn taf `rgajtfgt `nc taf djrh ta`t js rfprfsfntfc. af p`nfm hfhefrs kd
Wgakkm g`sf cf`mt wjta taf dkmmkwjno jssufs jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf2
@hkunt kd fxpfrjfngf kr a`vjno fxpfrjfngf jn ofnfr`m.
Wpfgjdjg fxpfrjfngf jn ` eujmcjno sfgtkr (fcug`tjkn, utjmjty, kddjgfs ftg.) kr
fxpfrjfngf wjta sjhjm`r bkes `nc prkbfgts (` prjh`ry sgakkm wjta sjhjm`r sjzf)
kr fxpfrjfngf `s ` prkdfssjkn`m cfsjonfr jn ofnfr`m (akw h`ny `nc wajga
prkbfgts a`vf effn rf`mjsfc).
Fxpfrjfngf `s ` cfsjon djrh kr pfrskn`m fxpfrjfngf kd ` cfsjonfr.
@ssfsshfnt e`sfc kn gkhpftfngfs kr `ssfsshfnt e`sfc kn gkngrftf
fx`hpmfs.
H`ny cfgjsjkns sakwfc sjons kd str`tfojg efa`vjkur. Jn mm g`sfs taf bury p`nfms
jhpmjgjtmy trjfc tk fnm`rof taf r`nof kd `rgajtfgtur`m typfs dkr taf `w`rc pa`sf ey
sfmfgtjno `t mf`st ` wfmm rfputfc eut mfss fxpfrjfngfc djrh `nc ` sh`mmfr, jntfrn`-
tjkn`m nc/kr hkrf r`cjg`m djrh jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf. @t taf s`hf tjhf tafy trjfc
tk h`if surf ta`t `t mf`st ` dfw kd taf sfmfgtfc g`ncjc`tfs wkumc ef ` rfmj`emf dkrh
tk `mmkg`tf taf gkntr`gt. @n jntfrvjfwff jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf jncjg`tfc ta`t tafy
sfmfgtfc djvf ajoa qu`mjty djrhs tk ssurf taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjon. ajs hf`nt ta`t
taf `w`rc pa`sf wkumc ef prjh`rjmy ` h`ttfr kd t`stf. af cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn tafWgakkm g`sf wfrf `w`rf kd taf d`gt ta`t tafy w`ntfc tk gkmm`ekr`tf wjta taf ktafr
p`rtjfs durtafr kn jn taf prkbfgt sk tafy cfgjcfc tk sfmfgt sjx djrhs dkr taf `w`rc
pa`sf, fvfn takuoa tafy cjc nkt rf`ga ` gknsfnsus kvfr taf sujt`ejmjty kd taf sjxta
g`ncjc`tf `nc tafy a`c jntfncfc tk sfmfgt djvf. @ggkrcjno tk taf hfhefrs kd taf
Wgakkm ek`rc tafy o`vf tajs sjxta rfm`tjvfmy ykuno `nc mfss fxpfrjfngfc djrh `
‑wjmc g`rc‚. ajs str`tfoy ga`r`gtfrjsfc taf `ttjtucf kd taf gmjfnt tkw`rcs taf tfncfr
prkgfcurf. af gmjfnt kd taf Wgakkm g`sf w`s dmfxjemf, wjmmjno tk t`if skhf rjsis jd
jt wkumc nkt gkst tkk huga `nc dkgusfc kn taf duturf. af wjmc g`rc w`s ` pr`o-
h`tjg cfgjsjkn tk `vkjc durtafr gkndmjgt.
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 205/341
01: ‗
Wkhf kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt g`sf cjspm`yfc mfss
c`rjno `ttjtucf. Knf kd taf djvf suehjssjkns jn taf \rkvjngj m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf
g`sf, taf knf wjta taf hkst gkntrkvfrsj`m cfsjon, gkumc a`vf effn rfbfgtfc jd vfry
strjgt jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn wkumc a`vf effn `ppmjfc. af bury p`nfm
cjsgussfc taf hfrjts `nc cfhfrjts kd `mmkwjno tajs suehjssjkn. afy e`m`ngfc taf
wfjoat kd taf cjvfrsjty kd gakjgf `nc pkssjejmjty kd `n unusu`m prkpks`m `o`jnst taf`ccjtjkn`m gkhpfns`tkry cfsjon dff, taf pkssjejmjty kd `n unpkpum`r prkpks`m `nc
gkndmjgt jn cjsgussjkns curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf. af ga`jr kd taf p`nfm w`s `o`jnst
`mmkwjno taf djdta suehjssjkn jn wafrf`s taf ktafr hfhefrs wfrf wjmmjno tk t`if
taf rjsi. Djn`mmy taf ga`jr cfgjcfc tk a`vf ` sfgknc kpjnjkn drkh taf mfo`m `cvj-
skrs. ajs fx`hpmf w`s typjg`m dkr taf wakmf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf. Jn fvfry gkndmjgt sjtu`tjkn taf sjtu`tjkn w`s
put kn akmc tk sf`rga dkr mfo`m kr djn`ngj`m cvjgf tk suppkrt taf cfgjsjkn kutgkhf
wajga jngrf`sfc ckuet `nc taf mjifmjakkc kd g`ngfmm`tjkn. ajs mfc tk ` prkgfss
wajga w`s sa`ckwfc ey df`r, ` mgi kd cfgjsjkn suppkrt, `nc rjsi `vfrsf efa`vjkur.
Knf hknta `dtfr taf sfmfgtjkn gkhhjttff a`c hft taf wakmf prkgfcurf w`s putkn akmc. af kutgkhf kd taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf w`s nfvfr puemjsafc.
Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf jhp`gt `nc dungtjkn`mjty kd taf cfsjon prkpks`ms
mfc tk ` cfdjnjtf ‑gmjgi wjta taf cfsjon‚ jn taf `w`rc pa`sf. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf
pfrskn`mjty `nc gkhpftfngfs `s sakwn ey taf `rgajtfgt wfrf taf hkst jhpkrt`nt
jn taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn. @mhkst `mm cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf Wgakkm g`sf rfpkrtfc jn
rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws ta`t taf djn`m cfgjsjkn jn taf `w`rc pa`sf w`s e`sfc kn
tafjr jntujtjvf bucofhfnt `ekut taf pfrskn `nc taf pktfntj`m gkhpftfngfs `s pfr-
gfjvfc ey taf gmjfnt, wajga mfc tk taf ‑hkst gknvjngjno p`rty‚ `nc ` ‑gmjgi wjta
taf `rgajtfgt‚. ajs ‑gmjgi‚ w`s nkt `n kddjgj`m `w`rc grjtfrjkn eut strknomy rfm`tfc
tk taf sue grjtfrjkn kd ‑gkhhunjg`tjvf sijmms‚. Wfvfr`m `cvjskry p`nfm hfhefrs kdtaf Wgakkm g`sf jncjg`tfc jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws ta`t taf gurrfnt wjnnfr
prfsfntfc ` wf`i vjsjkn jn gkhp`rjskn tk ktafr djrhs. Akwfvfr tafy uncfrstkkc
taf gakjgf kd taf Wgakkm Ek`rc2
”Saf `rgajtfgt a`c ` vfry ga`rhjno pfrskn`mjty `nc dkgusfc kn taf nffcskd gajmcrfn jnstf`c kd `rgajtfgturf jn ofnfr`m.‘
af d`gt ta`t jn taf `w`rc pa`sf gkhhunjg`tjkn sijmms `nc syhp`tay kd taf
`rgajtfgt wfrf gknsjcfrfc hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n taf gkntfnt kd taf prkpks`m kr
prfvjkus pfrskn`m fxpfrjfngf wjta taf `rgajtfgt gkndjrhs ta`t taf gkhhjssjknjno
gmjfnt w`s mkkijno dkr ` p`rtnfr jnstf`c kd ` prkcugt. Efg`usf taf dff kd taf hkstprfdfrrfc `rgajtfgt jn taf Wgakkm g`sf turnfc kut tk ef taf mkwfst `nc taf Gjty
A`mm usfc ` djxfc dff, tafrf js nk fvjcfngf jn tafsf g`sfs dkr st`tfhfnts `ekut taf
jndmufngf kd taf dff kn taf djn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
@mm jn `mm taf c`t` suoofst ta`t gmjfnts fv`mu`tf taf pktfntj`m kd taf dumm p`gi`of
r`tafr ta`n taf gtu`m hf`surfhfnts. @msk jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf truf fxgfmmfngf cjc
nkt sffh tk ef `ekut `nswfrjno tk `mm dungtjkn`m, cur`emf `nc `fstaftjg`m rfqujrf-
hfnts eut r`tafr `ekut taf pktfntj`m kd taf prkpks`m, taf cfsjonfr `nc taf djrh `mm
tkoftafr. afrfdkrf taf wjnnfr kd tfncfr rfdmfgts taf cfsjon djrh wajga taf gmjfnt
efmjfvfs wjmm efst dumdjm tafjr nffcs `nc prkvjcf tafh wjta taf rjoat `rgajtfgtur`m
v`muf. afy bucof taf gkhpftfngfs kd taf kddfr jn rfm`tjkn tk tafjr nffcs, wajga
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 206/341
0:<
g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` djrst stfp jn eujmcjno ` rfm`tjknsajp. ajs jncjg`tfs ta`t
eujmcjno trust eftwffn taf prkbfgt p`rtnfrs js knf kd taf h`jn hktjvfs curjno `
tfncfr prkbfgt. Knf kd taf p`rtjgjp`tjno `rgajtfgts jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf fxpm`jnfc
tajs ijnc kd efa`vjkur jn tfncfr sjtu`tjkns curjno `n jntfrvjfw2
”Knf `mw`ys sfmfgts pfkpmf wak knf trusts, wak h`if knf dffm rjoat. Safy
wjmm bust sff wa`t wkumc a`ppfn nfxt.‘
Curjno `n`mysjs kd taf c`t` sfvfr`m `spfgts wfrf dkunc ta`t gkumc a`vf jndmu-
fngfc taf cur`tjkn `nc ga`r`gtfr kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss2
af strugturf kd taf tfncfr prkgfss2 taf hkrf gmf`r `nc strugturfc taf tfncfr
cfsjon, taf hkrf fddjgjfntmy taf prkgfss wfnt.
af nuhefr kd st`ifakmcfrs2 taf hkrf st`ifakmcfrs ta`t a`c tk ef jnvkmvfc
`nc taf hkrf gkuntfr e`m`ngfs ta`t nffcfc tk ef pfrdkrhfc, taf hkrf tjhf
w`s nffcfc tk gkmmfgt `mm jndkrh`tjkn.
af nuhefr kd fntrjfs2 taf hkrf rfqufsts dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn nc prkpks`ms, taforf`tfr taf `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn ta`t nffcfc tk ef `ssfssfc `nc taf hkrf
tjhf jt usu`mmy tkki tk vjfw `nc `ssfss `mm jndkrh`tjkn
af sjzf kd taf tfncfr erjfd2 taf hkrf jndkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc pfr p`rty, taf
hkrf tjhf w`s nffcfc tk `ssfss taf jndkrh`tjkn jn taf prkpks`ms.
af `v`jm`ejmjty kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs2 taf mfss tjhf taf p`nfm hfhefrs a`c
`v`jm`emf tk cfe`tf taf cfgjsjkn, taf skknfr cfgjsjkns nffcfc tk ef t`ifn.
af cjddfrfngfs jn kpjnjkns2 taf mfss cjvfrsf `nc gkndmjgtjno kpjnjkns `nc jn-
tfrfsts `ppf`rfc, taf shkktafr taf prkgfss wfnt `nc taf mfss tjhf jt tkki.af `hkunt `nc ijnc kd fhktjkns2 pksjtjvf kr nfo`tjvf fhktjkns skhftjhfs
h`cf jt f`sjfr tk h`if cfgjsjkns (f.o. ‑d`mmjno jn mkvf wjta taf prkpks`ms‚)9 jn
ktafr sjtu`tjkns fhktjkns g`usfc hkrf ckuet (f.o. ungfrt`jnty `ekut taf jh-
pmjg`tjkns kd ` cfgjsjkn).
af ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd p`nfm hfhefrs2 dmfxjemf `ttjtucfs, skgj`m gknsgjkusnfss,
fxpfrtjsf, rfspfgt dkr taf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs `nc uncfrst`ncjno kd gmjfnt
nffcs wfrf dkunc tk jngrf`sf taf dmufntnfss kd taf prkgfss `nc prke`emy rf-
cugfc taf tjhf nffcfc tk h`if cfgjsjkns.
af djncjnos jncjg`tf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn tfncfr cfgjsjkns sakws sjonjdj-g`nt rfsfhem`ngf tk n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno nc taf usf kd afurjstjgs. _kumc
tajs ijnc kd n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno ef `o`jnst taf m`w; af djncjnos kd tafsf
g`sfs sakw taf cjddjgumty kd tr`gjno taf `gtu`m jhpmjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`
`nc taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf `rouhfnts ta`t `rf usfc curjno cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno. Jn ekta taf Wgakkm `nc taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf v`mufs `nc fxprfssjkns usfc jn
taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs trjoofrfc taf jntfrprft`tjkn prkgfss kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs
eut cfgjsjkn h`ifrs cjc nkt `mw`ys rfdfr cjrfgtmy tk taf fx`gt grjtfrj`. Hkstmy taf
grjtfrj` wfrf `ppmjfc jntujtjvfmy eut taf grjtfrj` `ppf`rfc tk a`vf grf`tfc ` strug-
turf tk strf`hmjnf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno, kn jncjvjcu`m mfvfm `nc `t taf
mfvfm kd taf orkup. af `n`mysjs kd taf cfsjon `spfgts jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf sakwfc
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 207/341
0:0 ‗
ta`t taf fxpfrt gkhhjttff jn p`rtjgum`r usfc grjtfrj` ta`t gkrrfspkncfc tk taf kd-
djgj`m `w`rc grjtfrj` `s cfsgrjefc jn taf g`mm dkr tfncfrs. @nc `mtakuoa taf tarff
sfp`r`tf w`rc grjtfrj` kd dmfxjejmjty, taf jntfmmjofngf kd taf skmutjkn, nc gkntrjeu-
tjkn tk taf cjvfrsjty wfrf nkt usfc fxpmjgjtmy curjno taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf `w`rc
cfgjsjkn, taf `n`mysjs sakws ta`t taf gkrrfspkncjno CPJ `spfgts kd Dungtjkn`mjty
`nc Jhp`gt wfrf taf `spfgts hkst hfntjknfc ey `mm st`ifakmcfrs. afrfdkrf tafstrugturf kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf `gtfc `s ` stffrjno hftakc ta`t fn`emfc taf gmj-
fnt tk st`y wjtajn taf gkntfxt kd taf m`w. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf taf djncjnos jncjg`tf
ta`t taf mfo`m strugturf jndmufngfc taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss hkrf strknomy ta`n jn taf
g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm. Efg`usf tafy usfc taf h`trjx safft tk bustjdy tafjr sfmfgtjkn
`nc w`rc cfgjsjkns tk taf p`rtjgjp`nts taf rouhfnts wfrf rfcugfc tk kddjgj`m grj-
tfrj` ta`t djttfc taf prf `nnkungfc strugturf. Jn taf gkntfxt kd tr`nsp`rfngy tajs
cfv`mufc taf hfss`of `s gkhhunjg`tfc tk taf tfncfrfrs.
af c`t` sakw ta`t taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf a`s ` cjddfrfnt `jh ta`n taf `w`rc
pa`sf. Jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf taf gmjfnts `jhfc `t ` sfmfgtjkn kd g`ncjc`tfs ta`t
sakwfc jntfrfst jn tafjr prkbfgt `nc wkumc ef qu`mjdjfc dkr taf bke. Jn taf `w`rcpa`sf taf gmjfnts jhfc `t sfmfgtjno taf efst `rgajtfgt tk w`rc taf gkntr`gt tk. af
djncjnos suoofst ta`t `w`rcjno ` gkntr`gt gkngfrns ` gknsgjkus tr`cf-kdd eftwffn
qu`mjty `nc prjgf, wajmf sfmfgtjkn dkgusfs sfmfgtjno g`ncjc`tfs wjta ` pktfntj`m tk
hfft taf rfqujrfhfnts kd taf gmjfnt jn ofnfr`m. Wk wajmf jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
qufstjkns mjif ‑Ck wf inkw tajs djrh;‚, ‑Ck tafy a`vf sjhjm`r fxpfrjfngf;‚, `nc
‑_kumc tafy djt kur prkbfgt jn tfrhs kd `rgajtfgtur`m stymf `nc prkgfss `pprk`ga;‚
`ppf`rfc tk ef taf r`tjkn`mf dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno, taf `w`rc pa`sf w`s hkrf dk-
gusfc kn gkngrftf fxpfgt`tjkns dkr taf eujmcjno `nc taf eujmcjno prkgfss, mjif
‑_ak js taf pfrskn jn drknt kd hf;‚, ‑_a`t tk fxpfgt curjno taf prkgfss;‚, `nc
‑_a`t ck J oft wafn taf `rgajtfgt js oknf;‚. af Wgakkm `nc Gjty A`mm cfgjsjknh`ifrs `msk tkki jntk `ggkunt ` hkrf str`tfojg qufstjkn kd ‑_a`t ck taf ktafr
p`rtjfs tajni;‚ Curjno taf sfmfgtjkn kd taf \rkvjngj m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf taf bustj-
djg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn jhfc `t ‑G`n wf bustjdy tajs cfgjsjkn wjtakut unnfgfss`ry
mfo`m rjsis;‚. Jn tajs g`sf taf pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf sfmfgtjkn `nc duturf w`rc
cfgjsjkn dkr taf str`tfojg pksjtjkn kd taf kro`njs`tjkn wfrf vfry jhpkrt`nt2 ‑Akw
h`ny kd tafsf djrhs wjmm gtu`mmy p`rtjgjp`tf jn taf w`rc pa`sf nc nkt rftrjfvf jn
taf tfncfr;‚ `nc ‑_a`t wjmm jt gkst;‚. @t taf s`hf tjhf taf qufstjkn ‑Js tajs wa`t
wf w`nt kr nkt;‚ r`jsfc `w`rfnfss kd taf `gtu`m `jh kd taf prkbfgt2 ‑_a`t ck wf
w`nt `nyw`y;‚. Ekta jn taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf jngrf`sjno jnsjoat `ppf`rfc
tk ef `n jhpkrt`nt pafnkhfnkn curjno taf `ppmjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`.af fhpjrjg`m rfsumts ck nkt sakw ` cjrfgt gknnfgtjkn eftwffn taf cfgjsjkns `nc
prfdfrfngfs kd taf djrst rkunc sfmfgtjkn `nc taf wjnnfr kd taf sfgknc rkunc, eut
jn ekta taf Wgakkm `nc taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf wjnnfr efmknofc tk taf tkp tarff
kd taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf. Jn `mm g`sfs taf st`ifakmcfrs `orffc kn taf pktfntj`mmy ajoa
cfsjon qu`mjty kd `mm djvf kr sjx tfncfrfrs `nc tafrfdkrf fxpfgtfc ` sfrjkus kddfr jn
taf `w`rc pa`sf drkh f`ga kd taf tfncfrfrs.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf stffrjno gkhhjttff kr ajoafst r`nifc fxfgutjvf kd taf gkh-
hjssjknjno ekcy w`ntfc tk `pprkvf taf kutgkhfs kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff efdkrf
taf `gtu`m wjnnfr kd taf tfncfr w`s `nnkungfc. afn taf djn`m cfgjsjkn w`s gkh-
hunjg`tfc tk taf tfncfrfrs wjta ` sakrt hktjv`tjkn mfttfr, jn mjnf wjta taf mfo`m
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 208/341
0:5
kemjo`tjkns. af djncjnos jn tafsf g`sfs suoofst ta`t taf cforff jn wajga ` gmjfnt
okfs jntk cft`jms `ekut taf cfgjsjkn cfpfncs kn taf pkmjtjg`m sfnsjtjvjty kd taf tfn-
cfr prkgfss `nc taf strugturf kd taf prkgfcurf. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `mm grjtfrj` wfrf
bucofc qu`ntjt`tjvfmy `nc taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf grjtfrj` w`s gmf`rmy st`tfc.
afrfdkrf tafy wfrf emf tk gkhhunjg`tf gkhpmftfc h`trjx safft tk taf p`rtjgj-
p`nts tk uncfrpjn tafjr cfgjsjkn jn ekta taf sfmfgtjkn `nc taf `w`rc pa`sf. afydfmt ta`t tajs h`trjx wkumc bustjdy tafjr cfgjsjkns, fvfn takuoa taf h`trjx kd taf
`w`rc pa`sf w`s gkhpmftfc `dtfr taf kddjgj`m hfftjno kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff. Jn
taf g`sf kd taf Gjty A`mm nc taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf tafy usfc sjhjm`r
safft jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf, dkmmkwfc ey ` prfss rfmf`sf wjta ` sakrt st`tfhfnt.
Jt g`n ef cfcugfc drkh taf kesfrv`tjkns nc jntfrvjfws ta`t jn ekta taf Wgakkm
`nc taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf djn`m sgkrfs kd taf bucofhfnts jn taf sfmfgtjkn h`trjgfs
wfrf `cbustfc tk djt taf djn`m cfgjsjkns. afy cjc tajs nkt efg`usf tafy jntfntjkn-
`mmy w`ntfc tk fmucf taf m`w eut efg`usf tafy w`ntfc tk mjvf up tk taf gkhhkn
fxpfgt`tjkns kd taf m`w gkndkrh tafjr kwn jntfrprftfc. Knmy jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf
taf prkbfgt tf`h kd taf Gjty A`mm wrktf ` sakrt rfpkrt jnstf`c kd ` h`trjx safft tkhktjv`tf tafjr cfgjsjkns. _rjtjno ` hfhk `ekut taf cfgjsjkn kutgkhfs js jn mjnf
wjta taf `rgajtfgtur`m tr`cjtjkn kd taf bury rfpkrt. fncfrfrs jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf
tafrfdkrf a`c hkrf jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf bucofhfnts kd tafjr prkpks`ms wajga
hjoat a`vf efnfdjt tk taf `ggfpt`ngf kd taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn.
4.1 Ufdmfgtjkn
af tarff g`sfs prkvjcfc vfry v`mu`emf jnsjoats `ekut taf `spfgts ta`t pm`y ` rkmf
jn taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd puemjg gmjfnts jn taf gkntfxt kd Furkpf`n tfn-
cfrjno rfoum`tjkns. af g`sfs gmf`rmy sakwfc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno tfncfrjs ` auh`n prkgfss jn ` gkntfxt kd r`tjkn`m mfojsm`tjkn. Drkh ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf
sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt `ppf`rs tk ef d`r mfss gkhpmfx ta`n jn rf`m mjdf. _a`t prkvfs
tk ef n fddjgjfnt nc `ggkunt`emf tfncfrjno prkgfss drkh mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf js nkt
nfgfss`rjmy fddfgtjvf drkh ` gmjfnts‚ pfrspfgtjvf. ajs cjddfrfngf jn jntfrprft`tjkn
prke`emy krjojn`tfs jn taf suebfgtjvf n`turf kd taf bucojno `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon
qu`mjty, taf cjddfrfnt tr`cjtjkns uncfrmyjno taf gurrfnt rfoum`tjkns, `nc taf okv-
frn`ngf strugturf kd puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts. Jt ppf`rs ta`t curjno ` tfncfr
fvfry gmjfnt nffcs tk cjsgkvfr taf gkhpmfx nc sfnsjtjvf n`turf kd sfmfgtjkn prkg-
fss jn `rgajtfgturf dkr tafhsfmvfs. @n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn js tafrfdkrf ` prkgfss kd
sfnsfh`ijno (sff dkr fx`hpmf E`mkoun, ft `m., 5<<19 _fjgi, 0::6).wk ijncs kd cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs g`n ef cjstjnoujsafc curjno ` tfncfr2 0) cfgj-
sjkns `ekut taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr, `nc 5) cfgjsjkns `ekut taf qu`mjty kd taf (cf-
sjon) prkpks`ms ta`t `rf suehjttfc curjno taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf prkgfcurf.
Ekta tafsf prkgfssfs gkhprfafnc h`ny r`tjkn`m `nc jntujtjvf cfgjsjkns ta`t `rf
kdtfn e`sfc kn jngkhpmftf `nc gkndmjgtjvf jndkrh`tjkn. Jn pr`gtjgf fvfryknf‚s `t-
tfntjkn js hkstmy djxfc kn taf `ssfsshfnt cfgjsjkns `ekut taf qu`mjty kd taf `rgaj-
tfgts, eut dkr gmjfnts taf prfp`r`tjkns hjoat ef `s jhpkrt`nt `s taf jhpmfhfnt`-
tjkn. Curjno taf prfp`r`tjkns kd ` tfncfr h`ny cfsjon cfgjsjkns `rf h`cf ta`t
jndmufngf taf gkursf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Zft taf gkursf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss
`msk strknomy rfm`tfs tk taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs kd taf `gtkrs. @ tfncfr jngmucfs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 209/341
0:7 ‗
h`ny `ssuhptjkns `ekut taf duturf nffcs kd ` gmjfnt. J dkunc ta`t taf sfmfgtjkn kd
`n rgajtfgt w`s kdtfn nkt taf knmy ok`m kd taf tfncfr9 cfgjsjkn h`ifrs trjfc tk dum-
djm str`tfojg nc pfrskn`m jhs s wfmm. Curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss nuhfrkus gkn-
dmjgts eftwffn taf jntfrfsts kd taf gtkrs nc st`ifakmcfrs gkhf tk taf surd`gf. af
mfo`m strugturf kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf h`jnmy cftfrhjnfs taf dmkw kd taf prkgfss
`nc tafrfdkrf nffcs tk djt taf gmjfnt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc taf ok`ms. af ga`r`gtfrjs-tjgs kd puemjg gmjfnts rf gmksfmy rfm`tfc tk taf okvfrn`ngf strugturf nc cfpfnc kn
taf gkhpftfngfs `nc pksjtjkns kd `gtkrs ta`t pm`y ` rkmf jn taf prkbfgt.
Jn taf tfncfr prkgfss taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc grjtfrj`, `nc prkpks`ms kd taf
`rgajtfgts g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s jnput, `rouhfnt`tjkn curjno taf prkgfss kd cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno `s tarkuoaput, `nc taf djn`m cfgjsjkn `s kutput. af hf`njno kd taf
grjtfrj` sffhs tk jngrf`sf curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss wajga skhftjhfs g`usfc `
sajdt jn taf jhpkrt`ngf kd gfrt`jn cfsjon qu`mjty rfm`tfc `spfgts. Efg`usf prfp`r`-
tjkns wfrf usu`mmy h`cf ey ktafrs taf p`nfm hfhefrs nffcfc tjhf tk jntfrprft taf
cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `nc d`hjmj`rjsf wjta taf gjrguhst`ngfs, jngmucjno taf prkhjsfs
ta`t wfrf h`cf jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs. af cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn taf sfmfgtjknpa`sf w`s jn fssfngf sjhjm`r tk taf prkgfss jn taf w`rc pa`sf. Jn krcfr tk h`if n
`w`rc cfgjsjkn taf p`nfms a`c tk ok tarkuoa `n jtfr`tjvf prkgfss kd sfvfr`m pa`sfs
kd pfrgfptjkn, jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnt `nc orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Curjno tafsf
pa`sfs vktjno, r`nijno `nc cjsgussjkn wfrf usfc. af kesfrv`tjkns jncjg`tf ta`t
taf knokjno cjsgussjkns eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jngrf`sfc taf `pprfgj`tjkn
kd f`ga ktafr‚s jntfrfsts `s wfmm `s taf qu`mjtjfs kd taf prkpks`ms. Cjsgussjkns `msk
gkntrjeutfc tk taf mfvfm kd s`tjsd`gtjkn `nc `ggfpt`ngf `hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
`ekut kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc taf cfgjsjkn jtsfmd. afsf fddfgts jngrf`sfc taf
tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
af sfmfgtjkn nc w`rc grjtfrj` wfrf usfc tk eujmc dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf hknotaf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs, eut taf djn`m cfgjsjkn w`s h`jnmy e`sfc kn ` akmjstjg `nc kd-
tfn jntujtjvf bucofhfnt ta`t w`s suppkrtfc ey taf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs. ajs suo-
ofsts ta`t taf mfo`m strugturf s gkhpfmmfc jn prkgurfhfnt m`w prkvjcfs strugturf
dkr taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno eut g`nnkt rfpm`gf taf `gtu`m cfgjsjkn prkgfss
kd taf gmjfnt. af dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs w`s jndmufngfc ey taf
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs (f.o. taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf `nc ijnc kd jn-
tfrfsts), taf gkntfnt kd taf suehjssjkns (f.o. vjsu`ms, n`rr`tjvfs `nc/kr tfxts), taf
cfsjon kd taf tfncfr prkgfcurf (f.o. ` prfsfnt`tjkn, taf dkrh`t kd taf ckguhfn-
t`tjkn, taf mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnts), `nc taf jnvkmvfhfnt, rkmf `nc prfdfrfngfs kd
taf st`ifakmcfrs (f.o. `gtkrs kr `cvjskrs9 `nc efjno rfprfsfntfc kr knmy jndkrhfc`dtfrw`rcs). af rfsumts jncjg`tf ta`t jndkrh`tjkn skurgfs, tjhf gknstr`jnts, `nc
cjddfrfnt ijncs, `nc mfvfms kd fxpfrtjsf `nc jntfrfsts nffc tk ef g`rfdummy gknsjc-
frfc wajmf cfsjonjno ` tfncfr.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 210/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 211/341
0:6 -
Ga`ptfr ?
\UKGFWW CFWJON - @ GKH\FSJSJKN G@WF @NC
T@MJC@SJKN
?.0 Jntrkcugtjkn `nc rfsf`rga qufstjkns
af rfsumts kd taf tarff tfncfr g`sfs cfsgrjefc jn taf prfvjkus ga`ptfr fxpm`jnfc
taf hkst jhpkrt`nt fmfhfnts jn taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr prkgfcurf. afy `msk jm-
mustr`tfc taf cjddjgumtjfs `nc gkndmjgts ta`t g`n `rjsf curjno jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd
` tfncfr. _afn taf eujmcjno kd taf V Cfmdt D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf w`s cf-
strkyfc ey ` djrf kn 07 H`y 5<<1, `n kppkrtunjty `rksf tk `ppmy taf fxpfrjfngfs
kd taf tfncfr g`sfs jn ` sjtu`tjkn ta`t w`s eujmt kn taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn jn`rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. @s `n fhpmkyff kd tajs unjvfrsjty J efg`hf ` p`rtjgjp`nt ke-
sfrvfr jn taf kro`njs`tjkn kd `n kpfn jntfrn`tjkn`m jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn ‑Eujmcjno
dkr Ekuwiuncf‚ dkr ` nfw eujmcjno dkr taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf. ajs ga`ptfr
cfsgrjefs taf cfgjsjkns ta`t wfrf h`cf jn kro`njsjno tajs jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn dkr `
D`gumty Eujmcjno `nc grjtjg`mmy rfdmfgts tafjr fddfgts `nc taf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr sfmfg-
tjkn prkgfcurf cfsjon.
af gfntr`m rfsf`rga qufstjkns `rf2
Akw ckfs ` puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt cfgjcf kn taf prkgfcurf dkr taf sf-
mfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt; _a`t `rf taf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd prkgfcurfs dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd
`rgajtfgts;
af strugturf kd taf ga`ptfr js e`sfc kn taf dr`hfwkri wjta wajga taf tarff g`sfs
drkh Ga`ptfr 4 wfrf `n`mysfc. Jn taf djrst sfgtjkn taf rfsf`rga hftakckmkoy js
cfsgrjefc. afn taf rfsumts kd taf `n`mysjs kd taf prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, taf gkn-
tfxt `nc taf `gtkrs kd tajs g`sf `rf rfpkrtfc jn knf sfgtjkn. af dkmmkwjno sfgtjkns
cfsgrjef rfdmfgtjkns kn taf rfsumts kn tfncfr cfsjon, jn tajs g`sf taf gkhpftjtjkn
prkor`hhf, kn taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd, kn taf tfncfr prkgfcurf, kn st`ifakmcfr
jnvkmvfhfnt nc kn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfcurf. _afrf ppmjg`emf, taf djncjnos kd tajs
dkurta g`sf `rf usfc tk rfdmfgt kn taf djncjnos kd taf tarff tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr4 `nc taf tafkrftjg`m jnsjoats drkh Ga`ptfrs 6. af ga`ptfr fncs wjta ` cjsgus-
sjkn `ekut tajs dkurta g`sf jn rfm`tjkn tk prkgurfhfnt m`w `nc taf gkntfxt kd taf
rfsf`rga.
?.5 Ufsf`rga hftakckmkoy
ajs ga`ptfr cfsgrjefs taf rfsumts kd ` sjnomf g`sf stucy. @s cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr
6, taf hftakc kd stucyjno g`sfs h`ifs jt pkssjemf tk stucy cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn `
rf`m mjdf gkntfxt kn cjddfrfnt mfvfms kd jncjvjcu`m, orkup `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno (A`gih`n, 5<<79 Zjn, 5<<:). ajs g`sf g`n ef sffn `s p`rt kd taf rf-
0.
5.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 212/341
0:4
sf`rga str`tfoy jn wajga sfvfr`m g`sfs rf gkhp`rfc (Fjsfna`rct, 0:1:9 Fjsfna`rct
& Or`fenfr, 5<<?). Jt cjddfrs drkh taf g`sfs cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 4 jn tfrhs kd
taf hftakc kd c`t` gkmmfgtjkn nc taf `pprk`ga tk c`t` n`mysjs. af gkhpftjtjkn
a`c djrst effn jntfncfc `s ` Furkpf`n tfncfr, eut w`s ga`nofc jntk `n jcf`s gkh-
pftjtjkn tk prkvjcf jnput dkr ` duturf prkgurfhfnt prkgfss. af succfn g`usf nc
rusafc ga`r`gtfr kd taf gkhpftjtjkn hf`nt ta`t taf gkntfxt cjddfrfc drkh rfoum`rtfncfr. Akwfvfr, taf sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc prkgfssfs `msk sakw orf`t sjhj-
m`rjtjfs, wajga h`if jt pkssjemf tk gkhp`rf taf rfsumts wjta taf ktafr g`sfs jn tajs
rfsf`rga. ajs g`sf `ccs taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn `s knf kd taf rkkts kd `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkns jcfntjdjfc jn Ga`ptfr 3. af hkst jhpkrt`nt cjddfrfngfs wjta taf ktafr
g`sfs `rf jts jntfrn`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfr jnstf`c kd ` rfstrjgtfc Furkpf`n tfncfr, ta`t
prkpks`ms wfrf suehjttfc `nknyhkusmy jnstf`c kd ` prfsfnt`tjkn ey taf tfncfrfr,
`nc ta`t taf gmjfnt w`s vfry inkwmfcof`emf `nc wjcfmy inkwn jn taf djfmc kd `r-
gajtfgturf. afrfdkrf taf jhp`gt `nc taf `jh kd taf cfgjsjkns h`cf tk sfmfgt `n
`rgajtfgt cjddfrfc. afsf cjddfrfngfs `rf usfc tk fxpmkrf uncfrmyjno prjngjpmfs kd
taf gkhpmfxjty kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt.Jn tajs g`sf taf rfprfsfnt`tjvf kd taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy, taf Cf`n kd taf
D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf, w`s `w`rf kd taf \aC rfsf`rga `nc jnvjtfc hf `s ` rf-
sf`rgafr jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurfs tk t`if `n `gtjvf rkmf jn kro`njsjno taf
gkhpftjtjkn. ajs grf`tfc ` rfvfm`tkry g`sf, ”` sjtu`tjkn jn wajga `n jnvfstjo`tkr
a`s taf kppkrtunjty tk kesfrvf `nc `n`mysf ` pafnkhfnkn prfvjkusmy jn`ggfssjemf
tk skgj`m sgjfngf jnqujry‘ (Zjn, 5<<:, p. 31). J w`s mrf`cy hfhefr kd taf kvfr`mm
kro`njs`tjkn jn wajga taf g`sf tkki pm`gf, eut sjngf taf prkbfgt w`s gkncugtfc
uncfr taf cjrfgtjkn kd `nktafr cfp`rthfnt, nknf kd taf prkbfgt tf`h hfhefrs
wfrf cjrfgt gkmmf`oufs `nc taf kro`njs`tjkn`m gumturf w`s cjddfrfnt. ajs `mmkwfc
dkr suddjgjfnt ‑ktafrnfss‚ tk gkncugt taf p`rtjgjp`nt kesfrv`tjkn (W`nofr, 0::4). Zft, taf fntry-fxjt prkemfh w`s tafrfdkrf rfm`tjvfmy f`sy tk kvfrgkhf (Efgatfm &
Rfjsfm, 0:1?).
@ m`rof sft kd c`t` w`s gkmmfgtfc ey usjno cjddfrfnt hftakckmkojfs (sff `emf
?.0). J w`s jnvkmvfc `s knf kd taf prkbfgt gkkrcjn`tkrs `nc ` dumm hfhefr kd taf
prkbfgt tf`h dkr 75 wffis jn krcfr tk kro`njsf n jntfrn`tjkn`m jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn.
Curjno tajs pfrjkc J ifpt ` rfsf`rga cj`ry. @t mf`st kngf ` wffi J rfgkrcfc nktfs
`ekut taf `gtjvjtjfs kd ta`t wffi, nktfc taf gknsjcfr`tjkns `nc `rouhfnts ta`t mfc
tk ` gfrt`jn cfgjsjkn, `nc djmfc `mm ckguhfnts. \frskn`m rfdmfgtjkns kn taf fvfnts
wfrf nktfc jn ` spfgj`m sfgtjkn kd taf mko. @dtfr taf jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn a`c fncfc,
J gkncugtfc sjx sfhj-strugturfc jntfrvjfws wjta taf bury hfhefrs `nc taf prkbfgtmf`cfr. k grf`tf ` gfrt`jn cjst`ngf tk taf c`t` J gkncugtfc taf `n`mysjs ` dfw
hkntas dtfr taf prkbfgt w`s djnjsafc `nc c`t` gkmmfgtjkn a`c fncfc. @mm c`t` wfrf
djrst `n`mysfc jn @tm`s.tj, ` skdtw`rf `ppmjg`tjkn dkr suppkrtjno qu`mjt`tjvf c`t`
`n`mysjs. af dr`hfwkri `s fst`emjsafc jn Ga`ptfr 4.7 `msk prkvfc tk ef ` okkc
strugturf dkr `n`mysjno tafsf c`t`. ajs hf`ns ta`t `gtkrs, prkbfgt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
`nc tfncfr/gkhpftjtjkn cfsjon wfrf t`ifn `s taf h`jn tafhfs dkr taf `n`mysjs.
af c`t` `n`mysjs dkgusfc kn taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr gkhpftjtjkn drkh ` prkbfgt
tf`h pfrspfgtjvf, nkt kn taf gkntfnt `nc suehjttfc rfsumts kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
afrfdkrf skhf p`rts kd taf c`t`, suga `s taf c`t`e`sf wjta suehjssjkns, wfrf nkt
usfc dkr taf purpksf kd tajs ga`ptfr.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 213/341
0:? -
Hkst kd taf c`t` wfrf gkmmfgtfc ey p`rtjgjp`nt kesfrv`tjkn. \`rtjgjp`nt ke-sfrv`tjkn stucjfs `rf ”jn taf tr`cjtjkn kd ‑vfrstfafn‚ skgjkmkoy `nc g`nnkt ey rf-
pf`tfc jn taf fxpfrjhfnt`m h`nnfr kd taf n`tur`m sgjfngfs‘ (B`giskn, 0:17, p. 33).
Hy rkmf `s p`rtjgjp`nt-rfsf`rgafr w`s inkwn tk taf ktafr `gtkrs `nc jt w`s nkt
prkhjnfntmy gkngf`mfc curjno taf prkbfgt. @s ` prkbfgt hfhefr J kdtfn a`c djrst-
a`nc fxpfrjfngf eut gkumc nkt `mw`ys rfgkrc ‑prjv`tf‚ jndkrh`tjkn `s jt kggurrfc
(Grfswfmm, 0::3). J fxpfrjfngfc sfvfr`m efnfdjts `nc mjhjt`tjkns kd tajs rfsf`rga
`pprk`ga curjno c`t` gkmmfgtjkn.
Kn taf knf a`nc, efjno cjrfgtmy jnvkmvfc jn ` prkbfgt gkhpmjg`tfc taf gkmmfg-
tjkn kd c`t`. J okt pfrskn`mmy jnvkmvfc, jngmucjno taf hjxfc dffmjnos, rfspknsjejmj-
tjfs `nc fhktjkns ta`t tajs skhftjhfs erkuoat. afsf fhktjkns efg`hf p`rt kdhy prkgfss kd mf`rnjno tk h`if `ggur`tf kesfrv`tjkns drkh ` qu`mjt`tjvf rfsf`rga
pfrspfgtjvf (Efgatfm & Rfjsfm, 0:1?). @ ej`s gkumc a`vf kggurrfc cuf tk h`njpu-
m`tjkn kd fvfnts (Zjn, 5<<:) kr pfrskn`m jnvkmvfhfnt. C`t` gkmmfgtjkn w`s tjhf
gknsuhjno nc tafrf w`s gknst`nt tjhf prfssurf efg`usf kd taf tjoat cf`cmjnf kd
taf gkhpftjtjkn, `nc tafrfdkrf mjhjtfc tjhf tk rfdmfgt kn `gtjkns.
Kn taf ktafr a`nc, taf g`sf jmmustr`tfc taf gkhpmfxjty kd taf pafnkhfnkn
efg`usf J gkumc pfrskn`mmy fxpfrjfngf cfgjsjkn h`ijno, jngmucjno taf gkndmjgtjno
jssufs. Jt `mmkwfc hf tk cjstjnoujsa jntfrpfrskn`m efa`vjkur `nc hktjvfs hkrf
g`rfdummy (Zjn, 5<<:)9 `nc ey efjno `emf tk stucy taf hunc`nf wkrmc, taf v`muf
kd djnf cft`jms wfrf hkrf `pprfgj`tfc (Wjmvfrh`n, 5<<?). @gtjno `s ` p`rtjgjp`ntkesfrvfr msk grf`tfc n kppkrtunjty dkr hf tk `ppmy taf djncjnos kd prfvjkus g`sfs
`nc oft jn gknt`gt wjta kro`njs`tjkns `nc pfrskns ta`t pm`y `n jhpkrt`nt rkmf jn
taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. Gkhp`rfc tk taf nkn-p`rtjgjp`nt kesfrv`tjkn
jn taf g`sfs kd Ga`ptfr 4, efjno prfsfnt curjno taf bury hfftjno wjtakut efjno
sffn s jntrusjvf w`s knf kd taf hkst efnfdjgj`m spfgts kd taf p`rtjgjp`nt pprk`ga
jn rfm`tjkn tk c`t` gkmmfgtjkn `ekut fxpfrt cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn taf fnc J dfmt ta`t
efjno jnvkmvfc t n f`rmy st`of kd tfncfr cfvfmkphfnt prkvfc tk ef vfry efnfdjgj`m
jn `n`mysjno taf gkhpmfxjty `nc sfnsjtjvjty kd taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns.
Sypf kd c t` Wpfgjffg`tjkn kd c`t` skurgfs
Kesfrv t jkns \`rtjgj p nt kesfrv tjkn dkr 75 wffis nktfc jn mkoekki
Kesfrv`tjkn kd bury hfftjno.
Ckguhfnts Gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf
Jntfrn`m rfpkrt `n`mysjs rfpkrt kd taf suehjssjkns
C`t`e`sf wjta suehjssjkns
\rfss rfmf`sfs nc nfws p`pfr rtjgmfs (f.o. cf Tkmir`nt, @mofhffn C`oem`c,
E[njfuws)
Cfe`tf kn jntfrnft (f.o. www.`rgajnfc.nm9 www.`rgajtfgtfnwfe.nm9 www.`rgajgfntr`m.
gkh9 www.`rgajtfgtfnwfri.nm)
Bury rfpkrt
SV Cfmdt puemjg`tjkn `ekut gkhpftjtjkn ‑Kpfn tk jcf`s‚
Jntfrvjfws 4 sfhj-strugturfc rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws wjta bury hfhefrs `nc prkbfgt mf`cfr
Cforff kd
jnvkmvfhfnt
_akmf prkgfss drkh ffrst prkbfgt pm`n tk `w`rc gfrfhkny nc puemjg`tjkn
S`emf ?.0 Kvfrvjfw kd rfsf`rga hftakcs `nc `v`jm`emf c`t`
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 214/341
0:1
?.7 G`sf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
?.7.0 Cfsgrjptjkn kd taf gkntfxt
af D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf js taf m`rofst d`gumty kd Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy
`nc knf kd taf m`rofst jn jts djfmc jn Furkpf. Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy fh-
pmkys kvfr 5,?<< pfkpmf kd wajga kvfr 4<< efmkno tk taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf.
af D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf js ofnfr`mmy inkwn `s ‑Ekuwiuncf‚. Kd taf 06,<<<
V Cfmdt stucfnts `ekut 7,6<< `rf Ekuwiuncf stucfnts. af D`gumty a`s dkur
cfp`rthfnts2 @rgajtfgturf, Vre`njsh, Eujmcjno fgankmkoy `nc Uf`m Fst`tf &
Akusjno. Ekta `t taf n`tjkn`m `nc `t taf jntfrn`tjkn`m mfvfm, taf D`gumty wkris tk-
oftafr wjta unjvfrsjtjfs, prjv`tf gkhp`njfs nc puemjg ekcjfs. Durtafrhkrf, tafrf
js `n fxtfnsjvf fxga`nof kd d`gumty hfhefrs `nc stucfnts wjta ktafr `rgajtfgturf
cfp`rthfnts, ekta jn taf Nftafrm`ncs `nc `erk`c. af nuhefr kd stucfnts wak
gakksf tk stucy `t taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf jn Cfmdt a`s stf`cjmy jngrf`sfc kvfr
taf p`st yf`rs. Wtucfnts `rf fcug`tfc tk efgkhf `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjonfrs wak kn
taf knf a`nc gkntrjeutf tk taf orkwta kd sgjfntjdjg inkwmfcof rfo`rcjno `rgaj-
tfgtur`m jssufs, `nc kn taf ktafr `rf `emf tk cfsjon pr`gtjg`m skmutjkns dkr t`gimjno
tafsf jssufs.
af dkrhfr eujmcjno kd taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf w`s mkg`tfc t taf Efrm`ofwfo
jn taf hjccmf kd taf g`hpus jn Cfmdt. af eujmcjno w`s cfsjonfc jn taf tr`cjtjkn
kd Dungtjkn`mjsh ey v`n cfn Erkfi `nc E`ifh`, ekta dkrhfr tf`gafrs `t taf
d`gumty. af cfsjon w`s sfmfgtfc ey ` gkhpftjtjkn `hkno `mm cfsjon prkdfsskrs `t
ta`t tjhf, wak `msk `gtfc `s taf bury hfhefr. ajs kvfrm`p kd rkmfs `nc pktfntj`m
gkndmjgt kd jntfrfst `pp`rfntmy grf`tfc nk gkngfrn `t taf tjhf. af eujmcjno w`s
rf`mjsfc jn 0:?< `dtfr suest`ntj`m ga`nofs tk taf cfsjon gkngfpt cuf tk jngrf`sjno
stucfnt nuhefrs. H`ny stucfnts, `muhnj `nc st`dd hfhefrs s`w taf eujmcjno `s `
sfgknc akhf `nc ` skurgf kd jnspjr`tjkn wjta gknsjstfnt cft`jmjno `nc ` sp`rimjno
`thkspafrf (H``nc`o, 5<<1).
@ djrf erkif kut jn taf hkrnjno kd 07 H`y 5<<1 `s taf rfsumt kd `n fmfgtrjg`m
d`umt. Cuf tk jts `of taf eujmcjno w`s nkt fqujppfc wjta sprjnimfrs `nc wafn taf
djrf sfrvjgf `rrjvfc tafy wfrf umtjh`tfmy un`emf tk fxtjnoujsa taf djrf. aus ”tajs
sturcy gkngrftf eujmcjno, wajga w`s dumm kd v`mu`emf gkmmfgtjkns `nc `mw`ys eus-
tmjno wjta `gtjvjty, w`s rfcugfc tk `safs‘ (D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf, 5<<1). Jn ekta
` h`tfrj`m `nc `n fhktjkn`m sfnsf, taf cfstrugtjkn kd taf eujmcjno w`s unckuet-
fcmy ` h`bkr mkss dkr taf `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty. af djrf w`s wjcfmy gkvfrfc jn(jntfr)n`tjkn`m nfwsp`pfrs `nc kn tfmfvjsjkn. Hfhkrjfs kd taf kmc eujmcjno wfrf
wrjttfn (H``nc`o, 5<<1) `nc nfw crf`hs wfrf eujmt jn ` grf`tjvf dfstjv`m jn Bunf
5<<1 (Tfrou, 5<<1).
Wkkn ruhkurs st`rtfc ekut taf kpfnjno kd nfw eujmcjno nc taf sfmfgtjkn kd
`n `rgajtfgt dkr tajs nfw d`gumty eujmcjno. Akwfvfr, taf succfn `nc un`ntjgjp`tfc
jnjtj`tjkn kd suga ` sfmfgtjkn hf`nt ta`t tafrf w`s nk vjsjkn dkr taf nfw eujmcjno
yft. af D`gumty nc taf ek`rc kd taf unjvfrsjty (taf dkrh`m gkhhjssjknjno ekcy)
a`c tk sa`rpfn tafjr `hejtjkns djrst efdkrf tafy gkumc st`rt `n kddjgj`m Furkpf`n
tfncfr. Jn Bumy 5<<1 twk tr`bfgtkrjfs wfrf gaksfn tk sa`rpfn taf jcf`s dkr ` nfw
d`gumty eujmcjno2 `n Kpfn Jntfrn`tjkn`m Jcf`s Gkhpftjtjkn g`mmfc ‑Eujmcjno dkrEkuwiuncf‚ `nc ` n`tjkn`m ajni `ni wjta fxpfrts. Ekta prkbfgts wfrf oujcfc
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 215/341
0:: -
ey taf s`hf stffrjno gkhhjttff `nc a`c tk prkvjcf jnput dkr taf erjfd `nc pm`n
kd `gtjkn dkr ` nfw d`gumty eujmcjno jn taf duturf. ajs grf`tfc ` spfgj`m sjtu`tjkn,
sjngf pfkpmf jnvkmvfc jn ` D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf typjg`mmy a`vf ` spfgj`m rfm`-
tjknsajp tk `rgajtfgturf `nc taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt jn ofnfr`m. @mhkst fvfryekcy
usjno taf d`gumty eujmcjno js tr`jnfc jn knf kr hkrf spfgjdjg `rf`s rfm`tfc tk taf
djfmc. @ orf`t p`rt kd fhpmkyffs `t taf d`gumty `msk run kr p`rtjgjp`tf jn ` cfsjon krgknsumt`ngy djrh kn ` p`rt tjhf e`sjs. Efg`usf taf d`gumty jn Cfmdt w`s fst`emjsafc
jn 0:<3 `nc tafrf `rf knmy twk `rgajtfgtur`m d`gumtjfs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs, `muhnj
rfprfsfnt ` m`rof p`rt kd taf prkdfssjkn`m gkhhunjty. Jn taf gkntfxt kd taf ajni
`ni, taf d`gumty eujmcjno kd Ekuwiuncf w`s gknsjcfrfc `s ` g`sf stucy dkr rfcf-
vfmkphfnt kd taf g`hpus str`tfoy. af hunjgjp`mjtjfs kd surrkuncjno gjtjfs (Cfmdt,
af A`ouf, `nc Ukttfrc`h) `nc p`rtjfs drkh taf jncustry wfrf `gtjvfmy jnvkmvfc
jn taf ajni `ni.
Jhhfcj`tfmy `dtfr taf djrf, taf Cf`n kd Ekuwiuncf st`rtfc prfp`r`tjkns dkr
nfw ggkhhkc`tjkn dkr taf sfvfr`m takus`nc stucfnts nc kvfr 4<< fhpmkyffs kd
taf d`gumty. Jn taf hf`ntjhf unjvfrsjty st`dd wkrifc a`rc tk sft up tfhpkr`ry `g-gkhhkc`tjkn, wajmf st`dd nc stucfnts kd taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf wfrf akusfc
jn tfnts `nc `t ktafr d`gumtjfs. af tfhpkr`ry akusjno kd taf d`gumty w`s fst`e-
mjsafc jn taf dkrhfr af`c qu`rtfrs kd taf unjvfrsjty `t Bumj`n`m``n jn taf nkrtafrn
p`rt kd taf g`hpus. af rfnkv`tjkn w`s jhhfnsf `nc rfqujrfc ` orf`t `hkunt
kd wkridkrgf `nc fnfroy jn ` sakrt pfrjkc kd tjhf. ajs grf`tfc ` pksjtjvf ga`ks
jn wajga fvfrytajno sffhfc pkssjemf. af cfsjon tf`h h`jnmy gknsjstfc kd `rgaj-
tfgts wak wfrf `msk fcug`tfc `t `nc fhpmkyfc ey Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty. af erjfdjno
`nc gknstrugtjkn tf`h `msk gknsjstfc kd fhpmkyffs kd taf d`gumty. Jn Wfptfhefr
5<<1 taf rfnkv`tfc eujmcjno w`s kpfnfc dkr taf nfw djrst-yf`r stucfnts, `nc ey
Nkvfhefr 5<<1 `mhkst `mm ktafr stucfnts `nc fhpmkyffs a`c hkvfc jn. Efg`usftafrf w`s nkt fnkuoa rkkh `v`jm`emf tk prkvjcf fvfry fhpmkyff wjta tafjr kwn
wkripm`gf, taf gkngfpt kd dmfxjemf wkripm`gfs w`s jntrkcugfc. @t taf tjhf kd wrjt-
jno, taf d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf js stjmm akusfc jn tajs eujmcjno.
Efjno p`rt kd Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy, taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf js
suebfgt tk unjvfrsjty okvfrn`ngf. Jn taf Nftafrm`ncs, unjvfrsjtjfs `rf h`jnmy dj-
n`ngfc ey taf Cutga okvfrnhfnt, suppmfhfntfc wjta hknfy drkh jncustry `nc
taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn. Hkst kd taf eujmcjnos (jngmucjno taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf)
`rf kwnfc `nc jnsurfc ey taf Vnjvfrsjty. af Hjnjstry kd Fcug`tjkn, Gumturf `nc
Wgjfngf cfgjcfs kn taf eucoft cjrfgtmy `mmkg`tfc tk taf unjvfrsjtjfs `nc gkhpftj-
tjvf duncs dkr taf Cutga rfsf`rga gkungjm. Efg`usf kd taf sg`mf kd taf djn`ngj`m`nc jntfmmfgtu`m mkss, taf Hjnjstfr cfgjcfc tk `mmkg`tf `n `ccjtjkn`m ₭ 56 hjmmjkn
tk grf`tf nkt bust `n krcjn`ry nfw d`gumty eujmcjno eut `n ‑jgkn‚. Akwfvfr, jn
Wfptfhefr 5<<1 taf gknsfqufngfs kd ` prfvjkus rfstrugturjno kd okvfrnhfnt`m
djn`ngfs fhfrofc, wajga hf`nt ta`t Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty a`c tk sfrjkusmy rfvjsjt jts
spfncjno `nc gut e`gi kn fxpfncjturf. @t taf s`hf tjhf taf fddfgts kd taf djn`n-
gj`m grjsjs wfrf dfmt. Wk `p`rt drkh taf fhktjkn`m sakgi kd taf djrf, taf djn`ngj`m
sjtu`tjkn grf`tfc `n `thkspafrf kd ungfrt`jnty `ekut taf duturf kd taf D`gumty.
ajs ga`nofc taf hjncsft kd taf D`gumty. af jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn st`rtfc bust ef-
dkrf taf djn`ngj`m sjtu`tjkn okt wkrsf. afrfdkrf taf strugturf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn
w`s sft up `ggkrcjno tk taf st`nc`rcs kd taf dkrhfr sjtu`tjkn, jn wajga hknfy
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 216/341
5<<
sffhfc kd sfgknc`ry jhpkrt`ngf dkr grf`tjvf nc jnnkv`tjvf gtjvjtjfs. @t taf tjhf
taf suehjssjkns a`c tk ef `ssfssfc `nc taf wjnnfrs wfrf `nnkungfc, taf jntfrjh
`ggkhhkc`tjkn a`c effn suggfssdummy erkuoat jntk usf `nc eucoft-guttjno pm`ns
wfrf tk ef jhpmfhfntfc `t taf d`gumty. Vntjm taf jnsur`ngf rfjheursfc taf unj-
vfrsjty, jt w`s stjmm ungfrt`jn jd taf gm`usf ta`t st`tfc ta`t taf rfjheursfhfnt a`c
tk ef spfnt kn ` nfwmy gknstrugtfc eujmcjno w`s tk ef fndkrgfc. Nkt `ppmyjno
ta`t gm`usf kpfnfc up taf kppkrtunjty tk tajni `ekut taf jnsur`ngf hknfy `s `
djn`ngj`m wjncd`mm jn ` hkrf g`sa-str`ppfc sjtu`tjkn. Jn Bunf 5<<: taf jnsur`ngf
gkhp`ny p`jc taf unjvfrsjty ₭ 001 hjmmjkn wjtakut taf kemjo`tjkn tk rfjnvfst taf
hknfy jn nfw eujmcjno. @ekut a`md kd tajs hkunt a`c effn spfnt kn tfhpkr`ry
akusjno `nc jntfrjkr rfdurejsahfnt.
`emf ?.5 prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf st`ifakmcfrs ta`t `rf jnvkmvfc jn tajs
g`sf. Efg`usf kd taf unjquf `nc unprfgfcfntfc ga`r`gtfr taf djrf g`n ef sffn `s
` r`rf fvfnt tarkuoa wajga kro`njs`tjkns g`n mf`rn jn krcfr tk rfvjt`mjsf tafjr kr-
o`njs`tjkn (Garjstj`nskn, ft `m., 5<<:).
?.7.5 Cfsgrjptjkn kd `gtkrs
Jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf taf h`jn `gtkrs wfrf ` stffrjno gkhhjttff, ` prkbfgt
tf`h `nc ` bury p`nfm. af prkbfgt tf`h gknsjstfc kd ` prkbfgt mf`cfr (fxtfrn`mmy
ajrfc), taf Cf`n kd taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf (ga`jr), `n `ccjtjkn`m prkbfgt gk-
krcjn`tkr (hf), `nc taf Af`c kd H`riftjno `nc Gkhhunjg`tjkn. af wfesjtf
`nc suehjssjkn systfh kd taf gkhpftjtjkn wfrf cfvfmkpfc ey ` gknsumt`ngy djrh,
JGK\, `nc taf prkbfgt tf`h w`s suppkrtfc ey ` sfgrft`ry kd taf Cf`n‚s kddjgf `nc
sfvfr`m stucfnt ssjst`nts. af stffrjno gkhhjttff gknsjstfc kd taf \rfsjcfnt kd tafFxfgutjvf ek`rc, taf Af`c kd taf rf`m fst`tf cfp`rthfnt kd taf V Cfmdt (DHTO),
` prkdfsskr kd Uf`m Fst`tf kd taf d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf, `nc taf Cf`n.
Jn mjnf wjta tr`cjtjkn jn `rgajtfgturf, `n jntfrn`tjkn`m bury w`s `ssjonfc gkh-
prjsjno taf Cutga gajfd okvfrnhfnt `rgajtfgt (ga`jr), tarff `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon
cf`ns/prkdfsskrs drkh erk`c (VW@, Jncj` nc Gajn`), taf Cf`n kd taf @rgajtfgturf
d`gumty, twk Cutga prkdfsskrs kd @rgajtfgturf (`msk p`rtnfrs jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon
djrhs), taf cjrfgtkr kd taf Nftafrm`ncs @rgajtfgturf Jnstjtutf (N@j) jn Ukttfrc`h,
`nc Cutga HWg stucfnt kd Ekuwiuncf. Knf kd taf jntfrn`tjkn`m prkdfsskrs w`s
un`emf tk `ttfnc taf bury hfftjno, af w`s nkt rfpm`gfc. Efg`usf taf Cf`n w`s `
hfhefr kd `mm `gtkr orkups, af `gtfc `s taf gknnfgtjno mjni. Akwfvfr, rjoat `dtfr
Sypf kd st`ifakmcfr Wpfgjffg`tjkn dkr tajs g`sf
Gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt ekcy SV Cfmdt (Fxfgutjvf Ek`rc)
Ufprfsfnt tjvfs kd gm jfnt Cf n kd taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf
Wa rfakmcfrs & supfrvjskrs Cutga Cfp`rthfnt kd Fcug tjkn, Gumturf nc Wgjfngf, Hunjgjp mjtjfs kd
Ukttfrc`h, Cfmdt nc Saf A`ouf
C`jmy usfrs D`gumty fhpmkyffs, D`gumty stucfntsNkn-c`jmy usfrs Tjsjtkrs, Wtucfnts nc fhpmkyffs kd ktafr (jntfrn`tjkn`m) d gumtjfs,
@muhnj, Nfjoaekurs, Hunjgjp`mjty, @rgajtfgturf gkhhunjty
Ufprfsfnt tjvf orkups Wtucfnt ek rc, _kris gkungjm, Cutga Uky m Jnstjtutf kd @rgajtfgts
S`emf ?.5 Kvfrvjfw kd st`ifakmcfrs kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 217/341
5<0 -
taf kpfnjno kd taf gkhpftjtjkn jn Wfptfhefr 5<<1 taf Cf`n dfmm sfrjkusmy jmm, `nc
rfh`jnfc esfnt curjno taf rfst kd taf gkhpftjtjkn pfrjkc. Af w`s nkt rfpm`gfc jn
taf bury gkhhjttff. Ajs rfspknsjejmjtjfs wfrf `ssjonfc tk `nktafr hfhefr kd taf
stffrjno gkhhjttff, prkdfsskr jn rf`m fst`tf drkh taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf ncga`jr kd taf ajni ni, wak w`s nkt `s cffpmy jnvkmvfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn `s taf
Cf`n. ajs hf`nt ta`t `dtfr Wfptfhefr 5<<1 nkt fvfrytajno `ekut taf gkhpftj-
tjkn w`s cjsgussfc kn taf s`hf cft`jmfc mfvfm wjta taf kddjgj`m rfprfsfnt`tjvf kd taf
gmjfnt `s efdkrf.
H`jn t`si kd taf prkbfgt tf`h w`s tk wrjtf taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf, prk-
vjcf taf jndkrh`tjkn dkr taf wfesjtf, prfp`rf taf bury hfftjno `nc gkkrcjn`tf taf
wakmf gkhpftjtjkn. Kn sfvfr`m kgg`sjkns taf stffrjno gkhhjttff prkvjcfc jnput
kn taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf `nc kn skhf kd taf h`n`ofrj`m `spfgts (f.o. dj-
n`ngfs). af bury p`nfm `gtfc `s kddjgj`m ‑`w`rc gkhhjttff‚ `nc cfgjcfc kn taf
cjstrjeutjkn kd taf prjzf hknfy hkno taf wjnnjno fntr`nts. Jn prfp`r`tjkn kd taf bury fv`mu`tjkn, twk tf`hs kd fhpmkyffs wfrf `ssjonfc tk `ssfss taf suehjssjkns
kd twk pfrspfgtjvfs. `emf ?.7 prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf `gtkrs jn taf D`gumty
Eujmcjno g`sf.
?.7.7 G`sf cfsgrjptjkn
Curjno taf djrst dfw hkntas taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf w`s sft up h`jnmy `g-
gkrcjno tk taf jcf`s kd taf Cf`n, nc kn taf e`sjs kd taf hkcfm dkr gkhpftjtjkns s
cfsgrjefc jn taf Cutga puemjg`tjkn ‑Ikhp`s‚ (v`n G`hpfn & Afncrjisf, 0::?).
Ikhp`s rfdfrs tk ` hkcfm kd ` gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf `s ` rfsumt kd ` Gkvfn`ntdkr Gkhpftjtjkns jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf, ure`n pm`nnjno `nc m`ncsg`pf `r-
gajtfgturf. af gkvfn`nt w`s cfvfmkpfc `nc sjonfc jn 0::? ey `mhkst `mm prkdfs-
sjkn`m `nc okvfrnhfnt`m ekcjfs jn taf Cutga djfmc kd rfmfv`ngf ` dfw yf`rs efdkrf
Furkpf`n tfncfr rumfs `nc rfoum`tjkns wfrf `gtjvfmy jhpmfhfntfc. af hkcfm
sffhfc `pprkprj`tf dkr taf `jh kd tajs gkhpftjtjkn `nc grf`tfc strugturf dkr taf
prkbfgt tf`h. af prkbfgt tf`h djrst usfc taf Cutga vfrsjkn kd taf hkcfm, `nc
tr`nsm`tfc jt tk Fnomjsa efdkrf taf m`unga kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
af gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf gknsjstfc kd twk h`jn p`rts2 \`rt @. Gkhpftjtjkn
Erjfd `nc \`rt E. Gkhpftjtjkn Uumfs. \`rt @ kd taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd jngmucfc2
@gtkr Sf`h hfhefrs
Wtffrjno gkhhjttff \rfsjcfnt kd taf SV Cfmdt Fxfgutjvf ek`rc, Af c kd taf Uf m Fst tf cfp`rthfnt kd taf SV
Cfmdt (DHTO), Cf`n kd taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf, \rkdfsskr kd Uf`m Fst`tf kd taf D`gumty kd
@rgajtfgturf
Bury p`nfm Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt (ga`jr), twk Cutga rgajtfgt/prkdfsskrs drkh Ekuwiuncf, twk
jntfrn`tjkn`m rgajtfgts/prkdfsskrs (Jncj`/Gajn`), HWg stucfnt kd Ekuwiuncf, Cjrfgtkr kd
taf N@j
Vn`emf tk ttfnc2 Cf`n/`rgajtfgt kd Ekuwiuncf, Jntfrn`tjkn`m Cf`n/\rkdfsskr drkh VW@
\rkbfgt tf`h Cf`n kd taf D`gumty (ga jr), fxtfrn`m prkbfgt mf`cfr, prkbfgt gkkrcjn tkr (taf rfsf`rgafr), taf
af`c kd H`riftjno & Gkhhunjg`tjkn, chjnjstr`tjvf suppkrt, wfesjtf cfsjonfrs nc mfo`m
gknsumt`nt
S`emf ?.7 Kvfrvjfw kd `gtkrs kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 218/341
5<5
@n jntrkcugtjkn tk taf prkemfh cfsgrjptjkn.
af ssjonhfnt.
af erjfd `t eujmcjno mfvfm.
af gkncjtjkns dkr taf mkg`tjkn.
\`rt E kd taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs jngmucfc ` cfsgrjptjkn kd2
af gkhpftjtjkn `nc kebfgtjvfs.
af rfqujrfhfnts kd taf fntr`nts, hftakc kd rfojstr`tjkn nc suehjssjkn, taf
m`nou`of, ` tjhf sgafcumf wjta cf`cmjnfs `nc taf hftakc kd qufstjkns `nc
`nswfrs.
af n`hfs kd taf bury p`nfm, taf prjzfs, taf fv`mu`tjkn grjtfrj`, fv`mu`tjkn
prkgfcurf `nc puemjg`tjkn kd ` bury rfpkrt.
af dkmmkw-up tk taf gkhpftjtjkn.
@n jncjg`tjkn `ekut taf puemjgjty, puemjg`tjkns `nc fxajejtjkn.
af rumfs gkngfrnjno gkpyrjoat, usf, kwnfrsajp, `nc cjsputfs.
af kddjgj`m kebfgtjvfs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn wfrf2
k stjhum`tf rfsf`rga ey cfsjon.
k fngkur`of grf`tjvjty `hkno taf jhpkrt`nt ykunofr ofnfr`tjkn kd
cfsjonfrs.
k stjhum`tf sgjfntjdjg cfvfmkphfnt jn taf djfmc ey hf`ns kd grjtjg`m rfdmfgtjkn
`nc cfe`tf.
af Cf`n w`ntfc tk jnvkmvf `s h`ny pfkpmf `s pkssjemf jn taf jcf`s gkhpftj-
tjkn. Af s`w taf gkhpftjtjkn `s ` ga`ngf tk fna`ngf taf rfput`tjkn kd taf d`gumty.
Knf kd ajs str`tfojg ok`ms w`s dkr taf d`gumty tk efgkhf knf kd taf hkst d`hkus
knf jn `rgajtfgturf jn taf wkrmc. af gkhpftjtjkn `msk prkvjcfc ` dkruh dkr `mmpfkpmf jn taf gkhhunjty tk vkjgf tafjr jcf`s. ajs cjvfrsjty kd ok`ms js ga`r`gtfr-
jstjg dkr taf gkngfpt kd ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn, `s st`tfc jn Ga`ptfr 3.7.0. Wfvfr`m
hf`ns wfrf usfc tk rf`ga tafsf cjvfrsf ok`ms, wajga wjmm ef `ccrfssfc m`tfr jn tajs
ga`ptfr2
Gkhhunjg`tjkn jn Fnomjsa r`tafr ta`n Cutga.
@ gkhpftjtjkn wfesjtf dkr gkhhunjg`tjkn, rfojstr`tjkn `nc suehjssjkn.
Mkw fntr`ngf rfqujrfhfnts.
@n jntfrfstjno bury p`nfm.
@ suest`ntj`m `hkunt kd prjgf hknfy.M`ungajno taf gkhpftjtjkn kn taf @rgajtfgtur`m Ejfnn`mf jn Tfnjgf.
af kpfnjno `t taf @rgajtfgtur`m Ejfnn`mf jn Tfnjgf rfsumtfc jn ` strjgt cf`c-
mjnf tk prfp`rf kn nfgfss`ry ckguhfnt`tjkn efdkrf ta`t c`tf, 07 Wfptfhefr 5<<1.
ajs grf`tfc gknsjcfr`emf tjhf prfssurf dkr taf prkbfgt tf`h nc rfsumtfc jn rusafc
cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Fntry w`s kpfn tk rfojstfrfc `rgajtfgts `nc ure`n pm`nnfrs `nc
tk stucfnts dkmmkwjno ` cforff prkor`hhf jn taf `rf` kd `rgajtfgturf, ure`n pm`n-
njno, gjvjm fnojnffrjno kr jncustrj`m cfsjon. af kddjgfs kd taf bury hfhefrs wfrf
fxgmucfc drkh gkhpftjtjkn. af gkhpftjtjkn w`s sft up `s `n kpfn prkgfcurf
wjta nk prf-sfmfgtjkn kd taf suehjssjkns. af wakmf gkhpftjtjkn w`s h`n`ofc
vj` ` wfesjtf gknt`jnjno taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf, skhf st`tfhfnts kd rfnkwn
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.
5.
7.
•
•
•
•
••
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 219/341
5<7 -
(jntfrn`tjkn`m) prkdfssjkn`ms `ekut taf `ssjonhfnt, `ccjtjkn`m jndkrh`tjkn `ekut
taf g`hpus `nc taf d`gumty, rfojstr`tjkn `nc suehjssjkn `nc taf d`gjmjtjfs tk `si
qufstjkns (sff Djourf ?.0).
af fntr`nts wfrf `sifc tk2
”Dkrhum`tf ekta jn tfxt `nc jh`ofs (h`xjhuh twk @0 pkstfrs `nc knf @3 tfxt) ` vjsjkn kn taf twk gkhpftjtjkn tafhfs2 ‑nfw gkngfpts‚ `nc ‑cy-
n`hjgs kd gjty `nc g`hpus‚. Sajs vjsjkn sakumc ef prfsfntfc jn ` siftgacfsjon dkr ` nfw Ekuwiuncf eujmcjno kn taf fxjstjno sjtf, kr kn ` wfmm-`r-
oufc, `mtfrn`tjvf sjtf.‘
Wust`jn`ejmjty, gknnfgtjkn wjta taf ure`n `nc skgj`m gkntfxt, `nc pfrskn`mjty
wfrf jhpkrt`nt jssufs jn taf cfsgrjptjkn kd taf `ssjonhfnt. @n jncjg`tjkn kd taf
orkss dmkkr `rf` (66 ‗ 4<,<<< h5), taf eucoft (₭ 5,<<</h5) `nc `n kvfrvjfw kd
sfvfr`m dungtjkns tk ef jngmucfc jn taf eujmcjno wfrf prkvjcfc. Ofnfr`m `nc ajs-
tkrjg`m jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf d`gumty, h`ps kd taf dkrhfr mkg`tjkn (sg`mf 026<<)
`nc taf g`hpus (sg`mf 025,6<<), `nc ` h`stfr pm`n dkr taf g`hpus rfnfw`m wfrf
`v`jm`emf dkr ckwnmk`c kn taf wfesjtf.af gkhpftjtjkn w`s kddjgj`mmy m`ungafc ey taf Cutga Hjnstfr kd Fcug`tjkn,
wajga grf`tfc ` mkt kd hfcj` `ttfntjkn (djrst pjgturf jn Djourf ?.5). af cf`cmjnf
dkr suehjssjkn w`s 07 Nkvfhefr 5<<1. \ktfntj`m p`rtjgjp`nts wfrf fntjtmfc tk `si
qufstjkns vj` taf gkhpftjtjkn wfesjtf untjm tarff wffis efdkrf suehjssjkn. ajs
rfsumtfc jn 0:3 qufstjkns, wajga wfrf `mm `nswfrfc ey taf prkbfgt tf`h vj` taf
wfesjtf. af wfesjtf prkvfc vfry pkpum`r `nc ` tkt`m kd 0,71< p`rtjgjp`nts rfojs-
tfrfc. Kd tafsf, 344 v`mjc suehjssjkns wfrf rfgfjvfc krjojn`tjno drkh 6< gkun-
trjfs. 6 suehjssjkns wfrf tfganjg`mmy jnv`mjc efg`usf tafy gkumc nkt ef kpfnfc kr
cjc nkt gknt`jn ny cr`wjnos rfm`tfc tk taf erjfd. 46% wfrf kd taf suehjttfrs wfrf
prkdfssjkn`ms `nc ??% wfrf h`mf.
Djourf ?.0 Akhf p`of kd taf gkhpftjtjkn wfesjtf www.eujmcjnodkrekuwiuncf.nm
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 220/341
5<3
af fv`mu`tjkn prkgfcurf gknsjstfc kd `n `ssfsshfnt pa`sf `nc `n fv`mu`tjkn
pa`sf. Curjno taf ssfsshfnt pa`sf taf suehjssjkns wfrf n`mysfc ey twk jntfrn`m
`n`mysjs tf`hs kn taf gkntfnt kd taf prkpks`ms `nc gafgifc `o`jnst taf rumfs `nc
`ssjonhfnt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn ey taf prkbfgt tf`h. Knmy 35% kd `mm suehjssjkns
dumdjmmfc `mm rfqujrfhfnts `s st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf. af ga`jr kd
taf bury, akwfvfr, cfgjcfc tk jngmucf `mm tfganjg`mmy v`mjc suehjssjkns jn taf bury
fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss. af rfsumts kd taf `ssfsshfnt, ` typkmkoy kd taf suehjssjkns
(sff Djourf ?.7) `nc ` qu`ntjt`tjvf `n`mysjs, wfrf h`cf `v`jm`emf tk taf bury dkr
fv`mu`tjkn kn 03 `nc 06 B`nu`ry 5<<:.
af gkhpftjtjkn prjzf hknfy tkt`mmfc ₭ 4<.<<<, tk ef cjstrjeutfc `hkno taf
wjnnjno fntr`nts ey taf bury `t jts kwn cjsgrftjkn. @mm suehjssjkns rfgfjvfc `
rfojstr`tjkn nuhefr `nc wfrf fv`mu`tfc `nknyhkusmy ey taf bury jn taf dkrhfr
fganjfi Husfuh kd taf Vnjvfrsjty jn Cfmdt (sff hjccmf pjgturf jn Djourf ?.5).arff grjtfrj` wfrf puemjsafc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf kn taf e`sjs kd
wajga taf bury wkumc fv`mu`tf taf suehjssjkns2
Tjsjkn`ry pkwfr, j.f. taf krjojn`mjty `nc jnnkv`tjvf ga`r`gtfr kd taf siftga
cfsjon, jngmucjno taf jssuf kd sust`jn`ejmjty.
@rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty, j.f. taf sp`tj`m gkhpksjtjkn, taf fhefccfcnfss jn taf
ure`n fnvjrknhfnt, taf fxprfssjkn `nc h`tfrj`mjs`tjkn, `nc taf gknsjstfngy
kd taf siftga cfsjon.
Fgknkhjg nc fgkmkojg`m vj`ejmjty, j.f., taf dungtjkn`mjty nc df`sjejmjty kd taf
siftga cfsjon.
af bury sfmfgtfc sjx prjzf wjnnjno suehjssjkns nc twk aknkur`emf hfntjkns
jn twk rkuncs e`sfc kn `n jntfor`m bucofhfnt. Curjno taf djrst c`y 6< suehjs-
sjkns wfrf sfmfgtfc9 kn taf sfgknc c`y tafsf 6< wfrf rfcugfc tk 1 nkhjnffs `nc
djn`mmy sjx wjnnfrs2 tarff djrst prjzfs kd ₭ 06.<<< `nc tarff sfgknc prjzfs kd ₭
6.<<<. @dtfr taf bury hfhefrs a`c orffc kn taf kutgkhf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn, taf
n`hfs kd taf wjnnfrs wfrf rftrjfvfc ey taf `chjnjstr`tkr kd taf wfesjtf. @hkno
taf wjnnjno suehjssjkns wfrf tarff Cutga, knf Efmoj`n, knf Djnnjsa, `nc knf
Drfnga suehjssjkn. @mhkst `mm wjnnfrs efmknofc tk taf ykunofr ofnfr`tjkn9 twk
kd tafh wfrf stucfnts. af bury hfhefrs wfrf pksjtjvfmy surprjsfc ey taf d`gt
ta`t sk h`ny kd taf wjnnfrs wfrf ykuno prkdfssjkn`ms. af prkbfgt tf`h gafgifc
•
•
•
Djourf ?.5 Jh`ofs drkh taf kpfnjno kd taf gkhpftjtjkn jn Tfnjgf (mfdt, sakwjno taf hjnjstfr kd
fcug`tjkn), taf bury hfftjno jn Cfmdt (hjccmf, sakwjno taf suehjssjkns), `nc taf fxajejtjkn jn
taf N@j jn Ukfrc`h (rjoat, curjno taf kpfnjno)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 221/341
5<6 -
Djourf ?.7 Kvfrvjfw kd g`tfokrjfs `s jcfntjfc jn taf `ssfsshfnt pa`sf (cfsjonfc ey Ikfakrst
jn ‑t Tfmc, jn D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf ‗ SV Cfmdt, 5<<1)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 222/341
5<4
jd `mm wjnnfrs dumdjmmfc taf rfqujrfhfnt kd `n kddjgj`m rfojstr`tjkn jn tafjr gkuntry‚s
`rgajtfgt rfojstfr kr `t ` rfgkonjsfc fcug`tjkn`m jnstjtutjkn. Jn mjnf wjta `rgajtfg-
tur`m tr`cjtjkn `nc tk prkvjcf dkr fnkuoa tjhf dkr puemjgjty `nc prfp`r`tjkn, taf
n`hfs kd `mm nkhjnffs wfrf `nnkungfc djrst. af wjnnfrs `nc tafjr jcf`s wfrf
`nnkungfc curjno `n `w`rc gfrfhkny twk hkntas m`tfr. @t taf s`hf tjhf ` bury
rfpkrt w`s puemjsafc.
@n fxajejtjkn jn taf Nftafrm`ncs @rgajtfgturf Jnstjtutf jn Ukttfrc`h w`s
kpfnfc kn taf c`y `s taf `w`rc gfrfhkny, 03 H`rga 5<<:. af fxajejtjkn jngmuc-
fc `mm suehjssjkns kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `s wfmm `s taf rfsumts kd taf ajni `ni (sff
tajrc pjgturf jn Djourf ?.5). Jt ttr`gtfc mkt kd vjsjtkrs. af efst 6< jcf`s, sjxtffn
jcf`s dkr cjsgussjkn `nc taf rfsumts kd taf ajni `ni wfrf jngmucfc jn ` puemjg`-
tjkn g`mmfc ‑Eujmcjno dkr Ekuwiuncf ‗ Kpfn tk Jcf`s‚ (D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf
- V Cfmdt, 5<<:). af wakmf prkgfss kd jcf` ofnfr`tjkn (ajni `ni `nc Jcf`s
Gkhpftjtjkn) w`s gmksfc kut wjta ` cfe`tf `nc taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf puemjg`-
tjkn kn 07 H`y 5<<: tk gkjngjcf wjta taf `nnjvfrs`ry kd taf djrf. Jn ta`t hfftjno
taf rfsumts kd taf ajni `ni `nc jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn wfrf kddfrfc tk taf Fxfgutjvf
Ek`rc kn kd taf V Cfmdt, wajga wjmm cfgjcf `ekut taf nfxt pa`sf kd taf prkbfgt.
`emf ?.3 prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf,
wajga st`rtfc taf fnc kd H`y 5<<1 `nc kddjgj`mmy fncfc 07 H`y 5<<:.
?.3 Gkhpftjtjkn cfsjon
?.3.0 Gkhpftjtjkn erjfd
af gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf kd taf D`gumty g`sf gknsjstfc kd taf gkhpftjtjkn
erjfd `nc taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs. af gkhpftjtjkn erjfd pm`ys `n jhpkrt`nt rkmf jn
taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf suehjssjkns kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. Ufdmfgtjno kn taf djncjnos
kd taf gkhpftjtjkn jn rfm`tjkn tk taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd, ` dfw
tafhfs efgkhf vjsjemf ta`t wjmm ef `ccrfssfc jn tajs sfgtjkn2
E`m`ngf eftwffn tr`cjtjkn `nc jnnkv`tjkn.
Jndmufngf kd tjhf `nc ga`nofs jn taf gkntfxt kn taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf erjfd.
@v`jm`ejmjty `nc `w`rfnfss kd jndkrh`tjkn curjno prfp`r`tjkn.
0.
5.
7.
Ga`r`gtfrjstjgs Wpfgjffg`tjkn dkr tajs g`sf
Gkntr`gt \rjzf hknfy ₭ 4<.<<<
Eujmcjno gksts H`x ₭ 05< hjmmjkn
Orkss stkkr rf` 66,<<<- 4<,<<< h5
Wuehjssjkn rfqujrfhfnts Ufojstfrfc rgajtfgts nc ure`n pm nnfrs
kr cfsjon stucfnts jn rfmfv`nt rf`sE`sjs dkr w`rcjno Cfsjon siftga kn pkstfr
Gkhpftjtjkn pa sfs `n mysfc Kpfn prkgfcurf2 knf pa`sf
Gkhpfns tjkn dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn ₭ <
Ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd g`sf Wuccfn g`usf cuf tk ffrf, hejtjkus nc rusafc prkgfss,
mkkifc t ey fxtfrn`m nc jntfrn`m gkhhunjty
S`emf ?.3 Kvfrvjfw kd D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 223/341
5<? -
Dr`hf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn burkrs `nc p`rtjgjp`nts.
Gumtur`m `nc pkmjtjg`m cjddfrfngfs jn taf cfgjsjkn dr`hf.
@c 0) E`m`ngf eftwffn tr`cjtjkn `nc jnnkv`tjkn
Jn krcfr tk rf`ga taf kebfgtjvfs kd stjhum`tjkn kd grf`tjvjty `nc cfe`tf, taf `s-
sjonhfnt dkr taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd w`s ifpt rfm`tjvfmy kpfn tk `ny cjrfgtjkn pks-sjemf. Curjno taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf taf prkbfgt tf`h
w`s gknst`ntmy d`gfc wjta gkndmjgtjno jssufs kn gmjfnt `nc eujmcjno rfm`tfc jssufs,
wajga wfrf `msk dkunc jn taf tfncfr g`sfs (Ga`ptfr 4.4.7) `nc ey Irfjnfr (5<<4)
`nc Uônn (5<<1). Jn cfdjnjno taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd taf prkbfgt tf`h fxpfrjfngfc
` nffc dkr jnnkv`tjkn `s wfmm `s ` nffc tk h`jnt`jn taf pksjtjvf qu`mjtjfs kd taf
kmc sjtu`tjkn. Dkr fx`hpmf, taf kmc eujmcjno strugturf prkvjcfc ` ‑strfft‚ kn taf
orkunc dmkkr dkr hfftjno `nc orkup o`tafrjnos. @t taf s`hf tjhf tajs strugturf
grf`tfc vfrtjg`m tr`ddjg jn taf eujmcjno ta`t cjc nkt fngkur`of jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn
taf cfp`rthfnts `nc m`gifc dmfxjejmjty kn taf dmkkrs. Jn taf `ssjonhfnt skgj`m jn-
tfr`gtjkn `nc dmfxjejmjty tafrfdkrf efg`hf gfntr`m tafhfs. @nktafr fx`hpmf wjta pktfntj`m dkr jnnkv`tjkn w`s taf mkg`tjkn kd taf d`gumty
eujmcjno. af kmc d`gumty eujmcjno w`s sjtu`tfc kn taf skutafrn p`rt kd taf g`h-
pus. Kn taf g`hpus h`p tajs mkg`tjkn sffhfc rfm`tjvfmy gfntr`m, eut jn pr`gtjgf
hkst `gtjvjtjfs `nc d`gjmjtjfs `rf sjtu`tfc jn taf nkrtafrn p`rt kd taf g`hpus. af
prkbfgt tf`h cjc nkt inkw `t taf tjhf kd puemjg`tjkn wajga mkg`tjkn wkumc ef
efst `nc tafrfdkrf tajs jssuf w`s mfdt kpfn. af `ssjonhfnt grf`tfc taf pkssjejmjty
tk gakksf ‑` wfmm-`roufc, `mtfrn`tjvf sjtf‚ eut knmy 07% kd taf suehjssjkns prk-
pksfc `nktafr mkg`tjkn ta`n taf Efrm`ofwfo.
af p`rtjgjp`nts jnstf`c sffhfc tk dkgus kn taf kmc sjtu`tjkn jn `n `ttfhpt tk
`n`mysf taf duturf nffcs. Ufh`ri`emy nknf kd taf qufstjkns `sifc ey taf p`rtjgj-
p`nts jn taf pfrjkc efdkrf rfojstr`tjkn `nc suehjssjkn wfrf `ekut `hejtjkns kr
str`tfojfs ktafr ta`n hfntjknfc jn taf erjfd. @ dfw p`rtjgjp`nts fxpmkrfc spfgjdjg
mkg`tjkn kptjkns eut jn ofnfr`m taf rfqujrfhfnt w`s nkt qufstjknfc. Akwfvfr, taf
suehjssjkns cjc r`jsf nfw jssufs nc nkt mm suehjssjkns dumdjmmfc mm rfqujrfhfnts.
@ekut a`md kd taf 0:3 qufstjkns r`jsfc ey taf p`rtjgjp`nts rfm`tfc tk taf gkhpftj-
tjkn rumfs (rfojstr`tjkn rfqujrfhfnts, g`tfokrjfs kd rfojstr`tjkn, rfojstr`tjkn `s `
tf`h, taf dkrh`t kd taf @3, st`tfhfnt kd jntfmmfgtu`m prkpfrty, taf rfqujrfhfnts
kd taf fntr`nts). @nktafr m`rof g`tfokry kd qufstjkns rfm`tfc tk taf gkntfnt kr jn-
tfrprft`tjkn kd taf `ssjonhfnt nc taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf d`gumty kd rgajtfgturf
`nc jts usfrs, jngmucjno taf strugturf kd taf kmc eujmcjno (taf usf `nc jntfrprft`-
tjkn kd taf h`ps, nuhefrs kd stucfnts cjvjcfc kvfr orkups, spfgjdjg `spfgts kd taf
`ssjonhfnt, `hkunt kd tafhfs, kpfnjno akurs, dmkkr pm`ns kd taf kmc eujmcjno). @
dfw qufstjkns rfm`tfc tk taf dkmmkw up kn taf gkhpftjtjkn (f.o. rfm`tjkn wjta taf
Furkpf`n tfncfr sfmfgtjkn) kr taf fv`mu`tjkn prkgfcurf kd taf bury (prfsfnt`tjkn
kd taf pkstfrs). ajs sakws ta`t jncffc ` gkhpftjtjkn erjfd js rf`c `s a`md stjhum`-
tjkn `nc a`md jnstrugtjkn (Irfjnfr, 5<<4) `nc tafrfdkrf `gts `s ` gkhhunjg`tjkn
djmtfr (Afynfn, 5<<0) ta`t stffrs taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. ajs cjrfg-
tjkn js e`sfc kn `n jntfrpm`y eftwffn taf gmjfnt nc taf p`rtjgjp`nts nc tafrfdkrf
cyn`hjg nc rfm`tjvfmy unprfcjgt`emf. Jn tajs g`sf taf erjfd w`s usfc tk fxpmkrf taf
kptjkns, wajga js jn mjnf wjta taf `jhs kd `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn.
3.
6.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 224/341
5<1
@c 5) Jndmufngf kd tjhf `nc ga`nofs jn taf gkntfxt kn taf cjrfgtjkn
kd taf erjfd
@t taf st`rt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn, taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd w`s gkhhunjg`tfc vj` `
wfesjtf. Dkr sfvfr`m wffis pktfntj`m p`rtjgjp`nts kd taf gkhpftjtjkn gkumc jn-
dkrh tafhsfmvfs `ekut ungfrt`jn kr hjssjno jndkrh`tjkn. af prkbfgt gkkrcjn`-
tkrs wfrf rfspknsjemf dkr prkvjcjno `nswfrs vj` taf wfesjtf. Hkst kd taf qufstjkns wfrf f`sy tk rfspknc tk efg`usf taf `nswfrs wfrf kevjkus kr `mrf`cy jngmucfc
jn taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf. Wkhftjhfs qufstjkns nffcfc tk ef rfcjrfgtfc tk
ktafr pfkpmf jn taf kro`njs`tjkn efg`usf tafy rfqujrfc spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf (f.o. taf
cjvjsjkn kd taf HWg stucfnts pfr cfp`rthfnt). @s prkbfgt tf`h wf wfrf `w`rf kd
taf d`gt ta`t taf gkntfnt kd taf nswfrs wkumc stffr taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf suehjttfc
jcf`s. kk huga cfvj`tjkn drkh taf krjojn`m `ssjonhfnt gkumc pm`gf f`rmy st`rt-
frs `t ` cjs`cv`nt`of `o`jnst taksf st`rtjno m`tf. @s taf Cf`n w`s kn sjgi mf`vf, af
gkumc nkt t`if ` st`nc jn tajs h`ttfr kr `nswfr qufstjkns.
Akwfvfr, curjno taf pfrjkc ta`t taf p`rtjgjp`nts wfrf wkrijno kn tafjr sue-
hjssjkn, taf gkntfxt `t Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty a`c ga`nofc. af tfhpkr`ry `ggkhhk-
c`tjkn kd taf D`gumty w`s put jntk usf curjno taf gkursf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. Mkg`m
p`rtjgjp`nts wfrf `w`rf kd taf pksjtjvf fxpfrjfngfs kd tajs `ggkhhkc`tjkn `nc
tafrfdkrf `emf tk usf tajs jndkrh`tjkn jn tafjr suehjssjkns. Efg`usf taf prkbfgt
tf`h w`ntfc tk dkgus kn ` nfw d`gumty kd taf duturf, wf gaksf tk `nswfr taf qufs-
tjkns jn `n `s nfutr`m h`nnfr `s pkssjemf ey st`yjno gmksf tk taf krjojn`m tfxt. ajs
hf`nt ta`t nk `ccjtjkn`m jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf kmc d`gumty eujmcjno kr taf eujmc-
jno `t Bumj`n`m``n w`s prkvjcfc.
@ccjtjkn`m jndkrh`tjkn tk jhprkvf kr gkhpmftf taf `ssjonhfnt w`s kddfrfc,
suga `s stucfnt nuhefrs pfr sp`gf dungtjkn kr tfganjg`m cft`jms `ekut taf mkg`-
tjkn. Ufdmfgtjno kn taf gkhhunjg`tjkn tk taf p`rtjgjp`nts, knf kd taf Cutga
bury hfhefrs hfntjknfc jn `n jntfrvjfw ta`t taf p`rtjgjp`nts gkumc a`vf effn
jndkrhfc `ekut taf pksjtjvf fxpfrjfngfs `nc nfw jnsjoats `ekut taf tfhpkr`ry
mkg`tjkn. ajs wkumc a`vf g`usfc ` cjs`cv`nt`of tk p`rtjgjp`nts wak st`rtfc taf
prfp`r`tjkns dkr taf gkhpftjtjkn f`rmy, eut wkumc a`vf cfgrf`sfc taf cjsgrfp`ngjfs
eftwffn mkg`m nc jntfrn`tjkn`m p`rtjgjp`nts. ajs cjmfhh` jmmustr`tfs taf cyn`h-
jgs kd taf h`tgajno prkgfss2 taf gkntfxt g`n ga`nof kvfr tjhf `nc tajs `ddfgts taf
`v`jm`ejmjty `nc jhpkrt`ngf kd jndkrh`tjkn curjno taf prkgfss kd taf gkhpftjtjkn
cfsjon. @ gmjfnt a`s tk cfgjcf wajmf taf gkhpftjtjkn js knokjno jn wajga cjrfgtjkn
tk stffr jndkrh`tjkn nc tafrfdkrf msk kn taf v`rj`tjkn kd jndkrh`tjkn hkno tafp`rtjgjp`nts.
@c 7) @v`jm`ejmjty `nc `w`rfnfss kd jndkrh`tjkn curjno prfp`r`tjkn
@s ` prkbfgt tf`h wf fxpfrjfngfc akw a`rc jt w`s tk cfdjnf ` gmf`r `hejtjkn dkr
taf tfncfr erjfd `ekut taf duturf `ggkhhkc`tjkn e`sfc kn taf fxjstjno jndkrh`-
tjkn. O`tafrjno d`gtu`m jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf gmjfnt‚s kro`njs`tjkn w`s `msk nkt
f`sy kn suga sakrt nktjgf (f.o. nuhefr kd st`dd hfhefrs `nc stucfnts, hjssjkn,
str`tfoy). Kn g`hpus mfvfm, cfvfmkphfnt`m pm`ns fxjstfc wjtajn taf rf`m fst`tf
cfp`rthfnt kd taf V Cfmdt (DHTO), eut tafsf wfrf kevjkusmy nkt `cbustfc tk
` duturf wjtakut taf dkrhfr d`gumty eujmcjno `t taf Efrm`ofwfo. af erjfd kd taf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 225/341
5<: -
tfhpkr`ry `ggkhhkc`tjkn w`s usfc `s jnput dkr taf dungtjkn`m rfqujrfhfnts kd
taf gkhpftjtjkn. af Cf`n prkvjcfc taf prkbfgt tf`h wjta hkst kd taf jnput
dkr taf vjsjkn `nc `hejtjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `ssjonhfnt `nc grjtfrj` jn tarff
sfssjkns. Ajs jnput sffhfc tk ef ` gkhejn`tjkn kd taf nffcs kd ` d`gumty `s ` gmj-
fnt, taf fxpfgt`tjkns kd taf prkdfssjkn`m gkhhunjty `ekut taf rkmf kd taf d`gumty
`s ` gmjfnt, `nc ajs kwn fxpfrjfngf `nc fxpfgt`tjkns `s `n `rgajtfgt `ekut ` d`g-umty eujmcjno dkr @rgajtfgturf. Ufdmfgtjno kn taf prkgfss kd `hejtjkn dkrhum`-
tjkn, jt `ppf`rfc qufstjkn`emf ta`t knmy taf Cf`n, prke`emy jndmufngfc ey skhf
kd ajs gmksf gknt`gts `nc nftwkri, prkvjcfc jnput dkr taf `hejtjkn `nc erjfd. af
prkbfgt tf`h cfgjcfc tk `si `n fhpmkyff wjta ` e`giorkunc jn bkurn`mjsh tk turn
taf nktfs `ekut taf `hejtjkn drkh taf prkbfgt tf`h hfftjnos jntk `n `pprkprj`tf
tfxt dkr taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf. @mtakuoa tajs pfrskn cjc h`rvfmmkus bke t
turnjno wjmc jcf`s jntk ` gknsjstfnt stkry, taf erjfd w`s nkt suppkrtfc ey ny ktafr
jncjvjcu`m kr orkup ta`n taf Cf`n `nc taf hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`h.
Jn taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 ` sjhjm`r sjtu`tjkn w`s dkunc. @t taf efojn-
njno kd ` prkgfss cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wfrf usu`mmy nkt `w`rf kd taf jhpkrt`ngf kdtaf erjfd wajmf taf erjfd js knf kd taf h`jn stffrjno jnstruhfnts kd taf gkhpftj-
tjkn. \`rtjgjp`nts rfmy kn taf jndkrh`tjkn jn taf erjfd efjno v`mjc `nc rfmj`emf ef-
g`usf tafkrftjg`mmy jt sakumc prkvjcf taf e`sjs dkr tafjr jcf`s. Fspfgj`mmy dkr dkrfjon
p`rtjgjp`nts taf jndkrh`tjkn kn taf gkhpftjtjkn wfesjtf w`s taf prjh`ry skurgf
kd jndkrh`tjkn. Dkr tafh jt w`s `mhkst jhpkssjemf tk o`tafr jnsjcf jndkrh`tjkn
`ekut taf D`gumty. ajs js jmmustr`tfc ey taf d`gt ta`t kd taf wjnnjno p`rtjgjp`nts,
djvf kut kd sjx (a`c) stucjfc kr wkrifc `t taf Cfmdt D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf `s stu-
cfnt, fxga`nof stucfnt, kr fhpmkyff. Jn mjnf wjta Irfjnfr (5<<4) tafsf djncjnos
sakw ta`t spfgjdjg jndkrh`tjkn `nc ` dffm dkr taf rfmfv`ngf kd jndkrh`tjkn g`n
jhprkvf taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno efg`usf taf jcf`s prkvjcf efttfr h`tga wjta taf`ssjonhfnt.
@c 3) Dr`hf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn burkrs `nc p`rtjgjp`nts
\`rtjgjp`nts typjg`mmy fxpfgt ta`t taf jndkrh`tjkn jn taf erjfd wkumc `msk sfrvf
`s ` st`rtjno pkjnt dkr taf bury hfhefrs jn tafjr `ssfsshfnt prkgfss . ajs wkumc
jhpmy ta`t `mm bury hfhefrs `rf dummy jndkrhfc `ekut taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc usf `
gkhp`r`emf dr`hf tk `ssfss taf p`rtjgjp`nts. Akwfvfr, `s taf mjtfr`turf kn cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno sakwfc bury hfhefrs, fspfgj`mmy fxpfrts, t`if `mkno tafjr fxjstjno
dr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs `nc `ppmy tajs kn ` p`rtjgum`r sjtu`tjkn suga `s tajs gkh-
pftjtjkn (Auttkn & Imfjn, 0:::9 I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:). af rfsumts kd taf
tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 sakwfc ta`t jd bury hfhefrs wkumc ef jnvkmvfc jn taf
prfp`r`tjkns kd taf gkhpftjtjkn tafy gkumc mjon tafjr dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf, kr sa`pf
ta`t kd taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf. Wuga `n fxga`nof wkumc jngrf`sf taf ga`ngf
ta`t taf bury js `w`rf `nc hjncdum kd taf gmjfnt‚s `hejtjkn r`tafr ta`n tafjr kwn
prfgkngfptjkns. Curjno taf cfsjon kd tajs g`sf, taf prkbfgt gkkrcjn`tkrs nc taf Cf`n tafrfdkrf
cfgjcfc tk jndkrh taf ga`jr kd taf bury `ekut taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf `nc
rumfs. Dkr taf ktafr bury hfhefrs tajs w`s nkt pkssjemf cuf tk tjhf gknstr`jnts
`nc pr`gtjg`m rf`skns. Cuf tk taf `esfngf kd taf Cf`n curjno taf bury hfftjno,
tafrf w`s nk mknofr ` pfrskn`m gknnfgtjkn eftwffn taksf wak prkvjcfc jnput dkr
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 226/341
50<
taf `hejtjkn `nc taf hfhefrs kd taf bury `s jt a`c effn jntfncfc. aksf wak
wfrf prfsfnt, suga `s taf prkbfgt gkkrcjn`tkrs, taf `utakr kd taf bury rfpkrt `nc
taf `utakr kd `n fss`y dkr taf puemjg`tjkn, cjc nkt a`vf ` vktf jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno
nkr ` ga`ngf kd prkvjcjno `ccjtjkn`m jndkrh`tjkn curjno taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss.
af rfsumts kd tajs g`sf jhpmy ta`t gkhpmftf fqu`mjty kd dr`hfs `hkno taf
p`rtjgjp`nts `nc bury hfhefrs js nkt ` rf`mjstjg `jh. ajs fddfgt w`s rfjndkrgfcey taf d`gt ta`t taf m`unga kd taf gkhpftjtjkn w`s `t mf`st twk hkntas efdkrf taf
cf`cmjnf dkr suehjssjkn `nc taf suehjssjkn ` dfw wffis efdkrf taf hkhfnt kd
`ssfsshfnt. @t taf tjhf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn m`unga, knmy ` dfw pfkpmf gkumc a`vf
prfcjgtfc ta`t taf wjnnfrs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn wkumc jngmucf twk suehjssjkns
ta`t prkpksfc tk rfnkv`tf `nc tr`nsdkrh taf eujmcjno `t Bumj`n`m``n. @mtakuoa
taf succfn g`usf `nc rusafc ga`r`gtfr kd taf gkhpftjtjkn hjoat nkt ef typjg`m
dkr `mm g`sfs, tafsf djncjnos suoofst ta`t tafrf wjmm `mw`ys ef ` cjddfrfngf eftwffn
taf dr`hfs wjta wajga suehjssjkns `rf cfsjonfc `nc wjta wajga tafy `rf `ssfssfc.
_jtajn tafsf cjddfrfnt dr`hfs burkrs‚ prfdfrfngfs dkr `mtfrn`tjvfs gkumc `msk cjddfr.
Jt wjmm tafrfdkrf ef vfry a`rc dkr p`rtjgjp`nts `nc kutsjcfrs tk prfcjgt prfdfrfngfskd ` bury p`nfm efdkrfa`nc.
@c 6) Gumtur`m `nc pkmjtjg`m cjddfrfngfs jn taf cfgjsjkn dr`hf
af `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf gurrfnt sjtu`tjkn kd taf D`gumty `msk cjd-
dfrfc pfr bury hfhefr. Uftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws wjta taf bury hfhefrs sakwfc
ta`t knmy ` dfw kd taf hfhefrs usfc taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd fxpmjgjtmy tk prfp`rf
tafhsfmvfs dkr taf hfftjno. af twk dkrfjon bury hfhefrs `rrjvfc bust knf fvfnjno
efdkrf taf bury prkgfss st`rtfc. afy vjsjtfc Cfmdt kngf kr twjgf efdkrf eut jn cjd-
dfrfnt gkntfxt. @mm taf ktafr hfhefrs a`c stucjfc `t taf d`gumty `nc/kr wfrf stjmm
jnvkmvfc kr d`hjmj`r wjta taf sjtu`tjkn `t taf D`gumty. Knmy ` dfw kd tafh a`c
vjsjtfc taf nfw tfhpkr`ry akusjno `t Bumj`n`m``n. Jn taf efojnnjno kd taf bury
hfftjno taf bury hfhefrs `ttfncfc ` prfsfnt`tjkn `ekut taf g`hpus `nc taf gur-
rfnt akusjno sjtu`tjkn kd ` st`dd hfhefr. ajs w`s cknf tk `mjon taf dr`hf kd taf
bury hfhefrs.
Efg`usf kd taf `esfngf kd taf Cf`n, taf dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf `ekut taf `ssjon-
hfnt w`s cfdjnfc ey bury hfhefrs wak a`c nkt effn cjrfgtmy jnvkmvfc wjta taf
par`sjno kd taf ssjonhfnt nkr taf gurrfnt unjvfrsjty okvfrn`ngf. ajs hf`nt ta`t
wjtajn taf bury p`nfm taf pkmjtjg`m gkntfxt kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno w`s sjhpmjdjfc `nc
jnsjcf jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf gurrfnt st`tf kd taf djn`ngfs `nc jnsur`ngf jssufs
cjc nkt jndmufngf taf `rouhfnt`tjkn `s huga. af bury gkumc tafrfdkrf `gt `s `n
jncfpfncfnt gkhhjttff wjta taf jntfrfst tafy takuoat wkumc efnfdjt taf D`gumty.
Akwfvfr, taf kesfrv`tjkns jncjg`tfc ta`t skhf kd taf Cutga bury hfhefrs tkki
taf ga`nojno djn`ngj`m, pkmjtjg`m `nc skgj`m gkntfxt jntk `ggkunt `nc jngmucfc
tajs jntk tafjr dr`hf kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno fv`mu`tjkn kd taf suehjssjkns.
af dkrfjon bury hfhefrs wfrf mfss `w`rf kd tafsf ga`nofs eut wfrf jndkrhfc ey
taf ktafr bury hfhefrs `ekut taf pksjtjvf fxpfrjfngfs wjta taf tfhpkr`ry eujmc-
jno `t Bumj`n`m``n. afrfdkrf tafy wfrf `msk `emf tk t`if skhf kd tafsf gkntfxtu`m
ga`nofs jntk `ggkunt jn tafjr cfgjsjkns.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 227/341
500 -
Gumtur`m cjddfrfngfs h`y, akwfvfr, a`vf `msk `ddfgtfc taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno,
fvfn jn taf sjtu`tjkn kd `nknyhkus rfvjfwjno ey `n jntfrn`tjkn`m bury p`nfm. af
kutgkhf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn (wjnnfrs drkh Nftafrm`ncs, Dr`ngf, Efmojuh `nc
Djnm`nc) nc taf cjstrjeutjkn kd taf efst 6< suehjssjkns (h`jnmy krjojn`tjno drkh
Nftafrm`ncs, Dr`ngf, Vnjtfc Wt`tfs `nc ktafr _fstfrn gkuntrjfs) jhpmy ta`t taf
dr`hf wjta wajga taf bury hfhefrs `ssfssfc taf suehjssjkns a`c `n krjfnt`tjknsjhjm`r tk taf gkntfxt jn wajga taf ssjonhfnt w`s sft up. ajs hf`nt ta`t dkr p`r-
tjgjp`nts wak wfrf nkt d`hjmj`r wjta tajs dr`hf, taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno taf gkh-
pftjtjkn gkumc a`vf effn rfcugfc. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, jn taf gurrfnt cjojt`m fr` `
mkt kd mkg`m jndkrh`tjkn js f`sjmy `v`jm`emf `mm `rkunc taf wkrmc. Gfrt`jn `spfgts kd
`rgajtfgturf gumturf hjoat fvfn ef unjdkrh `rkunc taf wkrmc.
Gumtur`m cjddfrfngfs jn dr`hjno gkumc a`vf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr Furkpf`n prkgurf-
hfnt m`w `nc taf prjngjpmf kd fqu`m trf`thfnt. E`sfc kn taf djncjnos drkh tajs
g`sf jt rfh`jns ungmf`r jd taf cjddfrfngfs kd dr`hjno knmy gkngfrn jssufs kd jndkr-
h`tjkn `ekut mkg`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, kr cjspm`y gumtur`m cjddfrfngfs. Ufm`tfc tk taf
jssuf `ekut d`jr gkhpftjtjkn js taf m`nou`of kd gkhhunjg`tjkn. Jn tajs g`sf `mmgkhhunjg`tjkn w`s gkncugtfc jn Fnomjsa tk jnvkmvf `s h`ny pfkpmf `s pkssjemf.
ajs js jn mjnf wjta taf prjngjpmf kd fqu`m trf`thfnt kd prkgurfhfnt m`w. Akwfvfr,
h`ny Cutga gmjfnts prfdfr tk gkhhunjg`tf jn Cutga, `nc tafrfdkrf jngmucf gkh-
hunjg`tjkn jn Cutga `s ` rfqujrfhfnt curjno sfmfgtjkn, wajga fxgmucfs ` sjonjdj-
g`nt p`rt kd taf h`rift. Durtafr rfsf`rga kn tajs tkpjg js nffcfc.
?.3.5 \rkgfss prkgfcurf
af gkhpftjtjkn rumfs cftfrhjnfc taf ijnc kd fntr`nts, `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn
pfr fntry, taf prkgfss kd `ssfsshfnt, taf gkhhunjg`tjkn kd taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf
cfgjsjkns, `nc taf utjmjs`tjkn kd taf suehjssjkns `dtfr taf gmksurf kd taf gkhpftj-
tjkn. Ufdmfgtjkn kn taf djncjnos kd cfsjonjno taf prkgfcurf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn
r`jsfc sfvfr`m jssufs tk ef `ccrfssfc jn tajs sfgtjkn2
\rkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt jn ` cyn`hjg gkntfxt.
Gkhhunjg`tjkn jn ` cjojt`m fr`.
Gkhpksjno ` bury p`nfm.
E`m`ngf eftwffn prkdfssjkn`mjsh `nc `hejtjkn.
Ufm`tjkn eftwffn `ssfsshfnt prkgfss `nc taf suehjssjkn dkrh`t.
Cftfrhjnjno `nc g`rryjno kut taf rumfs kd taf o`hf.
E`sjg prjngjpmfs kd prkgurfhfnt m`w jn pr`gtjgf.
@c 0) \rkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt jn ` cyn`hjg gkntfxt
af m`unga kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `t taf kpfnjno kd taf Ejfnn`mf prkvjcfc ` strjgt
cf`cmjnf `nc hf`nt ta`t taf gkhpftjtjkn nffcfc tk ef sft up wjtajn twk hkntas.
afrf w`s nk gmf`r cf`cmjnf dkr taf fnc kd taf gkhpftjtjkn, `p`rt drkh taf c`tfs
ta`t wfrf nnkungfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf. af gkntfxt kd taf djrf hf`nt
ta`t nk rf`m kvfrvjfw kd taf eucoft nc gksts kd taf gkhpftjtjkn prkbfgt wfrf prk-
vjcfc. af pm`nnjno w`s e`sfc kn taf jntfntjkn tk st`rt taf nfw eujmcjno prkbfgt
wjtajn twk yf`rs `dtfr taf djrf efg`usf kd taf gkncjtjkns kd taf jnsur`ngf pkmjgy.
@s taf gkhpftjtjkn prkorfssfc, taf tjhf dr`hf dkr `ssfsshfnt w`s fxtfncfc `nc
0.
5.
7.
3.
6.
4.
?.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 228/341
505
taf djn`ngj`m, h`n`ofrj`m `nc psygajg`m gkntfxt a`c ga`nofc. ajs cjc nkt mf`c tk
`n fxtfnsjkn kd taf suehjssjkn cf`cmjnf eut ga`nofc taf c`tf ta`t taf nkhjnffs
`nc wjnnfrs wfrf `nnkungfc. @ccjtjkn`mmy jt sffhfc jhpkssjemf tk sft ` c`tf dkr
taf bury hfftjno wjtajn taf krjojn`m tjhf par`sf cuf tk tafjr eusy cj`rjfs, `nc taf
fv`mu`tjkn w`s sgafcumfc dkr B`nu`ry jnstf`c kd Nkvfhefr.
af c`t` kd taf gkhpftjtjkn sakw ta`t taf cyn`hjg gkntfxt kd ` gkhpftjtjkngkumc g`usf ga`nofs jn taf `hejtjkns kd taf gmjfnts. _jtakut ` gmf`r ok`m `nc `
rfmj`emf nftwkri kd pkssjemf `gtkrs tafsf ga`nofs gkumc g`usf sfrjkus cfdjgjfngjfs
wjta taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf Gjty A`mm taf rfspknsjemf
kddjgfrs a`c ` gmf`r `hejtjkn `nc ok`m, jn gkntr`ry tk taf kddjgfr jn taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf. Jn tafsf g`sfs gkntfxtu`m d`gtkrs wfrf dkunc - bust `s jn
taf gkhpftjtjkn g`sf - ta`t rfjndkrgfc kr wf`ifnfc taf wjmmjnonfss tk rf`ga ` djn`m
gkngmusjkn. af mfo`m gkntfxt kddfrs knmy mjhjtfc pkssjejmjtjfs tk `cbust taf gkhpf-
tjtjkn rumfs jn g`sf tajs efgkhfs nfgfss`ry tk dumdjm taf `gtu`m `jh kd taf sfmfgtjkn
prkgfss. @ takrkuoa prfp`r`tjkn kd ` gkhpftjtjkn gkumc tafrfdkrf gkntrjeutf tk
taf suggfss kd ` tfncfr.
@c 5) Gkhhunjg`tjkn jn ` cjojt`m fr`
af prkbfgt tf`h cfgjcfc tk h`n`of taf gkhpftjtjkn vj` ` wfesjtf. @ wfesjtf
wkumc mkwfr taf gksts dkr taf fntr`nts efg`usf tafy wkumc nkt ef rfqujrfc tk prjnt
`nc sfnc tafjr suehjssjkns ey h`jm `nc jt wkumc cfgrf`sf taf e`rrjfrs tk bkjn taf
gkhpftjtjkn. Dkr taf gmjfnt, gakksjno ` wfesjtf rfcugfc `chjnjstr`tjvf gksts `nc
jt grf`tfc hkrf dmfxjejmjty tk `n`mysf `nc prfp`rf taf suehjssjkns dkr taf bury
fv`mu`tjkn. @t taf s`hf tjhf taf cjojt`m dkrh`t grf`tfc `n jntfrfstjno c`t`e`sf
dkr duturf rfsf`rga. @dtfr taf m`unga kd taf gkhpftjtjkn taf wfesjtf turnfc kut tk
ef `n fxgfmmfnt hfcjuh tk jhprkvf taf prkdjmf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. af wfesjtf
w`s f`sjmy `ggfssjemf dkr pfkpmf drkh `mm kvfr taf wkrmc `nc sfvfr`m nfwsp`pfrs
`nc jntfrnft dkruhs prkvjcfc ` mjni tk jt. af wfesjtf a`c :0,<<< vjsjtkrs jn tk-
t`m untjm Bumy 5<<:, wjta `n `vfr`of kd 7<? pfr c`y (Djourf ?.3). Wt`tjstjgs kd taf
wfesjtf sakw `ekut 01,<<<-5<,<<< vjsjtkrs jn Wfptfhefr `nc Kgtkefr 5<<1 (taf
m`unga `nc suehjssjkn pfrjkc) wjta ?6<,<<<-1<<,<<< ajts. afn ajts crkppfc
tk jngrf`sf jn B`nu`ry (taf hknta kd taf bury hfftjno) untk 00,<<< vjsjtkrs jn
H`rga (taf hknta kd taf `w`rc gfrfhkny). Jn Bumy 5<<: taf wfesjtf stjmm a`c
Vnjtfc Ijnockh9 6,0319
?%
Ofrh`ny9 7,71?9 6%
Wjno`pkrf9 7,0049 3%
Wp`jn9 5,:6?9 3%
B`p`n9 5,:<:9 3%
Dr`ngf9 5,56?9 7%
Jt`my9 3,:739 ?%
Vnjtfc Wt`tfs9 00,04:9
06%
Ktafr9 03,7769 0:%
Nftafrm`ncs9 55,?439 5:%
Uussj`n Dfcfr`tjkn9 5,079
7%
Djourf ?.3 Tjsjtkrs kn gkhpftjtjkn wfesjtf pfr hknta `nc pfr gkuntry
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 229/341
507 -
`ekut 5,6<< vjsjtkrs ` hknta. Hkst vjsjtkrs krjojn`tfc drkh taf Nftafrm`ncs, taf
Vnjtfc Wt`tfs, taf Vnjtfc Ijnockh `nc Jt`my, wjta ` sjhjm`r cjstrjeutjkn dkunc
dkr taf suehjssjkns. Jt g`n ef gkngmucfc ta`t taf wfesjtf w`s cfdjnjtfmy wkrta taf
jnvfsthfnt `nc djttfc taf `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
@c 7) Gkhpksjno ` bury p`nfmaf prkbfgt tf`h `jhfc dkr `n jntfrfstjno, jntfrn`tjkn`mmy rfnkwnfc bury p`nfm.
af Cf`n infw drkh fxpfrjfngf ta`t `n jntfrfstjno bury p`nfm wkumc jngrf`sf
taf `ttr`gtjvfnfss kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc tafrfdkrf taf `hkunt kd fntr`nts. af
prkbfgt tf`h `msk infw drkh taf g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 `nc prfvjkus fxpfrjfngfs ta`t
taf bury p`nfm sakumc gknsjst kd e`m`ngfc nc cjvfrsf orkup kd pfkpmf wak gkumc
`ccrfss `mm `spfgts kd taf `ssjonhfnt. Djn`mmy taf prkbfgt tf`h cfgjcfc tk jnvjtf
njnf bury hfhefrs. @n unfvfn nuhefr kd hfhefrs wkumc h`if vktjno f`sjfr,
`nc tajs sjzf `msk o`vf taf d`gumty taf kppkrtunjty tk oft ` sjonjdjg`nt `hkunt kd
fxpfrts jnvkmvfc.
Curjno taf hfftjnos kd taf prkbfgt tf`h sfvfr`m kptjkns dkr taf gkhpksjtjknkd taf bury p`nfm wfrf cjsgussfc. Jn taf efojnnjno taf jcf` w`s tk jnvjtf taf
ga`jr kd taf V Ek`rc `nc taf hjnjstfr kd Fcug`tjkn, Gumturf `nc Wgjfngf tk ef
p`rt kd taf bury, nfxt tk sfvfr`m rfnkwnfc (jntfr)n`tjkn`m `rgajtfgts. Akwfvfr, taf
hjnjstfr cfgmjnfc ajs jnvjt`tjkn dkr pkmjtjg`m rf`skns. k prfvfnt taf bury dkr `n
une`m`ngf jn taf cjrfgtjkn kd gmjfnt rfprfsfnt`tjvf, taf prkbfgt tf`h cfgjcfc ta`t
taf Cf`n wkumc rfprfsfnt taf gmjfnt, tkoftafr wjta ` stucfnt `nc ` prkdfsskr (`nc
pr`gtjgjno `rgajtfgt) kd taf unjvfrsjty. Jn taf fnc taf nftwkri kd taf d`gumty fn`-
emfc taf prkbfgt tf`h tk `ttr`gt skhf d`hkus Cutga `rgajtfgts, taf Cutga Gajfd
Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt, `nc rjsjno jntfrn`tjkn`m prkdfssjkn`ms `s bury hfhefrs dkr
taf gkhpftjtjkn. af sjhumt`nfkus prkgfss kd ` ajni `ni h`cf jt pkssjemf tk
jnvjtf ktafr ify pm`yfrs tk pm`y ` cjddfrfnt rkmf jn taf prkgfss kd rfeujmcjno taf
D`gumty. ajs `msk sujtfc taf `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. Hkst kd taf Cutga bury
hfhefrs wak `ggfptfc taf jnvjt`tjkn `s ` bury hfhefr wfrf pfrskn`m `gqu`jnt-
`ngfs kd taf Cf`n. Wkhf kd tafh a`c `mrf`cy gtjvfmy pprk`gafc taf Cf`n ekut
tafjr jcf`s dkr ` nfw d`gumty eujmcjno `nc taf gkngfpt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. af
prkbfgt tf`h `msk `pprk`gafc sfvfr`m jntfrn`tjkn`m prkdfssjkn`ms eut tafy nkt vfry
jntfrfstfc jn p`rtjgjp`tjkn. Jn taf fnc hkst kd taf jntfrn`tjkn`m bury hfhefrs
krjojn`tfs drkh taf nftwkri kd taf Cjrfgtkr kd taf N@j, wak `msk w`s jnvjtfc tk
ef ` hfhefr kd taf bury.
Vntjm taf m`st wffi efdkrf taf m`unga kd taf gkhpftjtjkn taf gkhpksjtjkn kd
taf bury gkhpksjtjkn w`s nkt djn`m. Fspfgj`mmy taf jntfrn`tjkn`m hfhefrs wfrf nkt
f`sjmy gkndjrhfc efg`usf taf prkbfgt tf`h cjc nkt a`vf cjrfgt gknnfgtjkns wjta
tafh `nc tafy a`c eusy sgafcumfs `nc tr`vfmmfc `mm `rkunc taf wkrmc. af c`t`
sakw ta`t gkhpksjno ` bury p`nfm rfmjfs `s huga kn taf cfsjon kd taf p`nfm `s kn
taf `v`jm`ejmjty kd fxpfrts. af prkbfgt tf`h w`s `w`rf jn sa`pjno taf bury p`nfm,
taf cjstrjeutjkn kd djfmcs kd fxpfrtjsf, orkup rfprfsfnt`tjkn `nc taf `hkunt kd
fxpfrjfngf kd taf jncjvjcu`m hfhefrs sakumc ef e`m`ngfc `o`jnst f`ga ktafr `nc
rfm`tfc tk taf `jh kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. Akwfvfr taf prkbfgt tf`h fxpfrjfngfc ta`t
gkhpksjno tf`h ta`t wkumc hfft taf tafkrftjg`m rfqujrfhfnts kd n fxpfrt tf`h
w`s `mhkst jhpkssjemf wjtakut ` prkpfr pfrskn`mjty `ssfsshfnt `nc inkwmfcof kd
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 230/341
503
akw f`ga pfrskn wkumc g`rry kut tafjr dungtjkn. Wtr`tfojg `nc pkmjtjg`m `spfgts
`msk a`vf tk ef t`ifn jntk `ggkunt. Zft jn hy kpjnjkn taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury
p`nfm dkr taf gkhpftjtjkn g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s taf efst pkssjemf rfsumt jn taf mjoat
kd taf cjddfrfnt `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
af Cf`n gkntrjeutfc orf`tmy tk ekta taf cfsjon kd taf p`nfm `nc taf prkgfss
kd sfgurjno bury hfhefrs. af c`t` suoofst ta`t af `ppmjfc ajs t`gjt inkwmfcof`nc prjkr fxpfrjfngf `s ` ga`jr kr ` bury hfhefr jn tajs h`ttfr. af gkhpksjtjkn
kd taf prkbfgt tf`h cfvfmkpfc jn ` sjhjm`r h`nnfr jn taf `dtfrh`ta kd taf djrf2 taf
Cf`n `sifc sfvfr`m pfrskns tk ef jnvkmvfc, `nc cfpfncjno kn tafjr `v`jm`ejmjty
`nc wjmmjnonfss tk p`rtjgjp`tf taf prkbfgt tf`h w`s gkhpksfc. af prkbfgt-e`sfc
`nc rusafc ga`r`gtfr kd tajs gkhpftjtjkn prke`emy gkntrjeutfc tk tajs pr`oh`tjg
str`tfoy tk gkhpksf prkbfgt tf`h. af djncjnos drkh taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr
4 `msk suoofst ta`t jn pr`gtjgf jt js a`rc tk str`tfojg`mmy cfsjon bury p`nfms `nc
prkbfgt tf`hs jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf, efg`usf gmjfnts fjtafr dffm tkk gkndjcfnt
kr tkk jnsfgurf `ekut tafjr inkwmfcof jn taf djfmc. _afn gmjfnts dffm gkndjcfnt
tafy tajni tafy ck nkt nffc suppkrt, `nc gmjfnts wak `rf jnsfgurf ck nkt inkw wakh tk jnvjtf.
af prkdfssjkn`m mfvfm kd taf gmjfnt gkumc a`vf gkntrjeutfc tk taf suggfss kd
taf tf`h gkhpksjtjkn jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf. Wtr`tfojg tf`h cfsjon kpfns
up pkssjejmjtjfs dkr eujmcjno fxpfrtjsf `nc prkdfssjkn`mjsh wjtajn `n kro`njs`tjkn
(W`m`s, ft `m., 5<<4). Jn taf sjtu`tjkn kd gkhpftjtjkns `nc tfncfrs taf p`nfm hfh-
efr gkumc mf`rn drkh taf dffce`gi tafy rfgfjvf drkh ktafr tf`h hfhefrs, p`rtjgj-
p`nts `nc taf hfcj`. Jd burjfs `nc prkbfgt tf`hs `rf nkt `emf tk pfrdkrh rfpf`tfc
t`sis `nc rfgfjvf dffce`gi kn tafjr `gtjkns, tafjr fxpfrjfngfs g`nnkt gkntrjeutf
tk taf jcf` kd kro`njs`tjkn`m mf`rnjno (sff dkr fx`hpmf Ofkrof & Ga`ttkp`cay`y,
5<<1). @mtakuoa taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn js ` r`rf fvfnt dkr hkstgmjfnts, J tajni nkt grf`tjno ` mf`rnjno fnvjrknhfnt `rkunc tajs ijnc kd fvfnt js
` hjssfc kppkrtunjty dkr durtafr cfvfmkphfnt kd taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn `nc taf
prkdfssjkn`m djfmc.
@c 3) E`m`ngf eftwffn prkdfssjkn`mjsh `nc `hejtjkn
Jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs ` e`m`ngf nffcs tk ef strugi eftwffn taf `hejtjkn `nc
taf `gtu`m pktfntj`m. af hkrf taf prkbfgt tf`h rf`mjsfc taf pktfntj`m kd taf gkh-
pftjtjkn, taf hkrf fntausj`sh `nc `hejtjkn tafy sakwfc. @t taf s`hf tjhf taf
prkbfgt tf`h w`s w`rf ta`t tafy gkumc nkt tk si tkk huga kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts nc
taf bury hfhefrs jn rfm`tjkn tk taf prkdfssjkn`m jh`of kd taf d`gumty. _f `jhfc
dkr ` sjonjdjg`nt `hkunt kd suehjssjkns `nc ` s`tjsdjfc bury p`nfm ta`t wkumc efn-
fdjt taf jh`of kd taf d`gumty. wk fx`hpmfs `ekut taf suehjssjkn `nc prfsfnt`tjkn
dkrh`t jmmustr`tf taf gknsjcfr`tjkns kd taf prkbfgt tf`h jn krcfr tk e`m`ngf tafjr
`hejtjkns wjta taf prkdfssjkn`m jh`of kd taf gmjfnt2 taf mfvfm kd cft`jm kd taf sue-
hjssjkns `nc taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf suehjssjkns tk taf bury p`nfm.
@ djrst fx`hpmf kd ` wfmm gknsjcfrfc cfgjsjkn `ekut taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs js
taf e`m`ngf eftwffn taf cft`jm kd ` cfsjon prkpks`m `nc taf gkngfptu`m pkwfr `nc
`jhs kd n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn. Kn taf knf a`nc taf prkbfgt tf`h w`ntfc tk gkmmfgt
gkngrftf jcf`s `s jnput dkr ` prkbfgt erjfd jn ` duturf tfncfr. ajs wkumc rfqujrf
cft`jmfc skmutjkns `nc gmf`r cfsjons, eut tafrfdkrf `msk ` sjonjdjg`nt `hkunt kd
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 231/341
506 -
wkri drkh taf p`rtjgjp`nts `nc taf bury hfhefrs. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, taf gkhpf-
tjtjkn `gtfc `s ` st`rt kd ` nfw eujmcjno prkbfgt `nc `jhfc `t gkngfptu`m jcf`s kn
` ofnfr`m g`hpus mfvfm. afrfdkrf jt wkumc ef ` w`stf kd fnfroy tk `si dkr cft`jmfc
prkpks`ms jd taf e`sjg `ssuhptjkns (suga `s taf mkg`tjkn, eucoft `nc `hkunt kd
dmkkr `rf`) wfrf nkt yft cftfrhjnfc. afsf ijncs kd cfgjsjkns jndmufngfc taf dkr-
h`t kd taf suehjssjkn. af djrst jntfntjkn kd taf prkbfgt tf`h w`s tk `si dkr jcf`skn taf mfvfm kd ` siftga cfsjon efg`usf tajs wkumc grf`tf ` typjg`m `rgajtfgtur`m
cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn. Jn mjnf wjta taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn taf Cf`n w`s jn d`vkur
kd `msk rfqujrjno ` sg`mf hkcfm drkh taf p`rtjgjp`nts. Akwfvfr, `t taf st`rt kd taf
prkbfgt jt w`s cfgjcfc ta`t taf wakmf gkhpftjtjkn wkumc ef cknf cjojt`mmy vj` taf
wfesjtf. @ sg`mf hkcfm wkumc nkt djt ` cjojt`m dkrh`t. Nfxt tk ta`t jt wkumc kemjof
taf fntr`nts tk h`jm taf sg`mf hkcfm wajga wkumc rfsumts jn `ccjtjkn`m gksts dkr
p`rtjgjp`tjkn. @dtfr gknsumtjno ktafr kro`njs`tjkns ta`t kro`njsf jntfrn`tjkn`m cf-
sjon gkntfsts hkrf rfoum`rmy `nc durtafr cjsgussjkn wjtajn taf prkbfgt tf`h jt w`s
cfgjcfc ta`t sg`mf hkcfm wkumc nkt ef sifc. af fx`hpmf sakws ta`t taf cfsjon
kd taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs sakumc ef `mjonfc wjta taf `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.af cfgjsjkn `ekut taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf suehjssjkns tk taf bury p`nfm `msk
rfm`tfs tk taf e`m`ngf eftwffn hkcfsty, prkdfssjkn`mjsh `nc `hejtjkn. af cjojt`m
suehjssjkn dkrh`t kddfrfc sfvfr`m hkrf jnnkv`tjvf kptjkns dkr taf prkbfgt tf`h
tk sa`pf taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss. af bury hfhefrs gkumc, dkr fx`hpmf, a`vf `s-
sfssfc taf suehjssjkns knmjnf, `n jncjvjcu`m vktjno systfh gkumc a`vf effn cf-
vfmkpfc `nc ` vjrtu`m bury hfftjno wkumc a`vf effn pkssjemf. ajs prkvfc tk ef
` erjcof tkk d`r dkr skhf hfhefrs kd taf bury `nc kd taf prkbfgt tf`h. afrfdkrf
wf cfgjcfc tk sfmfgt ` sfgurfc mkg`tjkn nf`r taf unjvfrsjty tk prfsfnt taf pkstfrs.
ajs wkumc f`sf taf prfp`r`tjkns wjtakut taf rjsi ta`t suehjssjkns wkumc efgkhf
puemjg.af mkg`tjkn kd taf dkrhfr fganjfi husfuh kd taf unjvfrsjty w`s gkjngjcfnt-
my `v`jm`emf cuf tk sgafcumfc rfnkv`tjkns, `nc turnfc kut tk ef ` vfry jnspjrjno
`hej`ngf curjno taf bury hfftjno. Kur djrst jntfntjkn w`s tk m`y `mm pkstfrs kn
taf dmkkr. af jcf` efajnc tajs w`s taf dmfxjejmjty kd rf`rr`nofhfnt, `n jndkrh`m
`thkspafrf curjno `ssfsshfnt, `nc mkwfr gksts dkr prfp`r`tjkn. af ga`jr kd taf
bury p`nfm jncjg`tfc ta`n `n fxpfrt wkumc nffc knmy ` om`ngf `t taf pkstfrs, wajga
gkumc f`sjmy ef cknf drkh `ekvf. Djn`mmy taf prkbfgt tf`h gaksf tk ajrf r`tafr
fxpfnsjvf p`nfms tk prfsfnt taf suehjssjkns efg`usf tajs wkumc ef hkrf prkdfs-
sjkn`m `nc wkumc nkt grf`tf pkssjemf e`gi prkemfhs kd taf bury hfhefrs. Wtjmm
bury hfhefrs gkumc w`mi `mkno taf pkstfrs (sff Djourf ?.6) `nc pfrskn`m gknt`gt`hkno taf bury hfhefrs w`s fnsurfc. af gkngfpt ta`t burkrs paysjg`mmy hfft
curjno taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss js p`rt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn. Ufdmfgtjno kn
taf bury prkgfss taf p`nfms `nc paysjg`m bury hfftjno `ppf`rfc tk a`vf effn efn-
fdjgj`m dkr taf gkafsjvfnfss kd taf bury p`nfm. Jt msk jngrf`sfc taf w`rfnfss hkno
taf hfhefrs kd taf bury p`nfm `nc taf prkbfgt tf`h `ekut taf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf
gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf m`rof `ekut kd wkri kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts. ajs fx`hpmf sakws
ta`t gmjfnts skhftjhfs a`vf tk `ginkwmfcof taf tr`cjtjkn kd taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc
kd `rgajtfgturf, fvfn jd jt rfqujrfs `n `ccjtjkn`m djn`ngj`m jnvfsthfnt. @t taf s`hf
tjhf taf cjojt`m dkrh`t sakwfc ta`t nfw cfvfmkphfnts g`n `msk jhprkvf pr`gtjgf
(sff `msk pkjnt 5 kd tajs sfgtjkn).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 232/341
504
@c 6) Ufm`tjkn eftwffn `ssfsshfnt prkgfss `nc taf suehjssjkn
dkrh`t
af mjtfr`turf `ekut cfgjsjkn h`ijno sakws ta`t taf dkrh`t kd taf jndkrh`tjkn
prfsfntfc sakumc ef `cbustfc tk gfrt`jn tr`jts kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno, suga `s taf
mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf (sff Ga`ptfr 7.3.7). af djncjnos kd taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr
4 suoofstfc ta`t gmjfnts `sifc dkr hkrf jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf g`ncjc`tfs tk cf-grf`sf taf ungfrt`jnty `ekut taf pktfntj`m mfvfm kd qu`mjty kd taf tfncfrfrs, wajga
js jn mjnf wjta taf djncjnos `s rfpkrtfc jn mjtfr`turf (f.o. Eftsga, 5<<69 Hksjfr &
Djsgafr, 5<<:). Jn tajs D`gumty g`sf jt w`s gmf`r drkh taf efojnnjno kn ta`t ` bury
wkumc `ssfss taf suehjssjkns. Akwfvfr, taf dkrh`t `nc prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf fntry
ckguhfnts w`s nfvfr cjrfgtmy gknnfgtfc tk taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury. Dkr fx-
`hpmf, jd taf Hjnjstfr kr taf \rfsjcfnt kd taf fxfgutjvf ek`rc - pfkpmf wak `rf mfss
fxpfrjfngfc jn rf`cjno cfsjons - wkumc a`vf p`rtjgjp`tfc jn taf bury taf dkrh`t
gkumc a`vf effn `cbustfc, dkr fx`hpmf ey rfqujrjno mfss siftga cfsjon `nc hkrf
tfxt kr hkrf `estr`gt vjsjkns. Gkhp`rfc tk taf djncjnos jn Ga`ptfr 4.?.7, fxpfrts
kr hkrf fxpfrjfngfc bury hfhefrs gkumc a`vf a`c ` hkrf prkhjnfnt rkmf jn ‑fx-
pm`jnjno‚ taf suehjssjkn. af m`rof `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn w`s `msk grf`tfc ey
p`rtjgjp`nt efa`vjkur2 :<% kd taf fntr`nts suehjttfc twk pkstfrs, wajmf taf dkr-
h`t prkvjcfc drffckh tk suehjt knf pkstfr knmy. ajs jncjg`tfs ta`t p`rtjgjp`nts
kdtfn gakksf tk suehjt `s huga jndkrh`tjkn `s pkssjemf wjtajn taf gkhpftjtjkn
dkrh`t wajmf tajs ckfs nkt `utkh`tjg`mmy jngrf`sfs taf ga`ngfs tk wjn2 Durtafr
`n`mysjs sakwfc ta`t taf `hkunt kd suehjssjkns usjno twk pkstfrs jnstf`c kd knf
rfh`jns fqu`m jn taf djn`m 6< (:5%). ajs suoofsts ta`t taf ga`ngfs kd wjnnjno
wfrf nkt jndmufngfc ey `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn `s suehjttfc ey taf p`rtjgjp`nts
`nc taf suehjssjkns wfrf bucofc ey taf gkntfnts. af kesfrv`tjkns jn tajs g`sf
`nc taf fxpfrjfngfs kd taf ktafr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 jncjg`tf ta`t jn h`ijno bucof-
hfnts jn cfsjon taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf `ssfsskr js hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n taf
`hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn, eut knmy jd taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs djts
taf jndkrh`tjkn hf`ns.
Knf kd taf h`jn cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 `nc
taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf w`s taf `nknyhkus bucofhfnt kd taf suehjssjkns.
@nknyhjty rfqujrfs ` vfry strugturfc dkrh`t tk mjni suehjssjkns tk p`rtjgjp`nts
`t taf fnc kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. af rfojstr`tjkn nuhefrs wfrf rfqujrfc `s p`rt
kd taf suehjssjkn dkrh`t, wajga wfrf usfc tk strugturf `nc hknjtkr taf m`rof
`hkunt kd suehjssjkns curjno prfp`r`tjkn nc ssfsshfnt. Curjno taf ssfsshfntpa`sf ` typkmkoy w`s cfvfmkpfc ey taf hfhefrs kd taf `n`mysjs tf`h tk strugturf
taf m`rof nuhefr kd suehjssjkns. af bury hfhefrs rfgfjvfc mjsts kd taf suehjs-
sjkns krcfrfc ey typf `nc jngrf`sjno rfojstr`tjkn nuhefrs. afy `msk rfgfjvfc `
a`nckut kd taf rfsumts kd taf qu`ntjt`tjvf stucy wjta taf hkst jhpkrt`nt tkpjgs `s
`ccrfssfc jn taf suehjssjkns. Jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws, mhkst mm bury hfh-
efrs fxprfssfc ta`t tafy `pprfgj`tfc taf strugturf prkvjcfc ey taf typkmkoy eut
ta`t tafy cjc nkt `orff kn taf gkntfnt `nc strugturf kd taf typkmkoy. Curjno taf
bury hfftjnos taf p`nfm cfgjcfc ta`t taf typkmkoy sakumc nkt ef p`rt kd taf bury
rfpkrt efg`usf jt w`s knmy n ssfsshfnt hf`ns nc nkt n kutgkhf kd tafjr fv`mu-
`tjkn prkgfss. Nfjtafr taf wjnnfrs nkr taf efst djdty rfprfsfnt taf cjstrjeutjkn kdtaf suehjssjkn kvfr taf typfs. afsf djncjnos suoofst ta`t ` strugturf g`n afmp tk
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 233/341
50? -
jntfrprft `nc prkgfss suehjssjkns eut ta`t tajs strugturf ckfs nkt `utkh`tjg`mmy
cftfrhjnf taf cjrfgtjkn kr typkmkojfs kd taf kutgkhf kd taf bury `ssfsshfnt.
Jn mjnf wjta taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn taf suehjssjkns wfrf `ssfssfc `nkny-
hkusmy. af djncjnos sakw ta`t efg`usf tafrf w`s nk jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf cf-
sjonfr prkvjcfc, taf bury hfhefrs dkgusfc kn taf gkntfnt kd taf jcf` jnstf`c kd
taf e`giorkunc kd jts grf`tkr. @mtakuoa taf bury hfhefrs wfrf skhftjhfs vfrygurjkus `ekut taf e`giorkunc kd taf p`rtjgjp`nts, tafy fxpmjgjtmy w`ntfc tk w`jt
wjta kpfnjno taf c`t`e`sf ta`t mjnifc taf rfojstr`tjkn nuhefrs tk taf p`rtjgjp`nts
untjm dtfr tafy cfgjcfc ekut taf wjnnfrs. Jn tajs rfspfgt gkhpftjtjkn js nkt taf
s`hf s tfncfr. Jn tfncfr gmjfnt sf`rgafs dkr ` p`rtnfr tk durtafr cfvfmkp jcf`s
dkr ` eujmcjno prkbfgt, wajmf `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn `jhs `t gkmmfgtjno cfsjon gkn-
gfpts jncfpfncfntmy kd taf pfrskn efajnc taf cfsjon. Jn `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn `
rfm`tjvfmy sh`mm `hkunt kd hknfy js `w`rcfc, `nc gkhp`rfc tk sjonjno ` gkntr`gt
taf jhpmjg`tjkns kd ` cfgjsjkn `ekut taf wjnnfr `rf mjhjtfc. ajs rfdmfgts taf nffc
tk `ssurf taf qu`mjdjg`tjkns kd taf cfsjonfr. Jn ` tfncfr taf `w`rc pa`sf sakumc
ef dkgusfc kn taf kddfr jnstf`c kd taf qu`mjdjg`tjkns kd taf tfncfrfr. ajs jhpmjfsta`t `nknyhjty wkumc sujt taf `w`rc pa`sf eut nkt taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf. @t taf
s`hf tjhf, taf tafkry `nc rfsumts drkh taf tfncfr g`sfs sakw ta`t `n kddfr `mw`ys
gknsjsts kd ` ‑p`gi`of‚ kd taf pfrskn, taf prkcugt `nc taf djrh (sff Ga`ptfr 4.?).
Nfxt tk ta`t jt w`s dkunc ta`t taf pfrskn`m fxpm`n`tjkn kd taf cfsjonfr jngrf`sfs
taf uncfrst`ncjno kd taf prkpks`m. ajs hf`ns ta`t taf rkmf kd `nknyhjty curjno
` tfncfr jn `rgajtfgturf rfqujrfs durtafr rfsf`rga.
@c 4) Cftfrhjnjno `nc g`rryjno kut taf rumfs kd taf o`hf
af gkhpftjtjkn rumfs cftfrhjnf taf rumfs kd taf o`hf dkr ` gkhpftjtjkn. Jn tajs
g`sf taf usf kd taf Ikhp`s hkcfm grf`tfc taf strugturf `nc kvfrvjfw kd taf jssufs
dkr taf cfvfmkphfnt kd ` gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf. Akwfvfr, taf prkbfgt tf`h
`msk fxpfrjfngfc ta`t taf usf kd ` hkcfm gkumc wf`ifn taf spfgjdjg ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc ajcf pkssjemf wf`infssfs kr jhpfrdfgtjkns jn taf hkcfm.
Knf kd tafsf jssufs gkngfrnfc taf p`yhfnt kd taf prjzf hknfy. af prkbfgt tf`h
a`c cfgjcfc tk rfmy kn taf hkcfm dkr tajs jssuf eut rfoum`tjkns `ekut T@ a`c
ga`nofc. af stffrjno tf`h a`c bust `pprkvfc taf ckguhfnts kd taf prkbfgt tf`h
wafn jt efg`hf gmf`r ta`t taf nfw T@ rfoum`tjkns wkumc mf`c tk `n jngrf`sf kd
taf eucoft. afsf djncjnos jncjg`tf ta`t taf usf kd ` prf-cfvfmkpfc prkgfcurf js
knmy `pprkprj`tf jd taf prkbfgt tf`h js `emf tk cftfgt nfgfss`ry `cbusthfnts `nc
taf stffrjno gkhhjttff a`s taf fxpfrtjsf tk bucof taf rjsis dkr taf kro`njs`tjkn.
ajs rfqujrfs spfgjdjg sijmms `nc up-tk-c`tf inkwmfcof `ekut rfoum`tjkns `nc gkn-
vfntjkns jn ` prkdfssjkn`m djfmc.
af ‑pm`yjno djfmc‚ kd gkhpftjtjkn js cftfrhjnfc ey taf cfsjon cfgjsjkns. af
prkbfgt tf`h fxpfrjfngfc curjno jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs ta`t
skhf kd taf vjkm`tjkns kd taf rumfs, suga `s hjssjno rfojstr`tjkn nuhefr, cjc nkt
jndmufngf taf pm`yjno djfmc kd taf gkhpftjtjkn eut knmy g`usfc `chjnjstr`tjvf js-
sufs. Ktafr rumfs `gtu`mmy g`usfc cfvj`tjkns jn taf pm`yjno djfmc, dkr fx`hpmf nkt
`emf tk gkhp`rf taf suehjssjkns efg`usf kd ` cjddfrfngf jn taf sg`mf mfvfms kd taf
siftgafs. ajs r`jsfc twk jssufs ta`t rfqujrfc sfnsfh`ijno curjno taf jhpmfhfn-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 234/341
501
t`tjkn prkgfss2 0) Akw strjgtmy sakumc taf rumfs ef `ppmjfc; `nc 5) Ck taf rumfs
nfo`tjvfmy jndmufngf taf ga`r`gtfr kd taf gkhpftjtjkn;
Dkr taf prkbfgt tf`h jt w`s cjddjgumt tk fstjh`tf taf fddfgts kd ` gfrt`jn rumf kn
taf nuhefr nc ijnc kd p`rtjgjp`nts nc suehjssjkns. Dkr fx`hpmf, taf kemjo`tjkn
tk ef rfojstfrfc jn n rgajtfgt rfojstfr gkumc a`vf saut mkt kd (jntfrn`tjkn`m) prk-
dfssjkn`ms kut, eut jt js rfh`jns ungfrt`jn akw h`ny pktfntj`m p`rtjgjp`nts wjmm ef`ddfgtfc ey tajs rfqujrfhfnt untjm `dtfr taf cf`cmjnf kd rfojstr`tjkn. Fvfn wjta taf
`v`jm`emf fxpfrtjsf wjtajn taf prkbfgt tf`h ` mkt kd tjhf w`s spfnc kn akw tk cf-
sjon taf gkhpftjtjkn jn krcfr tk rf`ga taf `jhs kd stjhum`tjkn grf`tjvjty, rfsf`rga
`nc cfe`tf. afrfdkrf jt g`n ef gkngmucfc ta`t ` g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn js `mw`ys `
oufss, `nc jt js knmy `dtfr taf suehjssjkn cf`cmjnf ta`t ` gmjfnt efgkhfs `w`rf kd
taf rfspknsf kd taf h`rift. afn kddjgj`mmy taf hkhfnt a`s p`ssfc tk h`if `c-
busthfnts tk taf rfqujrfhfnts `nc suehjssjkn dkrh`t. \`rtjgjp`nts a`vf tk cfgjcf
dkr tafhsfmvfs jd tafy dffm taf e`m`ngf eftwffn gksts `nc efnfdjts js wkrta t`ijno
taf rjsi `nc jnvfsthfnt kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn. _f akpfc dkr ` rfspknsf kd `rkunc 76<
suehjssjkns eut cjc nkt fxpfgt taf gkhpftjtjkn tk a`vf suga ` m`rof jhp`gt jntaf djfmc. Jn mjnf wjta kur fxpfgt`tjkns nkt h`ny kd taf h`bkr pm`yfrs jn taf djfmc
bkjnfc taf gkhpftjtjkn, eut ekta taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf bury gknsjcfrfc ` gkh-
pftjtjkn wjta 3?0 suehjssjkns `nc ` mkt kd hfcj` `ttfntjkn ` vfry suggfssdum kut-
gkhf. afrfdkrf taf bury cfgjcfc tk bucof `mm suehjssjkns ta`t gkumc ef prjntfc
`nc prfsfntfc `n jcf` jnmjnf wjta taf `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
af gkhpftjtjkn rumfs kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf prkvjcfc rkkh dkr jngrf`s-
jno jnsjoats ta`t wkumc rfspfgt taf pksjtjvf rfspknsf kn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn.
@ strjgt mfo`m prkgurfhfnt gkntfxt ckfs nkt `mmkw dkr taf s`hf ijnc kd dmfxjejmjty.
Jn krcfr tk `ssurf gkhpftjtjkn taf tfncfr rfoum`tjkns ck nkt `mmkw mfss ta`n djvf
tfncfrfrs jn taf `w`rc pa`sf eut ` gmjfnt js drff tk jnvjtf `s h`ny tfncfrfrs `stafy w`nt `s mkno `s tafy dumdjm taf rfqujrfhfnts. Curjno ` tfncfr taf ga`jr kd taf
bury p`nfm wkumc nkt a`vf effn `emf tk `ggfpt taf suehjssjkns ta`t cjc nkt hfft
taf rfqujrfhfnts jntk taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfcurf (`ekut 61%). af nffc tk rf`gt
kn taf rfspknsf kd taf h`rift kn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn w`s `msk dkunc jn taf
Wgakkm g`sf. Efg`usf kd taf m`rof `hkunt kd g`ncjc`tfs ta`t rfspkncfc tk tafjr
g`mm, taf Wgakkm Ek`rc jnvjtfc sjxta g`ncjc`tfs dkr taf `w`rc pa`sf jnstf`c kd djvf.
af nffc dkr `cbusthfnts js p`rt kd taf prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno (_fjgi, 0::6).
rust jn taf kro`njs`tjkn `msk `ppf`rfc tk ef `n jhpkrt`nt jssuf jn jhpmf-
hfnt`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs. Jn tajs g`sf tafrf wfrf knmy twk kddjgj`m gkh-
pm`jnts kd p`rtjgjp`nts wak gkumc nkt tr`gf tafjr suehjssjkn. afy `ssuhfc ta`ttafjr suehjssjkn a`c nkt effn `ssfssfc ey taf bury efg`usf kd ` hjst`if kd taf
prkbfgt tf`h, wajga g`n ef rfm`tfc tk trust jn taf gkhhjssjknfr. Efg`usf bury
hfftjnos a`ppfn efajnc gmksfc ckkrs, p`rtjgjp`nts nfvfr inkw dkr surf jd taf
bury pfrskn`mmy mkkifc `t tafjr suehjssjkn. Knmy taksf p`rtjgjp`nts waksf sue-
hjssjkns wfrf jngmucfc jn taf puemjg`tjkn `nc `ccrfssfc jn taf bury rfpkrt a`vf
prkkd ta`t tafjr suehjssjkn w`s fv`mu`tfc ey taf bury. af prkbfgt tf`h rfmjfc kn
taf c`t`e`sf kd taf wfesjtf wafn tafy grf`tfc taf mjsts kd p`rtjgjp`nts nc taf bury
p`nfms trustfc taf prkbfgt tf`h nkt tk a`vf h`cf hjst`ifs. @mm fntr`nts rfgfjvfc
`n `utkh`tjg gkndjrh`tjkn hfss`of `dtfr suehjssjkn. Wuga `utkh`tjg hfss`ofs
`rf hkrf mjifmy tk oft mkst jn sp`h djmtfrs, yft taf prkbfgt tf`h dfmt ta`t wjta tajs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 235/341
50: -
m`rof nuhefr kd suehjssjkns nkn-`utkh`tjg prkgfssfs wkumc a`vf g`usfc hkrf
`chjnjstr`tjvf prkemfhs.
af gkhhunjg`tjkn gkumc a`vf jhprkvfc jd taf p`rty wak cfvfmkpfc taf wfe-
sjtf a`c effn p`rt kd taf prkbfgt tf`h. Kn taf ktafr a`nc taf gkhhunjg`tjkn
`hkno taf `gtkrs jn tajs g`sf sffhfc tk a`vf m`rofmy cfpfncfc kn (` m`gi kd ) gmf`r
mf`cfrsajp `nc strugturf wjtajn taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc nkt fxpmjgjtmy kn efjno `hfhefr kd taf tf`h kr nkt. af jssuf kd trust eftwffn ` gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt
`nc taf tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs js hkst mjifmy hkrf jhpkrt`nt jn tfncfr ta`n jn `n jcf`s
gkhpftjtjkn efg`usf kd taf mfo`m gknsfqufngfs kd pkssjemf hjst`ifs. Jt js tafrfdkrf
pm`usjemf ta`t ` bury rfpkrt gkntrjeutfs tk ` m`rofr fxtfnt tk eujmcjno trust ta`n
` qu`ntjdjfc sgkrf efg`usf jt cjspm`ys ta`t taf bury p`nfm `gtu`mmy mkkifc `t taf
prkpks`ms.
@c ?) \rkgurfhfnt m`w jn pr`gtjgf
Efg`usf taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf w`s e`sfc kn taf Ikhp`s hkcfm `nc st`tfc `s
`n kpfn jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn, taf mfo`m gkntfxt sffhfc qujtf gmf`r. Akwfvfr, tafrfm`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn tk taf Furkpf`n tfncfr kd taf duturf nfw eujmcjno
stjmm rfh`jns ` tkpjg kd cjsgussjkn. Curjno taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf taf prkbfgt tf`h
suspfgtfc ta`t taf mjni eftwffn taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc tfncfr wkumc ef jhpkrt`nt
tk `ttr`gt (hkrf fst`emjsafc) prkdfssjkn`ms drkh taf djfmc. Wkhf hfhefrs kd taf
bury `nc taf Cf`n trjfc tafjr vfry efst tk kddjgj`mmy gknnfgt taf kutgkhf kd tajs
gkhpftjtjkn tk taf duturf tfncfr, eut taf fxtfrn`mmy ajrfc mfo`m `cvjskr suggfssdummy
prfvfntfc tajs. af gkhpftjtjkn rumfs tafrfdkrf knmy jngmucfc ` ofnfr`m hfss`of
ta`t ”taf wjnnfrs rf fhpa`tjg`mmy jnvjtfc tk t`if p`rt jn taf (duturf) prkbfgt gkh-
pftjtjkn‘ (D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf, 5<<1). @t taf tjhf kd wrjtjno jt js stjmm unsurf
jd tafrf fvfr wjmm ef nfw eujmcjno prkbfgt. Zft taf bury hfhefrs nc p`rtjgjp`nts
stjmm fxpfgt taf wjnnfrs kd taf jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn tk efnfdjt jn taf nfxt pa`sf kd
taf prkbfgt. Jt js nkw up tk taf stffrjno gkhhjttff tk cfgjcf kn tajs h`ttfr `s
taf prkbfgt tf`h w`s cjsh`ntmfc `dtfr taf `w`rc gfrfhkny a`c t`ifn pm`gf. Wk
kddjgj`mmy nk mfo`m gkhhjthfnts wfrf h`cf eut ` gmjfnt sakumc ef `w`rf ta`t ey
kro`njsjno ` gkhpftjtjkn ` gmjfnt ckfs grf`tf prkdfssjkn`m kemjo`tjkns tk taf p`r-
tjgjp`nts `nc taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc.
Curjno taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury p`nfm `nc taf ajni `ni, taf mfo`m prjn-
gjpmfs kd fqu`m trf`thfnt `nc kebfgtjvjty prkvfc tk ef ` e`rrjfr tk gkmm`ekr`tjkn.
Wkhf kd taf fxpfrts ta`t wfrf jnvjtfc dkr taf bury p`nfm `nc taf ajni `ni fvfn
cfgmjnfc efg`usf tajs wkumc hf`n ta`t tafy wkumc nkt ef `emf tk p`rtjgjp`tf jn
duturf `gtjvjtjfs kd taf eujmcjno prkbfgt. Jn tajs sfnsf ` gkndmjgt eftwffn taf mfo`m
gkntfxt `nc taf `hejtjkn `nc wjsafs kd taf gmjfnt sffhfc tk a`vf kggurrfc. Jn
pr`gtjgf ` tfncfr js prfgfcfc ey nuhfrkus ktafr `gtjvjtjfs tk `n`mysf taf nffcs,
`hejtjkns `nc pkssjejmjtjfs kd ` gmjfnt gkngfrnjno taf duturf eujmcjno, suga `s
tajs jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn. Cr`wjno up ` eusjnfss g`sf kr cfvfmkpjno ` erjfd `rf bust
skhf fx`hpmfs kd `gtjvjtjfs ta`t kdtfn rfqujrf gkntrjeutjkns kd fxtfrn`m p`rtjfs
ta`t hjoat w`nt tk ef jnvkmvfc jn taf rfst kd taf prkbfgt tkk. Kd gkursf efjno
jnvkmvfc jn tafsf ijncs kd `gtjvjtjfs gkumc efnfdjt taf pktfntj`m tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs
`nc tafrfdkrf tarf`tfn taf mfo`m prjngjpmfs kd fqu`m trf`thfnt `nc kebfgtjvjty.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 236/341
55<
Jn taf fnc taf prkbfgt tf`h a`c tk cfgjcf ta`t pfkpmf ta`t wfrf jnvkmvfc jn taf
ajni ni kr bury p`nfm wkumc ef fxgmucfc drkh ny duturf tfncfr dkr taf d`gum-
ty eujmcjno. Dkr taf gkhpftjtjkn nk prkhjsfs wfrf h`cf kn durtafr gkmm`ekr`tjkn
wjta taf wjnnfrs. Jt rfh`jns tk ef sffn jd jncffc d`jr gkhpftjtjkn wkumc nkt a`vf
effn pkssjemf wjtakut tajs ijnc kd hf`surfs. @w`rcjno gkntr`gts t`ifs pm`gf jn taf
gkntfxt kd `n kro`njs`tjkn ta`t kdtfn a`s humtjpmf `jhs `nc st`ifakmcfrs tk sfrvf.Jn `mm g`sfs kd tajs rfsf`rga sfvfr`m ok`ms wfrf jcfntjdjfc uncfrmyjno taf tfncfr kr
gkhpftjtjkn. af gmjfnts kdtfn `msk a`c hkrf str`tfojg ok`ms jn hjnc `nc usfc taf
tfncfrs tk jhprkvf taf rfm`tjknsajps wjta jhpkrt`nt st`ifakmcfrs. Wtr`tfojg efa`v-
jkur js jnafrfnt tk ckjno eusjnfss cfgjsjkns eut prkgurfhfnt m`w ckfs nkt sffh tk
t`if tafsf ijncs kd `jhs jntk `ggkunt.
?.3.7 Wt`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt
af jnvkmvfhfnt kd st`ifakmcfrs w`s `msk jn tajs g`sf `n jhpkrt`nt fmfhfnt.
Djncjnos kn taf jssuf kd st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt jn taf gkhpftjtjkn r`jsfc taf
dkmmkwjno jssufs2
Ufm`tjkn eftwffn p`rtjgjp`tkry hf`ns `nc gkhpftjtjkn `jhs.
f`h gkhpksjtjkn `nc p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Fxpfrtjsf `nc gmjfnt kemjo`tjkns.
@c 0) Ufm`tjkn eftwffn p`rtjgjp`tkry hf`ns `nc gkhpftjtjkn `jhs
af prjh`ry kebfgtjvfs kd taf D`gumty g`sf wfrf tk gkmmfgt jnspjr`tjkn dkr ` nfw
eujmcjno erjfd, tk fngkur`of grf`tjvjty hkno taf ykunofr ofnfr`tjkn, nc tk stjh-
um`tf rfsf`rga `nc ofnfr`m cfe`tf. Efg`usf kd taf trfhfnckus fddfgt kd taf djrf kn
taf mkg`m `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty, taf gkhpftjtjkn w`s `msk kro`njsfc tk suppkrtfhpmkyffs, (dkrhfr) stucfnts, `nc taf prkdfssjkn`ms jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf jn
taf prkgfss kd gkpjno wjta taf mkss kd taf kmc eujmcjno. af Cf`n tafrfdkrf w`ntfc
tk dkgus kn taf duturf `nc jnvkmvf `s h`ny pfkpmf `s pkssjemf. Jcf`s `ekut taf
jnvkmvfhfnt kd taf prfss wfrf str`tfojg`mmy dkrhum`tfc drkh taf efojnnjno kd taf
gkhpftjtjkn prfp`r`tjkn pfrjkc. \rkdfssjkn`m `rgajtfgts, fhpmkyffs kd taf d`gumty
`nc `rgajtfgtur`m stucfnts wfrf taf h`jn st`ifakmcfrs. Ajstkrjg`mmy gkhpftjtjkns
a`vf prkvfn tk ef ` erf`itarkuoa dkr sfvfr`m `rgajtfgts. afrfdkrf fvfry `rgajtfgt
sjmfntmy akpfs ta`t tafjr t`mfnts wjmm ef cjsgkvfrfc ey ` rfnkwnfc bury. af prkbfgt
tf`h cjc nkt gknsgjkusmy cfsjon ` p`rtjgjp`tjkn str`tfoy dkr taf st`ifakmcfrs kd taf
g`sf, eut cjc cfvfmkp sfvfr`m p`rtjgjp`tjkn kptjkns wjta cjddfrfnt mfvfms kd jndmu-
fngf kn taf djn`m cfgjsjkn `ekut ` nfw D`gumty eujmcjno (sff `emf ?.6).
Jn taf t`emf ` cjstjngtjkn js cjspm`yfc eftwffn cfgjsjvf (0), `cvjskry (5), `nc
jndkrh`tjvf rjoats (7) kn taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf duturf eujmcjno (D), taf gkhpftjtjkn
rumfs (GU), `nc taf gkhpftjtjkn kutgkhf (GK). Dkr hkst st`ifakmcfrs, cfgjsjvf
kr `cvjskry kptjkns wfrf knmy pkssjemf ey pfrskn`m jnvjt`tjkn (f.o. p`rt kd taf
prkbfgt tf`h kr bury p`nfm). Ktafr prkdfssjkn`ms jn taf djfmc gkumc knmy jndmufngf
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs ey suehjttjno tafjr jcf`s dkr taf cjrfgtjkn kd taf duturf d`gumty
tk taf gkhpftjtjkn. Bury cfgjsjkns wfrf ejncjno. af stffrjno gkhhjttff cjc nkt
a`vf ` s`y jn taf gkhpftjtjkn `s suga, eut cjc a`vf tk gknsjcfr taf rfsumts kd taf
gkhpftjtjkn `nc ajni `ni tk `cvjsf taf ek`rc kd taf Vnjvfrsjty. Krjojn`mmy taf
0.
5.
7.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 237/341
550 -
Cf`n kd taf d`gumty w`s ` hfhefr kd taf bury p`nfm, eut efg`usf kd ajs jmmnfss taf
d`gumty w`s knmy rfprfsfntfc ey ` stucfnt, ` prkdfsskr `nc `n fhfrjtus prkdfsskr.
@p`rt drkh taf Cf`n, nfjtafr taf stffrjno gkhhjttff nkr taf ek`rc kd taf unjvfr-
sjty wfrf p`rt kd taf bury p`nfm. J a`vf taf dffmjno tajs w`s h`jnmy efg`usf kd str`-
tfojg nc pkmjtjg`m rf`skns. Jn taf fnc, taf prjh`ry gkhpftjtjkn jhs (jnspjr`tjkn,
stjhum`tjkn `nc cfe`tf) `nc ajccfn kro`njs`tjkn`m prkbfgt `jhs (prkvjcjno ` pk-
cjuh dkr st`ifakmcfrs, jngrf`sjno taf D`gumty‚s jntfrn`tjkn`m rfput`tjkn) sffhfc
tk a`vf strfnotafnfc f`ga ktafr. ajs rfsumtfc jn `n kvfrwafmhjno `hkunt kd
ajoa qu`mjty jcf`s dkr taf duturf d`gumty `s wfmm `s trfhfnckus jntfrn`tjkn`m fxpk-
surf kd taf d`gumty tk stucfnts `nc prkdfssjkn`ms.
af djrf jn taf eujmcjno `t taf Efrm`ofwfo `nc durtafr djn`ngj`m cfvfmkphfnt
wjtajn taf kro`njs`tjkn ga`nofc taf pkjnt kd cfp`rturf kd taf rf`m fst`tf str`tfoy
kd Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty. @t taf tjhf kd wrjtjno, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty js stjmm rfgknsjcfrjnojts rf`m fst`tf str`tfoy e`sfc kn taf rfsumts kd taf ajni `ni `nc taf jcf`s gkh-
pftjtjkn. Hkst kd taf jcf`s kd taf gkhpftjtjkn gkngfntr`tfc kn taf cfsjon kd taf
nfw d`gumty eujmcjno `nc cjc nkt gknsjcfr durtafr jhpmjg`tjkns kn g`hpus mfvfm
kr `ekut fcug`tjkn`m str`tfojfs. af rfsumts kd taf ajni `ni cjc jngmucf ` mkt
kd jcf`s `nc str`tfojfs kn g`hpus mfvfm (@rifstfjbn, cfn Afjbfr, T`ncf \uttf, &
Tkmifr, 5<<:). afrfdkrf gkhpftjtjkn p`rtjgjp`nts gkumc a`vf taf jhprfssjkn ta`t
taf rfsumts kd taf gkhpftjtjkn hjoat a`vf a`c ` mfssfr jhp`gt kn gurrfnt cfgjsjkn
h`ijno `ekut taf rf`m fst`tf str`tfoy. Nfvfrtafmfss, taf d`gt ta`t taf bury p`nfm
cfgjcfc tk sfmfgt twk wjnnfrs wak prkpksfc tk rfnkv`tf taf Bumj`n`m``n eujmcjno
stjhum`tfc taf cjsgussjkn `ekut taf pkssjejmjty tk st`y `t taf tfhpkr`ry mkg`tjkn.
Wt`ifakmcfrs nc kptjkns dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn2
0 8 cfgjsjvf rjoats
5 8 `cvjskry rjoats
7 8 efjno jndkrhfc `nc prkvjcf suppkrt
GU 8 Gkhpftjtjkn rumfs
GK 8 Gkhpftjtjkn kutgkhfD 8 Duturf cjrfgtjkn kd D`gumty ggkhhkc`tjkn
W t f f r j n o g k h
h j t t f f ( e y j n v j t ` t j k n )
S a j n i S ` n i ( e
y j n v j t ` t j k n )
\ r k b f g t t f ` h (
e y j n v j t ` t j k n )
B u r y p ` n f m ( e y j n v j t ` t j k n )
G k h p f t j t j k n
p ` r t j g j p ` n t
@ n ` m y s j s t f ` h
s ( e y j n v j t ` t j k n ` n c
v k m u n t ` r j m y )
J n v j t f c k p f n
` g t j v j t j f s ( f . o . ff n ` m
s y h p k s j u h )
K p f n ` g t j v j t j f s ( ` w ` r c g f r f h k n y ,
f x a j e j t j k n , p u e m j g ` t j k n )
Gkhhjssjknjno ekcy (Fxfgutjvf Ek`rc) 5-D 5-D
Ufprfsfnt`tjvfs kd gmjfnt (f.o. D`gumty st`) 0-GU 0-GK9 5-D
Wa`rfakmcfrs nc supfrvjskrs (f.o. Hjnjstry,
hunjgjp`mjtjfs)
5-D 7
C`jmy usfrs (f.o. fhpmkyffs, stucfnts) 0-GU 0-GK9 5-D 5-D 7 7 7
Nkn-c`jmy usfrs (f.o. muhnj, fxga`nof stucfnts &
prkdfssjkn`ms)
0-GK9 5-D 5-D 7
Ufprfsfnt`tjvf orkups (f.o. EN@, stucfnt ek`rc) 7 7
S`emf ?.6 Kvfrvjfw kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn kptjkns `nc jnufngf kn taf duturf eujmcjno
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 238/341
555
Jn B`nu`ry 5<0< taf Fxfgutjvf Ek`rc cfgjcfc ta`t taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf
wkumc rfh`jn jn taf eujmcjno `t Bumj`n`m``n untjm durtafr nktjgf, `nc ekuoat taf
eujmcjno e`gi drkh taf rf`m fst`tf cfvfmkpfr tafy krjojn`mmy a`c skmc jt tk. @ gur-
rfnt m`gi kd djn`ngj`m hf`ns `nc taf pksjtjvf fxpfrjfngfs wjta taf eujmcjno `p-
pf`rfc tk a`vf effn taf h`jn rf`skns dkr tajs cfgjsjkn. Akwfvfr, taf gkhpftjtjkn
gkntrjeutfc tk taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss kd taf Fxfgutjvf ek`rc `nc taf Cf`n kdtaf d`gumty.
@c 5) Sf`h gkhpksjtjkn `nc p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno
@msk jn tajs g`sf taf prkbfgt tf`h, taf stffrjno gkhhjttff `nc taf bury p`nfm wfrf
taf hkst jhpkrt`nt `gtkrs. Akwfvfr, `s cjspm`yfc jn emf ?.6, ` mkt kd ktafr st`if-
akmcfrs wfrf jnvkmvfc jn taf kro`njs`tjkn nc jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
afkrftjg`mmy ` mkt kd gknnfgtjkns `nc rkmfs `rf pkssjemf tk mft pfkpmf p`rtjgjp`tf
jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno. r`cjtjkn`mmy gkhpftjtjkn bury p`nfms h`jnmy gknsjst kd `rgaj-
tfgt fxpfrts. af bury p`nfms ta`t `gtfc `s sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc gkhhjttffs jn taf
tarff tfncfr g`sfs gknsjstfc kd hjxturf kd fxpfrts, chjnjstr`tkrs nc rfprfsfnt`-tjvfs kd gfrt`jn st`ifakmcfr orkups (sff Ga`ptfr 4.6). Jn gurrfnt pr`gtjgf skhf
pfkpmf `ssuhf ta`t `rgajtfgt fxpfrts `rf efst `emf tk bucof taf qu`mjty kd cfsjon,
wajmf ktafrs `rf gknvjngfc ta`t taf rfspknsjemf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs drkh taf gmjfnt
kro`njs`tjkn sakumc ef pfrskn`mmy jnvkmvfc, fvfn jd tafy ck nkt a`vf ckh`jn spf-
gjdjg fxpfrtjsf `ekut `rgajtfgturf. Jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf taf tfncfr `nc taf
gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkns wfrf bkjnfc efg`usf taf gmjfnt rfprfsfnt`tjvfs wfrf jn taf
h`jn msk fxpfrts jn taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc. Jn taf tfncfr g`sfs taf e`m`ngf eftwffn
nuhefr kd fxpfrts `nc ktafr st`ifakmcfrs `ppf`rfc tk rfdmfgt taf `ttjtucf kd taf
gkhhjssjknjno ekcy tkw`rcs taf pafnkhfnkn kd bucojno cfsjon qu`mjty.
af c`t` `msk suoofst ta`t taf jntfrfst kd st`ifakmcfrs tk ef jnvkmvfc jn ` bury
p`nfm `msk rfm`tfc tk taf pktfntj`m jhp`gt kd taf cfgjsjkn (sff Ga`ptfr 4.?.7). af
jhp`gt kd `w`rcjno ` gkntr`gt js m`rofr ta`n taf jhp`gt kd cjvjcjno prjzf hknfy,
wajga gkumc fxpm`jn way taf hfhefrs kd taf stffrjno gkhhjttff kd taf D`gumty
g`sf wfrf mfss jntfrfstfc jn p`rtjgjp`tjno `s burkrs ta`n jn tfncfr sjtu`tjkns. Dkr
tajs s`hf rf`skn taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury p`nfm gkumc a`vf `msk g`usfc hkrf
cjsgussjkn eftwffn taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf stffrjno gkhhjttff. Efg`usf bury
hfhefrs nc tafjr djrhs rf usu`mmy fxgmucfc drkh p`rtjgjp`tjkn, jt js usu`mmy a`rc
tk `ttr`gt `rgajtfgt fxpfrts dkr ` bury p`nfm. Jn tajs g`sf taf bury hfhefrs wfrf
wjmmjno tk ojvf up tafjr ga`ngfs `t wjnnjno taf gkhpftjtjkn jn krcfr tk ef p`rt kd
taf bury p`nfm. Jd tajs gkhpftjtjkn wkumc a`vf effn ` tfncfr jt prke`emy wkumc
a`vf effn hkrf cjddjgumt tk djnc fxpfrts dkr taf bury p`nfm. Hkrf mf`cjno prkdfs-
sjkn`m djrhs hjoat a`vf p`rtjgjp`tfc. ajs sakws ta`t taf jhs nc jhpmjg`tjkns kd
` tfncfr jndmufngf taf `gtkrs ta`t t`if p`rt `nc taf pksjtjkn kd taf st`ifakmcfrs.
af djncjnos kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf jncjg`tf ta`t taf bury p`nfm cjc nkt
fxpfrjfngf taf s`hf tfnsjkns eftwffn taf mfo`m kemjo`tjkns `nc taf gmjfnt fxpfg-
t`tjkns `s dkunc jn taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4.?.3. Drkh taf efojnnjno kd taf
gkhpftjtjkn taf prkbfgt tf`h `ssuhfc ta`t taf bury p`nfm wkumc a`vf cfgjsjvf
rjoats `ekut taf prjzf hknfy. ajs hf`nt ta`t rfspknsjejmjtjfs wfrf cfmfo`tfc tk
`gtkrs ta`t wfrf nkt p`rt kd taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy. ajs w`s nkt pfrgfjvfc `s
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 239/341
557 -
` tarf`t efg`usf taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf bury hfhefrs w`s gknsjcfrfc `s `
qu`mjty ou`r`ntff. Jt g`n `msk ef sffn `s p`rt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn ta`t taf
grjtfrj` st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs wfrf nkt usfc `s jnput dkr cfgjsjkn h`trjx
e`sfc kn jncjvjcu`m kr gkmmfgtjvf bucofhfnts kd taf bury hfhefrs. Jt w`s `mhkst
t`ifn dkr or`ntfc ta`t ` bury rfpkrt wkumc ef cr`wn up e`sfc kn taf cjsgussjkns
jn taf bury hfftjno. ajs sakws taf efnfdjts kd ` prkvfn gkngfpt kd cfgjsjkn h`i-jno wjtajn ` gfrt`jn prkdfssjkn, ` tr`cjtjkn wajga stjmm nffcs tk ef cfvfmkpfc dkr
tfncfr prkgfcurfs.
@c 7) Fxpfrtjsf `nc gmjfnt kemjo`tjkns
af g`sf kd D`gumty Eujmcjno js unjquf efg`usf kd taf cjrfgt gknnfgtjkn eftwffn
taf n`turf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf gkrf `gtjvjtjfs kd taf gmjfnt. af mfvfm kd
fxpfrtjsf kd taf c`jmy usfrs kd taf duturf eujmcjno w`s gknsfqufntmy rfm`tjvfmy ajoa
`nc tafy wfrf `emf tk bkjn taf gkhpftjtjkn. Jn taf cfsjon kd taf p`rtjgjp`tjkn
kptjkns nk spfgjdjg `ttfntjkn w`s p`jc tk taf cjddfrfnt mfvfms kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf
st`ifakmcfrs jn rfm`tjkn tk tafjr jnvkmvfhfnt jn taf prkgfss eut curjno taf prfp`-r`tjkn kd taf bury `ssfsshfnt suppkrt gkumc f`sjmy ef dkunc wjtajn taf kro`njs`-
tjkn. Kddfrjno tafsf kppkrtunjtjfs dkr fhpmkyffs `nc stucfnts jngrf`sfc taf p`r-
tjgjp`tjkn kptjkns. @msk jn gkhpksjno taf prkbfgt tf`h taf `v`jm`emf rfskurgfs
wjtajn taf (nftwkri kd taf) kro`njs`tjkn fxpfrtjsf wfrf usfc. @s ` dkrhfr Gajfd
Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt taf Cf`n w`s `w`rf kd taf pktfntj`m kd ` gkhpftjtjkn, taf
rfoum`tjkns nc tr`cjtjkns, nc af dfmt fntausj`stjg ekut grf`tjno tajs kppkrtunjty
dkr taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf. af prkbfgt tf`h gkumc eujmc kn tajs fxpfrjfngf jn
gknsjcfrjno taf v`rjkus p`rtjgjp`tjkn kptjkns, wajga w`s vfry afmpdum.
Jn taf tfncfr g`sfs kd Ga`ptfr 4 taf gmjfnts wfrf nkt vfry d`hjmj`r wjta (tfn-
cfr) gkhpftjtjkns nc rgajtfgturf jn ofnfr`m. Jt w`s dkunc ta`t wajmf hkst puemjg
gmjfnts ck a`vf ` spfgj`m purga`sf, prkgurfhfnt, kr rf`m fst`tf cfp`rthfnt tafy
stjmm cfgjcfc tk ajrf ` gknsumt`nt dkr taf spfgjdjg gkhpftfngfs nffcfc dkr `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkns. af rfsumts kd taf g`sfs jncjg`tf ta`t taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf kppkrtunj-
tjfs ta`t tfncfr g`n kddfr nc taf v`jm`emf suppkrt wjtajn taf kro`njs`tjkn gkumc
ga`nof taf `pprk`ga kd taf prkbfgt. Jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf, taf Wgakkm `nc
taf Gjty A`mm g`sf taf gmjfnt `mm s`w ` mkt kd kppkrtunjtjfs `nc trjfc tk rf`mjsf tafjr
`hejtjkns jn taf (tfncfr) gkhpftjtjkn. Jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf, wkrijno wjta
fxpfrjfngfc `nc cffpmy jnvkmvfc st`ifakmcfrs `msk grf`tfc ` mkt kd fxpfgt`tjkns
`ekut taf qu`mjty kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. af gkhpftjtjkn tafrfdkrf `msk a`c `n fx-
fhpm`ry dungtjkn, wajga grf`tfc `ccjtjkn`m prfssurf kn taf wkri kd taf prkbfgt
tf`h `nc taf bury p`nfm. @mm bury hfhefrs st`tfc jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws
ta`t tafy wfrf s`tjsdjfc `ekut taf mfvfm kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn ey taf st`ifakmcfr orkups.
@t taf s`hf tjhf tafy cjc nkt sffh tk ef vfry jntfrfstfc jn tajs jssuf, kr jn taf mfv-
fm kd taf rfqujrfhfnts sft dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rfoum`tjkns. afy
sffhfc tk gknsjcfr p`rtjgjp`tjkn tk ef ` ojvfn jn `rgajtfgtur`m gumturf2 gkhpftjno
jn ` gkhpftjtjkn kddfrs ` mkt kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn kptjkns `mrf`cy. af gmjfnt sfts taf
rumfs `nc taf bury hfhefrs gkhpmy wjta tafsf rumfs, kn taf gkncjtjkn ta`t tafy
`rf `emf tk ck tafjr bke prkpfrmy. @t taf tjhf kd wrjtjno, hkst rfsjst`ngf `ekut taf
gkhpftjtjkn `hkno `muhnj, stucfnts `nc st`dd rfm`tfc tk taf m`gi kd gkhhunjg`-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 240/341
553
tjkn drkh taf unjvfrsjty h`n`ofhfnt `ekut taf `ggkhhkc`tjkn str`tfoy dkr taf
d`gumty `nc taf dkmmkw-up kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. E`sfc kn tafsf djncjnos jt g`n ef
gkngmucfc ta`t `t mf`st st`ifakmcfrs sakumc ef wfmm jndkrhfc `ekut taf cfvfmkp-
hfnts `nc dkmmkw-up kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
?.3.3 Cfgjsjkn prkgfcurfaf prfvjkus sfgtjkns `ccrfssfc taf cfgjsjkns ta`t wfrf h`cf jn taf prfp`r`tjkn
`nc cfsjon pa`sf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. ajs sfgtjkn dkgusfs kn taf ssfsshfnt prkg-
fss kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. af kesfrv`tjkns `nc jntfrvjfws `ekut taf prkgfssfs kd
cfgjsjkn h`ijno o`vf rf`skn tk cjsguss taf dkmmkwjno jssufs2
Cfvfmkphfnt kd `n `ssfsshfnt dr`hf.
Wt`ofs kd jngrfhfnt`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Wuebfgtjvf ga`r`gtfr kd kebfgtjvf grjtfrj`.
Hftakcs tk fxprfss `nc bustjdy prfdfrfngfs.
Cjddfrfngfs eftwffn fxpfrts.Gknnfgtjkn eftwffn taf bury p`nfm `nc taf `jhs, grjtfrj`, djn`m cfgjsjkn kd `
gkhpftjtjkn.
@c 0) Cfvfmkphfnt kd `n `ssfsshfnt dr`hf
af mjtfr`turf kn cfgjsjkn h`ijno sakwfc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs a`vf tk cfvfmkp
` dr`hf jn krcfr tk h`if cfgjsjkns (f.o. Ef`ga & Gknnkmmy, 5<<6). af fv`mu`-
tjkn prkgfcurf s fxpm`jnfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs gknt`jnfc strjgt cjstjngtjkn
eftwffn taf `ssfsshfnt pa`sf (` gafgi `o`jnst rfqujrfhfnts `nc `n`mysjs kd jndkr-
h`tjkn) `nc `n fv`mu`tjkn pa`sf (` v`muf bucofhfnt `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty e`sfc
kn cjddfrfnt ijncs kd `ssfsshfnt). Knmy taf bury w`s fntjtmfc tk h`if bucofhfnts`ekut taf qu`mjty kd taf suehjssjkns `nc tafjr cfgjsjkns wfrf ejncjno. af bury
p`nfm cjc nkt a`vf `n `gtjvf rkmf jn prfp`rjno `nc `ssfssjno taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs
nkr taf suehjssjkns. Curjno taf gafgi `o`jnst taf rfqujrfhfnts taf prkbfgt gkkr-
cjn`tkrs cfvfmkpfc sfnsf kd cjrfgtjkn ekut taf suehjssjkns ey ssfssjno taf djrst
0< kr 5< suehjssjkns tkoftafr. Cfgjsjkns a`c tk ef h`cf `ekut wafn tk `pprkvf
taf suehjssjkn kn ` gfrt`jn tkpjg kr nkt. ajs w`s gkncugtfc jn tarff g`tfokrjfs2
‑yfs‚, ‑ckuet‚, `nc ‑nk‚. Cuf tk taf m`rof nuhefr kd suehjssjkns, `dtfr taf djrst 6<
suehjssjkns, taf t`sis wfrf cjvjcfc `hkno taf twk prkbfgt gkkrcjn`tkrs.
@ tf`h kd 56 vkmuntffr fhpmkyffs jncjvjcu`mmy `n`mysfc `mm suehjssjkns wjta
rfspfgt tk akw tafy cf`mt wjta taf tafhfs `nc rfqujrfhfnts jn taf gkhpftjtjkn
erjfd. afy usfc `n jnvfntkry mjst cfvfmkpfc ey taf prkbfgt tf`h jn gkmm`ekr`tjkn
wjta taf ga`jr kd taf bury. af jnvfntkry mjst w`s fxpm`jnfc curjno `n jntrkcugtkry
hfftjno kd taf prkbfgt tf`h wjta taf hfhefr kd taf vkmunt`ry tf`h ta`t gkumc
`ttfnc. af rfsumts kd taf `n`mysjs wfrf gkmmfgtfc jn ` c`t`e`sf `nc `n`mysfc ey
twk stucfnt `ssjst`nts. af mfvfm kd cft`jm kd `n`mysjs `nc `hkunt kd tjhf spfnt
kn f`ga fntry cjddfrfc orf`tmy pfr fhpmkyff `nc taf rfmj`ejmjty kd taf `n`mysjs `p-
pf`rfc mjhjtfc. Akwfvfr, jt prkvjcfc ` usfdum kvfrvjfw kd taf suehjssjkns `nc `
st`rtjno pkjnt dkr durtafr `n`mysjs. af rfsumts kd taf `n`mysjs wfrf cjsgussfc jn
` sh`mm gkrf tf`h kd dkur fhpmkyffs `s rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf jssufs `ccrfssfc jn
taf grjtfrj`2 ‑`rgajtfgturf‚, ‑gknstrugtjkn‚, ‑sust`jn`ejmjty‚ `nc ‑fgknkhjg vj`ejmjty‚.
0.
5.
7.
3.
6.4.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 241/341
556 -
ajs tf`h pfrdkrhfc jts kwn `n`mysjs jn tarff hfftjnos. afjr djrst hfftjno w`s
`mhkst fntjrfmy spfnt kn cftfrhjnjno taf jh kd tafjr tf`h nc tafjr cfgjsjkn t`si.
afy h`jnmy cjsgussfc akw tk efst suppkrt taf bury2 ey cfvfmkpjno typkmkojfs,
ey cjstjnoujsajno fxgfmmfngf kn sust`jn`ejmjty, fgknkhjg vj`ejmjty kr `rgajtfgtur`m
qu`mjty, ey h`ijno prkpks`ms kr ktafrwjsf. Jn taf fnc taf `n`mysjs tf`h prfsfntfc
taf bury wjta 06 eujmcjno typfs (sff Djourf ?.7), sujt`ejmjty sgkrfs pfr fntry, nc `nkvfr`mm kvfrvjfw kd trfncs `ccrfssfc jn fcug`tjkn, rfsf`rga `nc rf`mjs`tjkn.
af `ekvf djncjnos sakw ta`t `ny ijnc kd `ssfsshfnt st`rts wjta taf cfvfm-
kphfnt kd ` dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf, wajga js e`sfc kn taf `jh kd taf `ssfsshfnt jn
gkhejn`tjkn wjta taf ckguhfnts tk ef `ssfssfc. ajs hf`ns ta`t prfp`r`tjkns
kn `n `ssfsshfnt dr`hf g`n ef g`rrjfc kut efdkrfa`nc, eut taf `gtu`m `ssfsshfnt
dr`hf rfh`jns p`rt kd ` sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss. Jt tafrfdkrf g`nnkt ef cfvfmkpfc
wjtakut taf prkpks`ms ta`t `rf grf`tfc jn rfspknsf tk taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd. af
prkbfgt tf`h a`c ` cjddfrfnt vjfw kn taf suehjssjkns ta`n taf `n`mysjs tf`h, `nc
taf typkmkoy kd taf `n`mysjs tf`h w`s jn taf fnc nkt usfc `s ` typkmkoy kd taf bury
prkgfss. Jn fvfry pa`sf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss ` orkup kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wfnttarkuoa tafjr kwn prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno. ajs strugturf `nc kutgkhf kd tafsf
prkgfssfs `rf nkt prfcjgt`emf efdkrfa`nc. Jn tajs sfnsf `ssfsshfnt gkumc ef gkh-
p`rfc tk taf prkgfss kd qu`mjt`tjvf c`t` `n`mysjs9 taf strugturf kd `n`mysjs `rjsfs
drkh taf c`t`. ajs js jn gkntr`st tk hkst rfsf`rga kn ` qu`ntjt`tjvf e`sjs, wajga
typjg`mmy gknsjsts kd tfstjno ssuhptjkns ta`t `mrf`cy oujcfc taf prkgfss kd gkmmfgt-
jno c`t`. \rkgurfhfnt m`w `ssuhfs ` qu`ntjt`tjvf prkgfss jn tajs h`ttfr, wajmf taf
djncjnos kd taf g`sfs suoofst ` qu`mjt`tjvf prkgfss. af gkhpftjtjkn rfoum`tjkns
`msk gkhpfm cfgjsjkn h`ifrs tk h`if prfcjgtjkns `ekut taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss eut
tafsf rf jntfrprftfc wjtajn taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn nc nkt taf mfo`m gkntfxt kd
tfncfrjno. afsf djncjnos suoofst ta`t jt js h`jnmy taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf rfoum`-tjkns ta`t g`usf taf pktfntj`m gkndmjgt eftwffn taf pkssjejmjtjfs nc taf jhs kd taf
gmjfnt jn h`ijno cfgjsjkns `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty.
Bury hfhefrs nffc ` sa`rfc `ngakr pkjnt, wajga gkumc ef prkvjcfc ey taf
gkhpftjtjkn erjfd `nc rfoum`tjkns. afkrftjg`mmy taf ga`ngf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs `ppmy taf grjtfrj` `nnkungfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs wkumc jhprkvf jd tafsf
grjtfrj` wfrf `mrf`cy p`rt kd taf dr`hf kd taf bury hfhefrs. Jn taf gurrfnt Cutga
tr`cjtjkn bury hfhefrs tfnc tk spfnc knf kr twk c`ys h`xjhuh kn cjsgussjno
taf suehjssjkns `nc cfgjcjno `ekut taf wjnnfr(s). Gkntr`ry tk taf Wg`ncjn`vj`n
tr`cjtjkn (sff dkr fx`hpmf I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:), prfp`r`tjkns `rf usu`mmy nkt
cknf jn gknsumt`tjkn wjta taf dumm bury p`nfm. Jn tajs g`sf taf prkbfgt tf`h cjs-gussfc taf hkst jhpkrt`nt gkhpftjtjkn rumfs wjta taf ga`jr kd taf bury p`nfm eut
cjc nkt jnvkmvf taf ktafr bury hfhefrs fjtafr. Wfvfr`m h`jnmy pr`oh`tjg rf`skns
wfrf gkntrjeutf tk taf m`gi kd prfp`r`tjkn `nc `ssfsshfnt tjhf kd bury hfhefrs.
Djrst kd `mm, taf djn`m gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury rfh`jnfc ungfrt`jn untjm taf `g-
tu`m hkhfnt kd taf hfftjno, jn ktafr wkrcs untjm `dtfr taf suehjssjkns a`c effn
rfgfjvfc. Wfgkncmy hfhefrs kd taf bury wfrf ajoamy rfo`rcfc prkdfssjkn`ms `nc
tafrfdkrf eusy. Jt w`s vfry cjddjgumt tk sgafcumf ` c`tf dkr taf twk-c`y bury hfft-
jno. Jt wkumc a`vf effn fvfn a`rcfr tk pm`n ` hfftjno tk cjsguss taf grjtfrj` kr
cjsguss taf grjtfrj` wjta `mm hfhefrs jncjvjcu`mmy efdkrf taf nnkungfhfnt kd taf
gkhpftjtjkn jn Wfptfhefr. ajs p`rtmy g`usfc ey taf strjgt cf`cmjnfs dkr nnkung-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 242/341
554
jno taf gkhpftjtjkn t taf Ejfnn`mf, eut djncjnos drkh taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr
4 sakwfc sjhjm`r pm`nnjno jssufs. af prkbfgt tf`h ntjgjp`tfc taf mjhjtfc prfp`-
r`tjkn tjhf `nc kro`njsfc ` bkjnt prfsfnt`tjkn `ekut taf g`hpus `nc taf d`gumty
`t taf st`rt kd taf bury hfftjno. ajs grf`tfc ` ijnc kd sa`rfc `ngakr pkjnt `nc
n`tur`m st`rtjno pkjnt dkr taf bury hfhefrs tk jnjtj`tf tafjr `ssfsshfnt prkgfss.
Mfss jnvkmvfhfnt kd taf bury p`nfm hf`nt gknsjcfr`emy hkrf jndmufngf kd tafprkbfgt tf`h jn sfttjno up taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs `nc prfp`rjno taf bury fv`mu`-
tjkn. Jt js ofnfr`mmy `ssuhfc ta`t taf cfgjsjkn h`cf jn taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf kd
taf bury `ssfsshfnt `rf ijnc kd kebfgtjvf wajga jhpmjfs ta`t `ny `ssfsskr wkumc
`rrjvf t taf s`hf cfgjsjkn. Jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf taf ssfsshfnt kd taf sue-
hjssjkn rfqujrfhfnts `nc taf djrst `n`mysjs kd taf jssufs `ccrfssfc ey taf p`rtjgj-
p`nts wfrf cknf ey taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf suppkrt st`dd jn twk cjddfrfnt `n`my-
sjs tf`hs. Efg`usf kd taf prkdfssjkn`m mfvfm kd taf gmjfnt tafrf w`s hkrf suppkrt
st`dd `v`jm`emf ta`n jn taf tfncfr g`sfs kd Ga`ptfr 4. Jn taf tfncfr g`sfs tafy a`c
tk gkhpfns`tf tajs wjta fxtfrn`mmy ajrfc gknsumt`nts wak kdtfn `msk `cvjsfc taf
p`nfm hfhefrs jn `ssfssjno taf prkpks`ms. Jn tajs g`sf taf jndmufngf kd taf prkbfgttf`h kn taf fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss w`s mjhjtfc efg`usf tafrf w`s nk sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
`nc hkst bury hfhefrs wfrf fxpfrjfngfc burkrs. afrfdkrf taf p`nfm hfhefrs
wfrf `emf tk h`if ` cjstjngtjkn eftwffn taf strugturf ta`t w`s nffcfc tk grf`tf
`n kvfrvjfw kd taf suehjssjkns `nc taf `gtu`m fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss. Zft taf rfsumts
kd taf g`sfs jncjg`tf ta`t taf rkmf `nc qu`mjdjg`tjkns kd taf prkbfgt tf`h hfhefrs
sakumc ef grjtjg`mmy hknjtkrfc ey taf stffrjno gkhhjttff `nc taf bury p`nfm, ef-
g`usf tafy jhpmjgjtmy jndmufngf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd taf gmjfnt.
@c 5) Wt`ofs kd jngrfhfnt`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno
af rfsumts kd taf D`gumty g`sf sakw gkhp`r`emf jtfr`tjvf pa`sfs kd cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno `s dkunc jn taf tfncfr g`sfs (sff Ga`ptfr 4.?.3). Jn tajs g`sf tafrf wfrf sfvfn
bury hfhefrs jngmucjno taf ga`jr prfsfnt curjno taf twk-c`y bury hfftjno. af
prkbfgt mf`cfr `gtfc `s sfgrft`ry kd taf bury. @p`rt drkh taf `utakr kd taf bury rf-
pkrt (`msk `utakr kd taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd `nc st`dd hfhefr), ` st`dd hfhefr kd
taf D`gumty (`utakr kd `n fss`y dkr taf puemjg`tjkn), taf ktafr prkbfgt gkkrcjn`tkr
(hf), nc twk stucfnt ssjst`nts nkekcy fmsf ttfncfc taf bury hfftjno. af ga`jr
kd taf bury p`nfm gmf`rmy st`tfc jn afr jntrkcugtjkn ta`t knmy taf bury hfhefrs
wkumc ef jnvkmvfc jn taf fv`mu`tjkn kd taf suehjssjkns, eut `s gkmmf`oufs jt `p-
pf`rfc a`rc dkr taf utakrs kd taf bury rfpkrt nc taf fss`y tk iffp sjmfnt tarkuoa-
kut taf wakmf fv`mu`tjkn prkgfss. @msk curjno munga `nc erf`is taf bury hfhefrs
spkif wjta taf ktafr `ttfnc`nts. Curjno tafsf cjsgussjkns taf bury hfhefrs fx-
ga`nofc fxpfrjfngfs `ekut tfncfrs `nc taf pktfntj`m jhp`gt kd gkhpftjtjkns mjif
tajs knf kn taf gurrfnt prkgurfhfnt sjtu`tjkn, wajga jmmustr`tfs taf strkno gkn-
nfgtjkn eftwffn ekta typfs kd sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs.
af rfsumts kd I`zfh`jn `nc Uônn (5<<:) cfsgrjef ` bucofhfnt prkgfss kd sjx
st`ofs2 suehjssjkn gafgi, cftfrhjn`tjkn kd krcfr kd wkri, gakjgf `nc prfmjhjn`ry
bucofhfnts, prfsfnt`tjkn kd jntfrfstjno gkntrjeutjkns, r`nijno `nc cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno wjta `rgajtfgtur`m grjtjgjsh. af djncjnos kd tajs g`sf `nc taf tfncfr g`sfs jn
Ga`ptfr 4 gkndjrh tafsf st`ofs hkrf kr mfss kn ` ofnfr`m mfvfm, eut `msk sakw `
hkrf jngrfhfnt`m prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno drkh psygakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf. Jn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 243/341
55? -
tajs gkhpftjtjkn taf suehjssjkn gafgi w`s cknf ey taf prkbfgt tf`h efdkrf taf
bury hfftjno st`rtfc, eut taf ga`jr cfgjcfc tk `mmkw `mm suehjssjkn dkr `ssfsshfnt
ey taf bury. af cftfrhjn`tjkn kd krcfr kd wkri w`s cknf ey taf prkbfgt tf`h jn
gknsumt`tjkn wjta taf ga`jr kd taf bury p`nfm. af prkor`hhf kd taf bury hfftjno
w`s e`sfc kn taf djncjnos kd taf prfvjkus g`sfs (sff Djourf 4.4) `ekut taf prkgfss
kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. afrfdkrf taf hfhefrs kd taf bury wfnt tarkuoa prkgfss kd20) jnjtj`mjz`tjkn, 5) pfrgfptjkn, 7) jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnt, `nc 3) orkup cfgjsjkn
h`ijno.
af pjgturfs jn Djourf ?.6 cjspm`y taf st`rt kd taf bury hfftjno wjta ` ofnfr`m
prfsfnt`tjkn (mfdt), jncjvjcu`m pfrgfptjkn `nc bucofhfnt (hjccmf), `nc taf orkup
cjsgussjkns (rjoat). Curjno taf twk c`ys ta`t taf bury hft tafsf dkur pa`sfs wfrf
rfpf`tfc jn sfvfr`m jngrfhfnt`m rkuncs kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn krcfr tk h`if sfnsf
kd taf suehjssjkns nc taf jh kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. Gakjgf nc prfmjhjn`ry bucof-
hfnt w`s cknf jn twk pa`sfs2 djrst ` rfcugtjkn tk h`if ` prfsfnt`tjkn kd jntfrfst-
jno gkntrjeutjkns pkssjemf (gkhp`r`emf tk taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd ` tfncfr), `nc
tafn ` gkhp`rjskn tk h`if ` r`nijno `hkno taf efst suehjssjkns `nc djn`m cfgj-sjkn `ekut taf wjnnfr (gkhp`r`emf tk taf `w`rc pa`sf kd ` tfncfr). af prkgfss
kd taf djrst bury c`y g`n ef cfsgrjefc `s ‑sfmfgtjkn ey pksjtjvf jhprfssjkn‚ `orffc
ey skhf eut nkt `mw`ys taf h`bkrjty kd taf bury hfhefrs. af sfgknc c`y g`n
ef cfsgrjefc `s ` prkgfss kd ‑sfmfgtjkn ey gkhp`rjskn‚ e`sfc cjsgussjkn `hkno taf
p`nfm hfhefrs jn wajga taf bury hfhefrs o`vf jnput e`sfc kn tafjr kwn pfr-
gfjvfc qu`mjtjfs kd taf suehjssjkn.
af jnjtj`mjz`tjkn pa`sf g`n ef sffn `s ok`m sfttjno (Ef`ga, 0::<). Jn tajs djrst
pa`sf taf bury hfhefrs jntrkcugfc tafhsfmvfs, `nc taf ga`jr jntrkcugfc taf `jh
`nc gkntfxt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc cjsgussfc taf kddjgj`m fv`mu`tjkn grjtfrj`. @
hfhefr kd taf tfhpkr`ry akusjno tf`h prfsfntfc ` sakrt cfsgrjptjkn kd taf tfh-pkr`rjmy akusjno prkgfss `nc taf gurrfnt sjtu`tjkn `t taf g`hpus. af jnjtj`mjz`-
tjkn pa`sf hkstmy `jhfc `t ok`m gm`rjdjg`tjkn `t taf efojnnjno `t ` nfw st`of eut
w`s skhftjhfs `msk p`rt kd taf fv`mu`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkns `t taf fnc kd ` prfvjkus
cfgjsjkn gygmf. af ga`jr usfc taf grjtfrj` `nc `jhs `s st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn
prkor`hhf tk suppkrt tafsf `gtjvjtjfs. Curjno tajs pa`sf taf bury hfhefrs kdtfn
`ccrfssfc tafjr kpjnjkn `ekut taf gkhpftjtjkn, jncjg`tjno ` gknnfgtjkn eftwffn
taf `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn, `nc taf kvfr`mm jhprfssjkn kd taf suehjssjkns. afy
Djourf ?.6 Gkhhkn prfsfnt`tjkn `t taf st`rt kd taf bury hfftjno (mfdt), jncjvjcu`m pfrgfptjkn
`nc bucofhfnt kd taf pkstfrs (hjccmf) `nc orkup cjsgussjkn `hkno taf bury hfhefrs (rjoat)
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 244/341
551
trjfc tk rf`c taf cfgjsjkn t`si (sff E`mkoun, ft `m., 5<<1) `nc tk tr`nsm`tf taf `jhs
kd taf gmjfnt jntk taf gkhpftjtjkn gkntfxt.
af pfrgfptjkn pa`sf (sff dkr fx`hpmf Efmm, ft `m., 0::49 Ukeejns & Bucof,
5<<1) kn taf djrst c`y w`s pm`nnfc `s jncjvjcu`mmy w`mijno `mkno taf pkstfrs.
Nknf kd taf bury hfhefrs a`c sffn taf suehjssjkns jn `cv`ngf. af ga`jr a`c
pm`nnfc tk sfmfgt `rkunc 6< suehjssjkns `t taf fnc kd taf djrst c`y dkr durtafr cjs-gussjkn, `nc taf bury suggffcfc tk ck sk. afrfdkrf taf djrst rkunc kd `ssfsshfnt
`jhfc `t ‑ok/nk-ok‚ cfgjsjkns. af suehjssjkns wfrf strugturfc ey taf typkmkojfs
kd taf prfp`r`tkry n`mysjs (sff Djourf ?.7) nc taf bury hfhefrs usfc mjsts tk iffp
tr`gi kd taf suehjssjkns tafy a`c sffn. Kesfrv`tjkns sakw ta`t taf bury hfhefrs
hkstmy mkkifc `t taf @0 pkstfrs tk o`tafr taf jndkrh`tjkn `ekut taf suehjssjkns.
af @3 wjta tfxt w`s knmy gknsumtfc wafn skhftajno w`s ungmf`r kr dkr c`rjno
gkngfpts. Jn tkt`m taf bury hfhefrs w`mifc `rkunc jncjvjcu`mmy dkr `ekut tarff
akurs. Curjno munga taf djrst jhprfssjkns wfrf cjsgussfc. afn ` hfhefr kd taf
gkrf `n`mysjs tf`h prfsfntfc taf rfsumts kd tafjr `n`mysjs. af bury hfhefrs `sifc
akw `nc kn wajga e`sjs taf typkmkojfs a`c effn cfvfmkpfc. @mm gkndjrhfc tafsuppkrtjno ga`r`gtfr kd taf typkmkoy. afsf djncjnos gkndjrh ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
usf taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd `nc taf suehjssjkns tk cfvfmkp tafjr jncjvjcu`m dr`hf
kd rfdfrfngfs.
Jn gknsjcfr`tjkn wjta taf ktafr bury hfhefrs taf ga`jr cfgjcfc tk st`rt c`y
twk `o`jn wjta `n jncjvjcu`m pfrgfptjkn rkunc. af prkbfgt tf`h a`c prfp`rfc
tajs c`y ey gkmmfgtjno mm 6< sfmfgtfc suehjssjkns jn taf rf` kd taf cjsgussjkn t`emf
`nc h`ijno tafsf 6< `msk `v`jm`emf kn @7 dkrh`t, jngmucjno taf @3 kd tfxt. arff
kd taf Cutga prkdfssjkn`ms wfrf `esfnt jn taf hkrnjno9 p`rtmy efg`usf kd kemjo`-
tjkns fmsfwafrf, p`rtmy efg`usf tafy dfmt ta`t tafy cjc nkt nffc ta`t huga tjhf tk
stucy taf djn`m 6<. k prfp`rf knfsfmd dkr `nktafr vktjno rkunc skhf kd taf buryhfhefrs cfgjcfc tk stucy taf suehjssjkns kn @7 wajmf sjttjno `t taf t`emf, ktafrs
w`mifc `rkunc taf suehjssjkns kn @0 dkrh`t. @t taf fnc kd taf djrst c`y taf ga`jr
a`c prkpksfc ` sfgrft rkunc jn wajga taf bury hfhefr gkumc prkpksf skhf `c-
cjtjkn`m suehjssjkns tk `cc tk taf djn`m 6< `dtfr taf sfgknc jncjvjcu`m pfrgfptjkn
rkunc. Nknf kd taf bury hfhefrs usfc tajs kppkrtunjty. ajs jhpmjfs ` ajoa mfvfm
kd gkndjcfngf `ekut taf cfgjsjkns ta`t wfrf h`cf curjno taf djrst c`y. @ gkhp`rj-
skn kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss s dkunc jn taf tfncfr g`sfs nc taf pfrgfptjkn prkgfss
kd taf bury p`nfm jn tajs g`sf jncjg`tfs ta`t taf str`tfoy kd jndkrh`tjkn pfrgfptjkn
`s cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 4.? (‑djrst jncjvjcu`mmy, ta`n ` cjsgussjkn‚ vfrsus ‑pfrgfp-
tjkn s p`rt kd cjsgussjkn‚) cfpfncs kn taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf bury hfhefrs.Fxpfrts `mrf`cy a`vf ` dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf wjta wajga tafy pfrgfjvf taf cfsjons.
afrfdkrf taf str`tfoy kd ‑jncjvjcu`m pfrgfptjkn djrst‚ sffhs pprkprj`tf dkr fxpfrt
burjfs. Mfss fxpfrjfngfc bury hfhefrs sffh tk efnfdjt kd ` ‑sa`rfc pfrgfptjkn cur-
jno cjsgussjkn‚ str`tfoy tk eujmc tafjr dr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs.
@p`rt drkh taf ofnfr`m prkor`hhf `s prkpksfc ey taf prkbfgt tf`h taf `g-
tu`m cfgjsjkn hftakcs `nc prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno w`s cfsjonfc ey taf bury
hfhefrs tafhsfmvfs curjno taf twk-c`y bury hfftjno. Orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno kn
taf djrst c`y w`s gkncugtfc ey w`mijno `mkno f`ga suehjssjkn gkmmfgtjvfmy `nc fx-
ga`nojno taf prfdfrfngfs kd taf bury hfhefrs ekut ta`t p`rtjgum`r suehjssjkn. Jd
bury hfhefrs wfrf jn d`vkur kd ` p`rtjgum`r fntry, taf ktafr hfhefrs a`c tk `orff
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 245/341
55: -
kn ojvjno jt ` ‑ok‚ pkst-jt. @dtfr taf djrst dfw hjnutfs kd gkmmfgtjvfmy w`mijno `mkno
taf pkstfrs, jt efg`hf gmf`r ta`t skhf suehjssjkns m`gifc qu`mjty eut t`gimfc `n
jntfrfstjno tkpjg kr prkpksfc ` okkc jcf`. af bury p`nfm cfgjcfc nkt tk sfmfgt
tafsf suehjssjkns dkr taf nfxt rkunc eut tk p`y fxtr` ttfntjkn tk tafh jn taf bury
rfpkrt. af bury hfhefrs `ssjonfc tafsf suehjssjkns `n ‑jcf`‚ pkst-jt. af sfgrf-
t`ry nktfc `mm pkst-jts. @t taf fnc kd taf djrst c`y, `ekut ` auncrfc suehjssjknsstjmm nffcfc tk ef cjsgussfc nc taf hfhefrs kd taf bury efg`hf tjrfc. Efg`usf taf
ok`ms dkr taf c`y wfrf gmf`rmy sft, taf bury hfhefrs stjhum`tfc f`ga ktafr tk djnjsa
tajs djrst rkunc kd sfmfgtjkn. Hjr`gumkusmy taf bury sfmfgtfc fx`gtmy 6< suehjssjkns
`t taf fnc kd taf c`y. af `ccjtjkn`m ‑jcf`‚ g`tfokry cfhknstr`tfs taf jngrf`sjno
jnsjoats ta`t kggurrfc curjno taf bucofhfnt prkgfss ta`t ga`nofc taf strugturf
kd taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss. afrfdkrf jt g`n ef gkngmucfc taf `ssfsshfnt dr`hf js
eujmt curjno taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss eut taf prfp`r`tjkn prkvjcfs taf strugturf.
Bust efdkrf munga taf bury hfhefrs a`c tk vktf dkr tafjr djvf d`vkurjtf suehjs-
sjkns. @dtfr munga taf bury p`nfm st`rtfc ` cjsgussjkn `rkunc taf t`emf. Curjno
tajs cjsgussjkn taf @7 ckguhfnts kd taf 6< suehjssjkns wfrf put jn taf hjccmfkn taf t`emf `nc usfc tk dkgus taf cjsgussjkn kn taf cfsjon. Jn tkt`m twk rkuncs
kd nkn-`nknyhkus `nc knf rkunc kd `nknyhkus vktjno wfrf usfc kn taf sfgknc
c`y tk stffr taf cjsgussjkn `hkno taf bury hfhefrs. @dtfr f`ga vktjno rkunc taf
rfsumts wfrf cjsgussfc. af ga`jr st`rtfc tk cjsguss taf suehjssjkns ta`t rfgfjvfc
bust ` dfw vktfs tk rfcugf taf nuhefr kd suehjssjkns sujt`emf dkr ` prjzf. afn taf
suehjssjkns wjta mkt kd vktfs wfrf cjsgussfc kn tafjr jcf`s nc jhp`gt dkr jhpmf-
hfnt`tjkn. Ufh`ri`emy skhf kd taf bury hfhefrs vktfc dkr `mhkst taf s`hf djvf
suehjssjkns kut kd taf djn`m 6<. Durtafr `n`mysjs kd tafsf sjhjm`rjtjfs cjc nkt sakw
`ny p`ttfrn eftwffn ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd tafsf bury hfhefrs (n`tjkn`mjty, `hkunt kd
fxpfrjfngf, pfrskn`m jntfrfst), wajga suoofsts nk sa`rfc dr`hf kd fxpfrtjsf `hknosueorkups kd taf bury p`nfm.
Kesfrv`tjkns sakwfc ta`t taf bury hfhefrs e`sfc tafjr bucofhfnts kn taf jn-
dkrh`tjkn prkvjcfc jn taf orkup cjsgussjkn nc jndkrh`tjkn s pfrgfjvfc drkh taf
prkpks`ms. af cjsgussjkns `mw`ys `jhfc `t `ggfpt`ngf kd ` cfgjsjkn ey taf ktafr
bury hfhefrs. Efdkrf taf vktjno rkuncs taf bury hfhefrs mjhjtfc tafjr cjsgus-
sjkns tk st`tfhfnts mjif ”J tajni tajs js knf js jntfrfstjno‘ `nc ”J `orff‘ `s ` qujgi
fxga`nof kd kpjnjkns. @dtfr taf djrst vktjno rkunc taf p`nfm hfhefrs st`rtfc tk
nfoktj`tf ey puttjno hkrf fxpmjgjt `rouhfnts kn taf t`emf jn krcfr tk gknvjngf
taf ktafr bury hfhefrs nc tk bustjdy tafjr prfdfrfngfs. Djn`mmy taf bury cfgjcfc tk
`w`rc twk suehjssjkns `n aknkur`emf hfntjkn efg`usf tafy gkumc nkt gknvjngf`mm bury hfhefrs, eut tafy cjc cjspm`y ` ajoa mfvfm kd cfsjon qu`mjty `nc prkvjcfc
usfdum jnput dkr cfe`tf. @t taf fnc kd taf nfoktj`tjkn pa`sf sjx suehjssjkns wfrf
mfdt dkr ` djn`m `nknyhkus vktjno rkunc tk cftfrhjnf taf wjnnfrs kd taf gkhpftj-
tjkn. afsf djncjnos jncjg`tf ta`t nfoktj`tjkn js nffcfc tk rf`ga ` cfgjsjkn `ekut
` wjnnfr. Jn tajs g`sf taf djn`m cfgjsjkn w`s ` gknsfnsus e`sfc kn ` vktjno rkunc.
af hftakcs ta`t wfrf usfc tk rf`ga taf cfgjsjkn `rf `ccrfssfc uncfr pkjnt 3 kd
tajs sfgtjkn.
af jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn w`s e`sfc kn `n kpfn prkgfcurf. ajs hf`ns tafrf wfrf
kddjgj`mmy nk sfp`r`tfc pa`sfs dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd sujt`emf g`ncjc`tfs `nc cftfr-
hjnjno ` wjnnfr. Akwfvfr, taf rfsumts sakw ta`t fvfn wjtakut `n kddjgj`m sfmfgtjkn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 246/341
57<
pa`sf ` bury p`nfm nffcs tk rfcugf taf nuhefr kd pktfntj`m g`ncjc`tfs. afrfdkrf
sjhjm`r prkgfssfs wfrf dkunc `s dkr taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf jn taf tfncfr
g`sfs. af djrst c`y kd taf bury hfftjno `jhfc dkr ` sfmfgtjkn kd 6< prke`emf wjn-
nfrs, wajmf taf sfgknc c`y dkgusfc kn ` gkhp`rjskn kd tafsf jn krcfr tk cfgjcf
kn taf efst. Jn taf gkhpftjtjkn ekta pa`sfs wfrf gkncugtfc ey taf s`hf orkup
kd pfkpmf jn taf s`hf tjhf smkt. Jn g`sf kd ` rfstrjgtfc tfncfr tafrf `rf twk str`tf-ojfs2 sfp`r`tjkn kd taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rcjno pa`sfs ey `ppkjntjno twk cjddfrfnt
gkhhjttffs, kr gknnfgtjno taf pa`sfs ey usjno taf s`hf gkhhjttff dkr `w`rcjno
`s wfmm `s sfmfgtjkn. af djncjnos kd tajs rfsf`rga suoofst ta`t, `mtakuoa sffhjnomy
hkrf tjhf gknsuhjno dkr taf p`nfm hfhefrs, cfgjsjkn h`ijno wkumc efnfdjt drkh
usjno taf s`hf gkhhjttff hfhefrs dkr ekta pa`sfs. ajs wkumc fn`emf cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs tk `ppmy taf s`hf dr`hf jn ekta pa`sfs `nc gknnfgt taf `rouhfnt`tjkns
jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf tk taf `rouhfnt`tjkns jn taf w`rc pa`sf. af sfnsfh`ijno
prkgfss `hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs gkumc tafn ef gkntjnufc hkrf f`sjmy.
@c 7) Wuebfgtjvf ga`r`gtfr kd kebfgtjvf grjtfrj` Jn Ga`ptfr 5.5 ` cjstjngtjkn w`s h`cf eftwffn t`nojemf `nc jnt`nojemf `spfgts kd
cfsjon qu`mjty `nc jn Ga`ptfr 7.7.5 taf strugturf kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si w`s rfm`tfc
tk taf usf kd jntujtjkn `nc mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf ta`t js rfqujrfc tk pfrdkrh wfmm kn
taf cfgjsjkn t`si. af g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 jncjg`tfc ta`t `ssfsshfnts kd wfmm-strug-
turfc jndkrh`tjkn wjta prfcfdjnfc g`tfokrjfs `rf kdtfn `ssjonfc tk ` prkbfgt tf`h
efg`usf kd tafjr prfsuh`emy kebfgtjvf ga`r`gtfr. Jn tajs g`sf taf prkbfgt tf`h `msk
pfrdkrhfc taf gafgi kd taf dkrh`m suehjssjkn rfqujrfhfnts. af c`t` akwfvfr
sakwfc ta`t fvfn wjta tafsf ijncs kd `ssfsshfnts, ` mkt kd bucofhfnts rfqujrf
fxpfrtjsf `nc sfnsfh`ijno `hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af dkrh`t kd taf fntry
ckguhfnts `nc taf tjhf kd suehjssjkn `rf bust ` dfw fx`hpmfs kd prfsuh`emy
kebfgtjvf bucofhfnt`m t`sis ta`t rfqujrfc jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
`nc r`jsfc ftajg`m qufstjkns2 Jd taf wfesjtf d`jms, jt js `mmkwfc tk suehjt `n fntry
kn taf c`y `dtfr; Akw h`ny hjmmjhftrfs g`n taf sjzf kd taf suehjssjkn cfvj`tf tk
stjmm dumdjm taf rfqujrfhfnts; _a`t g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` pm`n, `n fxtfrjkr vjfw,
`nc ` mkg`tjkn siftga; Efg`usf kd jntfrn`tjkn`m cjddfrfngfs taf rfqujrfhfnts dkr
rfojstr`tjkn jn ` prkdfssjkn`m kr stucfnt rfojstfr `msk r`jsfc qufstjkns. ajs sakws
ta`t fvfn wjta rfm`tjvfmy sjhpmf `ssfsshfnt t`sis ` gfrt`jn `hkunt kd fxpfrtjsf js
nffcfc.
af rfsumts kd taf ssfsshfnt pa`sf msk sakwfc cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf n`my-
sjs tf`h `nc fxpfrts drkh taf st`dd `nc taf bury p`nfm. E`sfc kn tafjr ofnfr`m
jhprfssjkns taf hfhefrs kd taf `n`mysjs tf`hs suspfgtfc ta`t hkst kd taf suehjs-
sjkns wfrf grf`tfc ey stucfnts efg`usf ` ruhkur a`c effn sprf`c ta`t taf kvfr`mm
qu`mjty mfvfm kd taf suehjssjkn w`s nkt vfry ajoa. af bury kn taf ktafr a`nc w`s
vfry jhprfssfc ey taf qu`mjty kd taf suehjssjkns nc fxpfgtfc mkt kd suehjssjkns
tk gkhf drkh prkdfssjkn`ms. af ga`jr kd taf bury fvfn st`tfc jn rfdfrfngf tk afr
fxpfrjfngfs `s Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt ta`t
”Saf qu`mjty kd hkst suehjssjkns fxgffcs taf qu`mjty kd `n `vfr`ofFurkpf`n tfncfr prkbfgt.‘
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 247/341
570 -
@ sjhjm`r cjsgrfp`ngy w`s dkunc kn taf tafhf kd sust`jn`ejmjty. af `n`mysjs
tf`hs sgkrfc taf suehjssjkns kn taf mfvfm kd sust`jn`ejmjty tk grf`tf `n kvfrvjfw.
af bury w`s `msk jndkrhfc ekut tafsf sgkrfs. Knf kd taf bury hfhefrs rfh`rifc
ta`t
”Sajs sgkrf w`s `mhkst kppksjtf tk taf suehjssjkns J takuoat wkumc ef
vfry sust`jn`emf.‘
af cjddfrfngfs ta`t kggurrfc eftwffn taf cjddfrfnt orkups kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
g`n ef fxpm`jnfc jn tfrhs kd tafjr rkmf, jntfrfsts, `hkunt kd fxpfrjfngf, mfvfm kd
fxpfrtjsf, nc e`giorkunc. @t taf s`hf tjhf tafy sakw taf suebfgtjvf nc rfm`tjvf
ga`r`gtfr kd bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty. _ak cfgjcfs kn taf `pprkprj`tf
mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf `nc wak js `emf tk h`if ` ‑rjoat‚ bucofhfnt; Knf wkumc fxpfgt
taf st`dd hfhefrs wak wfrf jnvjtfc tk bkjn taf `n`mysjs tf`h efg`usf kd tafjr fx-
pfrtjsf kn ` gfrt`jn `rf` tk ef `emf tk bucof cfsjon qu`mjty, eut `pp`rfntmy tafy
`pprk`gafc taf suehjssjkns drkh ` cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvf ta`n taf bury hfhefrs.
af bury kd tajs gkhpftjtjkn cjc nkt sffh tk ef ektafrfc ey cfvj`tjkns drkh tafrfqujrfhfnts nkr cjddfrfngfs kd kpjnjkns wjta taf suppkrtjno tf`hs9 tafy bucofc
taf jcf` efajnc taf suehjssjkn drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf tafy dfmt w`s rjoat. af gkh-
pftjtjkn rfoum`tjkns h`cf tajs pkssjemf `nc tafy dfmt gkndjcfnt fnkuoa tk dkmmkw
tafjr kwn jntujtjkn.
Jn taf djn`m cfe`tf taf suehjssjkns wfrf gknsjcfrfc `s kptjkns dkr taf duturf
d`gumty eujmcjno nc wfjoafc akmjstjg`mmy o`jnst f`ga ktafr kn tafjr unjquf qu`mj-
tjfs. Curjno tajs djn`m sfmfgtjkn prkgfss taf tfxt ckguhfnts ta`t `ggkhp`njfc taf
suehjssjkns wfrf kdtfn usfc s hf`ns tk gknvfy taf hfss`of ekut cfsjon jcf`
drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd taf p`rtjgjp`nt. Jn ajs gkmuhn jn taf gkhpftjtjkn puemjg`-
tjkn (D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf - V Cfmdt, 5<<:, p. 47) Ekuh`n (knf kd taf buryhfhefrs) rfdfrs tk2
”Gfrt`jnmy hkrf ta`n fnkuoa fntrjfs tk `mmkw dkr fxtfnsjvf gkhp`rjskn, drkh wajga knf w`s `emf tk cjsgfrn p`ttfrns jn taf jntfrn`tjkn`m cfvfmkp-hfnt kd taf `rgajtfgturf prkdfssjkn Y… wajgaX v`mjc`tfs taf suesfqufnt
prknkungfhfnts `ekut `rgajtfgturf‚s vjt`mjty `s ` gumtur`m hfcjuh.‘
af ijnc kd gkhp`rjskn Ekuh`n rfdfrs tk w`s `msk dkunc kn ` mkwfr mfvfm jn
sfvfr`m rfh`ris h`cf curjno rouhfnt`tjkn kn taf sfgknc c`y kd taf bury hfftjno
`ekut tk sfmfgt taf wjnnfrs drkh taf djn`m djdty. Ufoum`rmy st`tfhfnts wfrf usfc ey
taf bury hfhefrs suga `s2
”Saf ktafr knf a`s ` sjhjm`r jcf` eut efttfr qu`mjty‘, kr
”Sajs w`s kn hy mjst tkk, eut ta`t knf js efttfr gkhp`rfc tk tajs knf.‘
Knf kd taf Cutga prkdfssjkn`ms st`tfc ta`t2
”J `mhkst `mw`ys gkhp`rf taf skmutjkn tk taf kmc sjtu`tjkn jn krcfr tk ncskhftajno efttfr.‘
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 248/341
575
Ktafr bury hfhefrs usfc tafjr pfrskn`m fxpfrjfngfs wjta taf kmc eujmcjno tk
gknvjngf taf ktafr bury hfhefrs kd taf `pprkprj`tfnfss kd ` gfrt`jn suehjssjkn
wjta st`tfhfnts mjif2
”Jt Ytaf `ggkhhkc`tjkn sjtu`tjknX w`s rf`mmy mjif ta`t `dtfr taf rf.‘
@sskgj`tjkns wjta ktafr fnvjrknhfnts kr gkhp`r`emf eujmcjnos wfrf `msk h`cf2
”Jt Yknf kd taf prkpksfc jcf`sX dffms mjif ` g`r`v`n fxajejtjkn a`mm.‘
@t taf s`hf tjhf cjsgussjkn w`s r`jsfc `ekut taf nffc tk rftajni fcug`tjkn
jn `rgajtfgturf `nc rfpksjtjknjno taf d`gumty kn ` hkrf ofnfr`m mfvfm. af bury
rf`mjsfc ta`t cjsgussjkns kn ` ajoafr mfvfm `ekut sa`pf `nc sp`gf wfrf cfdjnjtjvfmy
nffcfc tk rf`ga ` gknsfnsus `ekut taf kutgkhf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. _ajmf cjs-
gussjno taf suehjssjkns prfdfrfngfs wfrf par`sfc ey sakrt st`tfhfnts suga `s ”rf-`mmy jntfrfstjno sgafhf‘ , ”jntfrfstjno st`tfhfnt‘ , ”`ttr`gtjvf‘, kr ”nkt vfry rf`mjstjg‘ .
Gkhhkn tafhfs jn taf cjsgussjkn wfrf taf sfp`r`tjkn kd dungtjkns (fcug`tjkn,rfsf`rga, suppkrtjno dungtjkns), ` gfntr`m hfftjno pm`gf, dmfxjejmjty kd taf eujmc-
jno jn tjhf, taf gkngfpt kd sust`jn`ejmjty, gknnfgtjkn tk taf ‑kutfr‚ wkrmc, `nc taf
pksjtjkn kd taf d`gumty wjtajn taf g`hpus. Cjsgussjkns `ekut `rgajtfgturf jn ofn-
fr`m wfrf mjhjtfc, `mtakuoa sfvfr`m rfh`ris wfrf h`cf `ekut taf m`rof nuhefr kd
jgknjg `rgajtfgtur`m kebfgts `hkno taf suehjssjkns. Jn taf fnc taf bury hfhefrs
wfrf `mhkst surprjsfc `ekut taf kutgkhf tafhsfmvfs2
”Jt js prke`emf, eut surprjsjno ta`t tafsf jcf`s g`hf kut Y`s wjnnfrsX9 nknf`rf Wupfr Cutga `rgajtfgturf.‘
ajs jhpmjfs ta`t taf bury hfhefrs wfrf `emf tk gknnfgt taf kutgkhf kd tajsgkhpftjtjkn wjta taf ajstkrjg`m gkntfxt, skhftajno ta`t g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s taf
ajoafst mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf ggkrcjno tk \`rskns (0:1?). Djncjnos kd taf tfncfr g`sfs
jn Ga`ptfr 4 jncjg`tf ta`t taf fxpfrjfngfs kd hkst kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs cjc nkt
rf`ga tafsf ajoa mfvfms kd fxpfrtjsf9 taf rf`gtjkns kd hkst cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf
tfncfr g`sfs cjc nkt fxgffc taf pksjtjvf fxpfrjfngf `s suga.
af cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfss kd taf bury hfhefrs cjspm`yfc h`ny kd taf ga`r-
`gtfrjstjgs cfsgrjefc jn taf mjtfr`turf kn N`tur`mjstjg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (f.o. Okrf,
ft `m., 5<<49 Mjpsajtz, ft `m., 5<<4). af kesfrv`tjkns kd taf bury hfftjnos sakwfc
ta`t burkrs usfc p`ttfrns drkh tafjr kwn dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf tk h`if bucofhfnts
`ekut cfsjon qu`mjty jn taf gkntfxt kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. afy bkjntmy cfvfmkpfc `gkhhkn dr`hf jn wajga taf cfgjsjkn `ekut taf wjnnfrs w`s pm`gfc. ajs hf`ns
ta`t bucofhfnts wjtajn tajs dr`hf rf jntfr-suebfgtjvf nc spfgjdjg tk taf g`sf - taf
dr`hf g`nnkt f`sjmy ef tr`nsdfrrfc tk nktafr gkntfxt. af dr`hf js p`rt kd ` sfnsf-
h`ijno prkgfss `hkno taf hfhefrs kd taf bury. Ekta taf rfsumts kd tajs g`sf `nc
taf g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 r`jsf taf qufstjkn jd rfpf`tjno taf s`hf `ssfsshfnt prkg-
fss sfvfr`m hkntas m`tfr kr pfrdkrhjno taf s`hf t`si ey twk cjddfrfnt bury p`nfms
wkumc rfsumt jn taf s`hf kutgkhfs. af jssuf uncfrmyjno tajs qufstjkn js taf jssuf
kd akw kebfgtjvf ` bucofhfnt jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn g`n ef jn ofn-
fr`m. Gmjfnts nffc tk t`if taf rfm`tjvjty kd cfgjsjkns `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty gfrt`jnmy
jntk `ggkunt wafn tafy cfsjon ` (tfncfr) gkhpftjtjkn.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 249/341
577 -
@c 3) Hftakcs tk fxprfss `nc bustjdy prfdfrfngfs
afrf rf cjddfrfnt w`ys tk fxprfss nc bustjdy taf cfgjsjkns ta`t rf h`cf curjno `
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. af cfgjsjkn tk ssjon sfvfr`m wjnnfrs djttfc taf jh kd taf gkh-
pftjtjkn2 tk o`tafr jcf`s `nc stjhum`tf cfe`tf `nc grf`tjvjty `hkno taf ykunofr
ofnfr`tjkn. af gkhpftjtjkn rumfs prkvjcfc tajs drffckh. Jt `msk sujtfc taf st`tf-
hfnt taf bury w`ntfc tk h`if2 tk sakw taf wf`mta kd taf jcf`s `nc tk h`if gmjfnts`w`rf kd taf pktfntj`m grf`tjvjty kd cfsjon `s cjspm`yfc jn tajs ijnc kd gkhpftjtjkn
dkrh`t. af bury p`nfm w`s emf tk djmm jn taf cfgjsjkn str`tfojfs ey tafhsfmvfs. af
ga`jr kd taf bury w`s hkst gkngfrnfc wjta taf kddjgj`m fv`mu`tjkn grjtfrj` `nc taf
ktafr bury hfhefrs wfrf h`jnmy rfmyjno kn afr dkr ta`t h`ttfr. af kddjgj`m cfgj-
sjkn grjtfrj` s st`tfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn rumfs wfrf nkt fxpmjgjtmy fv`mu`tfc curjno
taf djn`m cfe`tf eut hfrfmy jntfrwkvfn jntk taf dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf `s cfvfmkpfc
curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af bury usfc taf grjtfrj` fxpmjgjtmy tk jnjtj`tf taf cfgj-
sjkn prkgfss `nc dkr durtafr sa`rpfnjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si jn rf`gtjkn tk tafjr jn-
cjvjcu`m pfrgfptjkn kd taf suehjssjkns `nc gkmmfgtjvf cjsgussjkns. _afn taf bury
nffcfc cjrfgtjkn jn krcfr tk rfcugf taf `hkunt kd suehjssjkns kr jnjtj`mjsf kd `
nfw pa`sf jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno, tafy `msk `ppmjfc taf grjtfrj` jn eftwffn taf cjddfr-
fnt cfgjsjkn pa`sfs. ajs jncjg`tfs ta`t taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` stffrfc taf cfgjsjkn
prkgfss jn h`ijno sfnsf kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si. Efg`usf taf grjtfrj` wfrf nkt fxpmjg-
jtmy `nc krcfrmy `ccrfssfc curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss, jt js vfry a`rc tk tr`gf taf
fx`gt rf`skns way ` gfrt`jn suehjssjkn w`s gaksfn `s ` wjnnfr.
Curjno taf cjddfrfnt pa`sfs kd taf bury prkgfss taf ga`jr kdtfn prkpksfc cfgj-
sjkn prkgfcurf `nc cjsgussfc jt wjta taf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs. af prkpks`ms mfc
tk taf usf kd sfvfr`m cfgjsjkn hftakcs2
Cjsgussjkn wjta ssjonjno pkst-jts e`sfc kn taf mjsts wjta jncjvjcu`m nkt`tjkns(c`y 0).
Fxprfssjkn kd ` nuhefr kd vktfs curjno ` cjsgussjkn rkunc taf t`emf (twjgf
`t c`y twk).
@nknyhkus vktf (fnc kd c`y twk).
Tktjno h`cf jt pkssjemf tk cfdjnf `n jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnt efdkrf taf st`rt kd
` orkup cjsgussjkn `nc tafrfdkrf stjhum`tfc taf jncfpfncfnt jncjvjcu`m jnput kd
taf burkrs. @ dfw g`tfokrjfs kd skmutjkns fvkmvfc curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss2 taf
mkg`tjkn Efrm`ofwfo, taf mkg`tjkn hjccmf kd g`hpus, `nc taf tfhpkr`ry `ggkh-
hkc`tjkn `t Bumj`n`m``n. af djn`m vktjno rfdmfgtfc tafsf tarff g`tfokrjfs, wajgah`cf taf bury gakksf dkr tarff djrst prjzfs `nc tarff sfgknc prjzfs. Curjno taf
cjsgussjkn taf prfdfrfngfs hkno taf sfmfgtfc suehjssjkns cjc nkt sffh tk ef vfry
kevjkus, eut taf vktjno fxprfssfc ` gmf`r cjddfrfngf eftwffn taf djrst `nc sfgknc
prjzfs. ajs jhpmjfs ta`t ` mkt kd taf `rouhfnts wfrf nkt mjtfr`mmy fxprfssfc curjno
taf cjsgussjkns. Jt msk suoofsts taf usf kd jntujtjvf nc r`tafr akmjstjg bucofhfnts.
afsf ijncs kd cfgjsjkns `rf cjddjgumt tk bustjdy tk pfkpmf wak wfrf nkt p`rt kd taf
jntfr-suebfgtjvf cfgjsjkn dr`hf jn wajga taf cfgjsjkn w`s h`cf.
Tktjno `ppf`rfc tk ef ` okkc w`y kd fxprfssjno jntujtjvf prfdfrfngfs curjno
`n ssfsshfnt prkgfss. @mtakuoa gurrfnt jntfrprft`tjkn kd prkgurfhfnt m`w hjoat
jhpmy ktafrwjsf, knmy st`tjno taf (nuhefr kd ) vktfs wkumc nkt a`vf bustjdjfc taf
djn`m cfgjsjkn kd taf bury p`nfm. ajs g`sf sakws ta`t ` bury rfpkrt `gtu`mmy gkh-
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 250/341
573
hunjg`tfs taf stkry kd taf rf`skns way ` gfrt`jn suehjssjkn w`s gknsjcfrfc `s `
wjnnfr. Eut `s I`zfhj`n `nc Uônn (5<<:, p. 0??) st`tf ”jt js typjg`m dkr pr`gtj-
tjknfrs tk fv`mu`tf cjddfrfnt suehjssjkns `nc cjstjnoujsa taf d`vkurjtf knf wjta-
kut nffcjno tk `rtjgum`tf tkk huga `ekut akw `nc way‘. Efg`usf kd taf m`rof
nuhefr kd suehjssjkns, knmy sh`mm pkrtjkn kd suehjssjkns wfrf ccrfssfc jn taf
bury rfpkrt. @ rfdmfgtjkn kn taf kesfrv`tjkns jn rfm`tjkn tk taf bury rfpkrt jncj-g`tfs ta`t skhf `spfgts kd taf bury‚s `rouhfnt`tjkn `nc g`tfokrjg`m strugturf wfrf
hkrf fxpmjgjtmy st`tfc jn taf bury rfpkrt ta`n curjno taf cjsgussjkns. ajs w`s dkr
fx`hpmf sakwn jn taf strugturf kd taf djvf tafhfs jn taf bury rfpkrt2 ‑sust`jn`emf
`nc tfgankmkojg`m jnnkv`tjkns‚, ‑cyn`hjg m`ncsg`pfs kd fcug`tjkn‚, ‑ofnfr`tkrs kd
skgj`m jntfr`gtjkn‚, ‑kut kd sjtf2 taf d`gumty `s ` hkejmf gkhhunjty‚, `nc ‑vjsjkns kn
duturf fcug`tjkn`m gkngfpts‚.
af prkbfgt tf`h cfgjcfc tk `ppkjnt ` st`dd hfhefr tk wrjtf taf bury rfpkrt
efg`usf nknf kd taf bury hfhefrs wkumc a`vf dkunc taf tjhf tk wrjtf ` cfgfnt
bury rfpkrt. ajs js r`tafr gkhhkn jn Cutga cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns. @ rfpkrt js `m-
w`ys cjddfrfnt ta`n taf hfftjno jtsfmd `nc tafrfdkrf taf bury rfpkrt jngmucjno jtsstrugturf `nc par`sfs wjmm rfdmfgt taf hfftjno tarkuoa taf fyfs kd taf rfpkrtfr. Jn
mjnf wjta taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn, nfjtafr taf prkbfgt tf`h nkr taf bury p`nfm
gknsjcfrfc ` qu`ntjt`tjvf sgkrf dkrh taf grjtfrj` `nc tafjr rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf tk
bustjdy tafjr cfgjsjkn. ajs jssuf r`jsfs ` qufstjkn `ekut taf cjmfhh`s cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs hust d`gf curjno taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd tafjr cfgjsjkns. af bury rfpkrt w`s
wrjttfn ey taf s`hf `utakr kd taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd `nc `pprkvfc ey taf ga`jr `d-
tfr gkrrfgtjkns drkh `mm bury hfhefrs. Zft J efmjfvf ta`t stjmm ` mkt kd taf rf`sknjno
efajnc taf djn`m cfgjsjkn w`s s`jc eftwffn taf mjnfs. ajs h`ifs jt vfry cjddjgumt
tk bustjdy ` cfgjsjkn tk ‑kutsjcfrs‚. af bury dfmt tafy a`c cknf bustjgf tk taf jh-
prfssjvf `nc fxtfnsjvf `hkunt kd wkri cknf ey taf fstffhfc p`rtjgjp`nts kd tafgkhpftjtjkn ey prkvjcjno `n fxtfnsjvf bury rfpkrt.
Jn rfm`tjkn tk taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr 4 tafsf djncjnos suoofst ta`t efjno
p`rt kd taf bury p`nfm wkumc jngrf`sf taf f`sf tk fxpm`jn `nc `gt upkn ` cfgjsjkn
`s h`cf curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Akwfvfr, nfjtafr ` bury rfpkrt nkr ` h`trjx
dkrh rfdmfgt taf dumm cfgjsjkn, fspfgj`mmy wafn ` mkt kd jntujtjkn w`s usfc wjtajn
taf rfm`tjvfmy gmksfc gkntfxt kd ` orkup. ajs hf`ns ta`t bustjdyjno ` cfgjsjkn rf-
h`jns tk ef ` h`ttfr kd trust eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc taf p`rtjgjp`nts.
@t taf s`hf tjhf jt `msk r`jsfs ` qufstjkn `ekut taf `hkunt kd wajga ` djn`m cf-
gjsjkn rfdmfgts upkn taf wakmf prkgfss kd jngrfhfnt`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd ` bury
p`nfm. Dkr bustjdjg`tjkn nc mfojtjh`gy wkumc jt ef fnkuoa tk ef tr`nsp`rfnt ekuttaf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf dr`hf `nc taf prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno, kr sakumc taf dumm
dr`hf ef bustjdjfc; Jn wajga w`y `nc tk wa`t fxtfnt g`n ` h`trjx safft `gtu`mmy
suppkrt taf bustjdjg`tjkn;
@c 6) Cjddfrfngfs eftwffn fxpfrts
af prkbfgt tf`h cfgjcfc ta`t taf suehjssjkns wkumc ef `nknyhkusmy bucofc
ey `n fxpfrt bury tk fnsurf fqu`m ga`ngfs dkr `mm p`rtjgjp`nts, taus dkr ykuno `s
wfmm `s fst`emjsafc t`mfnt. ajs fxgmucfc d`gf-tk-d`gf jntfr`gtjkn wjta p`rtjgjp`nts
`nc hf`nt ta`t `mm bucofhfnts wfrf e`sfc kn taf pfrgfptjkn kd taf suehjttfc
h`tfrj`ms knmy. Jn h`ijno v`muf bucofhfnts ` mkt kd `ssuhptjkns `rf h`cf `ekut
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 251/341
576 -
taf pktfntj`m qu`mjty kd taf suehjssjkns. ajs js jnafrfnt tk taf gkngfptu`m st`of
kd `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn kr tfncfr. af stucfnt hfhefr kd taf bury sfvfr`m tjhfs
fxprfssfc afr cjddjgumty wjta fv`mu`tjno `mm pm`ns jn suga ` sakrt pfrjkc kd tjhf,
ekta curjno taf bury hfftjno `s wfmm `s jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws. Waf dfmt
fspfgj`mmy jnsfgurf `ekut taf tjhf spfnt kd kn f`ga kd taf suehjssjkns kn taf djrst
c`y. af ktafr hfhefrs kd taf bury p`nfm sffhfc qujtf surf `ekut tafjr cfgjsjkns`nc cjc nkt h`if usf kd taf ga`ngf tk rf-`ssjon vktfs kr ga`nof tafjr jnjtj`m prfd-
frfngfs. @mhkst `mm taf bury hfhefrs st`tfc jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws ta`t
tafy a`c fnkuoa tjhf tk h`if `n `ggur`tf bucofhfnt. ajs cjddfrfngf g`n ef fx-
pm`jnfc ey taf d`gt ta`t taf stucfnt hfhefr a`c mfssfr p`ttfrns `v`jm`emf tk `ppmy,
wajga js jn mjnf wjta taf tafkrjfs kn fxpfrt bucofhfnt (f.o. Imfjn, 0::79 vfrsiy
& I`anfh`n, 0:?3). Hkst kd taf bury hfhefrs `msk fxprfssfc tk trust taf ktafr
hfhefrs kn nkt a`vjno hjssfc kut kn jntfrfstjno suehjssjkns. E`sfc kn ` gkh-
p`rjskn kd taf djncjnos jn tajs g`sf wjta taf djncjnos jn taf tfncfr g`sfs jn Ga`ptfr
4 jt g`n ef gkngmucfc ta`t fxpfrts nffc mfss tjhf tk h`if v`muf bucofhfnt ekut
taf qu`mjty kd taf cfsjon. Ey rfgkonjzjno p`ttfrns (sakwn ey rfdfrfngf tk sjhjm`rfxpfrjfngfs) tafy sffh efttfr emf tk put taf cfsjon jcf` jntk pfrspfgtjvf nc rfdfr
tk gfrt`jn ‑qu`mjty st`nc`rcs‚ tafy eujmt up curjno yf`rs kd fxpfrjfngf. afy `msk
trustfc tafjr pffrs jn tajs h`ttfr.
Wjhjm`r tk taf djncjnos jn Ga`ptfr 4.?.3 taf c`t` kd tajs g`sf jncjg`tf ta`t a`v-
jno fxpfrjfngfs s bury hfhefr jn ktafr burjfs h`cf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs hkrf w`rf
kd orkup prkgfssfs `nc str`tfojg vktjno kppkrtunjtjfs. Drkh tajs `nomf ` mf`rnjno
fddfgt kggurs hkno bury hfhefrs. ajs mf`rnjno sakumc ef t`ifn hkrf cv`nt`of
drkh jn tfncfr prkgfssfs efg`usf jt cfgrf`sfs taf `hkunt kd df`r `hkno cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs. Wfvfr`m kd taf bury hfhefrs st`tfc jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws ta`t
tafy inkw ta`t2
”@mhkst fvfry bury prkgfss fvfntu`mmy mf`cs tk ` s`tjsdyjno rfsumt.‘
Hkst hfhefrs kd taf bury wfrf emf tk cfdfnc tafjr prfdfrfngfs vfry wfmm jn taf
cjsgussjkn wjta taf ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs. af ga`jr kd taf bury stjhum`tfc taf stu-
cfnt hfhefr tk fxpmjgjtmy fxprfss afr kpjnjkn `nc jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfw
taf stucfnt st`tfc ta`t saf dfmt strfnotafnfc ey tajs suppkrt. Wkhftjhfs taf bury
hfhefrs fxpm`jnfc taf grjtfrj` ta`t tafy pfrskn`mmy usfc tk fv`mu`tf ` suehjssjkn
tk strfnotafn tafjr st`tfhfnts `nc gknvjngf ktafrs kd tafjr kpjnjkn. Fxpfrtjsf kd
taf bury hfhefrs w`s dkr fx`hpmf sakwn ey taf `ejmjty tk vjsu`mjsf taf prkpksfc
jcf`, `s `rtjgum`tfc ey knf kd taf bury hfhefrs curjno taf cjsgussjkn2
”J njsa tajs prkbfgt jn hy hjnc9 J inkw yku ck ta`t tkk, nc jt a`s sk huga pktfntj`m. Jt wjmm grf`tf ` wkncfrdum fnvjrknhfnt.‘
Wkhf bury hfhefrs `msk cjspm`yfc ta`t tafy wfrf `emf tk put tafjr pfrskn`m
jntfrfsts `sjcf `nc fxpmjgjtmy hfntjknfc ta`t2
”Jt js nkt hy gup kd tf` eut jt js ` vfry gmfvfr jcf`.‘
Zft tafy `msk trjfc tk oft tafjr kwn prfdfrfngf jngmucfc jn taf djn`m sfmfgtjkn kd
pktfntj`m wjnnfrs. Knf kd taf bury hfhefrs sakwfc ` orf`t cf`m kd jntfrfst jn tafg`tfokry kd ‑bust jcf`s‚. af wjnnfrs `nc nkhjn`tjkns kd taf gkhpftjtjkn ck nkt
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 252/341
574
jngmucf `ny suehjssjkns kd tajs g`tfokry efg`usf taf bury dfmt ta`t ` okkc suehjs-
sjkn a`c tk `nswfr `mm tarff grjtfrj` `s hfntjknfc jn taf gkhpftjtjkn prkor`hhf,
`rgajtfgtur`m qu`mjty jngmucfc. Curjno taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfw af fxpm`jnfc ajs
jntfrfsts dkr taf jcf` g`tfokry drkh ajs e`giorkunc jn `rgajtfgtur`m `nc gumtur`m
ajstkry. Ajs grjtjquf ekut taf djn`m kutgkhf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn rfm`tfc tk taf cjd-
dfrfngf kd ajs jntfrfsts jn gkhp`rjskn wjta taf ktafr bury hfhefrs. Af fxprfssfctk a`vf trjfc tk stffr taf cjsgussjkn jn taf cjrfgtjkn kd cjsgussjno taf gkngfpt
kd taf sgafhfs r`tafr ta`n taf jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf paysjg`m sa`pf gknnfgtfc tk
taf jcf`s. af kesfrv`tjkns gkndjrh tajs `nc `msk sakwfc ta`t tajs str`tfoy w`s
stkppfc ey `nktafr hfhefr kd taf bury ey s`yjno2
”J nktjgf wa`t yku `rf ckjno, `nc J wfnt `mkno jn ykur cjrfgtjkn dkr ` mknotjhf, eut tajs js taf mjhjt.‘
af str`tfojg ga`r`gtfr kd bury cjsgussjkns w`s gkndjrhfc jn taf jntfrvjfws,
h`jnmy wjta taf Cutga prkdfsskrs `msk wkrijno jn pr`gtjgf. af kesfrv`tjkns
sakwfc ta`t str`tfojg efa`vjkur w`s skhftjhfs `msk h`cf r`tafr fxpmjgjt, dkr fx-`hpmf wafn knf burkr fxpm`jnfc tk taf ktafr bury hfhefrs ta`t2
”J mjifc ta`t fntry ` mkt eut cfgjcfc tk gakksf tajs knf efg`usf jt wkumca`vf efttfr ga`ngfs kd ofttjno sfmfgtfc.‘
af bury hfhefrs jn tajs g`sf wfrf wfmm `w`rf kd taf vktjno efa`vjkur `nc
prfdfrfngfs kd ktafr hfhefrs. Jn taf jntfrvjfws tafy t`mifc `ekut taf e`m`ngf ef-
twffn gmjfnts nc prkdfssjkn`ms jn bury `nc taf rjoat hkhfnt tk fxprfss prfdfr-
fngf jn taf orkup tk gknvjngf ktafrs. wk kd taf bury hfhefrs fxpm`jnfc curjno
taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws ta`t p`nfms wjta hjxfc cjsgjpmjnfs `nc cjddfrfnt fx-
pfrtjsf mfvfms gkumc mf`c tk sueorkups wjtajn taf p`nfm. ajs g`n ef gkhp`rfc tktaf djncjnos `s dkr fx`hpmf cfsgrjefc ey Ofkrof `nc Ga`ttkp`cay`y (5<<1) `nc
Ukeejns nc Bucof (5<<1) ekut taf fddfgts kd orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af fxpfr-
tjsf mfvfm kd taf bury p`nfm kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf fxgffcfc taf fxpfrtjsf mfvfm
kd mm tfncfr g`sfs. af kesfrv`tjkns jncjg`tf ta`t taf bury p`nfm kd taf D`gumty g`sf
`gtfc hkrf mjif `n fxpfrt tf`h jn ojvjno f`ga ktafr dffce`gi `nc tryjno tk gkn-
sjcfr taf suehjssjkn jn ` ajstkrjg`m gkntfxt (sff `msk sfgtjkn ?.3.3). Kn taf ktafr
a`nc tafjr rfm`tjvf jncfpfncfnt ga`r`gtfr gkumc a`vf mjhjtfc taf djt eftwffn taf
`jhs `nc `hejtjkns kd taf gmjfnt `nc taf rfsumts kd taf gkhpftjtjkn.
Fhktjkns `nc pfrskn`m `ddfgtjkn wfrf skhftjhfs usfc jn `rouhfnt`tjkn2
”_f wjmm stjmm ef drjfncs jd yku mf`vf tajs kut, eut J stjmm tajni jt js vfry strkno prkbfgt.‘
Zft fhktjkn`m gkndmjgts eftwffn taf bury hfhefrs cjc nkt kggur jn tajs g`sf.
af djncjnos suoofst ta`t g`n ef `ttrjeutfc tk taf d`gt ta`t taf ga`r`gtfr kd taf
gkhpftjtjkn w`s nkt mfo`mmy ejncjno `nc taf bury a`c taf kppkrtunjty tk cjvjcf
taf prjzf hknfy `hkno sfvfr`m wjnnfrs. Jn taf djn`m pa`sf kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno taf
mkno tfrh str`tfoy ppf`rfc tk ef hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n pfrskn`m cjddfrfngfs. Wk jn
taf fnc kd taf sfgknc c`y cjsgussjkns prkgffcfc kn ` hkrf str`tfojg mfvfm `ekut
taf kutgkhf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn2
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 253/341
57? -
”_f a`vf tk tajni `ekut taf hfss`of‘, `nc
”Jd wf t`if tafh ekta, wf rf`mmy h`if ` st`tfhfnt.‘
Wuehjssjkns wjta jntfrfstjno tkpjgs, suga `s gfntr`mjz`tjkn kd dungtjkns,
ga`nofs jn taf fcug`tjkn`m systfh, `nc cjddfrfnt pajmkskpajg`m st`tfhfnts `ekut
taf prkdfssjkn ta`t wfrf nkt ef p`rt kd taf wjnnjno suehjssjkns, wfrf nktfc tk efjngmucfc jn taf bury rfpkrt. ajs o`vf taf bury p`nfms taf kppkrtunjty tk `ccrfss
taf jssufs wjtakut durtafr cfgjsjkn jhpmjg`tjkns, wajga gkntrjeutfc tk taf dmkw kd
taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
@c 4) Gknnfgtjkn eftwffn taf bury p`nfm `nc taf `jhs, grjtfrj`,
djn`m cfgjsjkn kd ` gkhpftjtjkn
Jn taf gkntfxt kd `ssfssjno qu`mjty curjno gkhpftjtjkns, Afynfn (5<<0) hfntjkns
taf jhpkrt`ngf kd `mjonjno taf prkbfgt cfdjnjtjkn, taf paysjg`m, mfo`m, fgknkhjg`m,
skgj`m `nc gumtur`m gkntfxt, taf sa`pf, gknstrugtjkn `nc h`tfrj`mjz`tjkn kd taf
pm`nnfc sp`gf, nc taf pktfntj`m kd usf, hf`njno nc pfrdkrh`ngfs. af mjtfr`turf
jn Ga`ptfr 7.3 suoofsts ta`t tafrfdkrf ` cfgjsjkn dr`hf sakumc jngmucf ` gknnfg-
tjkn eftwffn taf `jhs kd taf cfgjsjkn `nc taf hkst jhpkrt`nt `spfgts kd taf cfgj-
sjkn t`si. Jn tajs g`sf taf prkbfgt tf`h jntfncfc tk grf`tf ` gknnfgtjkn eftwffn
taf `hejtjkns `nc `jhs kd taf gmjfnt `nc taf bury p`nfm ey h`ijno taf Cf`n p`rt
kd taf bury, jnvjtjno sfvfr`m bury hfhefrs wjta gmksf gknnfgtjkns tk taf d`gumty
`nc jnvkmvjno taf ga`jr jn taf prfp`r`tjkns. ajs cjc nkt ou`r`ntff ` gknnfgtjkn
eftwffn taf `jhs, taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`, `nc taf cfgjsjkn kutgkhf, eut suoofsts
`t mf`st ` wfmm-gknsjcfrfc gkhpftjtjkn cfsjon. Jd ` gmjfnt cfmfo`tfs taf djn`m cfgj-
sjkn tk ` dummy jncfpfncfnt bury, tafy a`vf tk h`if surf tajs p`nfm sakumc ef vfry
wfmm `w`rf kd taf `hejtjkn `nc `jhs kd taf gmjfnt. @n jntrkcugtkry prfsfnt`tjkn
kr hkrf jnvkmvfhfnt jn taf prfp`r`tjkns kd taf gkhpftjtjkn gkumc fnsurf ` gmksf
gknnfgtjkn. Akwfvfr, taf rfsumts kd tajs g`sf jncjg`tf ta`t efjno p`rt kd taf bury
hjoat ef taf efst kptjkn tk fnsurf ` h`tga eftwffn taf `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs
`nc kppkrtunjtjfs ta`t `rf kddfrfc curjno ` gkhpftjtjkn.
Ufdmfgtjno kn taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf gkhpftjtjkn bury, rfm`tjknsajp eftwffn
taf typf kd wjnnjno suehjssjkns `nc taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury sffhs vjsjemf.
af fxprfssjkns jn taf hfcj` `ekut taf rfsumts kd taf gkhpftjtjkn suoofst ta`t
fspfgj`mmy taf m`gi kd jgknjg `rgajtfgturf `nc taf prfdfrfngf dkr mkw-rjsf eujmcjnos
w`s spfgjdjg dkr taf ijnc kd fxpfrts jnvjtfc dkr taf bury p`nfm (Ekgih`, 5<<:9Tkmm``rc, 5<<:e). af bury akpfc tk a`vf rfvf`mfc ` trfnc jn `rgajtfgturf, wajga
aypktaftjg`mmy sakumc ef jncfpfncfnt kd taf pfrskns wak sjon`m jt. @ trfnc g`n
akwfvfr knmy ef fv`mu`tfc dtfr ginkwmfcofhfnt jn taf nfxt (dfw) yf`rs. Afynfn
(5<<0) suoofsts tk sfmfgt cjvfrsf orkup kd bury hfhefrs wak rf gkhpftfnt t mm
rfmfv`nt ckh`jns nc a`vf vjsjkn ekut rgajtfgturf ta`t tafy g`n gkhhunjg`tf
curjno ` cfe`tf. af djncjnos kd tajs g`sf suoofst ta`t jn mjnf wjta taf djncjnos
kd taf tfncfr g`sfs, knmy jngmucjno ` p`nfm hfhefr wjta spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf suga
`s sust`jn`ejmjty fnsurfs ta`t gknsjcfr`tjkns kn tafsf spfgjdjg tafhfs efgkhf p`rt
kd taf djn`m cfgjsjkn. Jn tajs g`sf durtafr cjddfrfntj`tjkn kn taf djfmcs kd fxpfrtjsf
`nc st`ifakmcfr pfrspfgtjvf gkumc a`vf jngrf`sfc taf `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn `ncpfrspfgtjvfs ta`t wfrf erkuoat tk taf t`emf curjno taf bury hfftjno. Akwfvfr,
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 254/341
571
` e`m`ngf sakumc ef ifpt eftwffn taf hfhefrs kd ` bury `s ` orkup efg`usf tkk
huga cjvfrsjty gkumc sg`ttfr taf jntfrfsts tkk huga (f.o. Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1).
Jn taf rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws hkst kd taf bury hfhefrs fxprfssfc tk a`vf effn
s`tjsdjfc wjta taf gkhpksjtjkn kd tajs bury.
af kesfrv`tjkns `nc taf jntfrvjfws gkndjrh ta`t ekta pfrskn`m `nc prkdfs-
sjkn`m gkhpftfngfs `rf jhpkrt`nt dkr cfgjsjkn h`ifrs tk dungtjkn `s ` prkdfs-sjkn`m bury hfhefr (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:). afy suoofst ta`t efjno ` bury
hfhefr `ppf`rs tk rfqujrf ` gfrt`jn ijnc kd wjmmjnonfss dkr grjtjg`m rfdmfgtjkn,
kpfnnfss tk mf`rn drkh ktafrs, tk spfnc tjhf kn fcug`tjno pfkpmf, `nc tk jnvfst
jn taf duturf ofnfr`tjkn kd cfsjonfrs `nc skgjfty. afsf tr`jts sffhfc rfm`tfc tk taf
p`ssjkn, fntausj`sh, nc ktafr fhktjkn`m rfspknsfs ey wajga bury prkgfss sffhs
tk efnfdjt drkh. af rfsumts jncjg`tf jngmucjno sfvfr`m hfhefrs wak fxpfrjfngfc
bury prkgfss efdkrf wkumc surfmy efnfdjt taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af h`jn
rf`skn dkr tajs js taf d`jta ta`t fxpfrjfngfc cfgjsjkn h`ifrs a`vf jn tafjr sfmvfs,
jn taf bury `s ` orkup, `nc jn taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn. ajs rfdmfgts kn taf pksjtjvf
`thkspafrf jn taf rkkh wafn cfgjsjkns a`vf tk ef h`cf.afn taf jssuf kd taf gkntfnt kd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` jn rfm`tjkn tk cfsjon qu`m-
jty rfh`jns kpfn2 _a`t sakumc ef taf e`m`ngf eftwffn dungtjkn`mjty `nc `fstaft-
jgs, eftwffn gksts `nc qu`mjty, `nc eftwffn vj`ejmjty, jnnkv`tjkn, sust`jn`ejmjty
`nc cur`ejmjty; Jn Ga`ptfr 5 sfvfr`m hkcfms `nc mjsts kd qu`mjty `spfgts `rf cjs-
gussfc ta`t `rf gkndjrhfc ey taf djncjnos jn taf tfncfr g`sfs. Mjtfr`turf kn bury
prkgfssfs jn cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns sakws ta`t nkt knmy taf sfp`r`tf qu`mjtjfs `rf
jhpkrt`nt jn `ssfssjno qu`mjty eut `msk taf tkt`mjty kd ` cfsjon skmutjkn `nc jts jh-
p`gt kn taf gkntfxt (Afynfn, 5<<09 I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:9 Wprfjrfofn, 5<<1).
af wfjoat kd taf qu`mjtjfs sakumc strknomy rfm`tf tk taf `hejtjkns `nc fxpfgt`-
tjkns kd taf gmjfnt `ekut ` duturf eujmcjno. af `spfgts kd ‑cfvfmkphfnt pktfntj`m‚akwfvfr rfdfr tk taf pktfntj`m v`muf kd taf prkpks`m dkr duturf usf `nc taf v`muf
curjno rf`mjz`tjkn `s wfmm. Curjno taf bury hfftjno kd tajs g`sf skhf rfdfrfngfs
wfrf h`cf tk duturf pktfntj`m kd taf eujmcjno, eut durtafr `rouhfnts ta`t rfm`tfc
tk taf rfskurgf fnvfmkp (tjhf, djn`ngf, n`tur`m rfskurgfs `nc auh`n rfskurgfs) kd
taf prkbfgt wfrf mhkst esfnt. ajs g`n ef ttrjeutfc tk taf ga`r`gtfr nc jhs kd
taf gkhpftjtjkn ta`t cjc nkt jngmucf taf `gtu`m rf`mjs`tjkn kd taf cfsjons `s prk-
pksfc ey taf p`rtjgjp`nts. afsf djncjnos jncjg`tf ta`t efg`usf taf jh kd tfncfr
prkgfcurf js tk `w`rc ` sfrvjgf gkntr`gt, cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` sakumc `msk rfdfr tk taf
duturf rkmf kd taf rgajtfgt. Jd taf rgajtfgt sakumc pm`y spfgjdjg kr ckhjn`nt rkmf
jn durtafr cfvfmkphfnt kd taf erjfd kr curjno gknstrugtjkn, taf tfncfr erjfd `nc`w`rc grjtfrj` sakumc skhfakw rfdmfgt tafsf fxpfgt`tjkns.
?.6 Cjsgussjkn
?.6.0 G`sf rfdmfgtjkn
ajs dkurta g`sf stucy sft kut tk `ppmy taf djncjnos kd taf tarff fhpjrjg`m g`sfs jn
` gkhpftjtjkn cfsjon. @p`rt drkh taf `jh `nc gkntfnt kd tajs g`sf, J g`n gkngmucf
ta`t taf kro`njs`tjkn `nc cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs kd ` gkhpftjtjkn `rf sjhjm`r tk wa`t
w`s dkunc dkr taf tfncfrs jn Ga`ptfr 4. Jn gkhpftjtjkns taf st`ifs `nc jhpmjg`-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 255/341
57: -
tjkns `rf usu`mmy nkt `s ajoa `s jn tfncfr prkbfgts, eut jn f`ga kd taf dkur g`sfs
puemjg hknfy w`s spfnt nc fxpfgt`tjkns wfrf jhfc t ‑eujmcjno crf`hs‚. Jn tajs
g`sf, taf gmjfnt ey vjrtuf kd efjno ` D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf w`s vfry gmksfmy gkn-
nfgtfc tk taf djfmc `nc a`c `n fxfhpm`ry dungtjkn tk pr`gtjgf. ajs gmksf gknnfg-
tjkn tk taf djfmc h`cf jt pkssjemf tk usf taf fxjstjno nftwkri jn sfmfgtjno hfhefrs
kd taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc bury p`nfm, tk gknsumt fxpfrts jn taf djfmc f`sjmy, tk jnvkmvftaf prfss jn `nnkungjno taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf wjnnfrs, `nc tk `jh dkr `n jn-
tfrn`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfr. af fxajejtjkn jn taf N@j prkvjcfs ` okkc fx`hpmf kd gkm-
m`ekr`tjkn wjta taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc.
Curjno taf gkhpftjtjkn twk jntfrtwjnjno pfrspfgtjvfs kn taf rkmf kd taf gmjfnt
g`hf tk taf dkrf2 0) pm`yjno ` rkmf jn skgjfty `s ` st`ifakmcfr jn taf djfmc kd `rgaj-
tfgturf nc efjno jntfrfstfc jn ofnfr`m cfe`tf s wfmm `s ckjno eusjnfss, nc 5) gt-
jno `s ` prkdfssjkn`m gmjfnt, tryjno tk s`tjsdy st`ifakmcfrs jn ` gkntfxt kd djn`ngj`m
`nc kro`njs`tjkn`m gknstr`jnts. afsf pfrspfgtjvfs ck nkt nfgfss`rjmy a`rhknjsf
wfmm. Jn taf tarff tfncfr g`sfs tafsf cjmfhh`s wfrf `msk fxpfrjfngfc ey taf cfgj-
sjkn h`ifrs eut hfrfmy sajdtfc tkw`rcs mfo`m rfspknsjejmjtjfs jnstf`c kd rfspknsj-ejmjtjfs tkw`rcs taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf. ajs rfqujrfc ta`t skhftjhfs cfgjsjkns
nffcfc tk ef h`cf kd wajga taf `cvfrsf gknsfqufngfs wfrf (jhpmjgjtmy) inkwn. J
efmjfvf ta`t jn taf g`sf kd taf gkhpftjtjkn taf jntfrfsts kd efjno ` prkdfssjkn`m gmj-
fnt usu`mmy prfv`jmfc, bust s jn taf ktafr g`sfs. Zft, jn mm g`sfs taf cjddjgumtjfs wjta
taf jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf cfgjsjkns `rf gurrfntmy stjmm sakwn, wajga jncjg`tfs ta`t
cfgjcjno `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty js `mhkst tkk gkhpmfx tk ck jt pfrdfgtmy rjoat.
af gkhpksjtjkn kd taf prkbfgt tf`h w`s qujtf sjhjm`r tk taf prkbfgt tf`hs
dkunc jn taf tarff tfncfr g`sfs. Akwfvfr, taf rfsf`rga hftakc kd p`rtjgjp`nt ke-
sfrv`tjkn h`cf jt pkssjemf tk o`jn inkwmfcof `nc fxpfrjfngfs drkh taf jnsjoats
pfrspfgtjvf jnstf`c kd rfdmfgtjno drkh taf kutsjcf knmy. Curjno taf kro`njs`tjkn kdtaf gkhpftjtjkn J fxpfrjfngfc tfnsjkns ta`t rfm`tfc tk gkhhkn prkbfgt h`n`of-
hfnt jssufs, mjif taf jnput kd pfrsknnfm, jntfr-kro`njs`tjkn`m pkmjtjgs, `nc `v`jm-
`emf djn`ngj`m hf`ns. @ mkt kd tafsf gkndmjgts krjojn`tfc drkh cjssjhjm`rjty eftwffn
taf tfhpkr`ry prkbfgt-e`sfc `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf mkno-tfrh `jhs kd
taf kro`njs`tjkn. Cuf tk ` gfrt`jn mf`cfrsajp stymf taf t`sis `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs
wfrf nkt gmf`rmy cfdjnfc `hkno taf hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`h. k skhf cforff
trust skhf hfhefrs kd taf tf`h cjc nkt trust f`ga ktafr `nc `ppf`rfc tk a`vf
cjddfrfnt stymfs kd wkrijno. af rusafc ga`r`gtfr `nc succfn jhpftus kd taf g`sf
surfmy msk gkntrjeutfc tk tafsf tfnsjkns. Fspfgj`mmy dtfr taf Cf`n a`c d`mmfn sjgi,
taf nuhefr kd cjddfrfngfs jn jntfrfsts `ekut p`ttfrns kd spfncjno `nc `utakrjty wjtajn taf kro`njs`tjkn eftwffn taf jntfrn`mmy `nc fxtfrn`mmy ajrfc hfhefrs kd
taf tf`h jngrf`sfc. af gkndmjgts wfrf, dkr fx`hpmf, rfvf`mfc jn rfm`tjkn tk taf g-
gur`gy kd jndkrh`tjkn nc dffmjnos kd rfspknsjejmjty jn gkhhunjg`tjkn tk taf prk-
dfssjkn`m pr`gtjgf. ajs rfsumtfc `hkno ktafr tajnos jn ` hjst`if jn ` prfss rfmf`sf
`nc `n `cbusthfnt jn taf tjhjno kd taf `nnkungfhfnt kd taf wjnnfrs. Kvfr`mm J
efmjfvf taf gkhpftjtjkn g`n ef g`mmfc ` suggfss wjta sk h`ny suehjssjkns drkh
`mm kvfr taf wkrmc. ajs jhpmjfs ta`t taf prkbfgt tf`h cjc ck ` okkc bke. Hkst kd
taf `jhs kd taf gkhpftjtjkn a`vf effn rf`gafc, `mtakuoa knf gkumc `rouf jd taf
dumm pktfntj`m kd taf rfsumts js `mrf`cy t`ifn `cv`nt`of kd jn rfm`tjkn tk rfsf`rga-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 256/341
53<
ey-cfsjon `nc stjhum`tjkn kd cfe`tf. @n jntfrfstjno c`t`e`sf wjta suehjssjkns,
kesfrv`tjkns, nc ktafr ijnc kd ckguhfnts w`jts durtafr n`mysjs, msk jn rfm`tjkn
tk taf rfsumts kd taf ajni `ni.
@mm g`sfs sakw ta`t efjno ` bury hfhefr prkvjcfs `n fxgfmmfnt mf`rnjno kp-
pkrtunjty drkh ekta taf ktafr bury hfhefrs `nc taf p`rtjgjp`nts. af gkhpksj-
tjkn kd ` bury p`nfm js tafrfdkrf nkt knmy jhpkrt`nt dkr taf suggfss kd ` (tfncfr)gkhpftjtjkn eut `msk dkr taf bury hfhefrs tafhsfmvfs. ajs rfsf`rga grf`tfc taf
kppkrtunjty tk fv`mu`tf taf bury prkgfss `nc gmksf taf mf`rnjno gygmf dkr taf bury
tk `gt `s `n fxpfrt tf`h. @t mf`st a`md kd taf bury hfhefrs fxprfssfc curjno taf
rftrkspfgtjvf jntfrvjfws tk a`vf rfvjfwfc taf gkhpftjtjkn prkgfssfs nc kutgkhfs
hkrf g`rfdummy jn prfp`r`tjkn kd tafjr jntfrvjfw. fncfrs `nc gkhpftjtjkn gkumc
`msk kddfr p`rtjgjp`nts ` mf`rnjno fxpfrjfngf, kn taf gkncjtjkn ta`t fxpmjgjt dffc-
e`gi js prkvjcfc. @ nuhefr jn ` h`trjx safft kr or`cf ckfs nkt qu`mjdy dkr ta`t.
_rjtjno ` bury rfpkrt gkumc `msk gkntrjeutf tk taf sgjfntjdjg `nc skgj`m rfmfv`ngf kd
gkhpftjtjkns `nc tfncfrs. af mf`rnjno fddfgt gkumc ef durtafr fxpmkjtfc ey jntfr-
n`tjkn`m systfh`tjg rfsf`rga eut gmjfnts `nc p`rtjgjp`nts wkumc a`vf tk kpfn uptafjr `ttjtucf tkw`rcs `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns `nc rfsf`rga jn tajs jntfrfstjno djfmc.
?.6.5 Djncjnos jn taf gkntfxt kd prkgurfhfnt m`w
E`sfc kn tafsf dkur fhpjrjg`m g`sfs J dkunc ta`t taf h`jn cjddfrfngf eftwffn kr-
o`njsjno tfncfr nc kro`njsjno gkhpftjtjkn js taf pktfntj`m jhp`gt kd taf cfgj-
sjkn ekut wjnnfr. ajs strknomy rfm`tfs tk taf jh kd taf cfgjsjkn nc ddfgts taf
cfgjsjkn prkgfss. ajs cjddfrfngf grf`tfc gfrt`jn hkunt kd dmfxjejmjty ta`t wkumc
nkt ef `v`jm`emf jn ` prkgurfhfnt g`sf. Jn gkhp`rjskn tk ` tfncfr, taf gkhpftjtjkn
kddfrs taf gmjfnt hkrf kptjkns tk gkntrkm taf gkursf kd taf prkgfss `nc tafrfdkrf
`msk taf pktfntj`m v`muf kd taf cfgjsjkns. Gknsfqufntmy taf cyn`hjgs `nc skgj`m
`spfgts kd taf okvfrn`ngf gkntfxt kd taf gmjfnt gkumc ef t`ifn jntk `ggkunt `nc
prfvfnt jndkrh`tjkn drkh efjno keskmftf `t taf tjhf kd puemjg`tjkn. fncfr `gtjvj-
tjfs kdtfn grkss kro`njs`tjkn`m gtjvjtjfs wajga grf`tf ungfrt`jntjfs hkno cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs `nc ` nffc tk rfdr`hf taf `jhs kr cfgjsjkn hftakcs. Jn hy kpjnjkn taf
gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn h`cf jt pkssjemf tk grf`tf rkkh dkr jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf
erjfd `nc `cbusthfnts tk taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`9 jt grf`tfc tafrfdkrf rkkh dkr sfnsf-
h`ijno prkgfssfs curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Jn ekta tfncfrjno `nc gkhpftjtjkn
rfoum`tjkns taf prjngjpmf kd d`jr pm`y nc `n fqu`m mfvfm pm`yjno djfmc rf jhpkrt`nt
v`mufs wajga nffc tk ef rft`jnfc. Zft, taf gurrfnt jntfrprft`tjkn kd prkgurfhfntm`w sffhs tk g`usf ` dffmjno kd rfstrjgtjkns `hkno taf rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd puemjg
gmjfnts ta`t ckfs nkt efnfdjt taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. J skhftjhfs qufstjkn
jd taf gurrfnt tfncfr rfoum`tjkns `rf rf`mjstjg efg`usf puemjg `chjnjstr`tkrs a`vf
tk dumdjm tafjr skgj`m, mfo`m, pfrskn`m, `nc pkmjtjg`m cutjfs jn `n `rf` ta`t js usu`mmy
nkt tafjr djfmc kd fxpfrtjsf.
af rfsumts kd taf dkur fhpjrjg`m g`sfs sakw ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno `n r-
gajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss js prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno jn wajga nuhefr kd jhpmjgjt
`jhs `nc `hejtjkns, ` pktfntj`mmy fxpmjgjt erjfd, `nc sfvfr`m `estr`gt prkpks`ms dkr
duturf skmutjkns rf mjnifc. Drkh n fgknkhjg`m pfrspfgtjvf tfncfr gknnfgts taf
cfh`ncs kd ` gmjfnt wjta taf pktfntj`m suppmy drkh taf h`rift. Cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 257/341
530 -
sakumc ef ` tr`nsm`tjkn kd taf `spfgts ta`t taf gmjfnt tajnis wjmm ef jhpkrt`nt, eut
hfrfmy prkvjcf taf strugturf dkr taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss jnstf`c kd stffrjno taf cfsjon
kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. koftafr wjta taf gkhpftjtjkn erjfd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`
sakumc prkvjcf `n `ngakr pkjnt dkr taf bury. Bury hfhefrs `mm erjno jn tafjr kwn
jntfrfsts, kpjnjkns `nc fxpfrtjsf `nc try tk `gt `s rfprfsfnt`tjvfs dkr taf gmjfnt.
afy `jh dkr ` gknsfnsus kn tafjr bucofhfnts eut g`n skhftjhfs a`rcmy djnc taftjhf nc kppkrtunjty tk o`jn hkrf jn-cfpta inkwmfcof ekut taf tkpjg kd cjsgus-
sjkn. af fhktjkns ta`t krjojn`tf drkh taf jntfr`gtjkn wjta taf prkpks`ms `nc taf
ktafr bury hfhefrs jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn ` sfnsf ta`t g`n-
nkt ef prfcjgtfc efdkrfa`nc. Jn `mm g`sfs s`tjsd`gtjkn w`s dfmt `hkno taf cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs wafn ` gknsfnsus w`s rf`gafc `ekut taf wjnnfrs, fvfn tkuoa tafy wfrf
efdkrfa`nc `w`rf ta`t tajs gknsfnsus wkumc nfvfr dumdjm `mm taf rfqujrfhfnts `nc
kemjo`tjkns. af rfsumts sakw ta`t gmjfnts fxpfrjfngf ` gkndmjgt kd twk r`tjkn`mjtjfs
efg`usf tafy a`vf tk gkhpmy wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w ey `gtjno r`tjkn`m, wajmf cfgj-
sjkn h`ifrs rfprfsfntjno ` gkntr`gtjno `utakrjty nffc ` psygakmkojg`m prkgfss kd
sfnsfh`ijno jn krcfr tk rf`ga ` cfgjsjkn. ajs hf`ns ta`t taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kdtaf prkgfss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn tfnc tk g`usf ` gkndmjgt wjta taf jntfrprft`tjkn
kd taf gkhhknmy `ggfptfc mfo`m prjngjpmfs kd tr`nsp`rfngy, kebfgtjvjty, fqu`m trf`t-
hfnt, `nc prkpkrtjkn`mjty.
?.4 T`mjc`tjkn kd djncjnos
@s st`tfc jn taf prfvjkus sfgtjkn gmjfnts kdtfn fxpfrjfngf gkndmjgts jn taf jntfr-
prft`tjkn kd taf mfo`m prjngjpmfs kd tr`nsp`rfngy, kebfgtjvjty, fqu`m trf`thfnt `nc
prkpkrtjkn`mjty. E`sfc kn taf rfsumts kd taf dkur fhpjrjg`m g`sfs `nc taf tafkrftjg`m
dr`hfwkri J cjstjnoujsafc sfvfr`m sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`g-tfrjstjgs ta`t wfrf dkunc tk ef kd jndmufngf jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd puemjg gmjfnts
jn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts (sff Ga`ptfr 6). Jn krcfr tk v`mjc`tf taf djncjnos kd
tajs rfsf`rga ` wkrisakp w`s kro`njsfc jn B`nu`ry 5<0< wjta tfn fxpfrts drkh taf
djfmc kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. Wkhf fxpfrts wfrf sfmfgtfc drkh taf nftwkri kd taf
supfrvjskrs `nc taf rfsf`rgafr, ktafrs wfrf `sifc tk bkjn efg`usf kd tafjr rfput`-
tjkn. _f jhfc dkr ` hjxfc fxpfrt p`nfm kd Cutga puemjg gmjfnts, mfo`m prkdfssjkn-
`ms `nc wfmm rfspfgtfc `rgajtfgts. Jn taf fnc tfn fxpfrts wfrf prfsfnt curjno taf
wkrisakp2 twk rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd ` prkdfssjkn`m puemjg gmjfnt9 knf rfprfsfnt`tjvf
kd taf rf`m fst`tf cfvfmkpfrs9 twk mfo`m prkdfssjkn`ms wak ekta wkri jn pr`gtjgf
eut `msk `rf prkdfsskrs (jn eujmcjno m`w `nc prkgurfhfnt m`w rfspfgtjvfmy). afktafr djvf fxpfrts wfrf pr`gtjgjno `rgajtfgts wak `msk a`c suest`ntj`m fxpfrjfngf
`s ` hfhefr kd bury p`nfms efg`usf kd tafjr (jntfr)n`tjkn`m rfput`tjkn. J `sifc taf
cjrfgtkr `nc sfnjkr rfsf`rgafr kd @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m - `n jncfpfncfnt n`tjkn`m
gfntrf kd fxpfrtjsf `nc jndkrh`tjkn cfvktfc tk gkhhjssjknjno eujmcjno cfvfmkp-
hfnt jn taf Nftafrm`ncs - tk kesfrvf taf wkrisakp `nc rfdmfgt kn taf djncjnos
`t taf fnc kd taf wkrisakp. afy cjc nkt `gtjvfmy fno`of jn taf wkrisakp `nc
h`jnmy tkki nktfs. af supfrvjskry tf`h kd taf rfsf`rga prkbfgt suppkrtfc hf
curjno taf cjddfrfnt jtfhs kd taf wkrisakp.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 258/341
535
af wkrisakp w`s pm`nnfc dkr twk `nc ` a`md akurs eut tkki `mhkst tarff.
af prkor`hhf kd taf wkrisakp w`s `s dkmmkws2
_fmgkhf `nc sakrt jntrkcugtjkn kd `ttfncffs.
\rfsfnt`tjkn kd taf djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `s ` rfsumt kd taf rfsf`rga ey
taf rfsf`rgafr, suppkrtfc ey fmfvfn \kwfr\kjnt smjcfs.
Djrst rf`gtjkn `nc rfdmfgtjkn kd taf fxpfrts kn taf djncjnos (v`mjc`tjkn stfp
0).
Hkcfmmjno fxfrgjsf wjta taf djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs, fmfvfn sjtu`tjkn`m
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc dkur mfo`m prjngjpmfs (sff t`emf ?.4).
\rfsfnt`tjkn kd taf djncjnos kd taf hkcfmmjno fxfrgjsf ey taf p`rtjgjp`nts (v`m-
jc`tjkn stfp 5).
Ufdmfgtjkn kn taf wkrisakp djncjnos ey taf fxtfrn`m kesfrvfrs.
Gmksurf kd taf wkrisakp.T`mjc`tjkn stfp 0 gknsjstfc kd rfdmfgtjkn kd taf fxpfrts kn taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd
taf djncjnos kd taf rfsf`rga. af prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf djncjnos w`s suppkrtfc wjta
` pkwfr pkjnt prfsfnt`tjkn jn wajga taf rfsf`rga w`s sakrtmy jntrkcugfc `nc taf
djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs wfrf fxpm`jnfc drkh tafkrjfs `nc fhpjrjg`m djncjnos.
@mm fxpfrts fxprfssfc tk rfgkonjsf fvfry sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss ta`t w`s jcfntjdjfc
jn taf gkngmusjkns. Curjno tajs rkunc kd rfdmfgtjkn sfvfr`m fxpfrts sa`rfc tafjr
fxpfrjfngfs ekut taf gurrfnt prkemfhs jn Cutga pr`gtjgf. afsf nfgcktjg stkrjfs
wfrf tk ` m`rof fxtfnt sjhjm`r tk taf prkemfhs `s cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 3.4. Wfvfr`m
jssufs wfrf r`jsfc s suoofstjkns dkr durtafr rfsf`rga ekut taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn
prjv`tf `nc puemjg gmjfnts, `nc eftwffn prkbfgt cfvfmkphfnt `nc `rgajtfgt sfmfg-tjkns, taf prkpkrtjkn`mjty `ekut bucofhfnts kd taf gkhpftfngfs kd `n `rgajtfgt,
`nc taf mfvfm kd prkdfssjkn`mjsh `hkno puemjg gmjfnts jn ofnfr`m.
T`mjc`tjkn stfp 5 gknsjstfc kd hkcfmmjno fxfrgjsf jn wajga taf djvf sfnsfh`i-
jno prkgfssfs, fmfvfn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc dkur h`jn mfo`m prjngjpmfs `s
cjstjnoujsafc jn tajs rfsf`rga wfrf usfc `s jnorfcjfnts dkr jhpmjg`tjkns dkr tfncfr
cfsjon. af tfn fxpfrts wfrf cjvjcfc jn dkur orkups. F`ga orkup w`s tkmc tk sfmfgt
knf kd taf mfo`m prjngjpmfs (fqu`m trf`thfnt, tr`nsp`rfngy, kebfgtjvjty, prkpkrtjkn-
`mjty) nc cjsguss taf pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd tfncfr, wajmf t`ijno
taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc d`gtkrs jntk `ggkunt. F`ga orkup rfgfjvfc knf yfm-
mkw pkst-jt wjta taf mfo`m prjngjpmf, djvf pjni pkst-jts wjta taf sfnsfh`ijno prkg-
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs2 H`jn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs2
Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si Gkhpmfxjty, Vngfrt`jnty, Sjhf
Wf`rgajno dkr h`tga Gkntrkm, Sjhf, @fgt
_rjtjno cfgjsjkn prkgfss Sjhf, Jntujtjkn, Fxpfrtjsf
@oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts Wtrugturf, Wystfh, Fxpfrtjsf
Bustjdyjno o jnst cjfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs Wuppkrt, Srust, Gkntrkm
S`emf ?.4 Kvfrvjfw kd sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 259/341
537 -
fssfs, fmfvfn orffn pkst-jts wjta taf sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, ` safft kd erkwn
p`pfr, ` sakrt a`nckut `ekut taf rfsumts `nc ` h`rifr. Jn `ekut tajrty hjnutfs taf
orkups takuoat `ekut pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr ` tfncfr cfsjon. afn f`ga orkup
prfsfntfc tafjr djncjnos tk taf ktafrs.
Djourf ?.4 sakws taf pkst-jts (kn taf mfdt), taf cjsgussjkn kd knf kd taf orkups
(jn taf hjccmf), `nc taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd tafjr djncjnos tk taf ktafr orkups (kn taf
rjoat). af t`si `ppf`rfc tk ef cjddjgumt jn taf efojnnjno takuoa suggfssdum jn taf
fnc. Curjno taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf djncjnos taf fxpfrts `gtjvfmy rf`gtfc kn taf
rfm`tjknsajps `s prkpksfc ey taf ktafr orkups `nc cjsgussfc pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns
dkr ` tfncfr cfsjon.
af pksjtjvf rfsumts kd taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp sakwfc ta`t taf cjstjngtjkn
kd taf djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc taf sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs afmpfc taf
fxpfrts tk rfdmfgt kn ` hkrf `estr`gt mfvfm kn taf krjojn kd taf gurrfnt gkndmjgts jn`rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs. @t taf s`hf tjhf taf rfsumts suoofstfc ta`t taf jhpmj-
g`tjkns kd taf mfo`m prjngjpmfs drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd ` gmjfnt kdtfn gkndmjgt wjta
f`ga ktafr (sff `emf ?.?). af fxpfrts jncjg`tfc ta`t prkpkrtjkn`mjty dkr fx`hpmf
gkumc ef pksjtjvfmy jndmufngfc ey taf usf kd jntujtjkn, wajmf jntujtjkn w`s jncj-
g`tfc tk a`vf ` nfo`tjvf fddfgt kn fqu`m trf`thfnt. Dkr strugturf tajs `ppf`rfc tk
ef taf ktafr w`y rkunc. jhf w`s nkt dkunc vfry rfmfv`nt, p`rt dkr taf d`gt ta`t
fvfryknf usu`mmy js eusy. afrfdkrf knmy rfmfv`nt qufstjkns sakumc ef r`jsfc. af
hktjv`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn w`s dkunc tk ef vfry jhpkrt`nt, drkh ` mfo`m `s wfmm `s
drkh prkdfssjkn`m pfrspfgtjvf.
Djourf ?.4 T`mjc`tjkn stfp 5 jn wajga f`ga orkup kd fxpfrts usfc pkst-jts wjta taf prkgfssfs
`nc sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs tk cjsguss pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr ` tfncfr cfsjon
Mfo`m prjngjpmf2 \ksjtjvfmy jnstufngfc ey2 Nfo`tjvfmy jnstufngfc ey2
Fqu`m trf`thfnt Wtrugturf Jntujtjkn, Vngfrt`jnty, @fgt
Sr`nsp`rfngy Ufspfgt, Kpfnnfss, Gmf`r ok`ms `nc
`jhs, Ujsi fstjh`tjkn
Vngfrt`jnty, M`gi kd Gkntrkm
Kebfgtjvjty Gkntrkm, Fxpfrtjsf, @fgt, Jntujtjkn,
Wuppkrt, Srust
M`gi kd rfgkonjtjkn, Wuppkrt kd cfgjsjkn
\rkpkrtjkn`mjty Fxpfrtjsf, Fxpfrjfngf, Jntujtjkn, Gkntrkm,
Wuppkrt
Wtrugturf, Wystfh
S`emf ?.? Wuhh`ry kd taf rfsumts kd taf hkcfmmjno fxfrgjsf jn v`mjc`tjkn stfp 5
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 260/341
533
af h`jn gkngmusjkn kd taf fxtfrn`m kesfrvfrs w`s ta`t taf fxpfrts h`jnmy
rf`sknfc drkh tafjr kwn pfrspfgtjvf, wajga js `n jnfvjt`emf p`rt kd taf prkemfh
jn rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. ”_a`t skuncs mkojg`m drkh knf pfrspfgtjvf ckfs nkt h`if sfnsf drkh `nktafr pfrspfgtjvf ‘ tafy st`tfc. afy jncjg`tfc ta`t taf prkdfssjkn`m mfvfm kd
gmjfnts nffcs tk jngrf`sf tk kvfrgkhf ` p`rt kd taf gurrfnt prkemfh. H`yef `rgaj-
tfgts gkumc pm`y ` rkmf jn tajs. Nkt `mm sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc sfnsfh`ijnoprkgfssfs wfrf gknsjcfrfc rfmfv`nt dkr f`ga mfo`m prjngjpmf, wajga js jn mjnf wjta
taf djncjnos kd taf rfsf`rga. E`sfc kn taf rfsumts kd taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp J gkn-
gmucf ta`t taf dr`hfwkri s suoofstfc jn taf wkrisakp g`n ef suggfssdummy usfc jn
prkpksjno pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr duturf tfncfrs.
Jn Ga`ptfr 1 taf rfsumts kd taf fhpjrjg`m g`sfs nc taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp rf
gkhp`rfc tk taf suggfss d`gtkrs prkpksfc jn taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri kd Ga`ptfr
6 tk cr`w gkngmusjkns `ekut taf prkgfss kd v`muf bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno jn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts ey puemjg gmjfnts uncfr Furkpf`n tfncfrjno
rfoum`tjkns.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 261/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 262/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 263/341
53?,
Ga`ptfr 1
GKNGMVWJKN, UFGKHHFNC@SJKNW @NC UFDMFGSJKN
1.0 Jntrkcugtjkn
ajs rfsf`rga dkgusfc kn taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd puemjg gmjfnts curjno
`rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns jn krcfr tk `ccrfss taf ga`mmfnofs tafy gurrfntmy d`gf jn taf
gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w. @ tfncfr dkr ` puemjg eujmcjno js hkrf ta`n mfo`m
kemjo`tjkn `nc sakumc ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` prkbfgt fhefccfc jn taf prkgfss kd dum-
djmmjno taf `ggkhhkc`tjkn nffcs kd ` puemjg gmjfnt. Jn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts
sfvfr`m `gtkrs pm`y rkmfs ta`t rfprfsfnt cjddfrfnt orkups kd st`ifakmcfrs. Fxjstjno
oujcfmjnfs `nc hkcfms tk suppkrt taf tfncfr prkgfss sffh tk nfomfgt taf d`gt ta`t` cfgjsjkn tk sfmfgt ` wjnnfr kd ` tfncfr js prfgfcfc ey nuhfrkus ktafr cfgjsjkns
ey ` puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcy ta`t rfm`tf tk taf `hejtjkn `nc fxfgutjkn kd taf
tfncfr `s wfmm `s taf eujmcjno prkbfgt `s ` wakmf. Dkr ` puemjg gmjfnt taf bustjdjg`-
tjkn kd taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn hjoat ef `s jhpkrt`nt `s taf cfgjsjkn jtsfmd. @ prkgfss
kd sfnsfh`ijno js tafrfdkrf fssfntj`m.
Dkr taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri dkr tajs rfsf`rga J crfw kn mjtfr`turf drkh taf
djfmcs kd `rgajtfgturf, jncustrj`m cfsjon, fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy, gknstrugtjkn
h`n`ofhfnt, h`n`ofhfnt sgjfngf, `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m psygakmkoy tk fxpmkrf taf
krjojn kd h`ijno v`muf bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkns `ekut taf qu`mjty kd cfsjon. J
o`tafrfc fhpjrjg`m c`t` ey usjno cjddfrfnt qu`mjt`tjvf rfsf`rga hftakcs jn dkurg`sf stucjfs `nc v`mjc`tfc taf rfsumts jn ` wkrisakp wjta prkdfssjkn`ms. af h`jn
dkgus curjno c`t` gkmmfgtjkn w`s kn taf gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m prkgfssfs kd cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs jn taf gkntfxt kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. Jn tajs ga`ptfr J gkhp`rf taf djvf
sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs nc taf djdtffn pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkrs prkpksfc jn Ga`ptfr
6 tk taf prkgfssfs nc sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jcfntjdjfc drkh taf fhpjrjg`m c`t`
jn Ga`ptfr 4 nc ?. E`sfc kn tajs gkhp`rjskn, J ojvf rfgkhhfnc`tjkns dkr taf cf-
sjon kd duturf tfncfrs jn `rgajtfgturf. afsf rfgkhhfnc`tjkns t`if taf dkrh kd `
sfrjfs kd suggfss d`gtkrs. af ga`ptfr gkngmucfs wjta rfdmfgtjkn kd taf mjhjt`tjkns
`nc pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns kd taf stucy `nc cjrfgtjkns dkr durtafr rfsf`rga.
1.5 Gkngmusjkn
1.5.0 Djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs gkntrjeutjno tk `n jntfrpm`y kdr`tjkn`mjtjfs
af fvjcfngf drkh taf dkur g`sf stucjfs gkndjrhfc ta`t taf prkgfss kd puemjg gmj-
fnts sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt js jncffc efst cfsgrjefc `s ` prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno
jn ` prfsuh`emy r`tjkn`m wkrmc. Dkr puemjg gmjfnts tajs kdtfn mfc tk ` gm`sa kd taf
cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs ta`t pm`y ` rkmf jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn `mm fhpjrjg`m g`sfs
jn tajs rfsf`rga, cfgjsjkn h`ijno st`rtfc wafn pfkpmf efg`hf `w`rf kd ` prkemfh
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 264/341
531
`nc fxpfrjfngfc ` nffc dkr ` skmutjkn. @ g`mm dkr tfncfrs js `n jhpkrt`nt gkh-
pknfnt jn taf prkgfss kd rf`mjsjno ` eujmcjno prkbfgt tk rfskmvf ` gmjfnt‚s akusjno
prkemfh. af fx`gt rfsumts kd suga prkbfgt rf nkt cfdjnjtf, nkr js taf hf`njno kd
taf rfsumts dkr taf kro`njs`tjkn. af rfsumts kd taf g`sfs gkndjrh ta`t jn `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkn cfgjsjkns g`n ef sffn drkh twk cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs2 ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf
`nc ` psygakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf. af uncfrmyjno mkojg kd taf mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf jsta`t n kpfn prkgurfhfnt h`rift nc drff hkvfhfnt kd okkcs nc sfrvjgfs jn taf
Furkpf`n Vnjkn wkumc umtjh`tfmy efnfdjt `mm gjtjzfns. Fqu`m trf`thfnt, tr`nsp`r-
fngy, kebfgtjvjty, `nc prkpkrtjkn`mjty `rf taf hkst jhpkrt`nt prjngjpmfs dkr taf
prkgurfhfnt kd sfrvjgfs, wkris, `nc cfmjvfrjfs. \rjkr `nnkungfhfnt kd cfgjsjkn
grjtfrj` `nc cfgjsjkn hftakcs gkumc afmp tk jnst`ntj`tf tafsf prjngjpmfs `nc jn-
dkrh p`rtjgjp`tjno gkhp`njfs wa`t tk fxpfgt. Gurrfnt Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w
js e`sfc kn `ssuhptjkns sjhjm`r tk taf djrst ofnfr`tjkn cfgjsjkn tafkrjfs (Ef`ga &
Gknnkmmy, 5<<69 A`rrjskn, 0:::). afsf hkcfms pfrgfjvf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn
h`ijno `s ` sfqufngf kd prkemfh cfdjnjtjkn, jcfntjdjg`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn grjtfrj`, `m-
mkg`tjkn kd wfjoats tk taf grjtfrj`, cfvfmkphfnt kd `mtfrn`tjvfs `nc fv`mu`tjkn kd`mtfrn`tjvf wjta taf usf kd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `s sft kut jn taf efojnnjno.
af psygakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf `ckptfc jn tajs stucy, akwfvfr, `ccrfssfs akw
pfkpmf `gtu`mmy h`if cfgjsjkns `nc wajga sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jndmufngf
tafsf prkgfssfs. af cyn`hjgs kd taf gkntfxt jhpmjfc ta`t taf jndkrh`tjkn ta`t
prkbfgt cfdjnjtjkns wfrf e`sfc kn kdtfn a`c efgkhf keskmftf ey taf tjhf ` bucof-
hfnt js h`cf. ajs h`cf taf jcfntjdjg`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `nc `mmkg`tjkn kd
wfjoats tk taf grjtfrj` hkrf gkhpmfx ta`n prfsuhfc jn taf mfo`m hkcfm. af cfgj-
sjkn `mtfrn`tjvfs `rf cfvfmkpfc ey `rgajtfgts wak suehjt ` prkbfgt prkpks`m, wjta
nk pkssjejmjtjfs dkr taf gmjfnt tk jndmufngf kr gkntrkm taf cfvfmkphfnt kd `mtfrn`-
tjvfs. af knmy kppkrtunjtjfs ` gmjfnt a`s dkr gkntrkmmjno taf qu`mjty kd taf sfrvjgfmjf efdkrf nc curjno taf fv`mu`tjkn kd taf `mtfrn`tjvfs. af prkgfss kd gmjfnt cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno w`s dkunc tk ef cyn`hjg `nc jngrfhfnt`m r`tafr ta`n garknkmkoj-
g`m `nc st`tjg. af fhpjrjg`m g`sfs sakwfc ta`t taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd sfmfgtjno
`n `rgajtfgt w`s ` rfsumt kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs‚ jntfr`gtjkn wjta taf `mtfrn`tjvfs
kngf tafy wfrf gkndrkntfc wjta tafh `nc efo`n tk h`if sfnsf kd taf prkpksfc
cfsjons. Jt js tafrfdkrf `mhkst jhpkssjemf dkr gmjfnts tk cfsjon ` sfmfgtjkn prkgf-
curf `nc `nnkungf taf grjtfrj` `nc wfjoatjno d`gtkrs up drknt, `s rfqujrfc ey
prkgurfhfnt m`w. Jn tajs rfspfgt taf r`tjkn`mjty kd taf mfo`m rfqujrfhfnts gm`safs
wjta taf psygakmkojg`m r`tjkn`mjty kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Kn taf ktafr a`nc taf mfo`m
r`tjkn`mjty prkvjcfs ` puemjg gmjfnt wjta taf strugturf `nc rkkh nffcfc dkr sug-gfssdum cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af c`t` sakwfc ta`t tajs jntfrpm`y kd r`tjkn`mjtjfs rfsumts
jn sfnsfh`ijno efjno `n fssfntj`m p`rt kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno dkr puemjg gmjfnts jn taf
sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts.
af djncjnos kd tajs rfsf`rga gkndjrhfc djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs ta`t gkn-
trjeutf tk ` pktfntj`m gm`sa eftwffn fxpfgtfc `nc `gtu`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno efa`v-
jkur, n`hfmy2
Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si.
Wf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn `jh, `hejtjkns, nffcs `nc kppkrtunjtjfs.
_rjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
0.
5.
7.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 265/341
53:,
@oorfo`tjno cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts.
Bustjdyjno ` cfgjsjkn `o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs.
Gmjfnts gt jn taf gkntfxt kd taf tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w.
Jn fvfry g`sf taf stffrjno gkhhjttff, prkbfgt tf`h, `nc bury p`nfm wfrf jcfntj-
djfc `s taf h`jn `gtkrs. Jn `n`mysjno taf prkbfgt gkntfxt, taf okvfrn`ngf, taf sk-
gj`m fnvjrknhfnt, `nc prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt dr`hf jndmufngfc taf cfgjsjkn prkgfssskhfakw. af tfncfr erjfd, taf prkgfcurf kd taf prkgfss, taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd taf
st`ifakmcfr, `nc taf cfgjsjkn prkgfcurf wfrf dkunc tk ef taf hkst jhpkrt`nt
fmfhfnts kd taf tfncfr cfsjon. J dkunc ta`t gmjfnts fnckrsf taf prjngjpmfs kd FV
prkgurfhfnt m`w - fqu`m trf`thfnt, tr`nsp`rfngy, kebfgtjvjty, `nc prkpkrtjkn`mjty
- drkh ` psygakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf. Akwfvfr, taf jntfrprft`tjkn `nc fxfgutjkn kd
tafsf prjngjpmfs gkumc g`usf gm`safs. E`sfc kn taf fhpjrjg`m c`t` `nc tafkrftjg`m
dr`hfwkri fmfvfn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs wfrf jcfntjdjfc tk jndmufngf taf sfnsf-
h`ijno prkgfssfs kd taf puemjg gmjfnts2 `ddfgt, gkhpmfxjty, gkntrkm, fxpfrtjsf, jn-
tujtjkn, strugturf, systfh, suppkrt, tjhf, trust, ungfrt`jnty. afsf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
wfrf suggfssdummy v`mjc`tfc jn ` wkrisakp wjta prkdfssjkn`ms.
af tafkrftjg`m gkngfpt kd sfnsfh`ijno fxpm`jns way `gtkrs kdtfn knmy fxpfrj-
fngf taf gkndmjgts wjta taf mfo`m prjngjpmfs wafn taf tfncfr cfsjon js jhpmfhfntfc
curjno ` prkgurfhfnt prkgfss. af gkhpmfxjty `nc ungfrt`jnty kd sfmfgtjno taf
sfrvjgfs kd `n `rgajtfgt hf`ns ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nffc tjhf tk uncfrst`nc taf
`gtu`m `jhs `nc kppkrtunjtjfs kd ` tfncfr prkgfss. Efg`usf kd taf cyn`hjgs kd taf
kro`njs`tjkn`m gkntfxt jn wajga ` cfgjsjkn js h`cf, ga`nofs gkumc a`vf kggurrfc
jn taf e`sjg `ssuhptjkns `rf krjojn`mmy dr`hfc jn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn. ajs
pktfntj`mmy gkndmjgts wjta taf e`sjg prjngjpmf kd fqu`m trf`thfnt efg`usf taf prk-
gfcurf nc taf p`rtjgjp`nts g`nnkt ef cbustfc tk tafsf ga`nofs wajmf taf cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs ck. afrfdkrf gmjfnts `rf nkt `emf tk pm`y ey taf rumfs kd prkgurfhfnt m`w.
Efg`usf taf rumfs kd taf o`hf h`if jt pkssjemf dkr tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs `nc tfncfr-
frs tk inkw wa`t tk fxpfgt, taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss js jngknsjstfnt wjta taf mfo`m
jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf tr`nsp`rfngy prjngjpmf. r`nsp`rfngy, akwfvfr, a`s cjddfrfnt
hf`njnos wafn mkkifc upkn drkh cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs.
Jn sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nffc tjhf tk ok tarkuoa sfvfr`m
jtfr`tjvf `nc jngrfhfnt`m st`ofs kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. afsf st`ofs `rf kdtfn `g-
gkhp`njfc ey nuhfrkus nfo`tjvf `nc pksjtjvf fhktjkns `s ` rfsumt kd jntfr`gtjkn
wjta taf prkpks`ms `nc wjta taf ktafr cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc taf usf kd jntujtjvf
cfgjsjkns. Jn taf sf`rga dkr ` h`tga fvfry cfgjsjkn pa`sf jngrf`sfs taf pkssjejm-
jty tk gkntrkm taf prkgfss. af jhpfnftr`emf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd sfnsfh`ijno prkg-
fssfs gkumc h`if `rgajtfgts dffm ta`t tafy wfrf nkt trf`tfc fqu`mmy. af pksjtjvf
fhktjkns ta`t `rf dfmt wafn ` h`tga js dkunc eftwffn ` gmjfnt `nc `n `rgajtfgt
gkumc `msk mf`c tk dffmjnos kd unfqu`m trf`thfnt wjta taf ktafr tfncfrfrs. Gmjfnts
`nc wjnnjno `rgajtfgts tfnc tk ef vfry s`tjsdjfc `ekut taf kutgkhf kd taf sfmfg-
tjkn prkgfss efg`usf taf cfgjsjkn ‑orkws‚ upkn tafh. af usf kd ` prfcfdjnfc `nc
strugturfc `oorfo`tjkn systfh gkumc prfvfnt taf p`rtjgjp`nts drkh `ggusjno taf
gmjfnt kd unfqu`m trf`thfnt. Akwfvfr, tafsf ijncs kd systfhs kdtfn mf`vf nk rkkh
dkr taf `ccfc v`muf kd taf tkt`mjty kd ` sfrvjgf p`gi`of `nc taf cyn`hjg gkursf
kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Gkntr`ry tk fxpfgt`tjkns tafy h`y tafrfdkrf cfgrf`sf taf
3.
6.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 266/341
56<
v`mjcjty `nc tafrfdkrf taf kebfgtjvjty kd taf v`muf bucofhfnts usfc jn cfgjsjkn
h`ijno.Fxpfrt bucofhfnts `rf usu`mmy hkrf f`sjmy `ggfptfc ey st`ifakmcfrs `s kebfg-
tjvf, fvfn jd tafsf ijncs kd bucofhfnts `rf nkt `ggkhp`njfc ey ` gkhpmftfmy rf`-
skn`emf fxpm`n`tjkn. Kro`njs`tjkns try tk gkhpfns`tf dkr taf d`gt ta`t jncjvjcu`m
jntujtjvf bucofhfnts hjoat nkt ef kebfgtjvf ey usjno ` orkup kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs.
Orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno kdtfn rfsumts jn `n jntfr-suebfgtjvjty gknsfnsus cfgjsjkn,
wajga strjgtmy spf`ijno gkndmjgts wjta taf jcf` kd kebfgtjvjty. H`ijno cfgjsjkns jn
` tf`h kd fxpfrts suppkrts taf prkgfss kd p`rtjgjp`nts trustjno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs,
`nc skhfwa`t `mmfvj`tfs taf pkssjemf m`gi kd r`tjkn`m fxpm`n`tjkn. af jnvkmvf-
hfnt kd fxpfrts `msk gkntrjeutfs tk qu`mjty kd taf cfgjsjkns `nc taf gkntrkm kd
taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. @t taf s`hf tjhf, taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd `n fxpfrt bucofhfntprfvfnt cfgjsjkn h`ifrs drkh fxpm`jnjno taf fx`gt rf`sknjno `nc gkursf kd taf
prkgfss efdkrfa`nc, kr tr`gjno ` cfgjsjkn `dtfrw`rcs. ajs gkumc gkndmjgt wjta taf
gurrfnt mfo`m pfrgfptjkn kd taf prjngjpmf kd tr`nsp`rfngy.
`emf 1.0 prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf h`jn ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t wfrf dkunc tk
jndmufngf taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `nc cjspm`ys taf pktfntj`m gkndmjgts wjta taf
prkgurfhfnt prjngjpmfs. ajs kvfrvjfw jmmustr`tfs taf gkhpmfx `nc cyn`hjg ga`r-
`gtfr kd sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. Cuf tk taf fxpmkr`tjvf ga`r-
`gtfr kd tajs stucy tajs kvfrvjfw kd prkgfssfs, sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc mfo`m
prjngjpmfs sakumc ef gknsjcfrfc `s `n jncjg`tjkn r`tafr ta`n dkrh`m prkkd.
Jn taf nfxt sfgtjkns f`ga sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss js fxpm`jnfc e`sfc kn taf tafk-rftjg`m gkngfpts jntrkcugfc jn Ga`ptfr 0 tk 6 `nc taf fhpjrjg`m djncjnos rfpkrtfc
jn Ga`ptfr 4 `nc ?. Jn taf dkmmkwjno sfgtjkns taf suggfss d`gtkrs prkpksfc jn
Ga`ptfr 6 `rf fv`mu`tfc `nc gknvfrtfc tk rfgkhhfnc`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd `
duturf tfncfr jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. af rfgkhhfnc`tjkns `rf nuhefrfc jn taf
s`hf w`y `s taf prkpksfc suggfss d`gtkrs wfrf.
1.5.5 Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si
Efg`usf ` puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcy `gts `s ` gmjfnt r`tafr ta`n ` gustkhfr, cjs-
tjngtjvf cjhfnsjkns kd `rgajtfgtur`m `nc mfo`m m`nou`of a`vf tk ef `n`mysfc ey tafcfgjsjkn h`ifrs curjno taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn krcfr tk inkw wa`t tk
Wfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs `s jcfntjfffc
jn tajs stucy2
H`jn sjtu`tjkn`m
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs2
\ktfntj`m gknstjgt wjta mfo`m prjngjpmf kd2
Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si Gkhpmfxjty, Vngfrt`jnty,
Sjhf
Fqu`m trf`thfnt, Sr`nsp`rfngy
Wf`rgajno dkr h`tga Gkntrkm, Sjhf, @fgt Fqu`m trf`thfnt, \rkpkr tjkn`mjty
_rjtjno cfgjsjkn prkgfss Sjhf, Jntujtjkn, Fxpfr tjsf Sr`nsp`rfngy, Fqu`m trf`thfnt
@oorfo tjno v`muf bucofhfnts Wtrugturf, Wystfh,
Fxpfrtjsf
Sr`nsp`rfngy, Kebfgtjvjty, Fqu`m
trf`thfnt
Bustjdyjno `o`jnst cjfrfnt
r`tjkn`mjtjfs
Wuppkrt, Srust, Gkntrkm Sr nsp rfngy, Kebfgtjvjty
S`emf 1.0 Kvfrvjfw kd sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs, sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs `nc prkgurfhfnt
prjngjpmfs
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 267/341
560,
fxpfgt. af sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss kd rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si js e`sfc kn taf gkn-
gfpts kd sfnsfrf`cjno `nc dr`hjno `s cfsgrjefc ey E`mkoun, \yf `nc Akcoijnskn
(5<<1) `nc Ef`ga `nc Gknnkmmy (5<<6) `nc cf`ms wjta taf tr`nsm`tjkn kd taf
`jhs kd taf gmjfnt jntk ` tfncfr prkgfcurf (Bknfs & Mjvnf-`r`nc`ga, 5<<1) (sff
Ga`ptfr 6.5.0). af cfvfmkphfnt kd ` tfncfr erjfd `nc taf `n`mysjs kd taf prkbfgt
fnvjrknhfnt `rf jhpkrt`nt p`rts kd tajs sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss. af rfsumts kd tajsstucy suoofst ta`t gkhpmfxjty, ungfrt`jnty nc tjhf rf taf h`jn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r-
`gtfrjstjgs ta`t jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd rf`cjno ` cfgjsjkn t`si.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf tfncfr ckguhfnts ta`t a`c tk ef prfp`rfc jn taf efojnnjno
kd taf tfncfr prkgfssfs wfrf typjg`mmy skhfwa`t v`ouf `t taf tjhf wafn ` gmjfnt
cfgjcfc tk st`rt `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. Knf kd taf h`jn qufstjkns taf
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `sifc tafhsfmvfs curjno taf g`sfs w`s ‑Akw sakumc wf sfmfgt `n
`rgajtfgt `nc wa`t sakumc taf dkgus kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss ef;‚ af rfsumts jncj-
g`tf ta`t ` cjstjngtjkn a`s tk ef h`cf eftwffn taf erjfd dkr taf tfncfr prkgfss `nc
taf erjfd dkr taf eujmcjno prkgfss. Jn krcfr tk suppkrt taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss, taf
mfvfm kd cft`jm kd taf tfncfr erjfd nffcs tk ef `mjonfc wjta taf `jh kd taf tfncfr`nc taf prkpksfc prkgfcurf. ajs hf`ns ta`t ` siftga cfsjon rfqujrfs ` cjddfrfnt
ijnc kd tfncfr erjfd ta`n ` vjsjkn dkr ` pktfntj`m cfsjon prkbfgt. af rfsumts kd taf
p`rtjgjp`tkry kesfrv`tjkn jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf sakwfc ta`t taf cyn`hjgs
`nc ungfrt`jntjfs kd taf sjtu`tjkn h`cf jt a`rc tk fxpmjgjtmy cfsjon ` tfncfr prk-
gfcurf nc cfvfmkp erjfd efg`usf ekta taf rfqujrfhfnts nc tafjr jntfrprft`tjkn
ga`nofc curjno taf gkursf kd taf prkgfss. ajs w`s cuf ekta tk taf jntfrn`m fvkmu-
tjkn kd taf uncfrst`ncjno kd taf prkbfgt nc ‑fxtfrn`m‚ fvfnts ta`t g`sf ga`nof tk
taf sgkpf kr erjfd. Uf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si js gknsfqufntmy `n knokjno `gtjvjty
ta`t rfqujrfs `ttfntjkn tarkuoakut taf tfncfr prkgfss.
af `hejoukus ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd gurrfnt tfncfr prkgfcurfs `nc uncfrmyjno`ssfsshfnt systfhs stjmm sakw taf hjxturf kd tafjr rkkts jn taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cj-
tjkn, taf tfncfrjno kd wkris, nc taf sf`rga dkr p`rtnfr jn cfsjon (Wtrkno, 0::4).
af puemjg gmjfnts jn taf tarff tfncfr g`sfs `mm gkhejnfc taf prkgfcurfs kd tafsf
tr`cjtjkns wjtakut efjno `w`rf kd fmfhfnts ta`t wkumc fnsurf d`jr pm`y `nc fqu`m
trf`thfnt. af hkst jhpkrt`nt cjmfhh` ta`t gmjfnts d`gfc w`s ` cjstjngtjkn ef-
twffn taf sf`rga dkr taf rjoat skmutjkn dkr tafjr cfsjon prkemfh s suoofstfc ey taf
tr`cjtjkn kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns, `nc taf sf`rga dkr taf rjoat p`rtnfr jn cfsjonjno
` skmutjkn dkr tafjr `ggkhhkc`tjkn nffcs, `s suoofstfc ey taf tfncfr prjngjpmfs
(sff Djourf 6.7). Jn taf g`sfs kd taf Gjty A`mm `nc taf D`gumty Eujmcjno, taf dr`hf
jn wajga cfgjsjkns wfrf t`ifn dkgusfc kn taf sf`rga dkr `n `pprkprj`tf cfsjon sk-mutjkn. ajs sf`rga gknnfgtfc wjta taf `rgajtfgtur`m tr`cjtjkn jn wajga `rgajtfgts
`nknyhkusmy sakw tafjr gkhpftfngfs tk taf puemjg `nc taf gmjfnt ey hf`ns kd `
cfsjon kr vjsjkn `ekut taf duturf eujmcjno. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf, taf hkst ckhjn`nt
dr`hf w`s taf sf`rga dkr taf rjoat p`rtnfr ta`t wkumc ef g`p`emf kd cfsjonjno taf
duturf eujmcjno `nc rf`mjsjno tafjr crf`h. afjr sf`rga dkgusfc kn taf h`xjhuh
v`muf drkh gmjfnt‚s pfrspfgtjvf wjta sfvfr`m p`rtjfs `gqujrjno gkntr`gt. af pfr-
gfptjkn kd gjrguhst`ngfs `nc cfvfmkphfnt kd taf cfgjsjkn dr`hf g`n tafrfdkrf ef
gknsjcfrfc `s fssfntj`m p`rt kd taf sfnsfrf`cjno prkgfss.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 268/341
565
D`gtkrs 0 & 5 `s prkpksfc jn Ga`ptfr 6.5.0 dkr ` suggfssdum rf`cjno prkgfss
kd taf cfgjsjkn t`si rfm`tf tk taf jcf` ta`t ` cfgjsjkn `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty wjmm ef
e`sfc kn ` akmjstjg bucofhfnt `ekut taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf pfrskn, taf duturf
prkcugt ta`t tafy wjmm cfmjvfr `nc taf djrh tafy rfprfsfnt. Jn `mm g`sfs fxjstjno
v`mufs, strugturfs, `hejtjkns `nc nffcs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs pm`yfc ` rkmf jn
rfm`tjkn tk cfsjon qu`mjty `nc taf pktfntj`m v`muf dkr taf duturf (sff dkr fx`h-pmf Djourf 4.6). Wpfgjdjg fx`hpmfs `rf taf kesfrv`tjkn ta`t taf jntfrn`tjkn`m bury
hfhefrs kd taf D`gumty g`sf skhftjhfs sakwfc hkrf jntfrfst jn taf jhp`gt kd taf
gkhpftjtjkn kn taf jntfrn`tjkn`m gkhhunjty ta`n jn taf gknsfqufngfs dkr taf
duturf usfrs kd taf unjvfrsjty eujmcjno. Mjifwjsf taf Fxfgutjvf kd taf \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf `ppf`rfc tk ef hkrf wkrrjfc `ekut ajs pksjtjkn ta`n `ekut
taf suggfssdum gkngmusjkn kd taf tfncfr. af `n`mysjs kd taf Gjty A`mm c`t` gmf`rmy
sakwfc cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf cjddfrfnt ijncs kd st`ifakmcfrs jn taf `hkunt nc
ijnc kd cfsjon qu`mjtjfs ta`t wfrf t`ifn jntk `ggkunt curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss
(sff Ga`ptfr 4.?.7). ajs gkndjrhs ta`t cfsjon qu`mjty js fssfntj`mmy e`sfc kn jncj-
vjcu`m pfrgfptjkn s rfsumt kd taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn n jncjvjcu`m nc cfsjon.af c`t` kd taf D`gumty g`sf jmmustr`tf ta`t fvfn sffhjnomy kebfgtjvf rfqujrfhfnts
kr grjtfrj`, suga `s taf suehjssjkn tjhf `nc dkrh`t kd taf fntrjfs, gknt`jnfc sue-
bfgtjvf `nc jnt`nojemf `spfgts (sff Ga`ptfr ?.3.3). af bury hfhefrs usfc tafjr
fxpfrtjsf tk kvfrgkhf tafsf jssufs kd kebfgtjvjty `nc pktfntj`mmy gkndmjgtjno ga`r-
`gtfrjstjgs kd `ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty. af kesfrv`tjkns cjspm`yfc ta`t `mm cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs usfc sfvfr`m cfgjsjkn rkuncs jn wajga (p`rtj`m) bucofhfnts wfrf gkhejnfc
jn krcfr tk h`if ` cfgjsjkn. afjr djn`m bucofhfnts wfrf akmjstjg ey n`turf `nc
hktjv`tfc ey cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` ta`t rfm`tfc tk taf p`rtjgum`r prkpks`m.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt fn`emfc gmjfnts tk rf`ga humtj-
pmf jhs ta`t wfrf kdtfn hkrf str`tfojg jn n`turf ta`n taf sfmfgtjkn kd n `rgajtfgt wkumc jhpmy. ajs js jn mjnf wjta taf cjvfrsf gkhpftjtjkn `jhs `nc `ppmjg`tjkns
cfsgrjefc ey Wprfjrfofn (0:?:) `nc Wvfnsskn (5<<1). ajs humtjtucf kd `jhs w`s
usu`mmy rfdmfgtfc jn taf `rouhfnts ta`t wfrf usfc tk bustjdy taf cfgjsjkn dkr ` wjn-
njno `rgajtfgt eut nkt `mw`ys h`cf fxpmjgjt jn taf tfncfr cfsjon. `emf 4.0< jn
Ga`ptfr 4.?.5 cjspm`ys taf prkpks`m, pfrskn `nc prkgfss rfm`tfc jssufs ta`t wfrf
dkunc jn taf `rouhfnt`tjkn `ekut taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn curjno taf tfncfr g`sfs.
Fvfn jn g`sfs wjta ` gmf`r cfsjon prkcugt tk ef fv`mu`tfc, suga `s taf Gjty A`mm,
kr jn sjtu`tjkns kd `nknyhkus fv`mu`tjkn, suga `s wjta taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf,
`rouhfnt`tjkn `mw`ys rfm`tfc tk taf pfrskn `nc taf djrh efajnc taf prkpks`m `s
wfmm `s taf kddfr ta`t w`s prfsfntfc. Gmjfnts wfrf nkt `emf tk h`if ` gmf`r cjstjng-tjkn eftwffn tafsf jssufs. af sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt taus `ppf`rs tk ef
`jhfc `t sfmfgtjno ` ‑p`gi`of‚ kd taf pfrskn, taf djrh `nc taf prkpks`m tafy kddfr
taf gmjfnt. af rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf prkcugt jn gkhp`rjskn tk taf pfrskn
`nc taf djrh sakumc cjrfgt taf tfncfr prkgfcurf `nc taf tr`cjtjkn jn wajga taf
tfncfr js cfsjonfc.
E`sfc kn taf rfsumts J gkngmucf ta`t suggfss d`gtkrs dkr rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn
t`si `rf2
@mmkwjno dkr ` akmjstjg bucofhfnt jn taf tfncfr cfsjon ta`t jngkrpkr`tfs pk-
tfntj`mmy gkndmjgtjno bucofhfnts.
0.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 269/341
567,
@ccrfssjno taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf `rgajtfgt `s ` pfrskn, taf prkpksfc cf-
sjon, `s wfmm `s taf djrh ta`t tafy rfprfsfnt jn taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` kd taf
tfncfr cfsjon.
1.5.7 Wf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs `nc
kppkrtunjtjfs fncfrjno js ` w`y kd or`ntjno gkntr`gts dkr prkbfgts e`sfc kn taf prjngjpmf kd `n
kpfn h`rift. ajs jhpmjfs prkgfss kd h`tgajno suppmy `nc cfh`nc. af sfgknc
sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss kd sf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga (sff Ga`ptfr 6.5.5) rfm`tfs tk taf
d`gt ta`t curjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss ` gmjfnt‚s `rgajtfgtur`m v`mufs `rf gknnfgtfc
tk taf kppkrtunjtjfs ta`t `rf kddfrfc ey taf `rgajtfgts tk ef h`tgafc wjta spfgjdjg
ok`ms `nc kpfr`tjkn`m pm`ns. ajs h`tgajno prkgfss kd ok`ms `nc pm`n js `msk p`rt
kd taf jh`of tafkry (Ef`ga, 0::<). @mtakuoa Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w `jhs `t
kpfnjno taf h`rift grkss taf FV hfhefr st`tfs, fxpfrjfngfs gkndjrh ta`t Cutga
gmjfnts prfdfr tk wkri wjta Cutga `rgajtfgts (Offrtsf, ft `m., 5<<:). af rfsumts
sakw ta`t taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs ppmy fxjstjno inkwmfcof ekut taf rgajtfgts jn kr-
cfr tk grf`tf ` sfnsf kd gkntrkm kvfr taf sjtu`tjkn. ajs jhpmjfs ta`t taf h`tga ef-
twffn cfh`nc nc suppmy js jndmufngfc ey taf usf kd gumtur`mmy cfpfncfnt afurjs-
tjgs (Ojofrfnzfr & Wfmtfn, 5<<09 vfrsiy & I`anfh`n, 0:?3). af rfsumts kd tajs
stucy suoofst ta`t gkntrkm, `ddfgt `nc tjhf `rf taf h`jn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
ta`t uncfrmjf taf h`tgajno prkgfss kd `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs `nc kppkrtunjtjfs.
Jn taf tfncfr g`sfs taf `rgajtfgts rkuoamy `ckptfc twk ijncs kd str`tfojfs tk
prfsfnt tafjr skmutjkn dkr taf tfncfr erjfd2 0) ` dkgus kn taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd taf
djrh nc taf prkpksfc rgajtfgt ey prfsfntjno r`tafr kpfn jcf` ekut taf `ssjon-
hfnt, `nc 5) ` dkgus kn taf prfsfnt`tjkn kd ` gkhpmftf cfsjon skmutjkn dkr taf
`ssjonhfnt. af djrst str`tfoy djts taf prkgurfhfnt prjngjpmfs wjta gkmm`ekr`tjkn
pfrspfgtjvf, taf sfgknc str`tfoy h`tgafs taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn wjta prkcugt
pfrspfgtjvf `s cjspm`yfc jn Djourf 6.7 jn Ga`ptfr 6.5.0. Dkr `rgajtfgts p`rtjgjp`t-
jno jn ` tfncfr, jt js cjddjgumt tk fstjh`tf waftafr ` gmjfnt akmcs ` gkmm`ekr`tjvf kr
` prkcugt pfrspfgtjvf. \rfsfntjno ` gkhpmftf cfsjon skmutjkn prkvjcfs taf gmjfnt
wjta ` okkc kppkrtunjty tk bucof taf pktfntj`m gkhpftfngfs kd taf djrh jn taf
gkntfxt kd taf ssjonhfnt nc h`if st`tfhfnt kn taf okvfrn`ngf mfvfm. Dkgusjno
kn taf qu`mjtjfs `nc gkhpftfngfs kd ` djrh ojvfs ` gmjfnt taf kppkrtunjty tk gkn-
trkm taf cfsjon prkgfss drkh taf efojnnjno kn tkoftafr wjta ` p`rtnfr. Gmjfnts cjc
nkt gknsgjkusmy or`sp taf str`tfojfs ta`t taf `rgajtfgts cjspm`yfc. af tfncfr g`sfssakwfc ta`t gmjfnts fjtafr gknsgjkusmy kr ungknsgjkusmy `ppmjfc tafjr inkwmfcof
`ekut taf wkri `nc rfput`tjkn kd taf hkst jhpkrt`nt pm`yfrs jn taf Cutga djfmc
kd `rgajtfgturf curjno tafjr tfncfr prkgfss. Fspfgj`mmy curjno taf sakrt-mjstjno kd
p`rtjfs jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf, tajs jhpmjgjt inkwmfcof pm`yfc `n jhpkrt`nt rkmf
jn taf dr`hjno prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Wkhftjhfs cfgjsjkn h`ifrs usfc tafjr
jhpmjgjt inkwmfcof tk rfo`jn taf mkss kd gkntrkm tafy fxpfrjfngfc curjno taf g`mm
dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn, jn ktafr sjtu`tjkns tafy usfc jt dkr str`tfojg rf`skns.
Dkr hunjgjp`mjtjfs, eujmcjno rfm`tjknsajps wjta fntrfprfnfurs js ` dkrh kd
qu`mjty `ssur`ngf jn gknstrugtjkn (Ckrff, 0::4). Jn taf gurrfnt jntfrprft`tjkn
kd Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w, tajs nffc dkr qu`mjty gkntrkm js nkt dumdjmmfc sud-djgjfntmy. Jn fvfry g`sf J dkunc humtjpmf `jhs ta`t wfrf nkt `mw`ys cjrfgtmy rfm`tfc
5.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 270/341
563
tk taf tfncfr kr gkhpftjtjkn prkgfcurf. Jt w`s dkunc ta`t dkr gmjfnts taf eusjnfss
ok`ms ta`t wfrf suekrcjn`tf tk prkgurfhfnt kdtfn prfv`jm kvfr taf mfo`m kemjo`-
tjkns. Drkh ` prkbfgt pfrspfgtjvf taf `w`rcfc gkntr`gt js hf`nt tk pm`y ` gfrt`jn
rkmf dkr taf `rgajtfgt jn cfsjonjno ` eujmcjno prkbfgt, eut ` gmjfnt a`s tk t`if rf-
spknsjejmjty dkr taf prkcugt rfsumtjno drkh taf prkbfgt. af rfsumts sakwfc ta`t
taf hkrf taf tfncfr prfgfcfc, taf hkrf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs dfmt ta`t ` cfgjsjkn `ekuttaf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt gkumc a`vf h`bkr jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf gkhhunjty
tafy rfprfsfntfc. Drkh ` r`tjkn`m pfrspfgtjvf knf wkumc s`y ta`t ` gkhhjssjkn-
jno gmjfnt sakumc ef wfmm `w`rf kd taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t gkhf wjta taf n`turf
kd `w`rcjno ` sfrvjgf gkntr`gt jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. afn taf `jhs gkumc ef
f`sjmy fxprfssfc jn taf gknstjtutjkn kd taf `w`rc grjtfrj`. Akwfvfr jn psygakmkoj-
g`m tfrhs tajs cjddfrfntj`tjkn `ppf`rs tk ef fxtrfhfmy cjddjgumt, fspfgj`mmy efdkrf
taf prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno a`s st`rtfc. af kesfrv`tjkns jncjg`tfc ta`t cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs st`rtfc tk rf`mjsf taf fddfgt kd tafjr rfqufst dkr jnvjt`tjkn knmy `dtfr tafy
rfgfjvfc taf rfqufsts dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc prkpks`ms ta`t wfrf suehjttfc ey taf
`rgajtfgts. @ccjtjkn mmy cfgjsjkn h`ifrs a`c tk cf`m wjta ` m`gi kd gknsjstfnt `ncrfmj`emf jndkrh`tjkn. @mm tkoftafr tajs mfc tk ` sf`rgajno prkgfss jn krcfr tk djnc
` h`tga eftwffn taf `jhs, `hejtjkns `nc nffcs kd ` gmjfnt `nc taf kppkrtunjtjfs
ta`t wfrf kddfrfc ey taf h`rift.
D`gtkrs 7 & 3 wfrf prkpksfc jn Ga`ptfr 6.5.5. afy gkngfrn taf sf`rgajno
prkgfss `s jt rfm`tfs tk taf djt eftwffn taf `jhs, p`rtjgjp`tjkn str`tfoy, `nc taf cf-
sjon kd taf tfncfr. Jn taf g`sf kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno taf kpfn prkgfcurf `nc taf
ajoa mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs h`cf jt pkssjemf dkr mm ijncs kd pk-
tfntj`m usfrs kd taf eujmcjno (fhpmkyffs, stucfnts nc prkdfssjkn`ms) tk p`rtjgjp`tf
`s p`rtjgjp`nts jn taf cjsgussjkn `ekut ` nfw d`gumty eujmcjno. Jn tajs sfnsf p`r-
tjgjp`tjkn h`cf jt pkssjemf tk rf`ga taf `jhs kd stjhum`tjno ykuno t`mfnt, cfe`tf`nc rfsf`rga. Akwfvfr, tajs `msk grf`tfc ajoa fxpfgt`tjkns `ekut taf qu`mjty kd taf
prkgfss `nc grjtjg`m vjfws kd taf kutgkhf. Jn tajs g`sf taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy
cfmfo`tfc taf djn`m cfgjsjkn tk ` bury p`nfm. Jn taf tarff tfncfr g`sfs taf puemjg
gkhhjssjknjno ekcy gknsumtfc ` bury p`nfm eut rft`jnfc djn`m gkntrkm. af tarff
tfncfr g`sfs wfrf ga`r`gtfrjsfc `s pr`oh`tjg, cfhkgr`tjg, `nc pkmjtjg`m jn tfrhs
kd tafjr pktfntj`m djt kd taf `jhs wjta taf p`rtjgjp`tjkn str`tfoy `nc cfsjon kd taf
tfncfr prkgfcurf. Jn taf pr`oh`tjg Wgakkm g`sf nc taf cfhkgr`tjg Gjty A`mm g`sf,
taf prkbfgt tf`h gknsgjkusmy cfsjonfc ` p`rtjgjp`tjkn str`tfoy `nc `ssjonfc spf-
gjdjg rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs tk cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfr orkups. Jn ekta g`sfs tajs
str`tfoy `ppf`rfc tk a`vf effn suggfssdum, `mtakuoa jt rfh`jns cjddjgumt tk fxpmjg-jtmy `ccrfss taf suggfss kd ` cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd taf cfsjon kd taf prkgfcurf. Ktafr
fx`hpmfs kd Cutga g`sfs (f.o. Akuefn, 5<<?9 v`n Offms & Irjfns, 5<<:) jncjg`tf
ta`t taf suggfss kd ` p`rtjgjp`tjkn str`tfoy cfpfncs kn akw huga taf prfdfrfngfs
kd taf ktafr st`ifakmcfr orkups `rf jn mjnf wjta taf bury p`nfm.
af mfo`m kemjo`tjkns `nc fxjstjno oujcfmjnfs prkvjcfc gmjfnts wjta ` strugturf
wjtajn wajga tafy cftfrhjnfc taf pm`yjno djfmc `nc rumfs kd taf o`hf. Akwfvfr, J
dkunc ta`t fvfn dkr taf fxpfrjfngfc prkbfgt tf`h hfhefrs kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno
g`sf jt w`s cjddjgumt tk h`if `n fstjh`tjkn kd taf fddfgts kd ` gfrt`jn rumf. ajs
hf`ns ta`t gmjfnts wjmm djnc kut knmy curjno taf tfncfr prkgfss jd taf rumfs sug-
gfssdummy prfvfntfc cfvj`tjkns drkh taf `gtu`m `jhs kd taf prkbfgt. Jn ` sfnsf ` g`mm
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 271/341
566,
dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn js tafrfdkrf `mw`ys ` oufss, `nc jt js knmy `dtfr taf suehjssjkn
cf`cmjnf ta`t gmjfnt efgkhfs `w`rf kd taf rfspknsf kd taf h`rift. afn kddjgj`mmy
taf hkhfnt a`s p`ssfc tk h`if `cbusthfnts. J dkunc ta`t taf prkpkrtjkn`mjty
kd taf djn`ngj`m, tfganjg`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m rfqujrfhfnts jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
strknomy rfm`tfc tk taf gmjfnt‚s nffc dkr gkntrkm kvfr taf pktfntj`m qu`mjty (sff
Ga`ptfr 4.?.3). Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf D`gumty Eujmcjno taf gmjfnt dfmt tafya`c tk ck bustjgf tk taf m`rof `hkunt kd rf`gtjkns tk tafjr g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn.
af prkgfcurf kd `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn prkvjcfc rkkh dkr jngrf`sjno jnsjoats jn
krcfr tk rfspfgt taf rfspknsf kn taf g`mm dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn. af strjgt mfo`m gkntfxt
kd tfncfrs ckfs nkt `mmkw dkr taf s`hf dmfxjejmjty. af pfrgfjvfc sjhpmjgjty `nc
st`tjg ga`r`gtfr kd taf mfo`m gkntfxt `ppf`rs tk fxgmucf taf nffc kd jngrf`sjno jn-
sjoats nc ga`nofs kd taf fnvjrknhfnt jn tjhf curjno taf tfncfr. af rfspknsfs kd
taf h`rift `nc jntfr`gtjkn wjta taf p`rtjgjp`nts `ddfgtfc ekta taf gkursf `nc taf
kutgkhf kd taf tfncfr prkgfss, s js sakwn jn Djourf 4.4 jn Ga`ptfr 4.?.3. af g-
tu`m tfncfr prkbfgt g`n taus jncffc ef sffn `s ` cfsjon ta`t n`tur`mmy jngkrpkr`tfs
`mm ga`nofs ta`t kggur curjno taf prkgfss jn tjhf. Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs h`y dffm ta`ttafy sakumc kefy taf m`w, eut wa`t tafy sff `nc mf`rn curjno taf tfncfr prkgfss
h`y ga`nof tafjr jntfntjkns `nc pm`gf tafh jn gkndmjgt wjta taf mfo`m prjngjpmfs
kd prkgurfhfnt m`w. af prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno g`n jngrf`sf taf `hkunt kd df`r
`nc gkonjtjvf cjsskn`ngf `hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af rfsumts suoofst ta`t taf
n`turf kd sfnsfh`ijno jn djncjno ` h`tga prfvfnts gmjfnts drkh efjno tr`nsp`rfnt
`ekut tafjr cfgjsjkns. Jt `msk h`ifs jt cjddjgumt tk cfsjon prkgfcurfs ta`t dumdjm taf
prkpkrtjkn`mjty prjngjpmf kd prkgurfhfnt m`w.
E`sfc kn tafsf rfsumts J gkngmucf ta`t taf dkmmkwjno suggfss d`gtkrs gkntrje-
utf tk taf prkgfss kd sf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs, `nc
kppkrtunjtjfs2
Fnsurjno ` djt eftwffn taf `jhs kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss `nc taf cfsjon kd taf
tfncfr.
Fnsurjno djt eftwffn taf pksjtjkn nc typf kd taf st`ifakmcfrs nc tafjr rkmf
jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
1.5.3 _rjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss
af tajrc sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss ta`t g`n ef jcfntjdjfc jn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss js
taf prkgfss kd wrjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss (sff Ga`ptfr 6.5.7 ajs prkgfss js e`sfc
kn taf gkngfpts kd ‑sfnsfwrjoatjno‚, ‑sfnsfojvjno‚ `nc ‑dr`hjno‚ `s cfsgrjefc ey
E`mkoun ft `m. (5<<1) `nc Ef`ga `nc Gknnkmmy (5<<6). ajs prkgfss fnt`jms taf
wrjtjno kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt ey taf gmjfnt curjno ` prkbfgt. Jn
ofnfr`m ` cjstjngtjkn w`s h`cf eftwffn taf prfp`r`tjkn kd taf tfncfr jn wajga
taf erjfd, prkgfcurf, st`ifakmcfrs jnvkmvfhfnt nc cfgjsjkn prkgfss w`s cfsjonfc,
`nc taf fxfgutjkn kd taf tfncfr jn wajga taf cfsjon w`s `ppmjfc. af h`jn sjtu-
`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t J cjstjnoujsafc `s jndmufngjno taf prkgfss kd wrjtjno `
cfgjsjkn prkgfss `rf tjhf, jntujtjkn `nc fxpfrtjsf.
Kesfrv`tjkns sakwfc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs a`vf tk cf`m wjta mkt kd ungfrt`jn-
ty cuf tk jngkhpmftf uncfrst`ncjno, m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn, `nc gkndmjgtjno `mtfrn`-
tjvfs curjno ` tfncfr prkgfss, wajga h`ifs jt nfgfss`ry tk `mmkw dkr dmfxjejmjty jn
7.
3.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 272/341
564
taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Jn `mm g`sfs taf prkgfcurf kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss (rfstrjgtfc
kr kpfn) cftfrhjnfc taf nuhefr kd pa`sfs jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno, eut nkt taf jntfr-
prft`tjkn kd tafsf pa`sfs. af gkhpftjtjkn w`s `n kpfn prkgfcurf, wajga hf`nt
ta`t tafrf w`s nk prf-sfmfgtjkn kd taf suehjssjkns. ajs w`s jn gkntr`st tk taf rf-
strjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf kd taf ktafr g`sfs, wajga gknsjstfc kd ` sfmfgtjkn `nc `n
`w`rc pa`sf. Zft ekta prkgfcurfs sakwfc sjhjm`r cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs.Jn taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf hkst kd taf wkri w`s cknf ey taf prkbfgt tf`hs. @s
sakwn jn Ga`ptfr 4.6.5 jn `mm g`sfs fxtfrn`m `cvjskrs wfrf ajrfc dkr tafjr spfgjdjg
fxpfrtjsf. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf Gjty A`mm taf h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts ef-
g`hf ` ijnc kd hfcj`tkr eftwffn taf stffrjno gkhhjttff, taf st`ifakmcfrs, taf
prkbfgt tf`h `nc taf bury p`nfm. Jn taf \rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf, taf
prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt w`s g`rrjfc kut ey st`dd hfhefrs. Dkr tafh jt w`s cjddjgumt tk
r`jsf taf `w`rfnfss kd taf rfspknsjemf kddjgfrs dkr taf tfncfr. Curjno taf sfmfgtjkn
`nc tfncfr pa`sf taf hfhefrs kd taf prkbfgt tf`hs suppkrtfc taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
jn gafgijno taf rfqujrfhfnts `nc strugturjno taf jndkrh`tjkn. Jn ckjno sk tafy
jhpmjgjtmy jndmufngfc taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. af c`t` kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sfcjspm`yfc cjsgussjkn ekut taf mfvfm nc ijnc kd fxpfrtjsf ta`t wkumc ef rfqujrfc
dkr gfrt`jn `ssfsshfnt t`sis (sff Ga`ptfr ?.3.3). af bucofhfnt kd taf spfgj`mjsfc
st`dd hfhefrs ekut sust`jn`ejmjty nc gkngfpts kd taf jcf`s cjddfrfc dkr uninkwn
rf`skns drkh taf bucofhfnts kd taf bury hfhefrs `ekut tafsf jssufs. af wkri
kd taf prkbfgt tf`h `nc suppkrtjno gkhhjttff cjc mf`c tk ` strugturf ta`t w`s
usfc curjno taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss. Kn taf jssuf kd sust`jn`ejmjty taf Wgakkm `nc
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sfs jncjg`tfc ta`t wjtakut ` p`nfm hfhefr wjta
tajs ijnc kd fxpfrtjsf, tajs jssuf cjc nkt rfgfjvf ` mkt kd `ttfntjkn curjno taf prkg-
fss. ajs nktjkn kd jnvkmvjno spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf jn taf bury p`nfm gkumc ef fxtfncfc
tk ktafr spfgjdjg `rf`s kd `ttfntjkn `ccrfssfc jn taf tfncfr erjfd.Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w js gurrfntmy jntfrprftfc `s prfsgrjejno ` r`tjkn`m
cfgjsjkn `pprk`ga. af djncjnos kd taf g`sfs ck nkt dummy gkndjrh tajs r`tjkn`m
`nc sfqufntj`m prkgfss eut ck sakw ta`t taf tfncfr prkgfcurf prkvjcfc ` strug-
turf dkr cfgjsjkn h`ifrs tk wrjtf tafjr kwn cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Kn ` ofnfr`m mfvfm
taf djncjnos kd taf fxfgutjkn pa`sf rfsfhemf taf sjx st`ofs kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkg-
fss `s cfsgrjefc ey I`zfhj`n `nc Uônn (5<<:)2 suehjssjkn gafgi, cftfrhjn`tjkn
kd krcfr kd wkri, gakjgf `nc prfmjhjn`ry bucofhfnts, prfsfnt`tjkn kd jntfrfstjno
gkntrjeutjkns, r`nijno, `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno wjta `rgajtfgtur`m grjtjgjsh. Jn `mm
g`sfs pfrgfptjkn nc bucofhfnt w`s nffcfc tk h`if sfnsf kd taf prkpks`ms nc tk
r`ni taf `mtfrn`tjvfs jn krcfr tk h`if ` gakjgf. Jt w`s usu`mmy curjno taf bucof-hfnt pa`sf ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs st`rtfc wjta taf cfvfmkphfnt kd dr`hf kd rfdfr-
fngf e`sfc kn taf `jh kd taf `ssfsshfnt `nc taf ckguhfnts tk ef `ssfssfc. ajs
jhpmjfs ta`t prfp`r`tjkns dkr `n `ssfsshfnt dr`hf g`n ef h`cf, eut taf cfdjnjtf
`ssfsshfnt dr`hf g`nnkt ef cfvfmkpfc jn taf esfngf kd taf gtu`m suehjssjkns. Jn
tajs sfnsf ssfsshfnt gkumc ef gkhp`rfc tk taf prkgfss kd qu`mjt`tjvf c`t` n`mysjs2
taf strugturf kd `n`mysjs `rjsfs drkh taf c`t`. ajs js gkntr`ry tk hkst qu`ntjt`-
tjvf rfsf`rga ta`t typjg`mmy gknsjsts kd tfstjno `ssuhptjkns ta`t `mrf`cy oujcfc taf
prkgfss kd gkmmfgtjno c`t`. \rkgurfhfnt m`w `ssuhfs ` qu`ntjt`tjvf prkgfss, wajmf
hy djncjnos suoofst ` qu`mjt`tjvf prkgfss.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 273/341
56?,
Jn `mm g`sfs taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` wfrf skhfakw usfc tk eujmc ` dr`hf kd rfdfr-
fngf eftwffn taf st`ifakmcfrs. af djncjnos `ekut taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd taf
tfncfr g`sfs wfrf usfc tk cfsjon taf prkor`h kd taf bury hfftjno kd taf D`gumty
Eujmcjno g`sf. ajs oujcfc taf bury hfhefrs suggfssdummy tarkuoa `n jtfr`tjvf
prkgfss kd jnjtj`mjz`tjkn, pfrgfptjkn, jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnt, orkup cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno, `nc gknsfnsus eujmcjno kn `n jncjvjcu`m `nc orkup mfvfm jn krcfr tk h`iftafjr djn`m gakjgfs `s sakwn jn Djourf 4.?. Curjno taf cjddfrfnt pa`sfs kd taf cfgj-
sjkn prkgfss bucofhfnts wfrf cbustfc cuf tk fxtfrn`m jndmufngfs suga s kpjnjkns
kd ktafr hfhefrs kd ` orkup, ga`nofs jn taf gkntfxt suga `s tjhf prfssurf, kr
pfrskn`m d`gtkrs suga s hkkcs nc fhktjkns. Gknsfqufntmy, cfgjsjkn h`ijno w`s
` cyn`hjg, jngrfhfnt`m `nc gygmjg prkgfss e`sfc kn sfvfr`m ijncs kd v`muf bucof-
hfnts. Jn fvfry pa`sf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss ` orkup kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wfnt
tarkuoa tafjr kwn wrjtjno prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno.
af dr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `ppf`rfc tk ef jndmufngfc ey
taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf orkup hfhefrs, taf gkntfnt kd taf suehjssjkns `nc taf
cfsjon kd taf tfncfrjno prkgfcurf. @ gkndmjgt `rksf jd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` cjc nkth`tga taf jngrf`sjno jnsjoats kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. ajs hf`nt dkr fx`hpmf jn
taf Gjty A`mm g`sf ta`t `rouhfnts wfrf usfc curjno taf `w`rc pa`sf tk hktjv`tf
taf cfgjsjkns ta`t wfrf nkt p`rt kd taf kddjgj`m `w`rc grjtfrj`. Fspfgj`mmy jn taf
\rkvjngj`m Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf g`sf taf dr`hfs sa`rfc ey taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn
taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sfc `nc taf rf`mjs`tjkn pa`sf wfrf nkt `mjonfc. ajs g`usfc
sfrjkus cjddjgumtjfs jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf `nc fvfntu`mmy mfc tk g`ngfmm`tjkn kd taf
tfncfr. @msk jn taf g`sf kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno taf gknnfgtjkn eftwffn taf utakr
kd taf `jhs `nc `hejtjkns jn taf tfncfr erjfd `nc taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `ppf`rfc
tk ef tfnukus. afrfdkrf J gkngmucf ta`t jn mjnf wjta D`gtkr 6 jn Ga`ptfr 6.5.7 jt
js jhpkrt`nt tk `mjon taf cfgjsjkn dr`hfs tarkuoakut taf prkgfss `nc tk ktafr `g-tkr orkups. @t taf s`hf tjhf taf kesfrv`tjkns kd `mm g`sfs sakw ta`t jt js fspfgj`mmy
cjddjgumt tk jnvkmvf taf hfhefrs kd taf bury p`nfm jn taf cfsjon prkgfss kd tfncfr
efg`usf kd tafjr eusy sgafcumfs.
@mm g`sfs nffcfc ` sfmfgtjkn pa`sf tk rfcugf taf nuhefr kd prkpks`ms ta`t
wkumc ef durtafr `n`mysfc ey taf bury p`nfm, `mtakuoa taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf
cjc nkt fxpmjgjtmy cjstjnoujsa twk pa`sfs jn taf prkgfcurf. Hy jntfrprft`tjkn kd
taf c`t` suoofsts ta`t tajs rfcugtjkn prkgfss g`n ef ga`r`gtfrjsfc ey ‑sfmfgtjkn ey
pksjtjvf jhprfssjkn‚ `s `orffc upkn ey sfvfr`m kd taf bury hfhefrs. Jn taf `w`rc
pa`sf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` prkgfss kd ‑sfmfgtjkn ey gkh-
p`rjskn‚ e`sfc cjsgussjkn `hkno taf p`nfm hfhefrs. afsf str`tfojfs rfsfhemf tafrfgkonjtjkn-e`sfc cfgjsjkn tafkry kd Imfjn (0::?) jn djfmc kd n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn
h`ijno, eut tafy msk sakw sjons kd taf usf kd d`st nc druo`m afurjstjgs jn krcfr tk
mjhjt taf tjhf spfnt kn f`ga suehjssjkn (Ojofrfnzfr & Wfmtfn, 5<<09 vfrsiy &
I`anfh`n, 0:?3). Drkh ` psygakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf fxpfrt cfgjsjkn h`ijno g`n
ef fxpm`jnfc ey taf usf kd jhpmjgjt p`ttfrns ta`t `rf rfgkonjsfc `nc `ppmjfc jntuj-
tjvfmy curjno fv`mu`tjkn kd ` prkpks`m. Jntujtjkn js ` gkhpmfx jntfrpm`y kd gkonj-
tjvf `nc `ddfgtjvf prkgfssfs kpfr`tjno efmkw gknsgjkus `w`rfnfss ta`t jhprkvfs
wjta fxpfrjfngf jn ` spfgjdjg ckh`jn.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 274/341
561
af sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt rfqujrfs ` gkhejn`tjkn kd vfry spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf
ta`t js usu`mmy nkt `v`jm`emf wjtajn taf kro`njs`tjkn kd ` puemjg gmjfnt. ajs hf`nt
dkr taf g`sfs jn taf rfsf`rga ta`t taf h`bkrjty kd hfhefrs kd taf bury p`nfm `nc
taf prkbfgt tf`h wfrf ajrfc fxtfrn`mmy. @ gkhp`rjskn kd taf tfncfr g`sfs `nc taf
gkhpftjtjkn g`sf jncjg`tfs ta`t taf str`tfojfs kd jndkrh`tjkn pfrgfptjkn jn taf sf-
mfgtjkn prkgfss ‑djrst jncjvjcu`mmy, ta`n ` cjsgussjkn‚ vfrsus ‑pfrgfptjkn `s p`rt kd `cjsgussjkn‚ h`y ef ` rfsumt kd taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf bury hfhefrs. Fxpfrts
`mrf`cy a`vf ` dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf wjta wajga tafy pfrgfjvf taf cfsjons. afy `rf
`emf tk usf tafjr inkwmfcof `nc fxpfrjfngf jn `n fddjgjfnt w`y (Hjfo, 5<<0) `nc
trust tafjr ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs nkt tk kvfrmkki ajoa qu`mjty suehjssjkns kr h`if
jnv`mjc bucofhfnts. afrfdkrf dkr taf fxpfrts taf djrst str`tfoy kd ‑jncjvjcu`m pfr-
gfptjkn djrst‚ sffhfc `pprkprj`tf. Mfss fxpfrjfngfc bury hfhefrs, suga `s taf
hfhefrs kd taf Wgakkm ek`rc, sffhfc tk a`vf efnfdjtfc drkh ` ‑sa`rfc pfrgfp-
tjkn curjno cjsgussjkn‚ str`tfoy tk eujmc ` dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf. af c`t` kd taf
tfncfr g`sfs jncjg`tfc ta`t taf fxpfrtjsf kd skhf p`nfm prfvfntfc taf ktafr hfh-
efrs drkh h`ijno ej`sfc cfgjsjkns wafn usjno afurjstjgs. Jn tajs sfnsf taf buryhfhefrs kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno `mrf`cy `ginkwmfcofc f`ga ktafr‚s fxpfrtjsf,
wajmf taf hfhefrs kd taf `w`rc gkhhjttff djrst a`c tk eujmc `n `thkspafrf kd
trust. af cfgjsjkn t`si `nc cfgjsjkn prkgfss sakumc tafrfdkrf ef `mjonfc wjta taf
mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs (D`gtkr 4). Ey fcug`tjno cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs (D`gtkr ?) tafy g`n eujmc up tafjr kwn dr`hf kd rfdfrfngf wajga gkumc fn`emf
tafh tk spf`i taf m`nou`of kd taf `rgajtfgtur`m fxpfrts jnvkmvfc jn taf sfmfgtjkn
prkgfss (Euggj`rfmmj, 0::39 Bknfs & Mjvnf-`r`nc`ga, 5<<1). @mjonjno cfgjsjkn
dr`hfs wjta ktafr cfgjsjkn h`ifrs g`n msk ef gknsjcfrfc s w`y tk fcug`tf f`ga
ktafr. Zft, taf rfsumts `msk jncjg`tf ta`t tafsf d`gtkrs `ekut `mjonhfnt `nc fcug`-
tjkn rf a`rc tk jhpmfhfnt efg`usf kd taf cyn`hjg ga`r`gtfr kd taf cfgjsjkn prkg-fss `nc taf rfm`tjvfmy eusy sgafcumfs kd taf fxpfrts `nc rfspknsjemf kddjgfrs ta`t
`rf jnvkmvfc jn taf tfncfr.
@ gkngfpt cfsjon gkhprjsfs pfr cfdjnjtjkn ` mkt kd ungfrt`jntjfs `nc jncjs-
tjngtnfss. Jn `mm g`sfs cfgjsjkn h`ifrs gmf`rmy usfc tajs jncjstjngtnfss tk tafjr kwn
efnfdjt curjno cfgjsjkn h`ijno. afy trjfc tk jndmufngf sfnsfh`ijno (sfnsfojv-
jno) `nc sa`pf tafjr uncfrst`ncjno kd taf wkrmc (sfnsfwrjoatjno) (E`mkoun, ft
`m., 5<<1). afy skhftjhfs rfbfgtfc prkpks`ms dkr ` pkssjemf eucoft kvfrrun kr
gknstrugtjvf jnst`ejmjty, eut `msk strfssfc taf jnjtj`m st`of kd taf prkbfgt tk fnm`rof
tafjr cfgjsjkn sp`gf jn ktafr sjtu`tjkns. af c`t` sakwfc ta`t taf pfrgfptjkn kd
taf prkpks`ms kr jntfr`gtjkn wjta tafjr cfsjonfrs gkumc mf`c tk fhktjkn`m rfspknsfsta`t jndmufngf taf gkursf kd taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf
knf kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `gtu`mmy st`tfc ta`t ”jt w`s mkvf `t djrst sjoat‘ . Jn taf
Wgakkm g`sf taf pfrskn`mjty `nc gkhpftfngfs cjspm`yfc ey taf `rgajtfgt sffhfc
tk ef hkst jhpkrt`nt jn taf djn`m cfgjsjkn. ajs mfc tk ` gakjgf dkr taf ”hkstgknvjngjno p`rty ‘ `nc ` ”gmjgi wjta taf `rgajtfgt ‘ wajmf jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf cfgj-
sjkn h`ifrs `jhfc dkr taf ”hkst `ppf`mjno cfsjon‘. af fxpfrt hfhefrs bustjdjfc
tafjr cfgjsjkn ey puttjno tafjr djncjnos jntk ` duturf pfrspfgtjvf (taf pktfntj`m kd
taf kddfr) wajmf taf nkn-`rgajtfgts `ppf`rfc tk par`sf tafjr fhktjkn`m rfspknsfs
jn cjrfgt rfm`tjkn tk tafjr h`tga wjta taf wjnnfr. afjr ckh`jn spfgjdjg inkwm-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 275/341
56:,
fcof fn`emfc tafh tk efttfr gkntrkm tafjr fhktjkns `nc usf jntujtjvf bucofhfnts,
wajga js jn mjnf wjta D`gtkr 1.
Jn `mm g`sfs taf wjnnfr kd taf tfncfr w`s taf cfsjon djrh wajga taf gmjfnt ef-
mjfvfc wkumc dumdjm tafjr nffcs efst, `nc wkumc prkvjcf tafh wjta taf rjoat `rgaj-
tfgtur`m v`muf dkr taf prkbfgt. Jn ekta taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf Gjty A`mm eujmcjno
trust eftwffn taf st`ifakmcfrs w`s knf kd taf h`jn hktjvfs curjno ` tfncfr prk-gfcurf. Jnstf`c kd ` systfh`tjg `nc r`tjkn`m prkgfss kd fv`mu`tjno `mtfrn`tjvfs, taf
gkursf kd taf prkgfss w`s ckhjn`tfc ey taf `rouhfnts, pfrspfgtjvfs `nc v`mufs
kd taf burkrs ta`t djttfc taf jntujtjvf bucofhfnt prkgfss efst. Eujmcjno trust w`s
p`rt kd taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss ta`t w`s nffcfc tk h`if cfgjsjkn ekut taf efst
`rgajtfgt dkr taf bke. af rf`skn way `n `rgajtfgt w`s trustfc kr nkt efg`hf gmf`r
knmy `dtfr ` gkndrknt`tjkn wjta taf g`ncjc`tfs, wajga js `msk knf kd taf ga`r`gtfr-
jstjgs kd sfnsfh`ijno (_fjgi, ft `m., 5<<6). af cfgjsjkn prkgfss curjno `rgajtfgt
sfmfgtjkns tafrfdkrf gkndmjgts wjta taf `ssuhptjkn jn prkgurfhfnt m`w ta`t gkh-
pfms gmjfnts tk `nnkungf tafjr cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` jn `cv`ngf.
Jn `mm g`sfs hfhefrs kd ` bury p`nfm rf`gafc ` gknsfnsus ey sfvfr`m rkuncs kdr`nijno, cjsgussjkn `nc/kr vktjno. af gknsfnsus prkvfc nkt tk ef taf s`hf `s `n
`vfr`of kd kpjnjkn eut r`tafr taf rfsumt kd ` nfoktj`tjkn prkgfss, wajga js jn mjnf
wjta taf rfsumts kd Wvfnsskn (5<<1) `ekut bury prkgfssfs jn cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns.
Jn `mm g`sfs cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nffcfc tjhf tk jntfrprft taf grjtfrj`, taf `ssjonhfnt
`nc taf erjfd ta`t w`s hkstmy eujmt ey ktafrs nkt efmknojno tk taf bury p`nfm. af
kesfrv`tjkns gkndjrh ta`t fxpfrts wfrf efttfr `t sffjno sjonjdjg`ngf kd jndkrh`-
tjkn, jcfntjdyjno jhpkrt`nt gufs dkr rjsis, fstjh`tjno gknsfqufngfs `nc bucojno
`utknkhkusmy (Auttkn & Imfjn, 0:::). Fxpfrts `msk dfmt taf nffc tk cjsguss `nc
a`rhknjsf tafjr prfdfrfngfs wjta ktafr hfhefrs kd taf orkup, wajga gkntrjeutfs
tk mfojtjhjz`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn tk taf p`rtjgjp`nts `nc skgjfty. Durtafr `n`mysjskd taf Gjty A`mm g`sf sakwfc ta`t taf fxpfrts `ccrfssfc hkrf `spfgts kd cfsjon
qu`mjty ta`t taf usfr orkups `nc gjtjzfns. Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf `nc taf Gjty A`mm taf
n`rr`tjvfs `nc `ccjtjkn`m e`giorkunc jndkrh`tjkn ta`t taf `rgajtfgts prkvjcfc
jn taf `w`rc pa`sf prkvfc tk suppkrt taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `hkno taf hfhefrs
kd taf orkup. Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wfrf `emf tk gafgi tafjr `ssuhptjkns wjta taf cf-
sjonfr kd taf prkpks`m. ajs js jn mjnf wjta taf st`tfhfnts kd _fjgi (0::6) `nc
Tjc`jmmft (5<<1) `ekut n`rr`tjvfs suppkrtjno taf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss `nc D`gtkr
: jn Ga`ptfr 6.5.7. af djncjnos durtafr suoofst ta`t taf knokjno cjsgussjkns ef-
twffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `ekut taf grjtfrj` `nc tafjr jhpmjg`tjkns dkr ` gfrt`jn
prkpks`m jngrf`sfc taf `pprfgj`tjkn kd ktafr jntfrfsts `s wfmm `s taf pfrgfptjkn kdtaf suehjssjkns. Cjsgussjkn `msk sffhfc tk jngrf`sf s`tjsd`gtjkn `nc `ggfpt`ngf
kd taf prkgfss `nc kd taf cfgjsjkn jtsfmd. Efg`usf taf prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno js
kpfnmy cjspm`yfc curjno cjsgussjkns J gkngmucf ta`t cjsgussjkns gkntrjeutf tk taf
tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn tfncfr sjtu`tjkns, wajga js jn mjnf wjta
D`gtkr 0<.
E`sfc kn taf rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga J gkngmucf ta`t taf dkmmkwjno d`gtkrs wjmm
gkntrjeutf tk suggfssdummy wrjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn taf sfmfgtjkn kd rgajtfgts
ey puemjg gmjfnts2
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 276/341
54<
@mjonjno taf dr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs kd taf `gtkrs curjno prfp`r`tjkn kd taf tfn-
cfr prkgfss jn krcfr tk rf`ga ` cfgjsjkn `t taf fnc kd taf prkgfss ta`t djts taf
`hejtjkns `nc `jhs kd taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn.
@mjonjno taf typf kd fxpfrtjsf nffcfc dkr taf v`rjkus cfgjsjkn t`sis curjno taf
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt wjta taf n`turf `nc gkntfnt kd taf cfgjsjkn
t`si.
Fcug`tjno cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn rf`cjno `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjons drkh ` gmjfnt
pfrspfgtjvf.
Jnvkmvjno (fxtfrn`m) fxpfrts jn taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno `ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty efg`usf tafy a`vf ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf `nc `rf efttfr `t gkntrkm-
mjno prkcugt fhktjkns `nc usjno jntujtjkn ta`n nkvjgfs.
Jngmucjno ` pfrskn`m fxpm`n`tjkn ey taf `rgajtfgt tk jhprkvf taf gmjfnts‚ un-
cfrst`ncjno kd taf prkpks`m.
Grf`tjno rkkh `nc dmfxjejmjty jn taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfss dkr cjsgussjkn`nc nfoktj`tjkn `hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs.
1.5.6 @oorfo`tjno cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts
af dkurta prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno s fxpm`jnfc jn Ga`ptfr 6.5.3 rfm`tfs tk taf o-
orfo`tjkn kd cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts jn krcfr tk rf`ga ` djn`m cfgjsjkn
`ekut cfsjon qu`mjty. Wjhkn (0::?), Ftzjknj (0:11), `nc Wnfmmfn (0:1?) `ccrfss
taf cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs ta`t gkhf tk pm`y jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn tajs prkgfss taf
mfo`m `nc skgj`m r`tjkn`mjty kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno gm`sa wafn ` psfuck-r`tjkn mjty js
grf`tfc ey qu`ntjdjg`tjkn kd qu`mjt`tjvf bucofhfnts. Kn taf knf a`nc, taf gakjgfdkr ` wjnnfr curjno ` tfncfr js e`sfc kn taf strugturf ta`t js prkvjcfc ey taf prf-
`nnkungfc grjtfrj`, eut kn taf ktafr a`nc, jt js p`rt kd ` prkgfss kd jngrf`sjno
jnsjoat `nc sfnsfh`ijno jn wajga v`muf bucofhfnts `rf jhpmjgjtmy `oorfo`tfc.
Wtrugturf, systfh, `nc fxpfrtjsf wfrf dkunc tk ef taf hkst jhpkrt`nt sjtu`tjkn`m
ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd `oorfo`tjno cjddfrfnt ijncs kd v`muf
bucofhfnts.
af tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri suoofsts ta`t pfkpmf usf dkur e`sjg mfvfms kd qu`mjty
`ssfsshfnt2 uncfr-pfrdkrh`ngf, e`sjg pfrdkrh`ngf, `ccfc v`muf, `nc fxgfmmfngf.
ajs sg`mf gkumc knmy jhpmjgjtmy ef rftrjfvfc drkh taf c`t` kd taf g`sfs. af gur-
rfnt a`ejt js tk usf or`cfs kr qu`ntjt`tjvf sg`mfs jn r`nijno `nc hf`surjno prfd-frfngfs. afsf sg`mfs jnvjtf g`mgum`tjkns wajmf tafy wfrf nkt jntfncfc dkr ta`t.
af kemjo`tjkn tk nnkungf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` nc tafjr rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf jhpmjfs
ta`t tafrf `rf cjddfrfnt `spfgts kd cfsjon qu`mjty (wajga J g`mm cfsjon qu`mjtjfs) kn
wajga taf bucofhfnt kd taf prkpks`ms js e`sfc (sff Djourf 6.3). Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf
taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` nc tafjr rfm`tjvf wfjoat wfrf jnput dkr cfgjsjkn h`trjx ta`t
w`s usfc curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd taf gmjfnt. ajs hftakc g`n ef gkhp`rfc
tk ` humtj-grjtfrj` `n`mysjs (HG@) kr sjtu`tjkns `s cfsgrjefc jn prkspfgt tafkry
(I`anfh`n & vfrsiy, 0:?:). Jn taf Wgakkm g`sf, h`trjx grjtfrj` wjta cjddfrfnt
hf`surfhfnt sg`mfs wfrf trf`tfc s fqu`m jnput dkr taf r`nijno, wajmf kesfrv`tjkns
sakwfc ta`t `spfgts wfrf trf`tfc cjddfrfntmy curjno taf cjsgussjkns eftwffn taf
6.
4.
?.
1.
:.
0<.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 277/341
540,
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Kesfrv`tjkns cjspm`yfc ta`t taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf grjtf-
rj` w`s jngkrpkr`tfc jn taf h`trjx safft jhpmjgjtmy wajmf tajs jnput a`c jhpkrt`nt
jhpmjg`tjkns kn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. ajs cfhknstr`tfs taf jnv`mjcjty kd taf cf-
gjsjkn jn twk w`ys2 taf mjhjtfc pkwfr kd taf cfgjsjkn efg`usf kd taf suhh`tjkn
kd unfqu`m hf`surfhfnts kn `n krcjn`m sg`mf (cf Ifyzfr, 0::1), `nc taf untruf
jh`of kd taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf grjtfrj`.af h`trjx cjc strfnotafn taf strugturf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. ajs strugturf
w`s usfc tk st`rt taf dr`hjno prkgfss kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf efojnnjno
kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc tk fv`mu`tf taf cfgjsjkn `t taf fnc kd taf prkgfss. Jt
w`s `msk usfc tk gkntjnuf taf cjsgussjkn kn ` hkrf ofnfr`m mfvfm `dtfr ` pktfntj`m
cf`cmkgi `nc djnc ` e`m`ngf eftwffn taf sfmfgtjkn kd taf djrhs jn taf sfmfgtjkn
pa`sf nc taf pfrskn`m jntfrfsts kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af Wgakkm cfgjsjkn h`i-
frs wfrf nkt `w`rf kd taf fddfgt ta`t taf `oorfo`tjkn systfh wkumc a`vf kn tafjr
cfgjsjkn prkgfss. afrfdkrf tafy jhpmjgjtmy `ppmjfc ` systfh wajga afmpfc tafh
tk strugturf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss, eut cjc nkt rfdmfgt taf truf `rouhfnt`tjkn cur-
jno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. afy hjxfc up taf rkmf kd taf `ssfsshfnt systfh `nc tafcfgjsjkn hftakc. J gkngmucf ta`t taf v`mjcjty kd `n `ssfsshfnt mjfs jn taf djt wjta
taf cfgjsjkn t`si, nkt jn taf kebfgtjvjty kd taf systfh. af `ssfsshfnt systfh `nc
`oorfo`tjkn strugturf sakumc tafrfdkrf ef h`cf fxpmjgjt jn taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf
(D`gtkr 00). ajs hf`ns ta`t taf `ssfsshfnt systfh sakumc ef p`rt kd taf tfncfr
cfsjon, eut sakumc nkt cftfrhjnf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc jts kutgkhf. af cfgj-
sjkn prkgfss sakumc ef t`jmkrfc tk taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf `gtkrs `nc taf prkbfgt
`s p`rt kd taf tfncfr cfsjon.
Jn `n`mysjno taf c`t`, ` gmf`r cjddfrfngf w`s fxpksfc eftwffn `n jncjvjcu`m
bucofhfnt, ` bucofhfnt kd ` orkup, `nc ` cfgjsjkn `ekut taf wjnnjno mfvfm kd cf-
sjon qu`mjty. Cfgjsjkns jn ` tfncfr sjtu`tjkn `rf jntfntjkns dkr `gtjkn ta`t jngmucf`n fmfhfnt kd gakjgf (Akcoijnskn & Wt`reugi, 5<<1`)2 ` wjnnfr js gaksfn drkh
`mm g`ncjc`tfs ta`t suehjttfc prkpks`ms dkr ` eujmcjno prkbfgt. af rfsumts kd taf
g`sfs sakwfc ta`t v`muf bucofhfnts nc cfgjsjkns jngmucf gkhp`rjskns kd mtfrn`-
tjvfs kn ` akmjstjg `s wfmm `s kn ` sfp`r`tfc mfvfm. ajs js jn mjnf wjta taf rfm`tjkns
`s sakwn jn Djourf 6.3. @oorfo`tjkn js nffcfc tk gkhf drkh jncjvjcu`m bucof-
hfnts tk orkup bucofhfnts `nc drkh dr`ohfntfc cfsjon qu`mjtjfs tk akmjstjg cf-
sjon qu`mjty. af cfgjsjkn t`si curjno ` tfncfr js `n jmm-cfdjnfc str`tfojg prkemfh
wjta hkr`m, `fstaftjg `nc pkmjtjg`m bucofhfnt`m `spfgts (C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?). Jn
mjnf wjta Cfshft (5<<5), taf rfsumts suoofst ta`t ` bucofhfnt prkvjcfs jndkrh`-
tjkn `ekut taf hf`njno `nc taf duturf pktfntj`m kd ` cfsjon kebfgt, taf mfvfm kdpmf`surf dkr taf jncjvjcu`m, `nc taf pktfntj`m efnfdjts kr a`rh dkr rf`gajno `jhs
kd taf kebfgt jn rfm`tjkn tk ktafr kebfgts. @ bucofhfnt curjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss
kd `rgajtfgts usu`mmy gkhprjsfs hkrf suebfgtjvf ta`n kebfgtjvf `ssfsshfnts `ekut
taf qu`mjty kd ` cfsjon prkpks`m. ajs `ssfsshfnt jndkrh`tjkn js usfc `s jnput dkr
cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af jnvkmvfhfnt kd fxpfrts wjta tafjr rfm`tjvfmy jncfpfncfnt
dr`hfs kd rfdfrfngf fn`emfs ` bury p`nfm tk orkunc ` cfgjsjkn kn ` sjnomf akmjstjg
`nc jntujtjvf bucofhfnt `ekut taf prkpks`ms. afsf bucofhfnts `rf r`nifc jn kr-
cfr tk sfmfgt ` wjnnfr.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 278/341
545
Curjno taf `n`mysjs kd taf c`t`, twk w`ys dkr taf orkup tk gkhf drkh jncj-
vjcu`m bucofhfnts tk ` gkhhkn bucofhfnt wfrf cjstjnoujsafc2 cjsgussjkn `nc
suhh`tjkn. Jn taf cjsgussjkn `pprk`ga taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf jncjvjcu`m
bucofhfnts `rf cjsgussfc djrst, `nc tafn knf bucofhfnt dkr taf orkup js cfdjnfc.
ajs `pprk`ga w`s h`jnmy usfc jn `mm g`sfs. Akwfvfr, jt w`s usfc jn gkhejn`tjkn
wjta vktjno kr jncjvjcu`m prfdfrfngf st`tfhfnts. afsf hftakcs efmkno tk ` sfg-knc pprk`ga kd gkhejnjno jncjvjcu`m st`tfhfnts wjtakut jntfr`gtjkn. Ekta tafsf
systfhs rf ginkwmfcofc jn g`sf m`w nc usfc ey bucofs jn g`sf m`w s taf gknsfn-
sus hkcfm `nc taf jncjvjcu`m `ssfsskrs hkcfm (v`n _jbno``rcfn & Ga`k-Cujvjs,
5<0<`). Jn `mm tfncfr g`sfs taf djn`m cfgjsjkn w`s e`sfc kn ` cjsgussjkn, wajmf jn
taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf vktjno cftfrhjnfc taf djn`m wjnnfrs. Ekta hftakcs g`n
ef rfo`rcfc `s jntfr-suebfgtjvf. @ cfgjsjkn `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty g`n tafrfdkrf ef
gknsjcfrfc `s `n jntfr-suebfgtjvf gknsfnsus `hkno taf hfhefrs kd ` orkup kd
cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Jntfr-suebfgtjvjty gkntrjeutfs tk taf prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno kd
taf hfhefrs kd ` orkup. J suoofst ta`t ekta hftakcs - cjsgussjkn `nc `oorfo`-
tjkn - `rf nffcfc tk strugturf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. af h`jn efnfdjts kd cjsgus-sjkns `ppf`rfc tk ef ta`t hkrf jndkrh`tjkn w`s put kn taf t`emf `nc cjsgussjkns
gkntrjeutfc tk cfgjsjkn `ggfpt`ngf. @t taf s`hf tjhf tafrf w`s hkrf prfssurf tk
gkndkrh wjta taf ktafr hfhefrs kd taf orkup, hkrf ckhjn`tjkn kd knf kr twk
orkup hfhefrs, `nc ajoafr mjifmjakkc kd orkup tajni (Ukeejns & Bucof, 5<<1).
af jncjvjcu`m `nc jncfpfncfnt `oorfo`tjkn hftakc fmjhjn`tfs skgj`m jndmufngfs
`nc js tafrfdkrf kdtfn pfrgfjvfc ey skgjfty s hkrf ggur`tf jn gurrfnt tfncfr pr`g-
tjgf. \rke`emy tajs pfrgfptjkn gkntrjeutfs orf`tmy tk taf pktfntj`m gm`sa kd mfo`m
`nc psygakmkojg`m r`tjkn`mjtjfs.
@n jhpkrt`nt gkntrjeutjkn tk tr`nsp`rfngy `nc kebfgtjvjty jn taf tfncfr sys-
tfh js prkvjcfc ey puemjsajno kd taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` `nc taf `ssfsshfnt systfhjn taf g`mms dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn `nc prkpks`ms. Mfo`mmy taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc grj-
tfrj` `rf gknsjcfrfc tk ef taf gkhpmftf e`sjs dkr cfgjsjkns `ekut taf sfmfgtjkn kd
taf p`rtjgjp`nt wjta taf efst kddfr. Akwfvfr, jn `mm g`sfs taf c`t` sakwfc ` sajdt jn
prjkrjtjfs wjtajn taf v`muf systfh, `nc taus jn taf rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd taf grj-
tfrj`, curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. Grjtfrj` ta`t a`c nkt effn `nnkungfc fxpmjgjtmy
efdkrfa`nc skhftjhfs efg`hf jhpkrt`nt, kr fvfn cfgjsjvf, jn djn`m cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno. ajs jmmustr`tfs ta`t drkh ` efa`vjkur`m pfrspfgtjvf `gtkrs rfm`tf taf sfmfgtjkn
cfgjsjkn tk taf gkursf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc jnvkmvf ftajg`m kr pkmjtjg`m gkn-
sjcfr`tjkns jn rf`gajno cfgjsjkn. Jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss gkhpfns`tjkn str`tfoy
js usfc tk rfskmvf jntfrn`m gkndmjgts eftwffn bucofhfnts (Ako`rta, 0:11). @ gkh-pfns`tkry hkcfm dkr v`muf bucofhfnt grf`tfs rkkh dkr gkhpfns`tjkn kn ` gfrt`jn
`spfgt ey kvfr`gajfvfhfnt kn `nktafr `spfgt. ajs js skhftajno ta`t kggurrfc
qujtf kdtfn jn taf g`sfs, fvfn jn g`sfs kd uncfr pfrdkrh`ngf. Jn taf Gjty A`mm g`sf
jt w`s dkr fx`hpmf ‑mkvf `t djrst sjoat‚ wajmf tafy wfrf `w`rf kd taf d`gt ta`t taf
prkpks`m wkumc prke`emy fxgffc taf eucoft. Drkh mfo`m `nc r`tjkn`m pfrspfgtjvf
`n uncfr pfrdkrhjno prkpks`m js usu`mmy fxgmucfc drkh durtafr `ssfsshfnt efg`usf
gkhpfns`tjkn js nkt cffhfc pkssjemf. af rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga sakwfc ta`t jn
`rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs taf ssuhptjkn ta`t taf efst kddfr js nkn-gkhpfns`-
tkry suh kd oorfo`tfc sgkrfs usu`mmy ckfs nkt ppmy. ajs hf`ns ta`t jn mjnf wjta
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 279/341
547,
D`gtkr 05 `mmkwjno gkhpfns`tjkn jn `oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts wjmm jngrf`sf
taf v`mjcjty kd taf `ssfsshfnt.
E`sfc kn taf rfsumts dkr `oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts J gkngmucf ta`t taf dkm-
mkwjno suggfss d`gtkrs wjmm gkntrjeutf tk taf suggfss kd ` tfncfr jn `rgajtfgturf2
H`ijno taf `ssfsshfnt strugturf `nc `oorfo`tjkn systfh kd v`muf bucofhfnts
fxpmjgjt jn taf prfp`r`tjkn prkgfss.
@mmkwjno gkhpfns`tjkn jn `oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty.
1.5.4 Bustjdyjno `o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs
af djdta prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno cf`ms wjta taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn `t taf
fnc kd taf prkgfss `o`jnst taf cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs ta`t `rf prfsfnt curjno sfmfg-
tjkn prkgfss dkr n rgajtfgt. @ gmjfnt a`s tk bustjdy tafjr djn`m cfgjsjkn tk tafjr kwn
kro`njs`tjkn, tk taf puemjg, tk skgjfty, `nc tk taf `rgajtfgts ta`t bkjnfc taf tfncfr.
afsf humtjpmf rfspknsjejmjtjfs `rf cfsgrjefc ey Ekvfns (0::<)2 taf h`ny a`ncs
h`if jt cjddjgumt tk jcfntjdy knf sjnomf pfrskn rfspknsjemf dkr ` tfncfr cfgjsjkn,
`s `msk fxpm`jnfc jn taf ekki kd Akcoijnskn `nc Wt`reugi (5<<1e). Jn bustjdyjno
` cfgjsjkn ` cfgjsjkn h`ifr js sjhumt`nfkusmy gkndrkntfc wjta taf mfo`m strugturf
kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfcurf `nc taf psygakmkojg`m cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno.
af sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd suppkrt, trust `nc gkntrkm wfrf dkunc tk ef kd
jndmufngf tk taf prkgfss kd bustjdyjno `o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs.
@mtakuoa prfvjkus rfsumts jncjg`tf ta`t fxpfrts jncffc pfrdkrh hkrf gknsjst-
fntmy kn v`muf bucofhfnts jn ofnfr`m (Afiifrt & v`n _jfrjnofn, 0::4), taf qufs-
tjkn rfh`jns wak sakumc ef gknsjcfrfc `n fxpfrt. Kn ` akmjstjg mfvfm hkst kd tafcfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn taf g`sfs `ppf`rfc rf`skn`emy g`p`emf kd h`ijno cfgjsjkns,
fvfn jd tafy dfmt jnsfgurf `ekut tafjr cfgjsjkn t`sis. afy bust dkmmkwfc tafjr jn-
tujtjkn, wajga g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s `n `pprkprj`tf str`tfoy dkr jmm-cfdjnfc cfgj-
sjkns jn sjtu`tjkns wjta ` m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn (C`nf & \r`tt, 5<<?). af nffc dkr
gkntrkm `nc uncfrst`ncjno kd taf sjtu`tjkn js strknomy dfmt ey cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn
ungfrt`jn sjtu`tjkns. Wk fx`gtmy jn tafjr pfrgfjvfc strfnota kd taf cfgjsjkns - taf
usf kd tafjr jntujtjkn - ` wf`infss kggurrfc jn taf nffc tk bustjdy tafjr cfgjsjkns
tk tafjr `ucjfngf.
Jn taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn burjfs a`vf sakwn tafjr `ejmjty tk fxprfss tafjr
prfdfrfngfs wjtakut r`jsjno gknsjcfr`emf rfsjst`ngf kd taf st`ifakmcfrs. afy usfc` bury rfpkrt tk rfdmfgt erjfdmy kn `mm prkpks`ms `nc `ccrfss taf prkgfss kd cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno. Jn tajs sjtu`tjkn taf grfcjejmjty kd taf burkr grf`tfc trust `ekut taf
cfgjsjkn. Fxpfrtjsf js akwfvfr kdtfn mjhjtfc tk ckh`jns. @ eujmcjno prkbfgt jn `
puemjg gkntfxt gkhprjsfs kd sfvfr`m ckh`jns, wajga hf`ns ` pmftakr` kd `rf`s kd
fxpfrtjsf. af jnvkmvfhfnt kd fxtfrn`m cvjskry fxpfrts ga`nofs taf pkwfr e`m`ngf
`nc gumturf wjtajn `n kro`njs`tjkn kr tf`h (Ijfsfr & _fmmstfjn, 5<<1). Jt `msk jn-
grf`sfs taf cjddjgumty kd fxpm`jnjno ` cfgjsjkn `nc tafrfdkrf taf tr`nsp`rfngy kd `
tfncfr cfgjsjkn. af g`sfs gkndjrh taf trfnc ta`t bury p`nfms ck nkt knmy gknsjst
kd `rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn`ms eut kdtfn jngmucf nuhfrkus st`ifakmcfrs wjta cjd-
dfrfnt e`giorkuncs. Wt`ifakmcfrs g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s fxpfrts kn tafjr spfgjdjg
00.
05.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 280/341
543
djfmc eut hjoat nffc suppkrt kn rf`cjno `nc fxprfssjno tafjr prfdfrfngfs jn ` m`n-
ou`of `ijn tk ta`t kd `ginkwmfcofc fxpfrts jn taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf. _jtakut
str`tfojg `jhs `nc sujt`emf hf`ns st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt gkumc hfrfmy jngrf`sf
ungfrt`jnty curjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc cfgrf`sf taf suppkrt kd ` cfgjsjkn.
afrfdkrf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nffc tk ef sfmfgtfc e`sfc kn tafjr gkhpftfngfs, kr ef-
jno fcug`tfc jn pfrdkrhjno tafjr t`sis, wajga js jn mjnf wjta D`gtkr 07 ekut g`rf-dummy `ccrfssjno taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `nc taf mfvfm
kd trust `hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs.
@mmkg`tjno sfrvjgfs dkr m`rof `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon prkbfgts a`s tr`cjtjkn`mmy effn
cknf tarkuoa jcf`s gkhpftjtjkns, (jnvjtfc) prkbfgt gkhpftjtjkns, kr prjv`tf `r-
r`nofhfnts. H`jn ga`r`gtfrjstjg kd puemjgmy gkhpftjno dkr cfsjon bkes js ta`t taf
‑`w`rc cfgjsjkn‚ js t`ifn ey ` p`nfm kd fxpfrts drkh taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc kn taf
e`sjs kd `n `nknyhkus vjsu`m rfprfsfnt`tjkn kd taf duturf eujmcjno. ajs p`nfm kd
fxpfrts w`s `mmkg`tfc ` gfrt`jn `hkunt kd trust `nc pkwfr tk dumdjm taf nffcs kd
taf p`rtjgjp`nts, taf prkdfssjkn `nc kd skgjfty dkr ` bustjdjg`tjkn kd tafjr cfgjsjkn.
afjr ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf fn`emfs bury hfhefrs tk h`tga taf nffcs kd `gmjfnt tk taf pktfntj`m qu`mjtjfs kd taf prkpks`ms kn `n `estr`gt mfvfm wjtajn ` mjh-
jtfc tjhf `nc jndkrh`tjkn dr`hf (sff `msk sfgtjkn 1.5.3). ajs w`s gkndjrhfc jn
taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf wafrf ` rfspfgtfc p`nfm kd fxpfrts fv`mu`tfc 744 jcf`s
jn twk c`ys tjhf. af c`t` akwfvfr `msk suoofst ta`t fxpfrt bucofhfnt ckfs nkt
ou`r`ntff ta`t v`muf bucofhfnts rf nkt jndmufngfc ey pfrskn`m jntfrfsts, str`tfojg
jssufs, kr (jr)rfmfv`nt fhktjkns. Jn `mm g`sfs taf hkrf fxpfrjfngfc bury hfhefrs
sffhfc hkrf `w`rf kd taf vktjno efa`vjkur `nc prfdfrfngfs kd ktafr hfhefrs
ta`n taf mfss fxpfrjfngfc hfhefrs. afsf ijncs kd str`tfojg jssufs wfrf gkndjrhfc
jn taf jntfrvjfws wjta taf bury hfhefrs kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf, h`jnmy ey
taf cfsjonfrs wak `msk wfrf p`rtnfrs jn `rgajtfgtur`m djrhs `nc kdtfn `gtfc `s bury hfhefrs. Jn tajs gkntfxt, tafy t`mifc `ekut taf e`m`ngf eftwffn gmjfnts `nc
prkdfssjkn`ms jn ` bury `nc taf rjoat hkhfnt tk fxprfss ` prfdfrfngf jn taf orkup
tk gknvjngf ktafrs. af rfsumts `msk sakw ta`t fxpfrtjsf gkntrjeutfc tk taf d`gt
ta`t mkno tfrh jntfrfsts `ppf`rfc tk ef hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n pfrskn`m cjddfrfngfs,
wajga prke`emy wkumc efnfdjt taf qu`mjty kd taf cfgjsjkn. Jn `n fxpfrt tf`h hfh-
efrs g`n trust taf `ejmjtjfs `nc jntfntjkns kd tafjr dkmmkw tf`h hfhefrs (W`m`s, ft
`m., 5<<3).
af rfsumts kd taf g`sfs jncjg`tf ta`t bury p`nfms jn Cutga `rgajtfgt sfmfg-
tjkns `rf nkt gkhpksfc nkr dummy `gt `s fxpfrt tf`hs. Zft, fspfgj`mmy jn taf grjtjg`m
dffce`gi `nc mf`rnjno gurvf kd bury hfhefrs `nc taf jssuf kd eujmcjno trust tafgkngfpt kd fxpfrt tf`h a`s ` mkt kd kddfr jn taf gkntfxt kd cfsjon tfncfrs. E`sfc
kn tafsf jnsjoats `nc jn mjnf wjta D`gtkr 03 J st`tf ta`t taf pfrdkrh`ngf kd bury
p`nfms gkumc ef jhprkvfc ey g`rfdummy ccrfssjno taf rkmfs nc gkhpksjtjkn kd taf
bury hfhefrs jn taf tfncfr cfsjon `nc tr`jnjno taf bury p`nfm curjno taf prfp`r`-
tjkn kd taf tfncfr. ajs wkumc h`if jt pkssjemf dkr ` puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcy
tk gkntrkm taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
\rkgurfhfnt m`w kddfrs gurrfnt gmjfnts nfw ijnc kd strugturf ta`t g`n ef usfc
tk bustjdy tafjr cfgjsjkns eut nkt rfqujrf gmjfnts tk hktjv`tf tafjr cfgjsjkn gkntfnt
wjsf. Gkhp`rfc tk taf cfsjon tr`cjtjkn taf mfo`m strugturf js r`tafr r`tjkn`mjstjg
`nc qu`ntjt`tjvf, eut tafsf ijncs kd cfgjsjkn hktjv`tjkns `rf stjmm prfdfrrfc drkh
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 281/341
546,
` skgjft`m pfrspfgtjvf (Wjngm`jr & @sai`n`sy, 5<<6). Efsjcfs cfgjsjkns `ekut cf-
sjon qu`mjty ckfs nkt knmy jngmucf `n `ssfsshfnt `ekut taf prkpks`m, eut `msk taf
pkssjemf jhpmjg`tjkns kd ` cfgjsjkn, taf fhktjkns ta`t `rf dfmt `nc taf bustjdjg`tjkn
prkgfss tk taf gjtjzfns, fhpmkyffs `nc ktafr st`ifakmcfrs. @ qu`ntjt`tjvf cfgj-
sjkn hktjv`tjkn akwfvfr d`jms tk jngmucf taf ‑stkry‚ efajnc taf v`muf bucofhfnts
`nc taf prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno ta`t ` gmjfnt wfnt tarkuoa tk rf`ga tafjr cfgjsjkn`ekut cfsjon qu`mjty. af nuhefrs ck nkt g`rry `ny hfss`of ekut taf gkndmjgtjno
`jhs `nc pkssjejmjtjfs. ajs grf`tfs ` m`gi kd trust jn taf gmjfnt ekcy `s ` gkhhjs-
sjknfr. _jtakut trust cfgjsjkn ckfs nkt djnc suppkrt hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs. Jn
taf g`sfs kd taf Gjty A`mm `nc taf Wgakkm knmy ` mjhjtfc hktjv`tjkn w`s prkvjcfc
tk taf tfncfrfrs `ekut tafjr pfrdkrh`ngfs. af gmjfnts kd taf tfncfr g`sfs cjc nkt
fvfn tajni kd wrjtjno ` bury rfpkrt suga `s prkvjcfc jn taf g`sf kd taf D`gumty
Eujmcjno. Jn tajs tafy `ppf`rfc tk a`vf jonkrfc taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn. af
Wgakkm g`sf sakwfc akw taf strugturf kd ` cfgjsjkn suppkrt tkkm cftfrhjnfc taf
hktjv`tjkn dkr taf djn`m cfgjsjkn. ajs jhprkvfc taf tr`nsp`rfngy kd taf cfgjsjkn
prkgfss tk skhf fxtfnt. Akwfvfr, taf djn`m cfgjsjkn w`s e`sfc kn ` cjsgussjkn jn wajga taf kutput kd taf systfh pm`yfc ` rkmf eut cjc nkt orkunc taf cfgjsjkn.
afrfdkrf taf h`trjx safft cjc nkt trumy bustjdy taf cfgjsjkn tk taf rgajtfgt ekut
tafjr kddfr. ajs gkndjrhs D`gtkr 06.
E`sfc kn taf rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga jn rfm`tjkn tk taf prkgfss kd bustjdyjno `
cfgjsjkn o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs J gkngmucf ta`t taf dkmmkwjno suggfss d`gtkrs
wjmm gkntrjeutf tk ` suggfssdum `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss2
@ccrfssjno taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs g`utjkusmy jn
taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr dkr jngrf`sjno taf trust eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs
`nc erk`cfnjno taf suppkrt dkr taf cfgjsjkn `hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs.
Gkhpksjno, tr`jnjno nc oujcjno taf bury p`nfm g`rfdummy tk efnfdjt kptjh`mmy
drkh taf fxpfrtjsf `v`jm`emf jn taf p`nfm.
Vsjno ` cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh tk strugturf taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss eut nkt us-
jno taf kutput kd tajs systfh tk hfrfmy bustjdy ` cfgjsjkn tk taf tfncfrfrs `nc
taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs.
1.7 Ufgkhhfnc`tjkns
Jn tajs sfgtjkn sfvfr`m rfgkhhfnc`tjkns rf h`cf dkr tfncfr cfsjon dkr taf prkg-
fss kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn uncfr Furkpf`n tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns. af rfgkhhfn-c`tjkns `rf e`sfc kn taf jnsjoats `nc suggfss d`gtkrs kd taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri,
taf rfsumts kd taf fhpjrjg`m g`sfs, nc taf djncjnos kd taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp. af
djrst sfgtjkn `ccrfssfs taf rfgkhhfnc`tjkns ta`t cjrfgtmy rfm`tf tk taf sfnsfh`i-
jno prkgfssfs. Jn taf sfgknc p`rt kd tajs sfgtjkn J h`if suoofstjkn ekut cjddfr-
fnt jntfrprft`tjkn kd taf gurrfnt rfoum`tjkns ta`t gkumc ga`nof taf gkntfhpkr`ry
Cutga pr`gtjgf.
07.
03.
06.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 282/341
544
1.7.0 Ufgkhhfnc`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr
Jn mjnf wjta taf fhpjrjg`m rfsumts taf p`rtjgjp`nts kd taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp `g-
inkwmfcofc ta`t taf prfp`r`tjkn `nc cfsjon prkgfss kd ` tfncfr hjoat ef fvfn
hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n taf `gtu`m tfncfr prkgfss. Djourf 1.0 sakws tarff jngrfhfn-
t`m stfps ta`t ` gmjfnts nffcs tk t`if jn taf prfp`r`tjkn kd taf tfncfr. afsf jntfr-
rfm`tfc `nc jtfr`tjvf `gtjvjtjfs sakumc rfsumts jn ` tfncfr cfsjon. _afn taf tfncfrjs h`cf puemjg, taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn prkgfss kd taf tfncfr a`s st`rtfc.
Jn ` cjddfrfnt rkmf ta`n gurrfntmy `ppmjfc jn Cutga tfncfr pr`gtjgf, `rgajtfgts
gkumc `msk afmp jn taf prkgfss kd `n`mysjno taf `jhs `nc `hejtjkns kd taf gmjfnt
`nc h`ijno fstjh`tjkns `ekut h`rift sjtu`tjkns jn `rgajtfgturf. Jn taf prkgfss kd
h`tgajno suppmy `nc cfh`nc, `rgajtfgts kr spfgj`mjsfc gknsumt`nts gkumc suppkrt
gmjfnts jn fstjh`tjno taf fddfgts kd gfrt`jn rfqujrfhfnts, suga `s taf ijnc kd rfdfr-
fngf prkbfgts kr taf afjoats kd taf djn`ngj`m rfqujrfhfnts jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf.
af rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga sakwfc ta`t taf suggfss d`gtkrs nffc tk ef g`rfdummy
gknsjcfrfc jn taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf `nc ou`rcfc jn taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn pa`sf
kd taf tfncfr. af jhpkrt`ngf kd jntfr`gtjkn wjta taf tfncfrfrs `nc cjsgussjkn
`hkno taf bury hfhefrs gkumc rfqujrf ` sajdt jn taf gurrfnt jntfrprft`tjkn kd ke-
bfgtjvjty, fqu`m trf`thfnt, `nc tr`nsp`rfngy. af `oorfo`tjkn prkgfss kd taf cjddfr-
fnt v`muf bucofhfnts ta`t `rf h`cf curjno ` sfmfgtjkn prkgfss js h`jnmy orkuncfc
kn h`ijno v`mjc ssfsshfnt kd ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf prkpks`m ta`t js kddfrfc ey taf
`rgajtfgt.
@ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty `nc taf `ddfgtjvf rfspknsf ta`t `ggkhp`ny bucof-
hfnts ekut cfsjon qu`mjty hf`n ta`t cfgjsjkn wjmm nfvfr ef kebfgtjvf ey n`turf.
Jn bustjdyjno taf djn`m cfgjsjkn fxpfgt`tjkns a`vf tk ef dumdjmmfc drkh cjddfrfnt
r`tjkn`mjtjfs. af rfgkhhfnc`tjkns ta`t rfm`tf tk tr`jnjno, `mjonhfnt kd cfgjsjkn
dr`hfs, `nc fcug`tjkn jhpmy ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wkumc a`vf tk ef hkrf `gtjvfmy
jnvkmvfc jn taf prfp`r`tjkns kd taf tfncfr nc jnvfst jn spfgjdjg tr`jnjno gtjvjtjfs.
ajs wkumc rfqujrf ` ga`nof kd taf gurrfnt pr`gtjgf efg`usf kd pkssjemf gkndmjgts
eftwffn taf rfm`tjvfmy eusy sgafcumfs kd taf fxpfrts `nc rfspknsjemf kddjgfrs ta`t
`rf gurrfntmy jnvkmvfc.
WSF\ 02 _A@S;
@n`mysf taf prkbfgt
WSF\ 52 _AK;
@ssjon taf `gtkrs
WSF\ 72 AK_;
Cfsjon ` tfncfr
•
• \rkbfgt jhs
• Sfganjg`m nc mfo`m gkntfxt
• Wkgj m nc pkmjtjg`m gkntfxt
• \rkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt
• \rkbfgt tf`h
• Wtffrjno gkhhjttff
• Bury p`nfm
• Sfncfr erjfd nc hejtjkn
• \rkgurfhfnt prkgfcurf
• Wt`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt
• Cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs
Djourf 1.0 Sarff jngrfhfnt`m stfps kd tfncfr cfsjon jn taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 283/341
54?,
af rfsumts kd tajs stucy mf`c tk taf dkmmkwjno kvfrvjfw kd djdtffn rfgkhhfn-
c`tjkns dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts ey puemjg gmjfnts uncfr Furkpf`n tfncfrjno
rfoum`tjkns2
@mmkwjno dkr ` akmjstjg bucofhfnt jn taf tfncfr cfsjon ta`t jngkrpkr`tfs pk-
tfntj`mmy gkndmjgtjno bucofhfnts.
@ccrfssjno taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf `rgajtfgt `s ` pfrskn, taf prkpksfc cf-
sjon, `s wfmm `s taf djrh ta`t tafy rfprfsfnt jn taf cfgjsjkn grjtfrj` kd taf
tfncfr cfsjon.
Fnsurjno ` djt eftwffn taf `jhs kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss `nc taf cfsjon kd taf
tfncfr.
Fnsurjno djt eftwffn taf pksjtjkn nc typf kd taf st`ifakmcfrs nc tafjr rkmf
jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
@mjonjno taf dr`hf kd rfdfrfngfs kd taf `gtkrs curjno prfp`r`tjkn kd taf tfn-
cfr prkgfss jn krcfr tk rf`ga ` cfgjsjkn `t taf fnc kd taf prkgfss ta`t djts taf`hejtjkns `nc `jhs kd taf gmjfnt kro`njs`tjkn.
@mjonjno taf typf kd fxpfrtjsf nffcfc dkr taf v`rjkus cfgjsjkn t`sis curjno taf
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt wjta taf n`turf `nc gkntfnt kd taf cfgjsjkn
t`si.
Fcug`tjno cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn rf`cjno `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjons drkh ` gmjfnt
pfrspfgtjvf.
Jnvkmvjno (fxtfrn`m) fxpfrts jn taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno `ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty efg`usf tafy a`vf ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf `nc `rf efttfr `t gkntrkm-
mjno prkcugt fhktjkns `nc usjno jntujtjkn ta`n nkvjgfs.
Jngmucjno ` pfrskn`m fxpm`n`tjkn ey taf `rgajtfgt tk jhprkvf taf gmjfnts‚ un-
cfrst`ncjno kd taf prkpks`m.
Grf`tjno rkkh `nc dmfxjejmjty jn taf cfgjsjkn h`ijno prkgfss dkr cjsgussjkn
`nc nfoktj`tjkn `hkno taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs.
H`ijno taf `ssfsshfnt strugturf `nc `oorfo`tjkn systfh kd v`muf bucofhfnts
fxpmjgjt jn taf prfp`r`tjkn prkgfss.
@mmkwjno dkr gkhpfns`tjkn jn `oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty.
@ccrfssjno taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs g`utjkusmy jn
taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr tk jngrf`sf taf trust eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nc
erk`cfn taf suppkrt dkr taf cfgjsjkn `hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs.
Gkhpksjno, tr`jnjno nc oujcjno taf bury p`nfm g`rfdummy tk efnfdjt kptjh`mmy
drkh taf fxpfrtjsf `v`jm`emf jn taf p`nfm.
Vsjno ` cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfh tk strugturf `nc suppkrt taf cfgjsjkn prkg-
fss eut nkt usjno taf kutput kd tajs systfh tk hfrfmy bustjdy ` cfgjsjkn tk taf
tfncfrfrs `nc taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs.
0.
5.
7.
3.
6.
4.
?.
1.
:.
0<.
00.
05.
07.
03.
06.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 284/341
541
1.7.5 Wuoofstjkn dkr ga`nof jn Cutga tfncfr pr`gtjgf
af rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga ojvf rf`skn tk suoofst ` ga`nof kd taf gurrfnt jhpmjg`-
tjkns kd taf tfncfr rfoum`tjkns jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. Jn hy kpjnjkn taf gkhpksjtjkn
kd taf bury p`nfm sakumc ef taf s`hf jn taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf, taf bury
sakumc a`vf cfgjsjvf rjoats, `nc taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf bury hfhefrs
sakumc cjddfr pfr pa`sf kd taf tfncfr. ajs suoofstjkn js e`sfc kn taf prjngjpmfta`t gmjfnts sakumc mft ok kd `spfgts tafy `rf nkt g`p`emf kd `nc gkntrkm taf jssufs
ta`t g`n ef prfp`rfc `nc f`sjmy suppkrtfc. af gkngfpt js e`sfc kn taf sakrtmjst-
jno prjngjpmf ta`t taf Cutga Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt usfc untjm ` dfw yf`rs
`ok tk `ssjst taf Hjnjstrjfs jn sfmfgtjno `rgajtfgts. Jn ofnfr`m jt w`s dkunc ta`t
gmjfnts djnc jt a`rc tk sfmfgt ` hjnjhuh kd djvf `rgajtfgts ta`t wjmm ef g`p`emf tk
dumdjm taf rfqujrfhfnts dkr taf bke wjtakut fnsurjno tafhsfmvfs kd pktfntj`m qu`m-
jty ey sfttjno une`m`ngfc sujt`ejmjty rfqujrfhfnts. Gmjfnts `ppf`r tk m`gi ckh`jn
spfgjdjg inkwmfcof ekut rgajtfgturf s wfmm s ckh`jn spfgjdjg inkwmfcof ekut
prkgurfhfnt m`w, gkhpftjtjkns `nc prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt jn tajs `rf`. Zft, taf usf
kd n jncfpfncfnt fxpfrt p`nfm, s js gkhhkn jn taf gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn, mjhjts
taf `hkunt kd gkntrkm dkr ` gmjfnt kvfr taf djn`m cfgjsjkn. afrfdkrf gmjfnts prfdfr
tk nkt tk usf bury p`nfms `nc sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc gkhhjttffs gurrfntmy ck nkt
gknsjst kd ` h`bkrjty kd fxpfrts. Wtjmm ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrtjsf js nffcfc tk h`if
bucofhfnts `ekut `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty jn taf gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt
m`w `nc tk grf`tf trust eftwffn taf `rgajtfgt `nc taf gmjfnt.
J tajni ta`t dkr `ny tfncfr jn wajga `n `rgajtfgt js sfmfgtfc taf dkmmkwjno prk-
gfcurf sakumc ef `ppmjfc2
@ssjon ` cjvfrsf bury p`nfm ta`t jngmucfs taf rfspknsjemf kddjgfr(s) `nc ktafr
rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcy s wfmm s fxpfrts jn spfgjdjgckh`jns ta`t rfm`tf tk taf `ssjonhfnt (f.o. ure`n pm`nnfrs, `rgajtfgts, sus-
t`jn`ejmjty fxpfrts, ajstkrj`ns ftg).
@ssjon cfgjsjvf rjoats tk taf bury p`nfm jn ekta taf sfmfgtjkn `nc taf `w`rc
pa`sf.
Fnsurf ta`t bury hfhefrs trust `nc suppkrt f`ga ktafr efdkrf, curjno, `nc
`dtfr taf tfncfr. ajs prkgfss gkumc ef suppkrtfc ey cftfrhjnjno rkmfs nc rf-
spknsjejmjtjfs `hkno taf bury hfhefrs efdkrfa`nc dkr taf cjddfrfnt pa`sfs.
af efnfdjts kd `ssjonjno ` humtjcjsgjpmjn`ry bury cfgjsjvf rjoats jn ekta taf
sfmfgtjkn pa`sf nc taf w`rc pa`sf rf ta`t 0) taf pktfntj`m tfncfrfrs g`n ef qu`mjtygafgifc ey taf ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrts jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf, `nc 5) gmjfnts g`n
stjmm jndmufngf taf djn`m cfgjsjkn jn taf w`rc pa`sf eut wjta taf suppkrt kd ckh`jn
spfgjdjg fxpfrts. af fxpfrts ta`t `rf jnvkmvfc jn taf prkgfss gkumc hknjtkr taf
fddfgts kd tfncfrjno cfgjsjkns dkr taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc. afy g`n `orff ` gfrt`jn
gkcf kd gkncugt `hkno f`ga ktafr ta`t wkumc jngrf`sf fqu`mjty kd ga`ngfs dkr
ykuno `nc rfm`tjvfmy mfss fst`emjsafc djrhs. Fspfgj`mmy curjno taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf
taf `hkunt kd jndkrh`tjkn ta`t nffcs tk ef prkgfssfc js gknsjcfr`emf. Ckh`jn
spfgjdjg fxpfrts wjmm ef efttfr `t `ssfssjno taf rfqufsts dkr jnvjt`tjkn efttfr ta`n
nkn prkdfssjkn`m gmjfnts kr tafjr suppkrt st`dd, fvfn jd `n kpfn prkgfcurf kr
rfstrjgtfc tfncfr prkgfcurf wjta rfm`tjvfmy mkw tfganjg`m, djn`ngj`m kr kro`njs`tjkn
@.
E.
G.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 285/341
54:,
sujt`ejmjty rfqujrfhfnts wkumc r`jsf taf nuhefr kd pktfntj`m tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs.
k `mjon taf ckguhfnt`tjkn tk taf ga`r`gtfr kd taf fxpfrt bucofhfnts, taf dkrh`t
kd taf rfqufsts dkr jnvjt`tjkn hjoat nffc `cbusthfnts, dkr fx`hpmf ey `ccjno
hkrf vjsu`m h`tfrj`m, pkssjemf kn ` pkstfr dkrh`t `s js gustkh`ry jn taf cfsjon
gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn.
Jd gmjfnts wkumc dkgus hkrf kn taf tfganjg`m `nc/kr prkdfssjkn`m `ejmjty kd tafg`ncjc`tfs jn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss `nc mfss kn taf djn`ngj`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn-
`m gkhpftfngfs, unrf`mjsfc cfsjons gkumc `msk ef usfc `s rfdfrfngfs. af fxpfrts
wkumc ef`r taf rfspknsjejmjty tk prktfgt taf jntfrfsts kd taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc jn
taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf. Ey `nnkungjno taf n`hfs kd taf p`nfm hfhefrs, pktfntj`m
g`ncjc`tfs wkumc inkw wa`t tk fxpfgt drkh tafjr dfmmkw prkdfssjkn`ms curjno
taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss. ajs suoofstjkn hffts taf prjngjpmf kd tr`nsp`rfngy, fqu`m
trf`thfnt, prkpkrtjkn`mjty, `nc kebfgtjvjty dkr ekta taf tfncfr prjngjpmfs `nc taf
gkhpftjtjkn tr`cjtjkn.
Jn taf `w`rc pa`sf gmjfnts a`vf tk sfmfgt knf wjnnfr kut kd ` hjnjhuh kd djvf
gkhp`r`emf tfncfrfrs ta`t a`vf effn sfmfgtfc ey taf fxpfrts jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf.Gmjfnts `nc rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf gkhhjssjknjno ekcy sakumc ef jngmucfc jn taf
bury p`nfm jn taf sfnsf ta`t ‑taf knf wak p`ys taf pjpfr g`n g`mm taf tunf‚ jn taf
djn`m cfgjsjkn pa`sf. J suoofst iffpjno taf gkhpksjtjkn kd taf bury p`nfm sjhjm`r
tk taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf eut swjtgajno taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs eftwffn taf ck-
h`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrts. af fxpfrts g`n `ssjst taf gmjfnts jn gakksjno eftwffn taf
`mtfrn`tjvfs `nc wrjtjno ` rfpkrt tk hktjv`tf taf `w`rc cfgjsjkn jn taf m`nou`of
kd taf `rgajtfgts. af gmjfnts efnfdjt drkh ` mf`rnjno prkgfss wjtajn taf tfncfr
prkgfss `nc wjmm ef `emf tk prfp`rf tafhsfmvfs kn tafjr cfgjsjkn t`si jn taf `w`rc
pa`sf. af fxpfrts gkumc `msk suppkrt ktafr st`ifakmcfrs ta`t `rf jnvkmvfc jn taf
cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn rf`cjno `nc `ssfssjno taf prkpks`ms kd taf tfncfrfrs.ajs prkgfcurf wkumc efnfdjt drkh ` prktfgtfc `nc pkssjemf puemjgmy `chjn-
jstr`tfc c`t`e`sf kr ktafr ijnc kd rfdfrfngf systfh jn wajga gmjfnts g`n gafgi taf
djn`ngj`m, tfganjg`m `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m jndkrh`tjkn (` ijnc kd cjojt`m ‑p`sspkrt‚)
jd rfqujrfc curjno ` tfncfr. ajs wkumc suest`ntj`mmy cfgrf`sf taf `chjnjstr`tjvf
wkrimk`c kd tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs `nc gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs. Ey suehjttjno tafjr rf-
qufst dkr jnvjt`tjkn tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs sakumc utkh`tjg`mmy mmkw gmjfnts tk ket`jn
` gfrtjdjg`tf kd tafjr sujt`ejmjty ta`t js e`sfc kn taf rfqujrfhfnts dkr ta`t spfgjdjg
tfncfr. Wuga ` c`t`e`sf systfh wkumc akwfvfr hf`n ta`t gmjfnts `nc `rgajtfgts
a`vf tk rfo`jn trust jn f`ga ktafr.
af suoofstfc ga`nof jn taf jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd gurrfnt tfncfr rfoum`tjkns wkumc rfqujrf ` suest`ntj`mmy ajoafr jnvkmvfhfnt kd taf ckh`jn fxpfrts `nc ktafr
p`nfm hfhefrs jn taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf kd taf tfncfr. ajs gkumc mf`c tk ` ajoafr
cfh`nc dkr fxpfrts nffc tk ef fcug`tfc `nc tr`jnfc. Efjno ` bury hfhefr gkumc
fvfn efgkhf ` prkdfssjkn kr cfcjg`tfc t`si dkr skhf fxpfrts. Jn hy kpjnjkn taf
fcug`tjkn`m nc tr`jnjno gtjvjtjfs gkumc ef kddfrfc ey `n jncfpfncfnt humtjcjsgj-
pmjn`ry inkwmfcof gfntrf ta`t dkgusfs kn sfmfgtjno cfsjon sfrvjgfs, jngmucjno cf-
vfmkphfnt gkhpftjtjkns `nc jntfor`tfc `nc puemjg-prjv`tf p`rtnfrsajp prkbfgts.
Jn tajs inkwmfcof gfntrf prkdfssjkn`ms drkh taf ckh`jns kd rgajtfgturf, prkgurf-
hfnt, prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt, `nc prkgfss h`n`ofhfnt sakumc gkmm`ekr`tf tk prk-
vjcf taf sfrvjgfs `nc d`gjmjtjfs ta`t puemjg gmjfnts nffc tk sfmfgt `rgajtfgts uncfrFurkpf`n tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 286/341
5?<
1.3 Ufdmfgtjkn kn taf rfsf`rga `pprk`ga
1.3.0 Ufsf`rga tr`cjtjkn
\r`oh`tjsh js gknsjcfrfc n jhpkrt`nt ga`r`gtfrjstjg kd rfsf`rga jn kro`njs`tjkn`m
`nc n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno (Okrf, ft `m., 5<<4). Efg`usf kd taf prkbfgt-
e`sfc ga`r`gtfr kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs stucjfc, tajs stucy g`n ef pksjtjknfc
eftwffn kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno ”h jnmy mkkijno t skgj`m prkgfssfs wajga
`rf af`vjmy gknstr`jnfc ey kro`njs`tjkn`m ok`ms `nc nkrhs‘ (Okrf, ft `m., 5<<4, p.
:5:), `nc n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno, wajga ”rfdmfgts kn gkonjtjvf prkgfssfs tk
h`if cfgjsjkn h`ifrs hkrf fddfgtjvf‘ (Mjpsajtz, ft `m., 5<<4, p. :01). af `jh kd
taf rfsf`rga js tk fn`emf taf `gtkrs wjtajn `n kro`njs`tjkn (nkt knmy taf fxpfrts)
tk `ppmy taf rfsumts ey kddfrjno ` pr`gtjg`m uncfrst`ncjno kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn
taf gkntfxt kd rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns. ajs rfsf`rga rfspkncs tk taf nffc dkr jntfrcjs-
gjpmjn`ry `pprk`gafs tk `ppmy fxjstjno inkwmfcof drkh taf hkrf tr`cjtjkn`m djfmcs
kd sgjfngf, suga `s gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m psygakmkoy, tk taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf.
Akwfvfr, tajs ckfs nkt hf`n ta`t dumm uncfrst`ncjno a`s effn rf`gafc. af tkpjg
a`s effn `pprk`gafc afrf drkh ` skgj`m psygakmkojg`m r`tjkn`mjty, wajga mf`vfs kut
taf purfmy mfo`m, tfganjg`m nc fgknkhjg`m r`tjkn`mjty (Wnfmmfn, 0:1?). af rf`s kd
str`tfojg h`n`ofhfnt, prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt, kro`njs`tjkn sgjfngf, kro`njs`tjkn`m
`ntarkpkmkoy, skgjkmkoy, puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn, `nc eusjnfss `chjnjstr`tjkn a`vf
h`jnmy effn mfdt kut jn taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hf dkr pr`oh`tjg
rf`skns. af djn`m rfsumts suoofst ta`t curjno hy `n`mysjs taf jndmufngf kd pkwfr,
pkmjtjgs `nc str`tfojg cfgjsjkn h`ijno a`s nkt yft effn dummy fxpmkrfc. Durtafr
`n`mysjs kd taf c`t` `nc `ccjtjkn`m c`t` gkmmfgtjkn gkumc prkvjcf hkrf jnsjoats kn
tafsf jhp`gt d`gtkrs `nc taf uncfrmyjno hfga`njshs. af s`hf `ppmjfs dkr jssufs
mjif taf `fstaftjgs `nc v`muf kd cfsjon kr taf gkngfpts kd suebfgtjvjty, tr`nsp`rfngy,
`nc jntforjty, wajga `mm gkumc ef durtafr fm`ekr`tfc kn ` tafkrftjg`m mfvfm.
1.3.5 Ufsf`rga hftakcs
af rfsf`rga js fntjrfmy e`sfc kn rf`m mjdf g`sf stucjfs. af hftakc kd g`sf stucy
rfsf`rga js p`rt kd `n knokjno cfe`tf jn sgjfngf `ekut taf rjokur kd qu`mjt`tjvf
rfsf`rga c`t` jn tfrhs kd rfmj`ejmjty, ofnfr`mjs`ejmjty `nc v`mjcjty kd taf rfsumts.
Wfvfr`m sgakm`rs `ttfhpt tk grf`tf `w`rfnfss `hkno ‑tr`cjtjkn`m‚ rfsf`rgafrs `ekut
taf rfmfv`ngf kd ckjno g`sf stucjfs (f.o. Dmyvebfro, 5<<39 Ofrrjno, 5<<39 Zjn,
5<<:). @mtakuoa taf jhpkrt`ngf kd m`ekr`tkry fxpfrjhfnts, survfys `nc sjhum`-tjkns w`s `ginkwmfcofc curjno taf cfsjon kd tajs rfsf`rga, taf usf kd g`sf stuc-
jfs prkvfc tk ef taf hkst `pprkprj`tf `pprk`ga dkr taf fxpmkr`tjvf `nc sfnsjtjvf
n`turf kd tajs rfsf`rga tafhf. rj`noum`tjkn kd taf cjddfrfnt rfsf`rga hftakcs
strfnotafnfc taf `n`mysjs kd gkhpmfxjtjfs uncfrmyjno taf efa`vjkur `s sakwn ey
taf `gtkrs. @ggkrcjno tk Mjpsajtz, Imfjn, Kr`s`nu `nc W`m`s (5<<0, p. 737) ”djfmc
kesfrv`tjkns rf grjtjg`m tk N`tur mjstjg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (NCH) rfsf`rga efg`usf
rf`m-wkrmc cfgjsjkns rf fhefccfc jn `nc gkntrjeutf tk knokjno t`sis‘. afy suo-
ofst fv`mu`tjno stucjfs jn n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn tfrhs kd grfcjejmjty `nc
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 287/341
5?0,
tr`nsdfr`ejmjty. Jn tajs sfgtjkn J cjsguss taf grfcjejmjty kd taf rfsf`rga9 taf tr`nsdfr-
`ejmjty js cjsgussfc jn sfgtjkn 1.6.3 jn tfrhs kd taf ofnfr`mjs`tjkn kd taf rfsf`rga
rfsumts.
Jn tfrhs kd grfcjejmjty tajs stucy sakws ta`t kesfrv`tjkns kpfn up ` pkssjejm-
jty tk gkmmfgt sgjfntjdjg jnsjoats ta`t wkumc - `mtakuoa gkhhknmy inkwn jn taf
djfmc - ktafrwjsf ef nfomfgtfc, suga `s fhktjkns, str`tfojg efa`vjkur `nc ekcym`nou`of. Jntfrvjfws prkvjcfc n jndkrh`tjvf skurgf dkr jntfrprft`tjkn kd str`tfojg
`gtjkns `nc duturf rfm`tfc gkntfxtu`m d`gtkrs jndmufngjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs.
\`rtjgjp`tkry rfsf`rga fna`ngfc ekta tafsf efnfdjts, eut grf`tfc ` cjddfrfnt ijnc
kd gkhpmfxjty curjno `n`mysjs kd taf c`t` cuf tk `n jnjtj`m m`gi kd cjst`ngf drkh
taf c`t`. af systfh`tjg `nc n`rr`tjvf `pprk`ga kd fv`mu`tjno g`sfs kddfrs ekta
sgjfntjdjg `nc pr`gtjg`m efnfdjts dkr taf prkdfssjkn. af kesfrv`tjkn ta`t puemjg
gmjfnts `ppf`r nkt tk ef `s puemjg `s taf tfrh wkumc suoofst g`n ef tr`gfc e`gi tk
taf ungfrt`jntjfs `nc m`gi kd gm`rjty `ekut taf `ssfsshfnt kd cfsjon qu`mjty, wajga
jn taf pfrgfptjkn kd gmjfnts gkndmjgts wjta mfo`m `nc r`tjkn`m fxpfgt`tjkns. \uemjg
gmjfnts `mrf`cy dffm pr`y dkr taf `rgajtfgtur`m gkhhunjty `nc tafy ck nkt w`nttk fnm`rof tafjr vumnfr`ejmjty. af gmjfnts ta`t wfrf wjmmjno tk p`rtjgjp`tf jn tajs
rfsf`rga `jhfc `t dumdjmmjno taf prjngjpmf kd tr`nsp`rfngy tk taf orf`tfst cforff
pkssjemf. ajs gkumc jhpmy ta`t ktafr gmjfnts hjoat a`vf hkrf tk ajcf. Or`ntjno
hf `ggfss `s ` rfsf`rgafr tk cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs rfqujrfc taf s`hf ijnc kd trust `nc
`hejtjkn ta`t js fxpfgtfc drkh p`rtjgjp`nts jn ` tfncfr. Jt js `msk taf s`hf ijnc kd
trust `nc `hejtjkn nffcfc tk `gt `s ` prkdfssjkn`m gmjfnt curjno taf sfmfgtjkn kd
`n `rgajtfgt jn taf gkntfxt kd Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt rfoum`tjkns. Akpfdummy tajs
stucy wjmm gkntrjeutf tk kpfnjno up taf hjst gkvfrjno taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss dkr
`rgajtfgts `nc grf`tf ` ijnc kd kpfnnfss `nc `w`rfnfss `ekut taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
kd `ssfsshfnt prkgfssfs jn cfsjon. \uemjg gmjfnts wak djnc tafhsfmvfs jn ` sjhjm`rsjtu`tjkn h`y dffm strfnotafnfc ey rf`cjno ekut taf fxpfrjfngfs kd ktafrs nc taf
sgjfntjdjg fxpm`n`tjkn kd taf pafnkhfn` ta`t g`n kggur.
1.3.7 G`sf sfmfgtjkn
Jn `nswfrjno taf rfsf`rga qufstjkns J usfc dkur cjddfrfnt g`sfs2 tarff tfncfr g`s-
fs `nc knf gkhpftjtjkn g`sf. af kro`njs`tjkn kd `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn js nkt
taf s`hf `s taf cfsjon kd ` prkgurfhfnt prkgfss tk sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt. Akwfvfr,
taf gkhejn`tjkn kd sfvfr`m tfncfr g`sfs `nc `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn `ppf`rfc tk ef
qujtf suggfssdum dkr taf purpksf kd tajs rfsf`rga. af h`jn cjddfrfngfs eftwffn tafD`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf `nc taf rfstrjgtfc tfncfr g`sfs g`n ef rfm`tfc tk cjddfrfngfs
jn taf mfo`m jhp`gt kd taf cfgjsjkn, taf `jh kd taf cfgjsjkn, `nc taf fxpfrtjsf mfvfm
kd taf gmjfnt.
af gkhhjssjknjno ekcy jn taf g`sf kd taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`n ef gknsjcfrfc
`s ` vfry inkwmfcof`emf `nc gknsjcfr`emf rfnkwnfc gmjfnt. ajs grf`tfc sfvfr`m
kppkrtunjtjfs dkr gkmm`ekr`tjkn `nc puemjgjty, suga `s taf fxajejtjkn jn taf Cutga
@rgajtfgturf Jnstjtutf `nc taf jnvkmvfhfnt kd taf Cutga Hjnjstfr kd Fcug`tjkn,
Gumturf `nc Wgjfngf `t taf kpfnjno kd taf gkhpftjtjkn. af duturf usfrs kd taf
eujmcjno gkumc ef hkrf f`sjmy jnvkmvfc jn taf `ssfsshfnt prkgfss `nc rfmfv`ngf kd
taf gkhpftjtjkn w`s ofnfr`mmy `ginkwmfcofc `hkno taf fhpmkyffs `nc stucfnts.af ckwnsjcf kd tajs hfcj` ttfntjkn js ta`t taf gmjfnt a`c tk cf`m wjta tajs fxfh-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 288/341
5?5
pm`ry dungtjkn ta`t jngrf`sfc taf `hkunt kd prfssurf kn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. Zft
J `ssuhf ta`t tajs ijnc kd prfssurf g`n ef gkhp`rfc tk taf prfssurf ta`t js dfmt ey
puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs curjno ` tfncfr prkgfss dkr `ny puemjg eujmcjno.
Jn taf D`gumty Eujmcjno g`sf nk gkntr`gt w`s `w`rcfc `nc knmy ` rfm`tjvfmy
sh`mm `hkunt kd hknfy w`s `mmkg`tfc. afrfdkrf nk mfo`m kemjo`tjkns wfrf h`cf
`nc cuf tk taf sh`mmfr jhp`gt kd cfgjsjkns, mfss prfssurf drkh kutsjcf hjoat a`vfeffn dfmt. ajs m`gi kd mfo`m kemjo`tjkns g`n ef gknsjcfrfc `s ` wf`infss kd tajs
g`sf eut js prke`emy msk taf h`jn cv`nt`of. Efg`usf taf mkwfr jhp`gt kd taf mfo`m
cjhfnsjkn kn taf efa`vjkur`m cjhfnsjkn jn taf gkhpftjtjkn g`sf, taf `gtkrs wfrf
pfrhjttfc tk dkmmkw tafjr prkdfssjkn`m tr`cjtjkn, tk `gt drffmy `t tafjr kwn cjsgrf-
tjkn, nc tk mft hf jn s rfsf`rgafr. af rfsumts suoofst ta`t skhf gtkrs nc p`r-
tjgjp`nts jn taf gkhpftjtjkn g`sf hjoat a`vf put mfss fddkrt jntk taf gkhpftjtjkn
efg`usf kd taf mjhjtfc jhp`gt kd taf gknsfqufngfs kd tafjr `gtjkns. af `dtfrh`ta
kd taf djrf g`usfc ` gfrt`jn ijnc kd a`stf `nc cyn`hjsh ta`t nkrh`mmy wkumc nkt
kr jn ` mfssfr h`ttfr kggur. Jn hy kpjnjkn taf rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga sakw ta`t `
mjhjtfc tjhf dr`hf ckfs nkt `utkh`tjg`mmy mf`c tk pkkr cfgjsjkn qu`mjty. Jn gur-rfnt pr`gtjgf skhf gmjfnts st`rt ` tfncfr prkgfcurf wajmf tafy hjoat a`vf efttfr
kro`njsfc ` gkhpftjtjkn kr sjhjm`r tr`bfgtkry djrst. af kddjgj`m `jh kd taf D`gumty
Eujmcjno g`sf w`s nkt tk sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt dkr ` duturf eujmcjno eut tk gkmmfgt
jcf`s, tk stjhum`tf cfe`tf, `nc tk jnspjrf ykuno t`mfnt. af djn`m cfgjsjkn `ekut
taf cjstrjeutjkn kd taf prjzf hknfy rfdmfgtfc tafsf `jhs jn ta`t ` sjnomf prkpks`m
eut humtjpmf wjnnfrs wfrf gaksfn. Akwfvfr, rf`gajno ` gknsfnsus `ekut sfvfr`m
wjnnfrs hjoat ef f`sjfr ta`n sfmfgtjno ` p`rtjgum`r knf. ajs gkumc ef ` tkpjg dkr
duturf rfsf`rga.
1.3.3 Ofnfr`mjs`tjkn kd taf rfsumts @mm kd taf g`sf stucjfs jn tajs rfsf`rga `ccrfssfc `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon eut wfrf
t`ifn drkh cjddfrfnt gkntfxts. _ajmf taf sjtu`tjkn w`s vfry spfgjdjg, taf gm`sa kd
r`tjkn`mjtjfs `nc taf djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs ta`t wfrf jcfntjdjfc `rf mjifmy tk
`ppmy tk ktafr sjtu`tjkns jn kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno `s wfmm. Jn sjtu`tjkns
wafrf taf prke`emf kutgkhf ckfs nkt hfft taf gkhhkn fxpfgt`tjkns, taf nffc tk
bustjdy ` cfgjsjkn gkumc g`usf gkonjtjvf cjsskn`ngf. af djncjnos kd tajs rfsf`rga
gkumc tafrfdkrf ef gkhp`rfc tk ktafr ajoa-st`ifs str`tfojg cfgjsjkn h`ijno sft-
tjnos ta`t mmkw dkr cfmjefr`tjkn ekut kptjkns, suga s cfgjsjkns ekut pkrtdkmjk
kd rf`m fst`tf kr prkbfgts jn nfw prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt. Jn ure`n cfvfmkphfnts tafcjsgussjkn eftwffn `w`rcjno gknstrugtjkn wkris `nc cfsjon sfrvjgfs g`usfs taf
s`hf humtj-cjhfnsjkn`m gkndmjgts `s dkunc jn tajs rfsf`rga. Akwfvfr, `ppmjg`tjkn
kd taf djncjnos jn ktafr sjtu`tjkns wkumc rfqujrf `ccjtjkn`m rfsf`rga.
\uemjg gmjfnts rfprfsfnt tafjr usfrs, gjtjzfns, vjsjtkrs, `nc fhpmkyffs. @s cfgj-
sjkn h`ifrs tafy g`n ef afmc pfrskn`mmy `ggkunt`emf dkr tafjr cfgjsjkns. Efg`usf
` cfgjsjkn `ekut taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt a`s sjonjdjg`nt jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf
gkhhunjty, J dkunc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nkt knmy `jh dkr taf efst mtfrn`tjvf eut
`msk dkr taf `mtfrn`tjvf ta`t wkumc rfgfjvf strknofst suppkrt drkh taf st`ifakmc-
frs. ajs gknsjcfr`tjkn rfqujrfc `n jntfnsjvf `n`mysjs kd hf`njnos `nc pktfntj`m
gknsfqufngfs dkr taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. af rfsumts sakw ta`t taf rfspknsjejmjtjfskd puemjg gmjfnts wfrf humtjd`gftfc `nc gkndmjgtjno ey n`turf, wajga hf`ns ta`t
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 289/341
5?7,
tafrf w`s nk gkrrfgt nswfr. Cfgjsjkn h`ifrs akwfvfr usfc tajs ungfrt`jn ga`r`g-
tfr kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss tk dkmmkw tafjr jntujtjkn `nc rf`ga `n jntfr-suebfgtjvf
gknsfnsus. Wuga ` cfgjsjkn h`cf sfnsf dkr taf `mm taksf jnvkmvfc, eut w`s, unmfss
prkpfrmy fxpm`jnfc, skhftjhfs a`rc tk ggfpt ey ktafrs. af prkgfss kd sfnsfh`i-
jno knmy jnvkmvfc taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs tafhsfmvfs `nc nkt taf ktafr st`ifakmcfrs
wak cjc nkt `gtjvfmy t`if p`rt jn taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. \rkgurfhfnt m`w, kn tafktafr a`nc, `roufs drkh taf gkngfpt kd d`jr gkhpftjtjkn `nc fqu`m trf`thfnt kd
`mm h`rift p`rtjfs. @n `w`rc cfgjsjkn tafrfdkrf a`s tk h`if sfnsf kn ` mfvfm kd
taf gkhhkn prjngjpmfs kd fqu`m trf`thfnt, kebfgtjvjty, tr`nsp`rfngy `nc prkpkr-
tjkn`mjty. @n jhpkrt`nt pr`gtjg`m jhpmjg`tjkn kd tajs rfsf`rga js tk fxpmkrf kptjkns
dkr akw ekta mfo`m `nc psygakmkojg`m r`tjkn`mjtjfs g`n ef rfgkngjmfc jn ` cfgjsjkn
prkgfcurf.
af dkgus kd tajs rfsf`rga m`y kn bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno `ekut `rgaj-
tfgtur`m cfsjon qu`mjty `s jt js fhefccfc jn Cutga gumturf. Cutga gumturf tr`cj-
tjkn`mmy tfncs tk sakw orf`t jntfrfst jn cfsjon qu`mjty. Okvfrnhfnt pkmjgy rfoum`-
tjkns `nc taf kddjgf kd taf Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt sjonjdjg`ntmy gkntrjeutftk tajs cfvfmkphfnt (sff `msk Ga`ptfr 3.5.0). af fxpfrts jn taf v`mjc`tjkn wkri-
sakp gkndjrhfc taf kvfr`mm `n`mysjs kd cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs jn taf Cutga sjtu`tjkn.
Jn tfrhs kd tr`nsdfr`ejmjty tafrf js rf`skn tk efmjfvf ta`t taf djncjnos wjmm akmc jn
ktafr sfttjnos wjta gkhp`r`emf fmfhfnts jn ktafr gkuntrjfs efg`usf kd taf jntfr-
n`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfr kd `rgajtfgturf. J `ssuhf ta`t taf rfsumts gkumc ef usfdum dkr
ktafr sjtu`tjkns jn wajga ` tr`nsdfr drkh ` euyfr tk ` sfmmfr kr ` sfmfgtjkn prkgfss
t`ifs pm`gf, suga `s taf prkgurfhfnt kd sfrvjgfs, wkris `nc cfmjvfrjfs jn ofnfr`m
`nc taf purga`sf kd ktafr ijncs kd prkcugts. Hkrf spfgjdjg`mmy J wkumc mjif tk
`ccrfss skhf fx`hpmfs kd rfm`tjvfmy sg`rgf rfsf`rga ta`t rfm`tf tk taf `ssfsshfnts
kd rfsf`rga or`nts (f.o. M`hknt, 5<<:9 M`nodfmct, 5<<0), taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd bucofs (f.o. \ksnfr, 5<<1), taf fv`mu`tjkn kd stucfnt wkri jn cfsjon fcug`tjkn
(f.o. M`ns & Tkmifr, 5<<1), taf rfgrujthfnt prkgfss `t unjvfrsjtjfs (f.o. v`n cfn
Erjni, 5<<:), `nc p`rtnfr sfmfgtjkn jn eusjnfss (f.o. Fmse`ga & Ir`hfr, 5<<7).
Jn `mm tafsf g`sfs tafrf w`s ` gknsjcfr`emf tjhf cjddfrfngf eftwffn taf kddjgj`m rf-
qufst dkr prkpks`ms `nc taf fv`mu`tjkn kd taf `mtfrn`tjvfs. Efg`usf jn c`jmy mjdf taf
mfo`m gkntfxt kd sfmfgtjkn `nc `ssfsshfnt prkgfssfs `rf nkt `s strjgt `s jn prkgurf-
hfnt, taf jnvjt`tjkn dr`hf `nc taf fv`mu`tjkn dr`hf `rf usu`mmy nkt `s fxpmjgjtmy
gkhp`rfc tk f`ga ktafr `s jn tfncfr sjtu`tjkns. ajs h`ifs jt pkssjemf tk `cbust tk
prkgfssfs kd jngrf`sjno jnsjoat `nc sfnsfh`ijno `nc rf`gt `ggkrcjno tk taf `ddfg-
tjvf rfspknsf ta`t ggkhp`njfs bucofhfnt. _afnfvfr skhftajno kr skhfekcy js`ssfssfc, taf `ssfsshfnt systfh sakumc djt taf cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs `nc taf cfgjsjkn
t`si. Jd tafrf js nk `orffhfnt kn taf v`muf kd taf kutgkhf kd taf systfh, taf `s-
sfsshfnt wjmm `mw`ys ef skhfwa`t `rejtr`ry.
1.3.6 Wgjfntjdjg rfmfv`ngf
af eujmt fnvjrknhfnt gkngfrns us `mm. Gkhpftjtjkns nc tfncfrs gkntrjeutf mkt
tk cfe`tf `nc fcug`tjkn jn taf `rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn `nc efyknc. afrfdkrf jt
js vfry jhpkrt`nt tk fnsurf taf fmfhfnt kd cfe`tf jn gurrfnt prkgurfhfnt pr`g-
tjgf. Cjs`ddfgtjkn wjta taf gurrfnt prkgurfhfnt systfh pkjskns taf rfm`tjknsajpeftwffn gmjfnts, tafjr (mfo`m) `cvjskrs `nc taf cfsjon prkdfssjkn. Cjddfrfngf kd
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 290/341
5?3
pfrgfptjkns `ppf`rs tk tr`p ekta p`rtjfs jn ` vfry ungkhdkrt`emf sjtu`tjkn. Wk d`r
nk nfgfssjty js dfmt dkr taf p`rtjfs tk ga`nof tafjr `ttjtucf kr efa`vjkur. @ tjoat
djn`ngj`m sjtu`tjkn gkumc ef `n jhpftus dkr ga`nof eut hjoat `s f`sjmy mf`c tk `n
fx`oofr`tfc gkngfrn dkr gksts `t taf fxpfnsf kd qu`mjty. ajs rfsf`rga sakumc ef
gknsjcfrfc wjtajn taf mjhjt`tjkns kd taf Cutga puemjg sfgtkr efdkrf taf djn`ngj`m
grjsjs. @ rfcugfc v`jm`ejmjty kd duncs wjmm prke`emy g`usf cfgrf`sf kd taf nuhefrkd tfncfrs `nc `n jngrf`sf kd taf nuhefr kd g`ncjc`tfs jntfrfstfc jn f`ga tfncfr.
ajs gkumc hf`n hkrf rfqufsts dkr p`rtjgjp`tjkn pfr tfncfr `nc taus hkrf jndkr-
h`tjkn tk ef `ssfssfc jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf kd taf tfncfr prkgfss. Hkrf g`rfdum
cfgjsjkn h`ijno gkumc ef efnfdjgj`m drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd fddjgjfngy `nc fddfg-
tjvfnfss eut jt gkumc `msk c`h`of taf unjquf `nc fhktjkn crjvfn ga`r`gtfr kd taf
`rgajtfgtur`m prkdfssjkn. Jn `ny sjtu`tjkn hkrf prkdfssjkn`mjsh js rfqujrfc drkh
gmjfnts.
@p`rt drkh hknfy, inkwmfcof, okvfrnhfnt`m rfoum`tjkns, `nc jntrjnsjg hktj-
v`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs `rf jhpkrt`nt crjvfrs dkr ga`nof. Fspfgj`mmy mkg`m `u-
takrjtjfs `rf sakrt kn inkwmfcof `nc spfgjdjg fxpfrjfngf kd tfncfrjno ` cfsjongkntr`gt. Vnjvfrsjtjfs pm`y `n jhpkrt`nt rkmf jn prkvjcjno sgjfntjdjg inkwmfcof
`nc ` grjtjg`m vkjgf. Hktjv`tjkn g`n ef stjhum`tfc ey (djn`ngj`m) suppkrt drkh
okvfrnhfnt m ekcjfs kr prkdfssjkn`m sskgj`tjkns. afrf js n fxpmjgjt nffc dkr taf
fst`emjsahfnt kd `n jncfpfncfnt inkwmfcof gfntrf kn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns `nc
rfm`tfc jssufs jn taf gknstrugtjkn jncustry. Wuga ` inkwmfcof gfntrf sakumc eujmc
fxpfrtjsf `nc `w`rfnfss kn pr`oh`tjg jssufs, suga `s taf mfvfm kd rfqujrfhfnt `nc
sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj`, dkrh`t kd taf tfncfr erjfd kr taf sfmfgtjkn kd bury hfhefrs. Jt
sakumc msk gknnfgt taf cjddfrfnt pm`yfrs jn taf djfmc, stjhum`tf cfe`tf, nc sft kut
pkmjgy tk fnsurf qu`mjty jhprkvfhfnts jn taf djfmc. Efg`usf kd taf jndmufngf kd
gknsumt`nts kn cfgjsjkn h`ijno, gmjfnts, tafjr rfprfsfnt`tjvfs `nc fxtfrn`mmy ajrfc`cvjskrs sakumc ef `gtjvfmy jnvkmvfc jn cfvfmkpjno `nc fxga`nojno inkwmfcof
`nc fxpfrjfngfs. ajs rfqujrfs ` gknsjcfr`emf `hkunt kd `w`rfnfss, tr`nsp`rfngy,
kpfnnfss, `nc jntforjty kd taf `gtkrs. af VI prkvjcfs `n fx`hpmf kd `w`rfnfss
prkgfssfs tarkuoa taf kemjo`tjkn tk `ppmy taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr dkr `mm
puemjg-prjv`tf p`rtnfrsajp dkr sgakkm eujmcjnos `nc tarkuoa taf fst`emjsahfnt kd
taf Kddjgf kd Okvfrnhfnt Gkhhfrgf `nc taf Gkhhjssjkn dkr @rgajtfgturf `nc
taf Eujmt Fnvjrknhfnt. Jntfrnsajps kr wkrisakp prkor`hhfs gkumc ojvf usfrs,
cfsjonfrs, `cvjskrs, h`n`ofrs, `nc ktafr st`ifakmcfrs taf kppkrtunjty tk try kut
`nktafr pfrskn‚s sakfs dkr ` pfrjkc kd tjhf `nc dffm taf `ggkhp`nyjno rkmfs `nc
rfspknsjejmjtjfs. af EN@ a`s `nnkungfc ta`t jt prfdfrs ` qu`mjty systfh dkr tfn-cfr prkgfcurfs jn `rgajtfgturf (@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m, 5<<:`). Wuga ` ‑qu`mjty m`efm‚
wkumc grf`tf skhf orjp `nc gfrt`jnty dkr hkst p`rtjfs, eut gkumc `msk grf`tf dur-
tafr jndmfxjejmjty kd taf systfh `nc jntfrcfpfncfngf wjta `n jnstjtutf kvfrmkkijno
taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. Jn tajs st`of taf nffc dkr gtkrs tk t`if kn tafjr rfspknsjejmj-
tjfs tk `gt `s grjtjg`m prkdfssjkn`ms `ppf`rs tk ef hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n taf nffc dkr
`nktafr hkcfm, systfh, oujcfmjnf kr hftakc.
Jn rfsf`rga tafrf js stjmm taf `hejtjkus strjvf dkr ` pfrdfgt wkrmc jn wajga cfgj-
sjkns `rf ‑fvjcfngf e`sfc‚ tk rfcugf ungfrt`jnty, pkwfr struoomfs, frrkrs `nc cfm`ys
(f.o. Hkrrfmm, 5<<1). af jcf` pfrsjsts `hkno gfrt`jn orkups kd fnojnffrs, psy-
gakmkojsts `nc ktafr cjsgjpmjnfs ta`t taf wkrmc wkumc ef efttfr pm`gf jd wf gkumc
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 291/341
5?6,
prfcjgt `nc kebfgtjdy fvfry `gtjvjty `rkunc us. Jn tajs gkntfxt wf sakumc nktf ta`t
wf `rf jng`p`emf kd trumy kvfrsffjno `mm gknsfqufngfs kd kur `gtjkns. @msk hkrf
pkpum`r mjtfr`turf `ginkwmfcofs taf gkhpmfxjty kd v`mufs jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
\jrsjo (0:::) dkr fx`hpmf st`tfs ta`t taf cu`mjsh eftwffn gm`ssjg`m (qu`ntjt`tjvf)
`nc rkh`ntjg (qu`mjt`tjvf) `ppr`js`m systfhs jn puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn js bust tkk
gkhpmfx tk bucof `ekut qu`mjty jn taf rfm`tjkn eftwffn suebfgt nc kebfgt. \jrsjo‚ssf`rga dkr qu`mjty fncs `t ` pajmkskpajg`m mfvfm. af qufstjkn js waftafr wf `gtu-
`mmy `jh dkr ` mfvfm kd sgjfngf jn taf djfmc kd h`n`ofhfnt `nc cfsjon ta`t fn`emfs
us tk `ppmy bustjdjfc inkwmfcof nc prfcjgt efa`vjkur. M`w ckfs nkt `ppf`r tk jh
dkr ta`t. Drkh taf efa`vjkur`m pfrspfgtjvf wf gkumc strjvf dkr tr`nsp`rfnt cfgjsjkn
h`ijno ta`t g`n ef `ggfptfc jn ktafr r`tjkn`mjtjfs. ajs stucy g`n ef gknsjcfrfc
`s ` gkntrjeutjkn tk tajs ijnc kd tr`nsp`rfngy.
1.6 Duturf rfsf`rga
Fvfry rfsf`rgafr js w`rf kd taf d`gt ta`t rfsf`rga prkbfgt kdtfn r`jsfs hkrf qufs-tjkns ta`n jt `nswfrs. Knf gkumc s`y ta`t jn sgjfngf qufstjkns `rf hkrf jhpkrt`nt
ta`n `nswfrs, eut jt js taf kdtfn `nswfrs ta`t prkvjcf okkc st`rtjno pkjnts dkr nfw
jcf`s. af rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga jnspjrfc hf tk gknsjcfr rfsf`rga cjrfgtjkns ta`t
rfm`tf tk duturf rfsf`rga jn taf `rf` kd n`tur`mjstjg `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn
h`ijno `nc ` hkrf strugturfc `pprk`ga dkr gkmmfgtjno c`t` `ekut sfmfgtjkn prkg-
fssfs jn taf eujmc fnvjrknhfnt.
Vntjm nkw nk systfh`tjg c`t` gkmmfgtjkn a`s t`ifn pm`gf kn taf mkg`m kr
Furkpf`n mfvfm `ekut taf nuhefr kd (cfsjon) tfncfrs, tafjr p`rtjgjp`nts, wjnnfrs,
`ppmjfc grjtfrj`, ft gftfr`. Wuga ` c`t`e`sf wkumc fn`emf taf jcfntjdjg`tjkn kd sug-
gfss `nc d`jmurf d`gtkrs, wajga gkumc ef kd h`bkr jhpkrt`ngf dkr `rgajtfgts `s wfmm`s dkr gmjfnts. Bust rfgfntmy sjhjm`r jnjtj`tjvfs a`vf st`rtfc jn taf Nftafrm`ncs `nc
ktafr gkuntrjfs (f.o. H`nzknj, ft m., 5<<:9 Rafno, 5<<1), eut tafsf jnjtj`tjvfs rf
nkt yft fhefccfc jn `n jntfrn`tjkn`m sgjfntjdjg gumturf. Cutga `rgajtfgts tfnc tk
pkjnt tk ktafr Furkpf`n gkuntrjfs dkr suggfssdum pkmjgjfs jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns
wajmf taf Cutga sjtu`tjkn tfncs tk a`vf ` pksjtjvf rfput`tjkn jn ktafr gkuntrjfs.
Drkh mfo`m nc/kr prkdfssjkn`m pfrspfgtjvf nk gkhp`rjskns a`vf yft effn g`rrjfc
kut kn taf cjddfrfngfs `nc sjhjm`rjtjfs eftwffn Furkpf`n gkuntrjfs, mft `mknf ef-
twffn taf @hfrjg`n, @ustr`mj`n, @sj`n, `nc ktafr cfsjon gumturfs. af fxpfrts jn
taf v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp suoofstfc ta`t taf `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs jn prjv`tf
cfvfmkphfnts ck nkt sffh `s prkemfh`tjg `s jn taf puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn. Duturfrfsf`rga gkumc fxpmkrf taf cjddfrfngfs eftwffn sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs jn taf prjv`tf
`nc taf puemjg sfgtkr, eftwffn cfvfmkphfnt gkhpftjtjkns `nc cfsjon gkhpftj-
tjkns, `nc eftwffn taf cjddfrfnt prkgurfhfnt prkgfcurfs. Kn ` h`n`ofrj`m mfvfm
taf v`mjcjty kd eucofts, pm`nnjno `nc qu`mjty fstjh`tjkns jn taf jnjtj`m pa`sf kd
` prkbfgt `nc taf gkngfpt kd v`muf dkr hknfy wkumc `msk efnfdjt drkh systfh`tjg
c`t` gkmmfgtjkn. af gurrfnt trfnc kd gkngfrn dkr mjdf gygmf gksts nc sust`jn`ejmjty
kddfrs orf`t kppkrtunjty tk mjni usf `nc rf`mjz`tjkn tk jnjtj`mjz`tjkn nc cfsjon kd
eujmcjno. H`yef tajs js taf tjhf tk `nswfr tk taf g`mms kd nuhfrkus rfsf`rgafrs jn
prfvjkus puemjg`tjkns dkr systfh`tjg pkst kggup`ngy `nc prkbfgt fv`mu`tjkns (f.o.
Ekrc`ss, 5<<79 Orffn & Hkss, 0::1).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 292/341
5?4
@ggkrcjno tk Mjpsajtz ft `m. (5<<4, p. 73?) taf umtjh`tf tafkrftjg`m ga`mmfnof
dkr taf djfmc kd N`tur`mjstjg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno js ”tk spfgjdy taf mjni eftwffn taf
n`turf kd taf t`si, pfrskn, `nc fnvjrknhfnt kn taf knf a`nc `nc taf v`rjkus psy-
gakmkojg`m prkgfssfs nc str`tfojfs jnvkmvfc jn n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkns kn taf ktafr‘.
Dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts tafrf `rf v`rjkus ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf t`si, pfrskn
`nc fnvjrknhfnt ta`t g`n ef durtafr fxpmkrfc jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno, dkr fx`hpmf eym`ekr`tkry fxpfrjhfnts `nc sjhum`tjkns. Eut `msk drkh `n kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn
rfsf`rga pfrspfgtjvf hkrf `ttfntjkn gkumc ef ojvfn tk taf gknstr`jnts jhpksfc ey
taf gkntfxt, cjstrjeutfc jndkrh`tjkn `nc cjddfrfngfs jn pkwfr `nc jntfrfsts, `s
st`tfc ey Okrf ft `m. (5<<4). Kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf gkntfxt kd `
tfncfr r`jsfs jhpkrt`nt jssufs `ekut taf jndmufngf kn taf cfgjsjkn, suga `s cjddfr-
fnt pkwfr mfvfms kd `gtkrs, cfgjsjkn hftakcs (suga `s Cfmpaj, kr HG@‚s), skurgfs
kd jndkrh`tjkn (vfre`m, tfxtu`m `nc vjsu`m), rkmfs `nc pkwfr mfvfms kd fxtfrn`m `c-
vjskrs, gkhpksjtjkn kd bury p`nfms, `nc taf jndmufngf kd tr`jnjno `nc fcug`tjkn
kn taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf jn `rgajtfgturf. \kwfr `nc p`rtjgjp`tjkn jssufs gkumc ef
mjnifc tk kro`njs`tjkn`m `ntarkpkmkojg`m kr ftankor`pajg`m stucjfs, kr tk hkrf sk-gj`m tafkrjfs suga `s cjsgkursf. Knf kd taf hkst prfssjno jssufs jn pr`gtjgf `t taf
hkhfnt js tk djnc ` w`y ta`t skmvfs taf prkemfh kd taf rjoat `hkunt kd rf`gtjkns
tk g`mm dkr tfncfrs jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf. af gurrfnt pfrgfptjkn js ta`t sfmfgtjkn
rfqujrfhfnts `rf sft tkk ajoa, eut dkr gmjfnts tajs js ` w`y tk mjhjt taf nuhefr
kd rf`gtjkns. Ey mkwfrjno taf rfqujrfhfnts taf nuhefr kd (ykuno) p`rtjgjp`nts
wkumc mjifmy jngrf`sf, eut taf ga`ngfs tk ef sfmfgtfc cfgrf`sf pfr p`rty. af fx-
ga`nof kd fxpfrjfngf jn tajs h`ttfr gkumc prkvjcf jnput dkr ` sft kd fxpfrjhfnts
kr hkcfmmjno kd taf sjtu`tjkn.
Jn rfm`tjkn tk prkcugt fxpfrjfngf jt wkumc ef vfry jntfrfstjno tk inkw hkrf
`ekut taf cjhfnsjkns kd gkhpmfxjty `nc `rkus`m jn rfm`tjkn tk eujmcjno ga`r`gtfr-jstjgs ta`t gkntrjeutf tk taf wkw-d`gtkr `nc ktafr ijncs kd fhktjkn`m rfspknsfs
tk cjddfrfnt st`ifakmcfrs jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. @ccjtjkn`mmy taf rfmfv`ngf kd
dungtjkn`mjty gkhp`rfc tk `fstaftjgs gkumc ef `n`mysfc curjno cjddfrfnt pa`sfs kd
taf eujmcjno prkbfgt, jngmucjno taf tfncfr pa`sf. Djncjnos kd suga stucjfs g`n a`vf
jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt, taf dkrh`t kd taf prkgf-
curf, `nc taf cfvfmkphfnt kd taf tfncfr erjfd, wajga g`nnkt ef cfrjvfc jn cft`jm
drkh taf gurrfnt rfsumts. Jn ` duturf st`of tafsf jnsjoats gkumc ef jngkrpkr`tfc
jn `g`cfhjg `nc prkdfssjkn`m fcug`tjkn. Fxpfrjhfnt`m kr djfmc stucjfs gkumc `msk
fxpmkrf taf sjhjm`rjtjfs kd sfmfgtjno `rgajtfgts wjta taf sfmfgtjkn kd bke g`ncjc`tfs,
taf `mmkg`tjkn kd duncs jn rfsf`rga, `rt kr ktafr cfsjon rfm`tfc cjsgjpmjnfs `nc taf`ssfsshfnt kd stucfnt wkri jn fcug`tjkn`m sfttjnos. af djncjnos kd tajs stucy suo-
ofst ta`t gmjfnts ck nkt sffh tk ef `w`rf kd taf pkssjejmjtjfs `nc jhpmjg`tjkns kd
tafjr cfgjsjkns. Duturf rfsf`rga gkumc jnvfstjo`tf jd fcug`tjkn nc spfgjdjg suppkrt
(psygakmkojg`m, mfo`m, kr h`n`ofrj`m) jn taf jnjtj`m st`of kd ` prkbfgt wkumc ga`nof
prfdfrfngfs kd gmjfnts dkr gfrt`jn tfncfr prkgfcurfs, `nc jd fcug`tjkn`m suppkrt
wkumc jngrf`sf taf pkwfr kd taf cfgjsjkns. @gtjkn rfsf`rga gkumc ef `n `pprkprj-
`tf tfganjquf dkr tajs.
af rfsumts suoofst ta`t taf pfrdkrh`ngf kd ` bury p`nfm wkumc jhprkvf jd gmj-
fnts `ppmjfc taf gkngfpt kd taf fxpfrt tf`h. Dkr taf bury tk `gt `s `n fxpfrt tf`h,
tafy wkumc a`vf tk eujmt gkhhkn uncfrst`ncjno, dkrhum`tf pm`ns kn taf hkst
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 293/341
5??,
fddfgtjvf gkursf kd `gtjkn, fxfgutf pm`ns ey gkkrcjn`tfc tf`h pfrdkrh`ngf `nc
mf`rn ey fv`mu`tjkn jn krcfr tk pfrdkrh wfmm (Eurif, ft m., 5<<4). af ga`jr kd taf
bury p`nfm sakumc skmjgjt jcf`s `nc kesfrv`tjkns kd tf`h hfhefrs, stjhum`tf `nc
fn`emf `mm ijnc kd dffce`gi `nc ojvf sjtu`tjkn`m upc`tfs (W`m`s, ft `m., 5<<3). Bury
hfhefrs nffc ` sjhjm`r `ngakr pkjnt, wajga gkumc ef prkvjcfc ey taf gkhpftj-
tjkn erjfd `nc rfoum`tjkns `nc f`rmjfr jnvkmvfhfnt jn taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr. Jntaf gurrfnt sjtu`tjkn fvfry gmjfnt gkhpksfs ` nfw tf`h kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs ta`t
js t`jmkrfc tk taf `ssjonhfnt. Vsjno gkntjnujno tf`hs `nc hkrf gkmmfgtjvf prfp`-
r`tjkns hjoat jhprkvf taf pfrdkrh`ngf kd burjfs. Jn Wg`ncjn`vj` bury hfhefrs
`rf sjonjdjg`ntmy hkrf jnvkmvfc jn taf prfp`r`tjkn prkgfss kd ` gkhpftjtjkn ta`n
jn ktafr Furkpf`n gkuntrjfs, `nc tafy spfnc hkrf tjhf kn `ssfssjno taf fntrjfs
`nc nfoktj`tjno `ekut ` wjnnfr (I`zfhj`n & Uônn, 5<<:). Fspfgj`mmy jn tfrhs
kd mf`rnjno, grjtjg`m dffce`gi, rkkh dkr jntujtjkn, `nc rfdmfgtjkn kn taf cfgjsjkn
prkgfss wkumc efnfdjt drkh hkrf tjhf sprf`c `grkss sfvfr`m hfftjnos. Duturf rf-
sf`rga gkumc `msk `ccrfss taf jhpmjg`tjkns kd jnvkmvjno st`ifakmcfrs wjta cjddfr-
fnt mfvfms `nc `rf`s kd fxpfrtjsf. Efg`usf taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt surrkuncs us `mmfvfryekcy a`s skhf fxpfrjfngf jn h`ijno bucofhfnts `ekut eujmcjnos. af g`sfs
jn tajs rfsf`rga suoofst ta`t taf prkgfcurf tk sfmfgt `n `rgajtfgt gkumc ef `cbustfc
tk taf mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf kd jncjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Eut cfgjsjkns `rf kdtfn
h`cf jn orkups, `nc usfrs, cfsjonfrs, gmjfnts, `nc ktafr st`ifakmcfrs spf`i r`tafr
cjddfrfnt ‑m`nou`ofs‚ (Euggj`rfmmj, 5<<7). Gknnfgtfc tk taf cjddfrfnt pfrspfgtjvfs
kd jncjvjcu`m bucofhfnts `rf taf jssufs kd gkhhunjg`tjno prfdfrfngfs `nc kpjn-
jkns. Wk d`r taf qufstjkn `ekut taf rfqujrfc mfvfm kd fxpfrtjsf dkr cfgjsjkn h`ijno
rfh`jns un`nswfrfc. Akw sakumc cfgjsjkn prkgfss `nc tfncfr prkgfcurfs t`if
jncjvjcu`m cjddfrfngfs jntk `ggkunt wjtakut h`ijno taf `ssfsshfnts jnv`mjc kr
unnfgfss`ry gkhpmjg`tfc; Akw g`n hfhefrs kd ` bury p`nfm suppkrt f`ga ktafrjn cfgjsjkn h`ijno; Jn hy kpjnjkn taf gkngfpt kd fxpfrt tf`hs jn prkgurfhfnt
sjtu`tjkns wkumc kpfn up `n jntfrfstjno djfmc kd rfsf`rga dkr sgakm`rs jn kro`njs`-
tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
af pktfntj`m gkndmjgt kd auh`n efa`vjkur wjta taf ofnfr`m prjngjpmfs jn taf
FV Cjrfgtjvf gkumc ef durtafr fxpmkrfc drkh ` mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf. Jt hjoat `msk ef
jntfrfstjno tk `n`mysf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd bucofs wafn tafy cf`m
wjta prkgurfhfnt g`sfs. Kn ` hkrf ofnfr`m mfvfm jt wkumc ef jntfrfstjno tk hknj-
tkr taf fddfgt kd mfojsm`tjkn kn prfdfrfngfs dkr gfrt`jn prkgfcurfs kr `w`rc hfga`-
njshs. ajs hjoat tfst _jnstkn Gaurgajmm‚s ssfrtjkn ta`t ”wf sa`pf kur eujmcjnos
`nc `dtfrw`rcs kur eujmcjnos sa`pf us‘, wajga gkumc `msk rfdfr tk taf sa`pjno kdm`w. Ufmfv`ngf kd suga rfsf`rga g`n `msk ef dkunc jn taf gkntfxt kd jnnkv`tjkn nc
stjhum`tjkn kd ykuno t`mfnt jn cfsjon nc taf fddfgt kd prkgurfhfnt kn taf n`tjkn-
`m gumturf. Jn taf s`hf mjnf kd rf`sknjno js taf cjsgussjkn `ekut taf usf kd cfgjsjkn
suppkrt systfhs jn rfm`tjkn tk tr`nsp`rfngy `nc mfojtjhjz`tjkn kd taf prkgfss. Jn
tr`cjtjkn`m cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns jt js `ggfptfc ta`t taf n`hfs kd taf bury hfhefrs
`rf puemjsafc efdkrfa`nc r`tafr ta`n `n fx`gt prkgfcurf `nc prfcfdjnfc grjtfrj`
kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn g`sf kd `n fxpfrjfngfc `nc wfmm-inkwn bury, taf n`hfs
`gtu`mmy prkvjcf ` ajnt dkr p`rtjgjp`tjno `rgajtfgts tk cfgjcf jd tafy st`nc ` ga`ngf
jn taf gkhpftjtjkn. r`cjtjkn`mmy p`rtjgjp`nts trust taf bury hfhefrs jn h`ijno
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 294/341
5?1
skunc cfgjsjkns `nc ` gknsjstfnt bury rfpkrt. Gmjfnts gurrfntmy afsjt`tf tk wrjtf `
rfpkrt `ekut tafjr djncjnos. Jnstf`c tafy usf taf kutput kd ` cfgjsjkn suppkrt sys-
tfh tk bustjdy taf cfgjsjkn. Duturf rfsf`rga wjmm a`vf tk jnvfstjo`tf taf jndmufngf
kd cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs kn tr`nsp`rfngy nc hktjv`tjkn kd cfgjsjkn. af rf-
gfnt jngrf`sf kd taf nuhefr kd m`wsujts jncjg`tfs ` hkrf burjstjg `pprk`ga kd cf`m-
jno wjta cjs`orffhfnts `ekut taf cfgjsjkn `s h`cf ey taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfsjn taf puemjg sfgtkr. Hkrf rfsf`rga kn taf hktjvfs kd cfgjsjkn h`ifrs jn rfm`tjkn
tk taf mfo`m pfrspfgtjvf gkumc gkntrjeutf tk prfvfntjno ` durtafr pkm`rjz`tjkn kd
p`rtjfs ta`t `rf jnvkmvfc jn grf`tjno ` eujmt fnvjrknhfnt ta`t efnfdjts `mm kd us.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 295/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 296/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 297/341
510
Ufdfrfngfs
@mmjnskn, I. (0::?). Ofttjno tafrf ey cfsjon9 @n `rgajtfgts‚ oujcf tk cfsjon `nc prkbfgt h`n-`ofhfnt . Kxdkrc2 @rgajtfgtur`m \rfss.
@mmpkrt, O., Tfrnkn, \., & Mjncsfy, O. (0:4<). @ stucy kd T`mufs . Nfw Zkri2 AkuoatknHjddmjn.
@h`ejmf, . H. (0::4). Grf`tjvjty jn Gkntfxt - upc`tf tk Saf skgj`m \sygakmkoy kd Grf`tjvjty .Ekumcfr2 _fstvjfw \rfss.
@h`ejmf, . H. (0::?). Hktjv`tjno Grf`tjvjty jn Kro`njz`tjkns. G`mjdkrnj` H`n`ofhfntUfvjfw , 35-65.
@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m (5<<:`). FV @`nefstfcjnofnc`o - puemjfif kpcr`gatfn `rgajtfgtuur & prkbfgtkntwjiifmjno (FV tfncfr c`y - puemjg gkntr`gts jn `rgajtfgturf `nc prkbfgt cfvfmkp-hfnt). @hstfrc`h2 @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m. @hstfrc`h2 @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m.
@rgajtfgtuur Mki``m (5<<:e). Ikhp`s Mjoat Djrst fcjtjkn. Uftrjfvfc 03 Cfgfhefr 5<<:,drkh www.`rgajtfgtuurkpcr`gatfn.nm.
@rifs, A. U. (0:1:). \rjngjpmfs jn Bucohfnt/Cfgjsjkn H`ijno Ufsf`rga \frtjnfnt tk
Mfo`m \rkgffcjnos. Efa`vjkr`m Wgjfngfs `nc taf M`w, ?(3), 35:-364.
@rifstfjbn, H., cfn Afjbfr, @., T`ncf \uttf, A., & Tkmifr, M. (5<<:). ajni t`ni - fnvj-
sjknjno taf ‑d`gumty kd taf duturf‚. Jn V Cfmdt - d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf (Fc.), Eujmcjno dkr Ekuwiuncf - Kpfn tk Jcf`s (pp. 43-?0). Cfmdt2 V Cfmdt - d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf.
@rnstfjn, W. U. (0:4:). @ m`ccfr kd gjtjzfn p`rtjgjp`tjkn. Bkurn`m kd taf @hfrjg`n Jnstjtutfkd \m`nnfrs, 76(3), 504-553.
@rrkwshjta, W. (5<<6). Saf m`w kd puemjg `nc utjmjtjfs prkgurfhfnt (sfgknc fc.). Mknckn2Mknckn2
Wwfft & H`xwfmm.
@tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm (5<<1). N``r ffn Njfuwf @`nefstfcjnosgumtuur - Furkpffs @`nefstfcfnv`n @rgajtfgtfncjfnstfn jn Nfcfrm`nc (Sk ` nfw tfncfr gumturf jn taf Nftafrm`ncs) .
Ukttfrc`h2 @tfmjfr Ifhpf ajmm @rgajtfgts `nc \m`nnfrs.
@tfmjfr Ujbisekuwhffstfr (5<<1). Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt Uftrjfvfc 55 B`nu`ry
5<0<, drkh www.rjbisekuwhffstfr.nm.
E`mkoun, B., \yf, @., & Akcoijnskn, O. \. (5<<1). Gkonjtjvfmy sijmmfc kro`njz`tjkn`m cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno2 h`ijno sfnsf kd cfgjcjno. Jn O. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.),
Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 577-53:). Nfw Zkri2Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Eàrtkmk, A. H. O. (5<<5). T`muf ey Cfsjon2 ` qu`mjt`tjvf `pprk`ga. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf
T`muf tarkuoa Cfsjon, Uf`cjno.
E`yfs, . (0?47). @n fss`y tkw`rcs skmvjno ` prkemfh jn taf ckgtrjnf kd ga`ngfs.
\ajmkskpajg`m Sr`ns`gtjkns (67), 7?<-301.
Ef`ga, M. U. (0::<). Jh`of tafkry2 Cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn pfrskn`m `nc kro`njz`tjkn`m gkntfxts .Gajgafstfr2 _jmfy.
Ef`ga, M. U., & Gknnkmmy, . (5<<6). Saf psygakmkoy kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno . akus`nc K`is2
W`of \uemjsafrs, Jng.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 298/341
515
Efgatfm, U., & Rfjsfm, B. (0:1?). Kesfrv`tjkn2 af wkrmc uncfr ` om`ss. Jn U. Efgatfm, U.
H`r`ns & _. Hjgafmskn (Fcs.), Jntrkcugtjkn2 Fnvjrknhfnt`m Cfsjon Ufsf`rga. Nfw
Zkri2 T`n Nkstr`nc Ufjnakmc Gkhp`ny.
Efan, U. C., & T`upfm, B. _. (0:15). Pujgi `n`mysjs dkr eusy cfgjsjkn h`ifrs. Nfw Zkri2
E`sjg Ekkis.
Efmm, \. @., Orffnf, . G., Djsafr, B. C., & E`uh, @. (0::4). Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy (3tafc.). Dkrt _krta2 A`rgkurt Er`gf Gkmmfof \uemjsafrs.
Efnfcjit, H. (5<<?). Jntrkcugtjkn. Jn _. W. W`uncfrs (Fc.), Bucojno `rgajtfgtur`m v`muf .Hjnnfskt`2 Vnjvfrsjty kd Hjnnfskt` \rfss.
Efrnkummj, C. (0?71). Wpfgjhfn tafkrj`f nkv`f cf hfnsur` skrtjs. gkhfnt`rjj `g`cfhj`sgjfnj`ruh jhpfrj`mfs pftrkmjt`n`f (6), 0?6-0:5.
Efst, U., & cf T`mfngf, O. (0:::). Eujmcjno jn T`muf - \rf-Cfsjon T`mufs . Mknckn2
@rnkmc.
Eftsga, . (5<<6). \rfdfrfngf afkry2 @n @ddfgt-E`sfc @pprk`ga tk Ufgurrfnt Cfgjsjkn
H`ijno. Jn . A. Eftsga, W. (Fc.), Saf Ukutjnfs kd Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 7:-44).
H`aw`a, NB2 M`wrfngf Frme`uh @sskgj`tfs.
Ejttfrh`nn, H. W. (5<<:). Jntfmmjofnt Cfsjon Kebfgts (JCK) - @ gkonjtjvf `pprk`ga dkr pfr- dkrh`ngf e`sfc cfsjon. Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy, Cfmdt.
Em`u, B. (0:13). @rgajtfgts `nc Djrhs . G`herjcof, H@2 af HJ \rfss.
EN@ (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc 54 Nkvfhefr 5<<: drkh www.en`.nm.
Ekgih`, A. (5<<:). Njfuwf `rgajtfgt js skgj``m eftrkiifn fn cfnit kro`njsga (Nfw `r-
gajtfgt js skgj`mmy jnvkmvfc `nc tajnis kro`njg`mmy). Cf Tkmisir`nt, p. 06. Uftrjfvfc 04
H`rga 5<<:, drkh www.vkmisir`nt.nm.Ekm`nc, U. B. b., & Gkmmkpy, D. (5<<3). H`n`ojno `s Cfsjonjno . Wt`ndkrc2 Wt`ndkrc
Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Ekrc`ss, E. (5<<7). Mf`rnjno hkrf drkh kur eujmcjnos - kr bust dkrofttjno mfss; EujmcjnoUfsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 70(6), 3<4-300.
Ekucfwjbn, F. G., & Erkfiaujzfn, U. \. T. (5<<?). Ekuwfn js tf`hwkri - pr`itjbi ojcs vkkrsuggfsvkm s`hfnwfrifn jn cf ekuw (Eujmcjno js tf`hwkri). Okuc`2 Ufojfr``c Ekuw &
\WJEkuw.
Ekucfwjbn, F. G., & Erkfiaujzfn, U. \. T. (5<<:). Om`safmcfr ekuwfn - Cjmfhh`‚s fn
tr`nsp`r`ntjf tjbcfns aft ekuwprkgfs (Grjst`m Gmf`r Gknstrugtjkn - Cjmfhh`s `nc tr`ns- p`rfngy curjno taf gknstrugtjkn prkgfss). Okuc`2 Ufojfr``c Ekuw.
Ekvfns, H. @. \. (0::<). Tfr`ntwkkrcfmjbiafjc fn kro`njs`tjf. Efsgakuwjnofn kvfr ``nspr`-ifmjbiafjc, jnstjtutjknffm eurofrsga`p fn `hetfmjbif knofakkrz``hafjc. (Ufspknsjejmjty (Ufspknsjejmjty`nc kro`njs`tjkn). Rwkmmf2 _.F.B. bffni _jmmjni.
Ekwfrs, I. W., Ufofar, O., E`mta`z`rc, G., & \`rifr, I. (0::<). Jntujtjkn jn taf Gkntfxt
kd Cjsgkvfry. Gkonjtjvf \sygakmkoy, 55, ?5-00<.
Ekztfpf, W. (5<<?`). kw`rc ` dr`hfwkri kd prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt dkr omke`m h`rifts2 `
usfr-v`muf-e`sfc `pprk`ga. Cfsjon Wtucjfs, 51(6), 607-677.
Ekztfpf, W. (5<<?e). Vsfr T`muf2 Gkhpftjno afkrjfs `nc Hkcfms. Jntfrn`tjkn`m Bkurn`mkd Cfsjon, 0(5), 6?-46.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 299/341
517
EUF Omke`m (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc drkh attp2//www.erff`h.kro.
Erfncfrs, D. (5<<1). Tjtruvjus, cf @rgajtfgtur`m Mjerj Q Uftrjfvfc 00 H`rga 5<<1 drkh
attp2//www.vjtruvjus.ef.
Erfnnfr, \., nnfr, G. @., & Gafsm`, G. @. (0::4). Fxpfrtjsf jn Nursjno \r`gtjgf2 G`rjno,Gmjnjg`m bucofhfnt, `nc Ftajgs . Nfw Zkri2 Wprjnofr.
Erkwn, O., & Ojddkrc, U. (5<<0). @rgajtfgts prfcjgt m`y fv`mu`tjkns kd m`rof gkntfhpkr`ry
eujmcjnos2 waksf gkngfptu`m prkpfrtjfs; Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 50(0),
:7-::.
Erunsskn, N. (0:1:). Saf Kro`njz`tjkn kd Aypkgr`gy2 S`mi, Cfgjsjkns `nc @gtjkns jnKro`njz`tjkns . Gajgafstfr VI2 _jmfy.
Erunsskn, N. (5<<?). Saf Gknsfqufngfs kd Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno . Kxdkrc2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty
\rfss.
Erunswji, F. (0:3?). Wystfh`tjg `nc rfprfsfnt`tjvf cfsjon kd psygakmkojg`m fxpfrjhfnts, wjtarfsumts jn paysjg`m `nc skgj`m pfrgfptjkn. Efrifmfy G@2 Vnjvfrsjty kd G`mjdkrnj` \rfss.
Erynfr, O. G. (5<<?). \uemjg Kro`njz`tjkns `nc \uemjg \kmjgjfs. Jn E. O. \ftfrs & B.
\jfrrf (Fcs.), A`ncekki kd \uemjg @chjnjstr`tjkn (pp. 01:-0:1). Mknckn2 W`of
\uemjg`tjkns.
Euggj`rfmmj, M. (0::3). Cfsjonfrs Fnojnffrjno . G`herjcof2 HJ \rfss.
Euggj`rfmmj, M. (5<<7). Fnojnffrjno \ajmkskpay . Cfmdt2 CV\.
Eujbs, @. (5<<:). \uemjg N`turfs - Wkgj`m rfprfsfnt`tjkn kd n`turf `nc mkg`m pr`gtjgfs. Vnpuemjsafc \aC, _`ofnjnofn Vnjvfrsjty, _`ofnjnofn.
Euncfrskn, B. (5<<7). Ufgkonjzjno Vtjmjzjno Fxpfrtjsf jn _kri Orkups2 @ Wt`ts
Ga`r`gtfrjstjgs \frspfgtjvf. @chjnjstr`tjvf Wgjfngf Pu`rtfrmy, 31, 66?-6:0.
Eurif, G. W., Wt`om, I., W`m`s, F., \jfrgf, M., & Ifnc`mm, C. (5<<4). Vncfrst`ncjno tf`h
`c`pt`tjkn2 ` gkngfptu`m `n`mysjs `nc hkcfm. Bkurn`m kd @ppmjfc \sygakmkoy, :0(4),
001:-05<?.
Eurif, M. @., & Hjmmfr, H. I. (0:::). `ijno taf Hystfry Kut kd Jntujtjvf Cfgjsjkn-
H`ijno. @g`cfhy kd H`n`ofhfnt Fxfgutjvf, 07(3), :0-::.
G`jrns, O., & Effga, N. (0:::). Vsfr jnvkmvfhfnt jn kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
H`n`ofhfnt Cfgjsjkn, 7?(0), 03-57.
G`ntfr, C. (0:??). Saf psygakmkoy kd pm`gf . Mknckn2 @rgajtfgtur`m \rfss.
G`rcfmmjnk, \., Mfjrjnofr, U., & Gmfhfnts-Grkkhf, C. (5<<:). Fxpmkrjno taf Ukmf kd
Cfsjon Pu`mjty jn taf Eujmcjno Wgakkms dkr taf Duturf \rkor`hhf. @rgajtfgtur`mFnojnffrjno `nc Cfsjon H`n`ofhfnt, 6, 53:-545.
Ga`jifn, W., & rkpf, Z. (0:::). Cu`m-\rkgfss Safkrjfs jn Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy . Nfw Zkri2
Oujmdkrc \rfss.
Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E. (5<<1). Pujgisg`n gknt`gthkhfntfn jn ``nefstfcjnosprkgfcurfs(Pujgi sg`n jntfr`gtjkn hkhfnts jn tfncfr prkgfcurfs) . Cfn A``o2 Jnstjtuut vkkrCfn A``o2 Jnstjtuut vkkr
Ekuwrfgat.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 300/341
513
Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E. (5<<:). G`pjt` sfmfgt` ujt cf ofsgajfcfnjs v`n aft prjv``trfga-
tfmjbi ekuwrfgat (Fx`hpmfs drkh taf ajstkry kd prjv`tf eujmcjno m`w). Jn U. _. H.
Imujtfnefro (Fc.), 3< b``r Jnstjtuut vkkr Ekuwrfgat (pp. :-6?). Cfn A``o2 JnstjtuutCfn A``o2 Jnstjtuut
vkkr Ekuwrfgat.
Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E., Iknjno, U., Wpfiijni, C., & W`ufrwfjn, M. (5<<?). EN@ _frih`p
Furkpffs @`nefstfcfn vkkr Kpcr`gatofvfrs (Oujcfmjnfs Furkpf`n Sfncfrjno dkr Gmjfnts). @hstfrc`h2 EN@.
Ga`sf, _. O., & Wjhkn, A. @. (0:?7). \frgfptjkn jn gafss. Gkonjtjvf \sygakmkoy, 3,
66-10.
Gafuno, D. I. ., Iufn, B. M. D., & Wijthkrf, H. (5<<5). Humtj-grjtfrj` fv`mu`tjkn hkcfm
dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgtur`m gknsumt`nts. Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt `nc Fgknkhjgs,5<, 64:-61<.
Garjstj`nskn, H. I., D`ri`s, H. ., Wutgmjddf, I. H., & _fjgi, I. F. (5<<:). Mf`rnjno
arkuoa U`rf Fvfnts2 Wjonjdjg`nt Jntfrruptjkns `t taf E`mtjhkrf & Kajk U`jmrk`c
Husfuh. Kro`njz`tjkn Wgjfngf, 5<(6), 134‗14<.
Gjty kd @hstfrc`h (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc : H`y 5<<: drkh www.j`hstfrc`h.gkh.
Gm`ri, . (0::6). H`n`ojno Gknsumt`nts - Gknsumt`ngy `s taf H`n`ofhfnt kd Jhprfssjkns .Eugijnoa`h2 Kpfn Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Gmfhfnts-Grkkhf, C. (5<<6). Cfsjonjno taf jntfrjkr fnvjrknhfnt dkr pfkpmf. @rgajtfgtur`mFnojnffrjno `nc Cfsjon H`n`ofhfnt, 0(0), 36-66.
Gkafn, H. C., H`rga, B. O., & Kmskn, B. \. (0:?5). af O`re`of G`n Hkcfm kd
Kro`njz`tjkn`m Gakjgf. @chjnjstr`tjvf Wgjfngf Pu`rtfrmy (0?), 0-56.
Gkafn, H. W., Drffh`n, B. ., & _kmd, W. (0::4). Hft`-Ufgkonjtjkn jn jhf Wtrfssfs
Cfgjsjkn H`ijno. Auh`n D`gtkrs, 71(5), 5<4-50:.
Gkmc, E. (0::7). Pu`mjty jn @rgajtfgturf. Jn E. D`rhfr & A. Mkuw (Fcs.), Gkhp`njkn tkgkntfhpkr`ry `rgajtfgtur`m takuoat. Mknckn2 Ukutmfcof.
Gkmmjns, \. (0:?0). @rgajtfgtur`m Bucofhfnt . Hkntrf`m2 HgOjmm-Puffn‚s Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Gkmmyfr, O. W. (5<<3). Gkhpftjno Omke`mmy jn @rgajtfgturf Gkhpftjtjkns . Gajgafstfr,
Fnom`nc2 _jmfy @g`cfhjg.
Gknstrugtjkn Jncustry Gkungjm (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc 55 Nkvfhefr 5<<:, drkh attp2//www.
cqj.kro.ui.
Gkxf, _., A`rtuno, N. D., Akgaefro, A., Mfwjs, E. B., H`jstfr, C. A., H`ttkx, U. D., ft`m. (0:1?). Wuggfss str`tfojfs dkr cfsjon prkdfssjkn`ms - supfrpksjtjknjno dkr @rgajtfgturf &Fnojnffrjno Djrhs . Nfw Zkri2 HgOr`w-Ajmm Ekki Gkhp`ny.
Grfswfmm, B. _. (0::3). Ufsf`rga cfsjon9 qu`mjt`tjvf `nc qu`ntjt`tjvf `pprk`gafs. akus`nc
K`is2 W`of.
Grksey, N., Ifmmfy, B. H., & Wga`fdfr, \. (0:14). Gjtjzfns \`nfms2 @ Nfw @pprk`ga tk
Gjtjzfn \`rtjgjp`tjkn. \uemjg @chjnjstr`tjkn Ufvjfw, 34(5), 0?<-0?1.
GUK_, & E`m`ngf `nc Ufsumts (5<<:). Cfgjsjkn Wuppkrt Wystfh ejb aft Mfjcr``c
@`nefstfcfn, rftrjfvfc drkh www.mfjcr``c``nefstfcfn.nm.
Gyfrt, U. H., & H`rga, B. O. (0:47). @ efa`vjkr`m tafkry kd taf djrh. Fnomfwkkc GmjddsNB2 \rfntjgf-A`mm.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 301/341
516
C``if, C., C`wmfy, C. C., & @ntakny, _. \. (5<<3). Dkrh`m C`t` Vsf jn Wtr`tfojg
\m`nnjno2 @n kro`njz`tjkn`m djfmc fxpfrjhfnt. Bkurn`m kd H`n`ofrj`m Jssuf, 04(5),
575-53?.
C`h`sjk, @. U. (0::3). Cfsg`rtfs‚ Frrkrs2 Fhktjkn, Uf`skn `nc Auh`n Er`jn. Nfw Zkri2
A`rpfr Gkmmjns.
C`h`sjk, @. U. (0:::). Saf Dffmjnos kd _a`t A`ppfns2 Ekcy, Fhktjkn `nc taf H`ijno kdGknsgjkusnfss . Mknckn2 Tjnt`of.
C`nf, F., & \r`tt, H. (5<<?). Fxpmkrjno jntujtjkn `nc jts rkmf jn h`n`ofrj`m cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. @g`cfhy kd H`n`ofhfnt Ufvjfw, 75(0), 77-63.
C`vjfs, H., Wt`nikv, M., & Ukefrts, U. C. (0::1). Fhktjkn`m Jntfmmjofngf2 Jn Wf`rga kd `n
Fmusjvf Gknstrugt. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty `nc Wkgj`m \sygakmko y, ?6(3), ::1-0<06.
C`y, F., & E`risc`mf, A. G. (0::5). Akw Djrhs Wfmfgt \rkdfssjkn`m Wfrvjgfs. Jncustrj`m H`riftjno H`n`ofhfnt, 50(5), 16-:0.
cf Orkkt, @. C. (0:34). Sakuoat `nc Gakjgf jn Gafss . Nfw Zkri2 Hkutkn.Nfw Zkri2 Hkutkn.
cf A``n, A., & A``osh`, J. (0:11). @rgajtfgtfn `ms Ujv`mfn (@rgajtfgts `s Ujv`ms). N``rcfn2
Hfumfnakdd/M`ncsakdd.
cf Bkno, . H., & v`n cfr Tkkrct, C. B. H. (Fcs.). (5<<5).(5<<5). _`ys tk stucy `nc rfsf`rga `r-gajtfgtur`m, ure`n `nc tfganjg`m cfsjon. Cfmdt2 Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
cf Bknof, B. H. (5<<:). M`ncsg`pf @rgajtfgturf eftwffn \kmjtjgs `nc Wgjfngf - @n jntfor`-tjvf pfrspfgtjvf kn m`ncsg`pf pm`nnjno `nc cfsjon jn taf nftwkri skgjfty . _`ofnjnofn2 _`ofnjnofn2
Vjtofvfrjb Em`uwcrui.
cf Ifyzfr, _. (0::1). Hftfn ofwjit & ofwkofn - ffn auhkrjstjsgaf fn irjtjsgaf ijbi kp hftfn
fn aft vfrwfrifn v`n hfftrfsumt`tfn (Hf`surfhfnt wfjoafc up) . Erussfm2 Hjnjstfrjf v`ncf Tm``hsf Ofhffnsga`p.
Cf`n, B. _. B., & Wa rdh`n, H. \. (0::7). af Ufm tjknsajp eftwffn \rkgfcur`maf Ufm`tjknsajp eftwffn \rkgfcur`m
U`tjkn`mjty `nc \kmjtjg`m Efa`vjkr jn Wtr`tfojg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno. Cfgjsjkn Wgjfngfs,53(4), 0<4:-0<17.
Cfshft, \. (5<<5). Cfsjonjno fhktjkns. Vnpuemjsafc \aC, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy,
Cfmdt.
Cfshft, \., & Afiifrt, \. (5<<?). Dr`hfwkri kd \rkcugt Fxpfrjfngf. Jntfrn`tjkn`m Bkurn`mkd Cfsjon, 0(0), 6?-44.
Cfshft, \., \krgfmjbn, U., & v`n Cjbi, H. E. (5<<?). Fhktjkn`m cfsjon9 `ppmjg`tjkn kd ` Fhktjkn`m cfsjon9 `ppmjg`tjkn kd `rfsf`rga-e`sfc cfsjon pprk`ga. Inkwmfcof Sfgankmkoy `nc \kmjgy, 5<(7), 030-066.
Cfvjnf-_rjoat, A., akhskn, C. W., & @ustjn, W. @. (5<<7). H`tgajno v`mufs `nc v`mufjn gknstrugtjkn `nc cfsjon. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf Grkssjno Ekunc`rjfs - af T`muf
kd Jntfrcjsgjpmjn`ry Ufsf`rga, \rkgffcjnos kd taf ajrc Gkndfrfngf kd taf F\VI
(Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy jn taf VI) Nftwkri.
Cfvmjn, I., & N`s`r, B. M. (0:1:). af ef`uty `nc taf ef`st2 skhf prfmjhjn`ry gkhp`rj-
skns kd ‑ajoa‚ vfrsus ‑pkpum`r‚ rfsjcfntj`m `rgajtfgturf `nc puemjg vfrsus `rgajtfgt buco-
hfnts kd s`hf. Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, :(3), 777-733.
Cfwumd, O., & v`n Hffm, B. (5<<3). Wfnsf `nc nknsfnsf kd hf`surjno cfsjon qu mjty.Wfnsf `nc nknsfnsf kd hf`surjno cfsjon qu`mjty.
Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 75(7), 53?-56<.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 302/341
514
Cjftz, ., & Wtfrn, \. G. (Fcs.). (5<<1). \`nfm kn \uemjg \`rtjgjp`tjkn jn Fnvjrknhfnt`m @ssfsshfnt `nc Cfgjsjkn H`ijno . _`sajnotkn, C.G.2 af N`tjkn`m @g`cfhjfs \rfss.
Cjbistfraujs, @. (5<<?). Aft smjhhf knefwustf - Cfnifn hft ofvkfm (Saf sh`rt ungknsgjkus-nfss, tajnijno wjta ` dffmjno). @hstfrc`h2 Vjtofvfrjb Efrt E`iifr.
Cjbistfraujs, @., Eks, H. _., Nkrcorffn, H. D., & T`n E``rfn, U. E. (5<<4). KnKn
H`ijno taf Ujoat Gakjgf2 af Cfmjefr`tjkn _jtakut @ttfntjkn Fddfgt. Wgjfngf, 700,0<<6-0<<?.
Cjbistr`, . (5<<0). @rgajtfgtknjsgaf iw`mjtfjt (@rgajtfgtur`m Pu`mjty). Ukttfrc`h2 <0<.
Cjbistr`, ., Ujbisofekuwfncjfnst, & Hjnjstfrjf v`n TUKH (0:16). @rgajtfgtknjsgafiw`mjtfjt9 ffn nktjtjf kvfr `rgajtfgtuurefmfjc (@rgajtfgtur`m Pu`mjty - ` hfhk `ekut taf
pkmjgy). ‑s-Or`vfna`of2 Ujbisofekuwfncjfnst.
Ckrff, @. (0::4). Ofhffntfmjbi ``nefstfcfn - ffn kncfrzkfi n``r cf s`hfnwfrijno tussfncjfnstfn, ofhffntfwfrifn fn ``nnfhfrs jn cf orknc-, wfo- fn w`tfrekuw (Sfncfrjno `thunjgjp`mjtjfs). Vnpuemjsafc \aC, Vnjvfrsjty kd wfntf, Fnsgafcf.Vnpuemjsafc \aC, Vnjvfrsjty kd wfntf, Fnsgafcf.
Crfsgamfr, H. (5<<1). @n`mysjs kd prjgf gkrrfgtjkn `w`rc hfga`njshs `ppmjfc jn taf Cutgagknstrugtjkn jncustry. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 7rc Jntfrn`tjkn`m \uemjg \rkgurfhfnt
Gkndfrfngf, @hstfrc`h.
Crfsgamfr, H. (5<<:). D`jr gkhpftjtjkn - Akw tk `ppmy taf ‑Fgknkhjg`mmy Hkst @cv`nt`ofkusSfncfr‚ (FH@S) `w`rc hfga`njsh jn taf Cutga gknstrugtjkn jncustry. Vnpuemjsafc
\aC, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy, Cfmdt.
Crfsgamfr, H., Efafsatj, U. H., & cf Ujccfr, A. @. B. (5<<6). @n `n`mysjs kd T`mufCftfrhjn`tjkn jn taf Eujmcjno `nc Gknstrugtjkn Jncustry. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf GJE
Afmsjnij Bkjnt Wyhpksjuh, Afmsjnij.
Crfydus, A. M., & Crfydus, W. F. (0:14). Hjnc kvfr H`gajnf . Nfw Zkri2 Drff \rfss.
Fcfmfneks, B., & Imjbn, F.-A. (5<<6). H`n`ojno Wt`ifakmcfr Jnvkmvfhfnt jn CfgjsjknH`n`ojno Wt`ifakmcfr Jnvkmvfhfnt jn Cfgjsjkn
H`ijno2 @ gkhpr`tjvf @n`mysjs kd Wjx Jntfr`gtjvf \rkgfssfs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. Bkurn`mkd \uemjg @chjnjstr`tjkn Ufsf`rga `nc Safkry, 04, 30?-334.
Fchkncskn, @. G., & HgH`nus, W. F. (5<<?). Hftakckmkojg`m djt jn kro`njz`tjkn`m djfmc
rfsf`rga @g`cfhy kd H`n`ofhfnt Ufvjfw, 75(3), 0066‗00?:.
Fcw`rcs, _. (0:40). Efa`vjkr`m Cfgjsjkn afkry. @nnu`m Ufvjfw kd \sygakmkoy (05),
3?7-3:1.
Fjsfna`rct, I. H. (0:1:). Eujmcjno afkrjfs drkh G`sf Wtucy Ufsf`rga. @g`cfhy kd
H`n`ofhfnt Ufvjfw, 03(3), 675-66<.
Fjsfna`rct, I. H., & Or`fenfr, H. F. (5<<?). afkry Eujmcjno drkh G`sfs2 Kppkrtunjtjfs
`nc Ga`mmfnofs. @g`cfhy kd H`n`ofhfnt Bkurn`m, 6<(0), 56-75.
Fmfy, B. (5<<3). Cfsjon qu`mjty jn eujmcjnos Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga `nc Jndkrh`tjkn, 75(7),
566-54<.
Fmmswkrta, \. G., & Wgafrfr, I. U. (5<<7). @ppr`js`m prkgfssfs jn fhktjkn. Jn U. B.
C`vjcskn, I. U. Wgafrfr & A. A. Okmcshjta (Fcs.), A`ncekki kd `ddfgtjvf sgjfngfs(pp. 6?5-6:6). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 303/341
51?
Fmse`ga, I. C., & Ir`hfr, U. H. (5<<7). @ssfssjno Grf`tjvjty jn Akmmywkkc \jtga
Hfftjnos2 Fvjcfngf dkr ` Cu`m-\rkgfss Hkcfm kd Grf`tjvjty Bucofhfnts. Saf @g`cfhykd H`n`ofhfnt Bkurn`m, 34(7), 517-7<0.
Fhhjtt, W., W`ncfr, C., & Garjstkddfrsfn, I. (5<<6, Bumy 5<<6). Saf T`muf Vnjvfrsf2Cfdjnjno ` v`muf e`sfc `pprk`ga tk mf`n gknstrugtjkn. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf JOMG-07,
Wycnfy, @ustr`mj`.Fpstfjn, W. (0::3). Jntfor`tjkn kd taf gkonjtjvf `nc taf psygakcyn`hjg ungknsgjkus.
@hfrjg`n \sygakmkojst, 3:, ?<:-?53.
Fpstfjn, W., Mjpskn, @., Akmstfjn, G., & Aua, F. (0::5). Jrr`tjkn`m rf`gtjkns tk nfo`-Jrr`tjkn`m rf`gtjkns tk nfo`-
tjvf kutgkhfs2 Fvjcfngf dkr twk gkngfptu`m systfhs. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty `nc Wkgj`m\sygakmkoy, 45, 751-77:.
Fpstfjn, W., \`gjnj, U., Cfnfs-U`b, T., & Afjr, A. (0::4). Jncjvjcu`m Cjddfrfngfs jn
Jntujtjvf-Fxpfrjfntj`m `nc @n`mytjg`m-U`tjkn`m ajnijno Wtymfs. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty`nc Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy, ?0, 7:<-3<6.
Frnst, E., & Ijfsfr, @. (5<<5). Jn sf`rga kd fxpm`n`tjkns dkr taf gknsumtjno fxpmksjkn.Jn M. Fnow`mm & W`amjn-@ncfrsskn (Fcs.), Saf Fxp`nsjkn kd H`n`ofhfnt Inkwmfcof2G`rrjfrs, Dmkws, `nc Wkurgfs . Wt`ndkrc G@2 Wt`ndkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Fssfrs, H. B. B. H. (5<<:). @`nefstfcjnosrfgat vkkr kvfrafcfn (\rkgurfhfnt M`w dkrOkvfrnhfnt). ‑s Or`vfna`of2 Uffc Eusjnfss Jndkrh`tjkn ev - Fmsfvjfr Kvfrafjc.‑s Or`vfna`of2 Uffc Eusjnfss Jndkrh`tjkn ev - Fmsfvjfr Kvfrafjc.
Ftzjknj, @. (0:11). Saf hkr`m cjhfnsjkn - tkw`rcs ` nfw fgknkhjgs . Nfw Zkri2 af drff
prfss.
Cjrfgtjvf 5<<3/01/FG (Gkungjm kd taf Furkpf`n Vnjkn 5<<3).
Fvfrs, @. @. H. (0::6). @rgajtfgtuurwfcstrjbcfn (Cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns). Ekuwrfgat,
75(0<), 153-174.
Fvfrs, @. @. H. (5<<1). Vjtsgarjbvfn v`n prjbsvr`ofn vkkr ekuwiuncjof cjfnstfn
(Kro`njsjno cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns dkr sfrvjgfs jn `rgajtfgturf) Wuggfsvkm ``nefstfcfn2
Furkdkruh.
Fvfrs, @. @. H. (5<0<). Furkpfsf sfmfgtjf v`n `rgajtfgtfn, nkkcz``i tkt ffncujcjoafjc;
(Furkpf`n sfmfgtjkn kd rgajtfgts, nffc dkr unjvkg`m pkmjgy). Sjbcsgarjdt vkkr Ekuwrfgat,7(55), 034-065.
Fwfnstfjn, E., & _aytf, B. (5<<?). Efyknc _krcs2 @fstaftjg Inkwmfcof `nc Inkwjno jn
Kro`njz`tjkns. Kro`njz`tjkn Wtucjfs, 51, 41:-?<1.
D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf - V Cfmdt (5<<:). Eujmcjno dkr Ekuwiuncf - Kpfn tk Jcf`s . Cfmdt2V Cfmdt.
D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf (5<<1). Kpfn Jntfrn`tjkn`m Jcf`s Gkhpftjtjkn Eujmcjno dkr
Ekuwiuncf, drkh www.eujmcjnodkrekuwiuncf.nm.
D`wgftt, _., Fmmjnoa`h, J., & \m`tt, W. (5<<1). Ufgkngjmjno taf @rgajtfgtur`m \rfdfrfngfs
kd @rgajtfgts `nc taf \uemjg - af Krcfrfc \rfdfrfngf Hkcfm. Fnvjrknhfnt `ncEfa`vjkr, 3<(6), 6::-401.
Dfmch`n, C. (5<<7). af mjhjts kd m`w2 g`n m`ws rfoum`tf puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn; Jn E. O.
\ftfrs & B. \jfrrf (Fcs.), A`ncekki kd \uemjg @chjnjstr`tjkn (pp. 5?:-5:5). Mknckn2
W`of \uemjg`tjkns.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 304/341
511
Dfmch`n, H. W., & H`rga, B. O. (0:10). Jndkrh`tjkn jn Kro`njz`tjkns `s Wjon`m `nc
Wyhekm. @chjnjstr`tjvf Wgjfngf Pu`rtfrmy (54), 0?0-014.
Djsafr, \., Ukeskn, W., & kcc, W. (5<<?). af cjspks`m kd puemjg sfgtkr sjtfs ey ”cfvfmkp-
hfnt gkhpftjtjkn‘. \rkpfrty H`n`ofhfnt, 56(3), 710-7::.
Dmyvebfro, E. (5<<3). Djvf Hjsuncfrst`ncjnos @ekut G`sf-Wtucy Ufsf`rga. Jn G. Wf`mf, O.
Okek, B. D. Ouerjuh & C. Wjmvfrh`n (Fcs.), Pu`mjt`tjvf Ufsf`rga \r`gtjgf (pp. 35<-373). Mknckn `nc akus`nc K`is, G@2 W`of.
Dkktf, N., H`tskn, F., _fjss, M., & _fnofr, F. (5<<5). Mfvfr`ojno Orkup Inkwmfcof dkr
Ajoa-\frdkrh`ngf Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno. Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cyn`hjgs, 70(5), 51<-5:6.
Drjbc`, N. A. (0:14). Saf Fhktjkns . G`herjcof2 G`herjcof Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
O`nn, C. H., W`mtfr, @. B., & _aytf, B. I. (5<<7). Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr `s ` tkkm dkr
tajnijno. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 70(6), 701-777.
O`nn, C. H., & _aytf, B. I. (5<<7). Fcjtkrj`m2 Cfsjon qu`mjty, jts hf`surfhfnt `nc h`n-
`ofhfnt jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 70(6), 703-70?.
Offrtsf, H. (5<0<). @`nefstfcjnofn `rgajtfgtuurkpcr`gatfn jn 5<<: (fncfrs dkr `rgaj- @`nefstfcjnofn `rgajtfgtuurkpcr`gatfn jn 5<<: (fncfrs dkr `rgaj-
tfgtur`m cfsjon sfrvjgfs jn 5<<:). Uftrjfvfc 00 B`nu`ry 5<0<, drkh www.kntwfrpwfc-
strjbcfn.nm.
Offrtsf, H., `mh`n, E., & B`nsfn, G. (5<<:). @`nefstfcjno v`n `rgajtfgtuurkpcr`gatfn
sjncs aft E@K (fncfrs dkr `rgajtfgtur`m sfrvjgfs sjngf taf E@K). Wtfunpunt
@rgajtfgtuurkpcr`gatfn & Kntwfrpwfcstrjbcfn.
Ofanfr, F. (5<<1). Inkwmjnomy t`ijno rjsi - Jnvfsthfnt cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn rf`m fst`tf cfvfm-kphfnt . Cfmdt2 Feurkn @g`cfhjg \uemjsafrs.
Ofkrof, F., & Ga`ttkp`cay`y, \. (5<<1). Orkup gkhpksjtjkn `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno. JnO. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`mCfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 740-7?:). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Ofrrjno, B. (5<<3). _a`t js ` g`sf stucy `nc wa`t js jt okkc dkr; @hfrjg`n \kmjtjg`m WgjfngfUfvjfw, :1(5), 730-763.
Ofrrjtsf, I. (5<<1). Gkntrkmmjno gksts `nc qu`mjty jn taf f`rmy pa`sfs kd taf `ggkhhkc`tjkn prkgfss . Cfmdt2 TWWC.
Ojddkrc, U. (5<<5). Fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy2 prjngjpmfs `nc pr`gtjgf . Gkmfvjmmf, _@2
Kptjh`m ekkis.
Ojddkrc, U., Ajnf, C. _., Hummfr-Gmfhh, _., Ufynkmcs, C. @. B., & Wa`w, I. . (5<<<).Cfgkcjno Hkcfrn @rgajtfgturf - @ Mfns Hkcfm @pprk`ga dkr Vncfrst`ncjno taf
@fstaftjg Cjddfrfngfs kd @rgajtfgts `nc M`ypfrskns. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc efa`vjkr, 75(5),
047-01?.
Ojddkrc, U., Ajnf, C. _., Hummfr-Gmfhh, _., & Wa`w, I. . (5<<5). _ay `rgajtfgt `nc
m`ypfrskns bucof eujmcjnos cjddfrfntmy2 gkonjtjvf prkpfrtjfs nc paysjg`m e`sfs. Bkurn`mkd @rgajtfgtur`m `nc \m`nnjno Ufsf`rga, 0:(5), 070-031.
Ojofrfnzfr, O. (0::0). Akw tk h`if gkonjtjvf jmmusjkns cjs`ppf`r2 efyknc afurjstjgs `nc
ej`sfs. Jn _. Wtrkfef & H. Afwstknf (Fcs.), Furkpf`n Ufvjfw kd Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy -Tkmuhf 5 (pp. 17-006). Gajgafstfr2 _jmfy.
Ojofrfnzfr, O. (5<<?). Out dffmjnos. Saf jntfmmjofngf kd taf ungknsgjkus . Nfw Zkri2 Tjijno.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 305/341
51:
Ojofrfnzfr, O., & Wfmtfn, U. (5<<0). Ekuncfc r`tjkn`mjty - taf `c`ptjvf tkkmijt . G`herjcof,
H`ss`gausftts2 HJ \rfss.
Ojofrfnzfr, O., kcc, \. H., & @EG rfsf`rga orkup (0:::). Wjhpmf afurjstjgs ta`t h`if ussh`rt . Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Ojumj`nj, H. T., & Wgkpfmmjtj, H. (5<<:). Fhpjrjg`m rfsf`rga jn fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakm-
koy2 \`st, prfsfnt, `nc duturf. Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 5:(7), 7?6-714.
Om`cwfmm, H. (5<<6). Emjni - taf \kwfr kd Sajnijno wjtakut Sajnijno . Mknckn2 \fnoujn
Ekkis Mtc.
Omuni, V., & Kmjf, U. (5<<1). Cf smfutfm tkt suggfs - Gumtuur, s`hfnwfrijno fn jnnkv`tjf jncf ekuw (Saf ify tk suggfss). Okuc`2 Ufojfr``c Ekuw & \WJEkuw.
Omusefro, B. (Fc.). (0::5). @ cfg`cf kd UJE@ Wtucfnt Gkhpftjtjkns . Mknckn2 @g`cfhy
Orkup Mtc.
Okrf, B., E`nis, @., Hjmmw`rc, M., & Iyrj`ijcku, K. (5<<4). N`tur`mjstjg Cfgjsjkn
H`ijno `nc Kro`njz`tjkns2 Ufvjfwjno \r`oh`tjg Wgjfngf. Kro`njz`tjkn Wtucjfs,5?(?), :56-:35.
Orffn, W. C., & Hkss, O. _. (0::1). T`muf h`n`ofhfnt `nc pkst-kggup`ngy fv`mu`tjkn2
gmksjno taf mkkp. D`gjmjtjfs, 04(0/5), 73-7:.
Ork`t, M. (0:15). Hf`njno jn pkst-hkcfrn `rgajtfgturf2 @n fx`hjn`tjkn usjno taf hum-
tjpmf skrtjno t`si. Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 5(0), 7-55.
Ork`t, M., & _`no, C. (5<<5). @rgajtfgtur`m rfsf`rga hftakcs . Nfw Zkri2 Bkan _jmfy &
Wkns.
Outh`n, U. (0:11). @rgajtfgtur`m \r`gtjgf - ` grjtjg`m vjfw . Nfw Zkri2 \rjngftkn
@rgajtfgtur`m \rfss.A`gih`n, B. U. (5<<7). Mf`rnjno hkrf ey grkssjno mfvfms2 fvjcfngf drkh jrpm`nfs, akspj-
t`ms, `nc krgafstr`s. Bkurn`m kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Efa`vjkr, 53, :<6-:55.
A`an, H., M`wskn, U., & Mff, Z. O. (0::5). af fddfgts kd tjhf prfssurf `nc jndkrh`tjkn
mk`c kn cfgjsjkn qu`mjty. \sygakmkoy `nc H`riftjno, :(6), 746-7?1.
A`hfm, U. (0::<). Kvfr aft cfnifn v`n cf `rgajtfgt9 ffn gkonjtjfd psygakmkojsgaf efsgarjbvjnov`n aft kntwfrpprkgfs ejb `rgajtfgtfn (Kn cfsjonjno ey `rgajtfgts9 ` gkonjtjvf psygakmkojg`mcfsgrjptjkn kd taf `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon prkgfss). @hstfrc`h2 @A@ Ekkis/ Vnjvfrsjty kd
@hstfrc`h.
A`rrjskn, F. D. (0:::). Saf H`n`ofrj`m Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno \rkgfss . Ekstkn2 AkuoatknHjddmjn.
Afjberkgi, D. (5<<1, 6 @uoust). @`nefstfcjnosrfofms vfr`rhfn `rgajtfgtuur @`nefstfcjnosrfofms vfr`rhfn `rgajtfgtuur . Gkekuw , rf-
trjfvfc drkh www.gkekuw.nm.
Afiifrt, \. (5<<4). Cfsjon `fstaftjgs2 \rjngjpmfs kd pmf`surf jn prkcugt cfsjon.Cfsjon `fstaftjgs2 \rjngjpmfs kd pmf`surf jn prkcugt cfsjon. \sygakmkoyWgjfngf, 31(5), 06?-0?5.
Afiifrt, \., & v`n _jfrjnofn, \. G. _. (0::7). Kkrcffm kvfr iunst - Iw`mjtfjtsefkkrcfmjnofnjn cf effmcfncf iunst (Ufsf`rga rfpkrt). @hstfrc`h2 Vnjvfrsjty kd @hstfrc`h.
Afiifrt, \., & v`n _jfrjnofn, \. G. _. (0::4). Ef`uty jn taf fyf kd fxpfrt `nc nknfx-Ef`uty jn taf fyf kd fxpfrt `nc nknfx-
pfrt efakmcfrs2 @ stucy jn taf `ppr`js`m kd `rt. @hfrjg`n Bkurn`m kd psygakmkoy, 0<:(7),71:-3<?.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 306/341
5:<
Auee`rc, \. (0::4). Gkndmjgtjno jntfrprft`tjkns kd `rgajtfgturf2 `n fhpjrjg`m jnvfstjo`-
tjkn. Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 04, ?6-:5.
Afrzefro, D., H`usnfr, E., & Wnycfrh`n, E. (0:6:). Saf Hktjv`tjkn tk _kri . Nfw Zkri2
_jmfy.
Afynfn, A. (Fc.). (5<<0). Kvfrafjcskpcr`gatfn `rgajtfgtuur. Wtr`tfojfén vkkr iw`mjtfjt
(\rkgurfhfnt jn `rgajtfgturf. Wtr`tfojfs dkr qu`mjty). Erussfm2 \kmjtfj`.
Ajbcr`, . @. (5<<?). Sr`nsp`r`ntjf & ckfmofrjgatf gkhpftjtjf - Aft fddjgjfnt sfmfgtfrfn v`n ffnh`ritp`rtjb kp e`sjs v`n ffn hffrvkucjof kntwjiifm/kntwfrpkpcr`gat w``rejb cf sfmfgtjfzk`ms kp prjbs `ms iw`mjtfjt vjnct (Sr`nsp`rfngy & purpksfdum gkhpftjtjkn). VnpuemjsafcVnpuemjsafc
HWg, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy, Cfmdt.
Akcoijnskn, O., & Wt`reugi, _. A. (5<<1`). Kro`njz`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno2 h`ppjno
tfrr`jns kn cjddfrfnt pm`nfts. Jn O. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf KxdkrcA`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 0-5:). Kxdkrc2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty
\rfss.
Akcoijnskn, O., & Wt`reugi, _. A. (Fcs.). (5<<1e). Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kdKro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno . Kxdkrc2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Akcoijnskn, O., & _rjoat, O. (5<<4). Nfjtafr Gkhpmftjno taf \r`gtjgf urn, nkr
Fnrjgajno taf \rkgfss r`cjtjkn2 Wfgknc`ry Hjsjntfrprft`tjkns kd ` G`sf @n`mysjs
Ufgknsjcfrfc. Kro`njz`tjkn Wtucjfs, 5? , 01:6-0:<0.
Ako`rta, U. H. (0:11). Bucofhfnt `nc Gakjgf - Saf psygakmko y kd cfgjsjkn (5 fc.).
Gajgafstfr2 Bkan _jmfy & Wkns.
Ako`rta, U. H. (5<<5). Cfgjcjno `n`mytjg`mmy kr trustjno ykur jntujtjkn; af `cv`nt`ofs
`nc cjs`cv`nt`ofs kd `n`mytjg `nc jntujtjvf takuoat. Vnpuemjsafc Ga`ptfr. JGUF@
`nc \khpfu D`er` Vnjvfrsjty.Ako`rta, U. H. (5<<6). Cfgjcjno `n`mytjg`mmy kr trustjno ykur jntujtjkn; af `cv`n-
t`ofs `nc cjs`cv`nt`ofs kd `n`mytjg `nc jntujtjvf takuoat. Jn . A. Eftsga, W. (Fc.),
Saf Ukutjnfs kd Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 4?-15). H`aw`a, NB2 M`wrfngf Frme`uh
@sskgj`tfs.
Ako`rta, U. H., & Wgakfh`ifr, \. (5<<6). Efyknc Emjni2 @ Ga`mmfnof tk Efa`vjkr`m
Cfgjsjkn H`ijno. Bkurn`m kd Efa`vjkr`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno, 01, 7<6-7<:.
Akuefn, D. (5<<?, 57 Bumy). Kpcr`gatofvfr vjnct zjbn `rgajtfgt (Gmjfnt djncs jts `rgajtfgt).Djn`ngjffm C`oem`c, p. 6, rftrjfvfc drkh www.dc.nm.
Akwfs, Z., & Ojddkrc, U. (5<<:). Wt`emf kr Cyn`hjg T`muf Jhpkrt`ngf;2 af Jntfr`gtjknEftwffn Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno jn Fnvjrknhfnt`m Jssufs T`muf Fnckrsfhfnt Mfvfm `nc
Wjtu`tjkn`m Cjddfrfngfs kn. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc Efa`vjkr, 30(3), 63:-615.
Auee`rc, \. (0::4). Gkndmjgtjno jntfrprft`tjkns kd `rgajtfgturf2 `n fhpjrjg`m jnvfstjo`-
tjkn. Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 04(5), ?6-:5.
Auttkn, U. B. E., & Imfjn, O. (0:::). Fxpfrt Cfgjsjkn h`ijno.Fxpfrt Cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Wystfhs Fnojnffrjno, 5(0),
75-36.
JGK\ (5<<4). @rgajWfmfgt®2 ffn njfuwf hftakcf vkkr `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfs (@rgajWfmfgt2
nfw hftakc dkr `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns). Ukttfrc`h, rftrjfvfc drkh www.jgkp.nm.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 307/341
5:0
Jvkry, G. (5<<6). af gumt kd gustkhfr rfspknsjvfnfss2 js cfsjon jnnkv`tjkn taf prjgf kd `
gmjfnt-dkgusfc gknstrugtjkn jncustry; Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt `nc Fgknkhjgs, 57(1),
140-1?<.
B`giskn, \. (0:17). \rjngjpmfs `nc prkemfhs kd p`rtjgjp`nt kesfrv`tjkn. Ofkor`djsi` @nn`mfr, 46(E 0), 7:-34.
B`giskn, . (0::?). Wurvfy - H`n`ofhfnt Gknsumt`ngy2 Orkwta `nc Ufvfnufs Wffh tk efVnstkpp`emf. Djn`ngj`m Sjhfs .
B`gkesfn, ., & Akdfm, M. (5<<5). @fstaftjg bucohfnts kd nkvfm or`pajg p`ttfrns2 `n`mysfs
kd jncjvjcu`m bucohfnts. \frgfptu`m `nc Hktkr Wijmms, :6(7), ?66-?44.
B`njs, J. M. (0:15). Orkuptajni2 \sygakmkojg`m stucjfs kd pkmjgy cfgjsjkns `nc dj`sgks . Ekstkn2Ekstkn2
Akuoatkn Huddmjn.
B`nsfn, @., Ikmih`n, W., Iujbpfrs, \., \rjfs, D., v`n Uffuwjbi, ., _jttfvffn, E., ft `m.
(5<<?). Ounnfn kp w``rcf (T`muf e`sfc gkntr`gt `mmkg`tjkn). Okuc`2 \WJEkuw.
B`nsfn, G. F. G. (5<<:). Mfjcr``c @`nefstfcfn (\rkgurfhfnt Oujcf). Okuc`2 Ufojfr``c
Ekuw.
B`nsfn, U., Oôssmjno, ., Hfris, J., & Ofurts, B. (5<<6). Saf Pu`mjty kd Kro`njz`tjkn`mCfgjsjkn-h`ijno2 Gkmmfgtjno Cfgjsjkn H`ifrs‚ \frgfptjkn. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf FOKW
Gkmmkqujuh, Efrmjn, Ofrh`ny.
Bfngis, G. (Fc.). (0:1?). Saf @rgajtfgturf kd Cfhkgr`gy - taf \akfnjx hunjgjp`m okvfrnhfntgfntfr cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn. Mknckn2 @g`cfhy Orkups Mtc.
Bknfs, G., & Mjvnf-`r`nc`ga, U. (5<<1). Cfsjonjno ` dr`hf2 raftkrjg`m str`tfojfs kd `r-
gajtfgts. Bkurn`m kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Efa`vjkr, 5:, 0<?6‗0<::.
I`anfh`n, C. (5<<7). @ \frspfgtjvf kn Bucohfnt `nc Gakjgf - H`ppjno EkuncfcU`tjkn`mjty. @hfrjg`n \sygakmkojst, 61(:), 4:?-?5<.
I`anfh`n, C., Wmkvjg, \., & vfrsiy, @. (0:15). Bucofhfnt uncfr Vngfrt`jnty9 Afurjstjgs`nc Ej`sfs . G`herjcof2 G`herjcof Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
I`anfh`n, C., & vfrsiy, @. (0:?:). \rkspfgt afkry2 `n `n`mysjs kd cfgjsjkn uncfr rjsi.
Fgknkhftrjg`, 3?(5), 547-5:0.
I`anfh`n, C., & vfrsiy, @. (0:13). Gakjgfs, v`mufs `nc dr`hfs. @hfrjg`n \sygakmkojst(7:), 730-76<.
I`atrj, N., & No, A. @. (5<<<). af Ukmf kd Jntujtjkn jn Wtr`tfojg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno.af Ukmf kd Jntujtjkn jn Wtr`tfojg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno.
Auh`n Ufm`tjkns, 67(0), 6?-14.I`nk, N. (0:13). @ttr`gtjvf qu`mjty nc hust-ef qu`mjty. Saf Bkurn`m kd taf B`p`nfsf Wkgjfty
dkr Pu`mjty Gkntrkm (@prjm), 7:-31.
I`pm`n, W. (0:1?). @fstaftjgs, @ddfgt, `nc Gkonjtjkn2 Fnvjrknhfnt`m \rfdfrfngf drkh `n
Fvkmutjkn`ry \frspfgtjvf. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc Efa`vjkr, 0:(0), 7-75.
I`rh`nkv, C. (5<<:). Dffmjno taf M`ncsg`pf2 Wjx \sygakmkojg`m Wtucjfs jntk M`ncsg`pfFxpfrjfngf. Vnpuemjsafc \aC, _`ofnjnofn Vnjvfrsjty, _`ofnjnofn.
I`zfhj`n, U., & Uônn, H. (5<<:). Djnnjsa `rgajtfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkns2 strugturf, grjtfrj``nc bucofhfnt prkgfss. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 7?(5), 0?4-014.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 308/341
5:5
Ifmmy, B. (5<<?). H`ijno gmjfnt v`mufs fxpmjgjt jn v`muf h`n`ofhfnt wkrisakps.
Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt `nc Fgknkhjgs, 56(3), 376-335.
Ifmmy, B., H`mf, W., & Or`a`h, C. (5<<3). T`muf H`n`ofhfnt kd Gknstrugtjkn \rkbfgts .Kxdkrc2 Em`giwfmm \uemjsajno.
Ifnnjspkrt`m Furkpfsf @`nefstfcjno (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc 03 H`y 5<<: drkh attp2//www.
furkpfsf``nefstfcjnofn.fu.
Ifrstfn, U. @. F. H., _kmtjno, @., tfr Efiif, H. O. @., & Erfoh`n, @. O. (5<<:).
Ufjswjbzfr Ofejfcskntwjiifmjno 5<<: - ffn pr`itjsgaf rkutfefsgarjbvjno vkkr h`ritp`r-tjbfn fn kvfrafcfn (Oujcfekki Vre`n @rf` Cfvfmkphfnt 5<<:) . Cfn A``o2 Hjnjstfrjf
v`n Tkmisaujsvfstjno, Uujhtfmjbif Krcfnjno fn Hjmjfuefaffr.
Ia mjc, A. H., & Afm`ncfr, H. O. (5<<4). Gustkhfr Fhktjkn m Nffcs jn \rkcugtGustkhfr Fhktjkn`m Nffcs jn \rkcugt
Cfsjon. Gkngurrfnt Fnojnffrjno, 03(7), 0:?-5<4.
Ijfsfr, @., & _fmmstfjn, I. (5<<1). Ck @gtjvjtjfs kd Gknsumt`nts `nc H`n`ofhfnt
Wgjfntjsts @ddfgt Cfgjsjkn H`ijno ey H`n`ofrs; Jn O. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi
(Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 3:6-604). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Ijno, W. (0:17). Gk-Cfsjon2 @ \rkgfss kd Cfsjon \`rtjgjp`tjkn. Nfw Zkri2 T`n Nkstr`nc
Ufjnakmc.
Imfjn, O. (0::7). @ rfgkonjtjkn-prjhfc cfgjsjkn (U\C) hkcfm kd r`pjc cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Jn O. Imfjn, B. Kr`s`nu, U. G`mcfrwkkc & G. F. Rs`heki (Fcs.), Cfgjsjkn H`ijno jn @gtjkn2 Hkcfms `nc Hftakcs (pp. 071-03?). Nkrwkkc2 @emfx.
Imfjn, O. (0::?). af gurrfnt st`tus kd taf n`tur`mjstjg cfgjsjkn h`ijno dr`hfwkri. Jn U.
W. Dmjn, Fcu`rck9 Wtrue, Hjga`fm9 H`rtjn, Mynnf (Fc.), Cfgjsjkn h`ijno uncfr strfss
- fhfrojno tafhfs `nc `ppmjg`tjkns . @mcfrsakt2 @sao`tf.Imfjn, O. (0::1). Wkurgfs kd pkwfr - akw pfkpmf h`if cfgjsjkns . G`herjcof, H`ss`gausftts2
af HJ \rfss.
Imfjn, O. (5<<3). Saf \kwfr kd Jntujtjkn - Akw tk usf ykur out dffmjnos tk h`if efttfr cfgj-sjkns `t wkri . Nfw Zkri2 Gurrfngy Ckuemfc`y.
Ikfnfn, J. (5<<:, 56 Wfptfhefr). @`nefstfcjnosimjh``t jn e&u stui ounstjofr c`n jn
oww (fncfr sjtu`tjkn jn utjmjtjfs mfss nfo`tjvf ta`n jn jndr`strugturf). Gkekuw , rf-
trjfvfc drkh www.gkekuw.nm.
Ikkmwjbi, B., Ofr`fcts, U., & Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E. (5<<6). \rfqu`mjdjg`tjkn kd gkntr`g-
tkrs e`sfc kn p`st pfrdkrh`ngf . Cfmdt2 Ifnnjsgfntruh Ekuwprkgfsjnnkv`tjf.Irfjnfr, I. (5<<4). @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns - @ g`sf-stucy . Gkpfna`ofn2 Gfntfr dkr
H`n`ofhfnt Wtucjfs kd taf Eujmcjno \rkgfss.
Irfjnfr, I. (5<<?`). Gknstrugtjno taf gmjfnt jn `rgajtfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkn - `n ftankor`pajgstucy kd rfvf`mfc str`tfojfs . \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf FOKW 5<<?.
Irfjnfr, I. (5<<?e). Wtr`tfojg Gakjgfs jn Vninkw`emf _krmcs . Gkpfna`ofn2 Gfntfr dkr
H`n`ofhfnt Wtucjfs kd taf Eujmcjno \rkgfss.
Irfjnfr, I. (5<<1). @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns - Fhpjrjg`m Kesfrv`tjkns `nc Wtr`tfojgJhpmjg`tjkns dkr @rgajtfgtur`m Djrhs . \`pfr prfsfntfc t taf @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns
Nkrcjg Wyhpksjuh.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 309/341
5:7
Irkfsf, U. B., Hfjbfr, D., & Tjssgafr, A. (5<<1). Cf tkfp`ssjno v`n Furkpfsf ``nefstfcjnos-rfofms ejb `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfs (Jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd prkgurfhfnt rumfs `t `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns) .
Cfmdt2 Kncfrzkfisjnstjtuut KE.
Iuer, H. (5<<5). H`n`ofhfnt Gknsumtjno2 @ oujcf tk taf prkdfssjkn. Ofnfv`2 Jntfrn`tjkn`m
M`ekur Kddjgf.
M`hknt, H. (5<<:). Akw prkdfsskrs tajni - jnsjcf taf gurjkus wkrmc kd `g`cfhjg bucohfnt .G`herjcof, H`ss`gausftts2 A`rv`rc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
M`no, B. (0:1?). Grf`tjno `rgajtfgtur`m tafkry. Saf rkmf kd efa`vjkr`m sgjfngfs jn fnvjrknhfn-t`m cfsjon. Nfw Zkri2 T`n Nkstr`nc Ufjnakmc Gkhp`ny.
M`nodfmct, M. (5<<0). af Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno Gknstr`jnts `nc \rkgfssfs kd Or`nt \ffr
Ufvjfw, `nc afjr Fddfgts kn taf Ufvjfw Kutgkhf. Wkgj`m Wtucjfs kd Wgjfngf, 70(4),
15<-130.
M`nomfy, @., Hjntzefro, A., \jtgafr, \., \ks`c`, F., & W`jnt-H`g`ry, B. (0::6). Kpfnjno
Vp Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno2 af vjfw drkh taf Em`gi Wtkkm. Kro`njz`tjkn Wgjfngf, 4(7),
54<-5?:.
M`ns, _., & Tkmifr, M. (5<<1). Fxpmkrjno taf `ssfsshfnt kd ` bury p`nfm jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjonfcug`tjkn `nc pr`gtjgf \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf JGFUJ 5<<1. Jntfrn`tjkn`m Gkndfrfngf
kd Fcug`tjkn, Ufsf`rga `nc Jnnkv`tjkn, H`crjc.
M`rskn, H. W. (0::3). @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns `nc Cjsgursjvf Fvfnts. Safkry `ncWkgjfty, 57(3), 34:-6<3.
M`z`rus, U. W. (0::<). Fhktjkn `nc @c`pt`tjkn. Kxdkrc2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Mf C`ntfg, G. @., & Z-Mufn Ck, F. (5<<:). af hfga`njshs kd v`muf tr`nsdfr jn cfsjon
hfftjnos. Cfsjon Wtucjfs, 7<(5), 00:-07?.
Mfrnfr, W., & Ifmtnfr, C. (5<<<). Df`r, `nofr `nc rjsi. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty `nc Wkgj`m\sygakmkoy, 10(0), 034-06:.
Mfrnfr, W., & jfcfns, R. (5<<4). \krtr`jt kd taf `nory cfgjsjkn h`ifr. Akw `ppr`js`m tfn-
cfngjfs sa`pf `nofr‚s jndmufngf kn gkonjtjkn. Bkurn`m kd Efa`vjkr`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno,0:(5), 006-07?.
Mjpsajtz, U., Imfjn, O., & G`rrkmm, B. W. (5<<4). N`tur`mjstjg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno `nc
Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno2 Fxpmkrjno taf Jntfrsfgtjkns. Kro`njz`tjkn Wtucjfs,5?(?), :0?-:57.
Mjpsajtz, U., Imfjn, O., Kr`s`nu, B., & W`m`s, F. (5<<0). `ijno stkgi kd N`tur`mjstjg
Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (Dkgus `rtjgmf). Bkurn`m kd Efa`vjkr`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno, 03(6),770-765.
Mjpst`ct, A. (5<<6, 0? nc 01 Nkvfhefr). Saf Gkhpftjtjkn jn taf Ufojkn‚s \`st, taf Ufojknjn taf Gkhpftjtjkns Duturf. \`pfr prfsfntfc t taf af \kmjtjgs kd Cfsjon2 Gkhpftjtjkns
dkr \uemjg \rkbfgts, Nfw Zkri.
Mkf, F. (5<<<). Saf T`muf kd @rgajtfgturf2 Gkntfxt `nc Gurrfnt Sajnijno . Mknckn2 UJE@
Duturf Wtucjfs.
Mkvf, \. F. C., C`vjs, \. U., Fcw`rcs, C. B., & E`gg`rjnj, C. (5<<1). Vngfrt`jnty `vkjc-
`ngf2 puemjg sfgtkr gmjfnts `nc prkgurfhfnt sfmfgtjkn. Jntfrn`tjkn`m Bkurn`m kd \uemjg
Wfgtkr H`n`ofhfnt, 50(?), ?67-??4.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 310/341
5:3
Mye``rt, B. (5<<1, 57 @uoust). Dkutbf2 rgajtfgt h`o tkga njft Vtrfgatsf ejemjktaffi eku-
wfn (Wmjp-up2 `rgajtfgt js nkt `mmkwfc tk cfsjon mjer`ry `dtfr `mm). cf Tkmisir`nt, p. 0,
rftrjfvfc drkh www.vkmisir`nt.nm.
H``nc`o, E. (5<<?). Ftfn hft ffn `ggkunt`ntsvfrim`rjno (A`vjno cjnnfr wjta `n djn`n-
gj`m st`tfhfnt). Cf @rgajtfgt (Bunf), 7<-76.
H``nc`o, E. (5<<1). Ekuwiuncf - pkrtr`jt kd taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf kd Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjtykd Sfgankmkoy 0:?<-5<<1 . Cfmdt2 V Cfmdt, d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf.Cfmdt2 V Cfmdt, d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf.
H``rmfvfmc, H., Tkmifr, M., & v`n cfr Tkkrct, . B. H. (5<<:). Hf`surjno fhpmkyff s`t-Hf`surjno fhpmkyff s`t-
jsd`gtjkn jn nfw kddjgfs ‗ taf _KCJ tkkmijt. Bkurn`m kd D`gjmjtjfs H`n`ofhfnt, ?(7),
010 - 0:?.
H`ghjmm`n, W. (5<<6). Efttfr cfsjonfc eujmcjno2 jhprkvjno taf v`mu`tjkn kd jnt`nojemfs (Wuhh`ry). G`herjcof2 Fgmjpsf Ufsf`rga Gknsumt`nts.
H`ghjmm`n, W. (5<<4). @ccfc v`muf kd okkc cfsjon. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn,73(7), 56?-5?0.
H`ghjmm`n, W. (Fc.). (5<<3). Cfsjonjno Efttfr Eujmcjnos . Mknckn2 Wpkn \rfss.
H`nzknj, E. (5<0<). @ Gkntfnt @n`mysjs kd 76 Zf`rs kd Grkss-Cjsgjpmjn`ry Ufsf`rga kn @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns . \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf Gknstrugtjkn H`ttfrs Gkndfrfngf.
H`nzknj, E., Hkrrjs, \., & Whyta, A. (5<<:). Fqujppjno prkbfgt tf`hs tk wjn tfncfrs2 `njnsjoat jntk Jt`mj`n `rgajtfgturf prkbfgts. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 56ta @nnu`m @UGKH
Gkndfrfngf, Nkttjnoa`h, VI.
H`r`ns, U. _., & Wprfgifmhfyfr, I. D. (0:15). Hf`surjno Kvfr`mm @rgajtfgtur`m Pu`mjty2
@ Gkhpknfnt kd Eujmcjno Fv`mu`tjkn. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc efa`vjkr, 03(4), 465-4?<.
H`rga, B. O. (0::?). Vncfrst`ncjno akw cfgjsjkns a`ppfn jn kro`njz`tjkns. Jn R. Wa`pjr`(Fc.), Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno . G`herjcof VI2 G`herjcof Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
H`rga, B. O., & Wjhkn, A. @. (0:61). Kro`njz`tjkns . Nfw Zkri2 Bkan _jmfy.
H`rius, . @. (5<<7). Mfsskns drkh taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga &Jndkrh`tjkn, 70(6), 7::-3<6.
Hjfo, A. @. (5<<0). Saf skgj`m psygakmkoy kd fxpfrjfngf - G`sf stucjfs jn rfsf`rga, prkdfssjkn`mckh`jns, `nc fxpfrt rkmfs . H`aw`a2 Frme`uh.
Hjfo, A. @. (5<<4). Wystfh fxpfrts `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn tr`nscjsgjpmjn`ry prkbfgts.
Jntfrn`tjkn`m Bkurn`m kd Wust`jn`ejmjty jn Ajoafr Fcug`tjkn, ?(7), 730-760.
Hjmms, O. U., @ustjn, W. @., akhskn, C. W., & Cfvjnf-_rjoat, A. (5<<:). @ppmyjno `Vnjvfrs`m Gkntfnt `nc Wtrugturf kd T`mufs jn Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt. Bkurn`m kdEusjnfss Ftajgs, :<(5), 3?7-6<0.
Hjntzefro, A., @amstr`nc, E., & M`hpfm, B. (0::1). Wtr`tfoy W`d`rj2 @ oujcfc tkur tarkuoataf _jmcs kd Wtr`tfojg H`n`ofhfnt . Nfw Zkri2 Drff \rfss.
Hkkrf, O. F. (0:<7). \rjngjp` Ftajg` . G`herjcof2 G`herjcof Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Hkrrfmm, I. (5<<1). af N`rr`tjvf kd ‑Fvjcfngf E`sfc‚ H`n`ofhfnt2 @ pkmfhjg. Bkurn`mkd H`n`ofhfnt Wtucjfs, 36(7), 407-476.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 311/341
5:6
Hksjfr, I. M., & Djsgafr, V. H. (5<<:). Ckfs @ddfgt H`ttfr jn N`tur`mjstjg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno; \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf NCH:, taf Njnta Jntfrn`tjkn`m Gkndfrfngf kn N`tur`mjstjg
Cfgjsjkn H`ijno, Mknckn.
Hur`h`tsu, U., & A`nkga, Z. (5<<6). Fhktjkns `s ` Hfga`njsh dkr Ekuncfcmy U`tjkn`m
@ofnts2 af D`st `nc Druo`m _`y. Bkurn`m kd Fgknkhjg \sygakmkoy, 54(5), 5<0-550.
N`ej, U. M. (5<<7). Fxpmkrjno taf dr`hjno fddfgts kd fhktjkn2 Ck cjsgrftf fhktjkns cjd-dfrfntj`mmy jndmufngf jndkrh`tjkn `ggfssjejmjty, jndkrh`tjkn sffijno `nc pkmjgy prfdfr-
fngf. Gkhhunjg`tjkn Ufsf`rga, 7<(5), 553-53?.
N`s`r, B. M. (0::3). Vre`n Cfsjon @fstaftjgs2 taf fv`mu`tjvf qu`mjtjfs kd eujmcjno fxtfrj-
krs. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc Efa`vjkr, 54(7), 7??-3<0.
N`s`r, B. M. (0:::). Cfsjon ey Gkhpftjtjkn2 H`ijno Cfsjon Gkhpftjtjkns _kri G`herjcof
Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
N`s`r, B. M., & I`no, B. (0:1:). @ \kst-Bury Fv`mu`tjkn2 af Kajk Wt`tf Vnjvfrsjty Cfsjon @ \kst-Bury Fv`mu`tjkn2 af Kajk Wt`tf Vnjvfrsjty Cfsjon
Gkhpftjtjkn dkr ` Gfntfr dkr taf Tjsu`m @rts. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc efa`vjkr, 50(3),
343-313.
N`s`r, B. M., & \urgfmm, @. . (0::<). Ef`uty `nc taf ef`st fxtfncfc2 inkwmfcof, strugturf`nc fv`mu`tjkn kd akusfs ey `ustr`mj`n `rgajtfgts `nc nkn-`rgajtfgts. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t
taf J@\W, @ni`r`, urify.
Nfwgkhef, U. (5<<7). Drkh gmjfnt tk prkbfgt st`ifakmcfrs2 ` st`ifakmcfr h`ppjno `p-
prk`ga. Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt `nc Fgknkhjgs, 50(1), 130-131.
Njfuwfnaujs, B. A. (0:?4). Mfojtjh`tjf fn afurjstjfi v`n aft rfgatfrmjbi kkrcffm
(Mfojtjh`tjkn `nc afurjstjg kd taf mfo`m bucofhfnt). Ufgatsofmffrcf H`o`zjbn Safhjs ,3:3-606.
Nkrh`n, C. @. (5<<5). Saf cfsjon kd fvfryc`y tajnos . Nfw Zkri2 E`sjg Ekkis.
Nkwff, T. (5<<1). @rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf kp e`sjs v`n prkgfsiw`mjtfjt - cf kntwjiifmjno v`n ffnsfmfgtjf-jnstruhfnt vkkr Furkpfsf ``nefstfcjnofn (@rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn e`sfc kn prkgfss qu`-mjtjfs). Vnpuemjsafc HWg, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy, Cfmdt.Vnpuemjsafc HWg, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy, Cfmdt.
Knt`rjk @sskgj`tjkn kd @rgajtfgts (5<<1). Akw tk Djnc, Wfmfgt `nc Fno`of `n @rgajtfgt
Vsjno Pu`mjty E`sfc Wfmfgtjkn (PEW) Uftrjfvfc 0 Cfgfhefr 5<<:, drkh www.k``.
kn.g`.
Kr`s`nu, B., & Wtr`uga, E. (0::3). Sfhpkr`m d`gtkrs jn `vj`tjkn cfgjsjkn h`ijno \`pfr prf-
sfntfc `t taf Auh`n D`gtkrs `nc Froknkhjgs Wkgjfty Hfftjno.
Ksokkc, G. F., Wugj, O. B., & `nnfne`uh, \. A. (0:6?). Saf hf`surfhfnt kd hf`njno .Vre`n`2 Vnjvfrsjty kd Jmmjnkjs \rfss.
Kvfrafjc.nm (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc : H`y 5<<:, drkh www.kvfrafjc.nm.
\`rskns, H. B. (0:1?). Akw wf uncfrst`nc `rt2 ` gkonjtjvf cfvfmkphfnt`m `ggkunt kd `fstaftjgfxpfrjfngf . G`herjcof2 G`herjcof Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
\`tjbn, _. (5<<<). Sjps v`n cf rjbisekuwhffstfr ejb cf sfmfgtjf v`n `rgajtfgtfn jn aft i`-cfr v`n cf Furkpfsf ``nefstfcjno (Sjps kd taf Gajfd Okvfrnhfnt @rgajtfgt) . Ukttfrc`h2Ukttfrc`h2
Vjtofvfrjb <0<.
\`umus, \. E., & Czjnckmft, H. . (0::7). Wkgj`m jndmufngf prkgfssfs jn orkup er`jnstkrh-Wkgj`m jndmufngf prkgfssfs jn orkup er`jnstkrh-
jno. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty `nc Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy, 43(3), 6?6-614.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 312/341
5:4
\ftfrs, F., T`stdb`mm, C., O`rmjno, ., & Wmkvjg, \. (5<<4). af rkmfs kd `ddfgt jn cfgjsjkn
h`ijno. Bkurn`m kd Efa`vjkr`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno, 0:(5), ?:-16.
\ajmjp, C. (0::4). Fss`y2 af pr`gtjg`m d`jmurf kd `rgajtfgtur`m psygakmkoy. Bkurn`m kdFnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 04(7), 5??-513.
\ajmmjps, W., H`rtjn, B., C`jnty, @. U. B., & \rjgf, @. C. D. (5<<?). Vngfrt`jnty jn efst
v`muf cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Bkurn`m kd Djn`ngj`m H`n`ofhfnt jn \rkpfrty `nc Gknstrugtjkn,05(5), 47-?5.
\ajmmjps, W., H`rtjn, B., C`jnty, @. U. B., & \rjgf, @. C. D. (5<<1). @n`mysjs kd taf qu`m-
jty `ttrjeutfs usfc jn fst`emjsajno efst v`muf tfncfrs jn taf VI skgj`m akusjno sfgtkr.
Fnojnffrjno, Gknstrugtjkn `nc @rgajtfgtur`m H`n`ofhfnt, 06(3), 7<?-75<.
\ajmmjps, ., H`nnjx, F., Nf`mf, H., & Orufndfmc, C. (5<<3). Cjvfrsf Orkups `nc
Jndkrh`tjkn Wa`rjno2 taf Fddfgts kd Gknorufnt jfs. Bkurn`m kd Fxpfrjhfnt`m Wkgj`m\sygakmkoy, 3<, 3:?-60<.
\J@NKk-v`iorkfp @`nefstfcjnosrfgat (5<<:). @dwjbzjnosefrjgatfn fn hktjvfrjnospmjgat
(Ufbfgtjkn nktjdjg`tjkns `nc hktjv`tjkn cuty). Cfn A``o2 \J@NKk FxpfrtjsfgfntruhCfn A``o2 \J@NKk Fxpfrtjsfgfntruh @`nefstfcfn.
\jbn`gifr Akrcjbi, F. A., v`n cfr Efnc, O. _., & v`n Nkuauys, B. D. (5<<:).
@`nefstfcjnosrfgat9 a`ncekfi v`n aft Furkpfsf fn aft Nfcfrm`ncsf ``nefstfcjnosrfgat(\rkgurfhfnt M`w - A`ncekki kd Furkpf`n `nc Cutga prkgurfhfnt m`w) (3 fc.). afaf
A`ouf2 WCV Vjtofvfrjb.
\jrsjo, U. H. (0:::). Rfn `nc taf @rt kd Hktkrgygmf H`jntfn`ngf - @n Jnqujry jntk T`mufs (56ta @nnjvfrs`ry fc.). Nfw Zkri2 Pujmm _jmmj`h Hkrrkw.
\mkus, W. (0::7). Saf psygakmkoy kd bucohfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno . Nfw Zkri2 HgOr`w-
Ajmm Jng.\knopfno, B., & Mjstkn, B. (5<<7). fnWfH2 ` humtjgrjtfrj` `nc humtjcfgjsjkn-h`ifrs‚
hkcfm jn tfncfr fv`mu`tjkn. Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt `nc Fgknkhjgs, 50(0), 50-7<.
\ksnfr, U. @. (5<<1). Akw bucofs tajni . G`herjcof, H`ss`gausftts2 A`rv`rc Vnjvfrsjty
\rfss.
\kstfm, C. B. (5<<0, 05 Kgtkefr). Ffn okfcf `rgajtfgt affdt offn puntfn nkcjo (@ okkc
`rgajtfgt ckfs nkt nffc pkjnts). Tkmisir`nt . Uftrjfvfc drkh www.vkmisir`nt.nm.
\r`s`c, W. (5<<3`). Gm`rjdyjno jntfntjkns2 taf Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkr. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga& Jndkrh`tjkn, 75(4), 631-660.
\r`s`c, W. (5<<3e). Jngmusjvf h`ps. Jn W. H`ghjmm`n (Fc.), Cfsjonjno Efttfr Eujmcjnos (pp.0?6-013). Mknckn VI2 Wpkn \rfss.
\rfjsfr, _. D. F., U`ejnkwjtz, A. R., & _ajtf, F. (0:11). \kst-kggup`ngy fv`mu`tjkn. Nfw
Zkri2 T`n Nkstr`nc Ufjnakmc.
\rjns, H. (5<<:). @rgajtfgtur`m v`muf. Jn W. Fhhjtt, H. \rjns & @. Cfn Kttfr
(Fcs.), @rgajtfgtur`m h`n`ofhfnt - Jntfrn`tjkn`m rfsf`rga `nc pr`gtjgf . Gajgafstfr2
_jmfy-Em`giwfmm.
\rkvjngf kd Vtrfgat (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc : H`y 5<<:, drkh www.prkvjngjf-utrfgat.nm.
\umt`r, H. (0::4). @ gkngfptu`m dr`hfwkri dkr v`muf jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. \`pfr prf-
sfntfc `t taf J@\W, Wtkgiakmh.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 313/341
5:?
\urgfmm, @. . (0:14). Fnvjrknhfnt`m \frgfptjkn `nc @ddfgt2 @ Wgafh` Cjsgrfp`ngy
Hkcfm. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc efa`vjkr, 01(7), 7-7<.
Ufojfr``c-Ekuw (5<<6). Kpcr`gatofvfrs ``n aft wkkrc (Gmjfnts spf`i). Okuc`2 Ufojfr``cOkuc`2 Ufojfr``c
Ekuw.
Ufnjfr, E., & Tkmifr, M. (5<<1). Saf @rgajtfgt `s ` Wystfh Jntfor`tkr; \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf
53ta @nnu`m @UGKH Gkndfrfngf, G`rcjdd, VI.
Ukeejns, W. \., & Bucof, . @. (5<<1). Fssfntj`ms kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Efa`vjkr (njnta fc.).
Vppfr W`ccmf Ujvfr2 \f`rskn \rfntjgf A`mm Jng.
Ukejnskn, J. H. (Fc.). (0:?5). Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno jn Vre`n \m`nnjno - `n jntrkcugtjkn tknfw hftakckmkojfs . Efvfrmy Ajmms/Mknckn2 W`of \uemjg`tjkns.
Ukif`ga, H. (0:?7). Saf N`turf kd Auh`n T`mufs . Nfw Zkri2 Drff \rfss.
Uônn, H. (5<<1). @rgajtfgtur`m \kmjgjfs `nc taf Cjmfhh`s kd @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns .\`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns Nkrcjg Wyhpksjuh.
Uônn, H. (5<0<). Fxpfrtjsf `nc bucohfnt jn `rgajtfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkns - @ tafkry dkr `ssfss-jno `rgajtfgturf qu`mjty . \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf Gknstrugtjkn H`ttfrs Gkndfrfngf.
Ukkzfneuro, N. D. H., & Ffifms, B. (0::6). \rkcugt Cfsjon2 Dunc`hfnt`ms `nc Hftakcs .Gajgafstfr2 _jmfy.
Uksfn, H., W`m`s, F., Mykns, U., & Djkrf, W. H. (5<<1). Fxpfrtjsf `nc n`tur`mjstjg cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno2 hfga`njshs kd fddfgtjvf cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jn O. Akcoijnskn & _. A.
Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 500-
57<). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Uujtfr, A., Ekfr, N.-J., Eujbs, W., Tfrsfnc``m, B., cf Erujn, @., Irkfsf, F., ft `m. (5<<:).
Dfjtfnkncfrzkfi vkkrw``rcfn jn cf ``nefstfcjnospr`itjbi (Jnqujry rfqujrfhfnt jn prkgu-rfhfnt pr`gtjgf). Vtrfgat2 Efrfnsgakt.Vtrfgat2 Efrfnsgakt.
Uunfskn, O., & Wijthkrf, H. (0:::). fncfrjno tafkry rfvjsjtfc. Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt`nc Fgknkhjgs, 0?(7), 516-5:4.
Uussfmm, B. @., _`rc, M. H., & \r`tt, O. (0:10). @ddfgtjvf qu`mjty `ttrjeutfc tk fnvjrkn-
hfnts2 @ d`gtkr `n`mytjg stucy. Fnvjrknhfnt `nc efa`vjkr, 07(7), 56:-511.
Uussk, B. F., & Wgakfh`ifr, \. A. (5<<5). Cfgjsjkns - Ofttjno jt Ujoat taf djrst Sjhf . Nfw
Zkri2 Gurrfngy Ckuemfc`y/U`nckh Akusf Jng.
W`cmfr-Whjta, F., & Wp`rrkw, \. U. (5<<1). Jntujtjkn jn Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno.
Jn O. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`mCfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 7<6-753). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
W`o`myn, M. E. (5<<6). Saf \kmjtjg`m D`erjg kd Cfsjon Gkhpftjtjkns. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf
af \kmjtjgs kd Cfsjon2 Gkhpftjtjkns dkr \uemjg \rkbfgts, Nfw Zkri.
W`m`s, F., Eurif, G. W., & Wt`om, I. G. (5<<3). Cfvfmkpjno tf`hs `nc tf`h mf`cfrs2 str`t-
fojfs `nc prjngjpmfs. Jn C. C`y, W. B. R`gg`rk & W. H. A`mpjn (Fcs.), Mf`cfr cf-vfmkphfnt dkr tr`nsdkrhjno kro`njz`tjkns2 orkwjno mf`cfrs dkr tkhkrrkw (pp. 756-766).
H`aw`a, Nfw Zkri2 M`wrfngf Frme`uh @sskgj`tfs Jng.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 314/341
5:1
W`m`s, F., Uksfn, H. @., Eurif, G. W., Okkcwjn, O. D., & Djkrf, W. (5<<4). af H`ijno
kd ` Crf`h f`h2 _afn fxpfrt tf`hs ck efst. Jn I. @. Frjgsskn, N. Ga`rnfss, \.
B. Dfmtkvjga & U. U. Akddh`n (Fcs.), G`herjcof A`ncekki kd Fxpfrtjsf `nc Fxpfrt\frdkrh`ngf . Nfw Zkri2 G`herjcof Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Wàngafz, H., \r`ts, D., @ofmm, N., & Krh`z`e`m, O. (5<<6). Humtj-Grjtfrj` Fv`mu`tjkn
dkr T`muf H`n`ofhfnt jn Gjvjm Fnojnffrjno. Bkurn`m kd H`n`ofhfnt jn Fnojnffrjno,50(7), 070-07?.
W`nofr, B. (0::4). Saf gkhpmf`t kesfrvfr; @ djfmc rfsf`rga oujcf tk kesfrv`tjkn . Mknckn2 af
D`mhfr \rfss.
W`nkdd, A. (5<<4). Humtjpmf vjfws kd p`rtjgjp`tkry cfsjon. HFSV Bkurn`m kd taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf, 57(5), 070-037.
W`uncfrs, _. W. (5<<?). Drkh `stf tk Bucohfnt2 Humtjpmf Grjtfrj` jn taf Fv`mu`tjkn
kd @rgajtfgturf. Jn _. W. W`uncfrs (Fc.), Bucojno `rgajtfgtur`m v`muf (pp. 05:-03:).
Hjnnfskt`2 Vnjvfrsjty kd Hjnnfskt` \rfss.
Wgajddfrstfjn, A. N. B., & Afiifrt, \. (Fcs.). (5<<1).(5<<1). \rkcugt fxpfrjfngf . @hstfrc`h2Fmsfvjfr.
Wgaôn, C. @. (0::0). Saf Ufdmfgtjvf \r`gtjtjknfr2 Akw \rkdfssjkn`ms Sajni jn @gtjkn.
@mcfrsakt VI2 @vfeury.
Wgaw`rtz, W. A., & Ekfanif, I. (5<<3). Fv`mu`tjno taf Wtrugturf kd Auh`n T`mufs wjta
Gkndjrh`tkry D`gtkr @n`mysjs. Bkurn`m kd Ufsf`rga jn \frskn`mjty, 71, 57<-566.
Wfntfr Nkvfh (5<<:). Jnnkv`tjkn Jntfmmjofngf2 Tfrifnnjno Grf`tjfvf Jncustrjf (Jnnkv`tjknJntfmmjofngf2 fnqujrjfs kd taf grf`tjvf jncustry). Cfn A``o2 Wfntfr Nkvfh.
Wa`pjrk, W., & Wpfngf, H. . (0::?). H`n`ofrj`m Jntujtjkn2 @ gkngfptu`m `nc Kpfr`tjkn`m
Dr`hfwkri. Eusjnfss Akrjzkns, 3<(0), 47-41.
Wjmvfrefrofr, B. (5<0<). Jn kr Kut - Dkmmkwjno ` gkntrkvfrsj`m `rgajtfgtur`m prkbfgt trakuoatarff c`ys kd bury sfssjkns . \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf Gknstrugtjkn H`ttfrs.
Wjmvfrh`n, C. (5<<?). @ vfry sakrt, d`jrmy jntfrfstjno `nc rf`skn`emy gaf`p ekki `ekut qu`mj-t`tjvf rfsf`rga. Mks @nofmfs2 W`of.
Wjhkn, A. @. (0:1?). H`ijno h`n`ofhfnt cfgjsjkns2 taf rkmf kd jntujtjkn `nc fhktjkn.
@g`cfhy kd H`n`ofhfnt Fxfgutjvf , 0(0), 6?-43.
Wjhkn, A. @. (0::?). @chjnjstr`tjvf Efa`vjkr2 @ Wtucy kd Cfgjsjkn-H`ijno \rkgfssfs jnWtr`tfojg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno \rkgfssfs jn @chjnjstr`tjvf Kro`njz`tjkns. (3ta fc.). Nfw
Zkri2 H`gHjmm`n.
Wjngm`jr, H., & @sai`n`sy, N. H. (5<<6). Jntujtjkn2 Hyta kr ` Cfgjsjkn-h`ijno tkkm;
H`n`ofhfnt Mf`rnjno, 74(7), 767-7?<.
Wm`uoatfr, F. W. (5<<3). CPJ2 taf cyn`hjgs kd cfsjon v`mufs `nc `ssfsshfnt. EujmcjnoUfsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 75(7), 536-534.
Wnfmmfn, J. . H. (0:1?). Ekfjfnc fn ofekfjc - `hejv`mfntjfs fn `hejtjfs jn cf efstuur-siuncf (D`sgjn`tjno `nc Ga`jnfc - `hejv`mfngf `nc `hejtjkns jn puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn).
@mpafn ``n cfn Ujbn2 W`hskn A.C. bffni _jmmjni.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 315/341
5::
Wnjfzfi, B. @., \`fsf, \. _., & Wwjtzfr JJJ, D. W. (0::<). af fddfgt kd gakksjno kn gkn-af fddfgt kd gakksjno kn gkn-
djcfngf jn gakjgf. Kro`njz`tjkn`m Efa`vjkr `nc Auh`n Cfgjsjkn \rkgfssfs, 34(5),
543-515.
Wk`nf, F., & Njgakmskn, N. (5<<1). Jncjvjcu`m Cjddfrfngfs `nc Cfgjsjkn H`ijno. Jn
O. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m
Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 735-74<). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.Wpfjfr, G., T`m`gjga, B. W., & Tfssfy, J. (0:::). af jndmufngf kd t`si af jndmufngf kd t`si jntfrruptjkn kn jn-
cjvjcu`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno2 `n jndkrh`tjkn kvfrmk`c pfrspfgtjvf. Cfgjsjkn Wgjfngfs, 7< ,77?-76:.
Wpkrrkno, B., & Erôganfr, B. (5<<:). \uemjg \rkgurfhfnt Jngfntjvfs dkr Wust`jn`emf Cfsjon
Wfrvjgfs2 Wwfcjsa Fxpfrjfngfs. @rgajtfgtur`m Fnojnffrjno `nc Cfsjon H`n`ofhfnt, 6,
53-76.
Wprfjrfofn, \. C. (0:?:). Cfsjon Gkhpftjtjkns . Nfw Zkri2 HgOr`w-Ajmm Ekki Gkhp`ny.
Wprfjrfofn, \. C. (5<<1). Saf Tjftn`h Tftfr`ns Hfhkrj`m Cfsjon Gkhpftjtjkn. \`pfr prf-
sfntfc t taf @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns Nkrcjg Wyhpksjuh, Wtkgiakmh.
Wt`if, U. (0::6). Saf `rt kd g`sf rfsf`rga. akus`nc K`is, G@2 W`of \uemjg`tjkns.
Wt`nkvjga, I. F., & _fst, U. D. (5<<<). Jncjvjcu`m cjddfrfngfs jn Uf`sknjno2 Jhpmjg`tjkns
dkr taf U`tjkn`mjty Cfe`tf; Efa`vjkr`m `nc Er`jn Wgjfngfs, 56(6), 436-446.
Wt`ssfr, O., & jtus, _. (0:16). \kkmjno kd Vnsa`rfc Jndkrh`tjkn jn Orkup Cfgjsjkn
H`ijno2 Ej`sfc Jndkrh`tjkn W`hpmjno Curjno Cjsgussjkns. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty `ncWkgj`m \sygakmkoy, 31, 034?-03?1.
Wtjgatjno @`nefstfcjnosjnstjtuut Ekuwfnc Nfcfrm`nc (5<<:). Ufsumt`tfn ``nefstf-
cjnosrfojstr`tjf ffrstf afmdt 5<<1 (Ufsumts tfncfr rfojstr`tjkn djrst a`md kd taf yf`r
5<<1), Uftrfjvfc 56 Dferu`ry 5<<:, drkh attp2//www.``nefstfcjnosjnstjtuut.nm/kvfrzjgat-st`tjstjfifn.
Wtjgatjno Ekuwrfsf`rga (0:1<). @rgajtfgtuurwfcstrjbcfn n`cfr efififn (@ gmksfr mkki `t @rgajtfgtur`m Cfsjon Gkhpftjtjkns ). Cfvfntfr2 Imuwfr fganjsgaf Ekfifn ET.
Wtjgatjno Eurf`u @rgajtfgtfnrfojstfr (5<<?). B``rvfrsm`o 5<<? (@nnu`m Ufpkrt 5<<?). Cfn
A``o2 Wtjgatjno Eurf`u @rgajtfgtfnrfojstfr.
Wtjgatjno Eurf`u @rgajtfgtfnrfojstfr (5<<:). _`t ckft aft WE@; (_a`t ckfs taf WE@ ck;)(_a`t ckfs taf WE@ ck;)
Uftrjfvfc 5? Nkvfhefr 5<<:, drkh attp2//www.`rgajtfgtfnrfojstfr.nm/.
Wtrkfef, _., & Cjfam, H. (0::3). _ay Orkups `rf mfss Fddfgtjvf ta`n tafjr Hfhefrs2 Kn
\rkcugtjvjty Mkssfs jn Jcf`-ofnfr`tjno Orkups. Furkpf`n Ufvjfw kd Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy,6(03?:-5??Q), 5?0 - 7<7.
Wtrkno, B. (0:?4). \`rtjgjp`tjno jn `rgajtfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkns2 @ oujcf dkr gkhpftjtkrs, prk-hktkrs `nc `ssfsskrs . Mknckn2 af @rgajtfgtur`m \rfss Mtc.
Wtrkno, B. (0::4). _jnnjno ey Cfsjon - @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns . Kxdkrc2 Euttfrwkrta
@rgajtfgturf.
Wucbjg, C. (5<<6). Gkhpftjtjkns2 taf \jtd`mms `nc taf \ktfntj`ms. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf af
\kmjtjgs kd Cfsjon2 Gkhpftjtjkns dkr \uemjg \rkbfgts, Nfw Zkri.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 316/341
7<<
Wutgmjddf, I. H., & _fjgi, I. F. (5<<1). Jndkrh`tjkn kvfrmk`c rfvjsjtfc. Jn O. Akcoijnskn
& _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 64-?6). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Wvfnsskn, G. (5<<1). Wpf`ijno kd @rgajtfgturf - ` stucy kd taf bury‚s `ssfsshfnt jn taf jn-vjtfc gkhpftjtjkn kd `n fcug`tjkn`m gfntrf jn A`odkrs, Wwfcfn . \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf
@rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns Nkrcjg Wyhpksjuh, Wtkgiakmh.Wvfnsskn, G. (5<0<). Kn Pu`mjty @ssfsshfnt jn `n @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkn. \`pfr prf-
sfntfc `t taf Gknstrugtjkn H`ttfrs Gkndfrfngf, Gkpfna`ofn.
ftmkgi, \. (0:17). @ggkunt`ejmjty `nc taf Gkhpmfxjty kd akuoat. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty`nc Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy, 36, ?3-17.
ftmkgi, \. (0::5). af Jhp`gt kd @ggkunt`ejmjty kn Bucofhfnt `nc Gakjgf2 kw`rc `
Wkgj`m Gkntjnofngy Hkcfm. @cv`ngfs jn Fxpfrjhfnt`m Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy, 56, 770-7?4.
funjssfn, M. (5<<:). Ffn `ncfrf ijbi kp cf pr`itjbi (@nktafr mkki `t pr`gtjgf). Cf @rgajtfgt, 3<(3), 33-3:.
akhpskn, C. D. (0:1<). Hkr`m rfspknsjejmjty kd puemjg kddjgj`ms2 af prkemfh kd h`ny
a`ncs. Saf @hfrjg`n \kmjtjg`m Wgjfngf Ufvjfw, ?3, :<6-:04.
akhskn, C. W., @ustjn, W. @., Cfvjnf-_rjoat, A., & Hjmms, O. U. (5<<7). H`n`ojno
v`muf `nc qu`mjty jn cfsjon. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 70(6), 773-736.
ayssfn, H. A., Fhhjtt, W., Eknif, W., & Ijri-Garjstkddfrsfn, @. (5<0<). D`gjmjt`tjno D`gjmjt`tjno
Gmjfnt T`muf Grf`tjkn jn taf Gkngfptu`m Cfsjon \a`sf kd Gknstrugtjkn \rkbfgts2 @
_krisakp @pprk`ga. @rgajtfgtur`m Fnojnffrjno `nc Cfsjon H`n`ofhfnt, 4, 01-7<.
khefsj, \. (5<<4). Okkc tajnijno `nc pkkr v`muf2 kn taf skgj`mjz`tjkn kd inkwmfcof jn
gknstrugtjkn. Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 73(7), 5?5-514.
vfrsiy, @., & I`anfh`n, C. (0:?3). Bucofhfnt uncfr ungfrt`jnty2 afurjstjgs `nc ej`sfs
Wgjfngf (016), 0053-0070.
vfrsiy, @., & I`anfh`n, C. (0:10). af dr`hjno kd cfgjsjkns `nc taf psygakmkoy kd
gakjgf. Wgjfngf (550), 0053-0070.
T`m`cfz, B. B. (0:13). Cjvfrojno hf`njnos kd cfvfmkphfnt `hkno `rgajtfgts `nc tarff
ktafr prkdfssjkn`m orkups. Bkurn`m kd Fnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 3(7), 557-551.
v`n G`hpfn, B., & Afncrjisf, B. (0::?). Ikhp`s - a`ncmfjcjno fn vkkreffmchkcfmmfn ejbaft ujtsgarjbvfn v`n prjbsvr`ofn fn hffrvkucjof kpcr`gatfn kp aft ofejfc v`n `rgajtfg-tuur, stfcfekuw fn m`ncsga`ps`rgajtfgtuur (‑Ikhp`s‚ - Oujcfmjnfs `nc hkcfms dkr cfsjon
gkhpftjtjkns) . Ukttfrc`h2 Vjtofvfrjb <0<.Ukttfrc`h2 Vjtofvfrjb <0<.
v`n cfn Erjni, H. (5<<:). Efajnc taf Wgfnfs kd Wgjfngf. Ofncfr pr`gtjgfs jn taf rfgrujthfnt`nc sfmfgtjkn kd prkdfsskrs jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. Vnpuemjsafc \aC, U`cekuc Vnjvfrsjty
Njbhfofn, Njbhfofn.
T`n cfn Ckeefmstffn, @. @. B. D. (5<<3). Saf Wust`jn`emf Kddjgf. @n fxpmkr`tjkn kd taf pk-tfntj`m dkr d`gtkr 5< fnvjrknhfnt`m jhprkvfhfnt kd kddjgf `ggkhhkc`tjkn Vnpuemjsafc
\aC, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy, Cfmdt.
v`n cfn Auri, U. (5<<1). Ufsumt`tfn Efcrjbdsvfrofmjbifnc kncfrzkfi (ETK) 5<<1 (Ufsumts
Djrh Gkhp`rjskn 5<<1). EN@EM@C (:), 0<-00.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 317/341
7<0
v`n cfn Auri, U. (5<<:). Ufncfhfntfn `rgajtfgtfner`ngaf kncfr crui (Ufturns `rgaj-
tfgturf sfgtkr uncfr prfssurf). EN@EM@C (0), 0<-00.
v`n cfr \km, M., Erkuwfr, B., B`nsfn, G., Hfnsjni, B., & Offrtsf, H. (5<<:). Furkp` fn cf`rgajtfgtfn - Wt`nc v`n z`ifn jn cf cjsgussjf kvfr Furkpfsf ``nefstfcjnofn v`n `rgajtfg-tfncjfnstfn (Furkpf `nc taf `rgajtfgts - taf st`tf kd `dd`jrs). Cfn A``o2 Hjnjstfrjf v`n
TUKH/@tfmjfr Ujbisekuwhffstfr & @rgajtfgtuur Mki``m.v`n cfr Tkkrct, C. B. H., & v`n _fofn, A. E. U. (5<<6). @rgajtfgturf jn Vsf2 `n jntrk-
cugtjkn tk taf prkor`hhjno, cfsjon `nc fv`mu`tjkn kd eujmcjnos . Kxdkrc2 @rgajtfgtur`m
\rfss.
v`n Fmckni, B. (5<<1). \rkbfgtkntwjiifmjno fn cf `rgajtfgt (\rkbfgt cfvfmkphfnt `nc taf
`rgajtfgt) A`ncekfi prkbfgtkntwjiifmjno (pp. 75<-75:)2 Uffc Eusjnfss.
v`n Offms, @. A. \., & Irjfns, B. (5<<:). Tkkrcr`gat kntwfrp st`csi`ntkkrTkkrcr`gat kntwfrp st`csi`ntkkr
(Ufgkhhfnc`tjkn cfsjon Gjty a`mm), Mfttfr tk taf Gjty Gkungjm . Ukttfrc`h2 Fxfgutjvf
Ek`rc Gjty kd Ukttfrc`h.
v`n A`rcfvfmt, J. C., & Wgaôn`u, _. D. (5<<:, 7< Kgtkefr). @rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf `ms pkm-cfrkpmkssjno (@rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn `s pkmcfr skmutjkn). Gkekuw , rftrjfvfc drkh attp2//
www.gkekuw.nm.
v`n Mkkn, \. \., Afurifns, F., & Erkniakrst, W. (5<<1). Saf Vre`n Cfgjsjkn Ukkh - @nVre`n H`n`ofhfnt Jnstruhfnt . @hstfrc`h2 Vjtofvfrjb JKW \rfss. @hstfrc`h2 Vjtofvfrjb JKW \rfss.
v`n Ukheuroa, A. C. (5<<6). Kp wfo n``r ffn njfuw ``nefstfcjnosrfgatfmjbi i`cfr jnNfcfrm`nc. Ffn prkfvf v`n ffn wft vkkr aft vfrstrfiifn v`n kvfrafjcskpcr`gatfn. (Skw`rcs (Skw`rcs` nfw prkgurfhfnt dr`hf jn taf Nftafrm`ncs). Cfvfntfr2 Imuwfr.
v`n Ukssuh, A., & cf _jmct, U. (0::4). Ujbisaujsvfstjno jn kntwjiifmjno (Okvfrnhfnt`m
Uf`m Fst`tf jn cfvfmkphfnt). Ukttfrc`h2 N@J \uemjsafrs.v`n _fzfh`fm, B. F. (5<<1). Saf Gkhpmfxjty kd Gkhpftjtjkns . \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf
@rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns Nkrcjg Wyhpksjuh, Wtkgiakmh.
v`n _jbno``rcfn, H. @., & Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E. (5<0<`). Cffm 0? Ekuw-fn @`nefstfcjnosrfgat (Eujmcjno `nc \rkgurfhfnt M`w \`rt 0?) (4 fc.). Rutpafn2 Vjtofvfrjb
\`rjs.
v`n _jbno``rcfn, H. @., & Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E. (5<0<e). Cffm 01 Ekuw- fn @`nefstfcjnosrfgat (Eujmcjno `nc \rkgurfhfnt M`w \`rt 01) (4 fc.). Rutpafn2 Vjtofvfrjb
\`rjs.
Tfrou, T. (5<<1). Uftrjfvfc 5< Bunf 5<<1 drkhUftrjfvfc 5< Bunf 5<<1 drkh attp2//www.eujmcjnodkrekuwiuncf.nm/grf`tjvfdfstjv`m/.
Tjc`jmmft, E. (5<<1). _afn ‑cfgjsjkn kutgkhfs‚ `rf nkt taf kutgkhfs kd cfgjsjkns. Jn
O. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kd Kro`njz`tjkn`mCfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 301-374). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Tjsgafr, B., & \rfjsfr, _. D. F. (5<<3). @ssfssjno Eujmcjno \frdkrh`ngfs . Mknckn2
Euttfrwkrta-Afjnfh`nn.
Tjssfr, C. (5<<:). Cf rfgatfrmjbif efsmjssjno (jn JF-z`ifn) (af cfgjsjkn kd taf bucof).
Ekfi:.nm, E:101: (04 Wfptfhefr 5<<:).
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 318/341
7<5
Tjtruvjus, \., & Hkro`n, H. A. (0:4<). Tjtruvjus2 taf tfn ekkis kn `rgajtfgturf (H. A.
Hkro`n, r`ns.). Nfw Zkri,2 Ckvfr \uemjg`tjkns.Nfw Zkri,2 Ckvfr \uemjg`tjkns.`tjkns.
Tkofms, U., Hkkjerkfi, H., & cf Trjfs, N. (5<<1). Er`ngafkncfrzkfi EN@ 5<<? (Er`ngaUfsf`rga EN@ 5<<?). @hstfrc`h2 EN@ - Wtr`tus.
Tkmifr, M., & Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E. (5<0<). \ktfntj`m gkndmjgts wjta prkgurfhfnt m`w
curjno `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf GJE _krmc Gknorfss 5<0<, W`mdkrcPu`ys - VI.
Tkmifr, M., & cf Bknof, A. (5<<?). Hftakckmkojg`m rfdmfgtjkns kn g`sf-rfsf`rga dkr p`rt-nfr sfmfgtjkn jn `rgajtfgturf. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf ajrc Wgkttjsa Gkndfrfngf dkr
\kstor`cu`tf Ufsf`rgafrs kd taf Eujmt `nc N`tur`m Fnvjrknhfnt (\UkEF), Om`sokw.
Tkmifr, M., & Afjntz, B. (5<<?). Nfoktj`tjno cfsjon gkmm`ekr`tjkn jn `rgajtfgturf2 ` g`sfstucy kd ` Furkpf`n cfsjon tfncfr. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 5<<? Gknstrugtjkn Ufsf`rga
Gknorfss, Or`nc E`a`h` Jsm`nc, E`a`h`s.
Tkmifr, M., & M`ugaf, I. (5<<1). Cfsjonjno ` cfgjsjkn h`ijno dr`hfwkri dkr bucojno cfsjon
qu`mjty. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 53ta FOKW (Furkpf`n Orkup kd Kro`njs`tjkn Wtucjfs)gkmmkqujuh, @hstfrc`h.
Tkmifr, M., M`ugaf, I., Afjntz, B. M., & cf Bknof, A. (5<<1). Cfgjcjno `ekut cfsjon qu`m-Cfgjcjno ekut cfsjon qu`m-
jty2 cfsjon pfrgfptjkn curjno ` Furkpf`n tfncfrjno prkgfcurf. Cfsjon Wtucjfs, 5:(3),
71?-3<:.
Tkmm``rc, \. (5<<:`). Ikhp`s Mjoat2 ``nefstfcjnosmfjcr``c nu knmjnf (Ikhp`s Mjoat2 tfn-
cfr h`nu`m nkw knmjnf) Uftrjfvfc 06 Cfgfhefr 5<<:, drkh www.`rgajnfc.nm.
Tkmm``rc, \. (5<<:e). ‑_f zjttfn okfc kp cf Bumj`n`m``n, vkkr`m offn jgknfn fn mfvf cf
b`rfn zfvfntjo‚ (‑Kur gurrfnt `ggkhhkc`tjkn kn taf Bumj`n`m``n dungtjkns wfmm, p`r-
tjgum`rmy nk jgkns `nc mkno mjvf taf sfvfntjfs‚). Uftrjfvfc 06 H`rga 5<<:, drkh www.`rgajnfc.nm.
vkn Nfuh`nn, B., & Hkrofnstfrn, K. (0:3?). Safkry kd o`hfs `nc fgknkhjg efa`vjkr .\rjngftkn2 \rjngftkn Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
vkn _jntfrdfmct, C., & Fcw`rcs, _. (0:14). Cfgjsjkn `n`mysjs `nc efa`vjkr`m rfsf`rga.
G`herjcof VI2 G`herjcof Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
Trkkh, T. A., & B`ok, @. O. (0:11). Saf nfw mf`cfrsajp, h`n`ojno p`rtjgjp`tjkn jn kro`nj-z`tjkns . Fnomfwkkc Gmjdds, Nfw Bfrsfy2 \rfntjgf A`mm.
_`mcfn, C., Efrofr, G., Em`uta, U., Ekofr, C., Ekmstfr, G., Eurgajmm, O., ft `m. (0::7).(0::7).
I`nk‚s Hftakcs dkr Vncfrst`ncjno Gustkhfr-cfdjnfc Pu`mjty. Gfntfr dkr Pu`mjty H`n`ofhfnt Bkurn`m, 3(5), 0-7?.
_`nc`am, W. (5<<3). T`muf g`rrjfrs jn ` gknstrugtjkn prkbfgt - akw cjddfrfnt `rf tafy; \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 05ta @nnu`m Gkndfrfngf kn Mf`n Gknstrugtjkn Afmsjnoñr,
C`nh`ri.
_`nc`am, W. (5<<6). T`muf jn Eujmcjno. Vnpuemjsafc \aC, @mekro Vnjvfrsjty, Cfnh`ri,
@`mekro.
_`tt, C. B., I`yjs, E., & _jmmfy, I. (5<0<). af rfm`tjvf jhpkrt`ngf kd tfncfr fv`mu`tjkn
`nc gkntr`gtkr sfmfgtjkn grjtfrj`. Jntfrn`tjkn`m Bkurn`m kd \rkbfgt H`n`ofhfnt, 51(0),
60-4<.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 319/341
7<7
_femfr, ., umfr, W., & Irufofr, U. (5<<0). _a`t Js ` Okkc \uemjg \`rtjgjp`tjkn \rkgfss; _a`t Js ` Okkc \uemjg \`rtjgjp`tjkn \rkgfss;
Djvf \frspfgtjvfs drkh taf \uemjg. Fnvjrknhfnt`m H`n`ofhfnt, 5?(7), 376-36<.
_fjgi, I. F. (0:4:). Saf skgj`m psygakmkoy kd kro`njzjno . Nfw Zkri2 HgOr`w Ajmm.
_fjgi, I. F. (0::6). Wfnsfh`ijno jn Kro`njz`tjkns . akus`nc K`is G@2 W`of
\uemjg`tjkns.
_fjgi, I. F., & Wutgmjddf, I. H. (5<<0). H`n`ojno taf Vnfxpfgtfc . W`n Dr`ngjsgk, G@2
Bkssfy-E`ss.
_fjgi, I. F., Wutgmjddf, I. H., & Kestdfmc, C. (0:::). Kro`njzjno dkr ajoa rfmj`ejmjty2
\rkgfssfs kd gkmmfgtjvf hjncdumnfss Ufsf`rga jn Kro`njz`tjkn`m Efa`vjkr, 50, 10-057.
_fjgi, I. F., Wutgmjddf, I. H., & Kestdfmc, C. (5<<6). Kro`njzjno `nc taf \rkgfss kd
Wfnsfh`ijno. Kro`njz`tjkn Wgjfngf, 04(3), 3<:-350.
_fjbnfn, ., & Efrckwsij, R. (5<<:). Aft tkt`mf jnikkpvkmuhf v`n Nfcfrm`ncsf kvfra-fcfn (Skt`m \urga`sjno Tkmuhf kd taf Cutga Okvfrnhfnt). Rkftfrhffr2 Jnstjtuut vkkr
Kncfrzkfi v`n Kvfrafjcsujto`vfn (JKK ev).
_fjss, A. H., & Grkp`nz`nk, U. (0::4). @ddfgtjvf Fvfnts afkry2 @ tafkrftjg`m cjsgus- @ddfgtjvf Fvfnts afkry2 @ tafkrftjg`m cjsgus-
sjkn kd taf strugturf, g`usf `nc gknsfqufngfs kd `ddfgtjvf fxpfrjfngfs `t wkri. Jn E.
H. Wt`w & M. M. Guhhhjnos (Fcs.), Ufsf`rga jn Kro`njz`tjkn`m Efa`vjkr (Tkm. 01,
pp. 0?-0:). Orffnwjga2 B@J \rfss.
_fnctf, U. (5<<3). Wgakknafjcsefkkrcfmjnofn v`n ofekuwfn, systfh`tjsgaf vfrsgajmmfn tussfnmfifn fn `rgajtfgtfn (Wystfh`tjg cjddfrfngfs eftwffn `rgajtfgts `nc nkvjgfs jn bucojno taf`fstaftjgs kd eujmcjnos). Vnpuemjsafc HWg, Vnjvfrsjtfjt v`n @hstfrc`h, @hstfrc`h.
_aytf, B. I., & O`nn, C. H. (5<<7). Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkrs2 wkri jn prkorfss.Cfsjon Pu`mjty Jncjg`tkrs2 wkri jn prkorfss.
Eujmcjno Ufsf`rga & Jndkrh`tjkn, 70(6), 71?-7:1.
_aytf, B. I., O`nn, C. H., & W`mtfr, @. B. (5<<3). Eujmcjno jncjg`tkrs kd cfsjon qu`m-
jty. Jn W. H`gHjmm`n (Fc.), Cfsjonjno Efttfr Eujmcjnos (pp. 0:6-5<6). Mknckn2 Wpkn
\rfss.
_jfrzejgij, @. \. (0::?). Kn taf Ukmf kd Jntujtjkn jn Cfgjsjkn H`ijno `nc Wkhf _`ys
kd Humtjgrjtfrj` @jc kd Jntujtjkn. Bkurn`m kd Humtj-Grjtfrj` Cfgjsjkn @n`mysjs , 4(5),
46-?4.
_jmskn, H. @. (0::4). af Wkgj`mjz`tjkn kd @rgajtfgtur`m \rfdfrfngf. Bkurn`m kdFnvjrknhfnt`m \sygakmkoy, 04(0), 77-33.
_jmskn, . C., & Wgakkmfr, B. _. (0::0). ajnijno tkk huga2 Jntrkspfgtjkn g`n rfcugf
taf qu`mjty kd prfdfrfngfs `nc cfgjsjkns. Bkurn`m kd \frskn`mjty `nc Wkgj`m \sygakmkoy,4<, 010-0:5.
_kno, G. A., Akmt, O. C., & Gkkpfr, \. @. (5<<<). Mkwfst prjgf kd v`muf; Jnvfstjo`tjkn
kd VI gknstrugtjkn gmjfnts‚ tfncfr sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt `ncFgknkhjgs, 01(?), ?4?-??3.
_krmc r`cf Kro`njz`tjkn (5<<:). Uftrjfvfc 06 Kgtkefr 5<<:, drkh www.wtk.kro.
_rjoat, O., & Okkcwjn, \. (5<<1). Wtrugturjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss2 `n fv`mu`tjkn kd
hftakcs. Jn O. Akcoijnskn & _. A. Wt`reugi (Fcs.), Saf Kxdkrc A`ncekki kdKro`njz`tjkn`m Cfgjsjkn H`ijno (pp. 673-660). Nfw Zkri2 Kxdkrc Vnjvfrsjty \rfss.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 320/341
7<3
_rjoat, \. G., & Ofrky, O. C. (0::0). Fxpfrjfngf, Bucofhfnt `nc Jntujtjkn2 Pu`mjt`tjvf
C`t`-o`tafrjno Hftakcs `s @jcs tk Wtr`tfojg \m`nnjno. Mf`cfrsajp & Kro`njz`tjknCfvfmkphfnt Bkurn`m, 05(7), 5-75.
_umz, D. (0:14). af gkngfpt kd p`rtjgjp`tjkn. Cfsjon Wtucjfs, ?(7), 067-045.
Z`nfv`, @. (5<<1). Akw Eujmcjnos ‑Wurprjsf‚2 af rfnkv`tjkns kd taf @mtf @um` jn Tjfnn`.
Wgjfngf Wtucjfs, 50(0), 1-51.
Zjn, U. I. (5<<:). G`sf Wtucy Ufsf`rga2 Cfsjon `nc Hftakcs (3 fc. Tkm. 6). Efvfrmy Ajmm,
G`m.2 W`of \uemjg`tjkns.
Rafno, M. (5<<1). @n kvfrvjfw kd tr`bfgtkrjfs kd ga`nof kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns `grkss Furkpf .\`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf @rgajtfgtur`m Gkhpftjtjkns Nkrcjg Wyhpksjuh, Wtkgiakmh.
Rs`heki, G. F. (0::?). N`tur`mjstjg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno2 _afrf `rf wf nkw; Jn G. F.
Rs`heki & O. @. Imfjn (Fcs.), N`tur`mjstjg Cfgjsjkn H`ijno . H`aw`a NB2 M`wrfngf
Frme`uh.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 321/341
7<6
Tkmifr, M. (5<0<e). Cfsjonjno ` cfsjon gkhpftjtjkn2 taf gmjfnt pfrspfgtjvf. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t
taf Cfsjon Ufsf`rga Wkgjfty 5<0< - Cfsjon & Gkhpmfxjty, Hkntrf`m - G`n`c`.
Tkmifr, M. (5<0<`). @rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn2 r`tjkn`m kr jntujtjvf cfgjsjkn-h`ijno. \`pfr prf-sfntfc `t taf @UGKH rfsf`rga wkrisakp kn cfgjsjkn-h`ijno `grkss mfvfms, tjhf `nc
sp`gf2 fxpmkrjno tafkrjfs, hftakcs `nc pr`gtjgfs, H`ngafstfr - VI.
Tkmifr, M., & Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E. (5<0<). \ktfntj`m gkndmjgts wjta prkgurfhfnt m`wcurjno `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf GJE _krmc Gknorfss 5<0<, W`mdkrc
Pu`ys - VI.
Tkmifr, M., & v`n Hffm, B. (5<0<). Cutga cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns2 mkst jn FV Cjrfgtjvfs; @rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns dkr puemjg gkhhjssjkns jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf
Gknstrugtjkns H`ttfr2 H`n`ojno Gkhpmfxjtjfs, Cfgjsjkns nc @gtjkns jn taf Eujmcjno
\rkgfss, Gkpfna`ofn - Cfnh`ri.
Ga`k-Cujvjs, H. @. E., Ikkmwjbi, B., & Tkmifr, M. (5<<:). Cf ``nefstfcjno (fncfrjno).
Jn B. _. D. _`hfmjni (Fc.), Jnmfjcjno Ekuwh`n`ofhfnt (Jntrkcugtjkn Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt) (pp. ?7-070). Cfmdt2 TWWC.Cfmdt2 TWWC.
D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf - V Cfmdt (5<<:). Eujmcjno dkr Ekuwiuncf - Kpfn tk Jcf`s . Cfmdt2
V Cfmdt.
Tkmifr, M. (5<<:). @rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfs2 Zku nfvfr oft ` sfgknc ga`ngf tk h`if ` djrst jh-
prfssjkn. cf @rgajtfgt (@prjm), 74.
Tkmifr, M., & Afjntz, B. M. (5<<:). Iw`mjtfjt (Pu`mjty). Jn B. _. D. _`hfmjni (Fc.),
Jnmfjcjno Ekuwh`n`ofhfnt (Jntrkcugtjkn Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt) (pp. 55:-540).
Cfmdt2 TWWC.
Tkmifr, M., & M`ugaf, I. (5<<:). Cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno ` tfncfrjno prkgfcurf2 g`sfCfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno ` tfncfrjno prkgfcurf2 g`sf
stucjfs kd rfstrjgtfc Furkpf`n tfncfrs jn `rgajtfgturf. Gknstrugtjkn Jndkrh`tjknPu`rtfrmy, 00(5), 4<-46.
Tkmifr, M., Rjbmstr`, A., cf Bkno, \., & v`n Ckrst, H. (5<<:). @n`mysjs kd jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn @n`mysjs kd jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn
fntrjfs. Jn V Cfmdt - d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf (Fc.), Eujmcjno dkr Ekuwiuncf - Kpfn tkJcf`s (pp. 67-61). Cfmdt2 V Cfmdt - d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf.Cfmdt2 V Cfmdt - d`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf.
D`efr, F., & Tkmifr, M. (5<<1). Kpcr`gatofvfr2 ffn furktfncfr mjoat or``o! (Gmjfnt2 ` Furk(Gmjfnt2 ` Furk
tfncfr mjoat pmf`sf!). Uf`m Fst`tf H`o`zjnf, 40(4).
M`ns, _., & Tkmifr, M. (5<<1). Fxpmkrjno taf `ssfsshfnt kd ` bury p`nfm jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjonfcug`tjkn `nc pr`gtjgf \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf JGFUJ 5<<1. Jntfrn`tjkn`m Gkndfrfngf
kd Fcug`tjkn, Ufsf`rga `nc Jnnkv`tjkn, H`crjc - Wp`jn.
Tkmifr, M. (5<<1). F`rmy cfsjon h`n`ofhfnt jn `rgajtfgturf2 p`rtnfr sfmfgtjkn `nc v`muf
bucofhfnt jn cfsjon. Jn W. C. \ryif & A. B. Whyta (Fcs.), Gkmm`ekr`tjvf Ufm`tjknsajpsjn Gknstrugtjkn (pp. 0?:-0:4). Kxdkrc2 Em`giwfmm \uemjsajno.
Tkmifr, M., & M`ugaf, I. (5<<1`). Cfgjsjkn h`ijno curjno ` tfncfrjno prkgfcurf2 g`sf stuc-jfs kd rfstrjgtfc Furkpf`n tfncfrs jn `rgajtfgturf. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 53ta @nnu`m
@UGKH Gkndfrfngf, G`rcjdd - VI.
\uemjg`tjkns rfm`tfc tk tajs rfsf`rga
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 322/341
7<4
Tkmifr, M., & M`ugaf, I. (5<<1e). Cfsjonjno ` cfgjsjkn h`ijno dr`hfwkri dkr bucojnocfsjon qu`mjty. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 53ta FOKW (Furkpf`n Orkup kd Kro`njs`tjkn
Wtucjfs) gkmmkqujuh, @hstfrc`h.
Tkmifr, M., M`ugaf, I., Afjntz, B. M., & cf Bknof, A. (5<<1). Cfgjcjno `ekut cfsjon qu`m-Cfgjcjno ekut cfsjon qu`m-
jty2 cfsjon pfrgfptjkn curjno ` Furkpf`n tfncfrjno prkgfcurf. Cfsjon Wtucjfs, 5:(3),
71?-3<:.Tkmifr, M., & cf Bknof, A. (5<<?). Hftakckmkojg`m rfdmfgtjkns kn g`sf-rfsf`rga dkr p`rt-
nfr sfmfgtjkn jn `rgajtfgturf. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf ajrc Wgkttjsa Gkndfrfngf dkr
\kstor`cu`tf Ufsf`rgafrs kd taf Eujmt `nc N`tur`m Fnvjrknhfnt (\UkEF), Om`sokw
- VI.
Tkmifr, M., & Afjntz, B. (5<<?). Nfoktj`tjno cfsjon gkmm`ekr`tjkn jn `rgajtfgturf2 ` g`sfstucy kd ` Furkpf`n cfsjon tfncfr. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 5<<? Gknstrugtjkn Ufsf`rga
Gknorfss, Or`nc E`a`h` Jsm`nc, E`a`h`s.
Tkmifr, M., & \rjns, H. (5<<4`). Grjtjg`m rfdmfgtjkns jn hf`surjno taf fddfgt kd stffrjno `gtjvj-tjfs jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf 55nc @nnu`m @UGKH Gkndfrfngf
5<<4, Ejrhjnoa`h - VI.
Tkmifr, M., & \rjns, H. (5<<4e). Mjnijno cfsjon h`n`ofhfnt tk v`muf pfrgfptjkn jn `r-gajtfgtur`m eujmcjno cfsjon. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf Jntfrn`tjkn`m Eujmt & Auh`n
Fnvjrknhfnt Ufsf`rga _ffi - 4ta Jntfrn`tjkn`m \kstor`cu`tf Ufsf`rga Gkndfrfngf
-Cfmdt.
Tkmifr, M., & \rjns, H. (5<<4g). Hf`surjno taf fddfgt kd stffrjno tfganjqufs kn v`muf grf`tjknjn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf @nnu`m rfsf`rga gkndfrfngf kd taf rky`m
jnstjtutjkn kd ga`rtfrfc survfykrs (GKEU@), Mknckn - VI.
Tkmifr, M., & \rjns, H. (5<<6). Fxpmkrjno taf pkssjejmjtjfs kd gkrrfm`tjno h`n`ofhfnt wjta
v`muf jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. \`pfr prfsfntfc `t taf Cfsjonjno T`muf2 Nfw Cjrfgtjknsjn @rgajtfgtur`m H`n`ofhfnt GJE _<:4 @rgajtfgtur`m Cfsjon H`n`ofhfnt, Mynoey
- Cfnh`ri.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 323/341
7<?
Wuhh`ry
Cfgjcjno `ekut Cfsjon Pu`mjty
T`muf bucofhfnts `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts
ey puemjg gmjfnts uncfr Furkpf`n tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns
\aC afsjs kd Mffntbf Tkmifr
af sf`rga dkr `n `rgajtfgt g`n ef ga`r`gtfrjzfc `s `n jntfr`gtjvf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss
jn wajga ` gmjfnt trjfs tk djnc `n `rgajtfgt wak g`n vjsu`mjzf `nc jhpmfhfnt taf
gmjfnts‚ nffcs nc `hejtjkns efst. ajs prkgfss js nkt wjtakut prkemfhs. ”@rgajtfgt
sk`p kpfr`‘, ”Wmjp-up, `rgajtfgt g`nnkt eujmc mjer`ry `dtfr `mm‘, `nc ”\uemjg ckfs
nkt w`nt @ eut E tk eujmc tkwn kddjgf‘ `rf bust skhf nfwsp`pfr af`cmjnfs ta`t
a`vf ckhjn`tfc taf jh`of kd tfncfr prkgfcurfs jn wajga Cutga puemjg gmjfntssfmfgtfc `n `rgajtfgt taf p`st dfw yf`rs. Jt js taus ` ga`mmfnojno cfgjsjkn prkgfss
kd surprjsfs `nc undkrfsffn gjrguhst`ngfs jn wajga mfo`m `nc skgj`m kemjo`tjkns
a`vf tk ef gknsjcfrfc. af gurrfnt pr`gtjgf kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn ey puemjg gmjfnts
a`s jts rkkts jn tarff cjstjngt systfhs2 0) tfncfrjno dkr sfrvjgfs `nc wkris, 5) taf
sfmfgtjvf sf`rga tk jcfntjdy ` sujt`emf `rgajtfgt kr cfsjon tf`h, `nc 7) taf `rgaj-
tfgtur`m gkhpftjtjkn. Jt js tafsf cjvfrsf rkkts kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss ta`t `ppf`r
tk g`usf gkndmjgts eftwffn taf mfo`m r`tjkn`mjty `nc taf psygakmkojg`m r`tjkn`mjty
kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Jn tajs rfsf`rga J fxpmkrf taf krjojn kd tafsf prkemfhs `s gurrfntmy fxpfrjfngfc
ey puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts jn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn jn krcfr tk prkpksf jhpmj-g`tjkns dkr duturf pr`gtjgf. Jn Ga`ptfr 0 taf rfsf`rga tkpjg, rfsf`rga dkgus, `nc
rfsf`rga `pprk`ga `rf jntrkcugfc. J `msk cfsgrjef taf inkwmfcof o`ps, sgjfntjdjg
ga`mmfnofs, `nc gkntrjeutjkn tk taf djfmc. ajs rfsf`rga dkgusfs kn taf gkhpmftf
prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno drkh taf pfrspfgtjvf kd puemjg gmjfnts wjmmjno tk sfmfgt
`n `rgajtfgt jn taf gkntfxt kd Furkpf`n Vnjkn prkgurfhfnt m`w. af `jh kd taf
rfsf`rga js tk cfsgrjef, uncfrst`nc, nc fxpm`jn taf cfsjon nc jhpmfhfnt`tjkn kd
prkgfcurfs ey hf`ns kd wajga taf qu`mjty kd cfsjon prkpks`ms js bucofc jn krcfr
tk w`rc gkntr`gt tk taf rgajtfgt wak wjmm cfmjvfr cfsjon sfrvjgfs dkr p`rtjgum`r
prkbfgt. af rfsf`rga qufstjkns jn taf stucy `rf2
Akw ck puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs cfgjcf kn taf sfmfgtjkn kd `n `rgajtfgt
jn taf gkntfxt kd FV prkgurfhfnt m`w;
_ajga sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd
puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs jn tajs gkntfxt;
_a`t `rf taf jhpmjg`tjkns dkr taf cfsjon kd prkgfcurfs dkr taf sfmfgtjkn kd
`rgajtfgts;
Jn Ga`ptfr 5 J `ccrfss taf gkngfpt kd cfsjon qu`mjty `grkss taf djfmcs kd `rgaj-
tfgtur`m cfsjon, fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy, prkcugt fxpfrjfngf, `nc v`muf h`n-
`ofhfnt. E`sfc kn tafsf pfrspfgtjvfs J cfdjnf cfsjon qu`mjty `s `n kvfr`mm v`muf bucofhfnt kd `n jncjvjcu`m st`ifakmcfr ta`t js e`sfc kn taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn
0.
5.
7.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 324/341
7<1
taf pfrskn `nc `n (rfprfsfnt`tjkn kd `n) kebfgt jn taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt. @s ` rf-
sumt kd taf jntfr`gtjkn eftwffn taf jncjvjcu`m `nc taf prkcugt, ` v`muf bucofhfnt
js `mw`ys `ggkhp`njfc ey `n `ddfgtjvf rfspknsf `nc `n `ssfsshfnt `ekut taf mfvfm
kd qu`mjty kr v`muf kd ` prkcugt.
Ga`ptfr 7 prkvjcfs `n kvfrvjfw kd taf psygakmkojg`m `spfgts ta`t sffh hkst
rfmfv`nt dkr bucofhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn h`ijno jn taf gkntfxt kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgaj-tfgt. Jt fm`ekr`tfs kn taf cfdjnjtjkn kd cfsjon qu`mjty `s ` v`muf bucofhfnt drkh
Ga`ptfr 5. af ga`ptfr st`rts wjta `n kvfrvjfw kd tarff ofnfr`tjkns kd cfgjsjkn
tafkry2 r`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn hkcfms, efa`vjkur`m cfgjsjkn hkcfms, `nc n`tur`mjstjg
cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af gurrfnt pr`gtjgf kd `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns `ppf`rs tk ef e`sfc
kn twk gkndmjgtjno hkcfms `ekut cfgjsjkn h`ijno2 taf mfo`m `nc taf psygakmkoj-
g`m hkcfm. af mfo`m hkcfm `ssuhfs ` r`tjkn`m `nc sfqufntj`m cfgjsjkn prkgfss jn
wajga `mtfrn`tjvfs `rf gkhp`rfc e`sfc kn prf-`nnkungfc grjtfrj`. af n`tur`mjstjg
cfgjsjkn hkcfm ttrjeutfs n jhpkrt`nt rkmf tk taf usf kd jntujtjkn nc ddfgt. af
krjojn kd taf gurrfnt prkemfhs jn pr`gtjgf gkumc gknsfqufntmy ef dkunc jn tafsf
cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs. J ckpt taf gkngfpt kd sfnsfh`ijno s taf h`jn gkngfpt dkrcfgjsjkn h`ijno tk fxpm`jn akw gmjfnts cf`m wjta tafsf cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs.
@n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn js nkt `n jskm`tfc fvfnt. \uemjg gmjfnts kpfr`tf jn ` gkn-
tfxt kd okvfrn`ngf nc a`vf tk gknsjcfr tajs kro`njs`tjkn`m strugturf jn tafjr cfgj-
sjkns. Ga`ptfr 3 `ccrfssfs dkur gkntfxtu`m fmfhfnts ta`t jn hy vjfw `rf fssfntj`m
tk uncfrst`nc taf fnvjrknhfnt jn wajga `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns t`if pm`gf2 taf pkmjtj-
g`m, gumtur`m, mfo`m `nc fgknkhjg`m gkntfxt. J dkunc ta`t taf gakjgfs h`cf curjno
taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf cftfrhjnf tk gknsjcfr`emf fxtfnt taf rfsumts nc pprkprj-
`tfnfss kd taf tfncfr, s wfmm s taf stymf kd taf rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. Fxjstjno hkc-
fms nc oujcfmjnfs g`n ef cjvjcfc jntk prkgurfhfnt hkcfms, gkhpftjtjkns hkcfms,
cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs, `nc prkbfgt h`n`ofhfnt tkkms. Zft, fxjstjno inkwmfcofrfh`jns sg`ttfrfc `nc js nkt usfc `cfqu`tfmy ey taf gkntr`gtjno `utakrjtjfs. Knmy
taf prkgurfhfnt hkcfms a`vf n kemjo`tkry n`turf nc gkumc gtu`mmy ef fndkrgfc.
Jt `ppf`rs ta`t jt js taf pfrgfptjkn kd tafsf mfo`m kemjo`tjkns r`tafr ta`n taf `gtu`m
prkgurfhfnt m`w ta`t prfvfnt sfmfgtjkn prkgfss e`sfc kn kpfn cj`mkouf eftwffn
taf gmjfnt `nc taf `rgajtfgts `ekut cfsjon qu`mjty. afrf `rf nk kpfn cjsgussjkns
`ekut taf cjddjgumtjfs fxpfrjfngfc ey gmjfnts `s wfmm `s `rgajtfgts. \rkdfssjkns tfnc
tk sf`rga dkr skmutjkns wjtajn tafjr kwn ckh`jns wajmf `n `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn js jn
d`gt ` humtjcjsgjpmjn`ry pafnkhfnkn ey n`turf. @ o`p fxjsts eftwffn taf fxjstjno
strugturfs prkvjcfc tk suppkrt cfgjsjkn h`ijno dkr `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs
`nc `gtu`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno kd puemjg gmjfnts.
Jn Ga`ptfr 6 J dkrhum`tf djdtffn pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkrs e`sfc kn taf jnsjoats
drkh tafkrjfs ekut ssfssjno cfsjon qu`mjty, v`muf bucofhfnts, nc cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno. af tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri sakws ` strugturf kd djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs2
0) rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si, 5) sf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn `jhs, `hejtjkns,
nffcs `nc kppkrtunjtjfs, 7) wrjtjno taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss, 3) `oorfo`tjno cjddfr-
fnt ijncs kd v`muf bucofhfnts, `nc 6) bustjdyjno `o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs. k
`ggkunt dkr taf d`gt ta`t taf rfsf`rga djfmc kn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns js n`sgfnt `nc
nfjtafr fhpjrjg`m stucjfs nkr tafkrjfs fxjst ta`t ccrfss prkgfssfs kd cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno jn tajs gkntfxt, taf g`sf stucy hftakc w`s gaksfn tk o`tafr fhpjrjg`m c`t` nc
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 325/341
7<:
v`mjc`tf tafsf pkssjemf suggfss d`gtkrs. J gkncugtfc tarff jnstruhfnt`m g`sfs jn taf
gkntfxt kd rfstrjgtfc tfncfrjno prkgfcurf2 Wgakkm, Gjty A`mm, nc \rkvjngj`m
Okvfrnhfnt Kddjgf. af g`sfs cjddfrfc jn taf sgkpf kd taf erjfd, taf typf kd tfn-
cfr, `nc taf ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. @ccjtjkn`mmy J pfrdkrhfc knf
g`sf `ekut `n jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn dkr ` nfw D`gumty Eujmcjno. @ v`rjfty kd cjddfrfnt
dkrhs kd c`t` w`s gkmmfgtfc dkr f`ga g`sf tk `mmkw dkr trj`noum`tjkn eftwffn sfmd-rfpkrt, kesfrvfc efa`vjkur, `nc kddjgj`m bustjdjg`tjkns. af rfsumts kd taf rfsf`rga
wfrf suggfssdummy tfstfc jn ` wkrisakp wjta fxpfrts, jn wajga `msk jhpmjg`tjkns
wfrf cjsgussfc dkr taf cfsjon kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurfs.
af fhpjrjg`m g`sfs `s cfsgrjefc jn Ga`ptfr 4 `nc Ga`ptfr ? sakw ta`t taf
cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd sfmfgtjno `n `rgajtfgt js jncffc ` rfsumt kd taf jntfr`gtjno kd
taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs wjta taf `mtfrn`tjvfs kngf tafy `rf gkndrkntfc wjta tafh `nc
st`rt tk h`if sfnsf kd taf prkpksfc cfsjons. Jt js, tafrfdkrf, `mhkst jhpkssjemf dkr
gmjfnts tk cfsjon ` sfmfgtjkn prkgfcurf `nc `nnkungf taf grjtfrj` `nc wfjoatjno
d`gtkrs up drknt, `s rfqujrfc ey prkgurfhfnt m`w. Jn tajs rfspfgt taf r`tjkn`mjty kdtaf mfo`m rfqujrfhfnts gm`safs wjta taf psygakmkojg`m r`tjkn`mjty kd cfgjsjkn h`i-
jno. Kn taf ktafr a`nc, ekta r`tjkn`mjtjfs strfnotafn f`ga ktafr ey prkvjcjno `
puemjg gmjfnt wjta taf strugturf `nc rkkh nffcfc dkr suggfssdum cfgjsjkn h`ijno.
Jn Ga`ptfr 1 taf djvf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs nc tafjr uncfrmyjno sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r-
`gtfrjstjgs rf fxpm`jnfc drkh taf tafkrftjg`m jnsjoats `nc fhpjrjg`m djncjnos. E`sfc
kn taf rfsumts rfgkhhfnc`tjkns `rf cknf dkr taf cfsjon kd ` tfncfr prkgfcurf.
af djrst sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss kd rf`cjno taf cfgjsjkn t`si js e`sfc kn taf gkn-
gfpts kd ‑sfnsfrf`cjno‚ `nc ‑dr`hjno‚ `nc cf`ms wjta taf tr`nsm`tjkn kd taf `jhs kd
taf gmjfnt jntk taf tfncfr prkgfcurf. Efg`usf ` puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnt `gts
`s gmjfnt r`tafr ta`n gustkhfr, cjstjngtjvf cjhfnsjkns kd rgajtfgtur`m nc mfo`mm`nou`of a`s tk ef `n`mysfc ey taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs curjno taf prkgfss kd cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno jn krcfr tk inkw wa`t tk fxpfgt. af cfvfmkphfnt kd taf erjfd `nc
taf `n`mysjs kd taf prkbfgt fnvjrknhfnt `rf jhpkrt`nt p`rts kd tajs sfnsfh`ijno
prkgfss. af hkst jhpkrt`nt cjmfhh` ta`t gmjfnts d`gfc curjno tajs prkgfss w`s
` cjstjngtjkn eftwffn taf sf`rga dkr taf rjoat skmutjkn dkr tafjr cfsjon prkemfh,
`s suoofstfc ey taf tr`cjtjkn kd cfsjon gkhpftjtjkns, `nc taf sf`rga dkr taf rjoat
p`rtnfr jn cfsjonjno ` skmutjkn dkr tafjr `ggkhhkc`tjkn nffcs, `s suoofstfc ey
taf tfncfr prjngjpmfs. af rfsumts kd taf stucy suoofst ta`t gkhpmfxjty, ungfrt`jnty
`nc tjhf rf taf h`jn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd rf`c-
jno ` cfgjsjkn t`si.fncfrjno js ` w`y kd or`ntjno gkntr`gts dkr prkbfgts e`sfc kn taf prjngjpmf kd
`n kpfn h`rift. af sfgknc sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss kd sf`rgajno dkr ` h`tga eftwffn`jhs, hejtjkns, nffcs nc kppkrtunjtjfs rfm`tfs tk taf d`gt ta`t curjno taf sfmfgtjkn
prkgfss taf v`mufs kd ` gmjfnt `ekut `rgajtfgturf `rf gknnfgtfc tk taf kppkrtunj-
tjfs ta`t `rf kddfrfc ey taf `rgajtfgts. @mtakuoa Furkpf`n prkgurfhfnt m`w `jhs
`t kpfnjno taf h`rift `grkss taf FV hfhefr st`tfs, fxpfrjfngfs sakw ta`t Cutga
gmjfnts prfdfr tk wkri wjta Cutga rgajtfgts. af rfsumts jncjg`tf ta`t taf cfgjsjkn
h`ifrs `ppmy fxjstjno inkwmfcof `ekut taf `rgajtfgts jn krcfr tk grf`tf ` sfnsf kd
gkntrkm kvfr taf sjtu`tjkn `nc taf qu`mjty kd taf `rgajtfgts ta`t p`rtjgjp`tf jn taf
tfncfr. af ajoa cforff kd ungfrt`jnty js jngrf`sfc ey taf st`ifakmcfrs ta`t a`vf
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 326/341
70<
tk ef jnvkmvfc jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af rfsumts kd tajs stucy suoofst ta`t gkntrkm,
`ddfgt, nc tjhf rf taf h`jn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t uncfrmjf taf h`tgajno
prkgfss kd `jhs, `hejtjkns, nffcs `nc kppkrtunjtjfs.
af tajrc sfnsfh`ijno prkgfss ta`t J jcfntjdjfc js taf prkgfss kd wrjtjno taf cf-gjsjkn prkgfss . ajs prkgfss js e`sfc kn taf gkngfpts kd ‑sfnsfwrjoatjno‚, ‑sfnsfojv-
jno‚ nc ‑dr`hjno‚ nc fnt`jms taf wrjtjno kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd n rgajtfgt eytaf gmjfnt curjno ` prkbfgt. Kesfrv`tjkns sakwfc ta`t cfgjsjkn h`ifrs a`vf tk cf`m
wjta ` mkt kd ungfrt`jnty curjno ` tfncfr prkgfss cuf tk jngkhpmftf uncfrst`nc-
jno, m`gi kd jndkrh`tjkn `nc gkndmjgtjno `mtfrn`tjvfs. Jn tafsf ijncs kd sjtu`tjkns
fxpfrt bucofhfnt `nc jntujtjvf cfgjsjkn h`ijno r`tafr ta`n ` r`tjkn`m fv`mu`tjkn
kd `mtfrn`tjvfs `rf nffcfc tk rf`ga ` cfgjsjkn. Jn `mm g`sfs taf prkgfcurf kd taf
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss (rfstrjgtfc kr kpfn) cftfrhjnfc taf `hkunt kd pa`sfs jn cfgj-
sjkn h`ijno eut nkt taf jntfrprft`tjkn kd tafsf pa`sfs. Ekta prkgfcurfs sakwfc
sjhjm`r jtfr`tjvf cfgjsjkn prkgfssfs kd ok`m sfttjno, pfrgfptjkn, jncjvjcu`m v`muf
bucofhfnt, orkup cfgjsjkn h`ijno `nc fv`mu`tjkn. Jn ofnfr`m ` cjstjngtjkn gkumc
ef h`cf eftwffn taf prfp`r`tjkn kd taf tfncfr jn wajga taf erjfd, prkgfcurf,st`ifakmcfr jnvkmvfhfnt `nc cfgjsjkn prkgfss w`s cfsjonfc, `nc taf fxfgutjkn kd
taf tfncfr jn wajga taf cfsjon w`s `ppmjfc. af h`jn sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs
ta`t J cjstjnoujsafc `s jndmufngjno taf prkgfss kd wrjtjno ` cfgjsjkn prkgfss `rf
tjhf, jntujtjkn, `nc fxpfrtjsf.
af dkurta prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno rfm`tfs tk taf `oorfo`tjkn kd cjddfrfnt ijncskd v`muf bucofhfnts ta`t js nffcfc tk rf`ga ` djn`m cfgjsjkn `ekut cfsjon qu`m-
jty. Jn tajs prkgfss taf mfo`m `nc skgj`m r`tjkn`mjty kd cfgjsjkn h`ijno gm`sa wafn
` psfuck-r`tjkn`mjty js grf`tfc ey qu`ntjdjg`tjkn kd qu`mjt`tjvf bucofhfnts. af
gakjgf dkr ` wjnnfr curjno ` tfncfr js kn taf knf a`nc e`sfc kn taf strugturf ta`t
js prkvjcfc ey taf prf-`nnkungfc grjtfrj`, eut kn taf ktafr a`nc p`rt kd ` prkgfsskd jngrf`sjno jnsjoat `nc sfnsfh`ijno jn wajga v`muf bucofhfnts `rf jhpmjgjtmy
`oorfo`tfc. Wtrugturf, systfh, `nc fxpfrtjsf wfrf dkunc tk ef taf hkst jhpkrt`nt
sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs ta`t jndmufngf taf prkgfss kd oorfo`tjno cjddfrfnt ijncs
kd v`muf bucofhfnts.
af djdta prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno cf`ms wjta taf bustjdjg`tjkn kd taf cfgjsjkn
`o`jnst taf cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs `t taf fnc kd taf sfmfgtjkn prkgfss. @ gmjfnt a`c tk
bustjdy taf djn`m cfgjsjkn tk taf kwn kro`njs`tjkn, tk taf puemjg, tk skgjfty, `nc tk
taf `rgajtfgts ta`t bkjnfc taf tfncfr. Jn bustjdyjno ` cfgjsjkn ` cfgjsjkn h`ifr js
sjhumt`nfkusmy gkndrkntfc wjta taf mfo`m strugturf kd taf cfgjsjkn prkgfcurf `nc
taf psygakmkojg`m cfgjsjkn prkgfss kd sfnsfh`ijno. af sjtu`tjkns ga`r`gtfrjstjgskd suppkrt, trust `nc gkntrkm wfrf dkunc tk ef kd jndmufngf tk taf prkgfss kd bustj-
dyjno `o`jnst cjddfrfnt r`tjkn`mjtjfs.
E`sfc kn taf rfsumts kd taf rfsf`rga, djdtffn rfgkhhfnc`tjkns wfrf cfrjvfc dkr
taf sfmfgtjkn kd `rgajtfgts ey puemjg gmjfnts uncfr Furkpf`n tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns.
afsf `rf e`sfc kn taf suggfss d`gtkrs jcfntjdjfc jn taf tafkrftjg`m dr`hfwkri jn
Ga`ptfr 6. @ dfw fx`hpmfs `rf2
@mmkwjno dkr ` akmjstjg bucofhfnt jn taf tfncfr cfsjon ta`t jngkrpkr`tfs pk-
tfntj`mmy gkndmjgtjno bucofhfnts wjtajn jtsfmd.
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 327/341
700
Fnsurjno djt eftwffn taf pksjtjkn nc typf kd taf st`ifakmcfrs nc tafjr rkmf
jn taf cfgjsjkn prkgfss.
@mjonjno taf typf kd fxpfrtjsf nffcfc dkr taf v`rjkus cfgjsjkn t`sis curjno taf
sfmfgtjkn prkgfss kd `n `rgajtfgt wjta taf n`turf `nc gkntfnt kd taf cfgjsjkn
t`si.
@mmkwjno gkhpfns`tjkn jn `oorfo`tjno v`muf bucofhfnts `ekut cfsjon
qu`mjty.
@ccrfssjno taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs g`utjkusmy jn
taf cfsjon kd taf tfncfr tk jngrf`sf taf trust eftwffn taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nc
erk`cfn taf suppkrt dkr taf cfgjsjkn `hkno taf st`ifakmcfrs.
af rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga ojvf rf`skn tk suoofst ` ga`nof kd taf gurrfnt jh-
pmjg`tjkns kd taf tfncfr rfoum`tjkns jn taf Nftafrm`ncs. Jn hy kpjnjkn taf gkh-
pksjtjkn kd taf bury p`nfm sakumc ef taf s`hf jn taf sfmfgtjkn `nc `w`rc pa`sf,
taf bury sakumc a`vf cfgjsjvf rjoats, `nc taf rkmfs `nc rfspknsjejmjtjfs kd taf buryhfhefrs sakumc cjddfr pfr pa`sf kd taf tfncfr. ajs hf`ns ta`t dkr `ny tfncfr jn
wajga `n `rgajtfgt js sfmfgtfc taf dkmmkwjno prkgfcurf sakumc ef `ppmjfc2
@ssjon ` cjvfrsf bury p`nfm ta`t jngmucfs taf rfspknsjemf kddjgfr(s) `nc ktafr
rfprfsfnt`tjvfs kd taf puemjg gkhhjssjknjno `s wfmm `s fxpfrts jn spfgjdjg ck-
h`jns ta`t rfm`tf tk taf `ssjonhfnt (f.o. ure`n pm`nnfrs, `rgajtfgts, sust`jn-
`ejmjty fxpfrts, ajstkrj`ns ftg).
@ssjon cfgjsjvf rjoats tk taf bury p`nfm jn ekta taf sfmfgtjkn `nc taf `w`rc
pa`sf.
Fnsurf ta`t bury hfhefrs trust `nc suppkrt f`ga ktafr efdkrf, curjno `nc`dtfr taf tfncfr. ajs prkgfss gkumc ef suppkrtfc ey cftfrhjnjno rkmfs nc rf-
spknsjejmjtjfs `hkno taf bury hfhefrs efdkrfa`nc dkr taf cjddfrfnt pa`sfs.
af efnfdjts kd `ssjonjno cfgjsjvf rjoats tk ` humtjcjsgjpmjn`ry bury jn ekta
taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf `nc taf `w`rc pa`sf `rf ta`t 0) taf pktfntj`m tfncfrfrs g`n
ef qu`mjty gafgifc ey taf ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrts jn taf sfmfgtjkn pa`sf, `nc 5)
gmjfnts g`n stjmm jndmufngf taf djn`m cfgjsjkn jn taf `w`rc pa`sf eut wjta taf sup-
pkrt kd ckh`jn spfgjdjg fxpfrts. af fxpfrts ta`t rf jnvkmvfc jn taf prkgfss gkumc
hknjtkr taf fddfgts kd tfncfrjno cfgjsjkns dkr taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc. af suoofstfc
prkgfcurf wkumc rfqujrf suest`ntj`mmy ajoafr jnvkmvfhfnt kd taf ckh`jn fxpfrts
`nc ktafr p`nfm hfhefrs jn taf prfp`r`tjkn pa`sf kd taf tfncfr, taf fst`emjsa-
hfnt kd ` spfgj`mjzfc humtj cjsgjpmjn`ry inkwmfcof gfntrf `nc taf cfvfmkphfnt
c`t`e`sf wjta sujt`ejmjty jndkrh`tjkn kd taf tfncfr g`ncjc`tfs.
Jn Ga`ptfr 1 J msk rfdmfgt kn taf rfsf`rga pprk`ga nc taf sgjfntjdjg rfmfv`ngf
kd taf stucy `nc h`if suoofstjkns dkr durtafr rfsf`rga. J tajni ta`t tajs rfsf`rga
`nswfrs tk taf nffc dkr jntfrcjsgjpmjn`ry `pprk`gafs tk `ppmy fxjstjno inkwmfcof
drkh taf hkrf tr`cjtjkn`m djfmcs kd sgjfngf, suga `s gkonjtjvf `nc skgj`m psygakm-
koy, tk taf djfmc kd `rgajtfgturf. rj`noum`tjkn kd taf cjddfrfnt rfsf`rga hftakcs
strfnotafnfc taf `n`mysjs kd gkhpmfxjtjfs uncfrmyjno taf efa`vjkur `s sakwn eytaf `gtkrs. Jn tfrhs kd grfcjejmjty tajs stucy sakws dkr jnst`ngf ta`t kesfrv`tjkns
•
•
•
•
@.
E.
G.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 328/341
705
kpfn up ` pkssjejmjty tk gkmmfgt sgjfntjdjg jnsjoats wajga wkumc - `mtakuoa gkh-
hknmy inkwn jn taf djfmc - ktafrwjsf ef nfomfgtfc, suga s fhktjkns, nc str`tfojg
efa`vjkur. af h`jn cjddfrfngfs eftwffn taf jcf`s gkhpftjtjkn `nc taf tfncfr
g`sfs rfm`tfc tk taf cjddfrfngfs jn taf mfo`m jhp`gt kd taf cfgjsjkn, taf `jh kd taf
cfgjsjkn `nc taf fxpfrtjsf mfvfm kd taf gmjfnt. Ofnfr`mjs`tjkns kd taf rfsf`rga g`n
ef dkunc jn gkhp`r`emf sfmfgtjkn prkgfssfs wajga `mmkw dkr cfmjefr`tjkns `ekutkptjkns, suga s cfgjsjkns ekut rf`m fst`tf pkrtdkmjk, nfw prkcugt cfvfmkphfnt,
rfsf`rga duncs `mmkg`tjkns, stucfnt `ssfsshfnts, kr `w`rcjno gkntr`gts jn ktafr
sfgtkrs.
af stucy ajoamjoats sfvfr`m cjrfgtjkns dkr durtafr rfsf`rga. Ekta taf sgjfntjdjg
`nc taf prkdfssjkn`m djfmc wkumc efnfdjt orf`tmy kd ` hkrf strugtur`m c`t` gkmmfg-
tjkn kn tfncfrs jn `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon. af rfsumts jncjg`tf ta`t taf rkmf kd fxpfrt
tf`hs, taf str`tfojfs dkr wjnnjno, taf uncfrmyjno sjtu`tjkn`m ga`r`gtfrjstjgs kd taf
sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfs, `nc taf rkmf kd cfgjsjkn suppkrt systfhs cfsfrvf tk ef jn-
vfstjo`tfc durtafr. Duturf rfsf`rga gkumc `msk gkhp`rf cjddfrfnt sfgtkrs, cjddfrfnt
gmjfnt ga`r`gtfrjstjgs, `nc cjddfrfnt tfncfrjno prkgfcurfs `nc jngmucf hkrf tafk-rjfs drkh taf djfmcs kd str`tfojg h`n`ofhfnt, puemjg `chjnjstr`tjkn, `nc prkgfss
h`n`ofhfnt.
ajs rfsf`rga gkntrjeutfs tk inkwmfcof jn taf `rf`s kd `rgajtfgtur`m cfsjon,
taf psygakmkoy kd h`ijno bucofhfnts, `nc kro`njs`tjkn`m cfgjsjkn h`ijno. Jt js
tafrfdkrf kd jntfrfst tk puemjg gkhhjssjknjno gmjfnts, h`n`ofhfnt gknsumt`nts,
`rgajtfgts, pkmjgy h`ifrs `nc mfo`m `cvjskrs jn pr`gtjgf, eut `msk tk sgakm`rs jn taf
djfmc kd cfsjon h`n`ofhfnt, prkcugt fxpfrjfngf, fnvjrknhfnt`m psygakmkoy, kr
cfgjsjkn h`ijno. af h`jn ucjfngf kd tajs tafsjs js puemjg gkhhjssjknjno ekcjfs
ta`t a`vf tk kro`njsf ` tfncfr, tafjr `cvjskrs, `nc okvfrnhfnt`m `utakrjtjfs ta`t
cfvfmkp `nc jhpmfhfnt rfoum`tjkns `nc pkmjgjfs, `nc sgakm`rs jn tajs (humtjcjsgj-pmjn`ry) `rf`. Efg`usf taf rfsf`rga sakws jnsjoats jntk taf gmjfnt pfrspfgtjvf ta`t
a`vf nfvfr effn stucjfc efdkrf `nc `rf usu`mmy nkt kpfn tk taf puemjg, J efmjfvf
ta`t taf rfsumts kd tajs rfsf`rga `msk kddfr `n jntfrfstjno stkry dkr taksf jntfrfstfc
jn cfgjsjkn h`ijno dkr taf eujmt fnvjrknhfnt jn ofnfr`m.
Mffntbf Tkmifr
@uoust 5<0<
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 329/341
707
W`hfnv`ttjno
Efsmjssfn kvfr kntwfrpiw`mjtfjt
_``rcfkkrcfmfn fn efsmujtvkrhjno tjbcfns `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfs v`n
puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs kncfr Furkpfsf ``nefstfcjnosrfofmofvjno
Cjssfrt`tjf v`n Mffntbf Tkmifr
Aft zkfifn n``r ffn `rgajtfgt i`n wkrcfn efsgarfvfn `ms ffn jntfr`gtjfd sfmfgtjf-
prkgfs w``rjn ffn kpcr`gatofvfr ffn rgajtfgt prkeffrt tf vjncfn cjf cf efakfdtfn
fn cf `hejtjfs v`n cf kpcr`gatofvfr aft efstf i`n vjsu`mjsfrfn fn rf`mjsfrfn. Cjt
prkgfs js njft zkncfr prkemfhfn. ”@rgajtfgtfnsk`p jn Cfmdt‘, ”Dkutbf, `rgajtfgt
h`o tkga njft Vtrfgatsf ejemjktaffi ekuwfn‘, fn ”\uemjfi Ukttfrc`h wjm Wf`rga,
h``r KH@ ekuwt Wt`csi`ntkkr‘ zjbn fnifmf ir`ntfnikppfn cjf kvfraffrsfn jnaft effmc v`n ``nefstfcjnofn w``rjn Nfcfrm`ncsf puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs jn cf
`dofmkpfn b`rfn ffn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtffrcfn. Aft o``t c`n kki kh ffn ujtc`ofnc
efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs vkm vfrr`ssjnofn fn knvkkrzjfnf khst`ncjoafcfn w``rjn
``n vfrsgafjcfnf burjcjsgaf fn h``tsga`ppfmjbif vkkrw``rcfn hkft wkrcfn vkm-
c``n. Cf aujcjof pr`itjbi v`n cf rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf ckkr puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs
affdt wkrtfms jn crjf vfrsgajmmfncf systfhfn2 0) aft ``nefstfcfn v`n cjfnstfn fn
wfrifn, 5) aft zkfifn n``r ffn ofsgajitf `rgajtfgt kd kntwfrptf`h, fn 7) cf `r-
gajtfgtknjsgaf kntwfrpwfcstrjbc. Aft zjbn cfzf vfrsgajmmfn jn cf afrikhst v`n cf
sfmfgtjfprkgfcurf, cjf gkndmjgtfn tussfn cf burjcjsgaf r`tjkn`mjtfjt fn cf psygakmk-
ojsgaf r`tjkn`mjtfjt v`n aft efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs mjbifn tf vfrkkrz`ifn.Jn cjt kncfrzkfi vfrifn ji cf kkrsprkno v`n cfzf prkemfhfn zk`ms cjf ckkr
puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs hkhfntffm frv`rfn wkrcfn jn aft sfmfgtjfprkgfs. Jn
Akkdcstui 0 wkrcfn aft kncfrwfrp, cf dkgus v`n aft kncfrzkfi fn cf kncfr-
zkfis``np`i ofëntrkcugffrc. Ji efsprffi c``r kki cf ifnnjsaj`tfn, cf wftfn-
sga`ppfmjbif ujtc`ojnofn fn cf ejbcr`of v`n aft kncfrzkfi ``n aft wfrivfmc. Aft
kncfrzkfi rjgat zjga kp aft vkmmfcjof efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs v`nujt aft kkopunt
v`n ffn puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfr cjf ffn `rgajtfgt wjm sfmfgtfrfn jn aft i`cfr v`n
cf Furkpfsf ``nefstfcjnoswft- fn rfofmofvjno. Ckfm v`n aft kncfrzkfi js aft ef-
sgarjbvfn, eforjbpfn fn vfrim`rfn v`n aft kntwfrp fn cf jhpmfhfnt`tjf v`n prk-
gfcurfs w``rhff cf iw`mjtfjt v`n kntwfrpvkkrstfmmfn wkrcfn efkkrcffmc kh ffn`rgajtfgt vkkr ffn spfgjdjfi prkbfgt tf gkntr`gtfrfn. Kp e`sjs v`n cf rfsumt`tfn
afe ji ffn ``nt`m ``nefvfmjnofn vkkr tkfikhstjof `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfprkgfcurfs
kpofstfmc. Cf kncfrzkfisvr`ofn jn cfzf stucjf zjbn2
Akf efsmjssfn ``nefstfcfncf cjfnstfn kvfr cf sfmfgtjf v`n ffn `rgajtfgt jn cf
gkntfxt v`n cf FV ``nefstfcjnoswftofvjno;
_fmif sjtu`tjknfmf ifnhfrifn zjbn v`n jnvmkfc kp aft prkgfs v`n efsmujtvkr-
hjno v`n cf puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs jn cjt vfre`nc;
_`t zjbn cf jhpmjg`tjfs vkkr aft kntwfrpfn v`n prkgfcurfs vkkr cf sfmfgtjf
v`n `rgajtfgtfn;
0.
5.
7.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 330/341
703
Jn Akkdcstui 5 rjgat ji hjb kp aft gkngfpt v`n cf kntwfrpiw`mjtfjt v`nujt
cf ckhfjnfn v`n cf `rgajtfgtknjsgaf vkrhofvjno, khofvjnospsygakmkojf, prk-
cugtfhktjf fn v`muf h`n`ofhfnt. Kp e`sjs v`n cfzf jnzjgatfn cfdjnjffr ji knt-
wfrpiw`mjtfjt `ms ffn `mkhv`ttfnc w``rcfkkrcffm v`n ffn jncjvjcufmf efm`noafe-
efncf, c`t js ofe`sffrc kp cf jntfr`gtjf tussfn ffn pfrskkn fn (cf rfprfsfnt`tjf
v`n) ffn kebfgt jn cf ofekuwcf khofvjno. @ms ofvkmo v`n cfzf jntfr`gtjf tussfnaft jncjvjcu fn aft prkcugt wkrct ffn w``rcfkkrcffm `mtjbc vfrofzfmc v`n ffn `d-
dfgtjfvf rf`gtjf fn ffn fv`mu`tjf kvfr aft njvf`u v`n iw`mjtfjt kd cf w``rcf v`n ffn
prkcugt.
Akkdcstui 7 offdt ffn kvfrzjgat v`n cf psygakmkojsgaf `spfgtfn cjf aft hffst
rfmfv`nt zjbn vkkr cf efkkrcfmjno fn efsmujtvkrhjno jn aft i`cfr v`n cf `rgajtfg-
tfnsfmfgtjf. Aft ekuwt vkkrt kp cf cfdjnjtjf ujt Akkdcstui 5 v`n kntwfrpiw`mjtfjt
`ms ffn w``rcfkkrcffm. Aft akkdcstui efojnt hft ffn kvfrzjgat v`n crjf ofnfr`-
tjfs v`n efsmujtvkrhjnostafkrjfén2 r`tjknfmf efsmjssjnoshkcfmmfn, hkcfmmfn kvfr
efsmujtvkrhjnosofcr`o fn n`tur`mjstjsgaf efsmujtvkrhjnosgkngfptfn. Cf aujcjof
pr`itjbi v`n cf `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf mjbit tf zjbn ofe`sffrc kp twff tfofnstrjbcjofhkcfmmfn kvfr efsmujtvkrhjno. Aft burjcjsgaf hkcfm o``t ujt v`n ffn r`tjknffm fn
mjnf`jr efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs w``rjn mtfrn`tjfvfn wkrcfn vfrofmfifn kp e`sjs v`n
vkkr`d efifncofh``itf grjtfrj`. Aft n`tur`mjstjsgaf hkcfm cjgat ffn efm`norjbif
rkm tkf ``n aft oferuji v`n jntuëtjf fn ofvkfm. Cf kkrsprkno v`n cf aujcjof prk-
emfhfn jn cf ``nefstfcjnospr`itjbi i`n ofvkncfn wkrcfn jn cfzf vfrsgajmmfncf
r`tjkn`mjtfjtfn. Ji oferuji vkkr`m aft gkngfpt v`n ‑sfnsfh`ijno‚ (eftfifnjsofvjno)
kh ujt tf mfoofn akf puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs tjbcfns cf efsmujtvkrhjno kho``n
hft cfzf vfrsgajmmfncf r`tjkn`mjtfjtfn.
Ffn `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf js offn kp zjga zfmd st``ncf ofefurtfnjs. \uemjfif kp-
cr`gatofvfrs kpfrfrfn jn ffn efstuurmjbi i`cfr fn nfhfn cjt i`cfr knvfrhjbcfmjbihff jn aun efsmjssjnofn. Akkdcstui 3 efa`ncfmt vjfr gkntfxtufmf fmfhfntfn cjf jn
hjbn kofn fssfntjffm zjbn vkkr cf khofvjno w``rjn `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfs pm``tsvjn-
cfn2 cf pkmjtjfif, gumturfmf, burjcjsgaf fn fgknkhjsgaf gkntfxt. Cf rfsumt`tfn v`n
cfzf gkntfxtufmf vfrifnnjno m`tfn zjfn c`t cf ifuzfs cjf ofh``it wkrcfn tjbcfns
cf vkkrefrfjcjnosd`sf jn efm`norjbif h`tf cf rfsumt`tfn fn aft suggfs v`n cf ``n-
efstfcjno efp`mfn, fvfn`ms cf stjbm v`n aft rgajtfgtknjsga kntwfrp c`t vkkrofstfmc
wkrct ckkr cf `rgajtfgtfn. Efst``ncf hkcfmmfn fn rjgatmjbnfn tfr kncfrstfunjno
v`n aft sfmfgtjfprkgfs iunnfn wkrcfn kncfrvfrcffmc jn ``nefstfcjnoshkcfmmfn,
wfcstrjbchkcfmmfn, efsmjssjnoskncfrstfunfncf systfhfn fn prkbfgth`n`ofhfnt
tkkms. Aft mksst``ncf i`r`itfr v`n cfzf hkcfmmfn mfjct frtkf c`t efst``ncf ifnnjsvfrsnjppfrc emjbdt fn njft `cfqu``t oferujit wkrct ckkr cf ``nefstfcfncf cjfn-
stfn. @mmffn cf ``nefstfcjnoshkcfmmfn afeefn ffn vfrpmjgatfnc i`r`itfr fn c``r-
v`n i`n aft oferuji c``cwfrifmjbi wkrcfn `dofcwknofn. Hkhfntffm vjncfn fr
wfjnjo kpfn cjsgussjfs pm``ts kvfr cf hkfjmjbiafcfn cjf frv`rfn wkrcfn ckkr kp-
cr`gatofvfrs fn `rgajtfgtfn. Aft mjbit frkp c`t vkkr`m cf jntfrprft`tjf v`n cf wft-
tfmjbif vfrpmjgatjnofn js jn pm``ts v`n aft ``nefstfcjnosrfomfhfnt zfmd c`t frvkkr
zkrot c`t aft aujcjof sfmfgtjfprkgfs njft ofe`sffrc wkrct kp ffn kpfn cj`mkko tus-
sfn cf kpcr`gatofvfr fn cf rgajtfgtfn kvfr cf iw`mjtfjt v`n ffn kntwfrpvkkrstfm.
\rkdfssjkn`ms afeefn cf nfjojno kh n``r kpmkssjnofn tf zkfifn ejnnfn aun fj-
ofn ckhfjn, tfrwjbm cf `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf jn dfjtf ffn humtjcjsgjpmjn`jr dfnkhffn
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 331/341
706
js. jbcfns `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfs efst``t fr c``rckkr ffn imkkd tussfn cf efst``ncf
strugturfn cjf efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfssfn kncfrstfunfn fn cf c``cwfrifmjbif ef-
smujtvkrhjnosprkgfssfn v`n cf puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs.
Jn Akkdcstui 6 dkrhumffr ji vjbdtjfn hkofmjbif suggfsd`gtkrfn kp e`sjs v`n
cf jnzjgatfn ujt tafkrjfén kvfr aft hftfn v`n kntwfrpiw`mjtfjt, aft h`ifn v`n w``rcfefkkrcfmjnofn fn cf ifnhfrifn v`n efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfssfn. Aft tafk-
rftjsgaf i`cfr js ofe`sffrc kp vjbd sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfn2 0) aft mfzfn v`n cf ef-
smujtvkrhjnost``i, 5) aft zkfifn n``r ffn h`tga tussfn ckfmstfmmjnofn, `hejtjfs,
efakfdtfn fn hkofmjbiafcfn, 7) aft sgarjbvfn v`n aft efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs, 3)
aft kptfmmfn v`n vfrsgajmmfncf skkrtfn v`n w``rcfkkrcfmfn, fn 6) rfgatv``rcjofn
v`n aft efsmujt n``r vfrsgajmmfncf r`tjkn`mjtfjtfn. Khc`t kncfrzkfi kp aft of-
ejfc v`n `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjfs sga``rs js, zkwfm jn fhpjrjsgaf stucjfs `ms ejnnfn
efsmujtvkrhjnostafkrjfén, afe ji frvkkr ofikzfn kh cf g`sf stucjf hftakcf tf
oferujifn vkkr aft vfrz`hfmfn v`n fhpjrjsgaf ofofvfns fn kh cf hkofmjbif sug-
gfsd`gtkrfn tf v`mjcfrfn. Ji afe crjf g`sf stucjfs ujtofvkfrc n``r njft-kpfne`rf``nefstfcjnofn2 ffn sgakkm, ffn ofhffntfaujs fn ffn prkvjngjfaujs. Cf g`sfs vfr-
sgajmcfn jn orkkttf, `rc fn ifnhfrifn v`n cf sfmfgtjfprkgfcurf. C``rn``st afe ji
ffn g`sf stucjf ujtofvkfrc n``r ffn jntfrn`tjkn`mf jcffénprjbsvr``o vkkr ffn njfuw
d`gumtfjtsofekuw. Jn cfzf g`sfs afe ji vfrsgajmmfncf skkrtfn ofofvfns vfrz`hfmc
(hft efaump v`n jntfrvjfws, kesfrv`tjfs, ckguhfntfn) kh trj`noum`tjf hkofmjbi tf
h`ifn tussfn zfmdr`ppkrt`of, w``rofnkhfn ofcr`o, fn cf kddjgjémf ckguhfnt`tjf.
Cf rfsumt`tfn v`n aft kncfrzkfi zjbn hft suggfs oftfst jn ffn wkrisakp hft cfs-
iuncjofn. Jn cfzf wkrisakp zjbn kki cf hkofmjbif jhpmjg`tjfs efsprkifn vkkr aft
tkfikhstjof kntwfrp v`n sfmfgtjfprkgfcurfs.
Vjt cf fhpjrjsgaf c`t` `ms efsgarfvfn jn Akkdcstui 4 fn Akkdcstui ? emjbit
c`t aft efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs v`n aft sfmfgtfrfn v`n ffn `rgajtfgt ffn ofvkmo js
v`n cf cjrfgtf gkndrknt`tjf v`n cf efsmujtvkrhfrs hft cf (kntwfrp)`mtfrn`tjfvfn.
Cjfntfnofvkmof wkrcfn cf efsmujtvkrhfrs ofgkndrkntffrc hft cf kptjfs fn knt-
cfiifn zjb cf eftfifnjs fn hkofmjbif jhpmjg`tjfs v`n cf vkkrofstfmcf kntwfrpfn.
Aft js ajfrckkr ejbn` knhkofmjbi vkkr puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs kh cf prkgfcurf,
grjtfrj` fn wfojnosd`gtkrfn vkkr`d ``n tf ikncjofn, zk`ms vfrfjst js jn cf ``nefstf-
cjnoswftofvjno. Jn cjt kpzjgat ektst cf r`tjkn`mjtfjt v`n cf wfttfmjbif vkkrsgarjd-
tfn hft cf psygakmkojsgaf r`tjkn`mjtfjt v`n cf efsmujtvkrhjno. @`n cf `ncfrf
i`nt vfrstfrifn cf r`tjkn`mjtfjtfn fmi``r ckkr cf kpcr`gatofvfr cf strugtuur fncf rujhtf ``n tf rfjifn cjf nkcjo js vkkr ffn suggfsvkm efsmujtvkrhjnostr`bfgt. Jn
Akkdcstui 1 wkrcfn cf vjbd sfnsfh`ijno prkgfssfn fn aun kncfrmjoofncf sjtu`tj-
knfmf ifnhfrifn vfrim``rc ujt cf tafkrftjsgaf jnzjgatfn fn fhpjrjsgaf efvjncjn-
ofn. Ofe`sffrc kp cf rfsumt`tfn wkrcfn ``nefvfmjnofn ofc``n vkkr aft kntwfrp
v`n ffn ``nefstfcjnosprkgfcurf.
Aft ffrstf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfs v`n aft mfzfn v`n cf efsmujtvkrhjnost``i js of-
e`sffrc kp cf eforjppfn ‑sfnsfrf`cjno‚ fn ‑dr`hjno‚ fn rjgat zjga kp cf vfrt`mjno
v`n cf ckfmstfmmjnofn v`n cf kpcr`gatofvfr jn cf ``nefstfcjnosprkgfcurf. Khc`t
ffn puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfr ms ffn kpcr`gatofvfr dunoffrt jn pm``ts v`n ffn im`nt,
hkftfn vfrsgajmmfncf `spfgtfn v`n ekuwiuncjof fn burjcjsgaf t``m tjbcfns aft
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 332/341
704
prkgfs v`n cf efsmujtvkrhjno ckkr cf efsmujtvkrhfrs of`n`mysffrc wkrcfn kh
tf wftfn w`t zf iunnfn vfrw`gatfn. Cf kntwjiifmjno v`n aft prkor`hh` v`n
fjsfn fn cf `n`mysf v`n cf gkntfxt v`n aft prkbfgt zjbn c``rkh efm`norjbif kncfr-
cfmfn v`n aft sfnsfh`ijno prkgfs. Aft efm`norjbistf cjmfhh` w``rhff gmjéntfn
ofgkndrkntffrc wkrcfn tjbcfns cjt prkgfs js aft kncfrsgafjcfn v`n 0) cf bujstf
kpmkssjno vkkr aun kntwfrpprkemffh ejnnfn cf wfcstrjbcgumtuur jn cf `rgajtfg-tuur fn 5) aft zkfifn n``r cf bujstf p`rtnfr jn aft kntwfrpfn v`n ffn kpmkssjno
vkkr aun aujsvfstjnosefakfdtf `ms kncfrcffm v`n cf ``nefstfcjnosefojnsfmfn. Cf
rfsumt`tfn v`n aft kncfrzkfi suoofrfrfn c`t gkhpmfxjtfjt, knzfifrafjc fn tjbc cf
efm`norjbistf sjtu`tjknfmf ifnhfrifn zjbn cjf aft prkgfs v`n aft mfzfn v`n cf ef-
smujtvkrhjnost``i efënvmkfcfn.
@`nefstfcfn js ffn h`njfr kh gkntr`gtfn tf vfrmfnfn vkkr prkbfgtfn v`n pu-
emjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs. Aft js ofe`sffrc kp aft prjngjpf v`n cf kpfn h`rit. Aft
twffcf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfs v`n aft zkfifn n``r ffn h`tga tussfn ckfmfn, `hejtjfs,efakfdtfn fn hkofmjbiafcfn affdt eftrfiijno kp aft dfjt c`t tjbcfns aft sfmfgtjfprk-
gfs cf w``rcfn v`n ffn gmjént kvfr `rgajtfgtuur ofikppfmc wkrcfn ``n cf hk-ofmjbiafcfn cjf ckkr cf `rgajtfgtfn wkrcfn ``nofekcfn. Akfwfm aft Furkpfsf
``nefstfcjnorfgat ofrjgat js kp kpfnstfmmjno v`n cf h`rit jn cf FV-mjcst`tfn,
mjbit aft frkp c`t Nfcfrm`ncsf kpcr`gatofvfrs jn cf aujcjof pr`itjbi ffn vkkrifur
afeefn kh hft Nfcfrm`ncsf `rgajtfgtfn tf wfrifn. Cf rfsumt`tfn v`n cjt kncfr-
zkfi ofvfn ``n c`t efsmujtvkrhfrs efst``ncf ifnnjs kvfr cf `rgajtfgtfn tkfp`ssfn
tjbcfns aft sfmfgtjfprkgfs kh ffn ofvkfm v`n gkntrkmf tf grférfn kvfr cf sjtu`tjf
fn cf pktfntjémf iw`mjtfjt v`n cf cffmnfhfncf `rgajtfgtfn. Cf orktf h`tf v`n
knzfifrafjc wkrct vfrorkkt ckkr cf vfrsgajmmfncf efm`noafeefncfn cjf hkftfn
wkrcfn eftrkiifn ejb cf efsmujtvkrhjno. Cf rfsumt`tfn v`n cfzf stucjf suoofrfrfn
c`t gkntrkmf, jnvmkfc fn tjbc cf efm`norjbistf sjtu`tjknfmf ifnhfrifn zjbn cjf tfnorkncsm`o mjoofn ``n cf ikppfmjno v`n cf ckfmstfmmjnofn, `hejtjfs, efakfdtfn fn
i`nsfn ejb puemjfif kpcr`gatofvfrs tjbcfns ffn `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf.
Aft cfrcf sfnsfh`ijno prkgfs c`t ji kncfrsgafjc js aft prkgfs v`n aft sgarjbvfnv`n aft efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs . Cjt prkgfs js ofe`sffrc kp cf gkngfptfn v`n ‑sfnsf-
wrjoatjno‚, ‑sfnsfojvjno‚ fn ‑dr`hjno‚ fn akuct jn c`t cf sfmfgtjf v`n ffn `rgajtfgt
vkrhofofvfn (ofsgarfvfn) wkrct ckkr cf kpcr`gatofvfr tjbcfns cf ``nefstfcjno.
Cf kesfrv`tjfs wfiifn cf jncrui c`t cf efsmujtvkrhfrs ckkr knvkmmfcjof ifn-
njs, oferfi `n jndkrh`tjf fn tfofnstrjbcjof mtfrn`tjfvfn vffm knzfifrafjc frv`rfn
tjbcfns ffn ``nefstfcjnosprkgfcurf. Jn cjt skkrt sjtu`tjfs zjbn fxpfrtkkrcfmfn fn
jntuëtjfvf efsmujtvkrhjno jn pm``ts v`n ffn r`tjknfmf fv`mu`tjf v`n `mtfrn`tjfvfnnkcjo kh tkt ffn efsmujt tf ikhfn. Jn `mmf g`sfs efp``mcf cf ``nefstfcjnosprk-
gfcurf (njft-kpfne``r kd kpfne``r) aft ``nt`m d`sfn jn cf efsmujtvkrhjno, h``r
njft cf jntfrprft`tjf v`n cfzf d`sfn. Efjcf prkgfcurfs vfrtkkncfn vfrofmjbie`rf
jtfr`tjfvf efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfssfn v`n aft stfmmfn v`n ckfmfn, pfrgfptjf, jncj-
vjcufmf efkkrcfmjno, orkfpsefsmujtvkrhjno fn fv`mu`tjf v`n aft efsmujt. Kvfr aft
`mofhffn i`n fr ffn kncfrsgafjc wkrcfn ofh``it tussfn 0) cf vkkrefrfjcjno v`n
cf ``nefstfcjno w``rjn aft prkor`hh` v`n fjsfn, cf ``nefstfcjnosprkgfcurf, cf
eftrkiifnafjc v`n cf efm`noafeefncfn fn aft efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs kntwkrpfn
wkrcfn, fn 5) cf ujtvkfrjno v`n cf ``nefstfcjno w``rjn aft kntwfrp wkrct tkfof-
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 333/341
70?
p`st. Cf efm`norjbistf sjtu`tjknfmf ifnhfrifn cjf aft sgarjbdprkgfs v`n aft efsmujt
efënvmkfcfn mjbifn tjbc, jntuëtjf fn cfsiuncjoafjc tf zjbn.
Aft vjfrcf prkgfs v`n sfnsfh`ijno affdt tf h`ifn hft aft kptfmmfn v`n vfr-sgajmmfncf skkrtfn v`n w``rcfkkrcfmfn c`t nkcjo js kh tkt ffn cfdjnjtjfvf efsmjssjno
kvfr cf iw`mjtfjt v`n cf `rgajtfgt tf ikhfn. Jn cjt prkgfs ektsfn cf burjcjsgaf fn
skgj`mf r`tjkn`mjtfjt v`n cf efsmujtvkrhjno khc`t ffn psfuck-r`tjkn`mjtfjt wkrctofgrféfrc ckkr aft iw`ntjdjgfrfn v`n cf iw`mjt`tjfvf ujtspr`ifn. Cf ifuzf vkkr
ffn wjnn``r tjbcfns ffn ``nefstfcjno js fnfrzjbcs ofe`sffrc kp cf strugtuur cjf
wkrct ofmfvfrc ckkr cf vkkr`d efifncofh``itf grjtfrj`, h``r js ``n cf `ncfrf
i`nt kki kncfrcffm v`n ffn prkgfs v`n vkkrtsgarjbcfnc jnzjgat fn eftfifnjsof-
vjno w``rjn vfrsgajmmfncf w``rcfkkrcfmfn jhpmjgjft wkrcfn kpoftfmc. Wtrugtuur,
systffh, fn fxpfrtjsf mjbifn cf efm`norjbistf sjtu`tjknfmf ifnhfrifn tf zjbn cjf v`n
jnvmkfc zjbn kp aft kptfmmjnosprkgfs.
Aft vjbdcf prkgfs v`n sfnsfh`ijno affdt eftrfiijno kp cf hktjvfrjno v`n aftefsmujt ``n aft fjncf v`n aft sfmfgtjfprkgfs n``r cf vfrsgajmmfncf r`tjkn`mjtfjtfn. Ffn
kpcr`gatofvfr hkft aft cfdjnjtjfvf efsmujt rfgatv``rcjofn n``r cf fjofn kro`njs`-tjf, aft puemjfi, cf s`hfnmfvjno fn cf cffmnfhfncf `rgajtfgtfn. Jn cf rfgatv``r-
cjojno v`n ffn efsmujt wkrct ffn efsmujtvkrhfr ofmjbitjbcjo ofgkndrkntffrc hft
cf burjcjsgaf strugtuur v`n cf efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfcurf fn aft psygakmkojsgaf
prkgfs v`n eftfifnjsofvjno. Cf sjtu`tjknfmf ifnhfrifn cr``ovm`i, vfrtrkuwfn fn
gkntrkmf mjbifn v`n jnvmkfc tf zjbn kp aft prkgfs v`n aft rfgatv``rcjofn n``r cf
vfrsgajmmfncf r`tjkn`mjtfjtfn.
Kp e`sjs v`n cf rfsumt`tfn v`n aft kncfrzkfi wkrcfn vjbdtjfn puntfn vkkrof-
stfmc cjf fr``n iunnfn ejbcr`ofn c`t cf `rgajtfgtfnsfmfgtjf v`n ffn puemjfif kp-
cr`gatofvfr kncfr Furkpfsf `nefstfcjnosrfofmofvjno ffn suggfs wkrct. Cfzf zjbnofe`sffrc kp cf suggfsd`gtkrfn zk`ms ofëntrkcugffrc jn aft tafkrftjsgaf i`cfr v`n
Akkdcstui 6. Fnifmf vkkreffmcfn zjbn2
Aft tkfm`tfn v`n ffn akmjstjsga kkrcffm c`t pktfntjffm tfofnstrjbcjof ujtspr`-
ifn vfrfnjot jn aft kntwfrp v`n cf ``nefstfcjnoprkgfcurf.
Rkrofn c`t cf pksjtjf fn aft typf efm`noafeefncfn dofstfhc zjbn kp aun rkm
jn aft efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfs.
Aft ``np`ssfn v`n cf ``rc v`n cf fxpfrtjsf ``n cf ``rc fn jnakuc v`n cf ef-
smujtvkrhjnost``i cjf nkcjo js vkkr cf sfmfgtjf v`n ffn `rgajtfgt.
Aft tkfm`tfn v`n gkhpfns`tjf jn aft kptfmmfn v`n cf w``rcfkkrcfmfn kvfr cf
iw`mjtfjt(fn) v`n cf kddfrtfs.
Aft vfrorktfn v`n aft vfrtrkuwfn tussfn cf efsmujtvkrhfrs fn aft cr``ovm`i
v`n aft efsmujt kncfr cf efm`noafeefncfn ckkr jn aft kntwfrp v`n cf ``nef-
stfcjno cf rkmmfn fn vfr`ntwkkrcfmjbiafcfn v`n cf efsmujtvkrhfrs zkrovumcjo
tf `crfssfrfn.
Cf rfsumt`tfn v`n cjt kncfrzkfi ofvfn ``nmfjcjno tkt ffn wjbzjojnossuoofs-
tjf vkkr cf aujcjof ``nefstfcjnospr`itjbi jn Nfcfrm`nc. N``r hjbn hfnjno zku
cf s`hfnstfmmjno v`n cf sfmfgtjf - fn ounnjnogkhhjssjf ofmjbi hkftfn zjbn vkkrcf sfmfgtjf- fn cf ounnjnosd`sf, zku cfzf gkhhjssjf (`nnfx bury) efsmjssjnosrfgat
•
•
•
•
•
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 334/341
701
hkftfn afeefn, fn zkucfn fr pfr d`sf vfrsgajmmfn iunnfn zjbn jn cf rkmmfn fn vfr-
`ntwkkrcfmjbiafcfn v`n cf burymfcfn. Cjt eftfifnt c`t vkkr fmif ``nefstfcjno
w``rejb ffn `rgajtfgt wkrct ofikzfn cf vkmofncf prkgfcurf v`n tkfp`ssjno zku
iunnfn zjbn2
_jbs ffn ofv`rjffrcf bury ``n w``rjn zkwfm cf vfr`ntwkkrcfmjbif efstuurcfr(s)
fn `ncfrf vfrtfofnwkkrcjofrs v`n cf ``nefstfcfncf cjfnst `ms ffn ``nt`m ck-hfjnspfgjdjfif cfsiuncjofn cjf ofrfm`tffrc zjbn ``n aft i`r`itfr v`n cf kp-
cr`gat (ejbv. stfcfnekuwiuncjofn, rgajtfgtfn, cuurz``hafjc fxpfrts, ajstk-
rjgj, fnzkvkkrt) zjttjno nfhfn.
Offd cf bury zkwfm jn cf sfmfgtjfd`sf `ms jn cf ounnjnosd`sf efsmjssjnosrfgat.
Rkro c`t cf burymfcfn fmi``r kncfrstfunfn fn vfrtrkuwfn, zkwfm vkkr, tjbcfns
`ms n` cf ``nefstfcjnosprkgfcurf. Cjt i`n efvkrcfrc wkrcfn ckkr v`n tf vk-
rfn cf rkmmfn, vfr`ntwkkrcfmjbiafcfn fn t`ifn vkkr cf vfrsgajmmfncf d`sfn v`n
aft sfmfgtjfprkgfs ejnnfn cf bury v`st tf mfoofn.
Cf vkkrcfmfn v`n aft eftrfiifn v`n ckhfjnspfgjdjfif cfsiuncjofn vkkr kp-
cr`gatofvfrs js c`t 0) jn cf sfmfgtjfd`sf ffn iw`mjtfjtsgkntrkmf pm``tsvjnct v`n cf
pktfntjémf jnsgarjbvfrs ckkr cfsiuncjofn ujt aft eftrkiifn wfrivfmc, fn 5) c`t cf
kpcr`gatofvfrs jn cf ounnjnosd`sf hft cf kncfrstfunjno v`n ckhfjnspfgjdjfif
cfsiuncjofn jnvmkfc iunnfn ujtkfdfnfn kp cf ujtfjncfmjbif efsmjssjno. Cf cfs-
iuncjofn cjf eftrkiifn zjbn ejb aft prkgfs iunnfn tkfzjfn kp cf pktfntjémf ofvkm-
ofn v`n cf ``nefstfcjnosefsmjssjnofn kp aft wfrivfmc. Aft vkkrofstfmcf gkngfpt
zku ``nzjfnmjbi hffr eftrkiifnafjc v`n cf cfsiuncjofn fn `ncfrf p`nfmmfcfn
vfrfjsfn jn cf vkkrefrfjcfncf d`sf v`n cf ``nefstfcjno. Cf kprjgatjno v`n ffn
ofspfgj`mjsffrc humtjcjsgjpmjn`jr ifnnjsgfntruh fn cf kntwjiifmjno v`n ffn c`t`-e`sf hft jndkrh`tjf kvfr cf pktfntjémf ofsgajitafjc v`n cf jnsgarjbvfrs i`n cfzf
vfr`ncfrjno kncfrstfunfn.
Jn Akkdcstui 1 rfdmfgtffr ji kki kp cf ``np`i fn wftfnsga`ppfmjbif rfmfv`ntjf
v`n aft kncfrzkfi fn wkrcfn suoofstjfs ofc``n vkkr tkfikhstjo kncfrzkfi. Ji
cfni c`t cjt kncfrzkfi ffn efm`norjbif ejbcr`of mfvfrt ``n cf vr``o n``r ffn jn-
tfrcjsgjpmjn`jrf efn`cfrjno v`n kncfrzkfi jn cjt wfrivfmc ckkr aft tkfp`ssfn v`n
efst``ncf ifnnjs ujt cf hffr dunc`hfntfmf ofejfcfn v`n cf wftfnsga`p zk`ms cf
gkonjtjfvf fn skgj`mf psygakmkojf. rj`noum`tjf v`n cf vfrsgajmmfncf hftakcfn v`n
kncfrzkfi vfrstfrit cf `n`mysf v`n cf gkhpmfxjtfjt cjf tfn orkncsm`o mjot ``n aftofcr`o v`n cf `gtkrfn. Jn cf zjn v`n cf eftrkuwe``rafjc v`n cjt kncfrzkfi emjbit
ejbvkkreffmc c`t aft kesfrvfrfn ffn hkofmjbiafjc ejfct kh wftfnsga`ppfmjbif jn-
zjgatfn tf vfrz`hfmfn kvfr ofcr`o cjf ncfrs njft kpofhfrit zkucfn wkrcfn, zk`ms
cf rkm v`n fhktjfs fn str`tfojsga ofcr`o. Cf efm`norjbistf vfrsgajmmfn tussfn cf
jcffénwfcstrjbc fn cf ``nefstfcjnosg`sfs jn cjt kncfrzkfi akucfn vfre`nc hft
vfrsgajmmfn jn cf burjcjsgaf ofvkmofn v`n aft efsmujt, aft ckfm v`n aft efsmujt fn
aft fxpfrtjsfnjvf`u v`n cf kpcr`gatofvfr. Cf rfsumt`tfn v`n aft kncfrzkfi iun-
nfn wkrcfn ofofnfr`mjsffrc n``r vfrofmjbie`rf sfmfgtjfprkgfssfn w``rjn `mtfrn`-
tjfvfn wkrcfn `dofwkofn, zk`ms efsmujtfn kvfr ffn v`stokfcpkrtfdfujmmf, cf knt-
wjiifmjno v`n njfuwf prkcugtfn, tkfwjbzjnofn v`n kncfrzkfisofmcfn, sfmfgtfrfn
@.
E.
G.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 335/341
70:
v`n wfrinfhfrs, fv`mu`tjfs v`n stucfntfnwfri, kd aft vfrmfnfn v`n kpcr`gatfn jn
`ncfrf (cjfnstfn)sfgtkrfn.
Rkwfm cf wftfnsga`p ms cf pr`itjbi zku ofe``t zjbn ejb ffn hffr systfh`tjsgaf
h`njfr v`n c`t`vfrz`hfmjno kvfr ``nefstfcjnofn jn cf `rgajtfgtuur. Aft gkngfpt
v`n fxpfrt tf`hs, cf str`tfojfén vkkr aft wjnnfn v`n ``nefstfcjnofn, cf gkrrf-
m`tjfs fn fddfgtfn v`n cf sjtu`tjknfmf ifnhfrifn cjf v`n jnvmkfc zjbn kp cf sfnsf-h`ijno prkgfssfn fn cf rkm v`n efsmjssjnoskncfrstfunfncf systfhfn jn cf efsmujt-
vkrhjno zkucfn jntfrfss`ntf kncfrwfrpfn iunnfn zjbn vkkr vfrcfr kncfrzkfi.
kfikhstjo kncfrzkfi zku kki vfrsgajmmfncf sfgtkrfn, vfrsgajmmfncf ifnhfrifn
v`n cf kpcr`gatofvfr fn vfrsgajmmfncf skkrtfn ``nefstfcjnosprkgfcurfs iunnfn
vfrofmjbifn. fvfns zkucfn hffr tafkrjfén tkfofp`st iunnfn wkrcfn kp aft of-
ejfc v`n str`tfojsga h`n`ofhfnt, kpfne``r efstuur fn prkgfsh`n`ofhfnt.
Cjt kncfrzkfi cr``ot ejb ``n ifnnjskntwjiifmjno kp aft ofejfc v`n cf `r-
gajtfgtknjsgaf vkrhofvjno, cf psygakmkojf v`n aft h`ifn v`n efsmjssjnofn, fn
efsmujtvkrhjno ejnnfn kro`njs`tjfs. Aft js c``rckkr v`n efm`no vkkr cf ``nefstf-
cfncf cjfnst, gknsumt`nts, `rgajtfgtfn, efmfjcsh`ifrs fn burjcjsgaf `cvjsfurs ujtcf pr`itjbi, h``r kki vkkr wftfnsga`ppfrs kp aft ofejfc v`n cfsjon h`n`ofhfnt,
prkcugtfhktjf, khofvjnospsygakmkojf fn efsmujtvkrhjno. Cf efm`norjbistf ckfm-
orkfpfn v`n cjt prkfdsgarjdt zjbn cf kpcr`gatofvfncf kro`njs`tjfs cjf ffn ``nef-
stfcjno hkftfn kro`njsfrfn, aun `cvjsfurs, kvfrafjcsjnst`ntjfs cjf rfofmofvjno fn
efmfjc kntwjiifmfn fn ujtvkfrfn, fn (humtjcjsgjpmjn`jrf) wftfnsga`ppfrs kp aft
ofejfc v`n ``nefstfcjnofn fn wfcstrjbcfn jn cf ekuw. Khc`t aft kncfrzkfi jn-
zjgat offdt jn efsmujtvkrhjnosprkgfssfn v`nujt aft pfrspfgtjfd v`n cf kpcr`gatof-
vfr cjf njft ffrcfr zjbn kncfrzkgat fn hffst`m gatfr ofsmktfn cfurfn pm``tsvjncfn,
cfni ji c`t cf rfsumt`tfn v`n cjt kncfrzkfi kki jntfrfss`nt zjbn vkkr `ncfrfn cjf
jn aun wfrivfmc tf h`ifn afeefn hft aft nfhfn v`n efsmjssjnofn cjf eftrfiijnoafeefn kp cf kntwjiifmjno v`n cf ofekuwcf khofvjno.
Mffntbf Tkmifr
@uoustus 5<0<
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 336/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 337/341
750
@ginkwmfcofhfnts
Wfvfr`m yf`rs `ok J st`rtfc wrjtjno `n fpjmkouf `ekut ‑mkvf, pkwfr, `nc pkmjtjgs‚ tk
`ccrfss taf struoomf kd puemjg gmjfnts jn taf djfmc kd rgajtfgturf. @s taf yf`rs wfnt @s taf yf`rs wfnt
ey J rf`mjsfc ta`t tafrf js `msk ` mkt kd pkwfr `nc pkmjtjgs jn taf `g`cfhjg wkrmc. Zft, J `msk fxpfrjfngfc ` mkt kd mkvf `nc p`ssjkn ta`t suppkrtfc hf tarkuoakut
tajs \aC. afn J takuoat `ekut taf hkhfnt ta`t ` drjfnc o`vf hf taf ekki kd
@ntkjnf cf W`jnt-Fxupêry `ekut taf Mjttmf \rjngf. Jn tajs ekki taf `utakr tfmms
`ekut ajs hfftjnos wjta taf Mjttmf \rjngf jn taf hjccmf kd taf cfsfrt. Curjno tafsf
hfftjnos taf prjngf cfsgrjefs ajs fxpfrjfngfs wajmf tr`vfmmjno tarkuoakut taf unj-
vfrsf `nc vjsjtjno cjddfrfnt `stfrkjcs. @t f`ga pm`nft taf prjngf hft nfw pfkpmf,
`nc tafy `mm t`uoat ajh skhftajno nfw. @t knf kd tafsf pm`nfts ` gunnjno eut
t`hfc dkx tkmc ajh `ekut knf kd taf ejoofst sfgrfts jn mjdf2 ”Jt js knmy taf af`rt
ta`t knf g`n sff rjoatmy efg`usf wa`t js fssfntj`m js jnvjsjemf tk taf fyf‘. J rf`mjsfc
ta`t dkr hf mkvf js hkrf jhpkrt`nt ta`n pkwfr `nc pkmjtjgs. J wkumc mjif tk usftajs puemjg`tjkn tk `ginkwmfcof skhf pfkpmf ta`t gkntrjeutfc tk tajs tafsjs.
J gknsjcfr hy \aC `s ` ga`mmfnojno `g`cfhjg bkurnfy `mkno sfvfr`m pm`nfts ta`t
J ekkifc wjta A`ns cf Bknof. Jn taf efojnnjno wf t`mifc ` mkt `ekut si`tjno kn
tajn jgf nc taf ga`ngfs kd ofttjno wft. A`ns, ta`ni yku dkr s`df p`ss`of nc taf
d`jta yku put jn hy `g`cfhjg `nc pfrskn`m g`p`gjtjfs. Zku cjc nkt tf`ga hf akw
tk si`tf eut, hkrf jhpkrt`ntmy, akw tk survjvf kn taf jgf.
@dtfr knf `nc ` a`md yf`rs kd tr`vfmmjno J dfmt ` ejt mkst. @t ta`t hkhfnt J hft
Irjstjn` M`ugaf drkh taf cfp`rthfnt kd Jncustrj`m Cfsjon. J jhhfcj`tfmy dfmt `t
akhf t afr fhpjrjg`mmy nc psygakmkojg`mmy krjfntfc stfrkjc. Irjstjn`, ta`ni ykudkr h`ijno hy bkurnfy sk huga f`sjfr. Zku wfrf tafrf `t taf rjoat hkhfnts `nc
afmpfc hf rf`mjsf ta`t jt js `gtu`mmy pkssjemf tk gknnfgt taf wkrmc kd cfsjon tk taf
wkrmc kd psygakmkoy.
Hy gkmmf`oufs `t taf D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf jntrkcugfc hf tk taf wkrmc
kd ‑truf‚ `rgajtfgturf, `nc hy gkmmf`oufs `t taf cfp`rthfnt kd Uf`m Fst`tf `nc
Akusjno t`uoat hf akw tk cf`m wjta `mm ijncs kd `gtkrs jn tajs gurjkus `nc fxgjt-
jno wkrmc. Hy gkmmf`ouf Bkan Afjntz w`s knf kd hy c`jmy supfrvjskrs. Bkan, ta`ni
yku dkr sa`rjno ykur jnsjoats drkh `n `rgajtfgtur`m pkjnt kd vjfw `nc sakwjno hf
`rkunc jn taf Fnomjsa m`nou`of.
af suppkrt kd hy dfmmkw \aC‚s, ekta jn Ekuwiuncf nc jn Jncustrj`m Cfsjon,`nc kd A`ns _`hfmjni `s taf ga`jr kd kur orkup surfmy f`sfc taf p`jn `nc skrrkw
ta`t J skhftjhfs fxpfrjfngfc. J wkumc mjif tk ta`ni Fsr` `nc Hknjquf dkr st`nc-
jno nfxt tk hf `s p`r`njhds curjno taf cfdfngf `nc taf trust tafy put jn hf `s `
rfsf`rgafr.
J rf`mmy fnbkyfc tr`vfmmjno `rkunc wjta taf gmjfnts, `rgajtfgts, `cvjskrs, `nc (jntfr-
n`tjkn`m) rfsf`rgafrs ta`t J hft curjno hy trjp. af nuhfrkus cjsgussjkns `ekut
taf cjddjgumtjfs, pjtd`mms nc ga`mmfnofs kd sgjfngf, rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkns, cfsjon gkh-
pftjtjkns, kr ktafr rfm`tfc jssufs `mw`ys jnspjrfc hf cffpmy. Orf`t `pprfgj`tjkn
okfs kut tk `mm taf gknt`gt pfrskns ta`t h`cf jt pkssjemf tk pfrdkrh hy g`sf stuc-
jfs nc taf cfgjsjkn h`ifrs nc rgajtfgts wakh J jntfrvjfwfc. J fspfgj`mmy wkumc
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 338/341
755
mjif tk ta`ni taf fxpfrts ta`t p`rtjgjp`tfc jn hy v`mjc`tjkn wkrisakp `nc _ytzf
\`tjbn dkr jngmucjno hf jn taf prkbfgt tf`h kd taf Eujmcjno dkr Ekuwiuncf gkh-
pftjtjkn. Kd gkursf `msk h`ny ta`nis tk hy gkhhjttff hfhefrs wak suebfgtfc
hy wkri tk ` djn`m tfst.
F`ga fngkuntfr mfdt hf skhftajno, eut jt `mm st`rtfc wjta hy p`rfnts. \`p` `nc
H`h`, yku prkvjcfc hf wjta taf rjoat fqujphfnt dkr tajs `g`cfhjg p`ta2 taf
nfvfr-fncjno gurjksjty, ` m`rof fno`ofhfnt wjta pfkpmf, ` gkntjnukus pfrsfvfr-
`ngf, taf d`jta ta`t fvfrytajno wjmm fvfntu`mmy ef jn pm`gf, nc taf pkwfr tk gakksf
hy kwn p`ta jn mjdf. J wkumc mjif tk ta`ni hy erktafr `nc `mm taf drjfncs, akusf-
h`tfs `nc gkmmf`oufs wakh J hft curjno hy st`ys jn _`ofnjnofn, Fjncakvfn,
Njfuwfofjn `nc Cfmdt dkr tafjr gkntjnukus suppkrt, rfm`xjno hkhfnts `nc jntfr-
fst sakwn jn hy rfsf`rga. @ spfgj`m ta`nis okfs kut tk Afrhfn B`n dkr taf or`paj-
g`m jnput kn taf sgafhfs jn hy tafsjs.
Jt js `mw`ys njgf tk sa`rf ykur c`jmy fxpfrjfngfs wjta skhfknf yku mkvf. Afni,
wjta `mm ykur mkvf `nc wjsckh yku `rf hy mjttmf wajtf prjngf. Zku dkmmkwfc hf
wjtakut `ny afsjt`tjkn tk fvfry gkrnfr kd hy hjnc, `nc tkki g`rf kd hf mjif taf
Mjttmf \rjngf tkki g`rf kd ajs rksf. Jt `mw`ys dffms okkc tk rfturn tk kur pm`nft `nc
tkoftafr h`if pm`ns dkr ` nfw bkurnfy.
Mffntbf Tkmifr
@uoust 5<0<
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 339/341
757
Gurrjgumuh Tjt`f
Mffntbf Tkmifr w`s ekrn jn 0:?1 jn @rnafh, taf Nftafrm`ncs. Waf gkhpmftfc sfg-Waf gkhpmftfc sfg-
knc`ry sgakkm (_`ofnjnos Mygfuh, m`tfr \`nt`rjbn Wgakmfnofhffnsga`p) jn 0::4
`nc tafn hkvfc tk Fjncakvfn tk stucy fganjfi fn H``tsga`ppjb (fgankmkoy ncWkgjfty) `t taf cfp`rthfnt kd fgankmkoy H`n`ofhfnt `t Fjncakvfn Vnjvfrsjty
kd fgankmkoy. Waf dkgusfc kn taf rfm`tjkn eftwffn pfkpmf `nc taf eujmt fnvjrkn-
hfnt drkh ` psygakmkojg`m pfrspfgtjvf. Jn Nkvfhefr 5<<5 saf or`cu`tfc wjta
cjstjngtjkn jn Auh`n fgankmkoy Jntfr`gtjkn `t taf V/f. Afr h`stfr tafsjs cf`mt
wjta cfsjon oujcfmjnfs dkr skgj`m jntfr`gtjkn kd p`tjfnts jn akspjt`ms. Curjno afr
stucjfs saf w`s `n `gtjvf hfhefr kd sfvfr`m stucfnt kro`njs`tjkns jn spkrts, husjg
`nc wjtajn taf unjvfrsjty. Waf `msk spfnt dkur hkntas `s ` vjsjtjno sgakm`r `t taf
D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf kd taf Vnjvfrsjty kd _jsgknsjn jn Hjmw`uiff (VW@), w`s
`n jntfrn `t Hfsks Hfcjsga Gfntruh `nc @I@ jn Vtrfgat, nc ket`jnfc V/f
gfrtjdjg`tf jn fgankmkoy H`n`ofhfnt.Jn taf efojnnjno kd 5<<7 saf st`rtfc wkrijno `s ` rfsf`rgafr `nc prkbfgt h`n-
`ofr `t taf Gfntfr dkr \fkpmf `nc Eujmcjno (Gd\E) jn Cfmdt. Waf js `utakr kd taf
_KCJ© kkmijt tk hf`surf s`tjsd`gtjkn `nc pfrdkrh`ngf kd taf eujmt fnvjrkn-
hfnt jn kddjgfs `nc kro`njsfc sfvfr`m wkrisakps `nc syhpksj` tk gknnfgt pfkpmf
drkh pr`gtjgf tk sgjfngf jn tajs djfmc. Jn 5<<6 saf bkjnfc taf orkup kd Cfsjon
`nc Gknstrugtjkn H`n`ofhfnt kd taf cfp`rthfnt kd Uf`m Fst`tf `nc Akusjno
(D`gumty kd @rgajtfgturf, Cfmdt Vnjvfrsjty kd fgankmkoy) tk st`rt afr \aC prkbfgt
kn `rgajtfgt sfmfgtjkn jn taf gkntfxt kd FV tfncfrjno rfoum`tjkns. Vntjm 5<<1 saf
st`yfc gknnfgtfc tk taf Gd\E dkr knf c`y ` wffi. Waf a`s wrjttfn v`rjkus `rtjgmfs
wajga a`vf effn puemjsafc jn sgjfntjdjg `nc prkdfssjkn`m bkurn`ms `nc gkndfrfngfprkgffcjnos, `nc a`s effn ` spf`ifr `t sfvfr`m (jntfr)n`tjkn`m gkndfrfngfs `nc
wkrisakps. Drkh Bunf 5<<1 tk H`y 5<<: saf w`s ` gkkrcjn`tkr kd taf Kpfn
Jntfrn`tjkn`m Jcf`s Gkhpftjtjkn ‑Eujmcjno dkr Ekuwiuncf‚ `nc p`rtjgjp`tfc jn
taf ajni a`ni tk o`tafr jcf`s dkr ` nfw d`gumty eujmcjno dkr @rgajtfgturf.
Mffntbf a`s `msk p`rtjgjp`tfc jn tf`gajno `nc supfrvjsjno or`cu`tf stucfnts, a`s
effn jnvkmvfc jn \aC tr`jnjno `gtjvjtjfs, taf Eujmcjno Er`jns jnjtj`tjvf, `nc taf
7V rfsf`rga `ssfsshfnt dkr @rgajtfgturf `nc taf Eujmt Fnvjrknhfnt jn 5<0<.
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 340/341
8/3/2019 Volker 2010 - Deciding About Design Quality
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volker-2010-deciding-about-design-quality 341/341