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airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
Develo
pm
en
t o
f h
um
an
resp
on
se m
od
els
of
com
fort
, h
ealt
h a
nd
perf
orm
an
ce
Volk
er M
elle
rtO
lden
burg
Univ
ersi
ty I
nst
itut
for
Phys
ics
/ Aco
ust
ics
Iin
vest
igat
ion
in c
olla
bora
tion w
ith
Build
ing
Res
earc
h E
stab
lishm
ent
BRE
and
Med
ical
Univ
ersi
ty V
ienna
EU
Pro
ject
s H
EACE a
nd F
ACE
ww
w.h
eace
.org
and
htt
p:/
/fac
e.ae
ronau
tica
.ale
nia
.it
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
overv
iew
•re
sear
ch o
bje
ctiv
e /
bac
kgro
und
•co
nce
pt
•co
llabora
tion
/ co
nso
rtiu
m•
exper
imen
tal des
ign
•se
lect
ed r
esults
–PCA –
spac
eofper
ception
(cre
w)
–nois
ean
d a
nnoya
nce
–lo
w f
requen
cy c
om
ponen
ts
•st
atis
tica
l m
odel
•su
mm
ary
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
com
fort
, w
ell
-bein
g,
healt
h,
perf
orm
an
ce..
.
•Key
iss
ues
for
pas
senger
s an
d c
rew
•Euro
pea
n r
esea
rch t
o e
nhan
ce„f
rien
dlin
ess“
of
airc
raft
tra
nsp
ort
, si
nce
FP5
•Envi
ronm
enta
l im
pac
tin
cab
in a
nd c
ock
pit
–so
und
and v
ibra
tion
–ai
r qual
ity
–se
at c
om
fort
–se
rvic
e by
crew
–ad
ded
val
ues
...
•To inve
stig
ate
envi
ronm
enta
l par
amet
ers
(phys
ical
, psy
cholo
gic
al,
med
ical
, ..
...)
•To d
evel
op a
hum
an r
esponse
model
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 4
pro
ject
s re
late
d t
o a
ircr
aft
cab
in
•ID
EA P
ACI
(iden
tifica
tion o
f a
pas
senger
co
mfo
rt index
) –
CIR
A
close
d•
HEACE (
hea
lth e
ffec
ts in a
ircr
aft
cabin
en
viro
nm
ent)
–O
lden
burg
Univ
ersi
ty
ww
w.h
eace
.org
runnin
g•
FACE (
frie
ndly
aircr
aft
cabin
envi
ronm
ent)
–ru
nnin
g –
Ale
nia
runnin
g•
....
..
..su
pport
ed b
y th
e Euro
pea
n C
om
mis
sion
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 5
con
cep
t
•To s
etup a
sim
ula
tor
(mock
-up)
test
fac
ility
•To r
epro
duce
„re
al“
envi
ronm
enta
l par
amet
ers
•To p
rovi
de
the
nec
essa
ry s
ignal
s fr
om
in-f
light
mea
sure
men
ts•
To a
sses
ste
st p
erso
ns‘
res
ponse
with
ques
tionnai
res,
tes
tsan
d m
edic
al indic
ators
•To c
orr
elat
e/ r
elat
e en
viro
nm
enta
l par
amet
ers
with s
ubje
ctiv
e/ o
bje
ctiv
e re
sponse
•To d
evel
op a
„hum
an r
esponse
model
“
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 6
collab
ora
tio
n
•Britisc
h R
esea
rch E
stab
lishm
ent
BRE w
ith t
he
new
ACE –
sim
ula
tor
•M
edic
al U
niv
ersi
ty V
ienna
with a
cces
s to
the
AU
A s
imula
tor
and m
edic
al,
phys
iolo
gic
al,
per
form
ance
dat
a ac
quis
iton
•EAD
S-C
RC,
CIR
A,
Univ
ersi
ty o
f Pat
ras,
Par
agon L
td.,
itap
Gm
bH
•O
lden
burg
: R.
Web
er,
I. B
aum
ann,
S.
Buss
, N
. Fr
eese
, R.
Kru
se,
Ch.
König
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 7
exp
eri
men
tal
desi
gn
•phys
ical
pre
par
atio
nof
sim
ula
tors
–pre
-tes
ts in t
he
AU
A-s
imula
tor
in V
ienna
–m
ain t
ests
in t
he
ACE in W
atfo
rd (
BRE)
•des
ign o
f ques
tionnai
res
for
crew
and
pas
senger
s•
pre
par
atio
nof
envi
ronm
enta
l (c
abin
inte
rior)
dat
a ac
quis
iton a
nd m
easu
rem
ent
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 8
AU
A s
imula
tor
in V
ienna
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 9
ACE a
t BRE in W
atfo
rd
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
0
full
3 x
3 x
3 f
act
ori
al
desi
gn
•te
mper
ature
–t:
21-2
2,
24-2
5,
27-2
8 °
C
•re
lative
hum
idity
–rh
: 5-1
0,
15-2
0,
25-3
0 %
•so
und
and v
ibra
tion
–s/
v:
70,
73,
76 d
B(A
) (
+/-
0.8
)
in o
rder
to c
om
par
e ea
ch v
aria
ble
with e
ach o
ther
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
1
dose
lev
el1
Flig
ht w
ith A
320-
200
from
Vie
nna
to F
rank
furt
5060708090100
020
4060
80
Tim
e [m
in]
SPL [dB(A)]
SP
L(m
ax)
Leq
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
2
dose
lev
el2
Flig
ht w
ith A
320-
200
from
Fra
nkfu
rt to
Bre
men
5060708090100
020
4060
Tim
e [m
in]
SPL [dB(A)]
SP
L(m
ax)
Leq
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
3
dose
lev
el3
Flig
ht w
ith D
ash8
-300
from
Bre
men
to V
ienn
a
5060708090100
020
4060
8010
012
0
Tim
e [m
in]
SPL [dB(A)]
SP
L(m
ax)
Leq
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
4
en
vir
on
men
tal
con
dit
ion
s
L+ rh1
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
rh2
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
rh3
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
n/v1
n/v2
n/v3
t1t2
t3
L- rh1
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
rh2
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
rh3
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
n/v3
n/v2
n/v1
t1t2
t3
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
5
tim
e h
isto
ry o
f si
mu
late
d f
lig
ht
(sim
plif
ied)
Fo
odLa
n-di
ng
Food
Food
Sta
rt
[ ti |
rhj |
n/v 3
] 1
hr d
urat
ion
Q?
Q?
Q?
[ ti |
rhj |
n/v 1
] 1
hr d
urat
ion
[ ti |
rhj |
n/v 2
] 1
hr d
urat
ion
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
6
sim
ula
ted f
light
in V
ienna
(pre
-tes
ts)
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
7
sim
ula
ted f
light
–co
ckpit (
pre
-tes
ts)
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
8
test
pers
on
s
alltoget
her
•22 p
ilots
•86 c
abin
cre
w m
ember
s•
544 p
asse
nger
s
crew
was
pro
fess
ional
,pas
senger
s w
ere
sele
cted
at
random
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 1
9
data
acq
uis
itio
n
•phys
iolo
gic
al/
med
ical
–M
edic
alU
niv
ersi
ty o
f Vie
nna
•ai
r qual
ity
–BRE
•so
und
and v
ibra
tion
–O
lden
burg
Univ
ersi
ty,
EAD
S-C
RC
•ques
tionnai
res
–BRE,
Old
enburg
, Vie
nna
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
0
qu
est
ion
nair
es
(cre
w)
•hea
lth a
nd w
ell-
bei
ng (
30 ite
ms)
•en
viro
nm
enta
l co
nditio
ns
(45
item
s)•
contr
ol ove
r en
viro
nm
ent
(8
item
s)•
rela
tive
com
fort
contr
ibution (
18 ite
ms)
•ef
fect
of
the
envi
ronm
ent
(18 ite
ms)
•ab
ility
to w
ork
(8 ite
ms)
•al
ertn
ess
and m
ood (
9 ite
ms)
sim
ilar
for
pas
senger
s, e
xcep
t w
ork
-rel
ated
ite
ms
but
additio
nal
com
fort
-rel
ated
ite
ms
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
1
exam
ple
for
nois
e
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
2
cock
pit inte
rior
in m
ain t
est
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
3
cabin
inte
rior
in m
ain t
est
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
4
mai
nte
st:
rele
ase
of
ques
tionnai
res
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
5
mai
nte
st:
filli
ng
in q
ues
tionnai
res
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
6
met
hodolo
gy
for
dat
a re
duct
ion
sym
_01
(exp
erie
ncin
g dr
y ey
es):
only
3
“bin
s”w
ith m
ore
than
10%
(20,
3) o
f an
swer
s
sym
_09
(exp
erie
ncin
g dr
y sk
in/li
ps):
5 “b
ins”
with
mor
e th
an 1
0% (2
0,3)
of
answ
ers
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
7
princi
pal
com
ponen
t an
alys
is
•va
rian
ce a
nal
ysis
: 1
46 -
> 5
2 v
aria
ble
s•
nex
t m
eanin
gfu
l re
duct
ions:
24 a
nd 1
3
variab
les
•PC
A o
n 5
2–
clust
ers
of si
mila
r per
ception
–tw
o m
ain d
imen
sions
•le
velof dis
trac
tion/
annoya
nce
[nois
e]•
„fee
l“ o
ver-
all [a
ir q
ual
ity]
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
8
2-d
im p
erce
ption s
pac
e (c
abin
cre
w)
-1,0
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,20,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
-1,0
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
c-ai
rc-
noise
c-lig
htcc
-spa
cec-
com
fg-
air
g-no
iseg-
light
gc-s
pac
g-co
mf
feel
over
all c
omfo
rt
work
ing
spac
e
light
leve
l of d
istra
ctio
n / a
nnoy
ance
"feel
"
effe
ct o
n co
mfo
rt fro
m te
mpe
ratu
re in
the
galle
y
effe
ct o
n co
mfo
rt fro
m n
oise
in th
e ga
lley
-3=n
egat
ive
effe
ct, +
3=po
sitiv
e ef
fect
How
woul
d yo
u ch
ange
the
tem
pera
ture
in th
e ga
lley?
How
woul
d yo
u ch
ange
the
tem
pera
ture
in th
e ca
bin?
How
do y
ou fe
el a
t the
mom
ent (
tem
p)?
Air q
uality
in th
e ca
bin:
fres
hnes
sAi
r qua
lity in
the
galle
y: fr
eshn
ess
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 2
9
one
det
ail (c
rew
): n
ois
e an
d a
nnoya
nce
•nois
e le
vel in
crea
ses
during o
ne
series
of
test
s•
isa
corr
elat
ed incr
ease
of
annoya
nce
obse
rved
? YES
•nois
e le
vel dec
reas
es d
uring a
noth
er s
erie
s of
test
s•
poss
ible
dro
p in a
nnoya
nce
is
com
pen
sate
d b
y in
crea
sing f
atig
ue
(?)
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
0
3636
3634
3430
N =no
ise
anno
yanc
e
soun
d le
vel [
dBA
]
7573
70
95% categorical units => high
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
leve
l cha
nge
leve
l dec
reas
e
leve
l inc
reas
e
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
1
subje
ctiv
e co
nst
ituen
ts o
f co
mfo
rt (
crew
)
•odor,
lig
hting,
air-
move
men
t, loudnes
s,
vibra
tion,
tem
per
ature
, hum
idity,
move
men
t•
each
ite
ms
was
est
imat
ed in a
+/-
3-l
evel
-sc
ale
with r
espec
tto
im
pac
t on c
om
fort
•th
e m
ean e
stim
ates
(ove
ral
l su
bje
cts)
on
com
fort
of
each
ite
m is
plo
tted
agai
nst
the
ove
r-al
l m
ean r
atin
gof
the
resp
ective
ite
m•
resu
lt–
good lin
ear
rela
tion
–th
e m
ore
pro
nounce
d a
n ite
m is
rate
d t
he
hig
her
its
im
pac
tis
on (
dis
)com
fort
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
2
subje
ctiv
e im
pac
t on c
om
fort
-1,0
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,20,0
23
45
mea
n ra
ting
mean effect on comfortod
or
light
ing
air-
mov
emen
t
loud
ness
vibr
atio
n
tem
pera
ture
hum
idity
mov
emen
t
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
3
lim
itati
on
sof
pre
sent
inve
stig
atio
n
•no c
han
ge
in p
ress
ure
•no c
han
ge
in s
pec
tral
dis
trib
ution o
f nois
e•
no m
otion
•la
ck o
f vi
rtual
rea
lity
•la
ck o
f in
-flig
ht
dat
a
•tw
o e
xam
ple
s of
spec
tral
im
pac
ts
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
4
annoyi
ng s
pec
trum
with t
onal
com
ponen
t
510
5010
050
010
0050
0010
000
2030405060708090 Level [dB]
Freq
uenc
y [H
z]
737-
300
Cru
ise
(3) [
R90
0]
left
right
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
5
A320-2
00 s
pec
trum
exa
mple
510
5010
050
010
0050
0010
000
2030405060708090 Level [dB]
Fre
qu
ency
[Hz]
A320
-200
Cru
ise
[R90
0]
left
right
incr
ease
in low
fre
quen
cies
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
6
737-4
00 w
ith
pro
min
ent
fundam
enta
l m
odes
-m
in
510
5010
050
010
0050
0010
000
2030405060708090 Level [dB]
Freq
uenc
y [H
z]
737-
400
Cru
ise
(min
) [T
CD
-7]
left
right
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
7
737-4
00 w
ith
pro
min
ent
fundam
enta
l m
odes
-m
ax
510
5010
050
010
0050
0010
000
2030405060708090 Level [dB]
Freq
uenc
y [H
z]
737-
400
Cru
ise
(max
) [T
CD
-7]
left
right
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
8
737-4
00 p
(t)
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
-2-1012
Sound Pressure [Pa]
Tim
e [s
ec]
737-
400
Cru
ise
(max
) [T
CD
-7]
note
tim
e sc
ale
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 3
9
737-4
00 p
(t)
zoom
00.
20.
40.
60.
81
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
-2-1012
Sound Pressure [Pa]
Tim
e [s
ec]
737-
400
Cru
ise
(max
) [T
CD
-7]
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 4
0
stru
ctu
reo
f a s
tati
stic
al
mo
del (c
rew
)
•par
amet
ers
of
the
phys
ical
envi
ronm
ent
–psy
cho-p
hys
ical
im
pac
t of
thes
e
•m
edic
al p
aram
eter
s/ h
ealth c
onst
itution
–m
edic
al/
phys
iolo
gic
al im
pac
t
•psy
cholo
gic
al c
onst
itution
•ta
sk load
•in
tera
ctio
n,
moder
atio
n,
modific
atio
n
•w
ell-
bei
ng /
com
fort
, hea
lth,
per
form
ance
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 4
1
Sens
atio
n
Task
Loa
dIn
dex
(TLX
)
Ana
lytic
alC
alcu
latio
ns
Tas
k L
oad
PAX
ese
rvic
edi
ffer
ent c
lass
essp
ecia
l eve
nts
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E
Wei
ghtin
gen
viro
nmen
tal r
espo
nse
/ oth
er r
espo
nse
com
bine
Σ
ME
DIC
AL
-H
EA
LT
HW
EL
L -B
EIN
G
Noi
se/V
ibra
tion
Wei
ghte
d SP
LC
rest
fact
orR
MS/
RM
Q A
ccel
erat
ion
eVD
V…
Psyc
hoac
oust
ics
Loud
ness
Shar
pnes
sTo
nalit
yFl
uctu
atio
n st
reng
thR
ough
ness
Env
iron
men
t/A
ir q
ualit
yTe
mpe
ratu
reH
umid
ityG
lare
, Pol
luta
nts…
App
rais
al
Wei
ghtin
gpr
oces
sing
1 2 3 4
Psyc
holo
gica
l
Med
ical
-Ph
ysio
logi
cal
in fl
ight
feed
-bac
kef
fect
assu
med
eff
ect
med
ical
calc
ulat
ed
Med
ical
-Ph
ysio
logi
cal
pre-
fligh
t
Psyc
holo
gica
lpr
e-fli
ght q
uest
ions
, M
ood,
etc
.
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 4
2
Sens
atio
n
Task
Loa
dIn
dex
(TLX
)
Ana
lytic
alC
alcu
latio
ns
Tas
k L
oad
PAX
ese
rvic
edi
ffer
ent c
lass
essp
ecia
l eve
nts
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E
Wei
ghtin
gen
viro
nmen
tal r
espo
nse
/ oth
er r
espo
nse
com
bine
Σ
ME
DIC
AL
-H
EA
LT
HW
EL
L -B
EIN
G
Noi
se/V
ibra
tion
Wei
ghte
d SP
LC
rest
fact
orR
MS/
RM
Q A
ccel
erat
ion
eVD
V…
Psyc
hoac
oust
ics
Loud
ness
Shar
pnes
sTo
nalit
yFl
uctu
atio
n st
reng
thR
ough
ness
Env
iron
men
t/A
ir q
ualit
yTe
mpe
ratu
reH
umid
ityG
lare
, Pol
luta
nts…
Med
ical
-Ph
ysio
logi
cal
pre-
fligh
t
Psyc
holo
gica
lpr
e-fli
ght q
uest
ions
, M
ood,
etc
.
App
rais
al
Wei
ghtin
gpr
oces
sing
1 2 3 4
Psyc
holo
gica
l
Med
ical
-Ph
ysio
logi
cal
in fl
ight
e.g.
Perc
.wor
kl
?
airc
raft
inte
riors
Exp
o 2
004 4
3
sum
mary
•in
vest
igat
ion o
f co
mfo
rt,
hea
lth,
per
form
ance
duri
ng r
eal flig
ht
is o
nly
poss
ible
within
rig
id
limits
•it is
nec
essa
ry t
o e
stab
lish t
est
bed
s w
ith
sim
ula
tors
whic
h a
llow
exc
elle
nt
virt
ual
rea
lity
•a
hum
an r
esponse
model
is
very
com
ple
x an
d
has
to t
ake
into
acc
ount
multip
le inte
rfer
ing
par
amet
ers
•th
e m
odel
has
a h
igh-d
imen
sional
input
vect
or
and a
multid
imen
sional
outp
ut
vect
or
•ea
ch g
roup o
f su
bje
cts
(pilo
ts,
cabin
cre
w,
pas
senger
s) r
equires
its
spec
ific
model