BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL AND ITS EXPLOITATION IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

VOLUME 2: INSECT PESTS

BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL AND ITS EXPLOITATION IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

SERIES EDITOR

K. G. Mukerji, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Volume 1 Crop Diseases, Weeds, and Nematodes

Volume 2 Insect Pests

BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL AND ITS EXPLOITATION IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE VOLUME 2: INSECT PESTS

EDITED BY

R. K. UPADHYAY Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage Faridabad, India

K. G. MUKERJI AND

B. P. CHAMOLA University of Delhi Delhi, India

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

ISBN 978-1-4613-5523-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-1377-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1377-3 ©2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2001 http://www.wkap.nl

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PREFACE

In India about 300 million people are undernourished, as is the case in other under developed countries. The successful effects of the green revolution which helped avoid death and famine in India are beginning to fade with. agricultural output decreasing rapidly due to poor growth of plants, diseases and pests. With India's population expected to reach approximately 1.5 billion people by 2050, agricultural production needs to increase 100%. Shortage of irrigation water, increasing salinity levels and water logging of soil further add to the problem of food security. According to a recent report of World Watch Institute, global food supply will be reduced by an additional 10% on account of spreading water shortages. However, the major portion of food loss is due to pests and pathogens. Therefore, if these problems of future food scarcity are left unaddressed they will lead to widespread hunger and civil unrest.

Plant based biotechnology has come to represent a means of mitigating the problems of global food security in the 21'1 century. Products and processes in agriculture are increasingly becoming linked to science and cutting edge technology. Although every technically feasible application may not be economically attractive, biologically safe, eco­friendly or ethically acceptable the underlying approach is virtually limitless in the array of products that can emerge. For centuries, the selection of and improvement of economically important plant species has been attained (attempted) by breeding with desired cultivars. This process is however lengthy and sometimes results in some disease susceptive varieties.

The scientific revolution that occurred in molecular biology over the past two decades has enabled the engineering of what are in effect designer plants which express novel and desired characteristics. By using the tools of modem molecular biology scientists are now able to introduce genes or chemical recipes for making proteins in plants for the specific traits they want (better growth, yield and nutrition value). Since the biotech revolution is currently being experimented in other parts of the world it becomes imperative for India to venture on this with caution.

In recent years agriculturalists, in the U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, France, Mexico, South Africa and even China have adopted new plant varieties developed through modem technologies. These plant varieties are referred to as transgenic or genetically engineered (modified) resistant plants generated by transformation with a natural bacterial enzyme incorporation of genes for one of the proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis a naturally occuring soil bacterium that infects and kills most insect pests.

Several major crop plants have been engineered with genes that make them resistant to insect pests or to herbicides so that farmers can apply the weed killer without fear of wiping out their standing crop. The benefits derived from these varieties include the

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reduced use of insecticides and herbicides thus reducing soil and ground water pollution and reduced tillage that results in topsoil loss. In 1988, at least 30 million hectares worldwide were planted with these genetically engineered plants. As a result, more than one half of the world's soybean harvest and about one third, of the maize (com) harvest now comes from plants engineered with genes for herbicides or disease resistance.

Advances in agricultural biotechnology have created opportunities for efficient crop improvement. However, this process necessitates caution to prevent unforeseen problems associated with the adoption of new crop varieties. Biosafety issues need to be dealt with carefully. Comprehensive testing followed by open discussion among the different users (stakeholders) would help create public confidence.

Although the first generation transgenics based on simple changes that add a single gene are successful, they are the Model. As of agricultural biotechnology in the future genetically engineered plants promise entirely new hopes. It is, therefore necessary to adopt this technology now to reap the benefits in the future.

One of the most successful, non-chemical approaches to pest management and disease control is biological control using biocontrol agents in which the active principle is living organisms for regulating the incidence of pests/pathogens. Biological control envisages use of parasites, predators, antagonists, fast growing microogranisms and sex attractants. Numerous organisms exist in nature that feed upon or infect insect pests, pathogens and weeds. Collectively these organisms provide a significant level of 'natural control', in many instances preventing insect species from ever reaching the status of pests. Since ancient times, man has practised biological control of plant pathogens through cultural practices which aim at biological destruction and/or suppression of pathogens/pests. Biological control of plant pathogens seeks a solution in terms of restoring and maintaining the biological balance within the ecosystem and must be considered part of modem agriculture.

The present book has been compiled in two volumes : 1. Crop Diseases, Weeds and Nematodes 2. Insect Pests

The first volume contains twenty chapters and the second volume twenty three chapters. These chapters have been written by authorities in the field. We would like to express our deep appreciation to each contributor for his/her work, patience and attention in detail during the entire production process. We trust that these volumes will be an asset for all users who have interest in sustainable agriculture and crop productivity. We particularly hope that this work will serve as a useful focal point for further studies and research.

It has been a pleasure to edit these volumes, primarily due to the stimulating cooperation of the contributors. We would like to thank staff of Kluwer AcademiclPlenum Press for their help and active cooperation during the preparation of this work. We are greatful to serveral fellow workers for their helpful comments on the manuscripts.

We are confident that the joint efforts of authors and editors will contribute to a better understanding of advances in biocontrol of plant diseases in relation to sustainable agriculture.

A word of appreciation is also due to Mis. Neelam Graphics for active cooperation in preparing the neat electronic copies of the text of the chapters.

Delhi 20th November, 2000

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R.K. Upadhyay K.G. Mukerji B.P. Chamola

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

1. Abdurahiman, U.C. Department of Zoology University of Calicut Calicut - 673 635, Kerala, INDIA Tel. : 91-493-800271, 800026 Fax: 91-493-800269

2. Ambethgar, V. Regional Research Station Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Vridhachalam - 606 001 Tamil Nadu, INDIA Tel. : 91-4143-60231

3. Basit, A. Department of Entomology Assam Agricultural University lorhat - 785 013 Assam, INDIA Tel. : 91-376-341393, 340574 Fax: 91-376-325344

4. Bhattacharyya, B. Department of Entomology Assam Agricultural University lorhat - 785 013 Assam, INDIA Tel. : 91-376-341393,340259 Fax: 91-376-325344

5. Gopal, M. Central Plantation Crops Research

Institute Regional Station Kayangulam Krishnapuram - 690 533 Kerala, INDIA Tel: 91-479-442004,442160 Fax: 91-479-445733 Email: cpcri@x400.nicgw.nic.in.kygm

6. Gopalan, M. Centre for Plant Protection Studies Department of Entomology Tamilnadu Agricultural University Coimbatore - 641 003 Tamil Nadu, INDIA Tel. : 91-422-431222 Fax: 91-422-431672

91-422-431222

7. Hazarika, L.K. Department of Entomology Assam Agricultural University lorhat - 785 008 Assam, INDIA Tel. : 91-376-320947,326571 Fax: 91-376-325344,320919 Email: pcdeka@aauren.nic.in

8. Hegde, R. Department of Agricultural Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences Dharward - 586 005 Kamataka, INDIA Tel. : 91-836-347512,348349

9. Kannan, S. Centre of Agrochemical Research SPIC Science Foundation Ill, Mount Road, Guindy Chennai - 600 032 Tamil Nadu, INDIA Tel: 91-44-2341903 Fax: 91-44-2352163 Email: aparajit@giasmda.vsnl.net.in

to. Kapadia, M.N. Department of Entomology Gujarat Agricultural University lunagarh - 362 001 Gujarat, INDIA Tel. : 91-285-3021 ext. 213 Fax: 91-285-32004

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11. Krishnamoorthy, A. Division of Entomology and

Nematology Indian Institute of

Horticultural Research Hessarghatta Lake P.O. Bangalore - 560 089 Karnataka, INDIA Tel: 91-80-8466353 Fax: 91-80-8466291 Email: iihr@x400.nicgw.nic.in

12. Kulkarni, K.A. Department of Agricultural Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences Krishi Nagar, Dharwad - 580 005 Karnataka, INDIA Tel. : 91-836-348321 ext. 217, 744433 Fax: 91-836-348349 Email: root@zrckar08.kar.nic.in

13. Lingappa, S. Division of Agricultural Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences Krishi Nagar Dharwad - 580 005 Karnataka, INDIA Tel. : 91-836-347512 Fax: 91-836-348349

14. Mani, M. Indian Institute of Horticultural

Research Hessarghatta Lake Post Bangalore - 560 089 Karnataka, INDIA Tel: 91-80-8466353 Fax: 91-80-8466291 Email: iihre@x4whicgw.nic.in

15. Mohan, Chandrika Central Plantation Crops

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Research Institute Regional Station Kayangulam Krishnapuram - 690 533 Kerala, INDIA Tel: 91-479-44200411601104

Fax: 91-479-445733 Email: cpcri@x.nicgw.nic.in.kygm

16. Narasimhan, S. Centre for Agro Chemical Research SPIC Science Foundation 111, Mount Road Guindy, Chennai - 600 032 Tamil Nadu, INDIA Tel: 91-44-2351903,402952 Fax: 91-44-2352163 Email: aparajit@giasmda.vsnl.net.in

17. Narayanasamy, P. Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608 002 Tamil Nadu, INDIA Tel: 91-4144-22451,20747 Fax: 91-4144-23080,22145 Email: aumgm@hotmail.com

18. Narendran, T.C. Department of Zoology University of Calicut Calicut - 673 635 Kerala, INDIA Tel. : 91-493-800271,800302 Fax: 91-493-800269

19. Nasser, M. Department of Zoology University of Calicut Calicut - 673 635 Kerala, INDIA Tel. : 91-493-800271 Fax: 91-493-800269

20. Partho, P.D. Centre for Agrochemical Research SPIC Science Foundation 111, Mount Road Guindy Chennai - 600 032 Tamil Nadu, INDIA Tel. : 91-44-2351903 Fax: 91-44-2352163 Email: aparajit@giasmda.vsnl.net.in

21. Pimpale, T.D. Ecomax Agrosystems (A Division of Good Value

Marketing Ltd.) Industrial Assurance Building Churchgate, Mumbai - 400 021 Maharashtra, INDIA Tel: 91-22-2844221 Fax: 91-22-2836705

22. Ponnamma, K.N. Central Plantation Crops

Research Institute Palode Research Centre Pacha Post - 695 562 P.B. No.2 Thiruvananthapuram District Kerala, INDIA Tel: 91-499-430893 Fax: 91-499-430322 Email: cpcri@x400.nicgw.nic.in

23. Prasad, Y.G. Directorate of Oilseeds Research Rajendranagar Hyderabad - 500 030 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Tel: 91-40-4015345 Fax: 91-40-4017969

24. Puzari, K.C. Mycological Research Section Assam Agricultural University lorhat - 785013 Assam, INDIA Tel: 91-376-320947,326571 Fax: 91-376-325344,320919 Email: pcdeka@aau.ren.nic.in

25. Ramaprasad, G. Division of Crop Protection Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahmundry - 533 105 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Tel: 91-883-4718171 ext. 74 Fax: 91-883-64341 Email: cte@x400.nicgw.nic.in

26. Rao, Gunneswar S. Division of Crop Protection Central Tobacco Research Institute

Rajahmundry - 533 105 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Tel: 91-883-4718171 ext. 74 Fax: 91-883-64341 Email: cte@x400.nicgw.nic.in

27. Rao Krishna, lV. Central Silk Board B.T.M. Layout Madiwala Bangalore - 560 068 Karnataka, INDIA Tel: 91-80-563468 Fax: 91-80-560168

28. Samson, M.V. Central Silk Board B.T.M. Layout Madiwala Banglore - 560 068 Karnataka, INDIA Tel: 91-80-563468 Fax: 91-80-560168

29. Sathiamma, B. Kochuparampil House Neendoor, Pallippad P.O. Alleppey Dt., 690 512 Kerala, INDIA Tel: 91-479-442160,442104 Fax: 91-479-445733 Email: cpcri@x400.nicgw.nic.in.kygm

30. Singh, R. Biocontrol Laboratory Department of Zoology DDU Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur - 273 009 Uttar Pradesh, INDIA Tel: 91-551-314292 Fax: 91-551-336797 Email: gulibry@nda.vsnl.net.in

31. Singh, R.N. Central Silk Board B.T.M. Layout Madiwala Bangalore - 560 068 Karnataka, INDIA Tel. : 91-80-563468 Fax: 91-80-560168

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32. Sitaramaiah, S. Division of Crop Protection Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahrnundry - 533 105 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Tel: 91-883-4718171 ext. 74 Fax: 91-883-64341 Email: ctri@x400.nicgw.nic.in

33. Sreedhar, U. Division of Crop Protection Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahrnundry - 533 105 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Tel: 91-883-4718171 ext. 74 Fax: 91-883-64341 Email: cte@x400.nicgw.nic.in

34. Suresh, S. Centre for Plant Protection Studies Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore - 641 003 Tamil Nadu, INDIA Tel: 91-422-431222 Fax: 91-422-431672,431222

35. Tandon, P.L. Project Directorate of

Biological Control (lCAR) P.B. No. 2491, HA Farm Post Bellary Road Bangalore - 560 024 Karnataka, INDIA Tel. : 91-80-347930,3334726 Fax: 91-80-3411961 Email: root@pdblc.kar.nic.in

36. Tanwar, R.K.

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Divsion of Entomology Indian Institute of Sugarcan Research P.O. Dilkusha

Lucknow - 226 002 Uttar Pradesh, INDIA Tel: 91-522-480735 Fax: 91-522-480738

37. Tewari, N.K. Divsion of Entomology Indian Institute of Sugarcan Research P.O. Dilkusha Lucknow - 226 002 Uttar Pradesh, INDIA Tel. : 91-522-480735 Fax: 91-522-480738

38. Thomas, J. Spices Board Indian Cardamom Research Institute Myladumpara Kailasanadu - 685 553 Idukki District Kerala, INDIA Tel. : 91-4868-37207 Fax: 91-4868-37285

39. Vimla Devi, P.S. Directorate of Oilseeds Research Rajendranagar Hyderabad - 500 030 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Tel. : 91-40-4015345,3302740 Fax: 91-40-4017969 Email: sarvamangala@hotmail.com

40. Wahab, Seema Department of Biotechnology Block-2, CGO Complex, Lodi Road New Delhi - 110 003, INDIA Tel: 91-11-4362338,4648766 Fax: 91-11-4362884 Email: seema@dbt.nic.in

INDIA (Guide Map. wilf10ut Scale)

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CONTENTS

1. Parasitic Hymenoptera and Biological Control .......................................................... 1 T. C. Narendran

2. Negative Aspects ofInteraction between Host Plant Resistance and Biological Control and its Implication in Integrated Pest Management of Crops ....................... l3

P. L. Tandon

3. Nomuraea rileyi - A Potential Mycoinsecticide ....................................................... 23 P. S. Vimala Devi and Y. G. Prasad

4. Exploitation of Entomogenous Fungi in Biological Control of Crop Pests ........... 39 V. Ambethgar

5. Biological Control of Aphids by using their Parasitoids ............................................ 57 R. Singh

6. Pheromone Technology in IPM : Present Scenario and Future Prospects ............. 75 T. D. Pimpale

7. Indigenous Pest Suppression ...................................................................................... 87 P. Narayanasamy

8. Status of Biological Control in Rice Insect Pest Management ............................. 113 A. Basit and B. Bhattacharyya

9. Issues in Integrated Pest Management in Rice ....................................................... l31 M. Gopalan and S. Suresh

10. Bioagents and their Exploitation in Management of the American Serpentine Leaf Miner, Lyriomyza trifolii Burgess ................................................ 145

M.N. Kapadia

II. Biological Control of Tea Pests .............................................................................. 159 L. K. Hazarika, K. C. Puzari and Seema Wahab

12. Pheromone Technology and Management of Sugarcane Pest Chilo infuscatellus Snell. the Early Shoot Borer : A Case Study ................ 181

S. Narasimhan, P.D. Partho and S. Kannan

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13. Biocontrol Agents of Sugarcane Pests: Their Bioecology, Mass Production and Field Application ............................................................................ 189

N.K. Tiwari and R.K. Tanwar

14. Role of Biological Control Agents in Tobacco Insect Pest Management ............ 215 S. Sitaramaiah, S. Gunneswara Rao, G. Ramaprasad and U. Sreedhar

15. Biological Control of Pests of Oil Palm ................................................................. 235 K.N. Ponnamma

16. Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Coconut Pest Management.. ............ 261 B. Sathiamma, Chandrika Mohan and Murali Gopal

17. Biological Control of the Coconut Caterpillar Opisina arenosella (Lepidoptera : Xylorictidae) : Achievements and Prospects .................................. 285

M.Nasser and U.C. Abdurahiman

18. Biological Suppression of Insect Pests on Sorghum .............................................. 307 K. A. Kulkarni

19. Exploitation of Biocontrol Potential in the Management of Insect Pests of Pulse Crops ................................................................................................ 321

S. Lingappa and R. Hegde

20. Biological Control of Pests of Tropical Fruits ....................................................... 345 M. Mani and A. Krishnamoorthy

21. Biological Control of Pests of Vegetable Crops .................................................... 367 A. Krishnamoorthy and M. Mani

22. Role of Parasitoids in Pest Management in Tasar Culture .................................... 379 R. N. Singh, lV. Krishna Rao and M.V. Sampson

23. Biological Control of Insect Pests of Small Cardamom ........................................ 389 1. Thomas

Index .................................................................................................................................. 401

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