Volume 3

Cnastal Zune 137Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium onCoastal and Ocean Management

The Westin HotelSeattle, WashingtonMay 26-29,1987

Edited by Orville T. Magoon, Hugh Converse, Dallas Miner,L. Thomas Tobin, Delores Clark, and George Domurat

Sponsors and Affiliates

American Fishing Tackle ManufacturersAssociation

American Petroleum InstituteAmerican Shore and Beach Preservation

AssociationAmerican Society for Environmental

EducationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersCalifornia Coastal CommissionCalifornia Coastal ConservancyCalifornia Shore and Beach Preservation

AssociationCalifornia State Lands CommissionCoast AllianceCoastal SocietyCoastal States OrganizationCoastal Zone FoundationFraser River Estuary Management Program,

British ColumbiaJapanese Institute on Coastal and Ocean

ManagementMeteorology and Environmental Protection

Administration, Saudi ArabiaNational Ocean Industries AssociationNational Wildlife FederationOceanic SocietyOregon Land Conservation and Development

Commission

Permanent International Association ofNavigation Congresses, U.S. Section

Port of SeattlePuget Sound Water Quality AuthoritySan Francisco Bay Conservation &

Development CommissionSierra ClubSociety of American ForestersSociety of American Military EngineersSociety of Naval Architects and Marine

EngineersSociety of Wetland ScientistsSport Fishing InstituteStandard Alaska Production CompanyU.S. Army Corps of EngineersU.S. Coast GuardU.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA

National Environmental Satellite,Data, and Information ServiceNational Marines Fisheries Service,National Ocean ServiceOffice of Sea Grant College Programs

U.S. Department of the InteriorGeological SurveyMinerals Management ServiceNational Park Service

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyUniversity of WashingtonUrban Land InstituteWashington Department of Ecology

South Carolina Coastal Council Beach Monitoring ProgramGered Lennon 2316

Chronic Marine Pollution: A Maine Case StudyAnne C. Johnson 2332

Research and Monitoring Criteria Development for Florida's New StatewideBeach Restoration Initiative

R. Steve Dial, Donald Deis and Robert Clinger 2337Barbers Point, Oahu, Hawaii, Deep Draft Harbor Monitoring Program

Stanley J. Boc, Jr 2346Monitoring of Water Quality During 1-664 Dredging

Carvel Blair and Raymond W. Alden, III 2359

SESSION 45: FUNDING AND ECONOMICS

New Tools for Economic Evaluation of Channel Deepening ProjectsDavid F. Bastian 2373

New Jersey—The Search for a Stable Shore Protection Funding SourceKenneth J. Smith 2384

The Effect of Erosion Upon Coastal Property ValuesThomas A. Terich 2391

Trends in Funding and Ties to SolutionsCindy Cosper and Vicki Silver 2402

Saving L.A.'s Beaches—An Evaluation of the Benefits and Costs of CoastalPreservation in Los Angeles County

Tom Born *The Nushagak-Mulchatna Rivers Recreation Study

Jonathan D. Isaacs, Jim Richardson and JoAnne Dunec 2410Identification of Consciousness and Behaviour of Japanese and the LivingEnvironment in a Coastal Zone

Yasuhiro Uozaki, Takeo Kondo, Akio Kuroyanagi and Mamoru Ohshima 2440

SESSION 46: COASTAL STRUCTURES AND COASTAL PROCESSES

Erosion and Erosion Control of a Silt-Muddy BeachYu Guohua and Bao Shudong 2453

Beach Preservation by Means of Offshore Submerged Mound of Dredged MaterialsAli Gunyakti 2461

Shoreline Protection Through Process StabilizationRobert M. Snyder and B. A. Christensen 2472

Solutions to Harbor Induced ErosionDavid A. Roellig 2473

Evaluation of Sand-Filled Containers for Beach Erosion Control, An Updateof the Technology

Lee E. Harris 2479

SESSION 47: WORKING WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ONCOASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Promoting Integrative Approaches to the Management of Coastal Resources withinthe ASEAN Region

Random Dubois 2488A Cooperative Approach to Coastal Management Program Development

Stephen Olsen and Lynne Zeitlin Hale *A Comparative Framework for Understanding Estuary Governance:Theory and Examples

Donald D. Robadue, Jr. and Timothy Hennessey 2501What Can U.S. Experiences Contribute to Establishing CRM Programs inDeveloping Nations?

Lynne Zeitlin Hale, Donald Robadue and Stephen Olsen *

SESSION 48: MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FORWETLANDS AND THREATENED SPECIES HABITATS

Mitigation Banking—A Balance of InterestsRussell Boesch 2516

Offsite Habitat Mitigation Banking—The Port of Long Beach ExperienceGeraldine Knatz 2530

The Oregon Experience—Land Banking for Estuarine MitigationJon Christenson

Major Offsite Mitigation: Batiquitos LagoonDaniel D. Heagerty 2544

Texas Coastal Mitigation—A Planning ApproachSally S. Davenport and Harold D. Irby 2549

Experiment Manipulation and Management of HabitatsEdward Klima, Roger Zimmerman and Thomas Minello *

Arctic Wetland Losses—When Should Compensation be Required?R. G. B. Senner 2555

Environmental Mitigation Policies in the Coastal Zone—An Inventory and EvaluationPatrick Phillips *

A Cooperative Approach to Mitigating Effects of Onshore Gravel Placement inCoastal Wetlands of Arctic Alaska

Anne L. Brown *

SESSION 49: FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND PROBLEM RESOLUTION

Effects of Semi-Impoundment on Fish and Crustacean Nursery UseEvaluation of a "Solution"

William H. Herke, E. Eric Knudsen, Pamela A. Knudsen and Barton D. Rogers 2562Oil and Fisheries—Conflict or Cooperation

Gordon W. Snow 2577

Space/Use Conflicts Between the Oil and Gas and Fishery IndustriesBruce B. Weyhrauch 2593

New Concepts in Cooperative Fisheries ProgramAndrew J. Kemmerer, Albert C. Jones and Nikki Bane 2608

Perceiving Toxic Chemicals in Fishing EnvironmentsEdward Udd, Ted T. Cable and Joseph D. Fridgen 2622

Renewing a Federal/State Partnership Under the CZMAEugenia Laychak and Laura Manning 2630

Resolving the Policy Conflicts Involving Petroleum and Fisheries Development inAlaska's Coastal Areas

Paula P. Easley *Co-Existence of Oil and Commercial Fishing Industries—Methods ofResolving Potential Conflicts

Peter T. Hanley 2643

SESSION 50: POLLUTION AND WATER QUALITY: RESEARCH AND FINDINGS

Fish Histopathology and Contamination in California's Channel IslandsEdwin A. Perkins, David B. Ebenstein, Robert W. Risebrough andAllan B. Chartrand 2650

Identifying Metals Pollution in the Coastal ZoneJ. D. Ryan, H. L. Windom, L. C. Burney and F. D. Calder *

Nitrification in a Salt Wedge EstuaryWalter T. Trial, Jr 2663

Modelling as a Tool for Analysis and Assessment of North Sea PollutionJ. A. van Pagee and L. Postma 2678

Quantifying Chemicals in Coastal EnvironmentsW. Burton Hamner 2693

Biological Rythmic Control Mechanism of Microbial Contaminants by ShellfishP. M. Sivalingam *

Current Research Efforts in Determining the Effects of Tributyltin Use inMarine Paints in the Chesapeake Bay Estuary

Darcey C. Rosenblatt 2707Use of Fish Liver Pathology as a Tool for Environmental Assessment

D. Scott Becker, Thomas C. Ginn and Thomas M. Grieb 2711Ecological Aspects of the Pollution of the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria

T. Victoria I. Akpata *A Regional Screening Method for Classifying Pollutant Status of Coastal Waters

C. T. Hunsaker, Marian V. Huq and S. Marshall Adams 2712

SESSION 51: COOPERATIVE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

A New Approach to Watershed PlanningDonna M. Simmons 2726

Resolving Permit Conflicts in Oregon's Coastal ZoneSteven R. Schell 2 7 4 1

Multiple Interest Problem Solving—SinkyoneNeal Fishman and Maxene Spellman *

Multiple Interest Problem Solving at Cascade RanchPeter Grenell and Nadine Hitchcock 2761

CZM: Evaluation of State and Local Power-SharingLaurie J. McGilvray 2722

How to Save A Resource Negotiated DevelopmentJoseph E. Petrillo 2783

Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP): A Regional Laboratory NetworkJohn C. Ogden and Marc Steyaert 2793

State Federal Gorda Ridge Task Force as a Conflict Resolution MechanismDon Oswalt 2802

Civic Responsibilities of Coastal ProtectionJames B. Edmonson and Robert S. Jones *

SESSION 52: TECHNICAL ADVANCES AND SOLUTIONS

Comparing Results of Wave Data from Two RecordersVithanage Dayananda and Hans Jurgen Krock 2815

Coriolis and Our Land-Sea EnvironmentsWalter D. Stanaland 2826

Dispersion of Coal Particles at the Sea FloorEhud Mechrez and Hillel Rubin 2841

Sagavanirktok River Training StructuresJerry L. Machemehl *

Nearshore Current Study off Diablo Canyon, CaliforniaBijan Safaie *

Investigation of Wave-Induced Oscillations in Sewage OutfallsK. H. M. Ali, R. Burrows and R. B. Mort 2849

Forecasting Currents in Coastal WatersS. E. HansenandT. A. McClitnans 2864

Practical Application of Acoustic Doppler Current ProfilersRobert C. Hamilton and Kenneth Schaudt 2877

SESSION 53: OCEAN ENERGY

Overview Status of Ocean Energy TechnologiesSherman Feher and A. Douglas Carmichael *

The Norwegian 500KW Pneumatic Wave Energy ConverterKnute Bonke *

Annapolis Tidal Power ProjectPeter Jermann *

U.S. Coast Guard Experience with Wave TurbinesDonald DeBok 2891

Status and Prospects of Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionTerry McGinnis *

Present and Future Ocean Wave Energy ActivitiesLarry S. Slotta, Lloyd Lewis, Young C. Kim and Michael E. McCormick *

SESSION 54: COASTAL ZONE PLANS ASSESSED

Water Quality Management in Coastal British ColumbiaLee Harding, Robert Langford and Les Swain 2897

A Comparison of California's Coastal ProgramsWilliam Travis 2909

Coastal Zone Management of Puerto GaleraRoman L. Kintanar 2925

An Assessment of the "Soft" Approach to CZMStephen M. Born and Allen Miller 2939

California's Fourteen Years of Coastal Zone ManagementPhyllis Faber and Jack Liebster 2954

Washington's CZMP—The First Shall Be LastDavid E. Ortman 2968

Virginia's CZM ProgramCarvel Blair and Edwin L. Rosenberg 2983

SESSION 55: COASTAL-RELATED OIL PRODUCTION:IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS

Optimum State Strategies Regarding Oil and Gas Exploration and Developmenton the Outer Continental Shelf

Brian Walsh and Arnold Cogan 2999Can Alaska Caribou and Oil Development Coexist at Prudhoe Bay?

Donald F. Keene and Angus Gavin 3012Sensitive Area Assessment on Canada's Frontier Lands

Duncan Hardie and F. R. Englehardt 3025Arctic Offshore Pipeline Burial Depths

Jerry L. Machemehl *Caribou Mitigation in an Arctic Oilfield

Scott B. Robertson and James Curatolo 3040Design Evaluations in Support of Oil Production Projects in Prudhoe Bay Region,Alaska

Victor Manikian *Contributions of Oil and Gas Environmental Reviews to Coastal Zone Managementin Canada

David W. I. Marshall, Larry D. S. Wolfe and Paul F. Scott 3050

SESSION 56: MANAGING COASTAL RESOURCES IN LATIN AMERICA II

A Comparative Assessment of Coastal Area Management Initiatives in Latin AmericaJens Sorensen and Aldo Brandani 3 0 6 S

Coastal Management Efforts in ArgentinaAldo Brandani

Options for Coastal Management in BelizeAndrea Katz

The Coastal Zone of ChileMarco Retamal

The Management of Colombia's Coastal and Ocean ResourcesRafael Steer and Amparo Ramos

SESSION 57: COMPARISON OF ESTUARINE ISSUES

An Evaluation of Habitat Use in Natural and Restored Tidal Marshes inSan Francisco Bay, California

Michael Josselyn, Joan Duffield and Millicent QuammenNarragansett Bay—Issues, Resources, Status, and Management

Scott NixonBoston Harbor & Massachusetts Bay—Issues, Resources, and Management

Betsy Brown 3 0 9 5

Long Island Sounds—Issues, Resources, Status, and ManagementJerry Schubel and D. W. Pritchard 3 l 0 6

Delaware Bay—Issues, Resources, Status, and ManagementJonathan Sharp

Chesapeake BayChristopher D'Elia *

Albemarle & Pamlico Sounds—Issues, Resources, and ManagementFord Cross 3 1 1 8

Louisiana Estuaries—Issues, Resources, Status & ManagementDonald Boesch 3 U 9

SESSION 58: MARINE HARVEST AND AQUACULTURE:STATUS, PROPOSALS AND DEVELOPMENT

Restoration of Atlantic Salmon to Maine—Overcoming Physical and BiologicalProblems in the Estuary

John R. Moring 3 1 2 9

Sanctuaries for Lake Trout in the Great Lakes

Jon G. Stanley, Wilbur L. Hartman and Randy L. Eshenroder 3 1 4 1

International Management of Atlantic SalmonJill L. Bubier *

Merging Alaskan Aquaculture and Coastal ManagementJerry L. Madden 3153

A Prospective Study of the Oyster Farming at Senegal, West AfricaK. D. Leung Tack and J. Pages 3164

Fish Wintering in the Sagavanirktok Delta, AlaskaD. R. Schmidt, W. B. Griffiths and L. Martin 3178

The Fish and Fisheries of the Amansuri Wetlands—A Coastal Blackwater SystemChris Gordon 3194

SESSION 59: BARRIER ISLANDS

Homer Spit Storm Damage ReductionTyrae L. Roelofs and Stanley Brust 3195

Barrier Beach Management—The Long Island ExperienceJohn A. Black 3209

Case Study on Fifty Years of Seawall and Groin Construction, Tybee Island, GeorgiaFrank H. Posey Jr., and Jeffrey A. Dick 3221

Shoreline Change at Perdido Key, FloridaNorbert P. Psuty, James R. Allen and Robert W. Thackeray *

Evaluation of Backshore Protection TechniquesDonald K. Stauble and Steven L. Da Costa 3233

Local Controls in Barrier Island Morphology and Sedimentation PatternsJames M. McCluskey, Richard A. Stephenson, Peter S. Rosen andSabine D. Dietrich *

Barrier Island Reconstruction in LouisianaRobert S. Jones 3248

SESSION 60: SELECTED TOPICS IN CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

Nantucket's Broad Creek OpeningW. N. Tiffney and R. Benchley 3255

Private Coastline Conservation Management—The Land Trust in theSan Juan Islands, Washington

Robert O. Myhr 3266Stewardship '87

Joel Kuperberg 3274Patuxent River Policy Plan

David Plott 3281Nisqually River Management Plan

Douglas J. Canning and William A. Hashim 3293The Identification of Common Resource Management Needs as a Basis forBarrier Island Research Programs

Charles T. Roman, Karl F. Nordstrom and Joan G. Ehrenfeld 3306Considerations for Visual Resource Assessment of the Atchafalaya River Basinand Coastal Marsh

Charles Fryling, Jr *

International Hydrological Management and the Protection of the Bangladeshi

Sundarbans ^Alan Potkin

SESSION 61: EFFECTS OF TSUNAMIS IN THE COASTAL ZONE

Tsunami—Preparing for a Vague and Rare EventStephen K. Rinard 3 3 1 4

Geomorphology—Convergent Margins and EarthquakesDonald O. West, Dennis R. McCrumb and William A. Kiel 3320

Tsunami Predictions for the Coast of AlaskaPeter L. Crawford 3 3 3 2

Evaluation of Tsunami Risk at the Southwest Coast of the Iberian PenninsulaAnastasia Damaskinidou-Georgiadou and William J. Johnson 3346

Tsunamis on the Pacific Coast of The United StatesPatricia A. Lockridge 3 3^9

A Program to Acquire Deep Ocean Tsunami Measurements in the North PacificF. I. Gonzalez, E. N. Bernard and H. B. Milburn 3373

SESSION 62: CANADIAN-AMERICAN WORKSHOP

General Aspects of Mangroves of Baixada Santista (S. Paulo State, Brazil)Fabiola de Oliveira Rodrigues, Maria H. Roquetti-Humayta andDenise Navas-Pereira 3382

Estuarine Management Solutions for the North Pacific Coast—A SpecialCanadian and U.S. Workshop

Michael W. McPhee and Larry D. S. Wolfe 3391

SESSION 63: EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE ANDTERRITORIAL SEAS MANAGEMENT

Strategic and Critical Mineral Development in the Exclusive Economic Zone—Solutions and Strategies

William P. Pendley *The Bering Sea Maritime Delimitation Dispute

Camille M. Antinori 3395Territorial Sea Management by the State of Oregon

James W. Good and Richard Hildreth 3405EEZ Governance in Australia, Canada, The United States, and New Zealand

Richard G. Hildreth 3414The Exclusive Economic Zone—Potential and Problems for Ocean Management

Lawrence Juda 3430

SESSION 64: SOCIAL SCIENCE AND ECONOMICS

The Use of Subsistence Information in Coastal Land Planning: Examples fromSoutheast Alaska

Robert G. Bosworth 3432Taxing Response Evasion on the Great Barrier Reef

M. Y. Chaloupka 3441Application of Social Science Research in the Development of Ocean Resourcesfor the Tourism Industry

Rose T. Pfund *Use of Ocean Resources Criteria for Marine Tourism Planning and Management

Juanita Liu and Jan Auyong 3456Risk Management of Oceanfront Resort Operations

Rose T. Pfund 3459

SESSION 65: POLLUTION AND WATER QUALITY:IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS

Toxicant Reduction in the Denny Way CSOPat Romberg, Denise Healy and Keith Lund 3467

Waste Disposal Activities and the Protection of Estuaries and Coastal WatersHoward Levenson, William Barnard, Richard Denison, Gretchen Hund, Nick Sundtand Kathy Wagner 3480

Management Responses to Technical UncertaintyJohn F. Malek, Keith E. Phillips and D. Michael Johns 3492

Sewage Trapping by Water Parcels in Puget SoundCurtis C. Ebbesmeyer, Margaret E. Day, Carol A. Coomes andJeffrey M. Cox 3502

Drift of Floatable Materials in Puget SoundJeffrey M. Cox, Curtis C. Ebbesmeyer and Carol A. Coomes 3517

Environmental Impacts from Treated Ballast Water Discharge into Port Valdez, AlaskaM. J. Hameedi 3532

The Impact of Suburbanization on an Urban RiverEva J. Hoffman, Albert T. Klyberg and Melissa L. Waterman 3533

SESSION 66: MANAGING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

Canada's Policy for National Marine ParksClaude A. Mondor 3545

Marine Protected Areas and Customary RightsWilliam J. Thomas 3556

Marine Park Planning in the Third Worlds—Haiti Case StudyEvelyn S. Wilcox 3568

Marine and Coastal Protected Areas—A Global OvcerviewSusan M. Wells *

The Role of the Marine Park Management in the Conservation of Philippine Coastal

ResourcesVirgilio P. Palaganas, Ma. Victoria P. Tambasen and Virgilio T. Antonio 3580

Common Priorities for the Management of Marine Protected Areas—Perspectivesand Results from an International Seminar

Michele H. Lemay 3 5 8 7

The International Network—A Solution for Marine Protected Area ManagementAnnie Hillary 3 6 0 1

Common Problems and Solutions for Managing Marine Protected Areas—An International Perspective

Nancy Foster

SESSION 67: ARTIFICIAL REEF DEVELOPMENT

Oil Rigs: Biology, Mariculture, Drilling Muds, Rigs-to-ReefsPaul K. Driessen 3 6 0 5

The Development and Implementation of an Artifical Reef Program for the State ofLouisiana

Charles A. Wilson, Virginia Van Sickle and William S. Perret *The ARC Reefs: Designed Artificial Reef Systems

Richard Christian 3621Artificial Reefs—A Component in Coastal Resources Management

Porfirio G. Castaneda *New Directions in Atlantic Artificial Reef Development

Joseph McGurrin 3629Rocky Habitat Mitigation Using Artificial Reefs in Puget Sound, Washington

Greg J. Hueckel, Brian L. Benson, Raymond M. Buckley 3635

SESSION 68: SELECTED WETLANDS MANAGEMENT TOPICS

Oil and Krill: From Lab to NaturePaul A. Fishman and Richard S. Caldwell 3 6 5 9

Using Habitat Evaluation Procedures in a Wetland Mitigation Bank at HumboldtBay, California

R. Chad Roberts • *Restoration of Butcher's Slough Estuary—A Case History

George H. Allen and David Hull 3674Enhancing Diked Wetlands in Coastal California

Robert N. Coats, Carl Farrington and Philip B. Williams 3 6 8 8

Prospects for Wetlands Use in Stormwater ManagementErik Stockdale and Richard R. Horner 3 7 0 1

SESSION 69: SANTA BARBARA COUNTY'S APPROACH TOACCOMODATING OFFSHORE PETROLEUM PRODUCTION

Background to Petroleum Development in Santa Barbara CountyRobert Almy and Susan Strachan 3715

Major Issues Associated with Offshore Petroleum DevelopmentCatherine Callahan, Peter Cantle and Nancy Minick 3725

Joint Review Panel—A Cooperative ApproachSandra Alarcon, Judith Friedman and Sharon Krieg 3734

The Special Role of the Local AgencySandra Alarcon, Deborah Fleischer and Amy Margerum 3742

Mitigation of Impacts Associated with Oil and Gas Development ProjectsRobert Almy, Mary Ann Scott and Susan Strachan 3752

Innovative Approaches to Mitigating Cumulative ImpactsCatherine Callahan, Amy Margerum and Sharon Maves 3764

Innovative Techniques in Permit Compliance Monitoring and EnforcementPeter Cantle, Erin Craig and Mary Ann Scott 3774

Conclusion—The Solutions to the ChallengesRobert Almy and Dianne Guzman *

SESSION 70: NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS:RESEARCH, PLANNING POLICIES

Hurricane Damage Mitigation PlanningLee E. Koppelman and De Witt S. Davies 3784

Coastal Flood Control Facility Design ParametersJohn D. Sell, Richard A. Lowthian, Charlotte F. Pine 3798

Changing Impacts of the National Flood Insurance Program in the Coastal ZoneFrank H. Thomas, Michael Robinson *

Hurricane Hazard Mitigation and Post Storm Reconstruction PlanningDavid J. Brower and Timothy Beatley *

Developing Findings of Fact for a Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness Planfor the City of Waldport/Alsea Bay Area, Lincoln County, OR

Philip L. Jackson and Oscar R. Granger 3809Vertical Shelter from Hurricanes: Risk Perceptions and Politics

Philip Berke 3819

SESSION 71: REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Regulatory Program in Alaskan Coastal AreasLarry L. Reeder 3830

Informal Regulatory Consultations—Greasing the SkidsLon Lister 3836

Water Use Zoning—Is It A Solution for Resolving Coastal Water Use Conflicts?Walter F. Clark 3842