BORNEO RESEARCH BULLET

Vol. 9, No. 2 September

Notes From the Editor: Checklist; ---- BRC Meeting; Contributions for the support of the BRC . . . . . . . .

Research Notes - Points on the Collection of General

Ethnographic Data among Tribal Peoples in Borneo . ; Michael R. Dove

A Framework for the Study and Writing of Sarawak and Sabah History . . . . . . . Craig A. Lockard

Brief Comunications

Bajoe: A Sama Community at Watam- pone, Sulawesi . . . . H. Arlo Nimmo

News and Announcements --- Borneo Research Council Meeting . . . . . . 105 Center for Natural Resource Manage-

ment and Environmental Studies, . . . . Bogor Agricultural University. 105 . . . . . . . IUCN Plan for South-East ~ s i a 107

Malaysia/Singapore/Brunei Studies . . . . . . . . . . . Group Organized 108 . . . . . . . Cambridge Museum Reorganizes 108

Conference on Southeast Asian Studies . . . 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borneo News 109 --

- -

The Borneo Research Bulletin is published twice yearly (April and September) by the Borneo Research Council. Please address all inquiries and contributions for publication to Vinson H - Sutlive, Jr., Editor, Borneo Research Bullc Department of Anthropology, College of Will and Mary, Will.iamsburg, V i r g i n i a , 23105, U. Single issues are available at USSZ.'"

--- -- - g, Liam S.A.

Book Reviews, Abstracts, Bibliography

Edwin Lee: Towkays of Sabah: Chinese Leadership Indigeno'us Challenge the Last Phase of British' pule . . . . ----

Edgar Wickberg 111 I

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

In The Dialectics of Social Life, Robert Murphy makes the observation that the social sciences have developed through field experiences, their interpretation, and the continuous dialectic inherent in these processes. Thus, an inference we may draw is that the "doing" of social science research is never completed.

From the late 1940s until about the beginning of this decade, a vast amount of data was collected in the several states of Borneo by a relatively large number of fieldworkers. Current conditions are not as conducive to fieldwork yet, despite--or, perhaps, because of this fact--a continuation of analysis of data can yield new insights and raise fresh questions, hopefully to be answered in the future.

"Research Notes" contain two articles which illustrate the dialectic process. The first is a reflection on problems of gathering "meaningful" data, the second a conceptual framework bringing together materials from several disciplines in the interest of "writing Sarawak and Sabah history."

The Editor encourages contributions of these kind, together with material from scholars currently working \ in Borneo, and especially of indigenous fieldworkers. The Borneo Research Bulletin will remain the important publication it has become only through such scholarly support. I Again, we call particular attention to two notices which I appear in this issue. Fkrst, A_ Checklist of the Works . . (continued p. 119) i

I

R E S E A R C H N O T E S

POINTS ON THE COLLECTION OF GENERAL ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA -- AMONG Z I T I ~ --

- Michael R. Dove

Stanford University

Introductiofi

Soon after beginning field-work in Kalimantan, I realizec that my greatest task was not merely to gather data--I was inundated with data--but to gather meaningful data, "meaningful" especially in the sense of being suffi- ciently complete to enable me to isolate determinate variables from non-determinate ones. In attempting to gather this kind of data, I worked out the system of recording and organizing data that is described below, using cards from my data-files by way of example.

Recording the Data: Notebook and Notecard

All data I gathered initially were hand-written, in an abbreviated style, into 3" x 5" lined, spiral-bound notebooks. I dated each page as I wrote it. At the end of every day, I read through the day's notes, correcting illegible writing and adding in details while my memory was still fresh.

Within two to four weeks, I typed up these notes, clari- fying and elaborating as needed the abbreviated account. (The presence of an informant while doing this, to assist in resolving difficulties in the account. was exceedingly desirable.) By not typing up my notes immediately, I had time to ponder them, and I was better able to critically appraise them while typing and to make notes on further lines of investigation. By not waiting more than four weeks to type the notes, I was always able to &edge up additional details from memory as I typed. (I found that after more than four weeks, these details would fade from memory.)

I typed a l l o f my n o t e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f l e x i c a l d a t a , o n t o 5" x 8 " c a r d s , s p e c i a l l y c u t f rom l e d g e r - t y p e p a p e r f o r d u r a b i l i t y . I made o n e c a r b o n f o r e a c h c a r d t y p e d , a s i n s u r a n c e a g a i n s t l o s s , m a i l i n g t h e c a r b o n s back home a t i n t e r v a l s .

I o r g a n i z e d my d a t a - c a r d s i n t o s e v e n d i f f e r e n t f i l e s ; f r e s h d a t a were t y p e d i n t o one o f t h e s e f i l e s . The seven f i l e s were : (1) G e n e r a l ( 2 ) Swidden, ( 3 ) P h o t o s , ( 4 ) L e x i c a l , ( 5 ) N o t e s , ( 6 ) Q u e r i e s a n d ( 7 ) D a i l y J o u r n a l . An e i g h t h f i l e was o r g a n i z e d f o r a s s i s t a n t s ' d a i l y j o u r n a l s .

Gene ra l File ( s e e F i g u r e 1, p . 5-8 ) : The n o t e s i n F i g u r e 1 show t h a t t h e d a t a i n t h i s f i l e a r e o r g a n i z e d c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y by d a t e o f t y p i n g ; i . e . , t y p i n g f rom t h e no tebook . T h i s i s , p e r h a p s , t h e s i m p l e s t method p o s s i b l e . A s e q u e n t i a l number was t y p e d o n t o e a c h c a r d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e l a t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a t o p i c a l i n d e x t o t h e f i l e s .

Swidden File: (see F i g u r e 2 , p . 5 9 ) : I l a r g e l y r e s i s t e d t h e t e m p t a t i o n t o o r g a n i z e my g e n e r a l d a t a c a r d s i n t o many s e p a r a t e t o p i c a l f i l e s , a s opposed t o a s i n g l e c h r o n o l o g i c a l f i l e , o u t o f t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e p r o l i f e - r a t i o n o f s e p a r a t e f i l e s would c a u s e my o v e r a l l o r g a n i - z a t i o n o f d a t a t o s u f f e r . I made a s i n g l e e x c e p t i o n by c r e a t i n g a s e p a r a t e f i l e f o r t h e s w i d d e n s t h a t w e r e farmed w h i l e I was a t my f i e l d - s i t e . I c r e a t e d a s e p a r a t e f i l e f o r t h e s e d a t a b e c a u s e t h e y c o n s i s t e d l a r g e l y o f a g r e a t number o f s u c c i n c t b i t s o f i n f o r - ma t ion , a l l o f wh ich would h a v e p o s e d i n d e x i n g p r o b l e m s had t h e y been s t r e w n t h r o u g h my G e n e r a l F i l e . A t t h e end of my f i e l d - w o r k , I added t h e Swidden F i l e c a r d s i n t o t h e s e q u e n t i a l number ing s y s t e m o f my G e n e r a l F i l e , so t h a t c e r t a i n o f t h e d a t a on t h e c a r d s c o u l d b e e n t e r e d i n t o ( a n d , t h u s , r e t r i e v e d by means o f ) my s i n g l e t o p i c a l i n d e x .

Photo F i l e ( s e e F i g u r e 3 , p . 6 0 ) : I a l w a y s t r i e d t o t a k e n o t e s f o r t h i s f i l e a f t e r e x p o s i n g e a c h f r a m e , or a t l e a s t a t t h e end o f e a c h d a y . I f I had w a i t e d t o examine my deve loped f i l m - - a w a i t o f 6 t o 18 months i n my c a s e - - b e f o r e c a t a l o g i n g i t , I would by t h e n h a v e b e e n u n a b l e t o remember t h e d a t e , s u b j e c t and l o c a t i o n o f e a c h f r a m e .

-56-

L e x i c a l File (see F i g u r e 4 , p . 6 1 ) .

I Notes and Q u e r i e s F i l e s (see F i g u r e s 5 and 6 , p p . 6 2 - 3 ) : -- A t t h e same t i m e I t y p e d up d a t a f rom n o t e b o o k s o n t o n o t e c a r d s , I made e n t r i e s i n t o a " N o t e s F i l e " and a " Q u e r i e s F i l e . " I p u t i n t o t h e s e two f i l e s n o t d a t a b u t a n a l y s e s o f d a t a ( t o g u i d e p o s t - f i e l d w r i t i n g ) and q u e r i e s o f d a t a ( t o g u i d e f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h i l e s t i l l i n t h e f i e l d ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Because o f my c e n t r a l i n t e r e s t i n s w i d d e n s , I f o u n d it u s e f u l t o o r g a n i z e e a c h o f t h e s e f i l e s i n t o two s e c t i o n s : "Swiddens" and " G e n e r a l . "

I D a i l y J o u r n a l (see F i g u r e 7 , p . 6 4 ) : A t t h e e n d o f e a c h

I

d a y I t y p e d o n t o 5" x 7'' c a r d s a n e n t r y i n t o a j o u r n a l . Whi l e s t i l l i n t h e f i e l d t h i s j o u r n a l s e r v e d t o mark t h e p r o g r e s s i o n o f t i m e , and a l s o c o n s t i t u t e d a n o u t l e t f o r a n a l y s i s o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e of f i e l d - w o r k . A f t e r l e a v i n g t h e f i e l d , t h i s j o u r n a l h a s p r o v e n o f v a l u e i n s u p p l e m e n t i n g o t h e r r e c o r d s w i t h r e g a r d t o where a g i v e n b i t o f d a t a was o b t a i n e d and f rom wm. A t t h e end o f my f i e l d - w o r k , I added t h e j o u r n a l c a r d s i n t o t h e s e q u e n t i a l number ing s y s t e m o f my G e n e r a l a n d Swidden f i l e s , f o r t h e same r e a s o n s o f i n d e x i n g and r e t r i e v a l t h a t w e r e m e n t i o n e d f o r t h e Swidden F i l e .

D a i l y J o u r n a l s of A s s i s t a n t s (see F i g u r e 8 , p. 6 5 ) : I a r r a n g e d f o r e a c h o f t h e K a n t u ' a s s i s t a n t s t o k e e p a d a i l q j o u r n a l f o r m e , w r i t t e n i n t h e K a n t u ' l a n g u a g e u s i n g a n o r t h o g r a p h y t h a t w e worked o u t t o g e t h e r . Consonan t w i t h my i n t e r e s t s t h e y f o c u s e d t h e i r j o u r n a l s upon d a i l y p r o d u c t i o n and consumpt ion w i t h i n t h e i r own h o u s e h o l d s . Eve ry n i n e months I t y p e d up t h e i r h a n d - w r i t t e n j o u r n a l s o n t o 5" x 7 ' c a r d s , and t h e n added t h e c a r d s i n t o t h e s e q u e n t i a l number ing s y s t e m o f my G e n e r a l F i l e , a g a i n , f o r e a s e o f i n d e x i n g a n d r e t r i e v a l . These j o u r n a l s p r o v e d t o b e r i c h s o u r c e s o f d a t a , some o f wh ich was a n t i c i p a t e d , o t h e r u n a n t i c i p a t e d .

T o p i c a l I n d e x (see F i g u r e 9 , p . 6 6 ) : A f t e r r e t u r n i n g f rom t h e f i e l d I c o m p l e t e d t h e s e q u e n t i a l number ing o f

I a l l t h e c a r d s i n my G e n e r a l F i l e , D a i l y J o u r n a l , a n d

I D a i l y J o u r n a l s o f A s s i s t a n t s . I t h e n w e n t t h r o u g h a l l t h e c a r d s , d i v i d e d t h e d a t a on e a c h c a r d i n t o min ima l

b i t s , a s c e r t a i n e d t h e t o p i c a l c a t e g o r y i n t o which e a c h b i t would f a l l and e n t e r e d a s u c c i n c t d e s c r i p t i o n o f each da ta -b i t - -p receded by t h e s e q u e n t i a l number o f i t s ca rd- -on to a s e p a r a t e 3" x 5" i n d e x i n g c a r d r e s e r v e d f o r each t o p i c a l c a t e g o r y . I d i d o n l y minimal c r o s s - index ing . The e n t r i e s on t h e i n d e x c a r d s a r e l i s t e d i n numerical o r d e r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e number o f t h e f i l e c a r d on which t h e y a r e found. The i n d e x c a r d s t h e m s e l v e s a r e f i l e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y by t o p i c . I used approx imate ly 90 d i s t i n c t t o p i c a l c a t e g o r i e s . Some such i n d e x seems t o be necessa ry t o speed up t h e r e t r i e v a l of d a t a .

I n t e r v i e w Schedu les ( s e e F i g u r e 1 0 . p . 67 ) : I c o n s t r u c t e d i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e s f o r t h o s e t o p i c s r e g a r d i n g which I r e q u i r e d numerous, s u c c i n c t b i t s o f d a t a from e v e r y household i n t h e longhouse . There were a t l e a s t two b e n e f i t s t o t h e u s e o f s u c h s c h e d u l e s . F i r s t , t h e u s e of i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e s minimized omiss ion and t a r d i n e s s i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e d a t a ; by g l a n c i n g a t a s c h e d u l e I could e a s i l y and f r e q u e n t l y remind myself of what d a t a I a l r e a d y had a s w e l l a s what d a t a I had y e t t o o b t a i n . This c o n t i n u a l r eminder was c r i t i c a l t o t h e t i m e l y c o l l e c t i o n o f such d a t a f o r c u r r e n t a c t i v i t i e s were l i k e l y t o f a d e q u i c k l y from t h e memories o f my i n f o r m a n t s . Second, t h e u s e of i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e s minimized t i m e s p e n t i n c o l l e c t i n g l a r g e amounts o f s u c c i n c t b i t s 'of d a t a f o r example, when m e e t i n g someone on t h e t r a i l , a g l a n c e a t an i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e and a m i n u t e o r two o f c o n v e r s a t i o n would e n a b l e me t o up-date t h a t s c h e d u l e f o r t h a t p e r s o n ' s househo ld . (Note: The i n t e r v i e w schedu le i n F i g u r e 10 h a s been t y p e d o n t o a 5" x 8" f o r f i l i n g purposes . I n t h e f i e l d I p r i n t e d most s c h e d u l e s o n t o 3" x 5" c a r d s which f i t e a s i l y i n t o a s h i r t - p o c k e t . )

F i g u r e 1: G e n e r a l F i l e -I Id '4i a -4 0 Ll 0 Id !2 k U

Position of Year in Type of Location Sequential Household in which Swidden Swidden of Swidden Number of Longhouse This Card

I I

t7 Name of , Tikin 1976 U m a i P a i ya (Lubuk Yunserai) 1 8 0 3 Eldest Male

7/9/?5 U m p a i m e s t i j a d i 7/20/75 B e b u r u n g : u m p a i

B e b u r u n g : u d a h d e m i a ? T e b a i h : m u l a i today

Dates of 8/5/75 T e b a i h : u d a h Writing T e b a n g : m u l a i 8/2. (in note- B e b u r u n g : Tikin here. book) P a i y a ? : m a i y o u here, d a r a t n c i p i t

K a i y u p e m e s a i p a l a ? b i s i ? , t a w a i h n e b a i h . 8/7/75 T e b a i h - t e b a n q u d a h yest. Lumpu, Tikin,

Dyuri t u r u n yest. B i n i D y u r i n a d e k a l a a ? n g a u n e b a i h / n e b a n g : a n a k n a d e t a u ? d u d i . B i n i T i k i n n g a u n e b a i h 5 a r i . - D y u r i &

T i k i n n e b a i h k a d i r i ? 4 a r i b e d u r o k n e b a i h 2 a r i , b e d u r o k n e b a n g 2 a r i . D i b a i ? s e k a l i ? : some. R e d a k : Some

/25/75 D i b a i ? s e k a l i ? : yes, though b i s i ? n e b a n g , . n g a u b e l i y o n q . 1

Title of File

I Sequential Number of This Card

4 / 6 ~ l a n g k a u m u d a i S u a t : men. pose at sequentia$:i Number of start b e r a n g k u t .

4/6/75 j a l a i K e n u a ? : P e n g a b a n g , B e r e n a This Roll Demok await men at a l a i m e n t u

4/6/75 j a l a i K e n u a ? : L u m p u & J u r i Location carrying l a n y i ? . of Photo

'~011 17 (Color) Date of Photo 4/6/75 t e p i a n : p e r a u used to ferry l a n y i ?

p a d i from t a n a h s e p i a k during Frames n g a n g k u t .

4/6/75 at foot q e r e t a k : S u a t n g i t a u I ? ) assembled p a d i with j a n i ? , men and girls pose alongside for camera.

. 4.6.75 at foot g e r e t a k : close-up of Suat killing j a n i ? with s a n g k o h at t a n g a ? g e r e t a k . .

L e x i c a l I b a l i ? E n t r y

E n t r y i n r n u ~ a i b a l i ? , ( l a n d t h a t h a s b e e n d ipumai

D i c t i o n a r y t w i c e ; f i r s t a s kampunq a n d t h e s e c o n d t i m e a s rnemudai)

~ e c o r d e d m a l i ? d i r i ? ( s a i d o f a bu rung t h a t h a s two

d i f f e r e n t c a l l s ) Usages t,,a,ai m a l i ? ( a p l a c e where two rumah w e r e

b u i l t - i n t h e s e c o n d , t h e r u a i

( o f t h e f i r s t ) d i b a i ? k e b i l e k io f t h e s e c o n d )

T i t l e of S e c t i o n S e q u e n t i a l Number F i l e

\ o f F i l e o f T h i s Card

I / s - G e n e r a l ( 1 6 )

S e q u e n t i a l Number o f E n t r y

- R i g h t s t o kampung: Note how M a r a ? ' s h a v i n g nYiany buah i n t anah # 4 seemed t o g i v e Mara? r i g h t s . t o t h a t ,kampung t h a t a r e d e - f a c t o s i m i l a r t o r i g h t s t h a t Plara? would h a v e o b t a i n e d . f rom h a v i n g n a s a u t h e r e : ( i . e . , b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y t h a t O t h e r s would have i n bumai karnpuny i n which Mara? Owned buah) .

S a l e o f l a n d a n d u n e q u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a n d - I Z ~ s i d e r i f t h e r e i s a q r o w i n q c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f l a n d i n t h e hands o f t h e few ( a s a r e s u l t o f n y u a l - m e l i ) , and c o n s i d e r a s t o why t h i s can o c c u r now b u t c o u l d n o t i n t h e p a s t . 5 7 . B U ~ S U a n t * and K a n t u social s t r u c t u r e : C o n s i d e r how t h e b e l i e f t h a t good a n t u a r e bunsu r e l a t e s t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r s o f Kan tu? s o c i a l Strut t u r e .

-58. Beburung - a b s t r a c t v i ew o f bu rung a s s i t t i n g i n judgment- t h e y s a y when n i n q a k u t o k (when o u t h u n t i n g ? ) , t h e y p u l a i b e c a u s e t h i s k u t o k k i t a i . When .n ingabaca r (when beburung u r n a i ) , t h e y abandon u m a i b e c a u s e t h a t umai i s d i t u l a k k i t a i , d i t u l a k

q I-' - w (D

T i t l e S e c t i o n of S e q u e n t i a l Number o f F i l e F i l e ( "Swiddens" ) o f T h i s Card

S e q u e n t i a l Number

Q u e r i e s - u m a i 1 6 1

61 . U m a i s i z e : measure a r e a f e l l e d ; b u r n e d - p l a n t e d , r e a p e d ( a t l e a s t f o r a s s i s t a n t s ' p i n t u )

6 3 . u m a i w i t h mixed k a m p u n g & m e m u d a i : n o t e p e r c e n t a g e o f m i x t u r e .

6 4 . P l a n t i n g : g e t d a t a on s u p i h , s u l u t i ? / s u l a t 6 7 . D a m p a ? : what were r e a s o n s f o r TB I making t h e i r

l a s t d a m p a ? i n Kenua? ? 6 8 . N y i n g k e l a n u m a i : why n u t u p l u b a n g t u g a l W.

of E n t r y 1 6 9 . % ~ ~ n ~ ~ d i / p u l o i / p a i y a ? v a r i e t i e s t h r i v e b e s t

Da tes o f J o u r n a l E n t r i e s

i n m e m u d a i v s . k a m p u n g , o r l e m p a ? V s . m u n g o u ? 7 0 . Does p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n b u m a i of k a m p u n g c o n f e r

d i f f e r e n t r i g h t s upon male p a r t i c i p a n t s t h a n upon female ( i . e . , r e g a r d i n g s a l e o f s u c h k a m p u n g ?

71. P a d i p u n : why p a d i - p u n T i g a n g c a r n p u r ? 7 2 . Why m a l i n u n u t w i c e ? So wha t i f K a i y u ? b a r i ?

a f t e r f i r s t bu rn? 7 3 . D u k u ? p e n e b a i h / p a i y a ? : measure . 7 4 . P e n g a r o u h p a d i : examine.

S e q u e n t i a l Number o f T h i s Card

3 / 1 1 / 7 5 and some p a d i , and t h e n measure t h e b e r a s / t h a t I measured t o d a y , b u t a f t e r i t h a s .been

d i t u t o k i n A i y u n g ' s l a n g k a u . 3 / 1 2 / 7 5 Followed Aiyung t o Kenua? and met Lempiau

'on t h e t r a i l - persuaded t h e l a t t e r t o accompany me t o one u m a i t o measure i t . L e f t t h e g r a d u a t e d c y l i n d e r w i t h Aiyung t o measure y e s t e r d a y ' s p a d i a f t e r it h a s been t u t o k and t a m p i h . We measured KK's u m a i - v e r y , v e r y l a r g e , and under a h o t s u n t o o . A l s o v e r y mounta inous . Got back and r e c o v e r e d u n t i l m i d - a f t e r n o o n . Went i n t o r u a i and q u e r i e d T i k i n on a l l r e l e v a n t a s p e c t s o f h i s u m a i . Gave s h o r t E n g l i s h l e s s o n upon r e q u e s t t o a s s e m b l e k i d s . Q u a r t e r o f them k e p t r u n n i n g o u t o n t o t h e t a n y o u ? t o l a u g h a t how funny t h e words sounded , q u a r t e r were s k i r m i s h i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r , q u a r t e r k e p t y e l l i n g a t t h e o t h e r s t o b e q u i e t and pay s t r i c t a t t e n t i o n t o me, q u a r t e r a c t u a l l y d i d pay s t r i c t a t t e n t i o n and d i d v e r y w e l l . The k i d s were hav ing a r a t h e r f e s t i v e a f t e r n o o n , h e a t i n g down by t h e r i v e r , t o make g l t a t h a t t h e y would

Figure 8: Daily Journals of Assistants

-66-

Figure 9: Topical Index

4J G -4 C L I - d m oar 6 1

z-2 a u m L l C U

a J l r d O Q cnzuun

Figure 10 Interview Schedules fi FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY AND F!RITING - - -- - --

OF SARAWAK AND SABAH HISTORY -- , Craig A. Lockard

University of Malaya and

University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

The following are the syllabi for two courses on the history of Sabah and Sarawak which I taught at the University of Malaya during the 1977-78 academic year as a Fulbright-Hays Visiting Lecturer. The first course-- History of Sabah and Sarawak Before 1945--was offered to 16 second year undergraduate students. The second course--History of Sabah and Sarawak--attracted an enrollment of 29 third year students. Approximately four students in each class came from Sarawak and Sabah. I also helped supervise one graduate student and one final year student (both Sarawakians) preparing theses on Sarawak history.

Because few if any similar courses are taught outside Malaysia (I certainly never taught them previously and had to compile these syllabi hurriedly and totally from scratch) and only one to my knowledge in other Malaysian post-secondary institutions, I believe that the course syllabi which I prepared might be of interest to readers of the . Bulletin - concerned with the social, cultural, political. or economic history of Sarawak, ~ a b a h and

Brunei; they might also interest history teachers in East (and West) Malaysia. As the reader will note, the course outlines and bibliographies are somewhat more ambitious than merely assisting students (and instructor) in organizing their work and thoughts. I have consciously attempted to present a framework, in outline form, for the study, writing, and teaching of Sabah and I Sarawak history.

' There has been a great need for a work of synthesis and reflection on the historical development from earliest times to the present which would accord as much (or more) attention to social, cultural, and economic as to poli- t . j ca1 and di~lomatic historv, and would devote as much

emphasis a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e pre-modern p e r i o d . Such a

work shou ld make u s e of t h e a v a i l a b l e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l , a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l , g e o g r a p h i c a l and economic l i t e r a t u r e a s w e l l a s t h e s t a n d a r d h i s t o r i c a l and p o l i t i c a l s o u r c e s f o r t h e n i n e t e e n t h and t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r i e s .

I am

c u r r e n t l y engaged a t an e a r l y s t a g e i n r e s e a r c h i n g such a h i s t o r y (based i n p a r t on t h e s e two c o u r s e s ) ; t h e r e a d i n g l i s t s , a d m i t t e d l y i n c o m p l e t e , f o r t h e two c o u r s e s s u g g e s t many o f t h e a v a i l a b l e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s . Anyone who would l i k e t o s u g g e s t a d d i t i o n a l s o u r c e s , o r d i s c u s s p rob lems i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . o r o t h e r

m a t t e r s r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o j e c t (ADC: 1979) i s welcome

t o c o r r e s p o n d w i t h m e c / o Depar tment o f H i s t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Malaya, P a n t a i V a l l e y , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ( u n t i l May 1, 1978) o r ( a f t e r May 1, 19781, c/o S o c i a l Change and Development C o n c e n t r a t i o n , Uni- v e r s i t v o f W i s c o n s i n - G r e e n Bay, Green Bay, Wiscons in ,

emphasize s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y a s much a s p o s s i b l e ; t h e y i l l u s t r a t e t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e m a t e r i a l d o e s e x i s t t o a l l o w us t o s t r e s s n o n - p o l i t i c a l and non-d ip lomat ic deve lopments .

B a s i c Read ings ( T e x t s )

1. S t e v e n Runciman, The White R a j a h s : H i s t o r y of Sarawak from 1 8 4 1 x -- = ( a l l )

2 . X. G . ~ r e ~ o n n i n g , H i s t o r y of Modern Sabah 1881-1963 ( C h a p t e r s 1-12] -- ' - -

3 . ~ o b e ; t ~ r i n g l e ; R a j a h s and R e b e l s : The I b a n s o f Sarawak under Brooke Rule , 1841-1941 ( a l l )

4. C r a i g A. L o c k a r d , ~ r o m K a m ~ F t C i t ~ : A S o c i a l H i s t o r y of Kuching, M a l a y s i a , -- 1820-1970 (chapters 1-6)

5 . Cheng Te-Kun, Archaeology & Sarawak.

5 4 3 0 2 . U.S.A. I Course O u t l i n e

S a r a w a k and S a b a h to 1 9 4 5

I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h i s c o u r s e c o v e r s t h e h i s t o r y o f Sarawak and Sabah from e a r l i e s t t i m e s u n t i l t h e end of t h e J a p a n e s e Occupa t ion i n 1945. Because of t h e n a t u r e of a v a i l a b l e s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s , much o f o u r emphas i s w i l l be p l a c e d on t h e p e r i o d a f t e r European p e n e t r a t i o n i n t h e 1840s: w e w i l l , however, a l s o a c c o r d a s much a t t e n t i o n a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e poorly-documented pre-modern p e r i o d . Due t o t h e

i n s t r u c t o r ' s e x p e r t i s e . a n d t h e b e t t e r documentary r e c o r d we w i l l a l s o d e v o t e more t i m e t o Sarawak t h a n t o Sabah. Modern Brune i w i l l r e c e i v e o n l y l i m i t e d c o v e r a g e .

The

a v a i l a b l e t e x t s and o t h e r r e a d i n g m a t e r i a l s t e n d t o s t r e s s p o l i t i c a l and d i p l o m a t i c h i s t o r y and w e w i l l d i s c u s s t h e Brooke Raj and t h e C h a r t e r e d Company.

But

we w i l l o n l y be t a n g e n t l y concerned w i t h such t o p i c s a s t h e l o r e o f t h e Brooke f a m i l y , r e l a t i o n s between t h e Brookes and B r i t a i n , o r B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l r i v a l r i e s w i t h v a r i o u s o t h e r powers . A s much a s p o s s i b l e , t h i s c o u r s e w i l l l a y emphas i s on t h e s o c i a l c u l t u r a l , and economic h i s t o r y of t h e n o r t h e r n Bornean p e o p l e s - I b a n s , Malays, Kadazans, C h i n e s e , Kayans, B a j a u s , etc. The a s s i g n e d

and recommended r e a d i n g s have been c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d t o

The f o l l o w i n g i s a t e n t a t i v e s c h e d u l e f o r t h e weekly l e c t u r e s d u r i n g t h i s academic y e a r . I t a l s o c o n s t i t u t e s an a t t e m p t t o p r e s e n t i n o u t l i n e form a framework f o r t h e s t u d y and w r i t i n g o f Sarawak and Sabah h i s t o r y from e a r l i e s t t i m e s u n t i l 1945, w i t h an emphas i s on s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l and economic h i s t o r y . The m a j o r themes s e l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s , a s w e l l a s t h e amount o f t i m e a l l o t t e d t o d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s and deve lopments , h o p e f u l l y r e f l e c t a good b a l a n c e between t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s o u r c e s ( e s p e c i a l l y s t r o n g on Brooke, Sarawak; much weaker on modern Sabah; v e r y l i m i t e d f o r t h e premodern p e r i o d g e n e r a l l y , economic h i s t o r y , and t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y Brune i ) and t h e needs o f a comprehens ive and f a i r h i s t o r i c a l t r e a t m e n t . The a s s i g n e d and recommended r e a d i n g a s s i g n m e n t s f o r e a c h week a r e l i s t e d w i t h t h e weekly t o p i c ; r e q u i r e d r e a d i n g s a r e marked w i t h an a s t e r i s k . The f u l l c i t a t i o n f o r e a c h book o r a r t i c l e l i s t e d can b e o b t a i n e d by l o c a t i n g t h e r e a d i n g i n t h e a t t a c h e d b a s i c b i b l i o g r a p h y by t h e number which accompanies t h e r e a d i n g a s s i g n m e n t .

Week T o p i c

1 Introductory Remarks

A. Physical and Human Configurations

2 Geography a. Climate . b. Topography c. Major Towns and Districts d. Resource Base Reading *D97 Runciman, 3-16 *D91 Pringle, 1-17 *D61 Lockard, 1-4 C5 Ginsburg, Chapter 3 D47 Jackson. 15-37

3 Peoples and Cultures of Northern Borneo a. Dayaks b. Kadazans-Muruts c. Malayo-Muslims d. Chinese e. Others Reading *C33 Roff, 19-31 *Dl10 Sarawak Gazette, all D33 Harrisson, all *D91 Pringle, 17-37 D34 Harrisson, 154-59 C5 Ginsburg, Chapter 4

B. Evolution of Human Settlement to Ca. 1500

4 Prehistory a. The Niah Record b. Problems of Niah Excavations c. Other Sarawak Sites d. Sabahan Development e. Brunei Neolithic Reading *D40 Harrisson, all *Dl0 Cheng, 6-11 *E25 Harrisson and Harrisson, 1-22 C36 Solheim, all C12 Harrisspn, all

Week T o p i c

I 5 Iron-Age Transformation a. Santubong b. Some possible Sarawak and Sabah Changes

I c. Pre-Islamic Brunei d. Islamization of Brunei e. Islam in North and West Borneo Reading *Dl0 Cheng, 1-5, 12-22 *E25 Harrisson and Harrisson, 22-32 D34 Harrisson, 117-35; 648-51 C6 Harrisson, all *C30 Ongkili, 1-9 *F1 Brown, 130-40 C9 Harrisson, all D32 Harrisson, 104-116-120

C. Maturation of Bornean Society and Culture, ca. 1500-ca. 1840

6 The Kapuas Connection a. Malayo-Muslim coastal society b. Iban migrations to Sarawak c. Marauding and Headhunting d. Chinese in West Borneo Reading *D91 Prinqle, 38-65 *D61 ~ockard, 4-13 *D74 Morgan, all Dl00 Sandin, all Dl25 Vayda, all D97 Richards, all C23 Jackson, 14-28 D53 Kalom and Hudson, all

7 The Brunei Connection a. Brunei society and politics b. Brunei and Sarawak c. Sarawak coastal society d. Brunei and Sabah

Week Topic 7 ( c o n t ' d )

Reading *C30 O n g k i l i , 9-16 *F1 Brown, C h a p t e r s 7-10, 12 *D3 Babcock, a l l

D24 Edwards, 50-55 D83 Osman, a l l

8 The S u l u Connec t ion a. O r i g i n s o f S u l u I n f l u e n c e i n Sabah b . Na ture o f S u l u I n f l u e n c e i n Sabah .- ~

c. Sabah S o c i e t y Reading

*E40 Reynolds , 39-113 * ~ 1 0 lack, a l l

E61 Warren, 1-31 E25 H a r r i s s o n and H a r r i s s o n , P a r t D - -

E59 Warren, a l l E34 Maju l , a l l

Western Impact and C o n t r o l , c a . 1840-ca.

E a r l y Brooke Ra j 9 a . Sarawak i n t h e e a r l y N i n e t e e n t h Cen tury b . Sarawak c i v i l war r . Brooke i n t e r v e n t i o n - - d . The new reg ime Reading

* ~ 9 7 ~ u n c i m a n . 17-91 *D61 Lockard , 13-20

C38 T a r l i n g , 34-161 *F1 Brown,. 1?8-155

10 R e s i s t a n c e and C o n f l i c t i n Sarawak, 1842-1860 a . The " p i r a c y " q u e s t i o n b. Brooke e x p a n s i o n and " p a c i f i c a t i o n " c. Brooke-Iban c o n f l i c t d . Brooke-Malay c o n f l i c t e . The C h i n e s e " r e b e l l i o n " Readinq

*D91 P r i n g l e 66-134 *D97 Runciman, 92-133 *D61 Lockard, 49-54

D25 Enggu, a l l *Dl17 S t e v e n s , 5-9

Week T o p i c 11 Sarawak S o c i e t y u n d e r James Brooke, 1842-ca.1870

a . Development o f Kuching S o c i e t y b. Growth of a p l u r a l s o c i e t y c. R u r a l t r e n d s Read in3

*D61 Lockard, 25-49 *Dl12 Seymour, 116-118 Dl23 Varney, a l l

12 E a r l y European A c t i v i t i e s i n Sabah and Brune i a . E i g h t e e n t h Cen tury B r i t i s h A c t i v i t i e s b . Sabah S o c i e t y c. B r i t i s h c o l o n i z a t i o n o f ~ a b u a n d . B r i t i s h and American i n i t i a t i v e s t o 1881 e . The S u l u c l a i m t o Sabah f . The Brune i P r o t e c t o r a t e - - g . Brune i u n d e r B r i t i s h i n f l u e n c e t o 1941 Reading

*E48 Tregonning C h a p t e r s 1-2 , . *F1 Brown, C h a p t e r 11 (155-159) C38 Ta'rlincr. 162-256

2 . . - E60 Warren, a l l

*E66 Wrigh t , a l l F6 C r i s s w e l l , a l l

*En7 T a r l i n g , a l l F18 Tregonning , a l l

F. Sarawak under a S t r e n g t h e n e d R a j , 1870-1941

1 3 The C h a r l e s Brooke and Vyner Brooke Regimes. a . The r i s e o f C h a r l e s Brooke- b . A d m i n i s t r a t i o n s n d P o l i c y u n d e r Rajah C h a r l e s c . The o c c u p a t i o n of t h e Fourth and F i f t h

D i v i s i o n s . d . Vyner Brooke ' s r eq ime Read ing

*D99 Runciman, 134-252 *D91 P r i n g l e , 135-209, 320-49 *Dl17 S t e v e n s , 33-34 *D24 Edwards, I :55-57 ; I I :78-80 D20 Doer ing , a l l

*D88 P r i n g l e , a l l D92 R e i n h a r d t , a l l C38 T a r l i n g , 257-552 C4 C r i s s w e l l a l l

Week T o p i c 14 Iban Migrations and Brooke Response

a. Iban society under the Brookes b. Brooke policies toward the Ibans c. Rebellion and "pacification" Reading *D91 Pringle, 210-'82 D89 ~ringle, all *Dl17 Stevens, II:34-41; III:53-57 D26 Freeman, 130-51 ~ 1 0 1 Sandin, all

15 Chinese Immigration and Economic Development a. Chinese immigration b. Spread of Chinese c. Chinese society.

1 d. Development of Sarawak economy e. Impact of rubber Reading *D66 Lockard, all *D77 May-Thomas, all *D28 Goldman, all' D57 Lee, all Dl11 Satem, all 1365 Lockard, 195-210 *D24 Edwards, I:57-59; II;83-84 -

*Dl17 Stevens, 51-52 Dd7 Jackson, 89-91 *C21 Jones, 146-51

16 Development of Towns a Growth of Kuching b. Chinese society in Kuching c. Malay society in Kuching d. Growth of Sibu and Miri e. Other towns in Sarawak Reading *D61 Lockard, 58-88, 93-137, 143-180, 185-246 *Dl12 Seymour, I:114-16; III:156-59 C32 Osman, all 0117 Stevens, III:52-53 ~ 6 7 Lockard, Chapter 3 D47 Jackson, 63-72

Week T o p i c 17 Rural Life and Culture Change

a. Changes in Dayak society b. Spread of education c. Spread of Christianity and Islam d. Population growth e. Impact of Chinese Reading *D91 Pringle, 283- *Dl9 Deegan, all *Dl12 Seymour, 11: *D24 Edwards, II:8 D80 Noakes, a1 1 . - - C24 Jones, 31-61

G. Western Impact and Control in Sabah, 1880-1941

18 Chartered Company Rule a. Origins of Company control ,b. Structure of Sabah administration c. Policies of Chartered Company Reading *E48 Tregonning, Chapters 2-4 *E8 Black, all E7 Black, 1-182

19 Rebellion, Resistance and Response a. The Mat Salleh "Rebellion" b. Other resistance c. Murut responses d. Company "pacification" policies Reading *E9 Black all *E65 Wookey, all *E48 Tregonning, Chapter 11 E7 Black, Chapters 4-7 El6 Crisswell, all

2 0 Immigration and Economic Development a. Chinese immigration b. Chinese society c. Indonesian immigration d. Economic development e. Growth of estates

A_ S e l e c t e d B i b l i o g r a p h y Week T o p i c

Reading *E48 Tregonning, Chapters 5, 7 *E38 0ngkili. all *E31 Lee, all *E27 John, all El2 Burrough, all E24 Han, 42-52, 58-72, 258-64

2 1 Social, Cultural and Political Change a. Socio-Cultural Change b. Growth of Towns c. Spread of Christianity d. Political Developments Reading *Ell Black, all *E48 Tregonning, Chapters 6, 8-10 E61 Warren, 31-109

E. War and Occupation, 1941-1945

2 2 Sarawak and Sabah in World War I1 a. Japanese Occupation b. Sabah and Sarawak resistance c. Impact of occupation ~eading

*D99 Runciman, 253-67 -- . -

*E48 ~reqonninq Chapter 12 * ~ 6 1 ~ockard . 253-58 *Dl17 Stevens, IV:75-77 *D24 Edwards, I1:84-88 E23 Hall. all C13 Harrisson, all

F. Conclusions

2 3 Retrospects and Conclusions a. The Study of Sarawak and Sabah History b. An overview of course c. Some comparisons between Sarawak and Sabah Reading *C27 Lockard, all *D80 Ongkili, all

A. Useful Periodicals and Journals - -- - A1 Borneo Research Bulletin (BRB) ~2 Brunei Museum Journal (BMJ) -- A3 Journal of Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic

Society (JMBRAS) A4 Sabah Society Journal (SSJ)

A6 Sarawak Museum Journal (SMJ) A5 Sarawak GazeFte (SG)

B1 Cotter, Conrad, Bibliography of English Language Sources on Human Ecology: Eastern Malaysia and Brunei, 1965, 2 Vols.

B2 Cotter, Conrad; Wilhelm Solheim, and Thomas Williams,. "North Borneo, Brunei, and Sara- wak: A Bibliography of English Language Historical Administrative and Ethnograph- ic Sources", unpublished, 1962.

B3 Crisswell, Colin, "Select Bibliography of Published Works in English with Relevance to Borneo History", E, No. 4.1972, 15-22.

I B4 Rousseau, Jerome, "Bibliography of Borneo I Bibliographies", E, No. 2, 1970, 35-36.

B5 See also extensive bibliographies in R. Pringle(D91); C. Lockard (Dbl), S. Runci- man (D99) , I. Black (E7) , K. Tregonning (E48), and N. Tarling (C3R) . .

C. Works of General Relevance --

C1 Angeles, F. Delor, "Brunei .and the Moro Wars", BMJ, Vol. 1, 1969. --

C2 Carreon, Manuel, "Margatas The Datus of Borneo", S&, Vol. 8, No. 25, 1957.

C3 Carroll, John, "The Word Bisaya in the Phil- ippines and Borneo", SMJ, Vol. 9, No. 15-16, 1960.

C4 Crisswell, Colin, "The Origins of the Lim- bang Claim", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, September, 1971.

C5 Ginsburg, Norton S., and others (eds.), '

North Borneo, Brunei, and Sarawak; Human Relations Area Files, 1956.

C6 Harrisson, Tom, "NGAJU-BAJAU" , JMBRAS, Vol. 44, NO. 1, 1976.

C7 , "The '~ajaus : Their .Origins and Wide Importancet',. JSS, Vol. 6, No. 1, . 1973-74.

C 8 , "Gold and Indian Influences in West Borneo", JMBRAS, Vol. 22, No. A , September, 1949.

C9 , "The Advent of Islam to West and North Borneo", SG, August, 1963.

C10 , ",The Prehistory of ~orneo" , Asian Perspectives, Vol. 13, 1970.

C11 , .':The Upper ~aleolithic in Borneo and Adjacent Areas r Gateway to the Pacific", BMg, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1975.

C12 , "The Borneo Stone Age - In the Light of Recent Research", SMJ, Vol. 20, No. 40-U, 1972, 385-412.

C13 - , he Chinese in Borneo, 19a2-6", Internat.iona1 Affairs, Vol. 26, NO. 3, July, 1 9 5 0 7 - 6 2

C14 Harrisson, Tom, "Origins and Attitudes of Brunei Tutong-Belait-Bukit-Dusun, North Brunei 'Dusun' and Sarawak 'Bisayan', Meting and other Peoplesf', SMJ, Vol. 8, No. 26, 1958.

C15 , "Indian Pioneers in Borneo. C. 500 A.D. on", S M J , Vol. 6, No. 21, 1955.

C16 , "Megalithic Evidences in East Malaysia; An Introductory Summary", JMBRAS, Vol. XLVI, Part 1, 197.3, 123-39.

C17 , "Peat and the Coastal Plain Eco-system as Controls in Prehistoric and Present Human Demography (Southeast Asia)", JMBRAS,Vol XLCII, Part 2, 1975, 116-118.

C18 , "The Peoples of North and West. Borneo", in Wang Gugnwu, ed .. , , Malay- sia: A Survey, 1964, 163-78..

C19 Heyward, Nigel, Sarawak, Brunei, and North - -- Borneo, 19 6 3 ,.

C20 Hudson, Alfred, ''The Padju Epat Malaniin Dayak in Historical ~erspective~, ~ndonesia, Vol. 4, 1967, 8-42.

C21 Ingleson, John, "James Brooke and British Political Activity in Borneo and Suluw, unpublished M.A. Thesis, Univ. of Western Australia, n.d,

C22 Irwin, Graham, Nineteenth Century Borneo: A - Study in Diplomatic Rivalry, 1965. --

C23 Jackson, James, Chinese in the West Borneo Gold Fields: A Study in Cultural Geography, -- ! 970.

C24 Jones, L.W., The Population of Borneo 1956. -

I C25 Keith, Agnes, Three Came Home.

C26 Lee, Yong-Leng, "Historical Aspects of Settlement in British Borneo", Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 2, No. 2, September,

1 1961, 187-212.

C27 Lockard, Craig A., 'Iperspectives on Borneo's Past; The Status and Future of Research on Social History", in George Appell and Leigh Wright (eds.) The Status of Social Science Research in Borneo, forthcoming.

C28 Lo, Hsian- in, mA Chinese Presidential Sys- tein in Kalimantan", SMJ, Vol, 9, No. 15-16, 1955.

C29 Majul, Cesar, Muslims in the Philippines, 1973.

C30 Ongkili, James, CPre-Western Brunei, Sarawak, and Sabah", SMJ, Vol. 10, No. $0-41, 1972; 1-20.

C31 Ongkili, James, "Sumber-sumber Sejarah Malaysia Timor", Jernal Sejarah, Vol. 9, 1970-71, 86-93.

C32 Osman, Sabihah bt., "Pelajaran bagi anak- anak perempuan Bumiputera di sekolah-se- lokah Melayu Kerajaan di Sabah dan Sarawak pada Zaman Kompeni Berpiagam dan Rejim Brooke - satu Tinjuane, Malaysia &I History, Vol. 18, No. 2, December, 1966, 1-8,

C33 Roff. Margaret, The Politics of Belonging: Political Change in Sabah and Sarawak, 1974.

C34 Sanab Said,' "European Colonialism in Borneo: Indonesian Labourers in Sarawak and Sabah in Early 20th Century", z, March, 1976.

C35 Saunders, Graham, "James Brooke's Visit to Brunei in 1844: A Reappraisal", SMJ,

, Val. 17, NO. 34-35, 1969, 294-314.

C36 Solheim, Wilhelm, "Borneo Archeology: + Past and Futurec, SSJ, Vol. 6, No. 1, - 1973-74.

C37 Sopher, David, The Sea Nomads: A Study Based on the ~ i t e r a t u r e o f e Maritime - - -- Biat People of southeastAsia, 1965.

C38 Tarling, Nicholas, Piracy @ Politics in the Malay World, 1963. --

C39 , "Sir Cecil Clementi

l and the Federation of British Borneo", JMBMS, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1971.

C4 0 , Britain, the Brookes, and Brunei, 1971. --

I C4 1 , "Sir James Brooke and Brunei", z, Vol. 11, No. 21-22, 1963, 1-12.

I C42 Teixeira, Manuel, Early Portuguese and Spanish Contacts with Borneo, 1964.

C43 Wheeler, Richard, "Political Development in British Borneo", unpublished M.A. thesis, University of California-Berkley, 1954.

C44 Wright, Leigh, The Origins of British Borneo, 1970, - - - --

\ D. Works of Special Relevance to Sara*; -- I I b Dl $.dill Haji Buyong, Sejarah Sarawak,

1974.

D2 A p p e l l , George , " S o c i a l S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h i n Sa rawak" , i n G . N . A p p e l l ( e d . ) S t u d i e s i n Borneo S o c i e t i e s : S o c i a l P r o c e s s -- and A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l E x p l a n a t i o n , 1976 , 7-26.

D3 Babcocok, T.G., " I n d i g e n o u s E t h n i c i t y i n Sa rawak" , - SMJ, Vo l . 22 , No. 43 , 1974 .

D4 Bar ing-Gould , J u l i a n a n d C h a r l e s Bamp- f y l d e , A_ H i s t o r y of Sarawak u n d e r i t s Two Whi t e R a j a h s , 1839-1908, 1909. --

D5 Bolang , A l e x a n d Tom H a r r i s s o n , "Nakoda Rogam: From Sambas t o B r u n e i " , ?El Val. 6 , No. 1 9 , December, 1954 .

D7 Buck, W.S.B., "Brookes i n E x i l e (1941- ) " , - SMJ, Vo l . 1 0 , N o . 17-18, 1 9 6 1 ,

59-81.

D8 C a r t w r i g h t , F r a n k , Tuan Hoover o f Borneo (An Odyssey o f C h i n e s e P i l g r i m F a t h e r s ) , 1938.

~g C h a t e r , W.C., Sa rawak Long Ago, 1969.

Dl0 Cheng. Te-Kun, A r c h a e o l o g y & Sarawak .

D l 1 Ch in , J o h n , The Nyonya, 1962 .

Dl2 C h i n , Lucas and R i c h a r d Nyandoh, "Arch- a e o l o g i c a l work i n Sa rawak" , SMJ, Vol . 2 3 , NO. 44, 1975 , 1 -8 .

Dl3 C l a y r e , I a n , "The Ka jang Kingdom: A l l t h e Melanau P e o p l e s . Where Do They A l l Come From?", E, A u g u s t , 1971 .

Dl4 Con ley , W . W . , "Kenyah R e c e p t i v i t y a n d Response t o C h r i s t i a n i t y " , SMJ, V o l . 2 2 , NO. 4 3 , 1 9 7 4 , 311-24.

Dl5 C o o l e , Doug las , "The S t o r y o f P8ethodism i n t h e T h i r d D i v i s i o n " , The Sarawak

4 -- T e a c h e r , Vo l . 2 , No. 2 , 1966 , 11-12, 28 .

Dl6 Cooper , A . M . , Men o f Sa rawak , 1 9 6 8 . f --

Dl7 C o t t e r , Conrad , "Some A s p e c t s o f t h e Ad- m i n i s t r a t i v e Development o f Sa rawak" , u n p u b l i s h e d M.A. t h e s i s , C o r n e l l , 1 9 5 5 .

Dl8 C o u n c i l N e g r i Cen tena ry . , 1867-1967, 1967 . --

Dl9 Deegan, J ames , "Community F r a g m e n t a t i o n Among t h e Lun Bawang", SMJ, Vo l . 22 , N o . 43, 1974 .

-

D20 D o e r i n g O t t o , "Government i n Sa rawak u n d e r C h a r l e s Brooke" , JMBRAS, V o l . 39 , No. 2 , December, 1966.

I D2 1 , "The I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f P e r s o n a l Ru le i n Sa rawak" , u n p u b l i s h e d M.A. t h e s i s , LSE, 1965.

D22 Druce , A u s t i n , " E a r l y H i s t o r y o f t h e K u t C a n a l " , SMJ, Vol . 6 , No. 2 1 , 1955 .

D23 E a t o n , P e t e r , "F. H i s t o r y o f Bau D i s t r i c t " , SG, May, 1367 .

D24 Edwards , Leona rd "A H i s t o r y o f t h e Lawas D i s t r i c t " , 53, March-May, 1970 .

~ 2 5 Enggu, Edward, "On t h e Top o f Sadok w i t h Pahlawan R e n t a p " , E, J u n e , 1973 .

D26 Freeman, Derek , R e p o r t on t h e I b a n , 1970 . I J D27 Geddes , W . G . , Nine Dayak N i g h t s , 1957 .' --- 1

D28 Goldman, R i c h a r d , "The B e g i n n i n g s o f Con- m e r c i a l Development i n t h e Baram and Ma-

I r u d i F o l l o w i n g t h e C e s s i o n o f 188211, SG, March, 1 9 6 8 . -

D29 Hahn, Emily, James Brooke of Sarawak, 1953.

D30. Hans Nyipa, "Migration of the Kayan Peo- ple", SMJ, Vol. 8, No. 7, June, 1956.

D31 Harper, G.C., "The Miri Field 1910-1972," SMJ, - Vol. 20, NO. 40-41, 1972, 21-30.

D32 Harrisson, Tom, "Outside Influences on the Upland Culture of the Kelabits of North Central Borneo", SMJ, Vol. 6, No. 19, 1954.

D3 3 , (ed.) Peoples of Sarawak, 1959.

D34 , The Malays of South-West Sarawak Before Malaysia, 1970.

, World Within: A Borneo D35 - - - Story, 1959.

D36 , "Historical and Related Sources for Sarawak", in K.G. Tregonning, (ed.) Malaysian Historical Sources, 1962 105-112.

D37 , "Tribes, Minorities, and the Central Government in Sarawak", in Peter Kundstadter, (ed. ) Southeast Asia: Tribes, Minorities, Nations, 1967, 317-52.

D38 , 'Borneo Writing", B i i - dragen tot de Taal, Land, en Volken-

I kunde, No. 121, 1 9 6 5 7 5 7 .

D40 Harrisson, Tom, "50,000 Years at Niah", Straits Times Annual for 1967, 1967.

.4

D 4 1 , "The Caves of Niah: A History of Prehistory", E , V o l . 8, No. 27, 1958.

~ 4 2 , "50,000 Years of Stone Age Culture in Borneo", Smithsonian Re- port for 1964, 1965, 521-30. ---

~ 4 3 , and Stanley O1Connor, Ex-

i cavations of - - the Prehistoric Iron Industry in West Borneo, 2 Vols., 1969-

I , Gold and. Megalithic =- vity in prehistoric and Recent West Borneo, 1970.

D 4 5 , "The Tantric Shrine Exca- vated at Santubongtl, SEJ, Vol. 15, No. 30- 31, 1967.

D46 Hipkins, James,"A History of the Chinese Settlement in Borneo", SMJ, Vol. 19,

I No. 38-33, 1971.

I D47 Jackson, James, Sarawak: A Geographical 1 -- Survey of 5 Developing State, 1968.

! D48 Jamuh, George "The Kanowit Punitive Expedition, 1934", SMJ, Vol. 8, No. 8, December, 1956, 4 6 3 7

D49 Jensen, Eric, The Iban and Their Rhli- I gion, 1974.

-

~ 5 0 Kaboy, Tuton, "The Bliun People", SE1J, Vol. 17, NO. 34-35, 1969, 155-62.

~ 5 1 , "The Murder of Steele and Fox: Two Versions", SMJ, Vol. 7, No. 25-6, 1965, 207-15.

D52 Kaboy, Tu ton , and Uened ic t S a n d i n , "Day- a k s o f Lundu D i s t r i c t " , S M J , Vol. 1 6 , NO. 32-33, 1968, 122-40.

D53 Kalom, I n a anak and A l f r e d Hudson, " S e l a k o T r a d i t i o n a l H i s t o r y " , SMJ, Vol. 1 8 , NO. 36-37, 1970, 281-300.

D54 Diu, Mee-kuok, "The D i f f u s i o n o f Foochow S e t t l e m e n t i n S ibu-Bina tang Area, C e n t r a l Sarawak, 1901-19701', u n p u b l i s h e d M.A. t h e s i s , Univ. o f Hawai i , 1972.

D55 Lawrence, A.E., " S t o r i e s o f t h e F i r s t Brune i Conquests on t h e Sarawak C o a s t " , SMJ, Vol. 2 , ~ e b r u a r y , 1911. -

D56 Le Bar , F rank , "Legend, C u l t u r a l H i s t o r y and Geomorphology i n t h e Kelabi t -Kerayan Highland o f Nor th -Cent ra l Borneo", JMBRAS, Vol. 43, No. 1, 1970.

D57 Lee, Yong-Leng, "The Chinese i n Sarawak and B r u n e i " , SMJ, Vol. 11, No. 23-24, 1964.

D 5 8 , P o p u l a t i o n and S e t t l e m e n t i n Sarawak, 1970. -

D59 Lin Wen-Tsung, "The F i r s t Ten Years H i s t o r y of t h e Foochows i n Sarawak", Sarawak Van- guard , March 29, 1956.

D60 L i u , Chiang, "Chinese P i o n e e r s , AD 1900: The New Foochow S e t t l e m e n t o f Sarawak", SMJ, Vol. 6 , No. 21, December, 1955, - 536-48.

D61 Lockard, C r a i g , From Kamponq t o City: A S o c i a l H i s t o r y o f Kuchong, M a l a y s i a , 1820-1970, f o r t h c ~ m i n g , 1977. --

D62 Lockard, C r a i g , nThe E v o l u t i o n o f Urban Government i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a n C i t i e s :

0 Kuchinq under t h e Brookes" , Modern As ian S t u d i e s , f o r t h c o m i n g , 1978.

d 063 , "The E a r l y Development o f Kuching, 1841-1857", JMBRAS, Vol. 4 9 , NO. 2 , 1976, 107-26.

D6 4 , "Malay S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e i n a Sarawak Town D u r i n s t h e L a t e Nine- t e e n t h Cen tury" , s t u d i e s i n T h i r d World S o c i e t i e s , Vol . 1, N o . 2 , S p r i n g , 1976, 79-109.

D6 5 , " L e a d e r s h i p and Power Wi th in t h e Chinese Community o f Sarawak: An H i s t o r i c a l S u r v e y " , SMJ, Vol . 2 , No. 2 , September , 1 9 7 1 1 9 5 - 2 1 7 .

D6 6 , " C h a r l e s Brooke and t h e F o u n d a t i o n s o f t h e Plodern C h i n e s e Com- muni ty i n Sarawak", SMJ, Vol. 1 9 , No. 33-39, 1971, 77-108.

D 6 7 , "Chinese I m m i g r a t i o n and S o c i e t y i n Sarawak, 1868-191711, u n p u b l i s h e d M.A. t h e s i s , Hawai i , 1967.

D6 8 , and Graham S a u n d e r s , Old Sarawak: 5 P i c t o r i a l S t u d y , 1972.

D69 Loh Chee-Yin, " P i e c e s f rom t h e Brooke P a s t - X X I I I : The Malay Language", E, May, 1966.

D70 L o n q h u r s t , Henry, The Borneo S t o r y : The H i s t o r y o f t h e F i r s t 100 Years o f ~ r a d i n ~

3 i n t h e F a r E a s t b~ t h e Borneo Company, - ~td.,1956. - -

D71 Martinoir, Brian de, "Notes on the Kajang", SMJ, Vol. 22, NO. 43, 1974, 267-73. -

D72 McKinley, Robert, 'jHuman and Proud of It! A Structural Treatment of Headhunting Rites and the Social Definition of Enemies", in G.N. ~ppell, Studies in Borneo Societies: Social Process and Anthropological Explan- ation, 1976, 92-126,

D73 Medway, Lord, "The Antiquity of Domesti- cated Pigs in Sarawak", JMBRAS, Vol. XLVI, No. 2, 1973, 1.69-78

D74 Morgan, Stephanie, "Iban Aggressive Expan- sion: Some Background Factors", SMJ, Vol. 16, NO. 32-33, 1968.

D75 Morris, H.S., "The Sago Industry of Oya and Mukah", E, April 30, 1965.

D76 , Report on g Melanau Sago- Producing Community & Sarawak, 1953.

D77 Moy-Thomas, A.H., "Economic Development under the Second Rajah (1870-1917)'", SMJ, Vol. 10, No. 17-18, 1961, 50-58..

D78 ~icholl, Robert, "Three Wise Men", E, November, 1960.

D79 Ngaing Pa' Nyokim, "Revival of an Old Land Dayak Custom", SnJ, Vol. 5, No. 17, 1950.

D80 Noakes. J.L.. "The Growth of the Po~ulation ~, of Sarawak", in,L.W. Jones, Sarawak: Re- port on the Census of Population Taken on 15th June, 1960, 1963 319-24. -- -

D81 Nyandoh, Richard and Lucas Chin, "A Pro- gress Report on Archeological Work at Ge- dong, (1967-1969) ", SMJ, Vol. 17, No. 34- 35, 1969, 80-00.

D82 Ongkili, James, "A New Look at Sarawak History," SG, February, 1975. -

D83 Osman, Sabilah,bt., "Keadaan Masyarakat Bumi- putera Sarawak Pada Abad Kelapan Belas dan Awal Abad Kesembilan Belas: Satu Tinjuan Sejarah," Malaysia Histo-ry, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Dec., 1972), 3-13.

D84 Parnell, Edward, "The Tributes Paid in Former Days to The Sultan of Brunei by the Then Dependent Province of Sarawak," SMJ, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb., 1911).

D85 Payne, Robert, The White Rajahs of Sarawak, 1960

D86 Pole-Evans, J., "The Supreme Council, Sarawak," SMJ, Vol. 7, No. 7, June, 1956, 88-108. -

D87 Pollard, Elizabeth, Kuching Past and Present, 1972.

D88 Pringle, Robert, "The Brookes of Sarawak: Reformers in Spite of Themselves." E, Vol. 19, NO. 38-39, 1971.

DE9 , "Asun's Vebellion': The Poli- tical Growing Pains of a Tribal Society in Brooke Sarawak, 1929-1940," SMJ, Vol. 16, NO. 32-33, 1968, 346-76.

D9 0 , "The Murder of Fox and Steele: Masahor's Version," SMJ, Vol. 7, No. 25-26, 1965, 215-27.

D9 1 , Rajahs and Rebels: The Ibans of Sarawak Under Brooke Rule, 1841-1941, 1967. -

D9 2 , "Iban Migrations and Brooke Rule," unpublished paper, 1966.

D93 Rawlins, Joan, Sarawak, 1839-1963, 1965

D94 R e i n h a r d t , J o n , " A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P o l i c y and P r a c t i c e i n Sarawak: C o n t i n u i t y and Chanae u n d e r t h e Brookes , " J o u r n a l o f k i a n s t u d i e s , --- Val. 29 , No. 4 . Augus t , 1970, - --

D95 R i c h a r d s , A . J . N . , "No tes on Kanowit P u n i t i v e ~ x p e d i t i o n , 1 9 3 4 . " SMJ, V o l . 8 , No. 8 , December 1956, 470-71.

-

Dl07 S a n d i n , ene edict, " O r i g i n s o f t h e S a r i b a s Malays , " SMJ, Vol . 1 7 . No. 34-35, 1969 , 231-44.

I

Dl08 , " I b a n L e a d e r s , " SMJ, Vol . 1 8 , N O . 36-37, 1 9 7 0 , 89-161.

I Dl09 , "The Westward M i g r a t i o n o f

t h e S e a ~ a y a k s , " SMJ, V o l . 7 , N o . 7 , J u n e , 1956 , 58-81.

D96 , "The D e s c e n t o f Some S a r i b a s Malays , " XJ, vol . 11, NO. 21-33, 1963 . Dl10 Sarawak Museum, "Sarawak E t h n i c Groups

a c c o r d i n g t o G e o g r a p h i c a l rea as," E, S e p t e m b e r ,

D9 7 , "The M i g r a t i o n s o f t h e I b a n s 1976 . and heir P o e t r y , " SMJ, Vo l . 1 , May, 1 9 4 9 , 77-86. -- D l 1 1 Satem, J u d i t h , "The C h a n g i n g N a t u r e o f S a r a w a k ' s

D98 Rousseau, J e rome , " E t h n i c I d e n t i t y and S o c i a l E x p o r t T r a d e f r o m 1 8 4 1 t o t h e P r e s e n t , "

R e l a t i o n s i n C e n t r a l Borneo " i n J u d i t h Naga ta SG, J u l y , 1970 . -

( e d . ) , P l u r a l i s m jp M a l a y s i a : a s R e a l i t y . Dl12 Seymour, J . M . , " E d u c a t i o n i n Sa rawak u n d e r

D99 Runciman, S t e v e n , The Whi te R a j a h s : A t l i s t o r ~ Brooke R u l e , 1841-1941, " E, J u n e - A u g u s t , 1970

o f Sarawak f rom 1841, to_ 1 9 5 , 1960. Dl13 , " E d u c a t i o n i n Sa rawak Under

Dl00 S a n d i n , B e n e d i c t , The S e a Dayaks o.f Borneo Brooke R u l e , ' 1841-1941," u n p u b l i s h e d M.A.

B e f o r e Whi t e R a j a h R u l e , 1967. , t h e s i s , Hawa i i , 1967 . - -- -- --- -- - - - - - , "The S e a Dayak M i g r a t i o n t o ; Dl14 S m y t h i e s , B. , " H i s t o r y o f F o r e s t r y i n S a r a w a k . "

Niah R i v e r , " SMJ, V o l . 8 , No. 1 0 , Dec., 1957 , i SG, S e p t e m b e r , 1961 , -

133-35. ~ , Dl15 S o l h e i m , Wi lhe lm, "The Niah R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m , " Dl02 , "Some Niah F o l k l o r e and O r i g i n s , " I JMBRAS, V O ~ . 50 , N O - 1, 1977 .

SMJ, Vol . 8 , No. 2 7 , 1958 .

I Dl16 S o n z a , Demy, "The B i s a y a o f Borneo and t h e Dl03 , "The D e s c e n t o f Some S a r i b a s P h i l i p p i n e s : A New Look a t t h e M a r a g t a s , ' SMJ,

Malays ( a n d I b a n s ) ," E, Vol . 11, No. 23-24, V o l . 1 0 , N O . 40-41, 1972 31-40. 1964 , 512-14

- I1 Dl17 S t e v e n s , P e t e r , "A H i s t o r y o f t h e Kanowi t

Dl04 , "The B a k e t a n s , " SMJ, V o l . 1 5 , D i s t r i c t , " E, J a n u a r y - A p r i l , 1970 . N O . 30-31, 1967. 1 Dl16 W i l l i a m Tan , "The Kang-chu S y s t e m i n ~ a r a w a k , "

Dl05 , "The I l i s t o r y o f t h e P e o p l e i n Sarawak T r i b u n e , Nov, 27 , 1966 B a l i n g i a n S u b d i s t r i c t ; blukah, S a r a w a k , " SMJ, Vol . 1 9 , No. 38-39, 1 9 7 1 , 37-46.

Dl06 , "The B a k e t a n s - 11," SMJ, Vol . 1 6 , NO. 32-33, 1968 , 111-21.

Dl19 T a r l i n g , N i c h o l a s , " B r i t a i n a n d Sa rawak i n t h e T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r y : R a j a C h a r l e s , Raya Vyner , a n d t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e , " JMBRAS, V o l . X L I I I , No. 2 , 1970 , 25-52.

Dl20 T'fen Ju-K'ang, The Chinese in Sarawak: - -- - Study of Social Structure, 1956.

Dl21 , "The Early History of the Chinese in Sarawak," unpublished appendix 1 in T'ien Ju-K'ang, The Chinese of Sarawak, 1953.

Dl22 Tremeer, R.E. "The .Early History of Rubber Planting in Sarawak, 1880-1910," E, March, 1964.

Dl23 Varney, Peter, "The Anglican Church in Sarawak from 1848 to 1852," SMJ, Vol. 16, No. 32-33, 1968, 377-406.

Dl24 , "Some Early Iban Leaders in the Anglican Church in Sarawak," SMJ, Vol. 17, - NO. .34-35, 1969, 273-89.

Dl25 Vayda, Andrew, "Head-hunting Near and Far: Antecedents and Effects of Coastal Raiding by Ibans in the Nineteenth Century," SMJ, Vol. 23, - NO. 44, 1973, 111-138.

Dl26 Wagner, Ulla, Colonialism and Iban Warfare, -- 1972.

Dl27 Ward, A.B., Rajah's Servant, 1966.

Dl28 Ward, Barbara, "A Hakka Konqsi in Borneo." Journal of Oriental Studies, Vol. 1, July, 1954, 358-64.

Dl29 Wilford, G.E., "The Bau Goldfield," E, April, 1962.

Dl30 Wright, Leigh, "Sarawak's Relations with Britain, 1858 to 1870," SMJ, Vol. 11, No. 23-24, 1964, 624-48.

-

Dl31 , "British Recognition of Sarawak," SG, November and December, 1964. -

Dl32 Young, G.V.C., "The Brooke Constitution of 1941," E, December, 1964.

Dl33 Yusuf bin Abang Puteh, Abang, Some Aspects of the Marriage Customs Among the Sarawak Malays, 1966.

E. Works of Special -Relevance to Sabah

El Alman, John, "Kawang Incident," SSJ, Vol. 3, September 196'2.

E2 , "Incident at Pandasan," SSJ, Vol. 4, 1963.

E3 Appell, George, "Ethnographic Profiles of the Dusun-Speaking Peoples of Sabah, Malaysia,"

I JMBRAS, Vol. 41, 1968.

I E 4 , "The Structure of District

Administration, Anti-Administration Activity and Political ~nstability," Ethnology,

I Vol. 25, 1966.

1 E5 , and Robert Harrison, "The Ethnographic Classification of the Dusun- Speaking Peoples of Northern Borneo," Ethnology,

I Vol. 8, 1969.

E6 Ariff, M.D., The Philippines Claim to Sabah: Its Historical, Legal Political Impli- cations, 1970.

E7 Black, I.D., "Native Administration by the British North Borneo Chartered Company, 1878- 1915," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1971.

I E8 , "The Ending of Brunei Rule in Sabah, 1878-1902," JMBRAS, Vol. 41, 1968, 176-92.

E9 , "Dayaks in North Borneo: The Chartered Company and the Sea Dayaks of Sarawak, SMJ, vol. 17, No. 34-35, 1969.

Glyn-Jones, N., The Dusun of the Penampang Plains in North Borneo, 1953.

Hall, Maxwell, Labuan Story, 1958.

, Kinabalu Guerillas, 1949.

El0

Ell

Black, I.D., "The Political Structure of Sabah on the Eve of Chartered Company Rule," E, Vol. 3, No. 2, December 1971.

, "Inter Ethnic Relations and Culture Change under Colonial Rule: A Study of Sabah," in G.N. Appell, ed., Studies + 'Borneo Societies: Social Process and Anthro- pological Explanation, 1976, 27-43.

Han, Sin-Fong, "A Study of the Occupational Patterns and Social Interaction of Overseas Chinese in Sabah, Malaysia," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan, 1971. Burrough, Josephine, "Tea Cultivation in

Sabah, 1884-1939," - JSS, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1973-74, 1-6. Harrisson, Tom, and Barbara Harrisson, The

Prehistory of Sabah, 1971. Burrough, P.A., "Message Sticks used by Murut and Dusun People in Sabah," JMBRAS, Vol. XLVIII, Part 2, 1975, 119-123.

Holly, S., "The Origin o£ the Idahan people, " SMJ, Vol. 6, No. 20, 1955.

John, David, . he Timber Industry and Forest Administration .in Sabah Under Chartered

Clement, W.R.T., "The Origin of the Muruts," SMJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, February, 1911. -

Company Rule," Journal of Southeast Asian ,Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, March, 1974, 55-81. Copeland, A.T., "Muruts of North Borneo:

Malaria and Racial Extinction," Lancet,. Vol. 228, 1935, 1233-39. , and J.C. Jackson, "The Tobacco

Industry of North Borneo: A Distinctive Form of Plantation Agriculture," Journal of South- east Asian Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 March, 1973, 88-106.

Crisswell, Colin, "The Mat Salleh Rebellion Reconsidered," SMJ, Vol. 19, No. 38-39, 1971, 155-166.

Kahin, Georse, "The State of North Borneo, Evans, Ivor. "Kadamaian Dusun Headmen of Former Times," SMJ, Vol. 6, No. 19-21, 1955, 54-5.

Keith, Agnes, Land Below the Wind, 1939. Fortier, David, "The Chinese in North Borneo," in Morton Fried, ed., Colloquium on Overseas Chinese, 1958. Lee, Yong-Leng, "The Chinese in Sabah (North

Borneo)," Erdkunde, Vol. 19, No. 4, Nov. 1965. Godlet, K.J., "Coal Mining at Silipopan, 1906-32," - SSJ, Vol. 5, No. 4, September 1972. , ~ d r t h .~orneo: .A study in

Settlement Geography, 1962. Garner, Lela A., "The Philippine Claim to North Borneo," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Tufts, 1965.

Liefer, Michael,,The Philippine Claim to Sabah, 1968.

Tan, N.C., "The Kulintangan Buis Revolt," SSJ, Vol. 3, September 1962, 13-14.

Majul, Cesar, "Political and Historical Notes on the Old Sulu Sultanate," JMBRAS, Vol. 38, No. 1, July, 1955, 23-42.'

Tarling, Nicholas, "The Entrepot at Labuan and the Chinese," SSJ, Vol. 5, No. 2, Dec., 1970. (Also published in Jerome Chen and Nicholas

, "The Sulu Sultanate and its Original Acquisition of Sabah," in Symposium on Sabah, 1969. Tarling, eds., Studies in the Social History

of China and Southeast Asia. 1970. 355-74.)

Meadows, Martin, "The Philippine Claim to Tregonning, K.G., 5 History of Modern Sabah, 1881-1963, 1965. --

North ~orneo, " Political ~ciknce Quarterly, Vol. LXXVIII, NG. 3, 1962, 321-55.

, North Borneo, 1960. Oades, Rizalino, "Chinese Emigration Through Honq Konq to North Borneo Since 1880,"

, "The Claim for North Borneo by the Philippines," Australian OutLook, Vol. 16, December, 1962.

unp;blished M. A. thesis, Hong Kong university, 1960.

Ongkili, James, "K@lekaan Ekonomi Kompeni Berpiagam Sabah, 1881-194lIc Malaysia in History, Vol. 16, No. 1, June, 1973, 935.

, "Alexander Dalrymple," Australian Quarterly, Vol. 23, September, 1951.

, "Steps in the Acquisition of North Borneo," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand, Vol. 5, No. 19, Nov. 1952. --

Ortiz, Pacifico, "Legal Aspects of the North Borneo Question," Philippine 'Studies, Vol. 2, 1963.

Reynalds. John X., "Towards an Account of Sul~ and Its Bornean Dependencies, 1700-1878," unpublished M.A. thesis, Wisconsin, 1970.

, "The Elimination of Slavery in North Borneo," JMBRAS, Vol. 36, July, 1953, 24-36.

Reber, Ann, "The Sulu World in the 18th and Early Nineteenth Centuries," unpublished M.A. thesis, Cornell, 1966.

, "William Pryer, The Founder of Sandakan," JMBRAS, Vol. 37, May, 1954, 35-50.

, "American ~ctivity in North Borneo, 1865-81," Pacific Historical Review, - Vol. 23, Nov. 1954.

Rutter, Owen, British North Borneo, 1922.

, The Pirate Wind, 1930. , "A Sandakan Diary of the

18901s," SMJ, Vol. 6, 1955, 205-216. - Short, Brock, "Brunei, Sulu and Sabah: An Analysis of Rival Claims," BMJ, Vol. 1, 1959.

E57 , "The Mat Salleh Revolt, 1894-1905," JMBRAS, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1956.

E58 , "The Philippine Claim to Sabah," JMBRAS, Vol. XLIII, No. 1, 1970, 161-70.

Solheim, Wilhelm, "Remarks on the Prehistory of Sahah and Southeast Asian .Archaeology," BI; El.~o. 1, 1973, 3-6.

Warren, James, "Slave-Trade-Raid : The Socio- Economic Patterns of the Sulu Sultanate in the Eighteenth Century," unpublished Ph.D. disser- tation, Australia National University, 1976?

Brown, Donald, "Social Classification and History," Comparative Studies 9 Society and History, Vol. 16, 1973.

, "Hugh Low on History of Brunei," BMJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1969. - , "Balambangan and the Rise of

the Sulu Sultanate, 1772-1775," JMBMS, Vol. 50, No. 1, 1977. , "Brunei and the Bajau," E,

Vol. 3, No. 2, December, 1971, 55-58. , The North Borneo Chartered ---

Company's Administration of the Bajau. Crisswell, Colin, "The Establishment of a Residency in Brunei: A Study of the Relations Between North Borneo, Sarawak, and Britain, 1881-1905, unpublished M.A. thesis, Hong Kong University, 1971.

Whelan, R.G., A History of Sabah, 1970.

Williams, Thomas, The Dusun: A North Borneo Society, 1965.

Harrisson, Tom and Barbara Harrisson, "Kota Baru in Brunei," SMJ, Vol. 7, No. 8, 19'49. -- , "Ethno-Historical Relation-

ships and Patterns of Customary Behavior Among North Borneo Native Peoples," unpublished paper. Hushes-Hallett. H.R.. "A Sketch of the Historv

of-~runei," -- JMBRAS, ~ o l . 18, No. 2, August, - 1940, 23-42. Wookey, W.K.C., "The Mat Salleh Rebellion,"

SMJ, Vol.. 7, No. 23, December, 1956. - Janardanan, E.C., "Brunei Malay Rubber Begi,nningsnU - SMJ, Vol. 10, No. 19-20, 1962, 598-9 Wriaht. Leiah. "Historical Notes on the North

2 . a .

Borneo Dispute," Journal of Asian Studies, -- - - Vol. 25, No. 3, Pay, 1966, 471-84. Leys, P., "Observations on the Brunei Political

System of 1883-85," JMBRAS Vol. 17, No. 2, 1968. , "Piracy in the Southeast Asian

Archipelagb," Journal of Oriental Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, January, 1976, 23-34.

Low, Hugh, "Selesilah: Book of Descent of the Rajahs of Brunei," JMBRAS, Vol. 5, June, 1880, 1-35.

Yap, Hyun-Phen, "The Founding of Labuan, 1846," unpublished B.A. academic exercise, University of Singapore, 1958.

Metussin Omar and P.M. Shariffuddin, "The Stone Age in Brunei," - BMJ, Vo1.3, No. 4, 1976, 127-32.

F. Works of Special Relevance to Brunei F13 Nicholl, Robert, ed., European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the ~ixteentF~entur~, 1975, - - - '-- - F1 Brown, Donald, Brunei: The Structure and

History of a_ Bornean Malay Sultanate, 1970. I

F14 , "Notes on the Early Toponymy F 2 , "Social Structure, History and of Brunei,' BMJ, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1975, 123-36.

Historiography in Brunei and Beyond," in G.N. - Appell, ed., Studies in Borneo Societies: I '

Social Process Anthropological Explanation.

F15 Sharifuddin, P.M., and Abdul Latif Hj. Ibrahim, "Batu Tarsilah: The Genealogical Tablet of the Sultans of Brunei," JMBRAS, Vol. XLVII, Part 1, 1974, 87-95.

F16 Singh, Ranjit, "Brunei: The Problems of Poli- tical Survival 1839-1963," unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Malaya, 1976.

F17 Sweeney, P.L.A., "Selsilah Raja-Raja Berunai," JMBRAS, Vol. 41, No. 2, 1968.

P18 Tregonning, K.G., "The Partition of Brunei," Journal of Tropical Geography, Vol.

11, 1958, 84-9.

F19 Wright, Leigh, "The Partition of Brunei," Asian Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1967, 282-303

( T h e s e c o n d c o u r s e w i l l appear i n t h e A p r i l i s s u e o f t h e B u l l e t i n .)

Notice: The Editor announces the publi- cation of Checklist of the Works of Tom Harrissb (1911-19'j-i;) ,oadby David Alan Miller of the Ohio University Library.

The Checklist--fifty pages in typed form-- may be ordered from the Editor at $2.50 per copy.

B R I E F C O M M U N I C A T I O N S

Bajoe: A Sama Community a t Watampone, zulawesi

H. Arlo Nimmo California State University, Hayward

During the past decade, considerable progress has been made by various researchers in mapping the distribution of Samalan-speaking peoples in insular Southeast Asia. At this time, it appears that these peoples are concen- trated in the Sulu Islands of the southern Philippines with scattered communities in Mindanao, eastern Borneo, and various Indonesian coasts, especially Sulawesi.

In July, 1977, I visited a community of former boat- dwelling Samalan-speakers who live in a community of pile dwellings built over the sea at Watampone in the Bone District of southern Sulawesi. I was in the community for only three hours, but with to record the knformation I gleaned in the event that other researchers may wish to visit the community for research purposes. My escort was Elr. Herman S0,esangobeng , ' an Indonesian student at Universitas Hasamuddin, Ujung Pandang, where he was participating in a special program in social science research techniques. He was conducting an anthropological survey of the community as part of his program.

The community is called "Bajoe" by -the neighboring Buginese, who dominate the area, and the inhabitants 'are call'ed "Orang Bajoe" although they refer to themselves as "Orang Sama." ' It i's located in the shallow waters directly to the south of the long-wharf -that serves . Watampone. To the north' of the wharf is 'a -Community of Mandar people, while the remainder of the population in. the area is predominantl'y Buginese.' The Sama village consists of some 100 ptle'houses, inhabited by approxi-. mately 700 people, according to the census data of Mr: Soesangobeng. Mr. Soesangobeng's impression is that . '

extended family households are the norm, although he had not yet'analyzed his,data.to discover whether any particular form predominates. Some of the houses are

substantial and well-constructed, while others are poorly constructed, temporary structures. There is no mosque in the community, although some of the people frequent the mosque of the neighboring Buginese, and one Sama has made the pilgrimage to Mecca.

According to Mr. Soesangobeng, two other Sama villages are located nearby. They are considerably smaller and have frequent social interaction, including marriage, with Bajoe. He did not know of Samalan-speaking communities in the area beyond these.

I tried to speak to the Bajoe people in the Samalan I learned among the boat-dwelling Sama of Tawi-Tawi,, and although some communication was possible, the two languages do not appear to be mutually intelligible. Unfortunately, I was unprepared to collect any word lists which shed light on the relationship of the language to that of Sulu. Certainly, there were many cognates and structural similarities between the two. Mr. Soesangobeng felt that the language was heavily influenced by Buginese, and my impression was the same.

The people I talked to had not heard of the familiar Sulu Islands, for example, Jolo, Siasi, Tawi-Tawi, or Sitangkai, and the most distant travels to the north related to me were by a man of about 50 who in his youth visited Sandakan, to the south of which he said was then located a Samalan-speaking community called Tanjung Arus.

According to the above man, his people lived exclusively in houseboats until about 20 years ago when they began to build houses at the present site. This was substan- tiated by a Buginese headman who said that he remembered the same period when the Sama lived only in small house- boats. According to Mr. Soesangobeng, only one boat in the community is used as a houseboat now, that belonging to a very old man who lives alone. The most common boat- type is called l e p a and is similar, although lacking. the ornate carvings. to a boat-type called by the same name in southern Sulu.

The relationship between the ~uginese and Sama appears to be largely economic, with the Sama providing fish in

exchange for land products. The Sama are obviously in a subordinate position, and I was somewhat reminded of Tausug-Sama relations in Jolo as described by Kiefer (1972).

Of special interest to me were two origin stories, one told by the Sama themselves and the other told by a Buginese man from Watampone. Both are variants of stories told in Sulu regarding the origins of the boat- dwelling Sama there.

The Sama story claims that long ago a young man of royal lineage fell in love with a beautiful young woman who was strangely silent. He married her and her silence continued into their marriage. Eventually, they had a son who was as silent as his mother. The mother loved the child and attended him constantly. One day the child began to cry and the mother announced to her husband that she was leaving with the infant, never to return. The husband accepted her decision, but said that they must decide upon some sign fortheir respective descendants to bear so that they would recognize one another as kinsmen. They decided that the males should make fishnets, and the females should make mats. The couple separated and their descendants are the Sama of today who make fishnets and mats.

The second story is of interest because it mentions a Johore homeland a theme that appears in various Sama origin stories, and led Sopher (1964) to suggest an origin near present day Johore for these people. According to this story, told by a Buginese man, many years ago there lived at Johore a handsome young man of royal birth who deeply loved a young woman of equally high rank. One evening when they were talking on the beach, a great wave appeared and swept the young woman to sea. The young man was distraught at the loss of his loved one, and ordered all his people to board their boats, search the sea for his beloved and not return until they found her. They never found the young woman, but feared to return without her, so they continued to wander the sea in boats. Their descendants are the present Sama of Bajoe.

Mr. Soesangobeng's research will be concluded in late 1977. He has no plans to publish his final report, but hopefully it will somehow become available to students of Southeast Asia to help provide further understanding of the scattered Sama cultures.

Bibliography: Kiefer, Thomas, 1972, The Tausug, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc: So~her. David.

N E W S A N D A N N O U N C E M E N T S

Borneo Research Council ~ e e t i n ~

The Borneo Research Council will hold a business meet- ing on December 1, 1977, in the Galaxy Room in the Sheraton Houston Hotel. The meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. during the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. In addition to consi- dering business, the Council also invites presentations of field reports and volunteered papers by students of Borneo. For more information, please write the Editor.

Center for Natural Resource Management -- and Environmental Studies, BOG Agricultural University

Development in Indonesia depends very heavily on the utilization of the country's natural resources. Two- thirds of the 135 million. people rely on the agricultural sector as their major source of livelihood. While.this fraction may,decrease in the coming decades, the absolute number will certainly increase as Indonesia moves towards a population of more than 200 million within a generation. Hence development activities--.to increase food production, living standards, employment and national income--demand improved techniques for higher, yet sustainable levels of

resource production. These techniques must be defined for specific resource types but in general the water, land and biological resources available in any area have multiple uses. Furthermore exploitation of one resource affects the potential uses of others. Thus optimal resource management practices require an area develop- ment focus with integrated management strategies that take into account all major resources and relationships between ecosystem components.

This idealistic goal can never be fully met. Yet even the best agricultural systems in Indonesia function far below possible production capacity and the coordinated use of resources is generally lacking. The many

I regional development projects, agricultural intensifi- cation and extensification efforts, and land rehabili- tation activities now being undertaken in Indonesia represent important experiments to raise production and to develop resource management strategies. Some offer excellent opportunities to test alternative patterns of

1 resource use and to creake comprehensive, ecologically

! based area management.

At present a major constraint on the capacity to evolve good natural resource management strategies in develop- ment is the scarcity of trained manpower, and the absence of effective multidisciplinary staff groupings for project formulation, analysis and implementation. This shortage is most critically felt in local government agencies and at the field level of central government projects, for example, in land settlement programs.

To meet these training needs and to provide innovative approaches to land and water resource development, a Center for Natural Resource Management and Environmental Studies has been established at the Bogor Agricultural University (Institut Pertanian Bcgor - IPB). The functions of the Center are to: (1) Train scientists and resource managers in basic

approaches and techniques of research for integrated resource management studies.

(2) Sponsor and undertake research to determine alter- native management strategies for land and water resources in broad ecological zones such as coastal

swamplands and critically damaged uplands. ( 3 ) Conduct long-term studies for agencies involved in

the management' of Indonesia's land and water resources.

Tne work program will give special attention to areas now considered marginal in terms of special measures of agricultural production. These include eroded upland' areas on Java, transmigration sites in Sumatra, and areas threatened by potential loss of important resource components (e.g., forests, fisheries, fertile topsoils). In general, ecosystems where major additional resource uses could be introduced will be included. Studies will focus on high priority government project activities to provide broader perspectives on area resource develop- ment than is possible from existing task-specific agencies. Training will be oriented towards graduate degree programs and to special short-term training courses for staff in government.

The Center became operational in January 1977 with a full-time staff closely linked to major IPB land and water resource programs.

Persons interested in information about the Center are invited to contact the Director, Dr. Soeratno Partoat- mod jo.

IUCN Plan for South-East Asia - -- - - - -- -

Arguably South-east Asia is the most endangered major region in the world today, if accelerating destruction of natural resources is taken as the key factor. IUCN has done well, therefore, to make a survey of the resource-conservation needs a top priority, and has published in its January Bulletin, an outline action programme for the region that stretches from Burma in the north-west to Papua-NewGuinea in the south-east, and takes in the whole of Thailand, Malaysia, Indochina, Indonesia and the Philippines. Logging in the tropical rain forests is the major threat, for the lowland forests of the region are almost all at least committed to logging, and the mere handful of forests supposedly

protected in reserves and national parks are in practice far from secure. More than 25,000 species of flowering plant are in danger, and a high proportion of all the animals of the region are at risk. Orang-utan, tiger, clouded leopard, kouprey and monkey-eating eagle are among those for which special projects are recommended ' by the two IUCN consultants, FPS Vice-President Ian Grimwood, and Dr. Tim Whitmore of the British Museum (Natural History). Attention is also paid to such major reserves as Udjung Kulon in Java and Gunong Leuser in Sumatra, homes of the rare Javan and Sumatran rhinos respectively, and to the need for surveys to determine the basic minimum of habitat that must be saved from the logger and developer. IUCN is certainly to be congra- tulated. for this important initiative, but financing it is clearly beyond the resources of WWF and IUCN, and calls for massive funds from UN agencies such as UNEP, FA0 and UNESCO, and from the aid programmes of the developed nations. ( ~ e p r i n t e d b y k ~ n d permission o f O r y x , J o u r n a l o f t h e F a u n a P r e s e r v a t i o n S o c i e t y , J u l y ,

I I 1 9 7 7 . ) I

1 ~alaysia/Singapore/Brunei Studies Group Organized

i ,

At its second annual meeting in the Belmont Hotel, New York, March 26, the Malaysia/Singapore/Brunei Studies Group elected John A. Lent (Temple University) for a second term as Chairman for 1977-78. Others who volunteered to make up the Executive Committee are:. K. Mulliner (Ohio University), Joseph Weinstock (Cornell University), Thomas Willer (Southwestern Michigan College) and Marvin Rogers (University of Missouri). Craig Lockard (University of Wisconsin-Green Bay) volunteered to be.liaison person while in Malaysia on a Fulbright-Hays grant.

Cambridge Museum Reorganizes

The University Mus'eum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, has begun an extensive program of reorgani- zation, lasting until 1984, its centennial year. Collections will become inaccessible from time to time,

a l t h o u g h t h e Museum w i l l n o t b e c o m p l e t e l y c l o s e d . Work on t h e A f r i c a n c o l l e c t i o n s i s . w e l l advanced , b u t some a r e s t i l l u n a v a i l a b l e . The A s i a n c o l l e c t i o n s ' w i l l b e d e a l t w i t h l a t e r . i n 1977 a n d i n 1978. The a r c h a e o - l o g i c a l d i s p l a y s a r e now c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d ; t h e s e and a l l a r c h a e o l o g i c a l c o l l e c t i o n s , e x c e p t t h o s e f rom - O c e a n i a , a n d America , w i l l b e c l o s e d c o m p l e t e l y f rom 1 J u n e t o ' 3 ' O c t o b e r , 1977 . A f t e r t h i s d a t e o n l y l i m i t e d t e a c h i n g d i s p l a y s w i l l b e o n v i ew u n t i l t h e new a r c h a e o - l o g i c a l e x h i b i t i o n s a r e c o m p l e t e d .

The Museum Committee r e g r e t s a n y i n c o n v e n i e n c e c a u s e d - t o v i s i t o r s , b u t h o p e s it w i l l b e a p p r e c i a t e d . t h a t t h i s r e o r g a n i z a t i o n is f o r t h e long- t e rm b e n e f i t o f a l l who u s e t h e Museum. Announcements o n p r o g r e s s w i l l b e made from t i m e t o t i m e . F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n may b e o b t a i n e d from t h e C u r a t o r .

C o n f e r e n c e S o u t h e a s t A s i a n s t u d i e s

The U n i v e r s i t y o f Malaya is s p o n s o r i n g a C o n f e r e n c e on S o u t h e a s t A s i a n S t u d i e s on November 22-26, 1977 , i n Kota K i n a b a l u . The theme is i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y s t u d i e s a t t h e u n d e r g r a d u a t e l e v e l . T h e r e a l s o w i l l be p a n e l s f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l r e s e a r c h p a p e r s . Eve ry e f f o r t i s b e i n g made t o accommodate t h e i n t e r e s t s . o f a l l t h o s e who h a v e o f f e r e d p a p e r s f o r t h e C o n f e r e n c e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , a t t h e t i m e o f p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e Borneo Resea rch B u l l e t i n , t h e f i n a l p rog ram had n o t been se t .

B O R N E O N E W S

R e g i o n a l N e w s

RICHARD FIDLER h a s b e e n c h o s e n t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a s p e c i a l r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e on c r 0 s . s - ' c u l t u r a l / m u l t i - c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h i n t h e b e h a v i o r a l a n d s o c i a l s c i e n c e s a t t h e ~ a s t - ' w e s t C e n t e r i n H o n o l u l u , 4 ' J a n u a r y t o 30 A p r i l , 1978. A f t e r t h e i n s t i t u t e , , D r . F i d l e r w i l l c o n d u c t f i e l d res_earch on t h e B i g I s l a n d f rom May t o J u l y . ERIC CASINO w i l l b e a member o f t h e s t a f f f o r

t h e i n s t i t u t e . D r . C a s i E o ' s r e s e a r c h among t h e Jama Mapun is w e l l known t o , s t u d e n t s o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a n s o c i e t i e s .

LEIGH WRIGHT c o n d u c t e d a s t u d y g r o u p f r o m t h e R o y a l I A s i a t i c S o c i e t y i n F e b r u a r y t o m e e t t h e s t a f f s and

o b s e r v e t h e work o f t h e t h r e e museums o f B r u n e i , S a b a h , and Sarawak. The g r o u p a l s o h a d two j o i n t m e e t i n g s w i t h t h e Sabah S o c i e t y t h r o u g h t h e k i n d n e s s o f t h e f o r m e r s e c r e t a r y , David W . F lcCredie . D r . W r i g h t w i l l g i v e a n i n t e r i m r e p o r t on h i s l o n g - t e r m " p i r a c y " p r o j e c t a t t h e C o n f e r e n c e o n S o u t h e a s t A s i a n S t u d i e s .

S a b a h N e w s -- DAVID W . MCCREDIE, B,Sc. ( H o n o r s ) , F.R.G.S., i s a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e C u r a t o r - D e s i g n a t e o f t h e Sabah Museum. H e w i l l t a k e up h i s a p p o i n t m e n t on r e t u r n f rom o v e r s e a s l e a v e on 2 November, 1977. D u r i n g S e p t e m b e r a n d O c t o b e r h e t r a v e l l e d t h r o u g h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i t h a

I p a r t i a l t r a v e l g r a n t f rom t h e John D . R o c k e f e l l e r I11 Fund. M r . McCredie is p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n l e a r n i n g c u r r e n t d e s i g n a n d p r e s e n t a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t o

I b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e new Sabah Museum which i s u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n and a t c o m p l e t i o n w i l l c o s t a b o u t USS1 m i l l i o n . M r . McCredie v i s i t e d GEORGE APPELL a n d VINSON SUTLIVE d u r i n g h i s t o u r o f t h e S t a t e s . H e h a s l i v e d i n Sabah f o r 1 3 y e a r s and t r a v e l l e d w i d e l y , o f t e n i n r emote and p r e v i o u s l y u n e x p l o r e d r e g i o n s a s a s o i l

I s u r v e y o r and i n a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . A f t e r e d i t i n g The P r e h i s t o r y o f Sabah by Tom a n d B a r b a r a H a r r i s s o n , h e d i s c o v e r e d a n open s i t e o f s t o n e t o o l s n e a r t h e Madai Caves i n t h e Kunak S u b - D i s t r i c t o f t h e Tawau R e s i d e n c y . M r . McCredie is e a g e r f o r Borneo s c h o l a r s t o c o n t a c t him a t t h i s t i m e when t h e museum "is t a k i n g on a new l e a s e o n l i f e u n d e r t h e new g o v e r n m e n t a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . ' H i s a d d r e s s i s c / o The Sabah Museum, P.O. Box 1 2 3 9 , Kota K i n a b a l u , S a b a h , M a l a y s i a .

Sarawak News

BARBARA HARRISSON h a s c o m p l e t e d h e r work a t t h e W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a n I n s t i t u t e o f Techno logy and h a s t a k e n up h e r a p p o i n t m e n t a s D i r e c t o r o f t h e P r i n c e s s h o f Museum o f C e r a m i c s , Leeuwarden, F r e i s l a n d , N o r t h H o l l a n d . The

Borneo Research Council congratulates her on this prestigious appointment.

INGE NIEMITZ obtained her Ph.D. in June at Justus- Liebi.g-University of Giessen, West Germany. Her disser- tation is entitled, "Programmed Learning in Home- economical Education." CARSTEN NIEMITZ passed his examinations to be a Medical Bachelor in August, 1976. He took part in the Burg Wartenstein Symposium for Anthropological Research in Lower Austria. Part of the results of this symposium will be published in book form dealing with the relationship between anatomy, ecology and behavior in 1978. He has completed his investigations on the functional anatomy of dermato- glyphics in the Bornean tarsier.

B O O K R E V I E W S , A B S T R A C T S A N D

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

BOOK REVIEWS

Edwin Lee: The T o w k a y s o f S a b a h : C h i n e s e L e a d e r s h i e a n d I n d i g e n o u s C h a l l e n g e 2 t h e L a s t P h a s e of B r i t i s h - - ~ u l e , -. Singapore University Press, 1976.p,271.--

The unspecific title of Lee's book leaves one wondering what to expect. Is this a biographical collection? An essay on entrepreneurship and business organization? A sociological analysis in a Chinese community? In fact, it is none of these and an appropriate title might have been something like, T h e T o w k a y s i n S a b a h P o l i t i c s , 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 6 7 . As a contribution to 'the literatures of both -- Sabah politics and Overseas Chinese studies this book can be reviewed from either of those perspectives. Since my interests and knowledge lie in the latter field I shall say nothing about the treatment'of Sabah's politics and simply make some observations about the relevance of this study to work on the Overseas Chinese.

My first observation relates to the organization. of towkay politics. Two comments can be made. First, in some Overseas Chinese communities unity for external political action is achieved by formally organizing various associations into a representative hierarchy with one or more umbrella organizations (Chamber of Commerce, Benevolent Association, and the like) at the top. In other communities unified and disciplined action is achieved through the existence of personal networks of patronage and loyalty, expressed in the form of headship of key associations, which interlock in ways that concentrate power in the hands of a very few economic cum political leaders (towkays) . Sabah, on Lee's evidence, seems to have had both of these forms. A formal pyramid of locally-based speech group associations ( h u i k u a n ) culminated in local Chambers of Commerce which were, in turn, united at the all-Sabah level in a federation. Simultaneously, towkays main- tained personal networks through these and other asso- ciations and through their business operations.

i Second, the importance of the h u i k u a n at such a late , date as the 1960s seems to substantiate a theory about organizational development in Overseas Chinese commu- nities. Some years ago Maurice Freedman argued that the larger the Overseas Chinese community the more numerous, diverse and complex would be its associational

I inventory. Without knowing from Lee's book how numerous or diverse associations were in the Sabah of the 1 9 6 0 ~ ~ it is of interest that the h u i k u a n , an elementary

1 dialect-based association of the kind that emerges very early in an Overseas Chinese community, was not only thriving past the date when such organizations had lost much of their importance elsewhere but was actually enjoying a revival. This phenomenon seems to bear out Willmott's modification of Freedman: an argument that government policy is a critical variable in determining organizational development. In Cambodia Willmott found that h u i k u a n persisted quite late and enjoyed almost a political monopoly because the French colonial govern- ment recognized them and assigned them a monopoly of certain political powers. In Sabah, the sudden develop- ment of political parties in response to governmental change and the colonial government's recognition of

hui kuan as units that could nominate candidates for elections apparently had somewhat the same.effect.

My second observation concerns the theme of personal loyalty as a basis for political action. After 1955 several Sab.ah towkays rpse to economic importance and political opportunity in connection with their possession of goverpment timber contracts. As Sabah headed towards Falaysia they attempted to protect their opportunities to participate and to discharge their communal responsibility of' preserving Chinese culture in Sabah. The political parties they formed did not, in the end, enter a full alliance with indi- genous bodies; instead, the towkay leaders of those parties sought and achieved the.persona1 protection of a key indigenous leader. Lee explains this as a reflection of towkay personal style and preference. Towkays were unaccustomed to and uncomfortable with political parties in which their position was based upon popular election. They preferred nomination or recognition by their peers and the addition of one more superordinate loyalty to the structure that already existed. I would not disagree with this interpretation but only add to it. In pre-1949 China, a merchant protected himself,and his network of clients by associating hirnse'lf with an 'official, or a soon-to-be official, as patron. - Yoreover, the Sabah towkay was, in some respects, in a vulnerable position. His communal obligation to preserve Chinese culture in Sabah and his obvious vested economic interests made him suspect in the eyes of many non-Chinese voters. Small wonder if he preferred a protected rather than an exposed position.

Third, I miss in Lee's book a full discussion of towkay language capacity in relation to the politics of indivi- duals and groups. Lee notes in passing that certain groups were unable to speak English, while others were fluent in it. The political results of that fundamental difference are rarely spelled out in detail. For instance, I would expect a tqwkay fluent in English to be able to function as a government-community inter- mediary or broker in a personal way, precisely because of his language skill. A towkay who spoke only Chinese,

however, would be less able to do so, having to rely upon the linguistic and cultural skills of an English secretary in his Chamber of Commerce. One would also expect persons not fluent in English to take an integrationist position in discussions of the Chinese

I community's future--to organize and support communal parties in order to preserve Chinese culture, while those of English education might be more likely to form or join multi-racial parties and thereby more easily become associated with assimilationists. There is also the related question of outside support. We are told of the Kuomintang activities in the Democratic Party of North Borneo, a body formed by Chinese-educated towkays. We are not told whether Taiwan assisted in these Kuomintang activities, It seems to me reasonable to suppose that a group of non-English speakers would feel itself more in need of aid from Chinese sources from

1 outside than would an Enlgish-speaking party.

Fourth, it would have been useful to have a discussion of how Sabah-oriented towkay politics were influenced by other systems of politics within the Chinese community. Wang Gungwu has pointed out that in Malaya, political actors in the Chinese community may be oriented in any of three ways: towards the politics of their host society, towards the politics of their own Chinese community, and towards the politics of China. Surely, there must have been several towkays in Sabah who were concerned primarily with community politics or China politics, yet we never get a sense, from Lee's book, or how their political activities may have inter-

I sected with or shaped those of the towkays who devoted themselves to Sabah politics. Granting the difficulty of such an analysis, one may still regret it is not a part of the story presented here.

I

Finally, a general observation about the political implications of personal backgrounds. Lee has suggested at least four aspects of personal backgrounds as based for political groupings and rivalries: odcupation, regional base in Sabah. (Jesselton, Sandakan, Tawau, etc.) speech group affiliation (Hokkien, Teochiu, Hakka), and language capacity (English/Chinese). There may be other variables besides these: age and generational status,

for instance, or orientation, along the lines suggested by Wang Gungwu. How do these variables interact? If, to revert to my example above, certain English-educated leaders form communal rather than multi-racial parties it is clear that some other variable than that of educational background or language capacity is at work. What variable or combination of variables would apply? How do we account for the rise of the "independents" who make their appearance in the mid-1960s? Craig Lockard, looking at a similar group in Sarawak, sees age or generational status as a major factor. 'Is this the case for Sabah?

The foregoing suggestions and questions are not meant as criticism of Lee for not writing the book I would have preferred. His concern has been to present a chronological analysis of the personalities and poli- tical maneuvers of Sabah towkay politics in relation to Malaysia. Readers like me with an interest in the insitutional meaning of those politics will have to pick out the needed information as they go along. On my reading, Lee has given us a useful book on the towkays' role in Sabah politics. In the comments above I merely with to express my hope that having given us this valuable chronological analysis he will now stand back from his data and recast parts of it into an integrated analysis of the structure and operation of towkay politics in the 1960s. (Edgar Wickberg)

ABSTRACTS

Gawai Burong: .he_ Chants a_"< Celebrations ?of .the Iban Bird Festival. - -- - --- -- - Benedict Sandin, with Introduction by Clifford Sather, Penerbit Universiti Sains. Malaysia, Penang.

This is the first full-1ength.study of a major Iban ri-tual celebration to contain complete texts: and translations of the ritual chants and invocational songs in their entirety.

In varied forms, the Gawai Burong or "Bird Festival" is the most complex and important of all traditional Iban religious festivals, It celebrates Singalang Burong, the Iban god of war, spiritual leader of the omen birds and steward of prophetic communication between the gods and mankind. During the "Bird Festival," Singalang Burong and his followers are invoked and are believed to descend from their spiri- tual home in the heavens to the earthly celebration. By their unseen presence and symbolic identification with the principal celebrants, the festival served in the past, when the Iban were still an actively warring people, to affirm war honors and leadership status among those who took part in its celebration. It represented the culminating rite in a traditional cult of ritual head-taking, and by its performance hosts and guests gained renown and their prowess on the battlefield was vouched for and thought to be further enhanced by the attending gods.

The present study reco~ds an actual performance of the Gawai Burong celebrated in the Saribas District of Sarawak in 1937 and was collected by the author from the principal mastersingers who conducted its perfor- mance. The opening sections of the study outline the main features of the celebration, describe the art of the bards or mastersingers, and summarize the allego- rical narrative of the chants, The main body of the study consists of the full Iban texts and translations of the ritual songs and invocations themselves. These cover two consecutive nights in performance. The complex poetic form of the Iban texts distinguish this cycle of songs as authentic masterpieces of Malaysian oral literature and their contents provide a rich source on Iban religion, traditional rites of warfare and male leadership.

(Editor's Note: Copies of this book are obtainable from Kedai Buku Kopera ti f Bhd . , Uni versi ti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.)

Mammals o f B o r n e o : F i e l d K e y s a n d a n A n n o t a t e d -- - -- - -- -- C h e c k l i s t .

Lord Medway, Monographs of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, No; 7, 1977.

This work is a new, completely revised and updated edition of the authoritative text first published by MBRAS in 1965. It treats the mammals of the entire island of Borneo, together with adjacent small islands. A twelve-page introduction proJides an outline history of the study of Bornean mammals, and a discussion of the diversity and distribution of this group of animals in Borneo. Practical keys are given for field identification. Each of the 196 wild mammal species known from the region is separately listed with a brief citation of synonymies and a full account of its known distribution in Borneo, indicating museum collections in which specimens have been seen and/or the principal published sources. Thirty-one species are illustrated in black and white photographic plates; there are also nine line drawings. A selective bibliography lists all sources cited, with the addition of other useful references. There is an index to English and systematic names.

The A d a t Law of P e n a n c e of t h e N g a j u D a y a k : T r a n s l a t i o n ---- and Interprets t i ~ o f t h e C o d e o f A d a t Law o f P e n a n c e b y ~ o h a n n e s S a l i l a h . -

Martin Baier, Tubingen, West Germany, 1977.

This two-volume work contains 497 paragraphs of the A d a t law of penance in Ngaju together with a German translation. Johannes Salilah, an Indonesian a d a t judge and a former b a l i a n priest, was the compiler and already had collated material on myths for Dr. Scharer. Baier keeps close to native categories; borrowing Salilah's original system and dividing the lesser crime and penance groups into two cate- gories which are differentiated according to the evaluation of the crime. He thus gives the system a local-related and a primarily personal-related

dimension, Using three different codes from various

1 decades and regions, Baier provides an historical as well as a valuable spatial treatment to this part of Ngaju culture. The two volumes contain almost 500

I pages with a detailed index and glossary.

I I BIBLIOGRAPHY

Phxnn To-T7n. 1976. Manual on c a n a + i c r n n q e r v a t i o f i - - -, -- . - . -- - - - ~ -- --..---... ------- . - -- - - -

of Rice Germ Plasm for Evaluation E@ Utilization. --

--- Manila : IRRI'

Chang T.T., S.D.Sharma, C. Roy Adair, and A.T. Perez, 1972. Manual for Field Collectors of Rice. Manila: IRRI.

Hanbury-Tenison, Robin, 1976. "Borneo Nomads Settle Down," The Geographical Magazine, October, 105-9..

International Rice Research Institute, 1975. Major Research in Upland Rice, Los Banos, Philippines, I RRI ..

Sabah National Parks Trustees, 1976. The Nepenthe? of Mount Kinabalu. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Sabah National Parks Series, Publication NO. 2.

Seavoy, Ronald E. "Social Restraints on Food Production in Indonesian Subsistence Culture," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1977, Vol. 8, 15-30.

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR (continued from p. 53)

of Harrisson, prepared by David Alan Miller, may be ordered from the Editor (see notice on page 101). This compilation by Mr. Miller is being produced as a I special publication of the Council. Second, the Borneo Research Council will meet on December 1 in the Galaxy Room of the Sheraton Houston Hotel during the American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting in Houston, Texas. Persons interested in presenting field reports or papers are invited to contact the Editor.

We are grateful to the following persons who have made financial contributions towards meeting the costs of publishing the Bulletin: Helen Appell, J. Andrew Fowler, Birute M.F. Galdikas, Erik Jensen, C. H. Southwell, Leigh Wright, and Inger Wulff.

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