volume iib attachment 7b - rover pipeline facts · rover pipeline project resource report 1:...

ROVER PIPELINE PROJECT Resource Report 1: Project Description

VOLUME IIB

ATTACHMENT 7B

Soil Series Descriptions

February 2015

ROVER PIPELINE PROJECT Resource Report 7: Soils

i January 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page 1.0 AARON ................................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 ADRIAN ................................................................................................................................ 3 3.0 ALEXANDRIA ....................................................................................................................... 6 4.0 ALGANSEE ......................................................................................................................... 10 5.0 ALGIERS ............................................................................................................................. 13 6.0 ALLEGHENY ....................................................................................................................... 16 7.0 ALLENDALE ....................................................................................................................... 20 8.0 ALVADA ............................................................................................................................. 24 9.0 ARKPORT ........................................................................................................................... 28 10.0 ATKINS .............................................................................................................................. 31 11.0 AURAND ............................................................................................................................ 33 12.0 AVOCA ............................................................................................................................... 37 13.0 BACH ................................................................................................................................. 40 14.0 BARRY ............................................................................................................................... 42 15.0 BELDING ............................................................................................................................ 45 16.0 BELMORE ........................................................................................................................... 48 17.0 BENNINGTON ..................................................................................................................... 51 18.0 BERKS ................................................................................................................................ 55 19.0 BERVILLE ........................................................................................................................... 58 20.0 BETHESDA ......................................................................................................................... 60 21.0 BIXLER ............................................................................................................................... 63 22.0 BLOUNT ............................................................................................................................. 67 23.0 BOGART ............................................................................................................................. 71 24.0 BONO ................................................................................................................................. 73 25.0 BOYER ............................................................................................................................... 76 26.0 BRADY ............................................................................................................................... 79 27.0 BRECKENRIDGE ................................................................................................................. 82 28.0 BRONSON ........................................................................................................................... 84 29.0 BROOKE ............................................................................................................................. 87 30.0 BROOKSIDE ........................................................................................................................ 90 31.0 BROOKSTON ...................................................................................................................... 93 32.0 CADMUS ............................................................................................................................ 96 33.0 CANEADEA ........................................................................................................................ 99 34.0 CANFIELD ........................................................................................................................ 102 35.0 CAPAC ............................................................................................................................. 106 36.0 CARDINGTON ................................................................................................................... 109 37.0 CARLISLE ......................................................................................................................... 112 38.0 CELINA ............................................................................................................................ 115 39.0 CHAGRIN ......................................................................................................................... 119


ii January 2015

40.0 CHELSEA .......................................................................................................................... 121 41.0 CHILI ................................................................................................................................ 125 42.0 COHOCTAH ...................................................................................................................... 128 43.0 COLWOOD ........................................................................................................................ 130 44.0 CONDIT ............................................................................................................................ 133 45.0 CONOTTON ...................................................................................................................... 137 46.0 CONOVER ......................................................................................................................... 139 47.0 COSHOCTON .................................................................................................................... 142 48.0 CULLEOKA ....................................................................................................................... 146 49.0 CYGNET ........................................................................................................................... 148 50.0 DEKALB ........................................................................................................................... 152 51.0 DIGBY .............................................................................................................................. 155 52.0 DIXBORO ......................................................................................................................... 158 53.0 DORMONT ........................................................................................................................ 161 54.0 DRYDEN ........................................................................................................................... 165 55.0 DUNCANNON ................................................................................................................... 168 56.0 EDWARDS ........................................................................................................................ 170 57.0 EEL .................................................................................................................................. 173 58.0 ELBA ................................................................................................................................ 176 59.0 ELKINSVILLE ................................................................................................................... 179 60.0 ERNEST ............................................................................................................................ 183 61.0 EUCLID ............................................................................................................................ 187 62.0 FABIUS ............................................................................................................................. 190 63.0 FAIRPOINT ....................................................................................................................... 192 64.0 FITCHVILLE...................................................................................................................... 195 65.0 FOX .................................................................................................................................. 198 66.0 FULTON ........................................................................................................................... 202 67.0 GALLIA ............................................................................................................................ 206 68.0 GALLMAN ........................................................................................................................ 208 69.0 GERMANO ........................................................................................................................ 212 70.0 GILFORD .......................................................................................................................... 215 71.0 GILPIN .............................................................................................................................. 218 72.0 GLENDORA ...................................................................................................................... 222 73.0 GLENFORD ....................................................................................................................... 224 74.0 GLYNWOOD ..................................................................................................................... 227 75.0 GRANBY ........................................................................................................................... 232 76.0 GUERNSEY ....................................................................................................................... 234 77.0 HACKERS ......................................................................................................................... 237 78.0 HANEY ............................................................................................................................. 240 79.0 HARTSHORN .................................................................................................................... 243 80.0 HASKINS .......................................................................................................................... 246 81.0 HAZLETON ....................................................................................................................... 250 82.0 HILLSDALE ...................................................................................................................... 253


iii January 2015

83.0 HOLLY ............................................................................................................................. 256 84.0 HOUGHTON ...................................................................................................................... 258 85.0 HOYTVILLE ...................................................................................................................... 261 86.0 HUNTINGTON ................................................................................................................... 265 87.0 IONIA ............................................................................................................................... 267 88.0 JIMTOWN ......................................................................................................................... 270 89.0 KEENE .............................................................................................................................. 273 90.0 KENDALLVILLE ................................................................................................................ 277 91.0 KERSTON ......................................................................................................................... 281 92.0 KIBBIE ............................................................................................................................. 283 93.0 KIDDER ............................................................................................................................ 286 94.0 KILLBUCK ........................................................................................................................ 289 95.0 KOKOMO .......................................................................................................................... 293 96.0 LAPEER ............................................................................................................................ 295 97.0 LATHAM .......................................................................................................................... 298 98.0 LATTY .............................................................................................................................. 302 99.0 LENAWEE ......................................................................................................................... 305 100.0 LINDSIDE ......................................................................................................................... 308 101.0 LINWOOD ......................................................................................................................... 311 102.0 LOBDELL ......................................................................................................................... 314 103.0 LOCKE ............................................................................................................................. 316 104.0 LORDSTOWN .................................................................................................................... 319 105.0 LOUDONVILLE ................................................................................................................. 321 106.0 LOWELL ........................................................................................................................... 324 107.0 LURAY ............................................................................................................................. 327 108.0 LYKENS ........................................................................................................................... 330 109.0 MACOMB ......................................................................................................................... 333 110.0 MARENGO ........................................................................................................................ 336 111.0 MARLETTE ....................................................................................................................... 339 112.0 MCBRIDE ......................................................................................................................... 342 113.0 MECHANICSBURG ............................................................................................................ 346 114.0 MELVIN ............................................................................................................................ 349 115.0 MERMILL ......................................................................................................................... 351 116.0 METAMORA ..................................................................................................................... 355 117.0 METEA ............................................................................................................................. 357 118.0 MIAMI .............................................................................................................................. 360 119.0 MILLGROVE ..................................................................................................................... 364 120.0 MILLSDALE ...................................................................................................................... 368 121.0 MINOA ............................................................................................................................. 371 122.0 MORLEY ........................................................................................................................... 374 123.0 MORRISTOWN .................................................................................................................. 377 124.0 MUSKINGUM .................................................................................................................... 380 125.0 NAPPANEE ....................................................................................................................... 383


iv January 2015

126.0 NEWARK .......................................................................................................................... 387 127.0 NOLIN .............................................................................................................................. 390 128.0 OAKVILLE ........................................................................................................................ 392 129.0 OLENTANGY .................................................................................................................... 396 130.0 ORRVILLE ........................................................................................................................ 398 131.0 OSHTEMO ......................................................................................................................... 401 132.0 OTISCO ............................................................................................................................. 405 133.0 OTTOKEE ......................................................................................................................... 408 134.0 OTWELL ........................................................................................................................... 411 135.0 OWOSSO ........................................................................................................................... 415 136.0 PALMS ............................................................................................................................. 418 137.0 PANDORA ......................................................................................................................... 421 138.0 PARKHILL ........................................................................................................................ 424 139.0 PAULDING ........................................................................................................................ 427 140.0 PEWAMO .......................................................................................................................... 430 141.0 PHILO ............................................................................................................................... 433 142.0 PIPESTONE ....................................................................................................................... 435 143.0 PLAINFIELD ..................................................................................................................... 438 144.0 RAVENNA ........................................................................................................................ 441 145.0 RAWSON .......................................................................................................................... 444 146.0 RICHLAND ....................................................................................................................... 448 147.0 RICHTER .......................................................................................................................... 451 148.0 RIDDLES ........................................................................................................................... 454 149.0 RIGLEY ............................................................................................................................ 459 150.0 RIMER .............................................................................................................................. 461 151.0 ROSELMS ......................................................................................................................... 466 152.0 ROUSSEAU ....................................................................................................................... 469 153.0 SEBEWA ........................................................................................................................... 472 154.0 SEBRING .......................................................................................................................... 475 155.0 SEES ................................................................................................................................. 478 156.0 SELFRIDGE ....................................................................................................................... 480 157.0 SENSABAUGH .................................................................................................................. 483 158.0 SEWARD ........................................................................................................................... 486 159.0 SHAWTOWN ..................................................................................................................... 490 160.0 SHINROCK ........................................................................................................................ 493 161.0 SHOALS ............................................................................................................................ 496 162.0 SIMS ................................................................................................................................. 499 163.0 SISSON ............................................................................................................................. 501 164.0 SKIDMORE ....................................................................................................................... 504 165.0 SLOAN ............................................................................................................................. 507 166.0 SPINKS ............................................................................................................................. 510 167.0 STEINSBURG .................................................................................................................... 513 168.0 TEDROW .......................................................................................................................... 515


v January 2015

169.0 THETFORD ....................................................................................................................... 518 170.0 THOMAS ........................................................................................................................... 521 171.0 TIOGA .............................................................................................................................. 523 172.0 TIRO ................................................................................................................................. 525 173.0 TOLEDO ........................................................................................................................... 529 174.0 TUSCOLA ......................................................................................................................... 532 175.0 UPSHUR ........................................................................................................................... 535 176.0 VANDALIA ....................................................................................................................... 538 177.0 VAUGHNSVILLE ............................................................................................................... 540 178.0 WABASHA ........................................................................................................................ 544 179.0 WAINOLA ......................................................................................................................... 547 180.0 WALLKILL ....................................................................................................................... 550 181.0 WASEPI ............................................................................................................................ 552 182.0 WAUSEON ........................................................................................................................ 555 183.0 WEIKERT .......................................................................................................................... 559 184.0 WEINBACH ....................................................................................................................... 561 185.0 WELLSTON ....................................................................................................................... 564 186.0 WESTMORE ...................................................................................................................... 568 187.0 WESTMORELAND ............................................................................................................. 571 188.0 WHEELING ....................................................................................................................... 576 189.0 WOOLPER ......................................................................................................................... 578 190.0 WOOSTER ......................................................................................................................... 581 191.0 ZANESVILLE .................................................................................................................... 584


1 January 2015

1.0 AARON

LOCATION AARON KY+OH Established Series Rev. RBF-JMR 04/2001 AARON SERIES The Aaron series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils on upland ridges and side slopes. They formed in residuum of interbedded limestone, calcareous shale, and siltstone. Permeability is slow. The average annual precipitation is about 45 inches and the average annual temperature is about 55 degrees F. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Aaron silt loam--on a smooth 4 percent slope in pasture. (Colors are for moist soil.) Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 9 inches thick) Bt1--8 to 17 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; moderate coarse and medium subangular blocky structure which parts to weak fine angular blocky; very firm; common fine roots; common faint clay films; common distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) coatings; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (7 to 10 inches thick) Bt2--17 to 26 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay; few medium faint grayish brown mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; very firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films; common distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) coatings; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick) Bt3--26 to 37 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay; common fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak and moderate medium subangular and angular blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (7 to 12 inches thick) BC--37 to 45 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silty clay; many medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine dark brown and black concretions; 5 percent flagstones of siltstone and highly weathered shale; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. (5 to 9 inches thick) C--45 to 53 inches; mixed; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) and light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty clay; massive; very firm; common fine calcium carbonate concretions; 10 percent flagstones of siltstone, limestone, and highly weathered shale; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick) R--53 inches; hard limestone bedrock with interbedded calcareous shale and siltstone.


2 January 2015

TYPE LOCATION: Montgomery County, Kentucky; east-west about 2,057,250 feet and north-south 222,900 feet by Kentucky coordinate grid values (Sideview topo quad). About 3/4 mile west from the intersection of U.S. Highway 460 and Chiles Road; about 1,350 feet north of Chiles Road. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 50 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches. In some pedons the bedrock is soft and in some pedons there is a thin loess cap. Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the the A and B horizons. Reaction in the BC and C horizons range from medium acid to mildly alkaline. Coarse fragments of limestone, siltstone, and shale range from 0 to 14 percent in the Ap and Bt horizons, and 0 to 35 percent in the BC and C horizons. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons have BA horizons with hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Below the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon mottles that have chroma of 2 or less range from few to many. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. The BC and C horizons have colors like the Bt horizon. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or their channery analogues. COMPETING SERIES: Celina, Guernsey, Hartville, Lewisburg, Licking, Loudon, Vandergrift, and Whippany series in the same family and Beasley, Caneyville, Eden, Faywood, Fredonia, Lowell, and Markland series in closely related subgroups or families. Celina soils have silt loam or loam textured C horizons of calcareous glacial till. Guernsey soils have a discontinuity in the B horizon. Hartville soils are more acid and lack rock fragments in the solum. Lewisburg soils have a thinner sola and in addition have glacial pebbles and stones throughout. Licking soils have a discontinuity within the control section. Vandergrift and Whippany soils have hue of 7.5YR or redder in their B horizons. Beasley, Caneyville, Eden, Faywood, Fredonia, Lowell, and Markland soils do not have mottles that have chroma of 2 or lower chroma in the upper part of the B horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Aaron soils are on upland ridgetops and side slopes with slopes ranging from 0 to 25 percent. These soils formed in residuum weathered from interbedded limestone, siltstone, and calcareous shale. The geographic area of these soils have an average annual precipitation of 45 inches, and an average temperature of 55 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Faywood and Lowell series, and Crider, Cynthiana, Nicholson, and Shelbyville series. Faywood and Lowell soils are better drained and Faywood soils are less than 40 inches to bedrock. Crider and Shelbyville soils have fine-silty control sections. Cynthiana soils are less than 20 inches to bedrock. Nicholson soils have fragipans. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained, with medium to rapid runoff. Permeability is slow.


3 January 2015

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for hay and pasture. Other important uses for this soil are corn, small grain, and tobacco. Wooded areas dominantly consist of upland oaks, hickory, maple, black locust, ash, and red cedar. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Hills of the Bluegrass, Inner Bluegrass, and Outer Bluegrass physiographic regions of Kentucky and Southern Ohio. Extent is moderate. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Montgomery County, Kentucky, 1982. REMARKS: Areas of Aaron soils were previously mapped as Lowell soils, or Lowell Variants. Diagnostic horizons in the pedon are: Ochric epipedon - 0 to 8 inches, (Ap Horizon). Argillic horizon - 8 to 37 inches, (Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons). Redoximorphic features- The zone from 26 to 53 inches. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

2.0 ADRIAN LOCATION ADRIAN MI+IA IL IN MN NJ NY OH PA RI VT WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-MLK 05/2013 ADRIAN SERIES The Adrian series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic materials over sandy deposits on outwash plains, lake plains, lake terraces, flood plains, moraines, and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Haplosaprists TYPICAL PEDON: Adrian muck, on a less than 1 percent slope under marsh vegetation at an elevation of 199 meters (654 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oa1--0 to 41 cm (16 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, black (N 2.5/) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 12 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; moderate medium granular structure; primarily herbaceous fibers; neutral [pH 7.0 in water]; abrupt wavy boundary.


4 January 2015

Oa2--41 to 51 cm (16 to 20 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 15 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; primarily herbaceous fibers; slightly acid [pH 6.5 in water]; gradual wavy boundary. Oa3--51 to 69 cm (20 to 27 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 12 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak thick platy structure; primarily herbaceous fibers; moderately acid [pH 6.0 in water]; gradual wavy boundary. Oa4--69 to 86 cm (27 to 34 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 12 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; massive; primarily herbaceous fibers; strongly acid [pH 5.5 in water]; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Oa horizon is 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches).] Cg1--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sand; single grain; loose; common medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Cg2--152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches); dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) fine sand; single grain, loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Gratiot County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles southeast of Ashley; 2,040 feet north and 100 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 16, T. 9 N., R. 1 W.; USGS Ashley, MI topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 10 minutes 2.4 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 26 minutes 50.6 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 707498 easting and 4782563 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil temperature: difference between mean summer and mean winter soil temperature is 17 to 25 degrees F or more Depth to the sandy C horizon: 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches) Organic materials: derived primarily from herbaceous plants, but some layers contain as much as 50 percent material of woody origin Surface tier ( Oa1 or Oap horizon): Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2 or 2.5 Chroma: 0 to 3 Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) or less commonly mucky peat (hemic material); some pedons have a thin layer 2 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) thick of sphagnum moss on the surface Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Subsurface and bottom tiers (Oa, Oe, or Oi horizons): Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 3 Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material); or less commonly thin layers less than 25 cm (10 inches) thick of mucky peat (hemic material) or thin layers less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick of peat (fibric material); some pedons have a sedimentary peat layer present above the C horizon that is 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) thick Reaction: strongly acid to neutral


5 January 2015

C or Cg horizon: Hue: 2.5YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 2 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: sand, coarse sand, fine sand, or loamy sand, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogues; strata of finer textures may be present Rock fragment content: 0 to 60 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Fishtrap and Timakwa series. Fishtrap soils have a difference of less than 16 degrees F between mean summer and mean winter soil temperatures and are more acid than slightly acid in the underlying mineral material. Timakwa soils are derived primarily from woody organic materials and have woody fragments 3/4 inch to a foot in diameter in some part of the organic materials. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Adrian soils are in shallow closed depressions primarily on outwash plains, lake plains, lake terraces, and flood plains, but can occur within moraines and till plains. Areas range from a few acres to several hundred acres in size. Slope gradients range from 0 to 1 percent. Adrian soils formed in herbaceous organic materials over sandy deposits. Adjacent upland soils are usually sandy. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1143 mm (29 to 45 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 120 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 feet to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Antung, Edselton, Houghton and Granby soils. The very poorly drained Antung, Edselton, and Houghton soils are on similar landform positions as Adrian soils. Antung soils formed in less than 41 cm (16 inches) of herbaceous organic material. Edselton soils are underlain by marl and sand. Houghton soils formed in herbaceous organic deposits more than 130 cm (51 inches) thick and are the most common associate. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Granby soils are sandy throughout, and generally are at the margins of the depressions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between September and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the organic material and high or very high in the sandy material. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic material and rapid in the sandy material. In the flooded phase, areas are subject to frequent flooding for long periods between October and June. USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in native vegetation. Much of it is in marsh grasses including sedges, reeds, grasses, and shrubs such as willow, alder, quaking aspen, and dogwood. Some areas have been drained to various degrees and are used for hay and pasture. A small proportion is used for cropland. Corn and truck crops are the principal crops. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 105, 108B, 110, 111A, 111B, 111C, 111D, 114B, 115A, 139, 140, 144A, 144B, 145, 148, 149B in the southern parts of lower Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS


6 January 2015

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 86 cm (34 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, Oa3, and Oa4 horizons). Terric feature: mineral material from a depth of 86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches) (Cg horizon). Several flooded phases and depth phases have been recognized. These phases will need to be evaluated during modernization updates. Drained and undrained phases have been recognized. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

3.0 ALEXANDRIA

LOCATION ALEXANDRIA OH Established Series Rev. DRM-SJH-DBD 04/2007 ALEXANDRIA SERIES The Alexandria series consists of very deep, well drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. These soils formed in loamy till of medium lime content on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Alexandria silt loam, on a convex, 7 percent slope in a timothy meadow at an elevation of about 303 meters (994 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick] BE--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt coatings on faces of peds and in root channels; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick in cultivated pedons and 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick in uncultivated pedons]


7 January 2015

Bt1--28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure parting to angular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--53 to 69 cm (21 to 27 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on horizontal faces of peds; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common fine faint pale brown(10YR 6/3) clay depletions on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt4--69 to 91 cm (27 to 36 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) masses of iron and manganese accumulation on faces of peds; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese concretions throughout; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt5--91 to 107 cm (36 to 42 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation in the matrix; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches).] BCt--107 to 140 cm (42 to 55 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions on faces of peds; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation on faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; diffuse smooth boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] Cd--140 to 203 cm (55 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; massive; very firm; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in vertical fractures in the till; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation in rinds around the iron depletions in vertical fractures in the till; few very fine distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) masses of iron and manganese accumulation throughout; few very fine distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) iron and manganese concretions throughout; 15 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Pickaway County, Ohio; about 1.2 miles southwest of Tarlton, in Salt Creek Township; about 1,100 feet north and 2,000 feet west of the southeast corner of sec.4, T. 11 N., R. 20 W.;


8 January 2015

USGS Stoutsville, OH topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 32 minutes 57 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 47 minutes 43 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 66 to 152 cm (26 to 60 inches) Depth to densic contact: 66 to 152 cm (26 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 8 to 22 percent Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay with individual subhorizons ranging from 27 to 44 percent Rock fragments: dominantly angular, partially weathered sandstone and shale Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent in the solum to a depth of 51 cm (20 inches), and 2 to 15 percent below a depth of 51 cm (20 inches) Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry) Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral BE horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 (7 or 8 dry) Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silt loam or loam Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Redoximorphic features: hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 8 in the lower part Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper and middle parts and moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part BCt or BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Redoximorphic features: hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 8 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Cd horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4


9 January 2015

Redoximorphic features: hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 8 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brushcreek, Lairdsville, Lucas, Morley, Ozaukee, Schoharie, and St. Clair series. Brushcreek and Lairdsville soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Lucas soils do not have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Morley and Ozaukee soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Schoharie soils have hue redder than 7.5YR in the argillic horizon. St. Clair soils have carbonates within a depth of 76 cm (30 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Alexandria soils are on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. The soils formed in loamy till of medium lime content. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 838 to 1016 mm (33 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (48 to 56 degrees F). Frost-free period is 145 to 181 days. Elevation is 299 to 372 meters (980 to 1220 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bennington, Cardington, Condit, Mechanicsburg, and Pewamo soils. Bennington soils are somewhat poorly drained on lower positions. Cardington soils are moderately well drained on similar landscapes. Condit soils are very poorly drained and are in the lowest positions. Pewamo soils are very poorly drained in depressions. Mechanicsburg soils have bedrock at 102 to 183 cm (40 to 72 inches) on similar landscapes. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 122 to 183 cm (4 to 6 feet) between December and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, wheat, soybeans, and hay. The steeper slopes are commonly in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and north central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Alexandria series needs to be evaluated on a MLRA basis. The type location of Alexandria was moved to Pickaway County. The previous type location in Delaware County was correlated to the Amanda series during the Soil Survey update. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap, BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 91 cm (Bt horizon). Densic contact: at 140 cm (top of the Cd horizon). ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for PY-17 typical pedon, RO-64 and HU-E2 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.


10 January 2015

National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

4.0 ALGANSEE

LOCATION ALGANSEE MI+IL IN MN OH WI Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF-TWN-TJE 08/2012 ALGANSEE SERIES The Algansee series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in stratified sandy alluvium. These soils are on flood plains and lake shores. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 800 mm. Mean annual temperature is about 8 degrees C. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments TYPICAL PEDON: Algansee loamy fine sand, on a 1 percent slope in an idle field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of oxidized iron; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches) thick] C1--20 to 66 cm (8 to 26 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand; single grain; loose; few medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. C2--66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common coarse faint very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C3--102 to 117 cm (40 to 46 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular structure; friable; fine medium distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains; few medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Cg--117 to 152 cm (46 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; few medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Kent County, Michigan; located in the city of Wyoming; about 1,860 feet south and 1,450 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 12 W.; USGS Grand Rapids West topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 55 minutes 21 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 40 minutes 50 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:


11 January 2015

Depth to carbonates: more than 102 cm (40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 0 to 10 percent clay, 80 to100 percent sand, and less than 10 percent rock fragments Organic carbon content: irregular decrease with increasing depth Ap horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam Clay content: 2 to 15 percent Sand content: 50 to 95 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline A horizon, where present: Thickness: 3 to 18 cm Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Bw horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, or loamy sand Clay content: 2 to 15 percent Sand content: 85 to 95 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 3 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: stratified with textures of loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, or loamy sand, or the gravelly analogs of these textures Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Sand content: 80 to 100 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 35 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons have thin strata of loam, sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures. Some pedons have thin layers darkened by organic matter. Some pedons are moderately alkaline below a depth of 102 cm (40 inches).


12 January 2015

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Altmar, Birchwood, Brems, Brockatonorton, Deerfield, Elnora, Fortress, Meckling, Morocco, Ottokee, Partridge, Succotash, Tedrow, and Zaborosky series. Altmar soils average more than 10 percent rock fragments in the particle-size control section. Birchwood soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Brems, Deerfield, Elnora, Morocco, Ottokee, Succotash, and Tedrow soils do not have stratification in the lower part of the series control section and do not have an irregular decrease in organic carbon with increasing depth. Brockatonorton soils have a buried organic horizon within the series control section. Fortress soils are in a wetter climate with a mean annual precipitation of more than 1015 mm (40 inches). Meckling soils have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Partridge soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Zaborosky soils have buried A horizons within the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Algansee soils are on flood plains and lake shores. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. The Algansee soils formed in stratified sandy alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 585 to 1,015 mm (23 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 4 to 11 degrees C (39 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 115 to 225 days. Elevation is 175 to 450 meters (575 to 1470 feet) above sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Abscota, Ceresco, Cohoctah, Glendora, and Landes soils. The moderately well drained Abscota soils are on higher landscape positions. Ceresco soils are on landscape positions similar to those of the Algansee soils and have a mollic epipedon. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Cohoctah soils are on lower landscape positions and have a mollic epipedon. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Glendora soils are on lower landscape positions. The well drained Landes soils are on higher landscape positions, have a mollic epipedon and have a clay content that averages 5 to 18 percent in the particle-size control section. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between September and May in normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is very high. Algansee soils are subject to frequent or occasional flooding for long duration. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. Only a very small part is drained and cultivated. Cleared areas are used mostly for permanent pasture. Native vegetation is red maple, swamp white oak, quaking aspen, and white ash. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 91A, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104, and 105 in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series of is moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and feature recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon). Aquic conditions: iron depletions with chroma of 2 in the C1 horizon, 20 to 66 cm (8 to 26 inches). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


13 January 2015

5.0 ALGIERS

LOCATION ALGIERS OH+IN Established Series Rev. DRM 04/2007 ALGIERS SERIES The Algiers series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) of recent light colored alluvium overlying a buried dark colored soil. These soils are on flood plains or low terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about11 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Aquic Udifluvents TYPICAL PEDON: Algiers silt loam, in a cultivated field with a slope of less than one percent on the flood plain of Kings Creek at an elevation of about 345 meters (1133 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] C--20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; massive; friable; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [25 to 84 cm (10 to 33 inches) thick] 2Ab--51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) thick] 2Bgb--81 to 107 cm (32 to 42 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [20 to 61 cm (8 to 24 inches) thick] 2BCgb--107 to 140 cm (42 to 55 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and common fine faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; 10 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick] 2C--140 to 183 cm (55 to 72 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 60 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.


14 January 2015

TYPE LOCATION: Champaign County, Ohio; 2.2 miles west of Cable, in Wayne Township; 1/2 mile northwest of former intersection of State Highway 296 and Dogleg Road; 50 feet west of Dogleg Road and 50 feet south of Kings Creek. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the buried soil (2Ab horizon): 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) Depth to the 2C horizon: 114 to more than 152 cm (45 to more than 60 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam with subhorizons ranging to sandy loam or fine sandy loam Redox features: low chroma depletions with matrix chroma of 3 are permitted at depths of more than 50 cm (20 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral 2Ab horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2Bgb or 2BCgb horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: commonly loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, but thin subhorizons of silty clay are permitted


15 January 2015

Redox features: few to many depletions or concentrations; depletions with chroma of 2 or less and matrix chroma of 1 occur within 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of the surface Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: ranges from clay loam or silty clay loam to extremely gravelly sand Redox features: few to many Rock fragment content: 0 to 70 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. Series in similar families are the Dupo, Eel, Killbuck, Orion, Wallkill, and Washtenaw series. Dupo soils have silty textures over contrasting fine-textured material. Eel soils lack the buried dark-colored A horizon within a depth of 91 cm (36 inches). Killbuck and Washtenaw soils have chroma of 2 or less and redox features in the upper 50 cm (20 inches). Orion soils are coarse-silty. Wallkill soils have a buried Histosol within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Algiers soils are on flood plains or low terraces in the Wisconsinan glacial area or in flood plains in the Illinoian glacial area where the headwaters are in the Wisconsinan till area. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) of recent light colored alluvium overlying a buried Aquoll. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1016 mm (32 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Eel, Genesee, Killbuck, Ross, Shoals, and Sloan series, all on similar topographic positions. Of these, only the poorly drained Killbuck soils have recent alluvium over a buried soil. Eldean, Ockley, Sleeth, Thackery, Lippincott, and Westland soils formed in outwash and are on nearby low terraces. Nearby soils formed in till include the series which are members of the Miamian and Morley drainage sequences. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible or low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. The soil is subject to occasional or frequent flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: A major part of the Algiers soils is cultivated. Commonly grown crops include corn, soybeans, small grain, and forage crops. Other areas are in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is elm, soft maple, sycamore, and other water-tolerant deciduous trees. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central, western, and southern Ohio and southern Indiana; MLRAs 111A, 111B, 111D, 111E, 114A, and 99. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Brown County, Ohio, 1930.


16 January 2015

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon). Buried soil: at 51 cm (top of the 2Ab horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 81 cm. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

6.0 ALLEGHENY

LOCATION ALLEGHENY KY+AR MD OH PA TN VA WV Established Series JDM/Rev MDJ 12/2013 ALLEGHENY SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults TYPICAL PEDON: Allegheny loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, rarely flooded in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated). Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; loam, weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular structure; very friable, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; many fine roots and many medium roots; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick) Bt1--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; common fine roots; common fine tubular pores; many faint organic stains and common faint clay films on all surfaces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2--38 to 71 cm (15 to 28 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; few medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on all surfaces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt3--71 to 84 cm (28 to 33 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; few medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on all surfaces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt4--84 to 107 cm (33 to 42 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; few medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) and few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on all surfaces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 inches) thick)


17 January 2015

BC1--107 to 140 cm (42 to 55 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few faint silt coatings and clay films on all surfaces of peds; 15 to 30 percent brittle; common fine distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented spherical iron-manganese concretions in prism faces and common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron masses as irregular streaks along vertical surfaces of prisms; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. BC2--140 to 183 cm (55 to 72 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few faint clay films and silt coatings on all surfaces of peds; 20 to 40 percent brittle; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 102 cm (0 to 40 inches) thick) C--183 to 226 cm (72 to 89 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; massive; firm, few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular weakly cemented iron depletions in the matrix; strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: State: Kentucky County: Floyd USGS Quadrangle: Offutt Latitude: 37.855944 N NAD 83 Longitude: 82.728611 W NAD 83 Direction to pedon: about 500 feet south of the Jenny Wiley grave site (a local landmark) and 1000 feet east of Kentucky Highway 581 on a stream terrace along the western shore of the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River, RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 51 cm (5 to 20 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic: 64 to 165 cm (25 to 65 inches) Solum Thickness: 76 to 183 cm (30 to 72 inches) Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 200 cm (80 inches) Depth Class: Very Deep Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: >72 inches Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A horizon; 0 to 30 percent in the Bt horizons; and 0 to 35 percent in the BC and C horizons Soil Reaction: strongly acid to extremely acid, except where limed Other Soil Features: Some pedons have 2BC or 2C horizons with 35 to 80 percent gravel and cobbles and/or strongly contrasting particle size with overlying horizons Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity (where it occurs): 61 to 203 cm (24 to 80 inches) Range of Individual Horizons: A or Ap horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--fine sandy loam, loam or silt loam Other features--some pedons have thin A horizons that include value of 3 and chroma of 1 to 3 BA or BE horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8


18 January 2015

Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam or silt loam Bt horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or rarely silty clay loam Mottles (if they occur)--commonly faint in shades of brown, red, or yellow in the lower part BC horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam, or rarely silty clay loam. Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--commonly deeper than 107 cm (42 inches) iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray C horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 with some pedons variegated Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or silt loam and may be stratified Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--commonly deeper than 107 cm (42 inches) iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray COMPETING SERIES: Albemarle soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock Cardova soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock Clifftop soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock Drapermill soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock Ezel soils--are less than 152 cm (60 inches) to bedrock Frankstown soils--formed in upland residuum weathered from siliceous limestone and interbedded limy shale and siltstone Gilwood soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock Leck Kill soils--formed in residuum or glacial till weathered from red shale, siltstone, and sandstone Meadowville soils--formed on uplands in local alluvium and the underlying residuum weathered from basic and acidic rocks Milldraper soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock Murrill soils--formed in colluvial materials derived from acid sandstones and shales and the underlying limestone residuum Nixon soils--formed in old alluvium and contain detectable red shale detrital components in the coarse fragments and fine earth fractions Shouns soils--have redder colors in the solum Ungers soils--formed in residuum weathered from red sandstone and shale and have redder colors in their argillic horizons Whiteford soils--formed in residuum weathered from dark colored slate and/or phyllite GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: River valleys Landform: stream terraces and alluvial fans MLRA(s): 117--Boston Mountains, 120A--Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Southern Part, 122--Highland Rim and Pennyroyal, 124--Western Allegheny Plateau, 125--Cumberland


19 January 2015

Plateau and Mountains, 126--Central Allegheny Plateau, 127--Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains, 128--Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys, 130A--Northern Blue Ridge, 147--Northern Appalachian ridges and Valleys Geomorphic Component: treads and risers Parent Material: alluvium Slope: 0 to 25 percent Elevation: 175 to 441 meters Frost-free period: 152 to 245 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 11 degrees C. Mean Annual Precipitation: 1143 millimeters GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Barbourville soils--are on adjacent alluvial fans, foot slopes and terraces and have thicker and darker surface layers and do not have argillic horizons. Chavies soils--are on adjacent treads and risers of river valleys, have less clay in the solum and higher base saturation. Cotaco soils--are on adjacent foot slopes, colluvial fans, and low stream terraces and are moderately well or somewhat poorly drained. Cottonbend soils--are on high stream terraces or benches on valley sides and have more clay and redder colors in the lower subsoil. Ezel soils--are on high strath terraces along rivers and streams and have bedrock within 60 inches. Grigsby soils--are on adjacent floodplains and have more sand in the subsoil, do not have argillic horizons, and have higher base saturation. Kanawha soils--are on high bottoms and low stream terraces and have higher base saturations. Monongahela soils--are on terrace positions in old alluvium and have a fragipan in the argillic horizon. Nolin soils--are on adjacent floodplains, in depressions, or on natural levees along major streams and rivers and do not have argillic horizons. Orrville soils--are on adjacent floodplains and are somewhat poorly drained. Pope soils--are on adjacent floodplains and have more sand in the subsoil and do not have argillic horizons. Rowdy soils--are on adjacent low stream terraces, foot slopes and alluvial fans and do not have argillic horizons. Wheeling soils--are on adjacent river terraces and have higher base saturation. Whitley soils--are on adjacent stream terraces, foot slopes, and alluvial fans and have more silt in the subsoil. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well Internal Free Water Occurrence: None Index Surface Runoff: Low to medium Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate Shrink-swell Potential: Low Flooding Frequency and Duration: Rare and very brief Ponding Frequency and Duration: None USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: crops and pasture including corn, tobacco, small grains, hay, vegetables and fruits.


20 January 2015

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tall fescue. Where wooded--hardwoods interspersed with conifers DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: The Eastern Kentucky Coalfields, Bluegrass, and Knobs regions of Kentucky and similar areas in Arkansas, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia Extent: moderate MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fayette County, Pennsylvania, 1948. REMARKS: Soils previously mapped as the Allegheny Variant or Allegheny Shale Substratum phase are now to be correlated as the Ezel Series. Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches) (Ap horizon) Argillic horizon--the zone from 20 to 107 cm (8 to 42 inches) (Bt horizons) Series control section--the zone from 20 to 72 cm (8 to 28 inches) ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the NSSL for this pedon: S89KY-115-4 by the University of Kentucky National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

7.0 ALLENDALE

LOCATION ALLENDALE MI+MN WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-LMC 08/2012 ALLENDALE SERIES The Allendale series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in sandy sediments and in the underlying clayey lacustrine deposits or till on lake basins, lake terraces, lake plains, outwash plains, and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 787 mm (31 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C (43 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over clayey, mixed, semiactive, frigid Alfic Epiaquods TYPICAL PEDON: Allendale loamy sand, on a west-facing, 2 percent slope in a forested area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A--0 to 8 cm (3 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy sand, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; very weak medium granular structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [2.5 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) thick]


21 January 2015

E--8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; single grain; loose; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] Bhs--25 to 33 cm (10 to 13 inches): dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Bs1--33 to 41 cm (13 to 16 inches): brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions throughout; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bs2--41 to 66 cm (16 to 26 inches): yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) masses of oxidized iron throughout; common medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions throughout; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bs horizon is 0 to 64 cm (25 inches).] E'--66 to 71 cm (26 to 28 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] 2Bt--71 to 86 cm (28 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; ped coatings and crack fillings of pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand in upper 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches); moderate fine angular blocky structure; very firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron throughout; common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions throughout; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [10 to 82 cm (4 to 32 inches) thick] 2C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; weak fine angular blocky fragments; very firm; common medium distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) and prominent gray (N 6/) iron depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Arenac County, Michigan; about 2 1/2 miles north of Standish; 2220 feet north and 2340 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 19 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Omer SW, MI topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 01 minute 03 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 57 minutes 21 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 cm (20 inches) to greater than 152 cm (60 inches) A horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2, or is neutral Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: extremely acid to neutral Ap horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 to 3


22 January 2015

Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: extremely acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Bhs horizon: Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR, or less commonly 10YR Value: 2, 2.5, or 3; 10YR hue has value of 3 only Chroma: 2 or 3; 10YR hue has chroma of 1 only Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Bs1 horizon in pedons with no Bhs horizons: Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma of 4 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Bs1 horizon in pedons with a Bhs horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Bs2 horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 4 to 8 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid A few weakly to strongly cemented pieces of ortstein are in the Bhs and Bs horizons in some pedons. The colors of ortstein normally correspond to the colors of both the Bhs and Bs horizons. E' horizon: Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR


23 January 2015

Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Some pedons do not have an E' horizon. Some pedons have a glossic horizon (E/Bt or Bt/E horizon). Some pedons have thick coatings of E material on faces of ped in the upper part of the 2Bt horizon. Some pedons have a thin layer that is sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, which is just above the 2Bt horizon. 2Bt horizon: Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silty clay or clay Clay content: averages 40 to 60 percent Rock fragment content: 0 or 1 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline 2C horizon: Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silty clay or clay; thin strata of silty clay loam and silt loam are in some pedons Rock fragment content: 0 or 1 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline Sandy substratums below 152 cm (60 inches) are recognized. COMPETING SERIES: This is the Fibre series. The Fibre soils are saturated for longer periods and at a shallower depth in the upper part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Allendale soils are on lake basins, lake terraces, lake plains, outwash plains, and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 864 mm (27 to 34 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.0 to 8.3 degrees C (41 to 47 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Au Gres, Bergland, Croswell, Kalkaska, Kellogg, Manistee, Melita, Pickford, Pinconning, Rubicon, Rudyard, and Selkirk soils. The well drained Manistee, the moderately well drained Kellogg, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Fibre and Pinconning soils form a drainage sequence with Allendale. The somewhat excessively drained Kalkaska and Melita, the excessively drained Rubicon, the moderately well drained Croswell, and the somewhat poorly drained Au Gres are sandy soils associated with the Allendale soils. The somewhat poorly drained Selkirk and Rudyard soils and the poorly drained Pickford and Bergland soils are clayey soils that are in association with Allendale soils in some areas. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2 feet) during October,


24 January 2015

November, March, April, May, and June in normal years. The water tends to perch at the interface between the sandy and clayey materials. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to very low, dependent on slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high in the sandy part and moderately low or low in the clayey part. Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper part and slow or very slow in the clayey lower part. USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used for the production of small grains, alfalfa-grass hay, and corn with some soybeans and field beans. Some areas are in permanent pasture or in woodland. Natural forest vegetation consists of quaking aspen, balsam fir, paper birch, red maple, eastern white pine, white ash, and white spruce. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 90A, 92, 93A, 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, 95A, 96, 98, and 99 in the northern half of the Lower Peninsula and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northwestern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ottawa County, Michigan, 1922. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (A and E horizons). Albic horizon: from a depth of 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches) and from 66 to 71 cm (26 to 28 inches) (E and E' horizons). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches) (Bhs and Bs1 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 84 cm (28 to 34 inches) (2Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in the Bhs horizon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

8.0 ALVADA

LOCATION ALVADA OH Established Series Rev. KEM-RMG-RAR 04/2007 ALVADA SERIES The Alvada series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in loamy, sandy, and gravelly outwash or glaciolacustrine deposits 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick overlying till. They are on outwash plains, lake plains, and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquolls


25 January 2015

TYPICAL PEDON: Alvada loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 238 meters (780 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 3 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches) thick] Btg1--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Btg2--41 to 53 cm (16 to 21 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg3--53 to 71 cm (21 to 28 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt--71 to 99 cm (28 to 39 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam with thin strata of sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium and coarse faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common medium and coarse faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. B'tg--99 to 117 cm (39 to 46 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loam with thin strata of fine sandy loam and strata of silty clay loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and as bridging between sand grains; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 76 to 114 cm (30 to 45 inches).] BCg--117 to 127 cm (46 to 50 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly sandy loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)


26 January 2015

masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 35 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] 2C--127 to 203 cm (50 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; firm; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions oriented along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; approximately 4.5 miles east of Findlay, in Marion Township; about 200 feet north and 760 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 14, T. 1 N., R. 11 E.; USGS Arcadia, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 02 minutes 12 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 33 minutes 26 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 89 to 140 cm (35 to 55 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 140 cm (40 to 55 inches) Depth to the till substratum: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 140 cm (24 to 55 inches) Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolomite, and crystalline lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 (5 or less dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Btg, Bt, or B'tg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 or 2; chroma of 3 is allowed in the lower part Texture: clay loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Sand content: 25 to 60 percent; more than 60 percent of the sand fraction is medium sand or coarser Rock fragment content: 2 to 25 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline BCg or BC horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures Sand content: 50 to 95 percent Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Some pedons have a 2BC or 2BCg horizon. 2C or 2Cg horizon:


27 January 2015

Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Clay content: 22 to 35 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. Series in related families are the Barry, Brookston, Millgrove, Navunon, Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland series. All of these series have a CEC to clay ratio of 0.6 or more, and have a superactive cation-exchange activity class. In addition, Barry, Millgrove, Rensselaer, and Westland soils have less than 22 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Brookston and Radioville soils have, in the middle part of the series control section, less than 60 percent of the sand fraction dominated by medium or coarser sand. Navunon soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Tallmadge soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Alvada soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, and till plains of late Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Alvada soils formed in loamy, sandy, and gravelly outwash or glaciolacustrine deposits 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick overlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 180 days. Elevation is 213 to 305 meters (700 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Shawtown, moderately well drained Thackery, and somewhat poorly drained Lamberjack soils on outwash plains; and the somewhat poorly drained Aurand and moderately well drained Cygnet soils on lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the solum and moderately high or moderately low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, moderately rapid in the lower part of the solum, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. A relatively small proportion is in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, primarily ash, beech, elm, and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 111B in west-central Ohio, and possibly eastern Indiana, and to a smaller extent in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hancock County, Ohio, 1997.


28 January 2015

REMARKS: Alvada soils are being converted from Millgrove and Mermill soils during modernization projects in MLRA 99 and 111. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 117 cm (Btg, Bt, and B'tg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below the mollic epipedon. Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 129956. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

9.0 ARKPORT

LOCATION ARKPORT NY+MI OH Established Series Rev. MGC-SWA 03/2013 ARKPORT SERIES The Arkport series consist of very deep, well drained soils formed in glacio-fluvial deposits having a high content of fine and very fine sand. These soils have thin horizontal bands of loamy material in the subsoil. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high throughout the mineral soil. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual temperature is 48 degrees F. and the mean precipitation is about 38 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Lamellic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Arkport very fine sandy loam on a 5 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted). Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) very fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few medium and common fine roots; 1 percent very fine pebbles; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (7 to 12 inches thick.) BE1 -- 9 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; common medium roots; many fine pores; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. BE2 -- 15 to 28 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy very fine sand in intricate pattern with brown (7.5YR 5/2) clean very fine sand and few reddish brown (5YR 4/3) very fine sandy loam lamellae 1/16 inch thick and 3 to 6 inches long; massive; very friable; common fine and few medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the BE horizons is 0 to 23 inches thick.) E and Bt1 -- 28 to 45 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) very fine sand E material; massive; very friable; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam Bt material as lamellae 1/16 to 4 inches thick that total 6 inches in thickness; massive; firm; few medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.


29 January 2015

E and Bt2 -- 45 to 58 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) loamy fine sand intricately patterned with reddish brown (5YR 4/4) wavy, branching, crudely horizontal lamellae 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick that total 1 1/2 inches in thickness; massive; very friable; lamellae are firm and slightly plastic; few roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. E and Bt3 -- 58 to 92 inches; pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) loamy fine sand patterned with dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) fine sandy loam, thin, wavy, horizontal, branching lamellae that total 1 inch in thickness and by reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam 1/2 inch thick lamellae that total 4 inches in thickness; massive; very friable and friable; few roots in upper part; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the E and Bt horizons is 15 to 70 inches.) C -- 92 to 106 inches; pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Orleans County, New York; 1/4 mile south of intersection of Highway 31 and Rich's Road; 2 miles east of Albion; 60 feet north and 90 feet west of southwest corner of small cemetery west of Keitall Road. USGS Albion, NY topographic quadrangle; Latitude 43 degrees, 14 minutes, 18 seconds N. and Longitude 78 degrees, 21 minutes, 46 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 100 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 36 to more than 120 inches. Depth to the uppermost lamellae ranges from 9 to 30 inches. Very fine sand plus silt ranges from 30 to 80 percent, and fine sand and coarser is greater than 15 percent throughout the soil. Rock fragments are usually absent but can range up to 10 percent. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR through 7.5YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loamy fine sand, fine sand, loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or silt loam. It has weak or moderate, fine to coarse granular structure and is very friable or friable. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid through neutral. Wooded or uncultivated areas have an A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick with hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The BE horizon has hue of 10YR through 5YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 8. Texture is loamy fine sand, very fine sand, loamy very fine sand, fine sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam. The horizon is massive or single grain or has very weak or weak, fine or medium, granular or subangular blocky structure. It is loose to friable. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid through neutral. Some pedons have a Bw or E horizon in place of the BE horizon. The E part of the E and Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y through 5YR, value of 4 through 7 and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture is fine sand to loamy very fine sand. It is structureless or has weak or very weak granular or subangular blocky structure and is loose to very friable. The Bt part of the E and Bt horizon has hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 6. Texture is silt loam or very fine sandy loam to loamy fine sand. It is massive or it has weak fine or medium blocky or platy structure, and is friable or firm. The E and Bt horizons range from strongly acid through neutral. The C horizon has hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 4 through 6 and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture is sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, very fine sand or loamy very fine sand. It is massive or single grain with loose to friable consistence. Some pedons have thin layers of coarse silt. It ranges from moderately acid through moderately alkaline.


30 January 2015

COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. The Amboy, Colonie and Galen soils are in similar families. Amboy soils contain more silt, and Colonie soils formed in coarser sandy deposits and contain less silt and clay than Arkport. Galen soils have redoximorphic concentrations in the upper part of the subsoil. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Arkport soils are nearly level to steep soils on the tops and sides of glacial deltas and glacio-fluvial sand plains, and on dunes and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. The soil formed in water-sorted deposits having a high content of fine and very fine sand. The climate is humid and cool temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 40 inches. Mean annual temperature ranges from 46 to 50 degrees F. The frost-free period ranges from 140 to 200 days. Elevation ranges from 300 to 900 feet above sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Amboy, Collamer, Colonie, Dunkirk, Elnora, Galen, Howard, Lamson, Minoa, Niagara, Palmyra, Stafford, Wallington, and Williamson soils. Amboy, Wallington, and Williamson soils formed in nearby coarse-silty lake deposits. Collamer, Dunkirk, and Niagara soils formed in fine-silty lake deposits. Colonie, Elnora, and Stafford soils formed in sandy deposits lower in silt and clay content than Arkport soils. Galen, Minoa, and Lamson soils are in a drainage sequence with Arkport soils and are in lower lying landscape positions. Howard and Palmyra soils are on nearby glacial outwash terraces that are gravelly. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high throughout the mineral soil. USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is cultivated. The dominant crops are corn, hay, and small grains but vegetable crops and deciduous fruits are prominent in many places. Some areas remain in woodlots of sugar maple, red oak, and American beech. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: New York, Michigan, and Ohio. MLRA's 96, 98, 99, 101, 139, and 140. The Arkport series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Steuben County, New York, 1931. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in the typical pedon: 1) Ochric Epipedon - from 0 to 9 inches (Ap horizon). 2) Argillic horizon - thin horizontal lamellae totaling more than 6 inches in thickness from 28 to 80 inches (E and Bt horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


31 January 2015

10.0 ATKINS

LOCATION ATKINS WV+ IN KY MD NY PA TN VA Established Series Rev. ART-WFH-PSP-ABJ 03/2005 ATKINS SERIES The Atkins series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in acid alluvium washed from upland soils that formed in shale and sandstone. Permeability is slow to moderate. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 46 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, acid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Atkins loam, wooded. (Colors are for moist soil.) Oi--0 to 1 inches; slightly decomposed loose hardwood leaf litter. Oe--1 to 1.5 inches; Moderately decomposed organic matter. A--1.5 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam with few fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron stains along root channels and lining pores; weak fine and medium granular structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (1 to 8 inches thick). AB--5 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam with few fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron stains along root channels and lining pores; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine to coarse roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick). Bg1--8 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam with few fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix and on ped faces; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--14 to 26 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam with common fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix and on ped faces; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bg horizons is 12 to 34 inches). BCg--26 to 38 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam with common fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix and on ped faces, and common fine black (7.5YR 2.5/1) soft iron-manganese masses in the matrix; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 18 inches thick). Cg1--38 to 47 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam with many fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix; massive; friable; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.


32 January 2015

Cg2--47 to 66 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) clay loam with many fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix; massive; friable; strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Raleigh County, West Virginia; about 0.3 miles southeast of County Route 15/3 along County Route 28. USGS Eccles topographic quadrangle; Latitude 37 degrees 45 minutes 28.9 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees 21 minutes and 49.0 seconds W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50 inches. The depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Unless limed, this soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid and ranges to moderately acid below a depth of 40 inches. Rock fragments are commonly absent, but may range from 0 to 20 percent by volume in the solum and from 0 to 60 percent by volume in the C horizon. The A, Ap, and AB horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. Redoximorphic features have hue of 5Y to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 8. Texture is loam or silt loam, and less commonly fine sandy loam or silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. The B horizon (here intended to include BA and BC horizons, where present) is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2. Redoximorphic features have hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. Soft manganese and iron masses occur in some pedons and have hue 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 2 to 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. The B horizon is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam, and less commonly sandy loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR to 5PB, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 8. The C horizon may be stratified; it is loam, clay loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. Some pedons have a 2C horizon of sand and gravel below 3 feet. COMPETING SERIES: The only other soil in the same family is (T) Widewater. Widewater soils developed in loamy sediments of the coastal plain. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Atkins soils are on nearly level soils of flood plains. Slopes are concave or linear and range from 0 to 3 percent. Atkins soils formed in alluvium washed mainly from upland soils derived from interbedded acid sandstones and shales. Average annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 55 inches and average annual temperature ranges from 45 to 57 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Elkins, Monongahela, Philo, Pope and Tygart soils. Elkins soils are very poorly drained and have a thick black or very dark gray A horizon. The Monongahela and Tygart soils are on terraces and have argillic horizons. Philo soils are moderately well drained soils on flood plains. Pope soils are well drained soils on flood plains. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: This soil is poorly drained. The water table is a foot or less below the soil surface for appreciable periods. Internal drainage is very slow. Permeability is slow to moderate in the subsoil and ranges to moderately rapid in the substratum. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Occasional flooding is typical on the Atkins landform. The mechanism of flooding usually involves shallow standing or slowly moving water on the soil surface. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are wooded or pastured. Vegetation is mixed hardwood forest of water tolerant oaks, red maples, black gum, sweet gum, willow, elm, ash, and alder; with aquatic grasses and sedges in places. Many areas originally mapped as Atkins have been filled in, and in subsequent decades developed for urban uses.


33 January 2015

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA's) include: 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 140, and 147. The extent is large. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pope County, Arkansas, 1913. REMARKS: Samples from the control section in most cases have indicated a clay activity class of active. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 8 inches. 2. Cambic horizon: The zone from 8 to 38 inches. 3. Aquic moisture regime: endosaturation periodically in the epipedon and below. Reference samples (S00WV605001, S00WV605002) were taken and analyses are pending to assess clay activity class for the series. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

11.0 AURAND

LOCATION AURAND OH Established Series Rev. KEM-RMG-RAR 09/2012 AURAND SERIES The Aurand series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are deep to dense till. They formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and the underlying till. They are on lake plains and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Argiudolls TYPICAL PEDON: Aurand loam, on a slightly convex footslope of a beach ridge in a cultivated field at an elevation of 233 meters (765 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches) thick]


34 January 2015

Bt1--28 to 43 cm (11 to 17 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--43 to 56 cm (17 to 22 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam with thin strata of sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches).] Btg--74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam with thin strata of sandy loam and loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent discontinuously in the matrix; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 18 cm (7 inches) thick] 2BC--84 to 122 cm (33 to 48 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on vertical faces of peds; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) calcium carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [25 to 63 cm (10 to 25 inches) thick] 2Cd--122 to 157 cm (48 to 62 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 2Cdg--157 to 203 cm (62 to 80 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)


35 January 2015

masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; approximately 1.2 miles east of McComb, in Portage Township; about 800 feet north and 540 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 2 N., R. 10 E.; USGS McComb, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 06 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 45 minutes 47 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 63 to 132 cm (25 to 52 inches) Thickness of the solum: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Depth to the densic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Thickness of the loamy glaciolacustrine material: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 63 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches) Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (5 or less dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Btg or Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures; commonly stratified with thin subhorizons of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand or the gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the upper part and neutral or slightly alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC horizon. Some pedons have a 2Bt or 2Btg horizon. 2BC or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline


36 January 2015

2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Crane, Mokena, Nachusa, Nenno, and Tiderishi series. None of these soils have a densic contact within the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Aurand soils are on lake plains and beach ridges of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The soils formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Fox, Oshtemo, and Shawtown soils on beach ridges; the moderately well drained Vaughnsville soils on convex footslopes of beach ridges; the somewhat poorly drained Haskins soils on slight rises; and the very poorly drained Hoytville and Mermill soils on broad flats and swales of lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between December and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is very low to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum and moderately low in the lower part of the solum and low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, moderately slow or slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. A relatively small proportion is in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, principally ash, beech, elm, and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, and possibly northeastern Indiana and southern Michigan; MLRA 99. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hancock County, Ohio, 1997. REMARKS: Aurand soils are being converted from Mermill and Haskins soils during modernization projects in MLRA 99. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 84 cm (Bt, Btg horizons). Densic contact: at 122 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon).


37 January 2015

Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 28 cm. Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data (HK-44) from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for the typical pedon. Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 129960 in MO 11. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

12.0 AVOCA

LOCATION AVOCA MI Established Series Rev. RWJ-NWS 08/2012 AVOCA SERIES The Avoca series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy deposits underlain by loamy till. Avoca soils are on lake plains, till plains, and low water laid moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Endoaquods TYPICAL PEDON: Avoca loamy sand, on a 2 percent slope in a pastured field on a till plain. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy sand; very weak medium granular [crumb] structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 inches) thick] E [A2]--25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 8 cm (3 inches) thick] Bs1 [B2lhir]--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) fine sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6), faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), and faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the upper part; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the lower part; few fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the lower part; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) thick] Bs2 [B22ir]--46 to 66 cm (18 to 26 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; slightly coherent when wet; many medium distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) and distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; many medium faint pale brown (10YR


38 January 2015

6/3)and distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [8 to 86 cm (3 to 34 inches) thick] Cg1 [C1]--66 to 84 cm (26 to 33 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of oxidized iron; about 6 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick] 2Cg2 [IIC2g]--84 to 137 cm (33 to 54 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; massive; many fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; many fine distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: St. Clair County, Michigan; 1,520 feet south and 375 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 6, T. 7 N., R. 17 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the 2C horizon: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches) Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the solum Some forested areas have thin Oa horizons. Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loamy sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loamy sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent Bs horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sand, fine sand, or loamy sand Ortstein content: 0 to 30 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent Some pedons have a BC horizon. C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4


39 January 2015

Texture: sand or fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent 2C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: averages 20 percent or more Rock fragment content: 5 to 14 percent COMPETING SERIES: This is the Rapson series. Rapson soils have stratified textures and average less than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Avoca soils are on lake plains, till plains, and low water laid moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The climate is modified continental. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 864 mm (28 to 34 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 11.7 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). Mean summer temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The finer textured, somewhat poorly drained Londo, Blount, and Metamora soils and the poorly drained Parkhill soils are the most common associates of Avoca on till plains. The somewhat poorly drained Thetford soils and the poorly drained Granby soils are very deep sandy soils that are next to Avoca soils where the till plains border lake plains and outwash areas. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is low or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high in the sandy upper part and moderately high in the loamy lower part. Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper part and moderately slow in the loamy lower part. USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the Avoca soils have been cleared and cultivated. However, many of these areas are now idle or in permanent pasture. Cropped areas are planted to corn, small grain and hay. Some small woodlots remain and have second growth stands of elm, soft maple, aspen and white birch. Native vegetation is mixed northern hardwoods and white pine. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 99 in central and eastern Michigan. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: St. Clair County, Michigan, 1969. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (Ap horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) (E horizon). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 66 cm (12 to 26 inches) (Bs1 and Bs2 horizons). Lithologic discontinuity: at 84 cm (33 inches) (top of the 2C horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.


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13.0 BACH

LOCATION BACH MI+WI Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF 08/2012 BACH SERIES The Bach series consist of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in calcareous silty lacustrine deposits on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, semiactive, calcareous, mesic Mollic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Bach very fine sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in an idle cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 inches) thick] Bg1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) very fine sandy loam; very weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bg2--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); gray (5Y 6/1) very fine sandy loam; very weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many medium prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) masses of oxidized iron; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bg3--53 to 91 cm (21 to 36 inches); gray (5Y 6/1) very fine sandy loam; very weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; many medium and coarse prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) masses of oxidized iron; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 8 to 147 cm (3 to 58 inches).] C1--91 to 122 cm (36 to 48 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) very fine sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C2--122 to 158 cm (48 to 62 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loamy very fine sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.


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TYPE LOCATION: St. Clair County, Michigan; on Harsens Island in ditch bank next to cultivated field; 200 feet east of junction of Voakes and Columbine roads on south side of Voakes Road, T. 2 N., R. 16 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: typically 64 to 89 cm (25 to 35 inches) but ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Carbonates: some pedons are calcareous at the surface; all are calcareous within a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) Particle-size control section: averages less than 18 percent clay and less than 15 percent fine sand or coarser Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy very fine sand Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: typically very fine sandy loam but commonly have strata of loam, silt loam, loamy very fine sand, fine sandy loam, very fine sand, clay loam, or silty clay loam C horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: typically very fine sandy loam but commonly have strata of loam, silt loam, loamy very fine sand, fine sandy loam, very fine sand, clay loam, or silty clay loam; some pedons have strata of fine sand, fine gravel, or silty clay loam In some pedons loam or clay loam till is below 102 cm (40 inches). COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Bach soils are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in calcareous silty lacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 8.9 degrees C (44 to 48 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Eastport, Gagetown, Lamson, Linwood, Londo, Minoa, Oakville, Parkhill, Pipestone, Sanilac, Sims, Tappan, and Tobico soils. The Bach soils are in a drainage sequence with the Sanilac and Gagetown soils. Sanilac soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on slightly rounded swells and drainage divides. Gagetown soils are moderately well drained and are on the more sloping areas on the landscape. Linwood, Tobico, and Lamson soils are closely associated poorly drained or very poorly drained soils. Linwood and Tobico soils have organic surface layers. Lamson soils have noncalcareous surface horizons. Londo, Blount, Sims, Tappan, and


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Parkhill soils are formed in till and border Bach soils in some areas. Oakville, Minoa, Eastport, and Pipestone soils are better drained sandy soils directly associated with areas of Bach soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow or moderate depending on the texture and sequence of the layers. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Bach soils are used to grow corn, small grains, white beans, and sugar beets. Bluegrass is grown for sod purposes in some areas. A few partially drained areas are used for permanent pasture. Undrained areas grow sedges, reeds, and wetland shrubs, or a second growth of elm, red maple, ash, and tag alder. Native vegetation is mixed northern hardwoods or reeds, sedges and water tolerant shrubs in flooded areas. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 96, 98, and 99 in the thumb area and central parts of the lower peninsula of Michigan and in northeastern Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 91 cm (8 to 36 inches) (Bg1, Bg2 and Bg3 horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Supporting characterization data is available for pedon S75MI06303 from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

14.0 BARRY

LOCATION BARRY MI+IN MN WI Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF 08/2012 BARRY SERIES The Barry series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in loamy till on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls


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TYPICAL PEDON: Barry loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 28 cm (11 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches) thick] Btg1--28 to 41 cm (11 to 16 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) coatings on faces of peds; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; thin clay films; many fine roots; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Btg2--41 to 64 cm (16 to 25 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; thin clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Btg3--64 to 91 cm (25 to 36 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; thin clay films on faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 96 cm (8 to 38 inches).] C--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; about 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Shiawassee County, Michigan; about 3 miles east of Corunna; 2,310 feet west and 450 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 7 N., R. 3 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches) Thickness of the solum: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent throughout Particle-size control section: averages between 18 and 25 percent clay and between 50 and 70 percent fine sand or coarser Ap horizon: Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or mucky loam Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline


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C horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: commonly sandy loam and less commonly loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand; thin strata of sand are in some pedons Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brookston, Clackamas, Cordova, Forestcity, Hamel, Jameston, Millgrove, Navan, Navunon, Nosoni, Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland series. Brookston, Cordova, and Jameston soils average more than 25 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Clackamas, Millgrove, and Westland soils average more than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Forestcity and Hamel soils have mollic epipedons that are more than 38 cm (15 inches) thick. Navan, Radioville, and Rensselaer soils average less than 50 percent fine sand or coarser in the particle-size control section. Navunon and Tallmadge soils commonly have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Nosoni soils have sola thicker than 127 cm (50 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Barry soils are on nearly level and depressional areas of ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The Barry soils formed in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 660 to 940 mm (26 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brady, Dryden, Gilford, Lapeer, Locke, and Wasepi soils. Brady, Gilford, and Wasepi soils are associated with Barry soils in drainageways, especially on moraines. They are coarse-loamy. The well drained Lapeer, moderately well drained Dryden, and somewhat poorly drained Locke soils are in a drainage sequence with Barry soils and are on higher landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. The low precipitation phase has a seasonal high water table at depths of 30 to 76 cm (1 to 2.5 feet) between November and July. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are cropped to corn, small grains, soybeans, and hay where artificial drainage is adequate. Undrained areas and a small part of the drained areas are in permanent pasture or deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 103, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, and northern Indiana. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 91 cm (11 to 36 inches) (Btg1, Btg2, and Btg3 horizons).


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Aquic conditions: reduced matrix colors, redox concentrations, and/or iron depletions present in all horizons below the mollic epipedon. The shaley substratum phase is no longer within the series concept. ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record No: MI0035; MI0664 - LOW PRECIPITATION PHASE. This phase may become a new series when its area of occurrence is updated. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

15.0 BELDING

LOCATION BELDING MI Established Series Rev. JSE-LMC-WCA 10/2006 BELDING SERIES The Belding series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy glacial till on till plains and end moraines. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the upper part of the solum,moderately slow in the lower part and slow to very slow in the substratum. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 32 inches and mean annual temperature is about 41 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Epiaquods TYPICAL PEDON: Belding fine sandy loam - on a south-facing slope of 1 percent in a forested area at an elevation of 955 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oa--0 to 1 inch; black (7.5YR 2.5/1) well decomposed forest litter; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse roots; moderately acid (pH 5.8); abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 1 inches thick) A1--1 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse roots; about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.5); abrupt wavy boundary. (1 to 3 inches thick) A2--4 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) fine sandy loam, gray (7.5YR 6/1) dry; weak medium subangular blocky parting to fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine to very coarse roots; about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (5 to 7 inches thick) E--9 to 14 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); abrupt wavy boundary. (3 to 6 inches thick)


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Bs1--14 to 19 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; many coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; many coarse faint brown (7.5YR 4/2) iron depletions; about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (2 to 6 inches thick) Bs2--19 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions; about 1 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 6 inches thick) 2Bt--22 to 34 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine and fine roots; common fine faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films lining pores; many medium faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) silt coats on faces of peds; few medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few medium distinct brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 1 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; moderately alkaline (pH 8.1); clear wavy boundary. (8 to 13 inches thick) 2BCd--34 to 36 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine prominent light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coats; about 1 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.5); gradual wavy boundary. (2 to 4 inches thick) 2Cd--36 to 80 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coats; about 1 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4). TYPE LOCATION: Ontonagon County, Michigan; about 3 miles east of the town of Greenland; 2400 feet south and 1885 feet east of the northwest corner of section 29, T. 51 N., R. 37 W. NAD83, UTM Zone 16N, 5183527 northing and 345053 easting. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Reaction in the upper part of the solum ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid. Depth to the 2B horizons ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction in the lower part of the solum and substratum ranges from slightly acid to strongly alkaline. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 10 percent and cobble content from 0 to 5 percent throughout the profile. The depth to densic contact is 30 to 60 inches. A, Ap horizons Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand E horizon Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand


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Some pedons have a Bhs horizon Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand Bs horizons Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand 2Bt horizon Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam; silt loam, loam, or clay loam 2BCd horizon Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam; silt loam, loam, or clay loam 2Cd horizon Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, silt loam, loam or clay loam COMPETING SERIES: These are the Moodig, Mudlake, Parkfalls, Pesabic and Worwood series. Moodig soils are coarser textured and acidic throughout. Mudlake soils have a loess or silty alluvium cap and are acidic throughout. Pesabic soils are underlain by dense till and are acidic throughout. Worwood soils are loamy alluvium underlain by sandy outwash that is underlain by stratified lacustrine deposits. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Belding soils are on till plains and end moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 31 to 34 inches. The mean annual temperature ranges from 40 to 44 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ubly, Loggerhead, Menominee, Iosco and Breckenridge soils. The well drained Ubly, moderately well drained Loggerhead, and poorly drained Breckenridge soils are in a drainage sequence with Belding soils. The moderately well drained Menominee and somewhat poorly drained Iosco soils have more sand in the solum.


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DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Surface runoff is low. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid above the 2B horizons and moderately slow in the 2Bt and 2BC horizons. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. The major species are sugar maple, red maple, green ash, quaking aspen, eastern hemlock, basswood, yellow birch, white spruce and balsam fir. Some areas are used for pasture, small grains, mixed hay or are idle. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota SERIES ESTABLISHED: Arenac County, Michigan, 1964. REMARKS: Location has been changed from the lower peninsula of Michigan to the Upper Peninsula. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 9 inches (Oa, A horizons); albic horizon - the zone from 9 to 14 inches (E horizon); spodic horizon - the zone from 14 to 22 inches (Bs horizons); argillic horizon - the zone from 22 to 34 inches (2Bt horizon) aquic feature - redox depletions with chroma of 2 below 14 inches. ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to lab sample number S04MI-131-004 for Primary Characterization Data from NSSL, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

16.0 BELMORE

LOCATION BELMORE OH+IN Established Series Rev. RBJ-RAR-DNM 01/2011 BELMORE SERIES The Belmore series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy and gravelly outwash and are underlain by gravelly, sandy, and loamy outwash deposits. They are on terraces, outwash plains, and glacial drainage channels. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs


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TYPICAL PEDON: Belmore loam, on a convex, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 235 meters (770 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] BE--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 18 cm (7 inches) thick] Bt1--38 to 81 cm (15 to 32 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; clay bridging between sand grains; 15 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--81 to 114 cm (32 to 45 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on rock fragments; 25 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 28 to 84 cm (11 to 33 inches).] C1--114 to 145 cm (45 to 57 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy loam; single grain; loose; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C2--145 to 196 cm (57 to 77 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loamy sand; single grain; loose; 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Wyandot County, Ohio; approximately 1 mile southeast of McCutchenville, in Tymochtee Township; 2000 feet north and 1000 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 14 E.; USGS Sycamore, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 59 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 14 minutes 37 seconds E., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 56 to 140 cm (22 to 55 inches) and commonly is the same as depth to carbonates Special features: tongues of the B horizon in some pedons extend into the underlying outwash material to depths greater than 140 cm (55 inches) Rock fragments: typically glacial pebbles of mixed lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Some pedons have an E or BA horizon.


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BE horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam or silt loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR; thin subhorizons of 5YR are in some pedons Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 5 to 34 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to neutral in the lower part Some pedons have a BC or BCt horizon. C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, loam, or coarse sandy loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; thin strata of fine sandy loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, loamy fine sand, or fine sand are in some pedons Clay content: averages 5 to 18 percent Rock fragment content: 3 to 40 percent, and averages more than 15 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 35 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Some pedons have a 2C horizon below 152 cm (60 inches) in till that is clay loam or silty clay loam. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Caprell, Chili, Cliftycreek, Conestoga, Crouse, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Mocksville, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Crouse, Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Princeton, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, and Strawn soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Belmont, High Gap, Lumberton, Military, Pignut, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Caprell, Skelton, and Wawasee soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Chili and Kanawha soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Cliftycreek and Gallman soils are deeper than 140 cm (55 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Conestoga soils have rock fragments of quartzite, chert, and schist in the series control section. Hollinger soils have chroma of more than 4 in the middle and lower parts of the series control section and typically have rock fragments of quartz, limestone, and schist in the series control section. Kidder soils formed in till and are not stratified in the lower part of the series control section. Kosciusko soils are coarse sand in the fine-earth fraction in the lower part of the series control section. LeRoy soils have rock fragments of limestone and chert. Mocksville soils are in a wetter climate with a mean annual precipitation of more than 991 mm (39 inches). Ockley soils average less than 5 percent clay in the lower


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part of the series control section. Relay soils have rock fragments of gabbro, metagabbro, and granodiorite. Wawaka soils have sola more than 140 cm (55 inches) in thickness. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Belmore soils are on terraces, outwash plains, and glacial drainage channels. Slope gradients are typically 0 to 12 percent but range from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 151 to 180 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Digby, moderately well drained Haney, and very poorly drained Millgrove soils that form a toposequence with the Belmore soils. The Digby and Haney soils are on less sloping or lower-lying areas. The Millgrove soils are in depressions DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and very high in the underlying material. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and rapid in the underlying material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Belmore soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and hay are principal crops. Some areas are used for fruit, early truck crops, and sugar beets. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and west-central Ohio and northern Indiana; mainly in MLRAs 99 and 111B, and of lesser extent in 111A and 111E. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Ohio, 1912. REMARKS: A till substratum phase is recognized and will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 38 cm (Ap, BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 114 cm (Bt horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

17.0 BENNINGTON

LOCATION BENNINGTON OH Established Series Rev. JAG 04/2007 BENNINGTON SERIES


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The Bennington series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy till of medium lime content. These soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Bennington silt loam, on a 1 percent slope in weeds (formerly cultivated) at an elevation of 295 meters (976 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; few fine and medium roots; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 28 cm (5 to 11 inches) thick] BE--20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) clay depletions on faces of peds and in pores; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Btg--25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic coatings in root channels; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt1--38 to 58 cm (15 to 23 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky and moderate fine subangular blocky; firm; few very fine roots; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and few distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese concretions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--58 to 74 cm (23 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg and Bt horizons is 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 inches).] BCt--74 to 137 cm (29 to 54 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic coatings in old root channels; common medium distinct


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grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 76 cm (4 to 30 inches] thick) C--137 to 203 cm (54 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive; firm; few distinct gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on partings; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Delaware County, Ohio; about 0.75 mile west of Berkshire, in Berkshire Township; 80 feet south and 3,660 feet west of the intersection of US36/OH37 and South Galena Rd.; USGS Kilbourne, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 15 minutes 53.8 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 55 minutes 22.2 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 41 cm (5 to 16 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 inches) Thickness of the solum: 63 to 178 cm (25 to 70 inches) Depth to carbonates: 62 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches) Rock fragments: dominantly sandstone and shale with some limestone and crystalline erratics Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 42 percent clay, with individual subhorizons ranging from 27 to 45 percent clay Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 (more than 5.5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: dominantly silt loam but is loam in areas where till "outliers" occur within the lake plain Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid BE horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6


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Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent above 51 cm (20 inches) and 2 to 15 percent below 51 cm (20 inches) Reaction: moderately acid to very strongly acid in the upper part and moderately acid to neutral in the lower part BCt or BC horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 8 to 22 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Blount, Del Rey, Fulton, Kimmell, Mahoning, and Nappanee series. Blount and Kimmell soils have more than 22 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the C horizon. Del Rey and Fulton soils average less than 2 percent rock fragments below 51 cm (20 inches). Mahoning soils have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section that are dominantly shale and siltstone. Nappanee soils average more than 42 percent clay in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bennington soils are on flats and slight rises on ground moraines and end moraines of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. They formed in loamy till of medium calcium carbonate content. Rock fragments are mainly sandstone and shale. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from (9 to 13 degrees C 49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 145 to 180 days. Elevation is 244 to 366 meters (800 to 1,200 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Amanda, Cardington, Centerburg, Condit, and Pewamo soils that are in toposequences with Bennington soils. The well drained Alexandria and Amanda soils are on gently sloping to steep ridges and side slopes along drainageways. The moderately well drained Cardington and Centerburg soils are on summits, shoulders, and back slopes. The very poorly drained Condit soils are in depressions. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils have mollic epipedons and are in depressions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched water table ranges from 15 to 30 cm (0.5 to 1 foot) between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and north-central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of large extent, about 450,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Existing data on clay mineralogy is not conclusive. Areas of Bennington soils in MLRA 99 will be evaluated for a new series during modernization projects. Bennington soils were mapped on lake plain physiography in Sandusky, Huron, and Erie counties. The area of the present type location is undergoing urbanization. A new pedon and location will need to be selected in the near future. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap, BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 74 cm (Btg, Bt horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons between a depth of 20 and 137 cm. A bedrock substratum phase is recognized. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data is available for a pedon near DL-16, the typical pedon, and for pedons DL-21, ER-31, FR-43, FR-55, HU-10, HU-12, HU-16, LC-23, and MD-20 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

18.0 BERKS

LOCATION BERKS PA IL IN KY MD NJ OH TN VA WV Established Series Rev. GHL-EAW-REP 09/1999 BERKS SERIES The Berks series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered from shale, siltstone and fine grained sandstone on rounded and dissected uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Mean annual precipitation is 42 inches. Mean annual temperature is 52 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts


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TYPICAL PEDON: Berks channery loam, on a south-facing slope of 3 to 8 percent in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; 30 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary (6 to 12 inches thick). Bw1--10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 35 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary (4 to 12 inches thick). Bw2--17 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure modified by rock fragments; slightly sticky and nonplastic; very few faint clay films on rock fragments; 50 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary (2 to 10 inches thick). CB--21 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) extremely channery loam; structure obscured by rock fragments; friable; 60 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary (0 to 10 inches thick). C--26 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) extremely channery loam; fines are concentrated in pockets between and as coatings on rock fragments; massive; friable; 75 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary (0 to 14 inches thick). R-- 33 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) fractured shale bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, Weisenberg Township, 1 mile south and east on T624 from New Smithville and 200 feet north of road. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 12 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon range from 3 to 12 inches. Rock fragments range from 10 to 50 percent in the Ap and A horizons, from 15 to 75 percent in individual horizons of the B, and from 35 to 90 percent in the C horizon. The average volume of rock fragments in the particle-size control section is more than 35 percent. In unlimed soils reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. The dominant clay minerals are illite, vermiculite and interstratified vermiculite chlorite. Small amounts of kaolinite are present. The Ap or A horizons have hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam or silt loam in the fine earth fraction. The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Hue of 5YR is restricted to the lower part of the soil. Texture is loam, silt loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction. It contains 5 to 32 percent clay and 40 to 60 percent silt. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium subangular blocky structure in the Bw horizon and is usually obscured by the rock fragments in the CB horizon. The C horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. Texture in the fine earth fraction is loam or silt loam. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Greenlee, Handshoe, and Northcove series in the same family and the Brownsville, Calvin, Cardiff, Centralpark (T), Chamate, Highsplint, Konnarock (T), Lippitt, Parker,


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Remote, Sylco, Watt, and Wyoming series that are currently in older classification slots. Brownsville, Greenlee, Handshoe and Northcove soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Calvin soils have hue of 7.5YR or redder throughout the B horizon. Cardiff, Highsplint, Parker, Sylco, and Wyoming soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Centralpark (T) soils have rock fragments of concrete and asphalt. Chamate and Remote soils are formed in a more moist climate. Konnarock soils have ryhythmite and tillite rock fragments. Lippitt soils have till over Gneiss, schist or gravel. Watt soils have colors with chroma of 3 or less in the B horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Berks soils are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of dissected uplands formed in residuum weathered from shale interbedded with fine grained sandstone and siltstone. Slope gradient range from 0 to 80 percent. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 44 inches, mean annual temperature ranges from 50 to 55 degrees F and the growing season is 170 to 214 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Bedington, Blairton, Brinkerton, Comly, Ernest, Gilpin, Muskingum, Rushtown, Shelocta, Tarhollow and Weikert soils are on nearby landscapes. Bedington, Brownsville, Rushtown, Shelocta and Tarhollow soils all have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are on similar landscape positions. Blairton and Comly soils are moderately well drained. Brinkerton soils are poorly drained. Gilpin soils have fewer rock fragments and are on similar landscapes. Weikert soils have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and are on similar landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Depth to a seasonal high water table is more than 6 feet. USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately 60 percent of Berks soils are in cropland and pasture, the remainder are in woodland or other uses. Principal crops are corn, wheat, oats, barley, Christmas trees and hay. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Indiana, and Southern Illinois. MLRA's 115, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 139, 147 and 148. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Berks County, Pennsylvania, 1909. REMARKS: The Ashby, Kistler and Trexler soils, which were moderately shallow in some Pennsylvania published surveys are now included in the Berks Series. Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 21 inches (Bw, Bt horizons). Lithic contact - at a depth of 33 inches (R horizon). CEC class - active, but includes semiactive and subactive R - some pedons have very few thin clay films and silt coats on upper surfaces of rock fragments. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory data is available for this pedon, S59-PA-039-7(1-5), and for pedon S59-PA-039-2(1-4). Other pedons from areas mapped Berks are available that show weak argillic horizons:


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S65-PA-028-5(1-4), S65-PA-028-7(1-3), S62-PA-029-17(1-4), S62-PA-020-18(1-4). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

19.0 BERVILLE

LOCATION BERVILLE MI Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF 03/2011 BERVILLE SERIES The Berville series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits overlying till on lake plains and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Berville loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field on a till plain. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; about 6 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) thick] A--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; about 10 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick)] Btg1--28 to 41 cm (11 to 16 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; few faint clay films; coatings of very dark brown (10YR 2/2) on most peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 18 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [8 to 18 cm (3 to 7 inches) thick] Btg2--41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; many fine roots; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; about 20 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches) thick] Btg3--76 to 91 cm (30 to 36 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; common


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coarse faint brown (10YR 4/3) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 20 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick] 2Cg--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 2 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; 650 feet east and 250 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 21, T. 6 N., R. 12 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent cobbles throughout A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: gravelly sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly clay loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or loam Clay content: 15 to 25 percent in the upper part and 27 to 35 percent in the lower part Rock fragment content: 5 to 35 percent gravel in any one subhorizon, but averages 15 to 35 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons have a 2Btg horizon. 2Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Berville soils are on nearly level areas and depressions of ground moraines and lake plains of Wisconsinan Age. Slope ranges from 0 to about 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 10.0 degrees C (48 to 50 degrees F).


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Kendallville, moderately well drained Cadmus and somewhat poorly drained Macomb soils are in a drainage sequence with Berville soils. Other associates are the Brookston soils where the outwash is thinner and the Matherton and Sebewa soils where the gravelly outwash is thicker. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate in the outwash and moderately slow in the till. USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part is drained and is under cultivation. The principal crops are corn, small grains, soybeans, navy beans, and hay. A small part is in permanent pasture or forest. The native forest vegetation is American elm, white ash, red maple, and swamp white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 99 in southern Michigan. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap and A horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 91 cm (11 to 36 inches) (Btg1, Btg2 and Btg3 horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record No.: MI0128. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

20.0 BETHESDA

LOCATION BETHESDA OH+IL IN KY MO PA TN VA WV Established Series DJB-SLH/Rev. MDJ 12/2012 BETHESDA SERIES Updated format; changed horizonation from Cd to C; location verified to NAD83; corrected saturated hydraulic conductivity for reclaimed and unreclaimed local phases; updated USE AND VEGETATION and REMARKS sections TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, acid, mesic Typic Udorthents


61 January 2015

TYPICAL PEDON: Bethesda channery silty clay loam, on a 4 percent slope in grass. (Colors are for moist soil.) Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silty clay loam; weak coarse granular structure; friable; few roots; 15 percent fragments of shale and 10 percent fragments of sandstone; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 18 cm thick) C1--13 to 51 cm (5 to 20 inches); variegated, 80 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and 20 percent brown (10YR 4/3) very channery silty clay loam; massive; firm; few roots; 25 percent fragments of shale and 15 percent fragments of sandstone; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary. C2--51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 inches); variegated, 70 percent brown (10YR 4/3) and 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery clay loam; massive; very firm; 30 percent fragments of shale and 15 percent fragments of sandstone; extremely acid. (Combined thickness of the C horizon is 152 cm or more.) TYPE LOCATION: State: Ohio County: Belmont USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Fairview, OH Latitude: 40.081472 N NAD 83 Longitude: 81.201556 W NAD 83 Directions to Pedon: Belmont County, Ohio; Kirkwood Township, about 1.25 miles southeast of Sewellsville, about 2,250 feet west and 100 feet south of the northeast corner, sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 6 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches) Depth Class: Very Deep Rock Fragment Content: The A horizon ranges from 15 to 60 percent, by volume, where unreclaimed and up to 14 percent where reclaimed. The C horizon ranges from 35 to 80 percent, by volume, averaging 45 percent. Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders Rock Fragment Type: Shale, sandstone, siltstone and coal Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid, except where limed Range of Individual Horizons: A or Ap horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 8, or is neutral with value of 3 through 5 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam or loam C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 8, or is neutral with value of 3 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam or loam COMPETING SERIES: Cedarcreek soils allow textures of silt loam, loam and sandy loam in the particle-size control section.


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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRAs: 113 (Central Claypan Areas), 114 (Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain), 115 (Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes), 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau), 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains) and 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau) Landscape: Hills and mountains Landform: Hillslope and mountain Anthropogenic Features: Surface mine, spoil bank, spoil pile and reclaimed land Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, head slope, nose slope, free face, base slope, mountaintop, mountainflank and mountainbase Parent Material: Coal extraction mine spoil derived from regolith of shale, sandstone and siltstone Slope: 0 to 90 percent Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9 to 13 degrees C. (48 to 56 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 890 to 1143 mm (35 to 45 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Fairpoint soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from nonacid surface mine overburden Berks soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and fine-grained sandstone on undisturbed uplands Coshocton soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands Culleoka soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, limestone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands Dekalb soils--formed in residuum from sandstone on undisturbed uplands Gilpin soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands Guernsey soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, shale and limestone on undisturbed uplands Lowell soils--formed in residuum from limestone and shale on undisturbed uplands Westmoreland soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands Rigley soils--formed in colluvium from sandstone and siltstone on undisturbed uplands DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: None Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None Index Surface Runoff: Very high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Low through moderately high in the upper part, and very low through moderately high in the lower part Shrink-Swell Potential: Low USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices. Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites. Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult. Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with some barren areas. Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia Extent: Large, about 683,000 acres identified at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio, 1978 REMARKS: Bethesda soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents units. Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 13 cm (Ap horizon) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 200 cm The 8/2001 revision included numerous changes to most parts of the OSD, including updating to the 8th edition Keys to Soil Taxonomy standards. The 6/2006 revision updated this series to the 9th edition Keys to Soil Taxonomy standards. Several other changes were made including changes to the COMPETING SERIES and GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS sections. Previous revisions: 6/88-PCJ,TNR,DRM; 8/01-PCJ,CER,LER; 6/06-LER,ELM,DHK; 4/09-PCJ,LER,ELM ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon BT-14 for characterization data on the typical pedon, sample numbers 22988-22989, from Belmont County, Ohio; analyzed by The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. Additional characterization data are available for pedons BT-15, BT-16, JF-8, JF-10, and VT-1. ________________________________________ National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

21.0 BIXLER

LOCATION BIXLER OH Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG 09/2012 BIXLER SERIES The Bixler series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy deposits over stratified lacustrine materials. They are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Arenic Hapludalfs


64 January 2015

TYPICAL PEDON: Bixler loamy fine sand, on a 1 percent convex slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 194 meters (635 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; few medium black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick] E1--25 to 48 cm (10 to 19 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. E2--48 to 71 cm (19 to 28 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches).] Btg1--71 to 81 cm (28 to 32 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds and clay bridging between sand grains; few fine distinct gray (5Y 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches) thick] 2Btg2--81 to 86 cm (32 to 34 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) thick] 2BC--86 to 114 cm (34 to 45 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam with few thin lenses of silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] 2Cg--114 to 183 cm (45 to 72 inches); gray (N 5/) stratified silt, very fine sand, fine sand, and silty clay loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent brown (7.5YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Lucas County, Ohio; approximately 1.5 miles west and .25 miles south of Maumee, in Monclova Township; 1,700 feet west and 400 feet south of the center of sec. 28, T. 2.; USGS Maumee, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 35 minutes 11 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 43 minutes 10 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 71 to 140 cm (28 to 55 inches) Thickness of the sandy material: 51 to 89 cm (20 to 35 inches)


65 January 2015

Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 56 to 127 cm (22 to 50 inches) Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolomite, and crystalline lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 to 4 (6 or more, dry) Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: (2 to 4 inches) E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Btg or Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2Btg, 2Bt, 2BC, or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam; commonly stratified Silt content: 50 to 85 percent Rock fragment content: none Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2Cg or 2C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 6 Texture: silt loam, silt, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, fine sand, very fine sand, or silty clay loam; commonly stratified; thickness or sequence of individual strata may change within short horizontal distances Clay content: 5 to 32 percent in individual subhorizons or strata Rock fragment content: none Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline


66 January 2015

Clayey substratum phase: Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam below a depth of 152 cm (60 inches) Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are Leola, Markton, Rimer, and Selfridge series. Leola and Markton soils average less than 50 percent silt in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Rimer soils have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Selfridge soils have an E horizon that is less than 38 cm (15 inches) thick. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Bixler soils are on ridges, low knolls, and backslopes on lake plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in sandy lacustrine materials over medium textured, stratified lacustrine sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Colwood, Dixboro, Kibbie, Lamson, Oakville, Ottokee, Spinks, and Tedrow soils. Colwood and Lamson soils are poorly and very poorly drained and are on flats or in depressions. Dixboro and Kibbie soils do not have an arenic epipedon. Oakville soils are excessively drained, Ottokee soils are moderately well drained, and Spinks soils are well drained; in addition, these soils do not have 2B or 2C horizons of medium textured lacustrine sediments, and are on higher beach ridges and dunes. Tedrow soils do not have 2B or 2C horizons of medium textured lacustrine sediments. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between November and May in normal years. The clayey substratum phase has a perched water table. The potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high in the sandy upper material and moderately high in the medium textured lacustrine sediments. Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper material and moderate in the medium textured lacustrine sediments. USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, small grain, soybeans, and hay. Some areas are used for special crops such as cabbage, tomatoes, and potatoes. A few areas are in mixed hardwood forest. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forests of beech, elm, hickory, maple, and oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Ohio and possibly southern Michigan; MLRA 99. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lucas County, Ohio, 1978. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 71 cm (Ap, E1, E2 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 86 cm (Btg, 2Btg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 25 cm.


67 January 2015

A clayey substratum phase is recognized. It will need to be evaluated in future MLRA update activities. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for pedons FT-25 and LS-6 (typical pedon) from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, OH. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

22.0 BLOUNT

LOCATION BLOUNT OH+IL IN MI WI Established Series Rev. NHM-TJE 09/2014 BLOUNT SERIES The Blount series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. Blount soils formed in till and are on wave-worked till plains, till plains, and near-shore zones (relict). Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 890 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Blount silt loam, on a northwest-facing, concave, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 264 meters (867 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common roots; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick] Btg--18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on surfaces of peds; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) (dry) clay depletions on vertical surfaces of peds; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries in the matrix; 3 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt--30 to 58 cm (12 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak fine and medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions with clear boundaries in the matrix; common prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions with clear boundaries and distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron with diffuse boundaries in the matrix; 4 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg and/or Bt horizons is 30 to 89 cm (12 to 35 inches).]


68 January 2015

BCtg--58 to 76 cm (23 to 30 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on vertical surfaces of peds; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate coatings on vertical surfaces of peds; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and common prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries in the matrix; 8 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick] CBd--76 to 107 cm (30 to 42 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; weak medium platy structure; very firm; common distinct white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate coatings on surfaces; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions with diffuse boundaries in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 41 cm (16 inches) thick] Cd1--107 to 137 cm (42 to 54 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) calcium carbonate coatings on surfaces; few distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions with diffuse boundaries in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Cd2--137 to 200 cm (54 to 79 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; approximately 1.25 miles east of Wabash; in Washington Township; 130 feet west and 1880 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 6 S., R. 1 E.; USGS Erastus topographic quadrangle; lat. 84 degrees 46 minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 40 degrees 33 minutes 35 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches) Depth to carbonates: 48 to 102 cm (19 to 40 inches) Depth to densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay Rock fragments: predominantly igneous, limestone, and dolomite gravel Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4, 6 or more dry Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: typically silt loam but is loam in some pedons; some eroded pedons are clay loam or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 0 to 13 cm (5 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3, 4 or 5 dry Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam E, BE or EB horizon, where present:


69 January 2015

Thickness: 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 (E horizon); 4 to 6 (BE or EB horizon) Chroma: 1 to 3 (E horizon); 1 to 4 (EB or BE horizon) Texture: typically silty clay loam or less commonly silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay Clay content: 35 to 48 percent in individual subhorizons Sand content: averages 10 to 25 percent Rock fragment content: 3 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly acid to very strongly acid in the upper part and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part BCt or BCtg horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay Rock fragment content: 3 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline and contains carbonates in some pedons Some pedons have secondary carbonates (Bk horizon) as masses or as coatings on the underside of rock fragments in the lower B horizons. CBd, where present, or Cd horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 40 percent Rock fragment content: 5 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate equivalent: 22 to 35 percent in the Cd horizon COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Del Rey, Fulton, Kimmell, Mahoning, and Nappanee soils. Bennington and Mahoning soils have less than 22 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the lower part of the series control section. Del Rey soils do not have a densic contact in the lower part of the series control section. Fulton and Kimmell soils contain less than 5 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Nappanee soils average more than 45 percent clay in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Blount soils are on wave-worked till plains, till plains, and near-shore zones (relict) of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients are commonly 1 to 3 percent but range from 0 to 6 percent.


70 January 2015

The soils formed in silty clay loam or clay loam till. Some areas have a mantle of loess or other silty material as much as 46 cm (18 inches) thick. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1067 mm (29 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 12.8 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 182 days. Elevation is 183 to 457 meters (600 to 1500 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ashkum, Beecher, Glynwood, Morley, and Pewamo soils. The poorly drained Ashkum and Ziegenfuss soils and the very poorly drained Pewamo soils are in depressions and drainageways. The Beecher soils have a darker colored surface layer and are on similar nearby landforms. The moderately well drained Glynwood and Morley soils are nearby on slightly higher or more sloping parts of the landform. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2.0 feet) in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low in the solum and low in the dense till. Permeability is slow in the solum and slow or very slow in the dense till. USE AND VEGETATION: Almost all areas of Blount soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and meadow are the principal crops. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dominant acreage is in MLRA 111B, with lesser acreages in MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, and 110. Blount soils are in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Vermilion County, Illinois, 1931. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (7 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 76 cm (7 to 30 inches) (Btg, Bt, and BCtg horizons). Densic contact: at 76 cm (30 inches) (top of the CBd horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in horizons between a depth of 18 to 137 cm (7 to 54 inches) (Btg, Bt, BCtg, CBd, Cd1 horizons). Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the CBd and Cd horizons. 09/2014 Revision: expanded MAP to include 890 mm; clay loam texture in Ap horizon typically in eroded pedons; lowered rock fragment range from 15 to 14 percent since gravelly textures are not in series range. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon, S1972OH107020 (MC-20), from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL) Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for other pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue University and at The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


71 January 2015

23.0 BOGART

LOCATION BOGART OH Established Series Rev. STP-ELM 05/2011 BOGART SERIES The Bogart series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in stratified outwash deposits on terraces, beach ridges, and outwash plains. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the solum and rapid in the substratum. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Bogart loam - 0 to 2 percent slopes in a cultivated field at elevation of about 775 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap1 -- 0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Ap2 -- 8 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many roots; about 3 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizons is 4 to 14 inches.) Bt1 -- 10 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; many medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic stains in the matrix; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common roots; brown (10YR 4/3) common faint clay films on faces of peds and bridging sand grains; about 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2 -- 17 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; brown (10YR 4/3) common faint clay films on faces of peds; many fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; many fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; about 10 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3 -- 26 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; few fine dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coatings in root channels; brown (10YR 4/3) common faint patchy clay films as bridging and coatings on sand and gravel; about 25 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 12 to 36 inches.) BC -- 30 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; massive; common fine and medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix which have strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) soft masses of iron accumulation as rinds; about 15 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 13 inches thick.)


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C -- 42 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) gravelly loamy sand; single grain; about 40 percent rock fragments; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Lorain County, Ohio; Carlisle Township, 2 1/4 miles southwest of Elyria; 300 feet south of Albrecht Road and 300 feet east of West Ridge Road; T. 5 N., R. 17 W. USGS Oberlin, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 21 minutes, 05.3 seconds N. and Longitude 82 degrees, 09 minutes, 17.4 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Stratification is present throughout the soil profile with rock fragment percentages, on average, ranging from 0 to 30 percent in the A horizon and the B horizon above 20 inches. Rock fragments, on average, range from 15 to 50 percent from 20 to 40 inches and 10 to 60 percent below 40 inches. Some individual subhorizons may have greater or lesser amounts. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 (more than 6 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have an A horizon up to 5 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 (3 to 5 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. The E horizon, where present, is up to 8 inches thick, has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. The Ap, A, and E horizons are loam, sandy loam, and silt loam or their gravelly analogues. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Some pedons have BE or BA horizons. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 3 to 6. Textures are commonly sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or their gravelly and very gravelly analogues, and less commonly silt loam or silty clay loam to a maximum depth of 24 inches, except as thin subhorizons in some pedons. The control section averages from 18 to 30 percent clay. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 2 to 6. Textures are sandy loam, loamy sand, sandy clay loam, clay loam, loam, or their gravelly and very gravelly analogues. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Textures are commonly gravelly or very gravelly analogues of loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, and less commonly sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand with thin strata of gravel in some pedons. Stratification of other textures is present in some pedons. The C horizon commonly is strongly acid to slightly acid, and less commonly neutral or slightly alkaline. The lower part contains free carbonates in some pedons. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Centerburg, Cygnet, Haney, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, Vanlue, and Williamstown series. Centerburg, Cygnet, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Swampoodle, Tuscola, and Vanlue soils have less rock fragments in the series control section. Haney and Thackery soils are more alkaline in the series control section. Houcktown and Williamstown soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Reaville soils have a lithic contact within 40 inches. Scattersville soils have a higher mean annual temperature. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bogart soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified outwash deposits and are on convex slopes in areas of low relief on stream terraces, beach ridges, and outwash plains. Slope range is from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual temperature ranges from 49 to 52 degrees F., mean annual


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precipitation ranges from 29 to 43 inches, frost free days range from 133 to 198 days, and elevation ranges from 700 feet to 1300 feet above sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Canfield, Chagrin, Chili, Damascus, Ellsworth, Fitchville, Glenford, Jimtown, Lobdell, Olmsted, Rittman, and Wadsworth soils. The moderately well drained Canfield, Ellsworth, and Rittman and somewhat poorly drained Wadsworth are adjacent soils on till plains. The well drained Chagrin and moderately well drained Lobdell soils are on flood plains. The well drained Chili on higher landscape positions, somewhat poorly drained Jimtown soils on lower landscape positions, and poorly drained Damascus and very poorly drained Olmstead soils on lower landscape positions and in depressions are in toposequence with Bogart soils. The somewhat poorly drained Fitchville and moderately well drained Glenford soils are on adjacent deposits of silty lacustrine sediments. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to an intermittent apparent water table is 1.0 to 2.0 feet between November to April in most years. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the solum and rapid in the underlying material. The potential for surface runoff is medium. USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half is cultivated. Corn, oats, and mixed hay are the main crops. About one-fourth is forested with sugar maple, beech, and oak the dominant species. The remaining one-fourth is used for pasture or for nonagricultural purposes. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and central Ohio. MLRAs 111 and 139. The Bogart series is of moderate extent; about 59,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, l948. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 10 inches (Ap1, Ap2 horizons); 2. Argillic horizon - from about 9 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons). A till substratum phase is recognized. It will be recorrelated upon further investigation of MLRA work. Acreage based on 2004 data. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

24.0 BONO

LOCATION BONO OH+IN MI NY Established Series Rev. DRM-LAT 05/2007


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BONO SERIES The Bono series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed mainly in lacustrine sediments on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Typic Endoaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Bono silty clay loam, in a level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; strong very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] BA--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine and medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine distinct brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bg1--38 to 63 cm (15 to 25 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; black (10YR 2/1) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds and in root channels; many medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--63 to 76 cm (25 to 30 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; very firm; black (10YR 2/1) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds and in root channels; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the B horizon is 36 to 89 cm (14 to 35 inches).] Cg--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; massive; very firm; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Putnam County, Ohio; about l mile north and 1/2 mile east of Gilboa; l,585 feet east and 800 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 14, T. 1 N., R. 8 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 63 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 56 cm (10 to 22 inches) Depth to carbonates: 63 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches) Rock fragments: absent in most pedons, less than 2 percent where present Particle-size control section: averages 40 to 55 percent clay Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, or mucky silty clay loam


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Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part BC horizon: Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains carbonates in some pedons C horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam with evident stratification Reaction; slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 20 percent Loamy substratum phase: Texture: silt loam and fine sand COMPETING SERIES: This is the Fries series. Fries soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Series in similar families include the Bryce, Fonda, Lorain, Milford, Montgomery, and Toledo series. Bryce, Milford, and Montgomery soils have mixed mineralogy. Fonda, Lorain, and Toledo soils lack mollic epipedons and, in addition, Lorain soils have argillic horizons. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bono soils are on lake plains, in depressions on moraines and till plains, and in local areas between beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in calcareous, fine-textured lacustrine sediments with some stratification. Climate is humid and continental. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 787 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Colwood, Fulton, Glynwood, Hoytville, Lenawee, Lucas, Pewamo, and Toledo soils. Blount, Glynwood, and Pewamo soils formed in till and have a higher content of rock fragments. Colwood soils are on similar landscapes and have lower clay content. Fulton, Lucas, and Toledo soils formed in the same materials as Bono soils. Fulton soils are on low ridges or gently sloping side slopes along drainageways. The moderately well drained Lucas soils typically are on gentle to steep side slopes. Hoytville, Lenawee, and Toledo soils are in similar landscape positions as Bono soils and lack mollic epipedons. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium depending on the shape of the slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low or low. Permeability is slow or very slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Bono soils are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, and small grains. Undrained areas are in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is marsh


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grasses and deciduous swamp forest, principally of elm, silver maple, sycamore, cottonwood, and swamp white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, northern Indiana, western Michigan, and New York; MLRAs 96, 97, 99, 111B, and 111C. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ottawa County, Ohio, 1928. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 38 cm (Ap, BA horizons). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 76 cm (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: redox concentrations in lower part of mollic epipedon and redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 23 cm. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

25.0 BOYER

LOCATION BOYER MI+IL IN OH WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-EPW-MLK 08/2012 BOYER SERIES The Boyer series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy and loamy drift underlain by sand or gravelly sand outwash at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). The soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, kames, beach ridges, river terraces, lake terraces, deltas, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Boyer loamy sand, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick] E1--18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; about 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.


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E2--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 0 to 56 cm (22 inches).] 2Bt1--46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few thin clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2Bt2--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common thin and medium clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 18 to 66 cm (7 to 26 inches).] 3C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stratified gravel and coarse sand; single grain; loose; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Clinton County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles north and 3/4 miles west of Bath; 1090 feet south and 450 feet west of northeast corner sec. 6, T. 5 N., R. 1 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to the sand and gravel: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Ap or A horizon: Thickness: A horizon, where present is less than 8 cm (3 inches) in thickness Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2.5 to 5, 6 dry Chroma: 0 to 3 Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: commonly 2 or 3, but ranges to 6 Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline 2Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, coarse sandy clay loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures; the lower part commonly extends 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches)


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downward into the 3C horizon in tongues 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) wide; in some pedons, the lower part consists of layers 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick separated by E horizons of loamy sand Sand content: 50 percent or more fine sand or coarser Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline Some pedons have BC horizons of loamy sand. Some pedons have Bk horizons below the argillic horizon, usually in the form of secondary carbonates on the undersides of rock fragments. 3C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: sand, coarse sand, gravelly sand, very gravelly sand, gravelly coarse sand, very gravelly coarse sand, or stratified sand and gravel Rock fragment content: 2 to 55 percent gravel Loamy substratum phases are currently recognized. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Lapeer and Wyocena series. Lapeer soils do not have sand texture in the fine-earth fraction in the lower part of the series control section. Wyocena soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Boyer soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, kames, beach ridges, river terraces, lake terraces, deltas, and moraines of Wisconsinan age. The slope gradients are dominantly 0 to 12 percent, but range from 0 to 50 percent. Boyer soils formed in sandy and loamy drift underlain by sand or gravelly sand outwash at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Quartz is the dominant mineral in the 3C horizon, which contains, in addition, varying amounts of material from igneous and metamorphic rocks, limestone, and dolomite. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 1016 mm (28 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Gilford, Hillsdale, Lapeer, Miami, Oshtemo, Perrin, Spinks, and Wasepi soils. Boyer soils are the well drained member of drainage sequence that includes the moderately well drained Perrin, poorly drained Gilford, and somewhat poorly drained Wasepi soils. Spinks and Oshtemo soils are closely associated on the outwash plains and valley trains. Miami, Lapeer, and Hillsdale soils on adjoining moraines. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Depth to the seasonal high water table is greater than 163 cm (6 feet). Potential surface runoff is negligible to medium depending upon slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and very high in the substratum. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and very rapid in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cultivated in most areas. Principal crops are corn, small grain, soybeans, field beans, and alfalfa hay. A few areas remain in permanent pasture or forest. The dominant forest trees are oaks, hickories, and maples. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, 110, and 111B in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, southern Wisconsin, and northern Illinois. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series is of large extent.


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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Berrien County, Michigan, 1938. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 46 cm (18 inches) (Ap, E1, and E2 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches) (2Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

26.0 BRADY

LOCATION BRADY MI+IA IN OH Established Series Rev. WEF-RAB 08/2012 BRADY SERIES The Brady series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy outwash materials on outwash plains, valley trains, terraces, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Brady sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 272 meters (891 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches) thick] E--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; friable; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] BE--33 to 58 cm (13 to 23 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 36 cm (14 inches) thick] Bt--58 to 94 cm (23 to 37 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds and bridging between sand grains; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam worm casts and fillings in root channels; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)


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masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 6 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 inches) thick] BC--94 to 142 cm (37 to 56 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few discontinuous brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam layers 1/8 to 2 inches thick; few medium prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 61 cm (24 inches) thick] 2C--142 to 203 cm (56 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; about 15 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Eaton County, Michigan; about 3 miles southwest of Charlotte; 500 feet north and 800 feet east of the center of sec. 33, T. 2 N., R. 5 W.; USGS Chester topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 31 minutes 8.0 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 54 minutes 8.4 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 672313 easting and 4709308 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 86 to 142 cm (34 to 56 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand, and less commonly loam or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E or BE horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand, and less commonly loam or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam, or less commonly sandy clay loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, or clay loam; layers with textures of sandy clay loam or clay loam are less than 20 cm (8 inches) thick Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral


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BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: gravelly coarse sand, coarse sand, sand, gravelly sand, very gravelly sand, or stratified coarse sand and gravel Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Budd, Dixboro, Poseyville, Whiskerville, and Winamac series. Budd, Whiskerville, and Winamac soils have more than 10 percent clay and less 70 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Dixboro and Poseyville soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to carbonates. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Brady soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, terraces, and lake plains. Slope gradients are dominantly 0 to 2 percent and range from 0 to 6 percent. Brady soils formed in loamy outwash materials. Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 feet to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Bronson, Gilford, Oshtemo, Perrin, and Wasepi soils. The well drained Boyer and moderately well drained Perrin soils are on nearby higher landform positions. Brady soils are in a drainage sequence with the very poorly drained Gilford, the moderately well drained Bronson, and the well drained Oshtemo soils. The somewhat poorly drained Wasepi soils are on similar landforms. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to a seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) from November to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high. Permeability is moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Where drainage is adequate it is cropped to corn, small grain, beans, and bromegrass-alfalfa hay. A small part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 108C, 110, 111B, 111C in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, northwestern Ohio, and eastern Iowa. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Van Buren County, Michigan, 1922.


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REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 58 cm (23 inches) (Ap, E, and BE horizons). Mollic intergrade: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) with value of 3 moist and 5 dry, and chroma of 2 moist or dry (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 58 to 94 cm (23 to 37 inches) (Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the Ap horizon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record No. MI0025. Characterization data is available for the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

27.0 BRECKENRIDGE

LOCATION BRECKENRIDGE MI Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF 08/2012 BRECKENRIDGE SERIES The Breckenridge series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits overlying loamy till on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C (43 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, frigid Mollic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Breckenridge sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] Bg1--20 to 41 cm (8 to 16 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] Bg2--41 to 61 cm (16 to 24 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [20 to 71 cm (8 to 28 inches) thick]


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Bg3--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam; massive; friable; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly acid. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick] 2Cg--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam; massive; firm; many fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Gladwin County, Michigan; 1240 feet east and 910 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 24, T. 19 N., R. 1 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline Bg horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline 2Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent COMPETING SERIES: This is the Tonkey series. Tonkey soils have stratification in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Breckenridge soils are on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits overlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 660 to 813 mm (26 to 32 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.6 to 7.2 degrees C (42 to 45 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belding, Brevort, Pinconning, Sims, and Ubly soils. Breckenridge soils are in a drainage sequence with the somewhat poorly drained Belding soils


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and the well drained and moderately well drained Ubly soils. The sandy Brevort and Pinconning soils and the clayey Sims soils are poorly drained associates in similar landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is very low to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the solum and moderately high in the substratum. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the solum, and moderately slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is cropped to small grains, legume-grass, hay and beans; corn and vegetables are minor crops. The remainder is in forest or permanent pasture. Native vegetation is chiefly American elm, white ash, red maple, and some northern white-cedar. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 96, and 98 in central and northern Michigan. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 inches) (Bg1, Bg2 and Bg3 horizons). Lithologic discontinuity: from fine sandy loam glaciofluvial deposits to clay loam till at 76 cm (30 inches). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

28.0 BRONSON

LOCATION BRONSON MI+IN OH Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-RAB 02/2014 BRONSON SERIES The Bronson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy and sandy materials overlying loamy sand or gravelly sand deposits on outwash plains, valley trains, and low-lying moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 7 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Bronson sandy loam, on a 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 229 meters (751 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


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Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; about 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches) thick] BE--23 to 51 cm (9 to 20 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; about 2 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 28 cm (11 inches) thick] Bt1--51 to 74 cm (20 to 29 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few thin clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt2--74 to 109 cm (29 to 43 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common thin clay films on faces of peds; common coarse prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; about 8 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 46 to 84 cm (18 to 33 inches).] 2BC--109 to 142 cm (43 to 56 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 76 cm (30 inches) thick] 2C--142 to 203 cm (56 to 80 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand and coarse sand; single grain; loose; about 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Van Buren County, Michigan; about 3 miles west of Lawton; 2,568 feet north and 1,290 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 3 S., R. 14 W.; USGS Pawpaw topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 9 minutes 51.95 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 55 minutes 52.67 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 588278 easting and 4668590 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loamy sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam A horizon, where present: Thickness: 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 1 or 2 Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon, where present:


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Thickness: less than 20 cm (8 inches) Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral BE horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loamy sand or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogues; in some pedons, the lower part is stratified with 3 mm to 10 cm (1/8 to 4 inches) bands of sandy loam separated by sand or loamy sand Clay content: averages between 10 to 20 percent clay Sand content: less than 50 percent fine sand and very fine sand Rock fragment content: 2 to 25 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: gravelly loamy sand or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 2 to 25 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sand or coarse sand, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogs Rock fragment content: 10 to 50 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Harbor series. Harbor soils have a Bt horizon that is less than 20 cm (8 inches) thick. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bronson soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, and low-lying moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 7 percent. Bronson soils formed in loamy and sandy materials overlying loamy sand or gravelly sand deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches).


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Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 170 days. Elevation is 177 to 311 meters (580 to 1020 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Brady, Gilford, Hillsdale, Lapeer, Oshtemo, Perrin, and Spinks soils. Boyer, Perrin, and Spinks soils are associates on outwash plains and valley trains. Boyer soils are well drained. Perrin soils have sand and gravel deposits within 102 cm (40 inches) of the surface. Spinks soils are sandy throughout. The somewhat poorly drained Brady, the well drained Oshtemo, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils are in a drainage sequence with the Bronson soils. The well drained Hillsdale and Lapeer soils are associates on moraines. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to a seasonal high water table ranges from 46 to 76 cm (1.5 to 2.5 feet) below the surface from November to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high. Permeability is moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are cropped to small grains, beans, corn, and hay. A small part is in permanent pasture or in forest of oaks, shagbark hickory, and sugar maple. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan and northern Indiana. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Branch County, Michigan, 1928. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 51 to 109 cm (20 to 43 inches) (Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: iron depletions present between 51 and 109 cm (20 and 43 inches) (Bt horizon). ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

29.0 BROOKE

LOCATION BROOKE WV+MD OH PA Established Series Rev. KOS-WJE 12/2005 BROOKE SERIES


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The Brooke series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils with slow permeability and very plastic and sticky subsoils formed in material weathered from mainly fractured limestone. Typically, they have very dark grayish brown heavy silty clay loam Ap horizons, dark brown clay B2t horizons, dark brown and olive gray clay C horizons with fractured limestone bedrock at a depth of 38 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Brooke silty clay loam - cultivated (Colors are for moist soils.) Ap--0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) heavy silty clay loam; strong coarse granular structure; firm; slightly sticky; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 9 inches thick.) A3--7 to 9 inches, dark brown (10YR 4/3) heavy silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; plastic and slightly sticky; many roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (O to 4 inches thick). B2t--9 to 22 inches dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay; moderate and strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; very plastic and sticky; common discontinuous clay films on some vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) remanants of silty impure limestone and a few soft fragments of shale; common roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (8 to 20 inches thick.) C--22 to 38 inches, mixed dark brown (10YR 4/3) and olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay; massive; firm; plastic and sticky; common small fragments of limestone; occasional manganese coatings on surfaces of cracks; 5 to 10 percent weathered small fragments of shale; calcareous. (0 to 30 inches thick.) R--38 inches, fractured limestone. TYPE LOCATION: Brooke County, West Virginia; 1 mile north of Ohio-Brooke County line, 1-1/2 miles north of West Liberty, on State Route 28/3; 100 feet east of the road. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 18 to 40 inches. Depth to lithic contact ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Coarse fragments of limestone and soft shale range from 0 to 15 percent in the A horizon, 0 to 30 percent in the B horizon, and 5 to 50 percent in the C horizon. They may make up as much as 40 percent of individual subhorizons of the B horizons. Reaction ranges from medium acid to mildly alkaline in the A and B horizons, and from slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. The A1 or Ap horizons have hues of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, with values and chroma of 3.5 or less. A2 or A3 horizons have hues of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, values of 2 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. The A horizon is silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay. The B horizon has hues mostly of 10YR or 7.5YR, values of 3 through 5, anc chroma of 3 through 8. Some pedons have hues of 2.5Y or 5Y, values of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Color variegation included hue of 5Y, values of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 or 3 and may occur within subhorizons of the B horizon in some pedons. The B horizon is silty clay or clay. The C horizon has hues mostly of 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y, values of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. The C horizon is silty clay or clay. COMPETING SERIES: The Basco, Belpre, Caleast, Fleming, McAfee, and Salvisa series are in the same family. The Basco, Belpre, Caleast, and Fleming soils lack a lithic contact within depths of 20 to 40 inches; in addition, the Basco soils have textures of silt loam and silty clay loam in the upper part of the B2t horizon and the Belpre soils have free carbonates in the lower part of the solum. The McAfee soils


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have a subhorizon in the B2t with hue of 5YR. The Salvisa soils typically have low chroma mottles in the lower of the Bt horizon but the 10YR Cynthiana. Lowell, Opequon, Tumbez, and Upshur series are in related families. Chilhowie, Cynthiana, Lowell, Opequon, Tumbez, and Upshur series are in related families. Chilhowie soils have more than 60 percent clay and depth to bedrock does not exceed 25 inches. Cynthiana and Opequon soils have a lithic contact within 20 inches of the surface. Lowell soils are more than 40 inches to bedrock. Tumbez soils lack an argillic horizon and have materials with more than 40 percent calcium carbonate equivalent immediately below the surface layer. The Upshur soils have hues redder than 7.5YR and have lighter colored A horizons, and have a paralithic or lithic contact at depths greater than 40 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Brooke soils typically occur on ridges, saddles between ridges and rounded knolls. Slopes range from 3 to 40 percent. They are formed in residuum weathered from limestone or interbedded limestone and calcareous shales. The climate is humid temperature with average annual rainfall of 36 to 50 inches and average annual temperature of 50 to 57 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the competing Brookside and Upshur soils, these are the Clarksburg, Gilpin, Guernsey, and Westmoreland soils. The Clarksburg, Gilpin and Westmoreland soils all have less than 35 percent clay in the texture control section. The Guernsey soils have mottling with chromas of 2 or less in the upper part of the argillic horizon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; surface runoff is medium to rapid, depending on slope; permeability is slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for pasture, especially bluegrass, with alfalfa hay mixtures or more gentle slopes. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods. Black locust trees are common in pasture. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western West Virginia, eastern Ohio and southwestern Pennsylvania. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wheeling area, West Virgina, 1906. REMARKS: CEC based on Brooke and Marshal Counties, West Virginia NASIS data. Laboratory data from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (No Brooke soils correlated in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania) and from Ohio plus field descriptions from these states and West Virginia indicate that the Brooke series as used in the past included soils with argillic horizons and soils lacking such horizons. This revision of the Brooke series excludes soils lacking argillic horizons. These excluded soils probably are Eutrochrepts and may necessitate the establishment of a new series or redefinition of one of the competing series to encompass these soils. Diagnostic horizons and features in this pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 7 inches (Ap horizon). b. Argillic horizon--the zone from 9 to 22 inches. (Bt horizon) c. Lithic contact 38 inches. (top of R horizon). The 12/2005 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003). The CEC activity class placement may have been based on similar soils and not on laboratory data. Class placement may be revised in the future when laboratory data are reviewed or become available.


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Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other sections on the OSD were not revised. Previous revision dates: 5/77 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

30.0 BROOKSIDE

LOCATION BROOKSIDE OH+IL KY WV Established Series Rev. TAD-JWB 08/2007 BROOKSIDE SERIES The Brookside series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey colluvium. These upland soils have moderately slow permeability. Slopes range from 3 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1041 mm (41 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C. (51 degrees F.) TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Brookside silty clay loam - on a 16 percent irregular south-facing slope in a pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) rubbed, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine and medium granular; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and shale; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (13 to 20 cm thick) E/B--18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches); 60 percent brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam (E) with weak medium granular structure and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam (Bt) with weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and shale; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 13 cm thick) Bt1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and shale; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--46 to 66 cm (18 to 26 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of siltstone; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt3--66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and distinct olive brown


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(2.5Y 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of siltstone; few medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations, and few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; few dark concretions (Fe & Mn oxides); slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 48 to 132 cm). BC--102 to 140 cm (40 to 55 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent fragments of siltstone and shale; common fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations, and common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; few dark concretions (Fe & Mn oxides); slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (20 to 102 cm thick) C1--140 to 178 cm (55 to 70 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; massive; firm; 3 percent small fragments of red shale and 2 percent fragments of siltstone; many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations, and few fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; few dark concretions (Fe & Mn oxides); slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. C2--178 to 203 cm (70 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery clay loam; massive; firm; 20 percent small fragments of siltstone and shale; many medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Belmont County, Ohio; 1900 feet west and 2550 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 28, Washington Township; T. 5 N., R. 4 W. USGS Armstrongs Mills, OH Topographic Quadrangle. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 102 to 203 cm (40 to 80 inches). Depth to bedrock ranges from 1.5 to more than 3 meters (5 to more than 10 feet). Rock fragments, mainly small, flat fragments of sandstone, siltstone, or shale with some limestone are unoriented and are less than 15 percent by volume in the A horizon and E horizon; 5 to 25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 5 to 35 percent in the BC horizon and C horizon. The bouldery phase has boulders on .01 to 3 percent of the surface area that are spaced 1 to 61 meters (3 to 200 feet) apart. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Ap horizons more than 15 cm (6 inches) thick have value of 3 or 4 but 6 or more dry. Some pedons have an A horizon 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick that has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The Ap horizon or A horizon is silt loam or silty clay loam. It is strongly acid to slightly alkaline. E horizons are in some pedons. BE or B/E horizons are in some pedons. The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and less commonly 2.5Y in the lower part; value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less are in the lower part of the Bt horizon of most pedons. The Bt horizon is silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, or their channery analogues. Average clay content of the particle size control section ranges from 35 to 55 percent. Reaction of the Bt horizon is strongly acid to mildly alkaline. It commonly is strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) and moderately acid to slightly alkaline below 76 cm (30 inches) and ranges to moderately alkaline in the BC horizon. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 3 to 5; chroma of 2 to 6. It is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or their channery or shaly analogues. It is typically neutral or slightly alkaline but ranges to moderately acid or moderately alkaline in some pedons.


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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aaron, Alsup, Derinda, Ebal, Goodson, Miamian, Morrisville, Shircliff, Skrainka, Useful, and Vincent series. Aaron and Useful soils have a lithic contact within the series control section. Alsup, Derinda, and Ebal soils have a paralithic contact within the series control section. Miamian and Morrisville soils formed in glacial till. Goodson soils have a lithologic discontinuity in the control section. Skrainka soils formed from basic igneous rocks. Shircliff and Vincent soils are on high terrace positions, and are basically fragment free. In addition, Vincent soils have a hue redder than 7.5YR in the lower part of the argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Brookside soils are on foot slopes, fans, and benches. Slopes range from 3 to 60 percent. Landslips are common in many areas as are small seepy areas and springs. These soils formed in clayey colluvium mainly from interbedded acid and some calcareous gray shale, siltstone, limestone, and sandstone which has been mixed by downslope movement. The colluvium is commonly 1.8 to 6 meters (6 to 20 feet) thick. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 991 to 1092 mm (39 to 43 inches), and mean annual temperature ranges from 8 to 13 degrees C. (46 to 55 degrees F.). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brooke, Culleoka, Dormont, Elba, Guernsey, Lowell, Westmore, and Westmoreland series. Brooke soils are on ridge crests or on saddles between ridges and are underlain by fractured limestone at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Culleoka soils are on narrow summits and shoulder slopes where fine-grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Dormont and Guernsey soils are on backslopes and summits and have redox accumulations and depletions within the control section. Elba soils are on side slopes and benches formed in clayey residuum from limestone, shale and siltstone and have free carbonates at depths of 25 to 76 cm (10 to 30 inches). Lowell soils are on summits side slopes, and benches and formed in clayey residuum from interbedded limestone, shale, and siltstone. Westmore soils are on summits, side slopes, and benches and formed in a silty mantle 51 to 94 cm (20 to 36 inches) thick overlying clayey residuum from limestone, shale, and siltstone. Westmoreland soils are on interfluves and back slopes where interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and some shale bedrock is at a depth of 102 to 183 cm (40 to 72 inches). DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Runoff is moderate to rapid. The saturated hydraulic conductivity class is moderately high. The permeability class is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas are in forest and some are cleared and in hay and pasture. A small part is used for growing cultivated crops. Forests consist of mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central and eastern West Virginia, eastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, and southwestern Illinois. MLRAs 114B, 115B, 122, 124, 125, 126. Brookside soils are of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Marshall County, West Virginia, 1956. REMARKS: Classification was adjusted to agree with ST Issue #17 on 23 Sept 94 by CLG. The Brookside series concept is near the Mollic subgroup. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 25 cm (Ap, E/B horizon); argillic horizon - 25 to 102 cm (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3).


93 January 2015

The 2007 revision updates the redoximorphic features terminology, reaction (pH) terminology, the competing series and geographically associated soils paragraphs, and introduces saturated hydraulic conductivity class and metric units. Previous revisions: Rev. TNR-DRM 06/2001 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

31.0 BROOKSTON

LOCATION BROOKSTON IN+MI OH WI Established Series Rev. RAB-SAH-FF 09/2014 BROOKSTON SERIES The Brookston series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in as much as 51 cm (20 inches) of silty material and the underlying loamy till in depressions on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Brookston loam, on a concave, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 264 meters (865 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap1--0 to 13 cm (5 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with low continuity; 1 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Ap2--13 to 23 cm (5 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak coarse granular structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with low continuity; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 23 to 51 cm (9 to 20 inches).] Btg1--23 to 41 cm (9 to 16 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with moderate continuity; common faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg2--41 to 63 cm (16 to 25 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with moderate continuity; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on


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faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg3--63 to 96 cm (25 to 38 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with moderate continuity; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; many fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 30 percent sand; 2 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt--96 to 122 cm (38 to 48 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; many fine and medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 47 percent sand; 2 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg or Bt horizon is 51 to 129 cm (20 to 51 inches).] BC1--122 to 147 cm (48 to 58 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on vertical faces of peds; many fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. BC2--147 to 173 cm (58 to 68 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on vertical faces of peds; many fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent on prism faces; slightly effervescent within prisms; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the BC horizon is 0 to 63 cm (25 inches).] C--173 to 200 cm (68 to 79 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; few distinct gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings in cracks; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Elkhart County, Indiana; about 2 miles north and one-half mile east of Nappanee; 1,257 feet north and 2,238 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 35 N., R. 5 E.; USGS Nappanee East, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 28 minutes 57 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 59 minutes 44 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 583856 easting and 4592814 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 76 to 178 cm (30 to 70 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) Thickness of the silty material: 0 to 51 cm (20 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 25 to 35 percent clay and 15 to 40 percent fine sand or coarser; the sand fraction averages less 60 percent medium sand or coarser Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, mucky silt loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent


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Reaction: slightly acid or neutral BA or AB horizon, where present: Texture: silt loam Btg or Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or N Value: 4 to 6; value of 3 may be present in the horizon immediately below the A horizon Chroma: 0 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 11 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline BC or BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or N Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: loam or fine sandy loam Clay content: 12 to 25 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 11 percent Reaction: slightly acid in the upper part, ranging to moderately alkaline in the lower part; carbonates are present in the lower part C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or N Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: loam or fine sandy loam Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Sand content: averages less than 60 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 11 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Barry, Clackamas, Cordova, Forestcity, Hamel, Jameston, Millgrove, Navan, Navunon, Nosoni, Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland series. Barry soils average less than 25 percent clay in the upper 51 cm (20 inches) of the argillic horizon. Forestcity, Hamel, and Nosoni soils have a mollic epipedon more than 51 cm (20 inches) thick. Clackamas, Millgrove, and Westland soils average more than 11 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Cordova soils are in drier climates where the mean annual precipitation is about 711 mm (28 inches). Jameston, Navan, and Radioville soils have more than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Navunon and Tallmadge soils have a lithic contact with a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Rensselaer soils have strata with more than 80 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Brookston soils are in depressions on till plains and moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Brookston soils formed in loamy till. In some areas the upper part of the sola formed in as much as 51 cm (20 inches) of silty material. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48


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to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Crosby, Crosier, Miami, Riddles, and Williamstown soils. The moderately well drained Miami and Williamstown soils and the well drained Riddles soils are on knolls of till plains and on narrow summits and backslopes of dissected till plains. The somewhat poorly drained Crosby and Crosier soils are on swells on till plains and moraines. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 cm (0.5 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface for some time in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil and moderately slow in the underlying material. USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly used to grow corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and hay. Small areas are in permanent pasture or woodlots. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, marsh grasses, and sedges. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 110, 111A, and 111C in Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, and eastern Wisconsin. The type location is in MLRA 111C. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: White County, Indiana, 1915. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 41 cm (16 inches) (Ap1, Ap2, Btg1 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 122 cm (9 to 48 inches) (Btg1, Btg2, Btg3, Bt horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present from 41 to 173 cm (16 to 68 inches) (Btg2, Btg3, Bt, BC1, BC2 horizons). Drained and undrained phases are recognized. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon, S1993IN039007, from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue University and at The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

32.0 CADMUS

LOCATION CADMUS MI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF 08/2012


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CADMUS SERIES The Cadmus series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits and till on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 9 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Cadmus loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] Bt1--30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--38 to 61 cm (15 to 24 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 15 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 69 cm (10 to 27 inches).] 2Bt4--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct clay films in pores and on faces of peds; common medium faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; about 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] 2C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; massive; firm; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; about 10 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Ionia County, Michigan; about 4 miles northeast of the village of Elmdale; 1500 feet south and 600 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 8 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches)


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Depth to redoximorphic features: 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches) and the upper 25 cm (10 inches) of the Bt horizon is free of iron depletions that have chroma of 2 or less Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent gravel; 0 to 3 percent cobbles Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon: Hue:10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent gravel; 0 to 3 percent cobbles Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent gravel; 0 to 3 percent cobbles Reaction: moderately acid to neutral 2Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 3 Texture: loam or clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline BC horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: moderately alkaline


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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Colescreek and Gageville series. Colescreek soils have mica flakes throughout the series control section. Gageville soils are deeper than 91 cm (36 inches) to carbonates. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cadmus soils are on till plains that have a thin covering of glaciofluvial deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 9 percent. Cadmus soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits and till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berville, Conover, Kendallville, Macomb, Miami, and Morley soils. The well drained Kendallville soils, the somewhat poorly drained Macomb soils, and the very poorly drained Berville soils are in the same drainage sequence as the Cadmus soils. The moderately well drained Miami and Morley soils and the somewhat poorly drained Conover soils are on nearby till plains where the outwash thins to a few centimeters or is not present. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from low to high depending on the slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, small grain, beans, and hay. A small part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is hardwoods, predominantly sugar maple, shagbark hickory, and white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, and 111B in southern Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (12 inches) (Ap and E horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 86 cm (12 to 34 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 and 2Bt4 horizons). Lithologic discontinuity: at 76 cm (30 inches) (top of 2Bt horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

33.0 CANEADEA

LOCATION CANEADEA OH+NY PA Established Series Rev. JRS-STP-PSP 05/2011 CANEADEA SERIES


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The Caneadea series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained, nearly level to strongly sloping soils on slackwater terraces of lake plains and valley floors of depressional landscapes. They formed in clayey Wisconsin age glaciolacustrine sediments. Permeability is very slow. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Caneadea silt loam, 3 percent slope, in a cultivated field. Elevation is 1,000 feet msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.) BE -- 7 to 10 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick.) Bt1 -- 10 to 17 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty clay; strong medium prismatic structure parting to moderate subangular blocky; firm; common distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2 -- 17 to 23 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds, and few faint clay films in pores; common fine prominent gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Btg1 -- 23 to 29 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay; strong coarse prismatic structure; firm; many faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and few faint clay films in pores; many fine faint gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Btg2 -- 29 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; common faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds and as pore fillings in ped interiors; common fine faint gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 11 to 34 inches.) BCg -- 36 to 48 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) laminated silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure; firm; few faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick.) Cg -- 48 to 57 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) laminated silty clay; massive; firm; gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion along horizontal and vertical fracture planes; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.


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C -- 57 to 60 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) laminated silty clay; massive; gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion along horizontal seams 6 to 12 inches apart; common coarse calcium carbonate concretions; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Portage County, Ohio; about 4 miles southwest of Aurora, in Aurora Township, 1,500 feet east of the Summit County line and 200 feet south of Old Mill Road, T. 5 N., R. 9 W.; USGS Twinsburg, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 17 minutes, 8 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 23 minutes, 13 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The control section averages between 35 and 60 percent clay, but typically is 42 to 60 percent. Stratification is usually evident within the series control section. The soils are typically free of rock fragments, but some pedons contain a few pebbles. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons have A horizons 3 to 4 inches thick with hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Structure is weak to strong, fine to coarse, granular. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. Areas that have been limed range to neutral. An E or BE horizon with redoximorphic features is present in some pedons. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium, subangular blocky. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or is neutral, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 0 to 6; chroma of 0 to 2 is restricted to the lower part. Texture commonly is silty clay or clay, and less commonly silty clay loam. Structure is weak to strong, fine to coarse, subangular or angular blocky, or medium to very coarse prismatic, or very thin to thick platy. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the upper part, and ranges to slightly alkaline in the lower part. The BC horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or is neutral, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 0 to 6. Texture is silty clay or silty clay loam. Structure is weak or moderate, medium to very coarse, subangular blocky or prismatic, or very thin to thick platy. Reaction is slightly acid to moderately alkaline. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture is silty clay loam or silty clay. Some pedons are stratified with thin layers of silt loam. Reaction is neutral to moderately alkaline. COMPETING SERIES: The Brockport, Churchville, Lockport, Odessa, Remsen, and Rhinebeck series are in the same family. Brockport and Lockport soils have bedrock within depths of 40 inches. Churchville soils have a lithologic discontinuity and 10 to 35 percent rock fragments in the series control section. Odessa soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the Bt horizon. Remsen soils formed in till and have a higher sand and rock fragment content in individual layers. Rhinebeck soils have sola less than 40 inches thick. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Caneadea soils are on plane or convex slopes on lake plains. The soils formed in calcareous, Wisconsin age, glaciolacustrine sediments. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Elevations are from 570 to 1,300 feet msl. The mean annual precipitation is 29 to 43 inches. The mean annual temperature is 46 to 52 degrees F. The frost free period is 110 to 198 days.


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Canadice, Ellsworth, Fitchville, Geeburg, Glenford, Lorain, Mahoning, Remsen and Sebring soils. Caneadea soils are in a toposequence with the poorly drained Canadice soils and the very poorly drained Lorain soils. These soils typically occupy lower landscape positions and depressions. The moderately well drained Ellsworth and Geeburg soils and the somewhat poorly drained Mahoning and Remsen soils are on adjacent till plains. The moderately well drained Glenford soils, the somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils and the poorly drained Sebring soils are medium textured soils associated soils on similar landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high. Permeability is very slow. Depth to an intermittent perched water table is 0.5 to 1.0 foot from November to May in most years. USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used mainly for pasture or woodland. Some areas are in cropland with the major crops being corn, small grains and hay. The native vegetation was mixed hardwood forest with oaks, sugar maple, hickory and beech as principal species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Erie Fruit and Truck Area, Ontario Plain and Finger Lakes Region, Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains, Eastern Ohio Till Plain, and Glaciated Allegheny Plateau and Catskill Mountains. MLRA's 101, 127, 139, and 140. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Livingston County, New York, 1908. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 10 inches (Ap and BE horizon). Aquic conditions - begin at a depth of 7 inches. Argillic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 36 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Btg1 and Btg2 horizons). New surface runoff class names are used and are not comparable or the same definitions as the old names. It is anticipated that soils correlated as Caneadea in MLRA's other than MLRA 139, and on slopes greater than 15 percent, will be correlated as other series in future MLRA updates. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for the following profiles: PG-1 (the typical pedon), AB-49, AB-90, AB-94 and GA-S14. Samples analyzed by Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

34.0 CANFIELD

LOCATION CANFIELD OH+NY PA Established Series Rev. DRM-CER-ELM 09/2014 CANFIELD SERIES


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The Canfield series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in Wisconsinan age till on till plains. In some pedons there is a thin loess mantle. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and moderately low in the fragipan and substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1065 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Fragiudalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Canfield silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 1,195 feet above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick.) BE -- 15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; common faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt coatings on faces of peds; weak fine and medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) thick in cultivated areas and 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) thick in undisturbed areas.) Bt1 -- 23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt coatings on faces of peds; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; few rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) thick.) 2Bt2 -- 38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent rock fragments; few fine prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bt3 -- 53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 10 percent rock fragments; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion and few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (The combined thickness of 2Bt horizons is 10 to 61 cm (4 to 24 inches.) 2Btx1 -- 66 to 97 cm (26 to 38 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm, brittle; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds and common faint brown (10YR 4/3)clay films on horizontal faces of peds; common medium black (10YR 2/1) stains (iron and manganese oxide); about 10 percent rock fragments; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 2Btx2 -- 97 to 114 cm (38 to 45 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm, brittle; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on horizontal and vertical faces of peds; common fine and medium very dark brown


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(10YR 2/2) stains (iron and manganese oxide); about 10 percent rock fragments; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (The combined thickness of 2Btx horizons is 26 to 114 cm (15 to 37 inches.) 2C1 -- 114 to 157 cm (45 to 62 inches); olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; massive; friable; about 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2C2 -- 157 to 203 cm (62 to 80 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) loam; massive; friable; about 10 percent rock fragments; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Holmes County, Ohio; Salt Creek Township, about 2.8 miles north of Mt. Hope; about 1055 feet south and 2375 feet west of the northeast corner of section 26, T. 15 N., R. 12 W.; USGS Fredericksburg, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 47 minutes, 3 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 50 minutes, 30 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches), but may be thinner on eroded pedons. Depth to the top of the fragipan ranges from 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches). Depth to carbonates is 127 to 254 cm (50 to 100 inches). Content of rock fragments, dominantly sandstone but including shale and some crystalline rocks, ranges from 0 to 20 percent by volume above the fragipan, 2 to 25 percent in the fragipan and 2 to 34 percent below the fragipan. Base saturation is more than 60 percent at a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) below the upper boundary of the fragipan. The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some uncultivated pedons have an A horizon 3 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A horizon is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. Unless limed, the A or Ap horizon commonly is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The E horizon is mixed in the Ap in some cultivated areas. Where present, the E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. Unless limed, it is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam or loam, or their gravelly analogues. Unless limed, it is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The Bt or 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6; and redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less above the fragipan and within the upper 10 inches of the Bt or 2Bt. It is commonly loam or silt loam, or their gravelly analogues but thin subhorizons with clay loam or silty clay loam are in some pedons. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The Btx or 2Btx horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. It is very strongly acid to neutral. There is a BC or 2BC horizon in some pedons that is similar to the Btx or 2BTx horizons, but is not brittle. The C or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam, silt loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogues. It is strongly acid to slightly alkaline.


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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Nockamixon, Rittman, Teegarden and Titusville series. The Nockamixon series have less than 60 percent base saturation at a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) below the upper boundary of the fragipan. The Rittman series has 27 to 35 percent clay in the particle size control section. The Teegarden series has sola 127 to 203 cm (50 to 80 inches) thick with weathered material from fractured bedrock at 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). The Titusville series formed in Illinoian age till. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Canfield soils formed in low-lime Wisconsinan age till on till plains. Commonly, the till is thinly mantled with loess. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Climate is humid. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 830 to 1320 mm (33 to 52 inches. Mean annual temperature ranges from 6 to 11 degrees C (49 to 52 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chili, Frenchtown, Ravenna, and Wooster soils. The well drained Wooster soils, the somewhat poorly drained Ravenna soils, and the poorly drained Frenchtown soils are in a toposequence with Canfield soils. The Wooster soils are on similar positions and the Ravenna and Frenchtown soils are on lower topographic positions or are on less sloping areas along drainageways. The Bogart and well drained Chili soils are on nearby areas of gravelly outwash. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and moderately low in the fragipan and substratum. Depth to an intermittent perched seasonal high water table ranges from 25 to 53 cm (10 to 21 inches) from November to April in normal years. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grain and hay. Steeper slopes are commonly in pasture or woodland. The natural vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and north central Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania, and in some areas in New York as of 2014 (see REMARKS). MLRAs 139 and 140. The series is extensive. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Trumbull County, Ohio, 1917. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include: 1. Ochric epipedon - 0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches) (Ap, BE). 2. Argillic horizon - 23 to 114 cm (9 to 45 inches) (Bt1, 2Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Btx1,2Btx2). 3. Fragipan - 66 to 114 cm (26 to 45 inches) (2Btx1, 2Btx2). 4. Redoximorphic features - 15 to 114 cm (6 to 45 inches). A moderately shallow to bedrock phase has been recognized. This phase will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. Canfield that was previously mapped in New York has been correlated to Mardin in survey areas that have been updated. In old survey areas in NY which haven't been updated, Canfield remains in the legend. As of 2014 a future project has been established in NASIS to investigate these areas, as well as areas in Columbia County, PA which are geographically separated from the main concentration of Canfield soils.


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ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Canfield series can be found at the NCSS KSSL Soil Characterization Database. A large number of Canfield profiles have been analyzed at the Ohio State Soils Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. These include profiles CO-22, CO-46, CO-67, CO-107, MH-3, MH-4, MH-16, MH-21, MH-26, MH-29, MH-36, MH-46, MH-47, MH-51, PG-3, SK-4, SK-5, SK-30, ST-3, ST-5, TR-21, TR-24, WN-S2, WN-S3, WN-S16, WN-S27, WN-S29, WN-S30, WN-S41, WN-S42, and WN-S43. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

35.0 CAPAC

LOCATION CAPAC MI Established Series Rev. LWB-GFT-MLK 08/2012 CAPAC SERIES The Capac series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loam or clay loam till. These soils are on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Glossudalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Capac fine sandy loam, on a northwest-facing, convex, 2 percent slope about 40 meters (130 feet) long in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak very thick platy structure parting to moderate very fine subangular blocky; friable; about 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick] B/E--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam (Bt); brown (10YR 5/3) very pale brown (10YR7/3) dry, coating of sandy loam on faces of peds (E); moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 43 cm (3 to 17 inches) thick] Bt--38 to 51 cm (15 to 20 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very thick platy structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; common prominent brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) and common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)


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masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [13 to 81 cm (5 to 32 inches) thick] BC--51 to 61 cm (20 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak thick platy structure parting to moderate thin platy; friable; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] C--61 to 203 cm (24 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; strong very thick platy structure parting to moderate very fine subangular blocky; friable; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Barry County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles from the town of Woodland; 216 feet south and 1,584 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 4 N., R. 7 W., Woodland Township; USGS Woodland topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 42 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 08 minutes 53 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4, 6 dry Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches) Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 3. Texture: clay loam, loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to neutral


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E part of the B/E horizon occurs as 2 to 5 mm thick coatings on faces of peds. B part of the B/E horizon: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 8 Texture: clay loam, loam or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Clay content: 18 to 35 clay, but typically is about 25 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to neutral BC horizon, where present: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: loam or clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: loam or clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Capac soils are on moraines and till plains of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Capac soils formed in loam or clay loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 8.9 degrees C (44 to 48 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The moderately well drained Marlette soils and poorly drained Parkhill soils are in a drainage sequence with the Capac soils. The Wixom, Metamora and Selfridge soils have coarser textured upper sola. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 foot to 1.5 feet) below


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the surface at some time from September to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used to grow corn, beans, sugar beets, small grains, and grass-legume hay. A small part is in hardwood forest, pasture, or remains idle. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, 99 in lower Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon). Glossic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches) (B/E horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches) (B part of the B/E and the Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: the zone from 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches) with iron depletions (B/E and Bt horizon) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

36.0 CARDINGTON

LOCATION CARDINGTON OH Established Series Rev. JAG 04/2007 CARDINGTON SERIES The Cardington series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy till of medium lime content. These soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Cardington silt loam, on a southeast-facing, convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 287 meters (942 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick]


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B/E--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); 86 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam (B); moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; 14 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam (E); the E material is in many distinct clay depletions on faces of peds and in pores; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Bt1--30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2--51 to 69 cm (20 to 27 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt3--69 to 81 cm (27 to 32 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few dark masses of iron and manganese accumulation; few medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 inches).] BC--81 to 96 cm (32 to 38 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint films on vertical faces of peds; common medium faint dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick] C--96 to 152 cm (38 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; firm; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Delaware County, Ohio; Brown Township, quarter township 4; 9,150 feet south of Kilbourne on Old State Rd., then 3,050 feet east; 59 yards south of east-west fence; USGS Kilbourne, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 18 minutes 19.8 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 56 minutes 59.8 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Thickness of the solum: 71 to 127 cm (28 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: 63 to 114 cm (25 to 45 inches) and may be as shallow as 46 cm (18 inches) in eroded pedons Rock fragments: dominantly sandstone and shale, with minor amounts of crystalline erratics Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent to a depth of 51 cm (20 inches) and 2 to 15 percent below 51 cm (20 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 42 percent clay Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry) Chroma: 2 or 3


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Texture: commonly silt loam and less commonly loam or fine sandy loam; may be silty clay loam in eroded pedons Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral depending on liming history A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 to 4 (4 to 6 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: commonly silt loam and less commonly loam or fine sandy loam Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral depending on liming history E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 (6 to 8 dry) Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam, loam or fine sandy loam Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and moderately acid to neutral in the lower part C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam Calcium carbonate equivalent: 8 to 22 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ellsworth, Geeburg, Glynwood, Mortimer, Pert, Shinrock, and Wyatt series. Ellsworth soils have rock fragments in the substratum that are dominantly shale and siltstone. Geeburg and Wyatt soils average more than 42 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Glynwood soils average more than 22 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the lower part of the series control section. Mortimer soils have a densic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Pert soils have sola less than 71 cm (28 inches) in thickness. Shinrock soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments below a depth of 51 cm (20 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cardington soils are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes on end moraines and ground moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. The soils formed in loamy till of medium calcium carbonate content. Rock fragments are mainly sandstone and shale. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 145 to 180 days. Elevation is 244 to 366 meters (800 to 1,200 feet) above mean sea level.


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Bennington, Condit, and Pewamo soils that are in a toposequence with Cardington soils; and the Bogart, Chagrin, Chili, Holly, Jimtown, Lobdell, Loudonville, Orrville, Rossburg, and Sloan soils. The well drained Alexandria soils are on summits and side slopes along drainageways. The somewhat poorly drained Bennington soils are on summits. The very poorly drained Condit soils are in depressions. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils have mollic epipedons and are in depressions. Bogart, Chili, and Jimtown soils are on outwash terraces. Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, Orrville, Rossburg, and Sloan soils are on flood plains. Loudonville soils are moderately deep to sandstone bedrock and are on similar positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between November and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and north-central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of large extent, with about 250,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap, B/E horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 81 cm (Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features in horizons between the depths of 30 and 96 cm (Bt, BC horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data is available for about 25 pedons, including DL-27, the typical pedon, from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

37.0 CARLISLE

LOCATION CARLISLE MI+MA NJ NY OH PA RI VT WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEM-TWH-LER 08/2012


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CARLISLE SERIES The Carlisle series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in woody and herbaceous organic materials in depressions within lake plains, outwash plains, ground moraines, flood plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, mesic Typic Haplosaprists TYPICAL PEDON: Carlisle muck, on a nearly level cut-over area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oa1---0 to 20 cm (8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak fine granular structure; friable; about 15 percent weakly decomposed wood fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa2--20 to 79 cm (8 to 31 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10 percent fiber, about 5 percent rubbed; weak coarse granular structure; friable; about 25 percent woody fragments 6 mm to 15 cm (1/4 to 5 inches) in diameter; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Oa3--79 to 117 cm (31 to 46 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face, dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 25 percent fiber, 8 percent rubbed; massive; friable; about 25 percent wood fragments 6 mm to 15 cm (1/4 to 5 inches); slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Oa4--117 to 152 cm (46 to 60 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) broken face, dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 40 percent fiber, 12 percent rubbed; massive; friable; about 1 percent woody fragments 6 mm to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inches) in diameter; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Shiawassee County, Michigan; 520 feet north and 1,200 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 5 N., R. 3 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Woody fragment content: average from 15 to 30 percent by volume in the control section; occur throughout the profile in most pedons, consisting of twigs, branches, logs or stumps; fragments range in size from 6 mm (1/4 inch) to more than a 30 cm (1 foot) in diameter Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline throughout Mean annual soil temperature: 8.3 to 12.2 degrees C (47 to 54 degrees F) Surface tier: Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: less than 2.5 Chroma: 0 to 2 Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) or less commonly mucky peat (hemic material); some pedons have various proportions of both sapric and hemic materials; some pedons have a thin fibric surface layer up to 5 cm (2 inches) thick. Structure: weak or medium, coarse to fine, granular or subangular blocky. Overwash phases have surface textures of silt loam or silty clay loam.


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Subsurface tier: Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 4; chroma or value or both may change from 0.5 to 2 units upon rubbing; broken faces become darker upon brief exposure to air Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) with a rubbed fiber content of less than 16 percent of the organic volume; some pedons have thin layers of mucky peat (hemic material); the combined thickness of hemic layers is less than 25 cm (10 inches); the unrubbed, well decomposed organic material resembles woody plant tissue. Structure: granular or blocky structure or is massive; the upper portion typically has weak or moderate, fine to coarse, granular or blocky structure and the lower portion commonly is massive or less commonly has platy structure. Consistence: aggregates in this tier are quite firm, but break abruptly under pressure Bottom tier: Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 4; chroma or value or both may change from 0.5 to 2 units upon rubbing; broken faces become darker upon brief exposure to air Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) but some pedons have thin layers of mucky peat (hemic material); the combined thickness of hemic layers is less than 25 cm (10 inches); contains variable amounts of woody and herbaceous layers, but herbaceous fiber generally constitute the greater proportion Structure: commonly is massive or less commonly has weak coarse blocky or thick platy structure COMPETING SERIES: These are the Catden, Houghton, Lena, Peteetneet, Saltese, and Semiahmoo series. Catden soils have dominantly woody fibers in the bottom tier. Houghton soils formed primarily from herbaceous fibers and average less than 15 percent woody fragments in the control section. Lena soils have carbonates in the control section. Peteetneet, Saltese, and Semiahmoo soils have less than 15 percent woody fragments in the control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Carlisle soils are in depressions on lake plains, outwash plains, ground moraines, flood plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in woody and herbaceous organic materials. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1194 mm (30 to 47 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 12.8 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 110 to 180 days. Elevation is 76 to 1158 meters (250 to 3,800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Edwards, Linwood, and Willette soils. These soils have a mineral layer within the control section. Poorly drained or very poorly drained mineral soils such as Granby, Lenawee, and Parkhill occur at the margins of Carlisle soils as they grade into the upland. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 61 cm (2.0 feet) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface from September to June in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low or negligible.


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Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of these soils have been drained and are used for truck crops or pasture. Major crops include onions, potatoes, corn, radishes, celery, carrots, and lettuce. Some areas are used for small grains, hay, and sod production. The remaining portion is in woodland or cut-over woodland. Major tree species include American elm, white ash, red maple, willow, tamarack, quaking aspen, and alder. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 111A, 111B, 111E, 139, 140, 142, 144A, 144B, and 145 in lower Michigan, Massachusetts, Ohio, Wisconsin, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Livingston County, Michigan, 1923. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 152 cm (60 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, Oa3 and Oa4 horizons). This concept corresponds similarly to previous concepts of the Carlisle series, primarily in having developed from woody fibers. To define this woody characteristic as sapric material is difficult to do precisely. There does appear to be a definite difference in structure and a tendency toward brittleness in the aggregates developed from woody fibers vs. those developed from herbaceous fibers. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

38.0 CELINA

LOCATION CELINA OH+IN MI Established Series Rev. GMS-LEG-TEL 09/2014 CELINA SERIES The Celina series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense till. They formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and the underlying loamy till of high-lime content. They are on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 12 degrees C (53 degree F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs


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TYPICAL PEDON: Celina silt loam, on an east-facing, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 329 meters (1080 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak medium and fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick] Bt1--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] 2Bt2--30 to 43 cm (12 to 17 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium subangular and angular blocky structure; very firm; many brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. [8 to 28 cm (3 to 11 inches) thick] 2Bt3--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium subangular and angular blocky structure; very firm; many dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick] 2BCt--61 to 74 cm (24 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds, more prevalent on vertical faces; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent in places; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] 2Cd--74 to 152 cm (29 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; very firm, compact; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Preble County, Ohio; 1.5 miles west and 0.3 mile south of Eaton, in Washington South Township; NW1/4 SW1/4 NW1/4 of sec. 4, T. 7 N., R. 2 E.; 526 yards south and 41 yards east of the intersection of Castle Rd. and State Hwy. 122; lat: 39 degrees 44 minutes 24.18 seconds N. long: 84 degrees 40 minutes 06.84 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the loess: 0 to 46 cm (18 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches) Depth to densic contact: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 and 42 percent clay, usually about 38 percent Base saturation: the lowest base saturation percentage is in the Bt or upper part of the 2Bt horizon and is more than 35 percent even where the reaction is very strongly acid


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Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam or loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 20 cm (1 to 8 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silt loam Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Special feature: many pedons have a coating of E horizon material less than 2 mm (1 inch) thick in the upper 8 cm (3 inches) of the Bt horizon Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral 2Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay Ped surfaces: clay films have hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4 Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part 2BCt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Ped surfaces: clay films of 10YR 4/2 and 10YR 4/3 are more prominent on vertical faces and are lacking on some horizontal faces of peds Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent


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Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2Cd horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, silt loam, or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Branchville, Cardinal, Eudy, Hartville, Jerktail, Licking, Loudon, Tarlton, and Whippany series. Branchville soils are more than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Cardinal soils do not have a densic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Eudy and Tarlton soils have bedrock within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Hartville, Jerktail, and Loudon soils have sola greater than 102 cm (40 inches) in thickness. Licking soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Whippany soils have hue redder than 10YR in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Celina soils are on till plains and moraines of Late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. They formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and the underlying loamy till of high-lime content. The till typically contains less than 24 percent clay and has calcium carbonate equivalent ranging from 25 to 45 percent. Rock fragments are primarily limestone but includes acid shale, sandstone, and igneous rocks. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 838 to 1067 mm (33 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 11 to 13 degrees C (51 to 55 degrees F). Mean summer air temperature ranges from 23 to 24 degrees C (73 to 75 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Corwin, Crosby, Fincastle, Kokomo, Miamian, Milton, Odell, Randolph, and Xenia soils. The poorly drained Brookston soils and very poorly drained Kokomo soils are in drainageways. The moderately well drained Corwin soils have a dark surface and are on adjoining landscapes. The somewhat poorly drained Crosby and Fincastle soils are on lower positions of the landscape. In addition, Fincastle soils have more than 46 cm (18 inches) of loess. Miamian soils are well drained and are on higher landscape positions. Milton soils are well drained and are on areas where bedrock is less than 102 cm (40 inches). Odell and Randolph soils are somewhat poorly drained and on lower positions of the landscape. In addition, Randolph soils are on areas where bedrock is less than 102 cm (40 inches). The moderately well drained Xenia soils have more than 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and are on adjacent landscapes. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 1.0 to 2.5 feet between February and April in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is medium or high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the dense till and low in the dense till. Permeability is moderately slow above the dense till, and very slow in the dense till. USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is under cultivation. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats and meadow of legumes or legume-grass mixtures. Local areas are used for growing vegetables. A relatively small part is in permanent bluegrass pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, principally oaks, maple, elm, hickory and ash.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111A, 111B, 111D, and 111E in Ohio and Indiana, and MLRAs 98 and 99 in Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clark County, Ohio, 1949. REMARKS: Lab data for the type location (PB-17) shows that the particle-size class is fine-loamy. The particle-size classification needs to be re-evaluated during MLRA updating activities and a new type location established. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 74 cm (Bt, 2Bt, 2BCt horizons). Densic contact: at 74 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 43 cm. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue University and The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

39.0 CHAGRIN

LOCATION CHAGRIN OH+IN KY NY PA TN VA WV Established Series Rev. AR-DRM 10/98 CHAGRIN SERIES The Chagrin series consists of deep, well drained moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Chagrin silt loam - in an idle area, formerly a cultivated field, on a 1 percent slope at an elevation of 750 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick) Bw--10 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure that becomes coarser and less well defined with depth; friable; brown (10YR 4/3) organic stains on faces


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of peds and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic stains in root channels; medium acid; gradual smooth boundary. (14 to 40 inches thick) C--44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; massive; friable; medium acid. TYPE LOCATION: Ashtabula County, Ohio; 4 miles south of Conneaut, Monroe Township; 50 yards north of Center Road, 100 yards east of covered bridge over Conneaut Creek, T. 13 N., R. 1 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Content of gravel or channers ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the Ap or A horizon; and content of gravel is from 0 to 15 percent in the Bw horizon and C horizon. Below 40 inches, the gravel content can be as much as 25. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 (6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have an A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 1 to 4. The Ap horizon or A horizon commonly is loam or silt loam and less commonly sandy loam; fine sandy loam, or channery analogues of loam or silt loam. It is medium acid to neutral. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Thin subhorizons in some pedons have value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2. The Bw horizon commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. The average clay content of the control section is 18 to 30 percent. The Bw horizon is medium acid to neutral. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6, and can have mottles of high or low chroma below a depth of 48 inches. It commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam and ranges from relatively uniform to highly stratified. Some pedons have fine sand, loamy fine sand, or gravelly loam below a depth of 40 inches. The C horizon is medium acid to neutral. COMPETING SERIES: This is the Sensabaugh series in the same family and the similar Bermudian, Clifty, Cuba, Eel, Genesee, Hamlin, Hartshorn, Haymond, Lobdell, Moshannon, Nolin, Pope, Sharon, Tioga, and Woodmere series. Sensabaugh soils have 15 to 35 percent coarse fragments in the control section. Bermudian, Clifty, Cuba, Pope, and Sharon soils are more acid and have lower base saturation. Eel and Lobdell soils have mottles with chroma of 2 or less within 24 inches of the soil surface. Genesee soils have carbonates within the control section. Hamlin, Haymond, and Tioga soils average less than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Hartshorn soils are in the fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal family. Moshannon, Nolin, and Woodmere soils are in the fine-silty family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Chagrin soils are on flood plains receiving alluvium mainly from upland areas of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and low-lime glacial drift. They are typically in areas of Wisconsinan Age glaciation but also occur in unglaciated valleys. Slope gradients are 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 32 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 48 to 55 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Caneadea, Chili, Fitchville, Glenford, Holly, Lobdell, Orrville, and Wheeling soils. Caneadea, Chili, Fitchville, Glenford, and Wheeling soils have argillic horizons and are on terraces of nearby landscapes; in addition, Caneadea, Fitchville, and Glenford soils formed in lacustrine sediments, and Chili and Wheeling soils formed in stratified outwash materials. The poorly drained and very poorly drained Holly soils, moderately well drained Lobdell soils, and somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils are in a toposequence with the well drained Chagrin soils.


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Holly soils are in wet depressions, and Lobdell and Orrville soils are in intermediate landscape positions between Holly soils and the higher-lying Chagrin soils. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Surface runoff is slow and permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: The dominant use is for woodland and pasture. Some of the Chagrin soils are cleared and used for growing crops, chiefly corn, soybeans, and hay. Native vegetation is hardwood forest which consists chiefly of beech, hickory, sugar maple, ash, and sycamore. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern, central, and southern Ohio; western Pennsylvania; central and western New York; southern Indiana; Kentucky; western Virginia; West Virginia; and eastern Tennessee. The series is of large extent, about 130,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lake County, Ohio, 1925. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon - the zone from 10 to 44 inches (Bw horizon). The organic carbon content decrease irregularly with depth. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

40.0 CHELSEA

LOCATION CHELSEA IA+IL IN MI MN WI Established Series Rev. TEF-TWN-TAM-PMW 11/2008 CHELSEA SERIES The Chelsea series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils formed in eolian sand. These soils are on convex summits of interfluves, side slopes, and crests of escarpments, commonly along the eastern side of stream valleys. These soils also occur on dunes on valley trains along the major rivers containing sandy outwash. Slope ranges from 0 to 45 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 890 millimeters. Mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Lamellic Udipsamments


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TYPICAL PEDON: Chelsea loamy fine sand, on a convex slope of about 7 percent, in a wooded area, at an elevation of about 321 meters above sea level. A1--0 to 3 centimeters; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; much decomposed leaf litter; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A2--3 to 10 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; single grain; loose; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizon is 5 to 15 centimeters.) E1--10 to 18 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; single grain; loose; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. E2--18 to 38 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; loose; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. E3--38 to 91 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; some sand grains are dark brown; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the E horizon is 50 to 100 centimeters.) E and Bt--91 to 178 centimeters; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand (E); single grain; loose; 1 to 5 centimeters thick brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam lamellae at 109, 125, 135, 150, and 170 centimeters (Bt); strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 104-Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies, Linn County, Iowa subset; about 2 miles north of Central City; located about 280 feet north and 2,560 feet west of southeast corner of section 27 T. 86 N., R. 6 W.; USGS Central City topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 13 minutes 29 seconds N. and long. 91 degrees 31 minutes 44 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the uppermost lamellae--69 to 117 centimeters Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--2 to 10 percent Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--80 to 95 percent, more than 50 percent fine sand A or Ap horizon: Hue--10YR Value--3 or 4 Chroma--1 to 4 Texture--loamy sand, loamy fine sand or fine sand Clay content--2 to 10 percent Sand content--75 to 95 percent Reaction--strongly acid to neutral Bw horizon (when present): Hue--7.5YR or 10YR Value--4 to 6 Chroma--3 to 6


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Texture--fine sand or loamy fine sand Clay content--2 to 10 percent Sand content--80 to 95 percent Reaction--strongly acid to neutral E horizon: Hue--7.5YR or 10YR Value--4 to 6 Chroma--2 to 6 Texture--fine sand or loamy fine sand Clay content--2 to 8 percent Sand content--80 to 95 percent Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid E and Bt horizon (E portion): Hue--7.5YR or 10YR Value--4 to 6 Chroma--4 to 6 Texture--fine sand or loamy fine sand Clay content--2 to 8 percent Sand content--80 to 95 percent Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid E and Bt horizon (Bt portion): Hue--7.5YR or 10YR Value--3 to 5 Chroma--3 to 6 Texture--sandy loam, loamy sand, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand or fine sand Clay content--3 to 15 percent Sand content--80 to 95 percent Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid Thickness of lamellae--0.75 to 5 centimeters with total thickness less than 15 centimeters in the series control section COMPETING SERIES: These are the Coloma, Colonie, Grinter (T), Lakin, and Millrock series. Coloma--average less than 50 percent fine sand in the particle-size control section Colonie--contain fewer lamellae that tend to be thinner (see remarks) Grinteraverage less than 50 percent fine sand in the particle size control section Lakin--have lamellae within a depth of 66 centimeters Millrock--have buried horizons GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Parent material--eolian sand or sand from other sources reworked by wind Landform--convex summits of interfluves, side slopes, and crests of escarpments, commonly along the eastern side of stream valleys; dunes on valley trains along major glacial outlet rivers Slope--0 to 45 percent Elevation--100 to 470 meters above sea level Mean annual air temperature--5 to 14 degrees C Mean annual precipitation--585 to 1,195 millimeters


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Frost-free period--105 to 225 days GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Clinton, Fayette, and Lamont soils. Clinton--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Chelsea soils and have a clay content that averages 36 to 42 percent in the particle-size control section Fayette--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Chelsea soils and have a clay content that averages 24 to 32 percent in the particle-size control section Lamont--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Chelsea soils and have a clay content that averages 10 to 15 percent in the particle-size control section DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage class--excessively drained-saturation does not occur within a depth of 1.8 meters in normal years Saturated hydraulic conductivity--10.00 to 705.00 micrometers per second Surface runoff potential--negligible to medium USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the nearly level to strongly sloping areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, hay, or pasture. Steeper slopes are wooded or pastured. The native vegetation is oak-hickory forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Physiographic Division--Interior Plains Physiographic Province--Central Lowland Physiographic sections--Eastern lake section, Western lake section, Wisconsin driftless section, Dissected till plains, Till plains MLRAs--Northern Michigan and Wisconsin Sandy Drift (94A), Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drift Plain (95B), Southwestern Michigan Fruit and Truck Crop Belt (97), Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana Drift Plain (98), Erie-Huron Lake Plain (99), Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (103), Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104), Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105), Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift (108), Iowa and Missouri Heavy Till Plain (109), Northern Illinois and Indiana Heavy Till Plain (110), Indiana and Ohio Till Plain (111), Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain (114), and Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes (115) LRRs K, L, and M; central and eastern Iowa, Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, south central Michigan, Illinois, and northern Indiana Extent--large MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tama County, Iowa, 1938 REMARKS:


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Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters (E2, E3, and E and Bt horizons); series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 178 centimeters (A1, A2, E1, E2, E3, and E and Bt horizons). Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include: ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 91 centimeters (A1, A2, E1, E2, and E3 horizons); albic horizon--the zone from a depth of 10 to 38 centimeters (E1 and E2 horizons); udic moisture regime. Lamellic subgroup--lamellae with total thickness of less than 15 centimeters in the series control section (E and Bt horizon) Differentia between Colonie soils and the Chelsea soils need further study. Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

41.0 CHILI

LOCATION CHILI OH+PA Established Series Rev. DRM-RAR -LER 05/2011 CHILI SERIES The Chili series consists of very deep, well drained soils on outwash plains, terraces, kames, and beach ridges. They formed in Wisconsinan age outwash deposits, mainly of non-calcareous sandstone and shale with a large amount of quartz gravel. Commonly, the outwash is mantled with silt. Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil and rapid in the substratum. Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Chili loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 13 inches thick.) BE -- 9 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint silt and sand coats on faces of peds; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick.)


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Bt1 -- 14 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films in pores; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2 -- 20 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds and coating pebbles; 25 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 12 to 60 inches.) BC -- 35 to 54 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; few faint clay films on gravel; 50 percent pebbles; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 25 inches thick.) C -- 54 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 50 percent gravel; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Portage County, Ohio; Shalersville Township, 1 1/2 miles southwest of Mantua; 2,100 feet east of Frost Road, 2,200 feet south of Dudley Road, and 2,000 feet west of Infirmary Road, T. 4 N., R. 8 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the silty mantle ranges from 0 to 18 inches. Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 80 inches. Depth to the base of the argillic horizon is 35 to 54 inches. Rock fragment lithology is mainly sandstone and shale, with a large amount of quartz gravel. The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, 3 or 4 unrubbed (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam, silt loam, gravelly loam, and sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid, but limed areas range to neutral. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 30 percent. Some pedons have an A horizon 1 to 5 inches thick with hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Where present, the BE, BA, or E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. They have textures and reaction similar to the Ap horizon. The Bt or 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Some subhorizons have a hue of 5YR. It is sandy loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogues; and very gravelly analogues of sandy loam, loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam below 20 inches. Rock fragment content ranges from 5 to 60 percent in individual horizons. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid. The BC or 2BC horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam and their gravelly or very gravelly analogs. Some pedons have textures of loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand. Rock fragment content averages between 15 and 60 percent. The BC horizon is strongly acid to slightly acid. The C or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is gravelly or very gravelly analogues of loamy sand or sand. Many pedons have thin layers of gravel. Rock fragment content averages between 25 and 60 percent. Individual strata may contain less than 15 percent rock fragments. Reaction is strongly acid to neutral, and ranges to slightly alkaline below 60 inches.


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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Cliftycreek, Crouse, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, Leroy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Turnersburg, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. The Amanda, Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Princeton, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, and Wawasee soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Belmont, Kosciusko, Leroy, and Relay soils have thinner sola. The Cliftycreek soils are deeper than 54 inches to the base of the argillic horizon. The Lumberton soils have a lithic contact at 40 to 60 inches. The Belmore, Kidder, and Ockley soils are slightly or moderately alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. The Crouse and Wawaka soils have sola more than 80 inches thick. The Gallman soils have rock fragments predominated by shale with some crystalline and limestone fragments. High Gap, Military, Pignut, and Woodbine soils are less than 60 inches to a lithic contact. Kanawha soils have less sand in the lower solum. Turnersburg soils have a higher mean annual temperature. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Chili soils are on outwash plains, terraces, kames, and beach ridges. The soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified outwash derived largely from noncalcareous sandstone and shale that contains a high amount of quartz gravel. Commonly, the outwash is mantled with silt. The slope gradient typically is 0 to 18 percent, but the range is up to 70 percent. In some places the upper part of the solum formed in silty alluvium or loess as much as 18 inches in thickness. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 32 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 48 to 54 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chagrin, Damascus, Jimtown, and Lobdell soils. The moderately well drained Bogart, poorly drained Damascus, and somewhat poorly drained Jimtown soils are on lower landscape positions in a toposequence with Chili soils. Chagrin and Lobdell soils are lower in the landscape on nearby flood plains. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil and rapid in the underlying material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas having less than 12 percent slopes are cleared and used for general farming, specialty crops, or pasture. Principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, and mixed hay. Steeper areas are mostly wooded, mainly to oaks and hickories. Native vegetation was deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and northeastern Ohio, and western Pennsylvania. MLRA's 111, 114, 124, 126, and 139. The Chili soils are of large extent, about 264,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, 1950. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - 0 to 14 inches (Ap, BE horizons) 2. Argillic horizon - 14 to 35 inches (Bt1, Bt2 horizons)


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A loamy substratum phase has been recognized. These soils will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. Latitude and Longitude cannot be accurately located from distance on TYPE LOCATION. Acreage based on 2004 data. ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons CA-33, CO-42, CO-53, CO-60, CO-79, CO-131, CO-132, CO-137, LK-18, MH-50, SK-8, ST-18, ST-B4, and TU-16 for characterization data analyzed by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

42.0 COHOCTAH

LOCATION COHOCTAH MI+IL IN MN NY OH Established Series Rev. NWS-LWB-GLH 08/2012 COHOCTAH SERIES The Cohoctah series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in loamy alluvial deposits on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Cohoctah loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a wooded area at an elevation of 189 meters (620 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A--0 to 33 cm (13 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) thick] Bg1--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains on vertical faces of peds; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bg2--53 to 84 cm (21 to 33 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Bg3--84 to 102 cm (33 to 40 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions throughout; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.


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Bg4--102 to 142 cm (40 to 56 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron throughout; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 76 to 127 cm (30 to 50 inches).] 2Cg1--142 to 183 cm (56 to 72 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sand; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 2Cg2--183 to 203 cm (72 to 80 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) coarse sand; single grain; loose; 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Ottawa County, Michigan; about 4 1/2 miles east of Pearline; 2,440 feet east and 320 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 22, T. 7 N., R 13 W.; USGS Grandville topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 58 minutes 25.8 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 50 minutes 7.35 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 594963 easting and 4758570 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) Particle-size control section: the percent of silt plus twice the percent of clay averages greater than 30 percent A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or mucky very fine sandy loam Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Bg horizon, or Ab horizon where present: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 2 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loam, or their mucky analogues, with thin layers or lenses of sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or silt loam in some pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline Cg horizon, or Ab horizon where present: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 2 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or coarse sand, with thin strata of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Similar soils are the Ceresco, Gilford, Glendora, Lyles, and Sloan series. Ceresco soils do not have dominant gray colors just below the mollic


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epipedon. Gilford and Lyles soils have a regular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth. Glendora soils have a sandy particle-size control section. Sloan soils have a fine-loamy particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cohoctah soils are in abandoned drainageways and depressions on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Cohoctah soils formed in loamy alluvial deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1016 mm (29 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 11.1 degrees C (46 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 170 days. Elevation is 177 to 351 meters (580 feet to 1,150 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Abscota, Algansee, Ceresco, Glendora, Landes, Shoals, and Sloan soils. The somewhat poorly drained Ceresco soils and the well drained Landes soils are in a drainage sequence with the Cohoctah soils. The moderately well drained Abscota soils are on higher rises, the somewhat poorly drained Algansee soils are on slightly higher rises, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Glendora soils are on similar landforms and are commonly on the same flood plain but have a sandy particle-size control sections. The somewhat poorly drained Shoals soils are on slightly higher positions and the very poorly drained Sloan soils are on similar landforms; both have fine-loamy particle-size control sections and commonly are on the same flood plain. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from near the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface from September to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is very low or negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high. Permeability is moderately rapid. The soil is commonly flooded for brief to long periods of time from November to May. USE AND VEGETATION: A small part has adequate artificial drainage, and is under cultivation. Corn is the principal crop and some is in legume-grass hay. The main part is in permanent pasture, woodland, or brush. Native vegetation is red maple, white ash, swamp white oak, American elm, alder, and quaking aspen. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 101, and 103 in southern Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, New York, Ohio, and Minnesota. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (13 inches) (A horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 142 cm (13 to 56 inches) (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features immediately below the mollic epipedon and in all underlying horizons. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

43.0 COLWOOD

LOCATION COLWOOD MI+OH WI


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Established Series Rev. NWS-LWB-RAR 07/2014 COLWOOD SERIES The Colwood series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in stratified silty and loamy glaciolacustrine deposits or outwash. These soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, moraines, and deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Endoaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Colwood silt loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches) thick] A--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [5 to 36 cm (2 to 14 inches) thick] Bg1--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds in upper part of horizon; few coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--46 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; thin strata of fine sandy loam; few fine roots; few thin clay films; many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 25 to 81 cm (10 to 32 inches).] Cg--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); stratified gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam, very fine sand and fine sand; massive; friable in the silt loam strata and loose in the very fine sand and fine sand strata; few fine roots; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; 1 1/2 miles east and 3 miles north of Burnside; 1,320 feet east and 990 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 34, T. 10 N., R. 12 E.; USGS Marlette, MI topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 15 minutes 00 seconds N., and long. 83 degrees 2 minutes 24 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 58 cm (10 to 23 inches) Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: typically 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 inches), but ranges from 61 to 140 cm (24 to 55 inches)


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Depth to carbonates: 76 to 114 cm (30 to 45 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 35 percent clay and less than 60 percent fine sand or coarser Series control section: rock fragments are typically absent; sand size is predominated by fine and very fine sand Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Bg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2; individual layers in the lower part have chroma of 4 to 8 but do not dominate the control section Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam; some pedons have thin strata of fine sand, very fine sand or silty clay Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons have a BCg horizon. Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: dominantly stratified silt loam, very fine sand, or fine sand but thin strata of clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or loamy sand are common Clay content: averages 5 to 12 percent Sand size: more than 50 percent fine sand or very fine sand Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains carbonates COMPETING SERIES: These are the Free and Springerton series. Free soils have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Springerton soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 114 cm (45 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Colwood soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, moraines, and deltas of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. They formed in stratified silty and loamy glaciolacustrine deposits or outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 610 to 965 mm (24 to 38 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 11.7 degrees C (45 to 53 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Del Rey, Kibbie, Lenawee, Sisson, and Tuscola soils. The well drained Sisson, moderately well drained Tuscola, and somewhat poorly drained Kibbie soils formed in similar materials and are part of the toposequence with Colwood soils. Del Rey and Lenawee soils are associated on lake plains. Del Rey soils are somewhat poorly drained. Lenawee soils do not have a mollic epipedon.


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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between October and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, beans, small grain, and alfalfa hay are the principal crops. A few areas are in truck crops. A small part, including areas that lack adequate drainage, is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is chiefly red maple, American elm, quaking aspen, alder, and marsh grasses. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 105, and 111B in southern Michigan, northwestern Ohio, and southeastern Wisconsin. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan; 1926. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (12 inches) (Ap, A horizons). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 inches) (Bg1, Bg2 horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in all horizons below the mollic epipedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

44.0 CONDIT

LOCATION CONDIT OH Established Series Rev. JAG-SJH 09/2014 CONDIT SERIES The Condit series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in loamy till on ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Typic Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Condit silt loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in soybean stubble at an elevation of 309 meters (1,014 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; 10 percent intermixing of grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) subsoil


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material; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; common very fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick] Btg1--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; very few very fine roots; few faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Btg2--41 to 81 cm (16 to 32 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; very few very fine roots; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay depletions on faces of peds and in pores; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 36 to 163 cm (14 to 64 inches).] Bt1--81 to 127 cm (32 to 50 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; very few very fine roots; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay depletions on faces of peds and in pores; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--127 to 178 cm (50 to 70 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; very few very fine roots; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few prominent very dark gray (N 3/) iron-manganese masses in old root channels; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid in the upper part grading to neutral in the lower part; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 0 to 102 cm (40 inches).] C--178 to 200 cm (70 to 79 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive; firm; few prominent gray (N 5/) iron depletions surrounding old root channels; few medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Delaware County, Ohio; Kingston Township; 720 feet south and 1,650 feet west of the intersection of Kilbourne Rd. and Blue Church Rd.; USGS Olive Green, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 20 minutes 25.3 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 51 minutes 45.9 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 89 to 190 cm (35 to 75 inches) Thickness of the solum: 89 to 190 cm (35 to 75 inches) Depth to carbonates: 89 to 190 cm (35 to 75 inches); in some pedons, carbonates are in the lower 5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) of the solum Rock fragments: dominantly shale and sandstone Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay


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Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: typically silt loam, or less commonly silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 2 to 4; when value is 2 or 3, the epipedon is less than 18 cm (7 inches) thick Chroma: 1 Texture: typically silt loam, or less commonly silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid Some pedons have a Bg horizon. Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam; subhorizons have 40 to 45 percent clay in some pedons Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid Bt horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam; subhorizons have 40 to 45 percent clay in some pedons Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon. Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 8


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Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 20 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Trumbull series. Trumbull soils average more than 40 percent clay in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Condit soils are on ground moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 145 to 180 days. Elevation is 244 to 305 meters (800 to 1,000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Amanda, Bennington, Cardington, Centerburg, and Pewamo soils that are in toposequences with Condit soils. The well drained Alexandria and Amanda soils, the somewhat poorly drained Bennington soils, and the moderately well drained Cardington and Centerburg soils are on higher landscape positions or more sloping areas along drainageways. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils have mollic epipedons and are on similar positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Some areas are in pasture or woodland. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the principal crops. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111E and 139 in central and north-central Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 178 cm (Btg, Bt horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Engineering test data, percolation data, and bearing strength data are available for pedons CY-2 and TR-9 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory, at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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45.0 CONOTTON

LOCATION CONOTTON OH IN PA WV Established Series Rev. AR-RAR-JDC 01/2008 CONOTTON SERIES The Conotton series consists of very deep, well-drained soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified outwash deposits. These soils are on outwash plains, stream terraces, kames, eskers, and beach ridges. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the mineral surface and high to very high in the subsoil and substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Conotton gravelly loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.) BE -- 9 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; 30 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick) Bt1 -- 12 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 35 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2 -- 17 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3 -- 23 to 48 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; strongly acid in the upper part grading to slightly acid in the lower part; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 12 to 70 inches.) BC -- 48 to 62 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films as coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick.) C -- 62 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose; few thin strata of finer and coarser textured material; 50 percent gravel; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Tuscarawas County, Ohio; Lawrence Township, about 1 1/4 miles west-southwest of Bolivar, about 5,570 feet west and 3,600 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 2 (large sections) T. 10


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N., R. 2 W.; USGS Bolivar, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 38 minutes, 40 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 28 minutes, 48 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon is 35 to greater than 80 inches. Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to greater than 80 inches. Rock fragments are glacial erratics, predominantly of sandstone, siltstone and quartz. Rock fragments of shale and granitic lithology may also be present. Thin strata less than three inches thick that have more or less gravel are permitted throughout the profile. The subhorizons in the particle-size control section contain 6 to 22 percent clay and the particle size control section averages less than 18 percent clay. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 (5 to 7 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Undisturbed pedons have A horizon 1 to 5 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is loam, silt loam, coarse sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment content ranges from 10 to 34 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid. Some pedons have an E horizon 2 to 7 inches thick that has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is coarse sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment content ranges from 10 to 34 percent. It ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The BE horizon has hue of 10YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is coarse sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment content ranges from 10 to 40 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 7.5YR and less commonly 10YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or loam with subhorizons of sandy clay loam or clay loam in the fine earth fraction. In some pedons, a waxy transitional subhorizon having value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3 is just above the contact with the underlying C horizon. Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 60 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and from strongly acid to neutral in the lower part. The BC horizon has a color range like the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand in the fine earth fraction. In some pedons, waxy "beta" horizon having value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3 is just above the contact with the underlying C horizon. Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 65 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral. The C horizon has hue of 10YR and less commonly 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand, or coarse sand in the fine earth fraction. It is typically stratified. Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 65 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline. Some pedons have carbonates, but have a low calcium carbonate equivalent. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Dorerton, Hawksbill, Leoni, Lutzke, Oakhill, and Silverwood series. Dorerton soils have carbonates at 16 to 45 inches. Hawksbill soils have a solum less than 40 inches thick and developed in alluvium or colluvial material derived from greenstone, sandstone, and phyllite. Oakhill soils are less than 60 inches to a lithic contact. Leoni, Lutzke, and Silverwood soils average between 18 and 35 percent clay in the particle size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Conotton soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified sand and gravel and are on treads and risers on outwash plains and stream terraces, and on interfluves and side slopes on kames,


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eskers, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 32 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 48 to 54 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berks, Canfield, Chagrin, Chili, Dekalb, Ellsworth, Gilpin, Halsey, Hazleton, Holly, Lobdell, Mahoning, Negley, Orrville, Oshtemo, Red Hook, Rittman, Swartswood, Tioga, Wadsworth, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Wooster soils. Chili, Negley, Oshtemo, and Wheeling soils are on similar landscape positions and contain less gravel. Berks, Dekalb, Gilpin, Hazleton, and Westmoreland soils are on interfluves, head slopes, nose slopes, and side slopes on nearby unglaciated uplands. Canfield, Ellsworth, Mahoning, Rittman, Swartswood, Wadsworth, and Wooster soils are on interfluves and side slopes on nearby till plains. Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, Orrville, and Tioga soils are on nearby flood plains. Halsey and Red Hook formed in glaciofluvial deposits on level or nearly level terraces. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Seasonal high water table is greater than 6 feet. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the mineral surface and high to very high in the subsoil and substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas with slopes of less than 12 percent are cleared and used for general farming, specialty crops, or pasture. Principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, and hay. Steeper areas are in pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation was deciduous hardwoods, primarily oaks and hickories. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Ohio, southwest Indiana, and western and east-central Pennsylvania. MLRA's 114, 115, 124, 126, 139, 140, and 147. Conotton soils are of moderate extent, about 44,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1946. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1.Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of about 9 inches (Ap) 2.Argillic horizon - the zone from about 12 to 48 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons) Acreage based on 2004 data. ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon TU-17 for characterization data on the typical pedon and LK-28; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

46.0 CONOVER

LOCATION CONOVER MI+IN WI Established Series Rev. RWS-EPW-WEF 06/2011


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CONOVER SERIES The Conover series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy till on low parts of moraines and till plains. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Udollic Endoaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Conover loam, on a convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 276 meters (907 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches) thick] Bw--23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] Bt1--28 to 48 cm (11 to 19 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--48 to 69 cm (19 to 27 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 61 cm (8 to 24 inches).] Cg1--69 to 127 cm (27 to 50 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Cg2--127 to 152 cm (50 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 3 miles south and 1 1/2 miles east of Chelsea; 1,860 feet north and 1,840 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 2 S., R. 4 E.; USGS Dexter topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 16 minutes 16.2 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 58 minutes 57.2 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 17, 254038 easting and 4684194 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)


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Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent throughout the solum Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, or sandy loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon: Thickness: 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) thick where present Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, or sandy loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bw horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam or silt loam Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid BC horizon, where present: Texture: loam or clay loam up to 18 cm (7 inches) thick Some pedons have a Bk horizon with secondary carbonates on the underside of rock fragments. C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, or clay loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Manheim and Romulus series. Manheim soils have rock fragments of black or dark gray shale. Romulus soils have hue redder than 10YR in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Conover soils typically are on low parts of moraines and till plains. Slope gradients range from 0 to about 6 percent, and dominant slopes are from 1 to 4 percent. Conover soils


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formed in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 10.6 degrees C (46 to 51 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The poorly drained Brookston and moderately well drained Miami soils are in a drainage sequence with the Conover soils, and they are the most common associates. The very poorly drained Carlisle soils formed in organic materials and are in depressions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, beans, small grain, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops. A small part is in forest. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 110, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and northern Indiana. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Miami County, Ohio, 1916. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 69 cm (11 to 27 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

47.0 COSHOCTON

LOCATION COSHOCTON OH Established Series SLH/Rev. MDJ 12/2012 COSHOCTON SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Coshocton silt loam, on a south-facing, concave, 10 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 1120 feet above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.)


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Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (10 to 30 cm thick) BA--18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent shale fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick) Bt1--25 to 36 cm (10 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--36 to 43 cm (14 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron-manganese redoximorphic masses; common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; common faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt3--43 to 69 cm (17 to 27 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; many dark concretions of iron and manganese oxide; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron-manganese redoximorphic masses; few fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and common distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay films on faces of peds; many distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt coatings on vertical faces of prisms; 10 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 30 to 89 cm) BC--69 to 117 cm (27 to 46 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery loam; weak thick platy structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; very firm; few fine roots; many dark concretions of iron and manganese oxide; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron- manganese redoximorphic masses; few fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; few faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; 20 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 61 cm thick) C--117 to 147 cm (46 to 58 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silty clay loam; massive; firm; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron-manganese redoximorphic masses; common medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; 30 percent shale fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 76 cm thick) R--147 cm (58 inches); fractured shale with thin beds of sandstone. TYPE LOCATION: State: Ohio County: Coshocton County USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Coshocton, Ohio Latitude: 40.36778 N (NAD 27) Longitude: 81.789444 W (NAD 27)


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Direction to the pedon: about 3 miles northwest of Fresno in White Eyes Township; North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service; 170 feet south of Township Road 171d and 50 feet west of farm lane; about 1898 feet south and 330 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 6 N., R. 5 W RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic horizon: 20 to 46 cm (8 to 18 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 64 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) Solum Thickness: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Depth to Bedrock: 102 to 213 cm (40 to 84 inches) Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 inches), January to April Rock Fragment content: 2 to 20 percent, by volume, in the Ap, A, and E horizons; 2 to 15 percent, by volume, in the upper part of the Bt; 2 to 35 percent, by volume, in the lower part of the Bt horizon and in the BC horizon; 2 to 60 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. Fine-Earth Fraction: 25 to 35 percent clay in the particle-size control section Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through neutral in the Ap horizon, extremely acid through strongly acid in the E, Bt, and BC horizons, and very strongly acid through moderately acid in the C horizon Range of Individual Horizons: Ap or A horizon: Color--hue of 10YR; value of 2 through 4 (4 through 6 dry); and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam E horizon (if present): Color--hue of 10YR; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam BA or BE horizon (if present): Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR; value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 4 or 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam Bt horizon: Color--hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, loam, or clay loam Redoximorphic depletions and masses A lithologic discontinuity and/or a stone line may be present in some pedons at the base of this horizon. BC or 2BC horizon: Color--hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, loam, or clay loam Redoximorphic depletions and masses C or 2C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 through 7; and chroma of 2 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or loam Redoximorphic depletions and masses COMPETING SERIES:


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Bobtown soils--do not have fragments of shale, siltstone, or sandstone in the solum and contain less silt and more sand in the solum Sycoline soils--have a paralithic or lithic contact at a depth of 51 to 102 centimeters and have coarse fragments of granulite or hornfelt GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRA(s) using this series: 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau) and 126 (Central Alleghany Plateau) Landscape: Hills Landform: Hill and hillslope Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, nose slope, or head slope Parent Material Origin Pennsylvanian interbedded shale, siltstone, sandstone, and occasional thin strata of coal, coal underclay, and limestone Parent Material Kind: Residuum Depth Class: Deep and Very Deep Slope: 0 to 40 percent Elevation: 259 to 418 meters (850 to 1371 feet) Frost-Free Period: 170 to 195 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9.8 to 11 degrees C. (49 to 52 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 900 to 1050 mm (35 to 41 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Berks soils--occur on well drained uplands that are loamy-skeletal and moderately deep to bedrock Dekalb soils--occur on well drained uplands that are loamy-skeletal and moderately deep to bedrock Gilpin soils--occur on well drained uplands that are moderately deep to bedrock Keene soils--occur on uplands that have a silty mantle and a fine-silty particle-size class Latham soils--occur on uplands that have a fine particle size class and are moderately deep to shale bedrock Westmoreland soils--occur on well drained uplands DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: Thick (>100 cm), shallow (25-50 cm), and common (present 3-6 months) Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately High to High Permeability Class (Obsolete): Moderate Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None Index Surface Runoff: Low through very high Shrink-Swell Potential: Low and moderate USE AND VEGETATION: Major uses: Cropland, hayland, pasture, and forest Dominant vegetation: Grass-legume hay, corn, wheat, soybeans, and mixed hardwood trees dominated by oak and maple DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Southeastern Ohio; mainly MLRA 124, but some does occur in MLRA 126 Extent: Extensive, about 118,500 acres at the time of this revision


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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Little Mill Creek Watershed, Coshocton County, Ohio, 1940. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 18 cm (Ap horizon) Argillic horizon--the zone from 25 to 69 cm (Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons) Redox depletions with chroma 2 or less--the zone from 36 to 147 cm This revision eliminates colluvium as a parent material for the Coshocton series. Workers involved in recent Soil Survey updates believe this soil is derived from residuum. Future MLRA update work on this series will include addressing Coshocton where historically mapped in colluvial landform positions. The 06/2000 revison included numerous changes made to all parts of OSD. Pedon description was updated to current redoximorphic feature terminology. Previous revisions: 03/89-DRM; 06/2000-DRM,LER; 02/2005-DHK ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to sample pedon CS-5 (OSD type location) for characterization data. Other sampled pedons include CS-6, CS-30, MS-S5, and TU-W8. These samples were analyzed by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.

48.0 CULLEOKA

LOCATION CULLEOKA KY+OH PA TN VA WV Established Series Rev. CWH,JCJ 05/2004 CULLEOKA SERIES The Culleoka series consists of moderately deep, well drained, soils formed in colluvium or residuum from siltstone or interbedded shale, limestone, siltstone, and fine grained sandstone. Slope ranges from 2 to 70 percent. Near the type location the mean annual precipitation is about 47.5 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 54.7 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Culleoka silt loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soils.) Ap--0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; about 10 percent channers of siltstone; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 12 inches thick)


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BA--7 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium roots; about 15 percent channers of siltstone; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches thick) Bt--12 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) channery silty clay loam; common medium distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 30 percent channers of siltstone; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (10 to 28 inches thick) BC--32 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; about 45 percent channers of siltstone and shale; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick) R--38 inches; hard siltstone. TYPE LOCATION: Garrard County, Kentucky; about 8 miles northeast of Lancaster, 0.65 mile south of Buckeye, 0.75 mile west of Kentucky Highway 39, 1,000 feet northwest of Kentucky Highway 39, in field. USGS Buckeye Quadrangle (latitude: 37 degrees, 41 minutes, 13 seconds N; longitude: 84 degrees, 31 minutes, 20 seconds W). RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum and depth to lithic bedrock of dominantly siltstone or fine grained sandstone is 20 to 40 inches. Content of flagstones and channers range from 0 to 35 percent in the A horizon, 10 to 35 percent in the B horizon, and 25 to 80 percent in the BC and C horizons. Reaction ranges from moderately to strongly acid in the solum and strongly to slightly acid in the substratum. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam or silt loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam. Some pedons have a thin BC or C horizon with colors in shades of brown, olive, or gray. The lower chroma colors are derived from the parent material. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alanthus, Athol, Cateache, Door, Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing, Frondorf, Grayford, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Loudonville, Mechanicsburg, Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands, Pasturerock, Spriggs, Westmoreland, Wheeling, Williamsburg, Cateache, Frondorf, Loudonville, and Oatlands series. Cateache and Oatlands soils allow hue redder than 7.5YR in the Bt horizons. Frondorf soils have less than 5 percent coarse fragments in the upper sola. Loudonville soils have have glacial influences in the rock fragment fraction. All the other series are greater than 40 inches to bedrock. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Steep upland hillsides and narrow ridgecrests with slopes ranging from 2 to 70 percent. Culleoka soils formed in colluvium or residuum from or interbedded shale, limestone, siltstone, and fine grained sandstone. Near the type location the average annual precipitation is 47.5 inches, and the average annual air temperature is 54.7 degrees F.


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the competing Westmoreland series are the Abbottstown, Clarksburg, Eden, Guernsey, Lowell, Nicholson, Readington, Shelbyville, Upshur, Cynthiana, Faywood, and Weikert series. Abbottstown, Clarkstown, Nicholson, and Readington soils have fragipans. Eden, Guernsey, Lowell, Faywood, and Upshur soils have more than 35 percent clay in the control section. Shelbyville and Westmoreland soils are deeper than 40 inches to bedrock. Weikert and Cynthiana soils are shallower than 20 inches to bedrock. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly pasture and hay, with some tobacco, corn, and small grains. Native forest has oak, maple, black walnut, ash, hickory, beech, elm, hackberry, locust, Kentucky coffeetree, redbud, dogwood, and red cedar as the dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Bluegrass region of Kentucky, the outer Central Basin of Tennessee, Arkansas, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Garrard County, Kentucky; 1921. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 12 inches (Ap and BA horizons). b. Argillic horizon - the zone from 12 to 32 inches (Bt horizon) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

49.0 CYGNET

LOCATION CYGNET OH Established Series Rev. DNM-RAR-KEM 09/2012 CYGNET SERIES The Cygnet series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are deep to dense till. They formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick and in the underlying till. These soils are on beach ridges and longshore bars on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs


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TYPICAL PEDON: Cygnet loam, on a south-facing, 0.5 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 236 meters (775 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap1--0 to 10 cm (0 to 4 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Ap2--10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; 5 percent intermixing of yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Bt1 material; common faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings on faces of peds; few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) spherical masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Ap horizon is 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches).] Bt1--30 to 48 cm (12 to 19 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) spherical masses of manganese accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--48 to 69 cm (19 to 27 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct black (10YR 2/1) masses of manganese accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt3--69 to 91 cm (27 to 36 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) and many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct black (10YR 2/1) masses of manganese accumulation on faces of peds; common medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) spherical masses of manganese accumulation in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt4--91 to 104 cm (36 to 41 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt5--104 to 114 cm (41 to 45 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and very fine roots; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay bridging between sand grains; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)


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and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt6--114 to 127 cm (45 to 50 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy clay loam with pockets of dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and very fine roots; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films in root channels and pores; many distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay bridging in the pockets of loam; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) masses of manganese accumulation in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 61 to 96 cm (24 to 38 inches).] 2BC--127 to 142 cm (50 to 56 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on vertical faces of peds; common distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; common distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) hypocoats along vertical faces of peds; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick] 2Cd1--142 to 173 cm (56 to 68 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) carbonate coatings on fractures; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2Cd2--173 to 203 cm (68 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; massive; very firm; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Allen County, Ohio; about 1.5 miles west-northwest of Gomer, in Sugar Creek Township; about 2620 feet east and 1020 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 2 S., R. 6 E.; USGS Elida, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 50 minutes 53 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 12 minutes 55 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 84 to 127 cm (33 to 50 inches) Thickness of the solum: 84 to 152 cm (33 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 84 to 152 cm (33 to 60 inches) Depth to densic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, shale, and crystalline lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 3 to 5


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Chroma: 3 to 6; 2 is allowed in the lower part Texture: clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures; sandy loam is allowed in the lower part Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Some pedons have a BC, C, or Cg horizon. 2BC horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 35 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bogart, Centerburg, Haney, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, Vallonia (T), Vanlue, and Williamstown series. Bogart soils have more than 7 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Centerburg, Haney, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, and Vanlue soils do not have a densic contact within the series control section. Houcktown soils have till within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Reaville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Williamstown soils have less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. No OSD on file for Vallonia series. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cygnet soils are on low beach ridges and longshore bars on lake plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Cygnet soils formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aurand, Haskins, Hoytville, and Shawtown soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aurand soils are mainly on footslopes of beach ridges and longshore bars. The somewhat poorly drained Haskins soils are on slight rises. The very poorly drained Hoytville soils are on flats and in depressions on lake plains. The well drained Shawtown soils are on backslopes of more sloping beach ridges and longshore bars.


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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum, moderately low in the lower part of the solum, and low in the dense till. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, moderately slow or slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the dense till. USE AND VEGETATION: Cygnet soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains and hay are the principal crops. A small proportion is in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, primarily ash, beech, elm, and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio and possibly eastern Indiana and southern Michigan; MLRA 99. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hancock County, Ohio, 1997. REMARKS: Cygnet soils are being converted from Haney and Digby soils during modernization projects in MLRA 99. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap1, Ap2 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 127 cm (Bt horizon). Densic contact: at 142 cm (top of the 2Cd1 horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features visible between the depths of 30 and 142 cm. Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon. Representative DMU ID number is 129484. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for AL-128, the typical pedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

50.0 DEKALB

LOCATION DEKALB PA+GA KY MD NY OH VA WV Established Series Rev. WRK-ART 05/2004 DEKALB SERIES


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The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep, excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from gray and brown acid sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 53 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Dekalb cobbly sandy loam in a wooded area of Hazleton and Dekalb soils, 25 to 75 percent slopes, extremely stony on an east facing slope at 1700 feet elevation. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Oi--0 to 1 inches; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs. Oe--1 to 3 inches; moderately decomposed mat of roots and leaves. A--3 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine and medium roots; 40 percent angular sandstone cobbles and channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.(1 to 8 inches thick) E--5 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many medium and fine roots; 30 percent angular sandstone cobbles and channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.(0 to 7 inches thick) Bw1--9 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) cobbly sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common medium and fine roots; 35 percent angular sandstone cobbles and channers; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bw2--20 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine roots; 50 percent angular sandstone cobbles and channers; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (15 to 30 inches thick) C--30 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely cobbly sandy loam; single grained; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots; 90 percent angular sandstone cobbles and channers; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick) R--34 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and gray (10YR 5/1) slightly weathered sandstone bedrock; 4 to 40 inches between fractures with minimal displacement; bedrock inclination 5 to 30 degrees. Excavation difficulty, extremely high. Excavation via pick is nearly impossible. Backhoe excavation by a 50-80 hp tractor cannot be made in a reasonable time. TYPE LOCATION: Fulton County, Pennsylvania; in Licking Creek Township, 0.9 miles north of the intersection of US 30 and Pennsylvania Township route T428, 1000 feet west of T428; USGS Hustontown topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 1 minutes 32 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 6 minutes 47 seconds W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Flat, subangular or angular, sandstone fragments, 1 to 10 inches across increase with depth and range from 10 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 50 to 90 percent or more in the C horizon. The amount of rock fragments typically increases with depth. Weighted average rock fragment


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content ranges from 35 to 75 percent in the particle-size control section. Cobbly, channery, and very stony phases are common. Reaction ranges from extremely through strongly acid where unlimed. Illite, kaolinite, and vermiculite are common clay minerals. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. If cultivated, an Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Structure is weak very fine or fine granular. The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture and structure are similar to the A horizon. Some pedons have a BA horizon with hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. Average clay content typically is between 6 to 15 percent but ranges up to 18 percent in the particle-size control section. Structure is weak to moderate, fine or coarse subangular blocky. The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 to 8 and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine- earth fraction. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is sandy loam or loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction. Bedrock is gray to brown sandstone of varying hardness and is commonly fractured without displacement. COMPETING SERIES: The Hazleton and Wallen soils are in the same family. Hazleton soils are deeper than 40 inches to bedrock. Wallen soils allow more silt textures in the solum. The Hailey, Lehew and soils are in related families. Hailey soils formed in residuum from cherty limestone. Lehew soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the B horizon. Marbleyard soils have rock fragments dominantly of quartzite and metasandstone. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Dekalb soils are on nearly level to very steep, uplands and ridges. Slopes are usually convex with gradients of 0 to 80 percent. The regolith weathered from gray and brown acid sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. The climate is humid temperate with mean annual rainfall of 36 to 60 inches and mean annual air temperature of 47 to 59 degrees F. The growing season ranges from 110 to 180 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Hazleton along with the Buchanan, Clymer, Cookport, Ernest, Gilpin, Laidig, and Ramsey series. Buchanan, Cookport, Ernest, and Laidig soils have fragipans. Clymer and Gilpin soils have argillic horizons. Ramsey soils have bedrock within 20 inches. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained to somewhat excessively drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Permeability is rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Most Dekalb soils are in forests of mixed oaks, maple, and some white pine and hemlock. Smaller areas have been cleared for cultivation and pasture.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fort Payne Area, Alabama, 1903. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of about 9 inches (A and E horizon). 2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 9 to 30 inches (Bw horizon). The Type location was changed from Clinton County, Pennsylvania to Fulton County, Pennsylvania. ADDITIONAL DATA: Data from characterization sample S58Pa-18-6 were used as a basis for this description. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

51.0 DIGBY

LOCATION DIGBY OH+IN Established Series Rev. DNM-RAR 04/2007 DIGBY SERIES The Digby series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy outwash overlying gravelly, loamy and sandy outwash deposits. They are on terraces and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Digby loam, on a 0 to 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 250 meters (820 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick] BEg--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]


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Btg--36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt--61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent fine gravel; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. B'tg--91 to 112 cm (36 to 44 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt and Btg horizons is 28 to 96 cm (11 to 38 inches).] Cg1--112 to 122 cm (44 to 48 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly sand; single grain; loose; many coarse faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 20 percent fine gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Cg2--122 to 152 cm (48 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) gravelly sandy loam; single grain; loose; 25 percent fine gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; approximately 4.7 miles north-northwest of Neptune, in Union Township; 2280 feet east and 120 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 25, T. 4 S., R. 3 E.; USGS Elgin, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 40 minutes 12 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 26 minutes 58 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 112 cm (24 to 44 inches) Depth to carbonates: 76 to 122 cm (30 to 48 inches) Rock fragments: rounded or subrounded glacial pebbles of mixed lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 5 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Some pedons have an E horizon. BE or BEg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam


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Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures; thin subhorizons of fine sandy loam or sandy clay are in some pedons Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent in the upper part and 5 to 34 percent in the lower part Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon. C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: stratified sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; thin layers of loam or silt loam in some pedons Rock fragment content: 5 to 40 percent in individual strata, and averages more than 15 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Angola, Appleton, Ayrshire, Burdett, Crawleyville, Darien, Mitiwanga, Mongle, Nuhi, Ovid, Shadeland, Sleeth, and Whitaker series. Angola, Mitiwanga, Nuhi, and Shadeland soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Appleton soils are not stratified in the lower part of the series control section. Ayrshire and Whitaker soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Burdett and Darien soils have rock fragments dominated by shale within the series control section. Crawleyville and Mongle soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Ovid soils have hue redder than 10YR in the argillic horizon. Sleeth soils do not have subhorizons in the lower part of the series control section with less than 85 percent sand and are commonly more than 112 cm (44 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Digby soils are on terraces and outwash plains. Slope gradients are typically 0 to 4 percent but range to 6 percent. The soils formed loamy outwash overlying gravelly, loamy and sandy outwash deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from (49 to 55 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belmore, Haney, and Millgrove soils. The well drained Belmore, moderately well drained Haney, and very poorly drained Millgrove soils are part of a toposequence with the Digby soils. Belmore and Haney soils are on higher positions on the landscape, and Millgrove soils are in depressions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between January and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium.


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Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and high in the underlying material. Permeability is moderate in the solum and rapid in the underlying material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are drained and cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, hay crops, with some tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and west-central Ohio and northeastern Indiana; MLRA 111B. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: The clayey substratum phase has fine-textured till or lacustrine material within a depth of 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). The till substratum phase has till (with 27 to 42 percent clay) within a depth of 71 to 122 cm (28 to 48 inches). These phases will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (Ap, BEg horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 112 cm (Btg, Bt, B'tg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 20 cm. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

52.0 DIXBORO

LOCATION DIXBORO MI+OH Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF-MLK 08/2012 DIXBORO SERIES The Dixboro series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in stratified glaciofluvial deposits. These soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, and deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Dixboro fine sandy loam, on a southwest-facing, concave, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


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Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] E--23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam; moderate thin and medium platy structure; very friable; few very fine roots; few very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) worm casts; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] Bt1--28 to 46 cm (11 to 18 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 ) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--46 to 58 cm (18 to 23 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 ) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 18 to 51 cm (7 to 20 inches).] BC--58 to 71 cm (23 to 28 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loamy fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few very fine roots; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; slightly effervescent in lower part; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [8 to 30 cm (3 to 12 inches) thick] C--71 to 152 cm (28 to 60 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) stratified silt loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, and fine sand; massive; friable and very friable; common gray (10YR 6/1) secondary calcium carbonate segregations in silt loam strata; many coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; common coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 5 miles northeast of the village of Milan; 660 feet south and 85 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 7 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 112 cm (24 to 44 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 6 to 17 percent clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent throughout Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part Ap horizon: Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy very fine sand


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A horizon, where present in uncultivated areas: Thickness: 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inch) Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy very fine sand E horizon: Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy very fine sand Some pedons have AB horizons. Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or loamy very fine sand BC horizon, or Bk horizon where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: fine sandy loam, silt loam, loamy fine sand, loamy very fine sand, or very fine sandy loam; thin strata of sand, silty clay loam or silty clay are in some pedons Concentrations: Bk horizon contains masses of carbonates C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: stratified silt loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, fine sand, or very fine sand, or is dominated by one of these textures; some pedons have thin strata of sand, silty clay loam, or silty clay Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brady, Budd, Poseyville, Whiskerville, and Winamac series. Brady and Winamac soils are deeper than 102 cm (40 inches) to carbonates. Budd soils typically have a lithologic discontinuity with till in the lower part of the series control section. Poseyville soils have sola less than 61 cm (24 inches) in thickness. Whiskerville soils do not have stratified textures in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Dixboro soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, and deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. These soils formed in stratified glaciofluvial deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Dixboro soils are on lake plains with well drained Sisson soils, poorly drained Colwood, Lamson, and Pella soils, and somewhat poorly drained Kibbie,


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Thetford, and Tedrow soils. Thetford and Tedrow soils have more than sand in the upper subsoil. Kibbie soils are fine-loamy. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between November and April in normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the Dixboro soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops. In some areas, these soils are used for permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is hardwood forest, principally American elm, Northern red oak, hickory, American basswood, and red maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, and 111B in southern and central Michigan and northwestern Ohio. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Washtenaw County, Michigan, 1974. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 inches) (E horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 58 cm (11 to 23 inches) (Bt1, Bt2 horizons). Aquic conditions: iron depletions present in all horizons below a depth of 28 cm (11 inches). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

53.0 DORMONT

LOCATION DORMONT PA+WV Established Series DJB/Rev. MDJ 12/2012 DORMONT SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Dormont silt loam, in an idle field. (Colors are for moist soil.) Ap--0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable, slightly sticky, non-plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 5 percent shale fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (13 to 36 cm thick)


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Bt1--28 to 53 cm (11 to 21 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots between peds; 10 percent faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--53 to 79 cm (21 to 31 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots between peds; 30 percent distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 8 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--79 to 117 cm (31 to 46 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) channery silty clay loam; strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; 40 percent distinct clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 5 percent medium irregular black (5YR 2/1) manganese masses around rock fragments; common fine distinct irregular brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation and many fine and medium distinct irregular gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 18 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt4--117 to 157 cm (46 to 62 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very channery silty clay loam; strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 20 percent distinct clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 10 percent medium irregular black (5YR 2/1) manganese masses around rock fragments; many medium distinct irregular yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and many medium distinct irregular gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 40 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 63 to 129 cm) BC--157 to 191 cm (62 to 75 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely channery silty clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 10 percent faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent medium irregular black (5YR 2/1) manganese masses around rock fragments; many fine distinct irregular strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions; 80 percent shale fragments; moderately acid. (0 to 38 cm thick) TYPE LOCATION: State: Pennsylvania County: Westmoreland USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Donora, PA Latitude: 40.171389 N (NAD 83) Longitude: 79.793333 W (NAD 83) Directions to Pedon: Rostraver Township, 0.75 miles SE of Sweeneys Crossroads, 530 feet NE of PA 51 in a field. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic horizon: 13 to 36 cm (5 to 14 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 102 to 167 cm (40 to 66 inches) Solum Thickness: 91 to 191 cm (36 to 75 inches) Depth Class: Deep and Very Deep Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 102 cm (40 inches) Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 51 to 89 cm (20 to 35 inches), January through April


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Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A horizon, 2 to 15 percent in the upper part of the Bt horizon, 2 to 70 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon, and 2 to 85 percent in the BC and/or C horizons Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid through slightly acid in the upper part of the solum, strongly acid through slightly alkaline in the lower solum and substratum, except where limed Range in Individual Horizons: Ap or A horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y; value of 3 through 5; and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam; 9 to 18 percent sand, 17 to 30 percent clay E horizon: thin, where present BA and/or BE horizon (where present): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 4 or 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam; 8 to 20 percent sand, 20 to 34 percent clay Bt horizon(upper part): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 4 or 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam; 8 to 20 percent sand, 20 to 34 percent clay Bt horizon(lower part): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y or neutral; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay; 7 to 20 percent sand, 20 to 50 percent clay Redoximorphic depletions with chroma of 2 or less BC and/or C horizon (where present): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y or neutral; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay; 4 to 15 percent sand, 20 to 45 percent clay COMPETING SERIES: Coggon soils--have a lithologic discontinuity and do not have more that 15 percent rock fragments Hebron soils--have carbonates within the series control section Nessel soils--have carbonates within the series control section GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRA(s): 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains), 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau), 127 (Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains) Landscape: Hills Landform: Hill and hillslope Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder or backslope Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope or head slope Parent Material Origin: non-acid shale and siltstone and thin beds of limestone and sandstone Parent Material Kind: Residuum Slope: 0 to 50 percent Elevation: 190 to 475 meters (620 to 1550 feet) Frost-free period: 170 to 205 days


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Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 13 degrees C. (46 to 55 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 940 to 1220 mm (37 to 48 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Clarksburg soils--occur on lower side slopes, head slopes and base slopes, and have a fragipan Culleoka soils--occur on crests, nose slopes and side slopes with better drainage where bedrock is moderately deep Guernsey soils--occur on similar positions of the landscape but where limestone predominates Library soils--occur on less sloping interfluves, head slopes and base slopes where parent materials are dominantly limestone Lowell soils--occur on crests, nose slopes and side slopes with better drainage where limestone predominates Westmoreland soils--occur on crests, nose slopes and side slopes with better drainage DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: Thick (>100 cm), moderately deep (50-100 cm), and common (present 3-6 months) Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None Index Surface Runoff: Low through very high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low through high in the upper part, moderately low in the lower part Shrink-Swell Potential: Low, medium or high USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Pasture, woodland and some cropland Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--mainly corn, soybeans and small grains; where wooded--chiefly mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and maple DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Southwestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia Extent: Extensive, about 470,000 acres at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 1973. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 28 cm (Ap horizon) Argillic horizon--the zone from 28 to 157 cm (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, and Bt4 horizons) Redoximorphic depletions with chroma of 2 or less--79 to 191 cm This revision eliminates colluvium as a parent material for the Dormont series. Workers involved in recent Soil Survey updates believe this soil is mainly derived from residuum. Future MLRA update work on this series will include addressing Dormont where historically mapped in colluvial landform positions. Previous revision: 08/2005-WRK,AWD,ART


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54.0 DRYDEN

LOCATION DRYDEN MI Established Series Rev. RWJ-EPW-NWS 04/2011 DRYDEN SERIES The Dryden series is very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in sandy loam till on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 10 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Dryden sandy loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick] Bw [B1]--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick] Bt1--36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few thin dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films; few fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 inches) thick] Bt2--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few thin dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few fine roots; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [13 to 41 cm (5 to 16 inches) thick] C--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; massive; friable; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron and faint brown (10YR 4/3) masses of manganese; common fine and medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Macomb County, Michigan; about 1 mile south and 1.5 miles west of Romeo; 220 feet east and 400 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 12 E.


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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Particle-size control section: averages less than 18 percent clay; but individual subhorizons may contain more than 18 percent clay Mean annual soil temperature: 8.3 to 14.4 degrees C (47 to 58 degrees F) A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam or loam, or is silt loam in pedons that have a thin loess mantle Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam or loam, or is silt loam in pedons that have a thin loess mantle Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam or loam, or is silt loam in pedons that have a thin loess mantle Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bw horizon Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral


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C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam; pockets of loamy sand or sand are in some pedons Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Elmdale and Perrin series. Elmdale soils are deeper than 102 cm (40 inches) to carbonates. Perrin soils have dominant textures of sand in the fine earth fraction within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Dryden soils are on till plains and low moraines of Wisconsinan age. The dominant slope gradients are between 0 and 6 percent and the full range is from 0 to about 10 percent. The Dryden soils formed in sandy loam till. The climate is continental. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 750 to 925 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.0 to 10 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees C). Mean summer temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F) near the type location. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The poorly drained Barry soils, well drained Lapeer soils, and somewhat poorly drained Locke soils are closely associated in a drainage sequence. The well drained Spinks soils are on nearby slightly higher elevations. The very poorly drained or poorly drained Gilford and Mussey soils and the somewhat poorly drained Wasepi soils are in associated small drainageways in a few places. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium, depending upon slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, beans, small grain, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops. A smaller part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is chiefly sugar maple, beech, oaks, and hickory. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 98 in southern Michigan. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (14 inches) (Ap, Bw horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in horizons below a depth of 61 cm (24 inches) (Bt2 and C horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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55.0 DUNCANNON

LOCATION DUNCANNON PA+OH WV Established Series Rev. GJL-ADK-HS 02/2004 DUNCANNON SERIES The Duncannon series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in silty to very fine sandy loam material, presumed to be eolian, overlying a variety of residuum materials, stream deposits and glacial deposits. The soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands and terraces. Permeability is moderate. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 42 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Duncannon silt loam - idle cropland (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; 1 percent shale fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.(6 to 12 inches thick) BA--10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick) Bt1--17 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent shale; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (5 to 15 inches thick) Bt2--24 to 34 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent shale; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (8 to 18 inches thick) BC--34 to 45 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak thick platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films in pores; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (10 to 20 inches thick) 2C1--45 to 49 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery silt loam, with common medium distinct yellowish red and brown lithochromic mottles; weak medium platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films in pores; 20 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (4 to 16 inches thick) 2C2--49 to 56 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) channery silt loam; weak thin platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films in pores; 20 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)


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2C3--56 to 68 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3), with thin bands of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), channery silt loam; weak thin platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 20 percent shale fragments; strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Bucks County, Pennsylvania; 4 1/2 miles northeast of Newtown near the Mount Eyre Road, approximately 220 feet north of stone garage. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more, but the argillic horizon terminates within 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. The silt loam to very fine sandy loam mantle is 40 to 70 inches thick and contains up to 10 percent shale or gravel. Nonconforming BC and C horizons contain 15 to 50 percent shale fragments or gravel. Reaction, where unlimed, is very strongly to moderately acid in the solum, and slightly to strongly acid in the C horizon. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, with value of 3 through 5 and chroma of 2 through 4. Textures are silt loam, loam or very fine sandy loam. The BA and Bt horizons have hues of 7.5YR or 10YR, with value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 to 8. They are silt loam, loam or very fine sandy loam, with a weighted average of less than 15 percent fine sand and coarser particles. Clay content of individual horizons of the Bt ranges from 10 to 24 percent, with a weighted average of less than 18 percent. Structure is weak to moderate, fine or medium subangular blocky. Some pedons have prismatic structure in the lower part of the B horizon. They have few to common thin clay films on ped faces or lining pores. Some pedons have 2BC horizons occurring below 40 inches that have fine earth textures of silt loam, loam or sandy loam. The C and 2C horizons are yellowish brown to dusky red with hue of 10YR to 10R. Faint to distinct redoximorphic features or lithochromic mottles commonly occur in the C horizon. Textures are silt loam or very fine sandy loam above the lithologic discontinuity, and silt loam, loam or sandy loam below. COMPETING SERIES: The Duncannon series is the only recognized series in the family. The Bucks, Elk, Unadilla and Wellston series are in other related families. Bucks, Elk and Wellston soils have more than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Unadilla soils lack an argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands and terraces. The soils formed in silty to very fine sandy loam material, presumed to be eolian, overlying a variety of materials of shale, sandstone, limestone, schist, stream deposits and glacial deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Climate is continental with warm summers and cold winters. Rainfall averages 35 to 48 inches and is evenly distributed throughout the year. Average annual air temperature is 50 degrees to 60 degrees F. and the frost free season is 150 to 180 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Duncannon is the well drained member of a drainage sequence that includes the moderately well drained Lawrenceville, the somewhat poorly drained Chalfont and the poorly drained Doylestown soils. The competing Bucks and the Abbottstown, Chester, Croton, Gilpin, Lansdale, Penn, Readington, Raritan, Upshur, Wellston and Zanesville soils are on various nearby landforms. Abbottstown, Croton, Readington, Raritan and Zanesville soils have fragipans. Chester, Gilpin, Penn, and Upshur soils have more than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Gilpin and Penn soils also have shale bedrock within 40 inches. Lansdale soils have loamy textures containing more than 15 percent sand coarser than very fine sand.


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DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff potential is medium. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared of trees and are being used for cropland, hay and pasture. Wooded areas are mixed hardwoods composed principally of upland oaks, yellow poplar and ash. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Pennsylvania, western West Virginia, and southeastern Ohio. It is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Perry County, Pennsylvania; 1951. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon). b. Argillic horizon - the zone from 17 to 34 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). Laboratory data are available for two pedons, S68Pa-09-4 (1-8) and S68Pa-09-5 (1-8), sampled in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

56.0 EDWARDS

LOCATION EDWARDS MI+IN NY OH WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-WB 06/2011 EDWARDS SERIES The Edwards series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic materials 61 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches) thick overlying marly material on outwash plains, lake plains, and ground moraines. Slope typically ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Marly, euic, mesic Limnic Haplosaprists TYPICAL PEDON: Edwards muck, on a less than 1 percent slope in an idle area under the vegetation of shrubs and trees at an elevation of 291 meters (955 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oa1--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); black (N 2.5/) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); a trace of fiber unrubbed and rubbed; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate coarse granular; very friable; neutral; clear smooth boundary.


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Oa2--18 to 33 cm (7 to 13 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face and black (5YR 2.5/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); 8 percent fiber unrubbed, a trace of fiber rubbed; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Oa3--33 to 43 cm (13 to 17 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face and black (5YR 2.5/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); 35 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak thin platy structure; very friable; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Oa4--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); 50 percent very dark gray (5YR 3/1) and 50 percent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) broken face, black (5YR 2.5/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); 25 percent fiber, 2 percent rubbed; weak thin platy structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Oa horizon is 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches).] Lma1--61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches); 90 percent gray (10YR 5/1) and 10 percent gray (10YR 6/1) marly silty clay loam; 5 cm (2 inch) strata of muck at 94 cm (37 inches); massive; friable; prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron around organic remnants; violently effervescent throughout; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Lma2--102 to 216 cm (40 to 85 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) marly silt loam; massive; friable; black (N 2.5/) organic spots; violently effervescent throughout; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Jackson County, Michigan; within the city limits of Jackson; 924 feet south and 1,320 feet east of northwest corner of sec. 36, T. 2 S., R. 1 W.; USGS Jackson North topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 15 minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 22 minutes 30 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 716512 easting and 4682261 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the organic material: 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches) Organic fibers: derived primarily from herbaceous plants, but some layers contain as much as 20 percent woody material Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the organic materials; carbonates are in the organic materials in some pedons Surface tier (Oa1 or Oap): Hue: 10YR or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Organic material: muck (sapric material) or to a lesser extent mucky peat (hemic material) Subsurface and bottom tiers (Oa horizons): Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 0 to 3 Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material); some pedons have thin layers less than 25 cm (10 inches) thick of mucky peat (hemic material Lma horizon: Hue: 5Y to 10YR


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Value: 4 to 8 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: marly silt loam or marly silty clay loam; some pedons have a layer less than 5 cm (2 inches) thick of coprogenous material above the marly material; in some pedons the marly material has a layer of sandy or loamy material less than 30 cm (12 inches) thick within a depth of 130 cm (51 inches); some pedons have thin strata less than 8 cm (3 inches) thick of muck (sapric material) Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Edselton series. Edselton soils have sand within 130 cm (51 inches) of the surface. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Edwards soils are in closed depressions on outwash plains, lake plains, and ground moraines. Slope gradients are normally less than 2 percent, but range to about 6 percent on some toe slopes. Edwards soils formed in herbaceous organic materials overlying marly material. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 11.7 degrees C (45 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Antung, Houghton, Linwood, Madaus, Martisco, Moston, Palms, Toto, Willette, and the competing Edselton soils. These very poorly drained soils are on similar landform positions as Edward soils. Adrian, Antung, Houghton, Linwood, Moston, Palms, and Willette soils do not have marly materials. Madaus and Martisco soils have a thinner layer of herbaceous organic material overlying the marly material. Toto soils have a thicker layer of coprogenous material above the marly material DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the organic material and moderately low in the marly material. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic material and slow in the marly material. USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas are cropped; however, the majority of the areas are in native vegetation consisting of brush and trees. Common tree species include quaking aspen, American elm, silver maple, and northern white-cedar. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 91, 94A, 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 111B, and 111C in Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Wisconsin. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ogemaw County, Michigan, 1923. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 61 cm (24 inches) (Oa horizon). Limnic feature: marly material from a depth of 61 to 216 cm (24 to 85 inches) (Lma horizon). Drained (MI0774) and undrained (MI0775) phases are recognized.


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ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S99MI-075-001) from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

57.0 EEL

LOCATION EEL IN+MI OH Established Series Rev. WDH-MLW-TJE 07/2011 EEL SERIES The Eel series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvium and are on flood plains and flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Eel silt loam, on a nearly level slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 293 meters (960 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap1--0 to 15 cm (6 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Ap2--15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Ap or A horizon is 18 to 33 cm (7 to 13 inches).] Bw1--25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine pores; many fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) and few medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bw2--38 to 56 cm (15 to 22 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine pores; few fine faint brown (10YR 4/3) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine faint brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 25 to 76 cm (10 to 30 inches).] Bg--56 to 86 cm (22 to 34 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium pores; thin strata of silty clay loam; few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) manganese masses in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 30 cm (0 to 12 inches) thick]


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BC--86 to 107 cm (34 to 42 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; thin strata of silty clay loam; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches) thick] Cg--107 to 152 cm (42 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; massive; friable; thin strata of silty clay loam and sandy loam; few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Randolph County, Indiana; about 2 miles southwest of Ridgeville along Bear Creek; 220 feet south and 540 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 21 N., R. 13 E.; USGS Ridgeville, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 16 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 04 minutes 20 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 663884 easting and 4460492 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 20 to 30 percent clay and 15 to 30 percent fine sand or coarser Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5; value of 2 or 3 allowed in A horizons 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches) thick Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: commonly silt loam or loam, and includes clay loam and silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Bw or Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: silt loam, loam, or clay loam, and includes thin strata of silty clay loam or sandy loam Clay content: averages 20 to 32 percent Sand content: averages 20 to 35 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline BC or BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, and includes thin strata of textures ranging from silty clay loam to very fine sandy loam Clay content: averages 15 to 25 percent Sand content: averages 25 to 55 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 7 percent gravel


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Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, and includes strata of silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand Clay content: averages 8 to 25 percent Sand content: averages 30 to 80 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. In closely related families are the Flatrock, Lobdell, and Weaver series. Flatrock and Lobdell soils do not have carbonates above a depth of 102 cm (40 inches) and are in the active cation-exchange activity class. Weaver soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches) and are in the active cation-exchange activity class. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Eel soils are on flood plains and flood plain-steps along streams draining till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 12.2 degrees C (47 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 104 to 305 meters (340 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Genesee, Gessie, Shoals, and Sloan soils. The well drained Genesee and Gessie soils are on natural levees adjacent to stream channels and on higher lying flood plain-steps. The somewhat poorly drained Shoals soils are in channels or lower lying flood plain-steps. The very poorly drained Sloan soils have a mollic epipedon and are in backswamps. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 46 to 61 cm (1.5 to 2.0 feet) at some time in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is very low or low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. These soils are subject to flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are being used to grow cultivated crops, mainly corn and soybeans. A few areas are used for hay, pasture or are in forest. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood trees. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, 111A, 111B, 111D, 111E, 114A, 114B, and 115A in Indiana, southern Michigan, and Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clay County, Indiana, 1922. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 86 cm (Bw, Bg horizons).


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Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in all horizons below a depth of 38 cm. Representative data for this pedon is the Eel component of DMU ID 153341 in MO 11. ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data for this pedon, S78IN135-14, is published in Station Bulletin No. 274, Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University; file no. RA7814. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

58.0 ELBA

LOCATION ELBA OH Established Series TNR-DRM; Rev. DHK 01/2006 ELBA SERIES The Elba series consists of deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in residuum from limestone and calcareous shale and siltstone. These soils are on uplands and have slopes ranging from 3 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Elba silty clay loam on a 6 percent convex east-facing slope in an idle field, formerly cutlivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; friable; many roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick) Bt1--6 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; strong fine angular blocky structure; friable; common roots; common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--9 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; strong fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; common roots; many faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt3--14 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; moderate fine angular blocky structure; firm; few roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) weathered remnants of limestone; slight effervescence, slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.


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Bt4--22 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) channery silty clay; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 20 percent weathered remnants of limestone; many medium and coarse brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) zones of light silty clay loam calcareous material; slight effervescence, moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 14 to 38 inches.) BC--30 to 42 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent soft calcareous shale fragments; slight effervescence, moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. (5 to 20 inches thick) C1--42 to 48 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) channery silty clay loam; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; firm; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) zones comprise about 5 percent of volume; 30 percent light gray (10YR 7/2) soft calcareous siltstone or limestone fragments and 10 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) soft weathered remnants of limestone; strong effervescence, moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C2--48 to 54 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) very channery silty clay loam, light olive gray (5Y 6/2) crushed; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; massive; firm; thin very patchy yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) coatings on fragments; about 50 percent gray (5Y 6/1) limestone fragments; strong effervescence, moderately alkaline. R--54 inches; hard limestone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: Belmont County, Ohio; about 1/2 mile east of Hendrysburg; 1400 feet east and 2450 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 8, Kirkwood Township, T. 9 N, R. 6 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 10 to 30 inches. The depth to a lithic or paralithic contact is 40 to 80 inches. Rock fragments are dominantly thin, flat fragments of limestone, nonacid siltstone and shale, and rounded limestone cobbles. Rock fragment content is 0 to 15 percent by volume in the A horizon, 0 to 35 percent in the Bt horizon, and 5 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Individual subhorizons in the Bt horizon contain up to 60 percent rock fragments. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have thin A horizons with value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 to 3. E horizons are in some pedons. The A or Ap horizon is silty clay loam or silt loam except for some eroded pedons that range to silty clay or clay. It commonly is neutral to medium acid but ranges to mildly alkaline in pedons that are eroded. The BE or BA horizons are in some pedons. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Some pedons are mottled in the lower part, mainly due to color of parent rock. The Bt horizon is dominantly silty clay or clay or their shaly or channery analogues but subhorizons of silty clay loam or very channery analogues of those textures are permitted. It is medium acid to mildly alkaline in the upper part and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part. Some pedons contain free carbonates in the lower part. The BC and C horizons have hue of 10YR, 7.5Y, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; chroma of 1 to 6; and are mottled in some pedons. They are silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or their channery or very channery


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analogues. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains free carbonates. Bedrock is hard limestone, calcareous siltstone or shale. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Beasley, Bland, Bledsoe, Bonnell, Brashear, Bratton, Briggsville, Brookside, Bucklick, Caneyville, Chrome, Derinda, Donahue, Eden, Edenton, Eldean, Estate, Faywood, Fredonia, Hagerstown, Heitt, Kewaunee, Lamoille, Losantville, Lowell, Markland, Medary, Miamian, Milton, Newnata, Ozaukee, Shrouts, Upshur, Vandalia, Vincent, Woodsfield, and Wynn series in the same family and the Brooke series. Beasley soils have mottles of low chroma in the lower part of the solum. Bland, Caneyville, Chrome, Derinda, Donahue, Eden, Edenton, Faywood, Fredonia, Milton, Shrouts, and Wynn soils have lithic or paralithic contacts within 40 inches. Bledsoe soils formed in colluvial material from soils formed in residuum from limestone, shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Bonnell soils formed in loess and till. Brashear, Brookside, Bucklick, Estate, Heitt, Lowell, Medary, and Newnata soils lack carbonates within depths of 10 to 30 inches. Bratton, Hagerstown, Upshur, Vandalia, Vincent, and Woodsfield soils have 5YR or redder hues in all or part of their B horizons. Briggsville and Markland soils lack coarse fragments. Eldean soils have stratified sand and gravel in the lower part of the control section. Kewaunee, Losantville, Miamian, and Ozaukee soils typically contain less coarse fragments in their lower sola and have formed in glacial till. The Brooke soils have a lithic contact at depth of 20 to 40 inches and are in mollic subgroup. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Elba soils are on ridgetops and side slopes on uplands. The slope range is 3 to 70 percent. The soils have formed in residuum from limestone and gray calcareous shale and siltstone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 36 to 44 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 49 to 55 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Brooke, Brookside, Lowell, and Upshur soils and the Belpre, Dekalb, Gilpin, and Westmore soils. Brooke and Lowell soils are in similar positions as Elba soils. Brookside soils are on foot slopes. Upshur and Belpre soils are on ridgetops, side slopes, and benches. Belpre soils have redder hue. Dekalb and Gilpin soils are on shoulders and back slopes and have low base saturation, lack carbonates, and are loamy. Westmore soils typically are on ridgetops and upper side slopes and are fine-silty. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is moderate to very rapid depending upon slope. Permeability is slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for pasture, hay, and grain. Some areas are in woodland. Some formerly cultivated areas are reverting to woodland and now have vegetation of briars and brushy woodland. Original vegetation was hardwood forest. Black walnut is prominent in woodland on the Elba soils. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Ohio. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Washington County, Ohio, 1973. REMARKS: The Elba soils were formerly classified in the Brooke series in southeastern Ohio. The 01/2006 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003). The CEC activity class placement is based on NASIS data elements for Belmont and Washington Counties, Ohio,


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and on associated soils, but not on laboratory data. Class placement may be revised in the future when laboratory data are reviewed or become available. Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other sections on the OSD were not revised. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - 0 to 6 inches (Ap) Argillic horizon - 6 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, Bt4). Previous revision dates: 02/86-TNR, DRM National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

59.0 ELKINSVILLE

LOCATION ELKINSVILLE IN+OH Established Series Rev. GRS-BGN 02/2011 ELKINSVILLE SERIES The Elkinsville series consists of very deep, well drained soils on stream terraces and flood-plain steps. They formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loess or silty sediments and the underlying loamy alluvium. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Elkinsville silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 206 meters (675 feet) above MSL. (Colors are for moist soil unless stated otherwise.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine granular structure; friable; common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick] Bt1--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct brown (10YR 4/3) organic coatings on faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2--38 to 61 cm (l5 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 36 to 71 cm (14 to 28 inches).]


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2Bt3--61 to 97 cm (24 to 38 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. 2Bt4--97 to 127 cm (38 to 50 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; 1 percent gravel; gradual smooth boundary. 2Bt5--127 to 147 cm (50 to 58 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; few fine prominent pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay bridging between sand grains; common irregular fine and medium iron masses in the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 56 to 91 cm (22 to 36 inches).] 2CB--147 to 173 cm (58 to 68 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; common fine distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; massive; friable; common irregular fine and medium iron masses in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) thick] 2C--173 to 203 cm (68 to 80 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; massive; friable; 4 percent gravel; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Ripley County, Indiana; 1,690 feet south and 1,570 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 3, T. 6 N., R. 12 E.; USGS Cross Plains, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 59 minutes 49.209 seconds N. and 085 degrees 10 minutes 48.447 seconds W.; UTM Zone 16, 657599.683 easting and 4318019.816 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 107 to 183 cm (42 to 72 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid EB or BE horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam


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Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid, and the upper part ranges to neutral in limed areas Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 4 to 8 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 18 to 32 percent Sand content: 8 to 20 percent (less than 15 percent fine and coarser sand) Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid, and the upper part ranges to neutral in limed areas 2Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 4 to 8 Texture: loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Sand content: 25 to 55 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid 2BC or 2CB horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 4 to 8 Texture: loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Clay content: 16 to 28 percent Sand content: 35 to 70 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid 2C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and includes thin strata of clay loam and sandy clay loam Clay content: 14 to 26 percent Sand content: 35 to 75 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bearthicket, Cidermill, Elk, Olephant, Parke, Pike, Rickert, Tobinsport, Wellrock, and Wellston series. Bearthicket, Elk and Rickert soils have less than 35 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Cidermill soils typically have more than 14 percent gravel in the lower part of the series control section but the range does overlap with Elkinsville series. Olephant, Parke ,and Pike soils are deeper than 183 cm (72 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Wellrock soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Wellston soils have rock fragments of siltstone or sandstone lithology in the lower part of the series control section.


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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Elkinsville soils are on stream terraces or flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. They formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loess or silty sediments and the underlying loamy alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1168 mm (40 to 46 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 11 to 14 degrees C (51 to 57 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 210 days. Elevation is 104 to 244 meters (340 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are primarily the Bartle, Millstone, Pekin, and Peoga soils on stream terraces and flood-plain steps. They are also associated with the Vincennes and Wheeling soils on stream terraces and flood-plain steps. The somewhat poorly drained Bartle and the poorly drained Peoga soils are on treads. The moderately well drained Pekin and well drained, fine-loamy Millstone soils are on treads and risers. The poorly drained Vincennes soils are on treads and on flood-plain steps. The well drained Wheeling soils are on treads and risers of stream terraces. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface water runoff is negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Permeability is moderate. Areas on flood-plain steps are subject to rare to occasional periods of flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are being used to grow corn, soybeans, and small grain, mainly wheat. A few areas are used for hay and pasture, and a few of the more sloping areas are used for forest. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 114A, 114B, 115A, 120B, 120C, 121, 122, and 124 in southern Indiana and Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 114A. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bartholomew County, Indiana, 1936. REMARKS: This series is being differentiated from the Elk series based on the amount of sand in the lower part of the series control section. Some of the Elkinsville soils previously correlated will likely be re-correlated to the Elk series because the sand content is less than 35 percent in the lower part of the series control section. Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface of the soil to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from 23 to 147 cm (9 to 58 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Bt4, 2Bt5 horizons). Representative component and horizon data is in DMU# 120,077. ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data: Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University, Station Bulletin No. 323, file no's. JF7916, PK7905, RI8001 (typical pedon); NSSL, Lincoln, NE: S93IN123-15. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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60.0 ERNEST

LOCATION ERNEST PA+MD OH VA WV Established Series WRK-JWB/Rev., MDJ 12/2008 ERNEST SERIES MLRAs: 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau); 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau); 127 (Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains); 128 (Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys); 147 (Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys) Depth Class: Very deep Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well or somewhat poorly drained Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately low Landscape: Upland Parent Material: Colluvium derived from acid shale, siltstone and sandstone Slope: 0 to 50 percent Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 8.7 degrees C. (48 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1090 mm (43 inches) TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Fragiudults TYPICAL PEDON: Ernest silt loam in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.) Ap -- 0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 5 percent subangular acid shale fragments; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt smooth boundary. (13 to 30 cm thick) Bt1 -- 28 to 41 cm (11 to 16 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; 30 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent subangular acid shale fragments; slightly acid, (pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary. Bt2 -- 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; 10 percent prominent manganese or iron-manganese stains on faces of peds and 50 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent medium distinct irregular brown (7.5YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in matrix surrounding redox depletions and 30 percent medium prominent irregular pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) masses of reduced iron on faces of peds; 10 percent subangular acid shale fragments; moderately acid, (pH 5.6); clear wavy boundary. (combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 15 to 74 cm) Btx1 -- 76 to 94 cm (30 to 37 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure, and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots between peds; 10 percent prominent manganese or iron-manganese stains on faces of peds and 60 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent medium distinct irregular strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in matrix


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surrounding redox depletions and 25 percent medium prominent irregular light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of reduced iron on faces of peds; 15 percent subangular acid shale fragments; strongly acid, (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. Btx2 -- 94 to 160 cm (37 to 63 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery silt loam; strong very coarse prismatic structure, and weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 5 percent prominent manganese or iron-manganese stains on faces of peds and 25 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent coarse prominent irregular light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of reduced iron on faces of peds and 10 percent coarse distinct irregular brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron in matrix surrounding redox depletions; 20 percent subangular acid shale fragments; strongly acid, (pH 5.4); gradual wavy boundary. (combined thickness of the Btx horizon is 25 to 102 cm) C -- 160 to 200 cm (63 to 79 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very channery silt loam; massive; very firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 15 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent coarse distinct irregular brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout and 5 percent coarse prominent irregular light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of reduced iron throughout; 45 percent subangular acid shale fragments; strongly acid, (pH 5.4). TYPE LOCATION: Armstrong County, PA; about 1/2 mile southwest of Dayton in Wayne Township. Approximately 2750 feet west of the intersection of PA839 and PA1022 and 1200 feet northwest of the intersection of T603 and T805. USGS Plumville, PA topographic quadrangle; latitude 40 degrees 52 minutes 17.8 seconds N. and longitude 79 degrees 14 minutes 45.8 seconds W. NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Fragipan: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) Solum Thickness: 91 to 183 cm (36 to 72 inches) Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches) Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 inches), November to April Rock Fragment content: Fragments of shale, siltstone, or fine-grained sandstone range from 0 to 25 percent in the A horizon; 0 to 30 percent in the BA and individual subhorizons of the Bt horizon; 5 to 45 percent in the Btx horizon; and 5 to 50 percent in the C horizon. Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to strongly acid, except where limed RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS: Ap horizon: Color -- hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam A horizon (if it occurs): Thickness -- 3 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) Color -- hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2 Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam E horizon (if it occurs): Thickness -- 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) Color -- hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam


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Bt horizon: Color -- hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam with less than 20 percent sand or silty clay loam Redoximorphic features -- iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray are within the upper 25 cm (10 inches) of the argillic horizon Structure -- weak or moderate, fine to coarse subangular blocky structure. In some pedons, the argillic horizon has prismatic structure that parts to subangular blocky structure Btx horizon: Color -- hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Redoximorphic features -- iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray are present Structure -- weak, very coarse prismatic structure parting to subangular blocky or platy structure C horizon: Color -- hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 through 7, and chroma of 2 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay COMPETING SERIES: Belvoir soils -- have a Bt horizon with more than 20 percent sand and less silt than is typical for Ernest soils and contain crystalline rock fragments. Buchanan soils -- have a Bt horizon with more than 20 percent sand and less silt than is typical for Ernest soils. Calverton soils -- have soft, weathered Triassic-age bedrock at a depth of 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). Cookport soils -- have a Bt horizon with more than 20 percent sand and less silt than is typical for Ernest soils. Glenville soils -- have fragments of schist and quartzite. Kedron soils -- have a Bt horizon with the hue redder than 5YR. Raritan soils -- have water-rounded rock fragments and non-conforming parent materials below a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Uplands Landform: Hillslope Hillslope Profile Position: Footslope Geomorphic Component: Headslope, baseslope Parent Material: Colluvium derived from acid shale, siltstone and fine-grained sandstone Slope: 0 to 50 percent Elevation: 113 to 914 meters (370 to 3000 feet) Frost-free period: 120 to 180 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 13 degrees C. (47 to 55 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 813 to 1651 mm (32 to 65 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Berks soils -- have bedrock at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) and lack a fragipan Brinkerton soils -- are in a fine-silty family and have base saturation greater than 35 percent at a depth of 75 cm below the top of the fragipan. Clymer soils -- lack a fragipan and have more than 20 percent sand in the particle-size control section


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Dekalb soils -- have bedrock at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) and lack a fragipan Gilpin soils -- have bedrock at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) and lack a fragipan Rayne soils -- lack a fragipan and low chroma redoximorphic features in the upper 25 cm (10 inches) of the argillic horizon Shelocta soils -- lack a fragipan and low chroma redoximorphic features in the upper 25 cm (10 inches) of the argillic horizon Wharton soils -- lack a fragipan Weikert soils -- have bedrock at depths of 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) and lack a fragipan DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well and somewhat poorly drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very thin or thin (10 to 51 cm thick); shallow to moderately deep (30 to 76 cm from the surface); common (present 3 to 6 months). Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None Index Surface Runoff Class: Low to high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high to high above the fragipan; moderately low to moderately high in the fragipan and below. Permeability Class: Moderate above the fragipan; moderately slow to slow in the fragipan and below. Shrink-swell Potential: Moderate USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Much of the acreage of Ernest soils is cleared and used for pasture and crops. Some acreage is wooded. Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated -- corn, small grains, soybeans, hay. Where wooded -- mixed hardwoods with some white pine and hemlock DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. MLRAs 124, 126, 127, 128, and 147. Extent: Large MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Indiana County, Pennsylvania, 1931. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon -- the zone from 0 to 28 cm (Ap horizon) Argillic horizon -- the zone from 28 to 160 cm (Bt and Btx horizons) Fragipan -- the zone from 76 to 160 cm Aquic conditions -- the soil has redox depletions and concentrations within the upper 25 cm of the argillic horizon, with periodic saturation and reduction at some time during the year if precipitation is within normal ranges. Other soil features identified with this pedon: Series control section -- the zone from 0 to 160 cm The 09/2008 revision moves the Type Location and Typical Pedon for the series from Fayette County, West Virginia to Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. It also revises the format, updates the competing and


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geographically associated soils, adds saturated hydraulic conductivity class, and adds somewhat poorly drained to the agricultural drainage class. Based on a review of 31 typifying pedon (TP) descriptionsthroughout MO-13, 23 descriptions (74%) had a depth to low chroma redox features of 17 inches or less, while 8 (26%) had a depth of 18 inches or more. Mean depth was 16.7 inches. These data support a somewhat poorly drained (SPD) class as well as amoderately well drained (MWD) class. Given the relatively narrow depths for MWD soils within the Aquic Fragiudults taxonomic subgroup, these landforms generally have SPD and MWD soils intermingled. Additionally, dual drainage classes have been maintained in other soil series such as Buchanan and Calverton, which have the same taxonomic subgroup. Previous revisions: AWD-WRK-ART 05/1999 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

61.0 EUCLID

LOCATION EUCLID OH Established Series Rev. AR-SJH-DBD 05/2011 EUCLID SERIES The Euclid series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in stratified silty deposits on treads on low stream terraces. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and moderately slow in the subsoil and substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Aeric Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Euclid silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes in a Metropolitan Park playing field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium and fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.) Bw1 -- 6 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and fine subangular blocky; friable; few fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; many distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw2 -- 12 to 21 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; common medium prominent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; many distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay


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depletions on faces of prisms; few medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw3 -- 21 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) on faces of peds; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; common medium prominent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; common faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (The Bw horizon has a combined thickness of 10 to 34 inches.) BC -- 26 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam stratified with a thin strata of loam 1/8 to 1/2 inch in thickness; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; many distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of prisms; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick.) C1 -- 37 to 47 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam stratified with a thin strata and lenses of loam 1/8 to 1/2 inch in thickness; massive; firm; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. C2 -- 47 to 74 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam stratified with a thin strata of silt loam and loam; massive; firm; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Cuyahoga County, Ohio; approximately 150 feet north of Albion Road and 250 feet west of the Brecksville Royalton Parkway, Cleveland Metropolitan Park System, Village of Strongsville, T. 5 N., R. 14 W.; USGS Berea, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 19 minutes, 48 seconds N., and Longitude 81 degrees, 49 minutes, 48 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 55 inches. Stratification is evident within the series control section. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The Bw horizon have hues of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6. Textures are silt loam or silty clay loam with thin subhorizons of loam in some pedons. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The BC horizon have hues of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6. Textures are silty clay loam, silty loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6; chroma of 1 to 6. Textures are stratified silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam, with thin strata of fine sandy loam in some pedons. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral and less commonly is slightly alkaline below a depth of 40 inches and contain carbonates.


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COMPETING SERIES: This is the Aetna series. Aetna soils have 20 to 36 inches of recent alluvium over a dark colored soil and are on similar landscapes. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Euclid soils formed in stratified silty deposits derived from materials high in sandstone and shale on treads on low stream terraces. Slope gradient ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 32 to 40 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 48 to 54 degrees F. Frost free days range from 145 to 190 days, and elevation ranges from 480 feet to 520 feet above sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chagrin, Chili, Conneaut, Ellsworth, Jimtown, Lobdell, Mahoning, Orrville, Platea, Tioga, and Wheeling soils. Bogart, Chili, Jimtown, and Wheeling soils are on nearby sandy and gravelly outwash terraces. Chagrin, Lobdell, Orrville, and Tioga soils are on adjacent flood plains and have higher sand content. Conneaut, Ellsworth, Mahoning, and Platea soils are on nearby till plains. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and moderately slow in the subsoil and substratum. Flooding frequency is rare or occasional. Flooding duration is very brief. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 1 to 2.5 feet from November through June in normal years. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Euclid soils have been cleared. Some of the cleared areas are used for permanent pasture and others are cultivated with corn, soybeans, and mixed hay as principal crops. Some areas are used for recreation such as golf courses and parks. Formerly cultivated areas near urban areas have stands of grasses, forbes, and shrubs. Sugar maple, beech, red maple, and ash are the main tree species. Native vegetation was mixed deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and south-central Ohio. MLRA'S 124 and 139. Euclid soils are of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lake County, Ohio, 1976. REMARKS: These soils were included with the Fitchville, low terrace soils in the 1976 and 1977 soil surveys of Lorain County and Medina County, respectively, in Ohio. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 6 inches (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon - from a depth of about 6 to 37 inches (Bw1, Bw2, Bw3, BC horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons WN-61 and WN-65 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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62.0 FABIUS

LOCATION FABIUS MI+WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-EPW-WEF 06/2011 FABIUS SERIES The Fabius series consist of very deep somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy and sandy drift on lake plains, outwash plains, valley trains, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic Argiudolls TYPICAL PEDON: Fabius sandy loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many medium and fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick] E--18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; very friable; many roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick] Bt1--25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; firm; common fine roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; about 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick] Bt2--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) thick] 2C--46 to 152 cm (18 to 60 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) stratified gravel and coarse sand; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; about 2 miles east and 2 miles north of Dryden; 550 feet south and 420 feet east of the northwest corner of the NE1/4 of sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 12 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 inches) Depth to sand and gravel: 46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 inches) Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the solum


191 January 2015

Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: dominantly sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures; sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam subhorizons are allowed Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Sand content: 45 to 70 percent fine sand or coarser Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: stratified sand and gravel, dominantly coarse sand, or coarse gravel Rock fragment content 0 to 30 percent COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Fabius soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, beach ridges, and lake plains of Wisconsinan Age. Slopes are dominantly between 0 to 2 percent, but they range up to 6 percent. The Fabius soils formed in sandy and loamy drift. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 12.2 degrees C (47 to 54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Casco, Matherton, Mussey, and Sebewa soils. Fabius soils are in a drainage sequence with the somewhat excessively drained Casco and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Mussey soils. Matherton soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Sebewa soils are associated in many places. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) from November to May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part and high or very high in the lower part. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the upper part and rapid or very rapid in the lower part.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Small grain, beans, corn, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops, especially where artificial drainage is adequate. A part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is lowland hardwoods, chiefly American elm, white ash, and swamp white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 95B, 98, and 99 in central Michigan and eastern Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lapeer County, Michigan, 1967. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (7 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present from a depth of 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

63.0 FAIRPOINT

LOCATION FAIRPOINT OH+IL IN KY PA VA WV Established Series DJB-SLH/Rev. MDJ 12/2012 FAIRPOINT SERIES MLRAs: 111 (Indiana and Ohio Till Plain), 113 (Central Claypan Areas), 114 (Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain), 115 (Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes), 120 (Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys), 122 (Highland Rim and Pennyroyal), 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau), 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains), 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau), 127 (Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains), 128 (Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys) and 139 (Lake Erie Glaciated Plateau) TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Typic Udorthents TYPICAL PEDON: Fairpoint gravelly clay loam on a 12 percent slope in clover. (Colors are for moist soil.) Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium and coarse granular structure; friable; many roots; 15 percent by volume fragments of sandstone, 5 percent by volume fragments of siltstone and few fragments of coal; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick)


193 January 2015

C1--13 to 43 cm (5 to 17 inches); variegated, 70 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), 20 percent brown (10YR 4/3) and 10 percent gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly clay loam; massive; firm; few roots in vertical cracks; 30 percent by volume fragments of sandstone, 5 percent by volume fragments of siltstone and few fragments of coal; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. C2--43 to 152 cm (17 to 60 inches); variegated, 70 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), 20 percent brown (10YR 4/3) and 10 percent gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly clay loam; massive; firm; 35 percent by volume fragments of sandstone, 10 percent by volume fragments of siltstone and few fragments of coal; slightly acid. (Combined thickness of the C horizon is 152 cm or more.) TYPE LOCATION: State: Ohio County: Belmont USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Fairview, Ohio Latitude: 40.074167 N NAD 83 Longitude: 81.210278 W NAD 83 Directions: Kirkwood Township, about 2,100 feet north and 850 feet east of the southwest corner, sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 6 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches) Depth Class: Very deep Rock Fragment Content: The A or Ap horizon ranges from 15 to 60 percent, by volume. The C horizon ranges from 35 to 60 percent, by volume, averaging 45 percent. Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders Rock Fragment Type: Nonacid siltstone, shale, sandstone, limestone and coal Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section Soil Reaction: Moderately acid through neutral, except where limed Range in Individual Horizons: A or Ap horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, or neutral; value of 3 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay loam, silty clay loam, loam or silt loam C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, or neutral; value of 3 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay loam, silty clay loam, loam or silt loam COMPETING SERIES: Fiveblock soils--Fiveblock soils allow textures of sandy loam and loamy sand in the particle-size control section and require 65 percent or more gray, neutral sandstone. Kaymine soils--Kaymine soils allow textures of loam or silt loam in the particle-size control section. Laguardia (T) soils--Laguardia soils must have more than 10 percent construction debris fragments in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Hills Landform: Hill and hillslope Anthropogenic Features: Surface mine, spoil pile, spoil bank and reclaimed land


194 January 2015

Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, crest, head slope, nose slope, side slope and base slope Parent Material: Coal extraction mine spoil derived from nonacid regolith of weathered fine- earth and fragments of neutral to calcareous shale, sandstone and siltstone Slope: 0 to 90 percent Mean Annual Air Temperature: 11 to 13 degrees C. (52 to 56 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 889 to 1143 mm (35 to 45 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Bethesda soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from acid surface mine overburden Morristown soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from calcareous surface mine overburden Culleoka soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, limestone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands Dekalb soils--formed in residuum from sandstone on undisturbed uplands Elba soils--formed in residuum from limestone, shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands Gilpin soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands Guernsey soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, shale and limestone on undisturbed uplands Latham soils--formed in residuum from shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands Lowell soils--formed in residuum from limestone and shale on undisturbed uplands Westmoreland soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands Shelocta soils--formed in colluvium from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: None Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None Index Surface Runoff: Very high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Low through moderately high in the upper part, and very low through moderately high in the lower part Shrink-Swell Potential: Moderate USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices. Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites. Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult. Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with a few barren areas. Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia Extent: Large, about 417,000 acres identified at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio, 1978


195 January 2015

REMARKS: Fairpoint soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents units. Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 13 cm (Ap horizon) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 200 cm ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory test data is available for pedons BT-18, BT-19, BT-20 and JF-9 at The Ohio State University and S79IN55-17 in Indiana. ________________________________________ National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

64.0 FITCHVILLE

LOCATION FITCHVILLE OH+PA Established Series Rev. DRM-JRS-LER 02/2012 FITCHVILLE SERIES The Fitchville series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine sediments on lake plains and slackwater terraces. Permeability is moderate in the surface, moderately slow in the subsoil and moderate or moderately slow in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 39 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Fitchville silt loam, on a convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 975 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap -- 0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smoooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.) BE -- 7 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine pores; many prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many fine prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.) Bt1 -- 10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; prominent gray (5Y 5/1) coatings on faces of


196 January 2015

peds; many medium prominent gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2 -- 18 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; continuous gray (5Y 5/1) coatings on faces of peds; common medium prominent gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; few black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese oxide accumulations in ped interiors; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 12 to 42 inches.) BCt -- 29 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure with thin horizontal bedding planes; friable; very few faint clay films on vertical faces of peds and in pores; common gray (5Y 5/1) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 14 inches thick.) C --40 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; massive, stratification of thick horizontal bedding planes; friable; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Summit County, Ohio; Twinsburg Township, about 0.75 mile northeast of Twinsburg, 1600 feet west of State Route 91 and 600 feet east of Tinkers Creek along East Ohio Gas Company pipeline right-of-way, T. 5 N., R. 10 W.; USGS Twinsburg, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 19 minutes, 34 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 26 minutes, 47 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 70 inches. Most pedons lack rock fragments, but the C horizon can have up to 5 percent. Some pedons have carbonates within a depth of 30 inches. Bedding plane stratification or lamination is evident within the series control section. The Ap horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have A horizons 1 to 4 inches thick with value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse, granular. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Areas that have been limed range to neutral. E horizons, where present, are 3 to 8 inches thick, and have hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6 (7 or 8 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. The BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Structure is weak, fine to coarse, subangular blocky. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Some pedons have E/B or B/E horizons rather than a BE horizon. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 8. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons have thin subhorizons of loam or clay loam, or thin lenses of fine sandy loam. Average clay content ranges from 20 to 35 percent. Structure is weak to strong, subangular or angular blocky. Some pedons have weak to strong, medium or coarse, prismatic structure, parting to subangular blocky or platy in some pedons. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Some pedons have a thin, very firm, slightly brittle layer in the lower part of the Bt horizon that is not sufficient to meet the requirements for a fragipan horizon.


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The BC horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam or silt clay loam. Some pedons have thin strata of loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam or silty clay, or lenses of very fine and fine sand. Sand content averages 7 to 15 percent. Structure is weak, medium to very coarse, subangular blocky, angular blocky or prismatic; weak or moderate, thin to thick, platy. Rock fragments are commonly absent, but some pedons have up to 3 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is commonly laminated or stratified silt loam or silty clay loam. Sand content averages 7 to 15 percent. Some pedons have thin strata of loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam or silty clay, or lenses of very fine and fine sand within the series control section. Below the series control section may be textures of loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay or clay. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aptakisic, Caseyville, Creal, Gavers(T), Iva, Kendall, Starks, Stronghurst, Waynetown, and Yeddo series. Aptakisic soils have more sand in the lower part of the series control section. Caseyville soils formed in loess and contain less than 7 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Creal soils are more than 24 inches to the top of the argillic horizon. Gavers(T) soils have more coarse fragment in the lower part of the series control section. Iva soils have a higher mean annual temperature. Kendall soils average more than 15 percent sand at least one subhorizon within a depth of 60 inches. Starks soils average 15 to 55 percent sand in the lower part of the subsoil. Stronghurst soils lack stratification or lamination within the series control section. Waynetown soils have gravel content greater than 15 percent in the lower solum and substratum. Yeddo soils formed in loess more than 60 inches thick and the sand content is less than 10 percent throughout the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Fitchville soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine sediments that are derived mainly from materials high in sandstone and shale and are on summits and shoulders on lake plains and are on treads on terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 45 inches, and the mean annual temperature ranges from 47 to 54 degrees F. The frost free period is 133 to 167 days, and elevation ranges from 720 to 1,200 feet above msl. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Thesse are the Canadice, Caneadea Damascus, Glenford, Jimtown, Luray, Mentor and Sebring soils. The well drained Mentor soils, moderately well drained Glenford soils, poorly drained Sebring soils and the very poorly drained Luray soils are in a toposequence with Fitchville soils. The Mentor and Glenford soils are on higher landscape positions. The Sebring and Luray soils are in shallow, wet depressions. The nearby Jimtown and Damascus soils formed in loamy outwash deposits and the nearby Caneadea and Canadice soils formed in clayey lacustrine sediments. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to high. Permeability is moderate in the surface, moderately slow in the subsoil and moderate or moderately slow in the substratum. Depth to the top of an intermittent apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 foot from November to May in normal years. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Fitchville soils have been cleared. Some of the cleared areas are used for permanent pasture, but most are used for cultivated crops with corn, oats, wheat, soybeans, and mixed hay. Some areas are still wooded. Sugar maple, beech, red oak, pin oak, elm, and hickory are the main tree species.


198 January 2015

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern, north central, southeastern and southwestern Ohio and in northwestern Pennsylvania. MLRA's 111, 114, 124, 126, 139, and 140. The series is of large extent with about 178,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, 1948. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 10 inches (Ap and BE horizons). 2. Argillic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 29 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). 3. Aquic conditions - from a depth of 7 to 80 inches. Till substratum phases and clayey lacustrine substratum phases recognized at a depth of 40 to 60 inches were mapped in some earlier surveys. These phases do not meet current criteria for substratum phases, and will be evaluated for correlation as new series in future investigations. Fitchville soils mapped on 6 to 12 percent slopes could possibly be re-correlated to the moderately well drained Glenford soil in future evaluations. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the following pedons in Ohio: AB-51, CA-35, LK-19, LR-35, MD-21, MH-44, SA-32, SK-9, and TU-12; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

65.0 FOX

LOCATION FOX WI+IL IN MI OH Established Series Rev. AJK-HFG-GWH 01/2011 FOX SERIES The Fox series consists of very deep, well drained soils which are moderately deep to stratified calcareous sandy outwash. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy alluvium or just in loamy alluvium overlying stratified calcareous sandy outwash on outwash plains, stream terraces, valley trains, kames, and glacial moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches) near the type location. Mean annual air temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs


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TYPICAL PEDON: Fox silt loam - on a plane 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 260 meters (850 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizons in loess ranges from 0 to 48 cm (0 to 19 inches); in loamy outwash it ranges from 25 to 89 cm (10 to 35 inches).] 2Bt3--53 to 74 cm (21 to 29 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common prominent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. 2Bt4--74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.{[Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon [Bt horizon in pedons without a loess mantle] ranges from 10 to 89 cm (10 to 35 inches).] 3C1--84 to 114 cm (33 to 45 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) stratified gravelly sand and very cobbly sand; single grain; loose; about 30 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles as an average; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 inches) thick] 3C2--114 to 152 cm (45 to 60 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) stratified very gravelly sand, extremely gravelly sand, and gravel; single grain; loose; about 65 percent gravel as an average; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Jefferson County, Wisconsin; about 3 miles south and 3 mile west of Lake Mills; 1,600 feet south and 1,930 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 7 N., R. 13 E., USGS Lake Mills, Wisconsin; lat. 43 degrees 01 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 88 degrees 59 minutes 10 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Thickness of loess mantle: 0 to 61 cm (0 to 24 inches) Particle-size control section: averages from 18 to 35 percent clay, 15 to 45 percent fine sand or coarser Depth to free carbonates and stratified sandy outwash: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Volume of gravel: 0 to 35 percent in the loamy mantle, averages 3 to 70 percent in the stratified outwash and ranges from 0 to 95 percent in individual strata. Volume of cobbles: 0 to 50 percent in individual strata in the outwash Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part of the solum, but it ranges to neutral in the upper parts of some pedons where the soil is limed and ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the in the lower subsoil and is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the outwash


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Free calcium carbonates: in the sand and gravel outwash and in the lower part of the loamy mantle in some pedons Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 2 or 3 (Colors of 3/2 or 3/3 have value dry of 6 or more) Texture: silt loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly sandy loam, silty clay loam, clay loam or gravelly clay loam A horizon [where present, usulally les than 10 cm (4 inches) thick]: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly loam or gravelly sandy loam E horizon (whrer present): Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam, loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs. Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam or the gravelly analogs but it grades to sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam in the lower part in some pedons. 2Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or the gravelly analogs but grades to sandy loam in the lower part in some pedons Other features: In some pedons, the lower boundary is quite irregular and tongues of the 2Bt horizon extend into the calcareous sandy outwash for several feet. At the contact with the calcareous sandy outwash a darker colored and more clayey subhorizon is common ("beta B"). 2Btk horizon (where present): Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. 3C or 2C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR


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Value; 4 to 7 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: stratified layers of sand, coarse sand or the gravelly, very gravelly or extremely gravelly analogs or has strata of gravel. In some pedons, it is sand. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bixby, and Hixton series. Bixby soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 114 cm (45 inches). Hixton soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Fox soils are on outwash plains, stream terraces, valley trains, and kames and in outwash areas on moraines. Slope gradients range from 0 to 35 percent. These soils formed in thin loess and loamy alluvium or just in loamy alluvium overlying stratified calcareous sandy outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1120 mm (27 to 44 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 13.9 degrees C (46 to 57 degrees F). The frost free period ranges from about 135 to 190 days. Elevation ranges from 177 to 396 meters (580 to 1300 feet). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Near the type location, these are the Casco, Dresden, Matherton, Ockley, and Sebewa soils. The somewhat excessively drained Casco soils are on landscape positions similar to those of Fox soils where the loamy mantle is 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) thick over outwash. The well drained Dresden and Ockley soils are in landscape positions similar to those of Fox soils. Dresden soils are in areas where the surface layer is dark colored. Ockley soils are in areas where the loamy soil is more than 102 cm (40 inches) thick over outwash. The somewhat poorly drained Matherton soils and the poorly drained Sebewa soils form a drainage sequence with Fox soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is neglible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometer per second) in the silty and loamy mantle and high to very high (42.34 to 141.14 micrometers per second) in the sand and gravelly outwash. Permeability is moderate in the silty and loamy mantle and rapid or very rapid in the sand and gravel outwash. USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the less sloping areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland or woodland. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. Common trees are northern red oak, white oak, sugar maple, black cherry, and white ash. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, 108B, 110, 111A, 111B, 111C, 111D, 111E, 113, 114A, 114B, and 124 in southeastern Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, southern Michigan, western Ohio, and eastern Iowa. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Columbia County, Wisconsin, 1911. REMARKS: New series will be needed for the CLAYEY SUBSTRATUM (WI8064) and the LOAMY SUBSTRATUM (WI8065) phases. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) (Ap). argillic horizon - 25 to 84 cm (10 to 33 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Bt4).


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ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record - WI0026; WI0438 (GRAVELLY); WI0459 (SANDY SUBSTRATUM). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

66.0 FULTON

LOCATION FULTON OH+IN MI Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG-JAG 09/2012 FULTON SERIES The Fulton series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on lake plains. They formed in clayey glaciolacustrine sediments. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Fulton silty clay loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 218 meters (715 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; firm; few fine and medium roots; 10 percent mixing of yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Bt1 material; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2--46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt3--61 to 79 cm (24 to 31 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.


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Bt4--79 to 96 cm (31 to 38 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 102 cm (10 to 40 inches).] BC--96 to 119 cm (38 to 47 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate nodules in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] C--119 to 203 cm (47 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; massive, and weakly laminated; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of vertical partings; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate nodules in the matrix; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate crystals in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Paulding County, Ohio; about 2.1 miles north of Oakwood, in Brown Township; about 1600 feet west and 600 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 14, T. 2 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Continental, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 07 minutes 23 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 22 minutes 02 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 41 to 122 cm (16 to 48 inches) Depth to carbonates: 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 45 to 60 percent clay Rock fragments: typically absent throughout, but range from 0 to 5 percent in the loam and sandy loam epipedons Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 or 2; chroma of 3 in some eroded pedons Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or sandy loam Reaction: strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 2 to 4 (4 to 6 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or sandy loam Reaction: strongly acid to neutral


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Some pedons have a BA, E, or BE horizon. Where present, the E horizon does not tongue into the underlying horizon. Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: silty clay or clay; some pedons have strata of silty clay loam or silt loam less than 15 cm (6 inches) thick Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part BC or BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam; some pedons have strata as much as 8 cm (3 inches) thick of silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam Clay content: 35 to 60 percent Sand content: 5 to 20 percent; individual subhorizons have as much as 85 percent very fine sand and fine sand Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and carbonates are present Till substratum phase: depth to till is 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches) 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Blount, Del Rey, Kimmell, Mahoning, and Nappanee series. Bennington, Blount, Mahoning, and Nappanee soils have more than 1 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Del Rey and Kimmell soils have less than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Fulton soils are on slightly convex or planar surfaces on lake plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients range from 0 to 6 percent, but typically are 0 to 3 percent. The soils formed in fine-textured, calcareous glaciolacustrine sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55


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degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 152 to 305 meters (500 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the moderately well drained Lucas soils and the very poorly drained Bono, Latty, and Toledo soils. The Bono soils have a mollic epipedon and are on broad, nearly level areas or in depressions. The Latty soils are on broad flat areas of the lake plain and are on slightly lower topographic positions. The Lucas soils are on more sloping areas along drainageways or on higher topographic positions. The Toledo soils have a dark surface and are on lower topographic positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 30 cm (0.5 to 1.0 foot) between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low or low in the substratum. Permeability is slow or very slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is cultivated, primarily corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and hay. A small portion is in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest; primarily swamp white oak, northern red oak, pin oak, red maple, and beech. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and southern Michigan; and to a lesser extent in MLRA 139 in north central Ohio, and in intermorainal lake beds in MLRA 111B in west-central Ohio and northern Indiana. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fulton County, Ohio, 1922. REMARKS: The present concept limits the Fulton series to soils with silty clay or clay argillic horizons and clay content of more than 35 percent in the C horizon. Some Fulton soils mapped in older surveys with less clay in the B and C horizons would now be included in the Kibbie or Del Rey series. A till substratum phase is recognized. The loamy, sandy, and gravelly substratum phases that were mapped in earlier surveys have substrata at 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). These phases will not meet current criteria for substratum phases, and will be correlated as new series during future modernization projects. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 96 cm (Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 25 cm. Representative DMU ID number is 152870 in MO 11. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for pedons LG-24, PT-26, and SN-13 from Ohio. Laboratory characterization data is available for Indiana pedon ST7601, sampled at Purdue University. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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67.0 GALLIA

LOCATION GALLIA OH+WV Established Series Rev. DRM 01/2001 GALLIA SERIES The Gallia series consists of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in stratified old alluvium and some lacustrine sediments in preglacial valleys. These soils are on summits on high terraces and have slopes ranging from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 54 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Gallia silt loam - on a 3 percent convex slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick) Bt1--8 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate fine angular blocky structure; friable; common roots; common faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films and common distinct (10YR 6/3) silt coats on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--12 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; common roots; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films and few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coats on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt3--23 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay loam; strong medium angular blocky structure; firm; few roots; common distinct brown (5YR 4/4) clay films and few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coats on faces of peds; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt4--30 to 41 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy clay; strong coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few roots; many distinct yellowish red (5YR 3/6) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt5--40 to 67 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay loam; strong coarse angular blocky structure parting to strong medium and fine angular blocky; firm; few roots; clean silt and sand grains in many distinct patches on faces of peds; 5 percent soft weathered pebbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 55 to 70 inches.) BC--67 to 83 inches; dark red (2.5Y 3/6) gravelly sandy loam; massive with some vertical partings; firm; few faint dark reddish brown (2.5Y 3/4) clay films on faces of vertical partings; clean silt and sand grains in many distinct patches on faces of vertical partings; 15 percent soft weathered gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (12 to 50 inches thick)


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C--83 to 120 inches; brown 7.5YR 5/4), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) stratified loamy sand and gravelly loamy sand; single grained; loose; 25 percent gravel; very strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Washington County, Ohio; in Belpre Township on southwest edge of Little Hocking; about 1,450 feet southwest of the bridge on US 50 and old State Route 7 across the Little Hocking River, and 75 feet southeast of highway. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to 108 inches. Volume of coarse fragments, commonly weathered sandstone, shale, quartzite, and some crystalline pebbles 2 mm to 2.5 cm in size, and less commonly 2.5 cm to 75 cm in size, are 0 to 10 percent in the A horizon, 0 to 25 percent in the B, and 0 to 30 percent in the C. The particle size control section commonly is 20 to 32 percent clay but ranges from 18 to 35 percent. Skeletans are evident in the lower part of the B horizon. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 3 or 4. Some pedons have a thin horizon that has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The Ap or A horizon is silt loam or loam. It is very strongly acid to neutral. Some pedons have an E horizon. It is silt loam or loam. It is very strongly acid to neutral. The Bt or 2Bt horizon commonly has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR with subhorizons of 7.5YR that are most common in the upper part, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It commonly is loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, or their gravelly analogs, but some pedons have silt loam in the upper part or thin subhorizons of silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the lower part. It is strongly acid or very strongly acid. The BC or 2BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy loam, loamy sand, or their gravelly analogs. It is very strongly acid to medium acid. The C or 2C horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is stratified loamy sand, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs with strata less than 5 inches thick of sandy clay loam or loam. It is very strongly acid to medium acid. COMPETING SERIES: This is the Portia series in the same family and the Allegheny, Elk, Elkinsville, Negley, Parke, Wheeling, and Williamsburg series. Portia soils have black concretions in the upper argillic horizon and lack skeletans in the lower B horizon. Allegheny soils lack reddish hue and have base saturation of less than 35 percent. Elk, Elkinsville, and Wheeling soils typically have sola less than 60 inches thick, lack reddish hue, and have mixed mineralogy, and in addition, Elk and Elkinsville soils are fine-silty. Negley soils have mixed mineralogy and contain more gravel. Parke soils are fine-silty, have mixed mineralogy, and lack skeletans in the lower part of the solum. Williamsburg soils have mixed mineralogy and lack reddish hue. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gallia soils are on interfluves of high terraces undergoing dissection and have slope gradients of 2 to 25 percent. The soils formed in stratified old alluvium and some lacustrine sediments in wide preglacial valleys that in some places have a silt or loess mantle up to 18 inches in thickness. Some strata include pebbles and fragments of sandstone, shale, quartzite, and crystalline rocks. Most of the coarse fragments except quartzite and chert are weathered and disintegrate readily. Mean


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annual precipitation ranges from about 35 to 44 inches, and mean annual air temperature ranges from about 52 to 56 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Licking, Otwell, and Vincent soils on high terraces and the Dekalb, Gilpin, Summitville, and Upshur soils. Licking and Vincent soils have fine textured argillic horizons and underlying materials, and in addition, Licking soils are moderately well drained. Otwell soils are moderately well drained, have fragipans, and are on broader, less sloping areas. Dekalb, Gilpin, Summitville, and Upshur soils formed in residuum weathered from the underlying sandstone, siltstone, and shale and are on nearby dissected uplands. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Gallia soils are well drained. Runoff is medium. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of these soils are used for general crops and orchards. Corn, wheat, and hay are general farm crops. The original vegetation consisted of mixed deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Ohio and West Virginia. The series is not extensive, less than 10,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Washington County, Ohio, 1973 ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data available for the typical pedon (WS-1). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

68.0 GALLMAN

LOCATION GALLMAN OH Established Series Rev. DRM-DNM-JAG 01/2011 GALLMAN SERIES The Gallman series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in poorly sorted outwash with a high content of shale of fine gravel size. These soils are on outwash plains, outwash terraces, kames, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs


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TYPICAL PEDON: Gallman loam, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 248 meters (813 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick] BE--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; 2 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Bt1--28 to 51 cm (11 to 20 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; 3 percent fine gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 15 percent fine shale and crystalline gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt3--76 to 94 cm (30 to 37 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 8 percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt4--94 to 132 cm (37 to 52 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly sandy clay loam; massive; firm; few fine roots; many faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 15 percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt5--132 to 168 cm (52 to 66 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy clay loam; massive; firm; common faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 25 percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt6--168 to 190 cm (66 to 75 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; thin lenses of silt loam; massive; friable; few faint clay bridging between sand grains; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 114 to 279 cm (45 to 110 inches).] C--190 to 229 cm (75 to 90 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand; single grain; loose; common coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; 2 miles northwest of Rockford, in Dublin Township; Blackloon Reserve; 1372 feet west and 1425 feet north of the intersection of Blackloon Road and River Trail Road, T. 4 S., R. 2 E.; USGS Rockford, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 43 minutes 04 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 40 minutes 07 seconds W., NAD 27.


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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches) Thickness of the solum: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches) Depth to carbonates: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches); up to 38 cm (15 inches) of the lower part of the solum contains carbonates in some pedons Thickness of a silty mantle (more than 50 percent silt): 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches), where present in some pedons Rock fragments: dominantly fine shale gravel with some limestone and crystalline erratics Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 30 percent clay Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5 (6 or 7 dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, sandy loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral BE horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam, sandy loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, and less commonly 5YR in some subhorizons Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 to 4; chroma 2 occurs as "beta" material and is not indicative of wetness Texture: sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; some pedons contain thin subhorizons of silt loam or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent in the upper part and 2 to 40 percent in the lower part Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral and commonly is slightly acid or neutral below a depth of 102 cm (40 inches) BC horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loamy sand or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures, or is stratified with these textures Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y


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Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: dominantly sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; thin strata of loam, silt loam, or gravelly loam are in some pedons Clay content: averages 3 to 15 percent Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline Loamy substratum phase: Texture: dominantly loam, gravelly loam, or silt loam; strata of sandy loam, loamy sand, or the gravelly analogs of these textures are in some pedons Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline Till substratum phase: Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silt loam Clay content: 14 to 35 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Caprell, Chili, Cliftycreek, Conestoga, Crouse, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Mocksville, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Belmore, Caprell, Chili, Hollinger, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Pignut, Senachwine, Strawn, Wawaka, and Wawasee soils are less than 140 cm (55 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Belmont, High Gap, Lumberton, Military, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Cliftycreek soils have between 35 and 75 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Conestoga, Crouse, Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Ockley, and Richardville soils do not have rock fragments that are dominantly of shale lithology. Kanawha soils formed in alluvium from interbedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone on high bottoms and stream terraces. Mocksville soils are in a wetter climate with a mean annual precipitation of more than 1016 mm (40 inches). Princeton soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Relay soils have hue yellower than 10YR in the Bt horizon. Riddles soils have lamellae in the lower part of the series control section. Skelton soils are more acid than slightly acid in the lower part of the argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gallman soils are on outwash plains, outwash terraces, kames, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 18 percent. They formed in poorly sorted outwash with a high content of fine black shale rock fragments and minor amounts of igneous, metamorphic, and limestone rock fragments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 10 to 12 degrees C (50 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 170 days. Elevation is 244 to 274 meters (800 to 900 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cygnet, Houcktown, Millgrove, Rensselaer, Sleeth, Thackery, and Westland soils. The Cygnet and Houcktown soils are on the margins of areas of outwash and are underlain by till. Millgrove, Rensselaer, and Westland soils are very poorly drained and are in depressions. Sleeth soils are somewhat poorly drained, have grayer subsoils, and are on lower


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topographic positions. Thackery soils are moderately well drained and are on slightly lower topographic positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and high or very high in the substratum. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and moderately rapid or rapid in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are used for permanent pasture and woodland. Native vegetation is hardwood forest of oak, hickory, and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and central Ohio; MLRA 111B. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Crawford County, Ohio, 1975. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap, BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 190 cm (Bt horizon). Loamy substratum and till substratum phases are presently recognized. ADDITIONAL DATA: Supporting laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for pedon AG-6. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

69.0 GERMANO

LOCATION GERMANO OH Established Series Rev. CER-TDG-LER-DBD 10/2000 GERMANO SERIES The Germano series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum from weakly cemented, fine to coarse grained fractured sandstone on uplands. Permeability is moderately rapid. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults


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TYPICAL PEDON: Germano fine sandy loam - on an 8 percent slope at an elevation of 1250 feet above msl, on a cropland ridgetop. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated). Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent sandstone fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick). Bt1--10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; common soft fragments; about 10 percent sandstone fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--18 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; common soft fragments; about 15 percent sandstone fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 8 to 32 inches.) C--26 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery fine sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; common soft fragments; about 45 percent sandstone fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.) Cr--33 to 37 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fractured weathered sandstone. TYPE LOCATION: Harrison County, Ohio; Rumley Township; about 0.1 mile north of New Rumley; 2400 feet north and 2200 feet west of the southeast corner of section 14, T. 12 N., R. 5 W. Scio topographic quadrangle, lat. 40 degrees, 24 minutes, 15 seconds N. long. 81 degrees, 01 minutes, 52 seconds, W. NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum and depth to the paralithic contact (soft sandstone) range from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the top of the argillic horizon ranges from 4 to 10 inches. Rock fragments, mainly fragments of sandstone up to 6 inches in length, range from 2 to 20 percent by volume in the A horizon, and E horizon (if present), 3 to 35 percent in individual subhorizons of the Bt (up to 40 percent below the particle size control section), and 20 to 80 percent in BC and C horizons, where present. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 or 4. Some pedons have an A horizon, 1 to 4 inches thick, that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A horizon is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam; or channery analogues of these textures. It is very strongly acid to moderately acid but range to neutral where limed. The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or channery analogues of these textures. It is strongly acid or very strongly acid. In cultivated pedons the E horizon generally is incorporated into the Ap horizon. A BE horizon is in some pedons. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It commonly is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loam, or channery analogues of these textures; but very channery


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analogues of these textures are permitted in the lower part of the Bt horizon. It is typically moderately acid to very strongly acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is channery to extremely channery analogues of fine sandy loam, sandy loam or loamy sand. It is strongly acid to extremely acid. COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family with Germano. Closely related families include the Dunellen, Lansdale, Philomont, Rigley Steinsburg, and Unicorn series. Dunellen soils have stratified materials in the series control section. Lansdale soils are underlain by hard bedrock. Philomont, Rigley and Unicorn soils have a lithic contact at depths greater than 40 inches. Steinsburg soils do not have an argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Germano soils are on ridgetops and side slopes and have a convex or planar surface. Slope gradients range from 2 to 40 percent. Climate is humid and temperate. The soils formed mainly in residuum from weakly cemented fine to coarse grained fractured sandstone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 36 to 44 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 50 to 54 degrees F. Frost free days range from 155 to 165 days per year. Elevation ranges from 1000 to 1400 feet above sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Coshocton, Gilpin, Hazleton, Rigley, Schaffenaker, and Westmoreland soils on nearby upland landscapes. Except for Hazleton, Rigley, and Schaffenaker, all of these soils formed in interbedded siltstone and shale and have an argillic horizon. Gilpin, Coshocton, and Westmoreland soils are fine-loamy. The moderately deep, well drained Gilpin soils are mainly on summits and shoulders. The deep, moderately well drained Coshocton soils and deep, well drained Westmoreland soils are on summits, shoulders, side slopes, benches, and foot slopes; typically at lower elevations than Germano soils. The deep Hazleton and moderately deep Schaffenaker soils do not have an argillic horizon, and in addition Hazleton soils are loamy-skeletal. These soils are on steep side slopes below Germano soils and on higher domes and ridges. The deep, well drained Rigley soils are on side slopes below Germano soils. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is very low to medium. Permeability is moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Germano soils are cropped on gentler slopes and pastured or wooded on steeper slopes. Natural vegetation was hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 124 and 126. In east-central and southeastern Ohio, and possibly Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Harrison County, Ohio, 1991. The name is taken from the village of Germano in Harrison County. REMARKS: Prime farmland on slopes of less than 6 percent. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - from the soil surface to a depth of about 10 inches (Ap), argillic horizon - the zone from about 10 inches to 26 inches (Bt1, Bt2); paralithic contact - at a depth of about 33 inches.


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ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for HR-5 (the typical pedon) AS-13 and JF-17 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

70.0 GILFORD

LOCATION GILFORD IN+IA IL MI MO OH WI Established Series Rev. RAR-RAB-DAG 05/2012 GILFORD SERIES The Gilford series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in loamy over sandy sediments on outwash plains, near-shore zones (relict), and flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Gilford sandy loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an elevation of (766 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 28 cm (11 inches); black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A--28 to 36 cm (11 to 14 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches).] Bg1--36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; moderately acid; clear irregular boundary. Bg2--51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 36 to 66 cm (14 to 26 inches).] BCg--81 to 96 cm (32 to 38 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) loamy sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick]


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Cg1--96 to 122 cm (38 to 48 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) sand; single grain; loose; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Cg2--122 to 203 cm (48 to 80 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) coarse sand and sand; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: St. Joseph County, Indiana; about 6 miles east and 3 miles north of South Bend; 1,900 feet west and 50 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 38 N., R. 3 E.; USGS South Bend East, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 43 minutes 28.9 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 7 minutes 36.0 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 572638 easting and 4619584 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Depth to the BCg horizon: 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: carbonates are present in at least one horizon between 102 to 140 cm (40 and 55 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent fine gravel in the upper part of the series control section and 0 to 10 percent in the lower part Ap or A horizon: Hue:10YR or N Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam, or their mucky analogues Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2; redox concentrations with higher chroma are usually present Texture: fine sandy loam or sandy loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral BCg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 2 Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loamy sand, sand, coarse sand, or fine sand Reaction: slightly acid or neutral above a depth of 102 cm (40 inches) and neutral to moderately alkaline below


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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Darfur, Dassel, Goodell, Hanska, Jubilee, Lyles, Monon, Mudgepond, Overshue, Toolesboro, Uniongrove, and Whitepost series. Darfur and Overshue soils are in a climate where the mean annual temperature is less than 8.9 degres C (48 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is less than 762 mm (30 inches). Dassel soils have textural stratification in the cambic horizon and are in a climate where the mean annual precipitation is less than 762 mm (30 inches). Goodell and Mudgepond soils have a layer in the lower part of the series control section that has less than 70 percent sand. Hanska and Gilford soils have overlapping soil properties within the series control section and are not clearly differentiated. Jubilee soils contain mica flakes and are in a climate where the mean annual precipitation is less than 762 mm (30 inches). Lyles soils are greater than 102 cm (40 inches) to sand and loamy sand textures. Monon and Toolesboro soils do not have carbonates in the lower part of the series control section. Uniongrove soils are deeper than 127 cm (50 inches) to the base of the cambic horizon and have an accumulation of secondary carbonates in the lower part of the series control section. Whitepost soils have more than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gilford soils are commonly in broad closed depressions on outwash plains, near-shore zones (relict), and on flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Gilford soils formed in loamy over sandy sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.5 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 210 days. Elevation is 104 to 466 meters (340 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brady, Branch, Bronson, Granby, Maumee, Morocco, Mussey, Ormas, and Oshtemo soils. The well drained Boyer, Ormas, and Oshtemo soils are on summits and swells of outwash plains or on backslopes of dissected outwash plains. The moderately well drained Branch and Bronson soils are on summits and swells of outwash plains. The somewhat poorly drained Brady and Morocco soils are on nearly level outwash plains. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Granby, Maumee, and Mussey soils are on outwash plains adjacent to the Gilford soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. In drained areas, the depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 cm (0.5 feet) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between December and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the upper part and very rapid in the lower part. Permeability is moderately rapid in the upper part and rapid in the lower part. USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are used for growing corn, soybeans, wheat, and oats. A few areas are forested. Native vegetation is dominantly herbaceous wetland. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, 108B, 110, 111B, 111C, and 115C in northern Indiana, Michigan, northwestern Ohio, southeastern Wisconsin, southeastern Iowa, northeastern Missouri, and northern and central Illinois. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan, 1926. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to 14 inches (Ap, A). Cambic horizon: from 14 to 32 inches (Bg1, Bg2). Aquic conditions: matrix color with chroma of 1 below the mollic epipedon.


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NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124268 represents the typical pedon. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124269 represents a mucky surface phase. A gravelly, bedrock, loamy, and noncalcareous substratum phases are recognized, and may become new series when the subset soil surveys with these phases are updated. Also, a flooded phase and an undrained phase are recognized. The Monon series was developed for the bedrock substratum phase. The Goodell series was developed for the loamy substratum phase. The Whitepost series was developed for the lacustrine substratum phase. ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data for the typical pedon (S01IN-141-004) is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data (T98IN-141-001) for the typical pedon is on file in MLRA project office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transect shows 100 percent Gilford soils. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

71.0 GILPIN

LOCATION GILPIN PA+GA IN KY MD NY OH TN VA WV Established Series SLH/Rev. MDJ 10/2014 GILPIN SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults TYPICAL PEDON: Gilpin channery silt loam on a 3 percent northwest facing slope in cropland. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 20 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone and shale; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches thick) Bt1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone and shale; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--33 to 61 cm (13 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and moderately plastic; few distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone and shale; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 30 to 66 cm thick (12 to 26 inches.) C--61 to 79 cm (24 to 30 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) extremely channery loam; massive; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few faint clay films and common prominent black coatings on


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fragments; 60 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone and shale; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches thick) R--79 cm (30 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fractured, thin bedded, shale and siltstone with silt and clay coatings in fractures; strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: County: Indiana State: Pennsylvania USGS Quadrangle: Marion Center Latitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): 40.8550642 Longitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): -79.018367 Directions to the pedon: In North Mahoning Township about mile southeast of Marchand, on a hilltop 500 feet east of Township Road 660. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic: 53 to 94 cm (21 to 37 inches) Solum Thickness: 45 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches) Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth Class: Moderately deep Rock Fragment content: 5 to 40 percent, by volume, in the solum and 30 to 90 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. The rock fragment content is less than 35 percent, by volume, in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon. Rock fragments are mostly angular to subangular channers of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid throughout, except where limed Range of Individual Horizons: Ap horizon: Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam A horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 through 4, and chroma of 1 through 3 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam E, BE, or BA horizons (if they occur): Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam Bt horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 4 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay films--occur on ped faces, pores, and on rock fragments and are few or common and faint or distinct. BC horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam


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C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam Some pedons have a Cr horizon. The R horizon is horizontal interbedded shale, siltstone, or fine grained sandstone. COMPETING SERIES: Arcola soils--are weathered from Triassic and Jurassic bedrock Bedington soils--are very deep to bedrock Bucks soils--are deep to bedrock with a silt mantle Collington soils--are very deep to bedrock Edgemont soils--are deep and very deep to quartzitic bedrock Edneytown soils--are very deep to igneous and high-grade metamorphic bedrock Freehold soils--are very deep and form in marine sediments containing glauconite Gladstone soils--are very deep to residual and colluvial granitic gneiss bedrock Joanna soils--are very deep to Triassic bedrock Leedsville soils--are very deep to Triassic and Jurassic bedrock Millstone soils--are very deep and form in loamy alluvium Penargyl soils--are very deep and form in till over shale residuum bedrock Pennval soils--are very deep and form in colluvium Pigeonroost soils--form from igneous and high-grade metamorphic bedrock Pineville soils--are very deep and form in colluvium Quakertown soils--are deep to bedrock Rayne soils--are deep and very deep to bedrock Shelocta soils--are deep and very deep and form in colluvium or colluvium and residuum Syenite soils--form from residual granite bedrock Wist soils--are very deep to bedrock and form from glauconite bearing fluviomarine deposits GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRA(s) using this series: 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 147 Landscape: Upland Landform: Ridge, hill, and hillslope Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, nose slope, or side slope Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope Parent Material Origin: Nearly horizontal, interbedded gray and brown acid siltstone, shale, and sandstone Parent Material Kind: Residuum Slope: 0 to 70 percent Elevation: 91 to 1097 meters (300 to 3600 feet) Frost-free period: 120 to 180 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 7 to 14 degrees C. (46 to 57 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 914 to 1270 millimeters (36 to 50 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Beech soils--occur on footslopes and are moderately well drained Berks soils--occur on similar landscapes, do not have an argillic horizon, and have more coarse fragments in the solum and substratum


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Cavode soils--occur on similar landscapes and are somewhat poorly drained Clarksburg soils--occur on footslopes and are moderately well drained Dekalb soils--occur on similar landscapes, have sandier textures, and have more coarse fragments in the solum and substratum Ernest soils--occur on footslopes and are moderately well or somewhat poorly drained Muskingum soils--occur on similar landscapes, do not have an argillic horizon, and are deep to bedrock Rayne soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deeper than 102 cm to bedrock Shelocta soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deeper than 102 cm to bedrock Upshur soils--occur on similar landscapes, have finer textures in the solum and substratum, and are deep and very deep to bedrock Vandalia soils--occur on footslopes, have finer textures in the solum and substratum, and are very deep to bedrock Wellston soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deep and very deep to bedrock Westmoreland soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deep and very deep to bedrock Wharton soils--occur on similar landscapes, are moderately well drained, and are deep and very deep to bedrock DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained Index Surface Runoff: Negligible through high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: High Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate Shrink-Swell Class: Low Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, soybeans, wheat, or oats. Where wooded--Oaks, maple, hickory, and yellow-poplar. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia Extent: Large, over 6 million acres, at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Indiana County, Pennsylvania, 1931. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 20 cm (Ap horizon) Argillic horizon--the zone from 20 to 61 cm (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons) Lithic contact--the zone starting at 79 cm (R horizon) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 79 cm ADDITIONAL DATA:


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Characterization sample 61PA063056 is from the Type Location, and was used as the basis for placing this series in the active CEC class. Characterization data is available from the Pennsylvania State Soil Characterization Laboratory for the following pedons: 75PA003001, 61PA063054, 65PA003008, S1965PA063180 Characterization data is available from The Ohio State Soil Characterization Laboratory for the following pedons: KX-043, PR-004, PR-005, ho-011, cs-019, cs-020, cs-024, mn-w15, mn-w20, at-W03, lw-s01, ws-023, ws-w08, ws-w10, ws-w34, ws-w35, As-007, Sk-025, bt-w02, AS-7, CA-W20, CA-W21, CS-W9, CS-W10, CS-W11, BT-S2, BT-W2, JF-16, MS-W1, MS-W2, MS-S4, TU-1, MN-8, MN-10, MN-26, MN-W3, MN-W9, MN-W43, SK-25, PR-4, PR-5, WS-W34, WS-W35 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

72.0 GLENDORA

LOCATION GLENDORA MI+MN OH WI Established Series Rev. NWS-LWB-WEF-MLK 08/2012 GLENDORA SERIES The Glendora series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in sandy alluvium. These soils are on nearly level areas or slight depressions, including old drainageways, and on flood plains in river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 7.8 degrees C (46 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Mollic Psammaquents TYPICAL PEDON: Glendora sandy loam, on a slope of 1 percent in an undisturbed area on a flood plain. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] Cg--20 to 53 cm (8 to 21 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand; single grain; loose; common fine roots; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand and organic bands 0.3 to 2 cm (1/8 to 1 inch) thick; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. C1--53 to 107 cm (21 to 42 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sand; single grain; loose; common fine roots; black (10YR 2/1) organic bands less than 0.6 cm (1/4 inch) thick; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. C2--107 to 158 cm (42 to 62 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single grain; loose; black (10YR 2/1) organic bands 0.3 to 1 cm (1/8 to 1/2 inch) thick; neutral.


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TYPE LOCATION: Kalamazoo County, Michigan; about 1 mile southwest of the village of Fulton; about 1,200 feet north and 50 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 20, T. 4 S., R. 9 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to carbonates: deeper than 46 cm (18 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 0 to 10 percent clay and 70 to 100 percent sand Series control section: has an irregular decrease in organic carbon A horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: sandy loam, mucky sandy loam, fine sandy loam, mucky silt loam, loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand, sand, mucky sand, mucky loamy sand, mucky loamy fine sand, mucky loamy fine sand, or mucky loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y Value: 2 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: typically sand or fine sand, but includes loamy sand and loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline Organic bands have colors similar to the A horizon. Some pedons do not have organic bands. Thin lenses of gravelly sand are below a depth of 100 cm (40 inches) in some pedons. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Kanza, Kingsville, Marlake, Pay, Plev, Tobico, and Vestaburg series. Kanza and Plev soils are in warmer areas that have a mean annual temperature greater than 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F). Kingsville soils do not have an irregular decrease in organic carbon in the series control section. Marlake soils are in drier areas that have a mean annual precipitation of less than 737 mm (29 inches). Pay and Vestaburg soils have more than 3 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Tobico have carbonates within a depth of 46 cm (18 inches) and do not have an irregular decrease in organic carbon in the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Glendora soils are in nearly level areas or slight depressions, including old drainageways, and on flood plains in river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The Glendora soils formed in sandy alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 991 mm (29 to 39 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.0 to 11.1 degrees C (41 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 115 to 220 days. Elevation is 175 to 470 meters (575 to 1,540 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Abscota, Algansee, Cohoctah and Sloan soils. The moderately well drained Abscota and the somewhat poorly drained Algansee soils are on slightly higher landscape positions and are in a drainage sequence with Glendora soils. Cohoctah soils are on landscape positions similar to those of the Glendora soils on flood plains and have a sand content that averages less than 70 percent in the particle-size control section. Sloan soils are on landscape positions


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similar to those of the Glendora soils on flood plains and have a clay content that averages 22 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) between September and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. These soils are frequently or occasionally flooded for brief to very long duration. These soils are subject to occasional ponding up to 15 cm (0.5 feet) for brief duration. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are pastured or forestland. Some areas are cultivated. Corn and hay are the principal crops. Native vegetation is American elm, white ash, swamp white oak, and quaking aspen. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, and 111B in southern Michigan, northern Ohio, south-central Wisconsin, and southeastern Minnesota. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (A horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

73.0 GLENFORD

LOCATION GLENFORD OH+PA WV Established Series Rev. GMS-JRS-LER 02/2012 GLENFORD SERIES The Glenford series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine or stream sediments on lake plains, stream terraces, and outwash plains and terraces. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper part of the subsoil and moderately slow in the lower part of the subsoil and the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Glenford silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in an idle field at an elevation of about 1,140 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)


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Ap -- 0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick.) BA -- 7 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick.) Bt1 -- 10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; thin patchy dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films in voids and on faces of peds; common fine distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2 -- 17 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; firm; few roots; thin patchy clay films in voids and on faces of peds; few medium very dark brown (10YR 2/2) soft iron and manganese oxide accumulations; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation as rinds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon ranges from 20 to 33 inches.) BC -- 30 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thin platy structure; friable; few roots; few clay enriched areas in upper part of horizon; few fine prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation as rinds and stains; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 25 inches thick.) C -- 42 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam, with few lenses of very fine sand; weak thick platy structure; friable; common fine and medium prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation as rinds; slightly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Portage County, Ohio; Brimfield Township, about 0.5 mile south of Kent, 800 feet south of the intersection of Sunnybrook Road (County Highway 11) and Melroy Road (Township Road 92) along Sunnybrook Road, then 250 feet west. T. 2 N., R. 9 W. USGS Kent, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 7 minutes, 45 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 21 minutes, 54 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Rock fragments are typically absent, but range up to 3 percent in the BC horizon and 10 percent in the C horizon. Stratification is evident within the series control section. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. An A horizon, when present, is 1 to 4 inches thick and has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Structure is weak or moderate, very fine to medium, granular or angular blocky. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Areas that have been limed are slightly acid or neutral. Some pedons have an E horizon that is 2 to 8 inches thick and has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is silt loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium, subangular or angular blocky. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.


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Some pedons have a BE horizon with hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium, subangular or angular blocky. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Some pedons have a B/E horizon. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silty clay loam or silt loam. Some pedons have strata of loam, very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Structure is moderate or strong, fine to coarse, subangular or angular blocky, or weak, medium or coarse, prismatic, or thin to thick platy. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Some pedons have a thin layer with slight brittleness in the middle or lower part of the Bt horizons. The BC horizon has texture of silt loam or silty clay loam, with strata of fine sandy loam in some pedons. Structure is weak, coarse subangular or angular blocky, or very coarse prismatic, or thin to thick platy. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is commonly stratified silt, silt loam, or silty clay loam. Some pedons have strata of loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam or silty clay, or lenses of very fine sand or fine sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly alkaline. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Appleriver, Blair, Bunkum, Fishhook, Freeburg, Geff, Keene, Muren, Reesville, Sugarvalley, Torox, and Xenia series. Appleriver, Keene, Muren, Reesville and Xenia soils lack stratification in the series control section. Blair, Fishhook, and Geff soils have a thicker solum. Bunkum and Freeburg soils have higher mean annual temperatures. Sugarvalley and Torox soils have carbonates within 60 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Glenford soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine or stream sediments derived from materials high in sandstone and shale. Glenford soils are on summits, shoulders and side slopes on lake plains, and on risers and treads on terraces of streams and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 43 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 47 to 52 degrees F. The frost free period is 133 to 198 days, and elevation ranges from 720 to 1,100 feet above msl. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Glenford series is a member of the drainage sequence that includes the well drained Mentor, somewhat poorly drained Fitchville, poorly drained Sebring, and very poorly drained Luray soils. Chagrin, Lobdell, and Orrville soils are on adjacent flood plains and have lower silt content. Caneadea and Canadice soils are on adjacent lacustrine areas and have higher clay content. Wheeling, Chili, Bogart, and Jimtown soils are on nearby gravelly outwash. Nearby upland soils derived from till include Wooster, Rittman, Ellsworth, and Pierpont soils and members of their drainage sequences. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from low to very high. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper part of the subsoil and moderately slow in the lower part of the subsoil and the substratum. Depth to the top of an intermittent apparent seasonal high water table is from 1.0 to 2.0 feet from December to April in normal years. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared and used for cropland or permanent pasture. Corn, small grains, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are still in woodland. Many areas near cities are in nonagricultural uses. Native vegetation was deciduous forest.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern, eastern and southern Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania and northwestern West Virginia. MLRA's 99, 111, 114, 121, 124, 126, 139 and 140. The series is of large extent with a total of about 129,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: This revision reflects taxonomic classification updates of the 8th Edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy. It is anticipated that the Glenford soils correlated in MLRA's other than those in Region R may be recorrelated as new series in future MLRA update activities. Diagnostic horizons and features in this pedon include: 1. Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 7 inches (Ap horizon). 2. Argillic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 30 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). 3. Aquic conditions - from a depth of 17 to 80 inches. 4. Udic moisture regime. ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon PG-5 for characterization data on the typical pedon, from Portage County, Ohio; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

74.0 GLYNWOOD

LOCATION GLYNWOOD OH+IN MI Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG-JAG 04/2007 GLYNWOOD SERIES The Glynwood series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. They formed in a thin layer of loess and the underlying till. These soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Glynwood silt loam, on a convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 260 meters (854 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many roots; few fine faint black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick]


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E--18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak very thin platy structure; friable; many roots; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions and faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; many worm casts; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 8 cm (3 inches) thick in cultivated pedons and 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) thick in undisturbed pedons] BE--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and fine subangular blocky; firm; common roots; many faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) and brown (10YR 5/3) skeletans on faces of peds; common medium distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] 2Bt1--30 to 41 cm (12 to 16 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; firm; common roots; many faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) skeletans on faces of prisms; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bt2--41 to 51 cm (16 to 20 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; moderate and strong medium prismatic structure parting to strong coarse angular blocky; firm; common roots; many faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) skeletans on faces of prisms; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bt3--51 to 58 cm (20 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse angular blocky; firm; few roots; many faint brown (10YR 5/3) and dark brown (10YR 3/3), and distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 2 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches).] 2BC1--58 to 69 cm (23 to 27 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) and distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common fine distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 3 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 2BC2--69 to 81 cm (27 to 32 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; very firm; few roots; very few faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) carbonate coatings on faces of prisms; few distinct gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings overlying the pale brown coatings in a dendritic pattern; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in


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the matrix; 3 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2BC horizon is 0 to 41 cm (16 inches).] 2Cd--81 to 203 cm (32 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures and horizontal platy tendencies; very firm; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and gray (5Y 5/1) carbonate coatings on faces of fractures; few discontinuous prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6 and 5/8) hypocoats beneath the carbonate coatings; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Auglaize County, Ohio; approximately 5 miles northeast of St. Marys and 1 mile north of Glynwood, in Moulton Township; about 500 feet east and 900 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 17, T. 5 S., R. 5 E.; USGS Moulton, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 36 minutes 00 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 18 minutes 57 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 727119 easting and 4497824 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 38 to 107 cm (15 to 42 inches) Thickness of the solum: 63 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches) Depth to the densic contact: 63 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: typically 41 to 102 cm (16 to 40 inches), but ranges to 25 cm (10 inches) in severely eroded pedons Rock fragments: dominantly limestone and crystalline glacial erratics Mean annual soil temperature: 10 to 14 degrees C (50 to 57 degrees F) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: typically silt loam or loam; eroded pedons typically are clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent


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Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral BE horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral 2Bt or 2Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: silty clay, clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part 2BC or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: silty clay, clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline Some pedons have a Bt, BC, Cd, or Cdg horizon in areas where the loess mantle is absent. Some pedons have a 2CB horizon. 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: clay loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 40 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 22 to 35 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Cardington, Ellsworth, Geeburg, Mortimer, Pert, Shinrock, and Wyatt series. Cardington, Ellsworth, and Geeburg soils have a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 22 percent in the lower part of the series control section. Mortimer soils average more than 40 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Pert soils have sola less than 63 cm (25 inches) thick. Shinrock and Wyatt soils do not have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Glynwood soils are on ground moraines and end moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradient is typically 2 to 18 percent, but ranges from 0 to 40 percent. They formed in a thin layer of loess and the underlying clay loam or silty clay loam till. Some areas do not have a loess mantle.


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Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 170 days. Elevation is 244 to 305 meters (800 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Blount, well drained Lybrand, moderately well drained Morley, and very poorly drained Pewamo soils that are in a toposequence with the Glynwood soils. Blount soils are on flatter or more concave positions. Lybrand and Morley soils are on higher positions or more sloping areas along drainageways. Pewamo soils are in depressions and drainageways. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is medium to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low in the solum and low in the dense till. Permeability is slow in the solum and slow or very slow in the dense till. USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, grass-legume hay, oats, soybeans, and wheat. A relatively small proportion is in permanent bluegrass pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, principally ash, beech, elm, hickory, oak, and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West-central Ohio, southern Michigan, and northern Indiana; mainly in MLRA 111B and less extensively in MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 111A, and 111C. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Miami County, Ohio, 1973. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap, E, BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 58 cm (2Bt horizon). Densic contact: at 81 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons between a depth of 30 and 81 cm (2Bt, 2BC horizons). A limestone substratum phase is recognized. The thin solum phase mapped in earlier surveys does not fit the series concept. It likely will be recorrelated as a new series when its area of use is updated. Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon. Glynwood map units in lake plain settings will need to be evaluated during MLRA modernization projects. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory are available for the following pedons: AG-1 (type location), AG-8, MC-11, LG-40, MW-16, and SA-30. Laboratory characterization data is also available from the USDA, NRCS, National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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75.0 GRANBY

LOCATION GRANBY MI+IA IL IN MN NY OH WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-GLH 08/2012 GRANBY SERIES The Granby series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in sandy outwash or sandy glaciolacustrine deposits on outwash plains, lake plains, and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Endoaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Granby loamy sand, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 190 meters (624 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches) thick] Bg1--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--41 to 81 cm (16 to 32 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) and gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 30 to 102 cm (12 to 40 inches).] Cg--81 to 203 cm (32 to 80 inches); light gray (10YR 7/2) sand; single grain; loose; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and few medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Ottawa County, Michigan; about 7 miles west and 1/2 mile south of Allendale; 350 feet east and 400 feet north of the center of sec. 28, T. 7 N., R. 15 W.; USGS Borculo topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 57 minutes 58.42 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 5 minutes 28.51 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 574106 easting and 4757467 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: typically 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 inches), but ranges from 51 to 132 cm (20 to 52 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3


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Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: sand, mucky sand, loamy sand, mucky loamy sand, loamy fine sand, mucky loamy fine sand, fine sand, mucky fine sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bw or Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 3; or hue of 5Y and chroma of 3 or less with distinct or prominent redoximorphic features; pedons that do not have a dominant chroma of 2 or less have colors due to uncoated mineral grains Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: sand, coarse sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline Clayey substratum phase: Depth: 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches) Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Gumz, Kentland, Loup, and Maumee series. Gumz soils have a lithologic discontinuity with till in the lower part of the series control section. Kentland soils have an organic layer in the middle part of the series control section. Loup soils are in drier climates that receive less than 762 mm (30 inches) of annual precipitation. Maumee soils have a mollic epipedon that is more than 38 cm (15 inches) thick. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Granby soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Granby soils formed in sandy outwash or sandy glaciolacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 466 meters (600 to 1,150 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Chelsea, Gilford, Oakville, Pipestone, Spinks, Tedrow, and Watseka soils, and the competing Gumz soils. The excessively drained Chelsea and Oakville soils and the well drained Spinks soils are on nearby beach ridges and moraines. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford and Gumz soils are on similar landforms. The somewhat poorly drained Pipestone soils are associated with Granby soils at the northern extent of its range and are on swells. The somewhat poorly drained Tedrow and Watseka soils are on higher positions on the landscape. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. Depth to an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to


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30 cm (1 foot) below the surface for some time in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow small grain, hay, corn, soybeans, small fruits, and vegetables. Some areas are in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is marsh grasses, reeds, sedges, aspen, oak, silver maple, elm, and eastern white pine. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily in MLRAs 98 and 99, and to a lesser extent in MLRAs 91B, 95A, 95B, 97, 101, 103, 105, 110, 111B, 111C, 141, 142, and 144A in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois and New York. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Oswego County, New York, 1917. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (Ap horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features immediately below the mollic epipedon and in all underlying horizons. Loamy and gravelly substratum phases with loamy or gravelly textures at depths of 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) are no longer within the series concept. A till substratum phase is presently recognized in Ohio and may become a new series as subsets with this phase are updated. The till substrata is dense, has 27 to 42 percent clay, and occurs at depths of 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches). ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Records: MI0029 -MAAT<50; MI0395 - MAAT>50; MI0524 - MAAT>50, MUCKY SURFACE; MI0529 - MAAT<50, MUCKY SURFACE; MI0118 - HIGH PPT; MI0672 - LOW PPT; MI0623 - CLAYEY SUBSTRATUM. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

76.0 GUERNSEY

LOCATION GUERNSEY OH+MD PA VA WV Established Series Rev. DRM 08/2003 GUERNSEY SERIES The Guernsey series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils formed in colluvium and residuum from interbedded siltstone, shale, and limestone. These upland soils have moderately slow or slow


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permeability. Slopes range from 2 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 41 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Guernsey silt loam-on a 20 percent east facing slope in a pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent small fragments of sandstone; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. BE--8 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many fine pores; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) silt coats on vertical faces of peds; 2 percent small fragments of sandstone; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick) Bt1--15 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common fine pores; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent small fragments of sandstone; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--22 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; moderate medium subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent small fragments of sandstone; few dark stains (iron and manganese oxides) on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt3--37 to 54 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam; many medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent flat fragments of sandstone and siltstone in most of horizon, but increasing with depth to 40 percent in a thin subhorizon in the lower part; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 15 to 55 inches.) 2C--54 to 60 inches; gray (N 5/0) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) shaly silty clay loam; massive, but platy tendency in the lower part inherited from the soft weathered shale; firm; 25 percent flat fragments of shale; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick) 2Cr--60 inches; gray (N 5/0) and very dark gray (N 3/0) weathered shale bedrock; cuts with difficulty by spade. TYPE LOCATION: Noble County, Ohio; Center Township; 2.75 miles east of Belle Valley; 1090 feet south and 50 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 9 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 50 inches. Some pedons have free carbonates at a depth greater than 30 inches. Rock fragments, small flat fragments of sandstone, siltstone, or limestone range from 2 to 15 percent by volume in the Ap horizon, 2 to 25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 2 to 35 percent in the 2BC and 2C horizons. A very stony phase is recognized.


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The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have an A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 3 or 4 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. The Ap and A horizons commonly are silt loam, but the Ap horizon ranges to silty clay loam. They commonly are moderately acid to very strongly acid, but the Ap horizon ranges to neutral where limed. In cultivated pedons the E horizon is generally mixed in the Ap. Undisturbed pedons have an E horizon 3 to 10 inches thick. It is silt loam and is strongly acid or very strongly acid. The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 3 to 8. Thin subhorizons of 5Y or 5YR and chroma of 1 or 2 in the lower part are permitted. Iron depletions of low chroma are within the upper 10 inches. The Bt horizon is silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay; or shaly or channery analogues of silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the lower part. Subhorizons of silt loam are confined to the upper part. The Bt horizon is very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part, and reaction generally increases with increasing depth ranging to mildly alkaline in the lower part. Some pedons have a BC, C, or 2Bt horizons. The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral; value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 6. It is clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam; or their channery or shaly analogues. It is moderately acid to moderately alkaline and less commonly strongly acid in the upper part. Bedrock is weathered or thinly bedded clay shale, siltstone or limestone that is slightly acid to moderately alkaline. COMPETING SERIES: The Vandergrift series in the same family is the only other competitor. Vandergrift soils have hue of 5YR or redder throughout the B horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Guernsey soils are dominantly on benches and side slopes on dissected uplands. Slope gradients commonly are between 8 and 25 percent, but range from 2 to 70 percent, often in complexes with other soils. In complexes that range to as much as 70 percent slope, Guernsey soils typically occupy benches on the least sloping part of the complex. Hillside seeps and springs are common in many areas. The soils formed in colluvium and residuum from interbedded siltstone and shale with occasional layers of limestone. Slope creep and slippage is common. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 37 to 45 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 48 to 54 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookside and Westmore soils and the Elba, Gilpin, Library, Sees, Upshur, Wellston, Westmoreland, Woodsfield, and Woolper soils. All of these soils except Library and Sees have browner or redder subsoils. Brookside soils are on colluvial foot slopes. Westmore soils are on summits and upper side slopes. Elba soils have free carbonates at less than 30 inches and are on summits and side slopes. Gilpin, Wellston, and Westmoreland soils are more acid and are less clayey. They are on nearby side slopes and summits (except Westmoreland is more common on benches). Library soils have grayer subsoils and are on summits and benches. Sees and Woolper soils have thicker dark colored A horizons and are on colluvial foot slopes. Upshur and Woodsfield soils formed all or partly in material weathered from red clay shale and are on summits, upper side slopes, and some benches. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderate well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Permeability is moderately slow or slow.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Much of this soil has been farmed, but is now used for pasture. Possibly one-third is cultivated, with corn, wheat, oats, and mixed hay the main crops. Some areas are forested. The original vegetation was hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Guernsey soils occur in southern and southeast Ohio and in areas of Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. It is extensive, more than 300,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Guernsey County, Ohio, 1937. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: ochric epipedon--0 to 15 inches (Ap, BE); argillic horizon--15 to 54 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3). ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons NB-S13 (typical pedon), PR-12, and TU-18 for laboratory data on the Guernsey series. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

77.0 HACKERS

LOCATION HACKERS WV+OH Established Series RDJ, SLH/Rev. MDJ 09/2014 HACKERS SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Hackers silt loam - on a 2 percent slope in a meadow at an elevation of about 650 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (13 to 28 cm thick (5 to 11 inches)) BA--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 25 cm thick (0 to 10 inches)) Bt--38 to 97 cm (15 to 38 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; common discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (38 to 102 cm thick (15 to 40 inches))


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BC--97 to 124 cm (38 to 49 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 61 cm thick (0 to 24 inches)) C--124 to 165 cm (49 to 65 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; massive; friable; moderately acid. (25 to 61 cm thick (10 to 24 inches)) TYPE LOCATION: County: Ritchie County State: West Virginia USGS Quadrangle: Petroleum, West Virginia Latitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD83): 39.118412 Longitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD83): -81.276227 Directions to the pedon: near Cisco; about 30 yards east of West Virginia Route 47 and 100 yards south of bridge across North Fork of Hughes River RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic: 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic: 79 to 132 cm (31 to 52 inches) Solum Thickness: 89 to 165 cm (35 to 65 inches) Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches) Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, throughout the solum; 0 to 30 percent, by volume, in the substratum. Fragments are dominantly siltstone and shale. Soil Reaction: Strongly acid through slightly acid throughout Range of Individual Horizons Ap or A horizon: Color--hue of 10YR through 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam BA horizon (where present): Color--hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 4, and chroma of 4 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam Bt horizon: Color--hue of 2.5YR through 7.5YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 3 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam BC horizon (where present): Color--hue of 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam C horizon: Color--hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 3 or 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam, and may be stratified with clay loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam in some pedons COMPETING SERIES:


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Rush soils--formed in calcareous, stratified sandy and gravelly outwash on outwash plains, kames, and eskers and have hues of 7.5YR through 2.5Y in the subsoil and have a rock fragment content of 15 to 75 percent in the lower third of the series control section Russell soils--formed in loess and underlying dense loamy till on till plains and have carbonates within a depth of 102 to 152 centimeters GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRA(s) using this series: 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau) and 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau) Landscape: Alluvial plains and valleys Landform: Flood plains and low stream terraces Hillslope Profile Position: Not applicable Geomorphic Component: Treads and risers Parent Material Origin: Weathered, interbedded red clay shale and siltstone Parent Material Kind: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 30 percent Elevation: 164 to 356 meters Frost free period: 171 to 209 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 10.2 to 12.5 degrees C. (50 to 55 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 1016 to 1295 millimeters (40 to 51 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Allegheny soils--occur at higher elevations on stream and river terraces and have lower base saturation in the subsoil Chavies soils--occur at similar landscape positions and have more sand in the subsoil Gallia soils--occur in preglacial valleys at higher elevations Gilpin soils--occur on ridges and side slopes where bedrock is moderately deep Kanawha soils--occur at similar landscape positions and have more sand in the subsoil Melvin soils--occur in depressions on uplands and flood plains that are wetter Monongahela soils--occur at higher elevations on terraces that are wetter and have a fragipan Moshannon soils--occur at lower elevations on flood plains and lack an argillic horizon Omulga soils--occur on preglacial valley fill terraces and have a fragipan Peabody soils--occur on ridges and side slopes where bedrock is moderately deep Senecaville soils--occur at lower elevations on flood plains that are wetter and lack an argillic horizon Upshur soils--occur on ridges and side slopes and have more clay in the subsoil Vandalia soils--occur on foot slopes and colluvial fans and have more clay in the subsoil Vincent soils--occur at higher elevations on terraces that are wetter Woodsfield soils--occur on ridges and side slopes and have more clay in the subsoil DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep (Greater than 150 cm), and very transitory (present <1 month) Index Surface Runoff: Very low through medium Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high or high Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate Shrink-Swell Class: Moderate Flooding Frequency and Duration: None through occasional; very brief or brief duration Ponding Frequency and Duration: None


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USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Hayland, cropland, and pasture Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, oats, and tobacco. Where wooded--chiefly mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and poplar. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: West Virginia and Ohio Extent: Moderate, approximately 18,000 acres at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: West Fork Soil Conservation District, West Virginia, 1940. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 38 cm (Ap and BA horizons) Argillic horizon--the zone from 38 to 97 cm (Bt horizon) Series control section-- the zone from 0 to 150 cm This edit updates the previous format to semi-tabular and updates the Range of Individual Horizons, RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS, COMPETING SERIES, GEOGRAPHIC SETTING, GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS, USE AND VEGETATION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT, DRAINAGE AND SATURATED CONDUCTIVITY, and REMARKS sections. Previous revisions: 07/2001-ART, WFH, WJE ADDITIONAL DATA: The Ohio State University characterization data pedons are: AT-007, WS-019, LG-022, LG 023 The Pennsylvania State University characterization pedons are: 69PA009005 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

78.0 HANEY

LOCATION HANEY OH+IN Established Series Rev. DRM-GRS-RAR 08/2013 HANEY SERIES The Haney series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy and gravelly outwash on outwash plains, terraces, and glacial drainage channels. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).


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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Haney loam, on a convex, 0 to 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 255 meters (835 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [8 to 28 cm (3 to 11 inches) thick] BE--20 to 41 cm (8 to 16 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent fine gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] Bt1--41 to 61 cm (16 to 24 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 15 percent fine gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt3--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; clay bridging between sand grains; few medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 25 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 102 cm (15 to 40 inches).] C1--86 to 102 cm (34 to 40 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly sandy loam; massive; very friable; 20 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C2--102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly sandy loam; massive; very friable; 30 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Wyandot County, Ohio; approximately 2.75 miles northeast of Sycamore, in Sycamore Township; 600 feet west and 2100 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 1 S., R. 15 E.; USGS Sycamore, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 59 minutes 14 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 09 minutes 12 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 76 to 112 cm (30 to 44 inches) Depth to carbonates: 76 to 112 cm (30 to 44 inches) Rock fragments: rounded and subrounded glacial pebbles of mixed lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry)


242 January 2015

Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E or BE horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon or BC horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6, with chroma of 2 permitted in the lower part Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 2 to 34 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline C or Cg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 8 Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; strata of sand, sandy clay loam, loam, or fine gravel are in some pedons Rock fragment content: 10 to 40 percent and averages more than 15 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bogart, Centerburg, Cygnet, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Passport, Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, Vallonia, Vanlue, and Williamstown series. Bogart, Passport, Scattersville, and Swampoodle soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 112 cm (44 inches). Centerburg, Cygnet, Houcktown, Jenera, Nicely, Tuscola, Vallonia, Vanlue, and Williamstown soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Jugtown soils have rock fragments of sandstone, chert, and shale. Reaville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Thackery soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the upper part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Haney soils are on outwash plains, terraces, and glacial drainage channels. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. The soils formed in loamy and gravelly outwash overlying gravelly, loamy, and sandy outwash material. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belmore, Digby, and Millgrove soils that form a toposequence with the Haney soils. The well drained Belmore soils are on higher topographic positions than Haney soils. The somewhat poorly drained Digby soils and the very poorly drained Millgrove soils are on lower topographic positions.


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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1.0 foot to 2.0 feet) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and high or very high in the underlying material. Permeability is moderate in the solum and rapid in the underlying material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and hay, with some tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West-central Ohio and eastern Indiana; MLRAs 111A, 111B, and 111E. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: With the 7/98 OSD revision, the typical pedon of Haney soils was transferred to Wyandot County and the series will be used only in MLRA 111. Haney soils in MLRA 99 are being converted to Cygnet or Shawtown series. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 41 cm (Ap, BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 41 to 86 cm (Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

79.0 HARTSHORN

LOCATION HARTSHORN OH Established Series TNR-DRM; Rev. DHK 01/2006 HARTSHORN SERIES The Hartshorn series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in local alluvium and very gravelly alluvium is within a depth of 30 inches. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the upper loamy material and moderately rapid or rapid in the underlying material. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Hartshorn silt loam - meadow. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


244 January 2015

Ap--0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; fine and medium granular structure; friable; many roots; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 8 inches thick) Bw1--6 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable common roots; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw2--10 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) gravelly silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw3--15 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) very gravelly loam; massive; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on gravel; few roots; 40 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 10 to 22 inches.) 2C--19 to 56 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) very gravelly loamy sand; few roots; 50 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. 3R--56 inches; hard sandstone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: Monroe County, Ohio; Wayne Township; 340 feet east and 680 feet south of the center of sec. 20, T. 5 N., R. 6 W., 105 feet south of Wayne Township Road 263, and 265 feet west of small stream. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 15 to 30 inches. Depth of bedrock ranges from 40 to 72 inches. Coarse fragments range from 0 to 35 percent in the Ap horizon, 5 to 40 percent in individual horizons in the Bw horizon and 35 to 85 percent in the 2C horizons. The Ap or A horizons have hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam, loam, gravelly silt loam, or gravelly loam. It commonly is medium acid but ranges to neutral. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 or 4. It is silt loam, loam, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogues; but gravelly and very gravelly textures are most common in the lower part. It is neutral to strongly acid. The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 or 4. It is very gravelly or extremely gravelly analogues of loamy sand or sand. Some pedons have thin strata of very gravelly or extremely gravelly analogues of sandy loam and loam. The C horizon is neutral to medium acid. COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Similar soils in related families are the Barbour, Bermudian, Boonesboro, Burnside, Chagrin, Clifty, Skidmore, and Tioga soils. Barbour soils have less than 60 percent base saturation within a depth of 30 inches and are coarse-loamy in the upper part of the control section. Bermudian, Chagrin, and Tioga soils lack sandy or sandy-skeletal horizons within a depth of 40 inches. In addition, Tioga soils are coarse-loamy. Boonesboro soils have bedrock at depths less than 40 inches. Burnside and Skidmore soils contain more than 35 percent coarse fragments in the particle-size control section. Clifty soils have less than 60 percent base saturation within a depth of 30 inches.


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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hartshorn soils occur on narrow flood plains, principally along small streams near the headwaters of the drainage system. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in local alluvium that typically is loamy in the upper part and sandy and gravelly in the lower part. It consists of sediments washed from soils formed in interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 38 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 50 degrees to 54 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Chagrin and the Ashton, Elkinsville, Hackers, Hayter, Newark, and Nolin series. All of the above soils lack very gravelly textures within a depth of 60 inches. Chagrin, Nolin, and the somewhat poorly drained Newark soils are on wider flood plains along larger streams. Ashton, Elkinsville, Hackers, and Hayter soils are on stream terraces or alluvial fans. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the upper loamy material and moderately rapid or rapid in the underlying material. The soils are flooded for brief periods in spring months or as a result of local thunderstorms. USE AND VEGETATION: Much of this soil is used for pasture. About one-fourth is cultivated with corn, small grains, and vegetables as the main crops. A few areas are forested. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Occurs in southeastern Ohio and possibly in nearby areas of Kentucky, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Monroe County, Ohio, 1970. REMARKS: The 01/2006 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003). The CEC activity class placement is based on associated soils and not on laboratory data. Class placement may be revised in the future when laboratory data are reviewed or become available. Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other sections on the OSD were not revised. Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 6 inches (Ap horizon) Cambic horizon - the zone from a depth of about 6 to 19 inches (Bw1, Bw2, Bw3 horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Engineering test data published in the Monroe County, Ohio, Soil Survey report (MN-49). Previous revision dates: 05/86-TNR, DRM National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


246 January 2015

80.0 HASKINS

LOCATION HASKINS OH+IN IL Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG 05/2007 HASKINS SERIES The Haskins series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. They formed in loamy water-sorted or glaciolacustrine material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and in the underlying till. These soils are on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Haskins loam, on a nearly level slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 230 meters (755 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent intermixing of grayish brown (10YR 5/2) BEg material; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches) thick] BEg--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) worm casts and as organic coatings in pores; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and many medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick in cultivated pedons and 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches) thick in undisturbed pedons.] Btg--33 to 46 cm (13 to 18 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) worm casts and as organic coatings in pores; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1--46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and lining old root channels; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2)


247 January 2015

masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common prominent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and lining old root channels; common medium prominent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and few medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. B'tg--76 to 91 cm (30 to 36 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam with strata of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and bridging between sand grains in the loam material; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 5 percent rock fragments in the loam material and 1 percent rock fragments in the fine sandy loam strata; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg and Bt horizons is 25 to 89 cm (10 to 35 inches).] 2BC--91 to 132 cm (36 to 52 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick] 2Cd--132 to 203 cm (52 to 80 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; few distinct gray (10YR 6/1) coatings on faces of fractures; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation oriented along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; approximately 1 mile west-northwest of McComb, in Pleasant Township; 1,040 feet north and 1,840 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 22, T. 2 N., R. 9 E.; USGS McComb, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 06 minutes 44.6 seconds N., and long. 83 degrees 48 minutes 37.1 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 63 to 140 cm (25 to 55 inches) and typically extends into the underlying till Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) Depth to the underlying till: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to the densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches) Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 5 (6 or more dry)


248 January 2015

Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches) Value: 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E or BE horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: commonly strongly acid or moderately acid but ranges to very strongly acid Bt, Btg, B't, or B'tg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: dominantly clay loam or sandy clay loam, or less commonly loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures; some pedons have thin strata of sandy loam or fine sandy loam, or thin subhorizons with more than 35 percent clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2Bt, 2Btg, 2BCtg, 2BC, or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 18 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline


249 January 2015

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aubbeenaubbee, Baugo, Crosier, Lamberjack, and Shebeon series. Aubbeenaubbee, Baugo, Crosier, and Shebeon soils have less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Lamberjack soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Haskins soils are on lake plains and on till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Haskins soils formed in loamy water-sorted material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 200 days. Elevation is 183 to 386 meters (600 to 1300 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Aurand, very poorly drained Mermill, and moderately well drained Houcktown and Rawson soils that comprise a toposequence with the Haskins soils. Aurand soils have a mollic epipedon and are on similar landscape positions. Mermill soils are on flats or in depressions, and the Houcktown and Rawson soils are on higher landscape positions. The very poorly drained, clayey Hoytville and Latty soils are on nearby planar landscapes. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between November and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the loamy material and moderately low or low in the underlying till. Permeability is moderate in the loamy material and slow or very slow in the underlying till. USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and hay. Some areas are used for tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous, mixed hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, 111B, 111C, and 139 in northwestern Ohio and northern Indiana; MLRA 110 in eastern Illinois. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, with about 200,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (Ap, BEg) horizon. Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 96 cm (Btg, Bt, B'tg horizons). Densic contact: at 132 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 23 cm. The previous Haskins series concept allowed for fine-textured lacustrine sediments in the 2B and 2Cd horizons. A new series will be established during modernization projects in MLRA 99 to define these soils. An evaluation of existing lab data supports the redefinition of clay content in the till. Further evaluation for densic materials is needed to better define the series concept.


250 January 2015

The addition of the densic contact is based on data from associated soils. More supporting bulk density data is needed. The sandy surface phase correlated in an earlier survey does not meet the series concept. A new series will be established during modernization projects in MLRA 99 to define these soils. ADDITIONAL DATA: Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 129997 in MO 11. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

81.0 HAZLETON

LOCATION HAZLETON PA+KY MD NJ OH VA WV Established Series Rev. EAW-AWD-ART 05/2002 HAZLETON SERIES The Hazleton series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum of acid gray, brown or red sandstone on uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Hazleton sandy loam, very stony, from an area of Hazleton channery sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in hardwood forest at an elevation of 1880 feet.. (Colors for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oe--0 to 2 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially decayed forest litter; abrupt wavy boundary. (1 to 2 inches thick) E--2 to 4 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 9 inches thick) Bhs--4 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Bs--6 to 8 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) channery sandy loam; weak very fine granular structure; very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.


251 January 2015

Bw1--8 to 17 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) very channery sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common medium and coarse roots; 40 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw2--17 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very channery sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common medium roots; 45 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw3--24 to 34 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) extremely channery sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots; 60 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the B horizon is 24 to 39 inches.) C--34 to 58 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) extremely channery coarse sandy loam; massive; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; 60 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary. (13 to 22 inches thick) R--58 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandstone. Excavation difficulty is high. Excavation by a tile spade is difficult but easily done by pick using over-the-head swing. TYPE LOCATION: Warren County, Pennsylvania; Watson Township, 0.5 mile southeast of the intersection of S.R. 3005 and Hearts Content Road (S.R. 2002), 500 feet west of road. USGS Cobham, PA topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 43 minutes, 19.2 seconds N, Longitude 79 degrees, 15 minutes, 31.2 seconds W. (NAD 83) RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 25 to 50 inches. Depth to lithic contact ranges from 40 to 80 inches . Rock fragments of angular sandstone, dominantly less than 10 inches in size, range from 5 to 70 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon. Boulders, stones, flags and channers cover about 5 to 60 percent of the surface of some pedons. The control section averages less than 18 percent clay. Reaction ranges from strongly acid through extremely acid throughout where unlimed. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. The Ap horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. The A or Ap horizon is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction. The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 1 to 4. It is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam in the fine- earth fraction. The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. The B horizon has more than 40 percent sand. The upper part of the B horizon is sandy loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction, and the lower part may range from loam to loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse subangular blocky, but can be granular in the Bhs horizon. The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It ranges from loam to loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction. COMPETING SERIES: Dekalb and Wallen are the only other series in this family. They both have lithic contact 20 to 40 inches below the surface.


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Lehew, Marbleyard, and Hailey are in related families. Lehew and Marbleyard have lithic contact 20 to 40 inches below the surface. Hailey soils formed in cherty limestone residuum and are in a higher cation exchange activity class. The Sherando and Varilla series may become competitors as their classification is updated to the eighth edition of Soil Taxonomy. Sherando soils formed in water sorted materials. Varilla soils formed in colluvium. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hazleton soils developed in residuum from acid gray, brown, or red sandstone and are found on summits, shoulders, and the upper third of backslopes. Slopes are usually convex with gradients of 0 to 80 percent.. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 36 to 60 inches, and the mean annual air temperature ranges from 47 to 55 degrees F. The average annual frost free season is 110 to 180 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The competing Dekalb and Lehew soils and the Clymer, Cookport Edgemont, and Leetonia soils are on the same landscape. Buchanan, Gilpin, Laidig, and Rayne soils are nearby. Buchanan, Cookport, and Laidig soils have fragipans. Gilpin soils have bedrock within 40 inches. Clymer, Edgemont, and Rayne soils have argillic horizons. Leetonia soils have spodic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff potential is neglegible to high. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Most Hazleton soils are in woodland of mixed oaks, maple, cherry and occasional conifers. Some areas have been cleared for pasture and cropland. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia and possibly Ohio. MLRA's 124, 126, 127, 147, 148. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Carbon County, Pennsylvania, 1960. REMARKS: The Hazleton series was in a mixed mineralogy family until 1995. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 8 inches (E, Bhs, and Bs horizons). 2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 8 to 34 inches (Bw horizon). 3. Loamy-skeletal feature - greater than 35 percent by volume weighted average rock fragments in the particle-size control section. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory data is available on the typifying pedon, Pennsylvania State University sample number S1967-PA-062-001(1-11). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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82.0 HILLSDALE

LOCATION HILLSDALE MI+IN Established Series Rev. RLM-WEF-RAB 08/2012 HILLSDALE SERIES The Hillsdale series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy till on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Hillsdale sandy loam, on a convex, 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 266 meters (873 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] EB--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] Bt1--36 to 79 cm (14 to 31 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--79 to 96 cm (31 to 38 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt3--96 to 112 cm (38 to 44 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 8 to 45 inches.) BC--112 to 213 cm (44 to 84 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: St. Joseph County, Michigan; about 2 miles south and 1.5 miles west of Mendon; 60 feet west and 130 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 6 S., R. 10 W.; USGS Nottawa


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topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 58 minutes 13.3 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 29 minutes 18.89 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 0625232 easting and 4647597 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches) Rock fragment content: averages 1 to 14 percent throughout the series control section, although some individual subhorizons have none Particle-size control section: averages less than 50 percent fine sand and very fine sand less than 18 percent clay, although some subhorizons can contain more than 18 percent clay Series control section: averages 50 to 85 percent sand Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4. 6 or more dry Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand EB horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 8 Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand; some pedons have pockets of sand or loamy sand Reaction: strongly acid to neutral C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4


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Texture: sandy loam or fine sandy loam; some pedons have pockets of sand or loamy sand Sand content: averages 50 to 85 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brownsburg, Crumstown, Eleva, Mecan, and Oshtemo series. Brownsburg soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Crumstown and Oshtemo soils are not clearly differentiated from the Hillsdale soils because of overlapping properties within the series control section and because the C horizons in these soils are not always present within the series control section. In addition, the redoximorphic features in the Crumstown soils are not always present within the series control section, and the Oshtemo series allows for a loamy substratum phase. Eleva soils have a paralithic or lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Mecan soils have hue redder than 7.5YR in the upper part of the Bt horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hillsdale soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope gradients are mostly 2 to 18 percent but range from 0 to 40 percent. Hillsdale soils formed in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 11.7 degrees C (46 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The somewhat poorly drained Teasdale soils and the poorly drained and very poorly drained Barry soils form a drainage sequence with the Hillsdale soils and are closely associated. Oshtemo and Spinks soils are associated on low moraines. Oshtemo soils are at slightly lower elevations and Spinks soils are commonly at slightly higher elevations. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high depending upon the slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grains, soybeans, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops. Steep areas are in permanent pasture or forest. Wooded areas are in oaks, hickory and maple. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 111B, and 111C in Michigan and Indiana. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hillsdale County, Michigan, 1924. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (14 inches) (Ap, EB horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 112 cm (14 to 44 inches) (Bt horizon). ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S01MI-149-001) from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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83.0 HOLLY

LOCATION HOLLY OH IL NY PA WV Established Series Rev. RAR-KK-MJ 10/2008 HOLLY SERIES The Holly series consists of very deep, very poorly and poorly drained soils formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high through high in the mineral soil. Slope ranges from 0 through 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Holly silt loam - idle. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A -- 0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (2 to 8 inches thick.) Bg1 -- 3 to 9 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bg2 -- 9 to 14 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bg3 -- 14 to 27 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium and fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bg horizons are 10 through 32 inches.) C1 -- 27 to 35 inches; gray (N 5/0) loam; massive; friable; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. C2 -- 35 to 43 inches; dark gray (N 4/0) sandy loam; massive; friable; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 2C3 -- 43 to 60 inches; dark greenish gray (5BG 4/1) gravelly sand; single grain; loose; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Summit County, Ohio; Bath Township, about 1 1/2 miles northwest of Montrose; 1,100 feet east of Hametown Road and 2,200 feet south of Granger Road, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. USGS West Richfield, OH topographic quadrangle: Latitude 41 degrees, 8 minutes, 57 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 39 minutes, 36 seconds W., NAD 1927.


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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 through 44 inches. Thickness of loamy alluvium over other materials ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. The average clay content in the particle size control section ranges from 18 through 30 percent. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 through 4 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or sandy loam. Structure is commonly weak or moderate, fine to coarse, granular. In some pedons structure type is subangular blocky. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 through 10 percent by volume. It ranges from strongly acid through neutral. The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 or less. It commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam or silty clay loam. Thin layers (less than 4 inches) with coarser or finer texture are present in some pedons. Structure is weak or moderate, fine through coarse, subangular blocky. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 through 15 percent by volume. It ranges from strongly acid through neutral in the upper part and from moderately acid through neutral in the lower part. The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5GY or is neutral, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 2. It commonly is silt loam, loam, sandy loam, or clay loam. Below 40 inches the soil typically is stratified and includes textures of loamy sand, sand, or their gravelly analogues. Thin strata of silty clay loam are in some pedons. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 through 25 percent by volume. It ranges from strongly acid through slightly alkaline. COMPETING SERIES: The Hatboro series is in the same family. Hatboro soils have sola with thicknesses of 30 through 60 inches, and contain an appreciable amount of mica. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Holly soils are on broad flat areas and in slight depressions on flood plains receiving alluvium from upland areas of low-lime drift and noncalcareous sandstone and shale. Slope ranges from 0 through 3 percent. Elevation ranges from 570 through 1,170 feet above mean sea level. Mean annual precipitation is 29 through 43 inches, and mean annual temperature is 47 through 54 degrees F. The frost-free period is 120 through 198 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Carlisle, Chagrin, Chili, Fitchville, Linden, Lobdell, Middlebury, Orrville, Sebring, Wayland, Wheeling, and Willette soils. Wayland soils with dark surfaces and Carlisle or Willette soils that formed in organic materials typically are in deeper depressions in the landscape. The well drained Chagrin soils, moderately well drained Lobdell soils, and somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils are in a toposequence with Holly soils, all are in higher floodplain positions than the low lying Holly soils. Chili, Fitchville, Sebring, and Wheeling soils have argillic horizons and are on terraces of nearby landscapes. In addition, Chili and Wheeling soils formed in stratified outwash materials, and Fitchville and Sebring soils formed in lacustrine sediments. The Linden series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvial sediments washed from nearby uplands that are underlain by red and brown shales, sandstones, and in some areas, conglomerate. The Middlebury series consists of very deep, moderately well drained nearly level soils formed in recent alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly and poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible through low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high through high in the mineral soil. The depth to an intermittent apparent seasonal high water table is +1.0 through 1.0 from October through June in normal years. Subject to rare through frequent flooding.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas of Holly soils have been cleared and used for pasture or cultivation. Many areas are used as natural areas for wetland wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is soft maple, elder, willow, and other trees tolerant of wet sites. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Illinois, Ohio, southern New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. MLRA's 101, 114, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 147, and 148. The series is of large extent, about 248,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Coffee County, Tennessee, 1908. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - 0 through 3 inches (A horizon). 2. Cambic horizon - 3 through 27 inches (Bg1, Bg2 and Bg3 horizons). 3. Aquic conditions - 0 through 60 inches. Acreage based on 2004 data. The alkaline phase mapped in an earlier survey likely will be recorrelated as a new series when its area of use is updated. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

84.0 HOUGHTON

LOCATION HOUGHTON MI+IA IL IN MN WI Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF-RAB 06/2011 HOUGHTON SERIES The Houghton series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic materials more than 130 cm (51 inches) thick in depressions on lake plains, outwash plains, ground moraines, end moraines, and floodplains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, mesic Typic Haplosaprists TYPICAL PEDON: Houghton muck, on a level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.) Oa1--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); black (N 2.5/) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 5 percent fiber, a trace rubbed; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl]; abrupt smooth boundary.


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Oa2--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); black (N 2.5/ ) broken face, very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 5 percent fiber, a trace rubbed; weak medium granular structure; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl]; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa3--33 to 61 cm (13 to 24 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face, dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 15 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; massive, breaking to thick platy fragments; neutral [pH 7.0 KCl]; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa4--61 to 81 cm (24 to 32 inches); black (5YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10 percent fiber, a trace rubbed; massive; about 1 percent woody fragments; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl]; clear wavy boundary. Oa5--81 to 122 cm (32 to 48 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) broken face, black (5YR 2/1) rubbed muck (Sapric material); about 20 percent fiber, less than 10 percent rubbed; massive, breaking to thick platy fragments; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl]; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa6--122 to 203 cm (48 to 80 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10 percent fiber, less than 10 percent rubbed; massive; slightly sticky; about 15 percent mineral soil; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl]. TYPE LOCATION: Clinton County, Michigan; about 3 miles northeast of the village of Bath; 200 feet north and 400 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 1 W.; USGS Bath topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 49 minutes 43.4 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 52 minutes 56.9 seconds W.; NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the organic material: more than 130 cm (51 inches) Organic fibers: derived primarily from herbaceous plants, but some layers contain as much as 30 percent woody material Woody fragment content: averages less than 15 percent by volume in the control section Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline throughout Oa horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 Chroma: 0 to 3 Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material), or to lesser extent mucky peat (hemic material) that has a combined thickness of less than 25 cm (10 inches) or peat (fibric material) that is less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick Some pedons have coprogenous material or marly material below 130 cm (51 inches). COMPETING SERIES: These are the Carlisle, Catden, Lena, Peteetneet, Saltese, and Semiahmoo series. Carlisle soils derived dominantly from woody materials and contain an average of 15 to 30 percent woody fragments in the control section. Lena soils contain carbonates throughout the control section. Peteetneet soils are not massive in the bottom tier. Saltese soils have lenses of diatomaceous earth and volcanic ash within a depth of 130 cm (51 inches). Semiahmoo soils are in areas with warm dry summers and mild moist winters, and typically are more acidic throughout the control section.


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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Houghton soils are in closed depressions on lake plains, outwash plains, ground moraines, end moraines, and flood plains. Slope gradients are less than 2 percent. Houghton soils formed in herbaceous organic materials more than 130 cm (51 inches) thick. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Edselton, Edwards, Moston, Muskego, Palms, and Willette soils. Edselton and Edwards soils are underlain by marly material at depths of 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches). Moston, and Muskego soils are underlain by coprogenous material at depths of 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches). Poorly or very poorly drained mineral soils are commonly associated along the margins of the bogs. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the seasonal high water table ranges from 61 cm (2 feet) above the surface in ponded phases to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between September and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is very slow or ponded. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: A considerable area of these soils is used for cropland or pasture. Common crops are onions, lettuce, potatoes, celery, radishes, carrots, mint, and some corn. Native vegetation is primarily of marsh grasses, sedges, reeds, buttonbrush, and cattails, with some water-tolerant trees near the margins of the bogs. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mostly in MLRAs 95B, 98, 111B, and 111C, and to lesser extent in MLRAs 89, 95A, 96, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105, 108A, 108B, 108C, 110, 111A, 111C, 111D, and 115C in Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Roscommon County, Michigan, 1924. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 203 cm (80 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, Oa3, Oa4, Oa5, Oa6 horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record - (MI0024, MI0291 (PONEED), MI0532 (SLOPING), MI0390 (MAAT>50), MI0383 (FREQUENTLY FLOODED). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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85.0 HOYTVILLE

LOCATION HOYTVILLE OH+IN MI Established Series Rev. DNM-RAR-MHD-DWB 09/2012 HOYTVILLE SERIES The Hoytville series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that are deep or very deep to dense till. They formed in till that has been leveled by wave action and are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 871 mm (34.3 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (49.5 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Hoytville clay loam, on a nearly level surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 213 meters (700 feet) above m.s.l. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; firm; common fine roots throughout; common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments (subangular limestone and shale); slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] Btg1--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) clay; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic stains on faces of peds; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg2--46 to 69 cm (18 to 27 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots between peds; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments (subangular limestone and shale); neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg3--69 to 107 cm (27 to 42 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots between peds; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); slightly effervescent discontinuously at 94 cm (37 inches); strongly effervescent at 102 cm (40 inches); slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bt--107 to 132 cm (42 to 52 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots between peds; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and


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medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of Btg and Bt horizons is 46 to 127 cm (18 to 50 inches).] BC--132 to 152 cm (52 to 60 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse angular blocky; firm; few fine roots between peds; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on vertical faces of prisms; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of prisms; few continuous prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) hypocoats beneath the carbonate coatings; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) carbonate masses of vertical faces of prisms; 5 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 41 cm (16 inches) thick] Cd1--152 to 183 cm (60 to 72 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) carbonate coatings on faces of fractures; few discontinuous prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) hypocoats beneath the carbonate coatings; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads on faces of fractures; common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) carbonate masses on faces of fractures; 5 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Cd2--183 to 213 cm (72 to 84 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; common fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, Ohio; Henry Township; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Northwestern Branch; 2000 feet east and 1000 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 3 N., R. 10 E.; USGS Hoytville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 12 minutes 52.45 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 45 minutes 30.26 seconds W., NAD 83 RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 102 to 165 cm (40 to 65 inches) Depth to base of argillic: 102 to 140 cm (40 to 55 inches) Depth to carbonates: 76 to 140 cm (30 to 55 inches) Depth to dense till: 127 to 178 cm (50 to 70 inches) Depth to bedrock: greater than 203 cm (80 inches) Rock fragments: mixed glacial erratics (limestone, dolostone, shale, igneous and metamorphic lithologies) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent


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Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Some pedons have an AB or BA horizon Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in upper part, neutral to moderately alkaline in lower part Bt horizon (where present): Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline BC or BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Cd or Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Lorain, Miner, and Monee series. Lorain soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Miner soils have calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 15 percent in the lower part of the series control section. Monee soils have an albic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hoytville soils are on lake plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Hoytville soils formed in till that has been leveled by wave action. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 742 to 941 mm (29.17 to 37.06 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 8 to 11 degrees C (47.1 to 51.5 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 205 days. Elevation is 174 to 244 meters (571 to 800 feet) above mean sea level.


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Nappanee, St. Clair, and Toussaint soils. The somewhat poorly drained Nappanee soils and the moderately well drained St. Clair soils are in a catena with Hoytville soils. They are on slight rises, and on back slopes and shoulders of nearby knolls and ridges. In areas where the Toussaint and Hoytville soils are adjacent, the Toussaint soils are on slightly lower positions than the Hoytville soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. A perched water table ranges from 30 cm (1 ft) above the surface to 30 cm (1 ft) below the surface from January to April in normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum, moderately low in the lower part of the solum, and low in the substratum. The potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Permeability is moderately slow in the upper part of the solum, slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the Hoytville soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans and wheat are the principal crops. Some areas are used for specialty crops, such as tomatoes and sugar beets. A relatively small proportion is in woodland. The native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest, primarily swamp white oak, bur oak, pin oak, elm, hickory, ash, cottonwood, basswood, and soft maple with some marsh grasses. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Hoytville series occurs primarily in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio, northeastern Indiana, and southeastern Michigan, and to a minor extent in MLRA 96 in west-central Michigan. The series is of large extent, about 850,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (0 to 9 inches) (Ap). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 132 cm (9 to 42 inches) (Btg1, Btg2, Btg3, Bt). Aquic conditions: from the surface to a depth of 213 cm (84 inches). Densic contact: at 152 cm (60 inches) (Cd1). ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for WD-84, the typical pedon. Additional laboratory and transect data is on file at the MLRA Project Office in Findlay, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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86.0 HUNTINGTON

LOCATION HUNTINGTON WV+AL IL IN KY MD MI OH PA TN VA Established Series Rev. MDJ 02/2009 HUNTINGTON SERIES MLRA(s): 111A, 114A, 114B, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 126, 128, 147, 148 Depth Class: Very Deep Drainage Class: Well Drained Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately High to High Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate Landscape: Flood Plains Parent Material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 15 percent but dominantly 0 to 5 percent Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 13 degrees C (56 degrees F) Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 990 mm (39 inches) TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls TYPICAL PEDON: Huntington silt loam, on a 2 percent slope in a hay field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted) Ap--0 to 27 centimeters (0 to 11 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), (rubbed) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (25 to 35 centimeters or 10 to 14 inches thick) Bwl--27 to 50 centimeters (11 to 20 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) ped faces; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw2--50 to 162 centimeters (20 to 64 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; dark brown (10YR 3/3) ped faces; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots in upper part; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (combined thickness of Bw horizons is 25 to 150 centimeters or 10 to 50 inches) C--162 to 175 centimeters (64 to 74 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; massive; friable; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, West Virginia; 225 yards south of Belleville, 450 yards west of State Route No. 2 RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic, Cambic, Spodic, Fragipan, etc.: 25 to 67 cm (10 to 24 inches) Solum Thickness: 100 to 175 cm (40 to 70 inches)


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Depth to Bedrock: greater than 200 cm (80 inches) Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches) Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity: Greater than 200 centimeters (80 inches) Rock Fragment content: Less than 3 percent in the solum. 0 to 30 percent in the C horizon Soil Reaction: Moderately acid to moderately alkaline (pH - 5.6 to 7.8) Other soil features: Mica flakes are common in many pedons. A or Ap horizon Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1, 2, or 3. Texture (fine earth fraction)--dominantly silt loam, ranges to silty clay loam and loam. AB or BA horizon (where present) Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3 in ped interiors. Ped surface colors are similar to the matrix colors of the A or Ap horizon. Bw horizon Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Ped coatings commonly have value of 3, but range from 2 through 4. Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam. Clay content averages less than 30 percent. C horizon Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Ped coatings commonly have value of 3, but range from 2 through 4. Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam, fine sand, silty clay loam, and sandy clay loam. Commonly contains more sand than the Bw horizon and is stratified. COMPETING SERIES: Dapue is the only other series in this family. Armiesburg and Omadi are in closely related families. Dapue soils have a thicker solum. Armiesburg soils contain more than 30 percent clay in the Bw horizon. Omadi soils contain free carbonates and have solum thickness of less than 20 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Geographic Setting: River Valley Landform: Flood plain Geomorphic Component: Base slope Hillslope Profile Position: Toeslope Parent Material: Alluvium washed from shale, sandstone, and limestone Slope: 0 to 15 percent Elevation: 50 to 550 meters (150 to 1800 feet) Frost-free period: 150 to 200 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 15 degrees C (47 to 59 degrees F) Mean Annual Precipitation: 890 to 1400 mm (35 to 55 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Allegheny, Ashton, Chagrin, Dunning, Kanawha, Lindside, Melvin, Monongahela, Newark, Sciotoville, and Wheeling soils. The Allegheny, Monongahela. Sciotoville, and Wheeling soils have argillic horizons and are on stream terraces. Ashton and Kanawha soils are well drained and are on low stream terraces on high flood plains. The Chagrin, Dunning, Lindside, Melvin, and Newark soils are on flood plains. Chagrin soils are well drained;


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Lindside soils are moderately well drained; Newark soils are somewhat poorly drained; and Melvin and Dunning soils are poorly drained. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well Internal Free Water Occurrence: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches) Index Surface Runoff: Medium Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: moderately high to high Permeability Class (obsolete): moderate. Flooding Frequency and Duration: Rare to occasional with brief duration Ponding Frequency and Duration: None USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Most areas are in crops or pasture. Original Vegetation: Where cultivated--hay, corn, soybeans. Where wooded--mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Large (approximately 120,000 ha or 300,000 acres) Extent: West Virginia, Alabama, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Tennessee. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wheeling area, West Virginia, 1906. Diagnostic horizons recognized in this profile are: a. Mollic epipedon - The zone from 0 to 27 cm (0 to 11 inches) (Ap horizon). b. Cambic horizon - The zone from 27 to 162 centimeters (11 to 64 inches) (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons). REMARKS: old revision LDS-WFH 12/1999. 2/2009 revision update states where series is mapped and change formatting. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

87.0 IONIA

LOCATION IONIA MI+OH WI Established Series REV-KEP-WEF 03/2011 IONIA SERIES The Ionia series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy sediments over gravelly deposits on outwash plains, terraces, valley trains, and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to


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6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 12.8 degrees C (55 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Ionia sandy loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated). Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 23 cm (5 to 9 inches) thick] E--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] BE--28 to 46 cm (11 to 18 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 18 cm (7 inches) thick] Bt1--46 to 58 cm (18 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; 4 percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) thick] Bt2--58 to 86 cm (23 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong medium angular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; few fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches) thick] BC--86 to 96 cm (34 to 38 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; 4 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick] 2C--96 to 152 cm (38 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 20 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Ionia County, Michigan; about 2.5 miles south of Ionia; 1100 feet west and 25 feet south of the center of sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 6 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Depth to redoximorphic features: 41 to 86 cm (16 to 34 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4


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Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam, loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid The E horizon is mixed in with the A horizon in some cultivated areas. E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam, loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid but ranges to neutral in cultivated areas BE horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam Ped surfaces: some pedons have bleached coatings on surface of peds Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid BC horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogues Redoximorphic feature: commonly have chroma of 2 or less Special features: in places tongues of BC extend into the 2C horizon from 15 cm to several meters Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral


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2C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sand or gravelly sand Rock fragment content: 5 to 35 percent COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Ionia soils are on outwash plains, terraces, valley trains, and ground moraines. Slope gradients range from 0 to 6 percent, but typically are 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in loamy sediments over gravelly deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 635 to 889 mm (25 to 35 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 13.9 degrees C (45 to 57 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Ionia soils are the moderately well drained member of a drainage sequence that includes the well drained Fox, somewhat poorly drained Matherton, and poorly drained or very poorly drained Sebewa soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Potential surface runoff is negligible to medium depending on the slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the loamy upper part and high or very high in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the loamy upper part of the profile and rapid or very rapid in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for general farming. Principal crops are corn, beans, small grains, and legume-grass hay. Some areas support a native vegetation of mixed hardwoods including northern red oak, sugar maple, shagbark hickory, and American beech. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 98, and 111B in southern Michigan, Indiana, western Ohio, and southeastern Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below a depth of 46 cm (18 inches). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

88.0 JIMTOWN

LOCATION JIMTOWN OH Established Series


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Rev. STP-ELM 05/2011 JIMTOWN SERIES The Jimtown series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in outwash deposits on stream terraces, outwash terraces, outwash plains, and beach ridges. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Jimtown loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in a cultivated field, at an elevation of about 780 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium and fine granular structure; friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick.) Bt -- 10 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak medium and fine prismatic structure parting to moderate medium platy; friable; few roots; few faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; many faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depleted coatings on faces of peds; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few worm casts; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Btg1 -- 20 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films bridging sand grains; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few iron and manganese concretions; about 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Btg2 -- 26 to 31 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) gravelly loam; weak medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films bridging sand grains; few fine prominent reddish brown (5YR 4/3) and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; about 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt and Btg horizons is 15 to 35.) BCtg -- 31 to 37 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films bridging sand grains; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine prominent reddish brown (5YR 4/3) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; about 50 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 25 inches thick.) C1 -- 37 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; massive; very friable; common medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. C2 -- 42 to 49 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; about 20 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.


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C3 -- 49 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; about 25 percent rock fragments; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Lorain County, Ohio, Carlisle Township, about 2 miles southwest of Elyria; 500 feet east of West Ridge Road, 500 feet south of Albrecht Road; T. 5 N., R. 17 W.; USGS Oberlin, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 21 minutes, 00 seconds N. and Longitude 82 degrees, 09 minutes, 10 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon ranges from 25 to 46 inches. Thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 54 inches. Rock fragments are dominantly sandstone and shale, with a significant portion of igneous pebbles and cobbles. The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay and 20 to 55 percent sand. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5 (6 or more dry) and chroma of 1 to 3. Some pedons have an A horizon up to 5 inches thick that has value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) and chroma of 1 or 2. Textures are loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Some pedons have an E horizon up to 8 inches thick that has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6 (7 or 8 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture and reaction are like the A horizon. Some pedons have a BE horizon. The Bt and Btg horizons have hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Textures typically are loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or their gravelly and very gravelly analogues. Some pedons have horizons of fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Some pedons have horizons of silt loam or silty clay loam to a depth of 24 inches. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the upper part and from 5 to 60 percent in the lower part. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The BCtg, BCt, BCg, and BC horizons have hue of 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Textures are loam, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, and their gravelly, very gravelly, and extremely gravelly analogues. Rock fragment content averages between 15 and 50 percent but ranges from 0 to 75 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 6. Textures are loam, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand, coarse sand and their gravelly, very gravelly, and extremely gravelly analogues. Rock fragment content averages between 15 and 60 percent, but ranges from 0 to 85 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral. Some pedons range to moderately alkaline below 60 inches. Some pedons have carbonates in the lower part. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Angola, Appleton, Ayshire, Burdett, Crawleyville, Darien, Digby, Mitiwanga, Mongle, Nuhi, Ovid, Shadeland, Sleeth, and Whitaker series. Angola, Mitiwanga, Nuhi, and Shadeland soils have a lithic contact before 40 inches. Appleton, Darien, and Ovid soils have sola shallower than 54 inches and are formed in till. Ayshire, Crawleyville, and Whitaker soils have less rock fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Burdett soils have higher clay content in the substratum. Digby and Sleeth soils are more alkaline in the substratum. Mongle soils have a higher mean annual temperature.


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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Jimtown soils formed in Wisconsinan Age stratified outwash deposits on stream terraces, outwash terraces, outwash plains, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 45, mean annual temperature ranges from 48 to 56 degrees F, frost free days range from 110 to 198 days, and elevation ranges from 700 to 1300. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chili, Damascus, Fitchville, Mahoning, and Wadsworth soils. The well drained Chili and moderately well drained Bogart soils on higher landscape positions and poorly drained Damascus soils on lower landscape positions and depressions are in a toposequence with Jimtown soils. The somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils formed in silty lacustrine sediments and are on similar positions. The somewhat poorly drained. Mahoning and Wadsworth soils are adjacent soils on till plains. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to an intermittent apparent water table is .5 to 1 foot between October and June in most years. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the solum and in the underlying material. Permeability is slow in the lower part of the series control section in the till substratum phase. The potential for surface runoff is low. USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are used for row crops, pasture, and woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods where ash, elm, sugar maple, and beech are dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and central Ohio. MLRA's 111, 124, 139, and 140. The series is of moderate extent, about 57,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Columbiana County, Ohio, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a) Ochric epipedon - 0 to 10 inches (Ap); b) Argillic horizon - 10 to 31 inches (Bt, Btg1, Btg2); c) aquic conditions - 10 to 60 inches. A till substratum phase with clay loam or silty clay loam textures is recognized. It will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons CO-156, sample numbers 27801-27811; LR-29, sample numbers 16495-16502; ST-4, sample numbers 17243-17250; and WN-60 for characterization data; samples analyzed by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

89.0 KEENE

LOCATION KEENE OH Established Series


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Rev. AR-LAT-LER 02/2005 KEENE SERIES The Keene series consists of deep or very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in a mantle of silty material up to 36 inches in thickness and in residuum weathered mainly from Pennsylvanian acid shale, siltstone, coal underclay, and some strata of limestone on uplands. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper silty material and is moderately slow or slow in the lower material. Slope ranges from 1 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Keene silt loam, on a south-facing, convex, 6 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; 2 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick) E--9 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; many pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches thick) Bt1--12 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; many small pores in interior peds; few faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--15 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 4 to 22 inches.) 2Bt3--20 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; many medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and many medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) redoximorphic features; 5 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bt4--25 to 39 inches; mixed yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; firm; few roots; common distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on faces of peds; common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; 10 percent shale fragments less than 6 inches in length; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizons is 10 to 30 inches.) 2BC--39 to 52 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) channery silty clay loam; weak medium angular and subangular blocky structure; very firm; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3)clay films on vertical faces of peds; few fine


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prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; 25 percent shale fragments less than 6 inches in length; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 16 inches thick) 2Cr--52 to 72 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) weathered shale. TYPE LOCATION: Coshocton County, Ohio; about 3 1/2 miles northwest of Fresno in Crawford Township, North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service; 50 feet south of farm lane and 70 feet west of lysimeter battery; about 330 feet west and 150 feet north of the southeast corner, sec. 25, T. 7 N., R. 5 W.; USGS Coshocton, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees 22 minutes 25 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degees 47 minutes 24 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock is 40 to 84 inches. The volume of rock fragments, mainly small shale and siltstone fragments, ranges from 0 to 5 percent in the A and Bt horizons, 5 to 15 percent in the 2Bt horizon, and 5 to 35 percent in the 2BC and 2C horizons. The particle size control section averages 28 to 35 percent clay. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have an A horizon, 1 to 4 inches thick, that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is very strongly acid to neutral. The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is very strongly acid to neutral. A BA horizon or BE horizon occurs in some pedons. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6; redoximorphic features with chroma of 1 to 6 are in the lower part of the horizon in many pedons. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6; redoximorphic features with chroma of 1 to 6 are throughout. It is silty clay, silty clay loam or clay loam. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The 2BC horizon and the 2C horizons, where present, have hue of 10YR, 2.5Y,or 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. They are silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay; or their channery analogues. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid. Bedrock commonly is soft weathered shale, siltstone, or coal underclay, but thinly bedded or fractured siltstone is in some pedons. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Appleriver, Blair, Bunkum, Fishhook, Freeburg, Geff, Glenford, Muren, Reesville, Sugarvalley (T), Torox, and Xenia series. Appleriver soils are somewhat poorly drained and the pH of the lower part of the series control section is alkaline and reacts to acid with effervesence. Blair, Bunkum, Freeburg and Muren soils lack rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Fishhook soils formed in material weathered from glacial till and contain gravel in the lower one-half of the control section. Geff soils average less than 5 percent rock fragments of shale in the lower part of the series control section. Glenford soils have stratification within the series control section. Reesville soils have limestone and crystalline rock fragments in the 2C horizon. Sugarvalley (T) soils have


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carbonates at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. Torox soils have rock fragments that are primarily igneous and limestone. Xenia soils are slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the 2BC and 2Cd horizons. Series that were formerly in the same family, but have not been updated to the 8th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy include Lykens and Travilah. Lykens soils have evidence of stratification in the series control section and have C horizons in till that have free carbonates.Lykens soils have more than 10 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Travilah soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches consisting of serpentine. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Keene soils occur on hills, ridgetops and benches of unglaciated disected uplands in the western and central Allegheny Plateau. They occupy interfluve, side slope, head slope, nose slope and base slope landscape positions. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. The soils formed in silty materials up to 36 inches thick, over residuum weathered mainly from interbedded siltstone, shale, and coal underclay, or in places thin strata of limestone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 36 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 50 to 54 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brownsville, Coshocton, Dekalb, Gilpin, Guernsey, Rayne, and Westmoreland soils. The well drained Brownsville and Dekalb soils are loamy-skeletal and are on upper shoulders and back slopes. The Coshocton and Guernsey soils are on similar landscape positions. The well drained Gilpin, Rayne, and Westmoreland soils have lower base saturation and are on summits and backslopes. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff is medium to high. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched seasonal high water table is 1.0 to 2.0 feet in normal years. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper silty material and moderately slow or slow in the lower material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped. Corn, mixed hay, and wheat are the principal crops. More sloping areas are in forage for hay or pasture, or in woodland. Native vegetation was deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Ohio. MLRA 124 and 126. The series is of moderate extent, about 28,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Little Mill Creek Watershed, Coshocton County, Ohio, 1938. REMARKS: The 4/98 revison included numerous changes made to all parts of OSD. Pedon description was updated to current redoximorphic feature terminology. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of 12 inches (Ap and E horizons) argillic horizon - the zone from a depth of 12 to 39 inches (Bt1, Bt2, 2Bt3, and 2Bt4 horizons) redoximorphic features at 20 to 52 inches paralithic contact at 52 inches (2Cr horizon)


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ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to sample pedons CS-11 (OSD type location), MS-25 and TU-11, analyzed by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. Revised 3/89-AR,LAT; 04/2000-AR,LAT,LER; 02/2005-DHK National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

90.0 KENDALLVILLE

LOCATION KENDALLVILLE OH+IN MI Established Series Rev. AR-SJH-DBD 04/2007 KENDALLVILLE SERIES The Kendallville series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and the underlying outwash and loamy till. These soils are on moraines, kames, eskers, and outwash terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Kendallville silt loam, on an undulating, 4 percent slope in a timothy meadow on the Cable moraine at an elevation of about 369 meters (1210 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; assumed many fine and common medium roots throughout; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; assumed common fine and few medium roots throughout; few faint brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] 2Bt2--28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; assumed common fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bt3--38 to 56 cm (15 to 22 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay; strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and on gravel; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 2Bt4--56 to 76 cm (22 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and on


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gravel; 30 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizons is 25 to 86 cm (10 to 34 inches).] 3BC--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films in voids; about 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] 3C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; very firm; about 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Champaign County, Ohio; about 1 mile northeast of Mutual, in Union Township; 3140 feet north of State Highway 161 and 1300 feet east of Madden Road; USGS Urbana, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 05 minutes 29 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 37 minutes 42 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Thickness of the solum: 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) Thickness of the loess mantle: commonly less than 30 cm (12 inches), but ranges to 46 cm (18 inches) Depth to the underlying till: less than 102 cm (40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 24 to 35 percent clay Rock fragments: mainly glacial pebbles (gravel) with some cobblestones and boulders, including some crystalline rocks Ap horizon Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam, loam, or sandy loam, and ranges to clay loam in severely eroded pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Thickness: 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silt loam, loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid


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Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid 2Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: clay, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 5 to 30 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline 3BC or 3Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam or clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline and is partially leached of carbonates 3C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam or clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and carbonates are present COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bluemount, Douds, Grellton, Kliever, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville, McHenry, Mifflin, Nodine, Norden, Ott (T), Pecatonica, Plumcreek, Renova, Rockbridge, Theresa, Westville, Whalan, and Wykoff series. Bluemount, Mandeville, Mifflin, Norden, Ott, and Whalan soils have a lithic or paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Douds, Kliever, Nodine, Pecatonica, Plumcreek, Renova, Rockbridge, Westville, and Wykoff soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Grellton soils do not have rock fragments within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Letort soils do not have glacial pebbles in the lower part of the series control section. Lindley soils do not have subhorizons in the argillic horizon that have more than 5 percent rock fragments. McHenry soils do not have textures with less than 55 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Theresa soils do not have a layer of outwash overlying the till. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kendallville soils are on moraines, kames, eskers, and outwash terraces of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. The soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and the underlying outwash and loamy till. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9


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to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 120 to 180 days. Elevation is 192 to 373 meters (630 to 1225 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Eldean, Fox, Miami, Miamian, and Ockley soils. Eldean, Fox and Ockley soils do not have a till substratum within 152 cm (60 inches) and are on similar landscape positions. Miami and Miamian soils do not have outwash material in the solum and are on similar landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The depth to a seasonal high water table is greater than 183 cm (6 feet). The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most Kendallville soils are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and legume meadow. A small proportion is in permanent pasture or woodlots. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwoods consisting mainly of oaks, maple, and hickory. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111A, 111B, 111D in western Ohio and Indiana, and MLRA 98 in southern Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Noble County, Indiana, 1947. REMARKS: Lab data for the type location (CH-41) shows that the particle-size class is fine textured. This series needs to be reevaluated under the MLRA concept and a new type location established. Also the color of the clay films were not in the original description of the 2Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons so it was considered the same color as the matrix color. Roots were also not described but were entered in the Ap and Bt horizons because of the type of the vegetation in the field. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 76 cm (Bt, 2Bt horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons FR-51, PY-24, PY-26, and CH-41 (the type location) for available laboratory characterization data from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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91.0 KERSTON

LOCATION KERSTON MI+MN OH Established Series Rev. KEP-WEF-MLK 08/2012 KERSTON SERIES The Kerston series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches) of organic materials overlying alternating layers of organic and mineral materials on flood plains and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, mesic Fluvaquentic Haplosaprists TYPICAL PEDON: Kerston muck, on a 1 percent slope in celery field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oa1--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); black (N 2/) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); less than 5 percent fiber unrubbed and rubbed; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; sodium pyrophosphate black (10YR 2/1); slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [10 to 41 cm (4 to 16 inches) thick] Oa2--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); less than 5 percent fiber unrubbed and rubbed; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; sodium pyrophosphate very dark brown (10YR 2/2); about 5 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 76 cm (30 inches) thick] C--41 to 46 cm (16 to 18 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand; many medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions; single grain; loose; few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [5 to 30 cm (2 to 12 inches) thick] O'a---46 to 56 cm (18 to 22 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fiber unrubbed and rubbed; massive; few fine roots; sodium pyrophosphate dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2); moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 51 cm (5 to 20 inches) thick] C'--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) fine sand; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and many medium very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic stains; single grain; loose; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick] O''a--74 to 86 cm (29 to 34 inches); black (N 2/) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 33 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed; massive; fiber is grayish brown (10YR 5/2); neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick]


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C''--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sand; few fine faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and many medium distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic stains; single grain; loose; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Muskegon County, Michigan; about 1 mile north east of the town of Whitehall; 700 feet east and 50 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 15, T. 12 N., R. 17 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the first C horizon: commonly 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches), but ranges from 41 to 102 (16 to 40 inches) Surface tier and organic subhorizons: Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Organic material: typically well decomposed muck (sapric material) derived from herbaceous materials; some pedons contain woody fragments; thickness and sequence of the layers of organic material vary greatly in these soils and extend through the control section Reaction: strongly acid to moderately alkaline C horizon: Thickness: one or more subhorizons 5 to 30 cm (2 to 12 inches) thick; constitute less than 50 percent of the upper 81 cm (32 inches) of the profile Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: fine sand to silty clay loam but is dominantly fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam; some pedons have thin layers of marl below a depth of 91 cm (36 inches) Reaction: strongly acid to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Mountainview series. Mountainview soils do not have mineral soil layers within the control section and have a mean annual precipitation of less than 762 mm (30 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kerston soils are in nearly level or slightly depressed glacial drainageways and flood plains (first bottoms) of slowly flowing streams. They are most extensive near the confluence of these streams with other bodies of water. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Kerston soils formed in 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches) of organic materials overlying alternating layers of organic and mineral materials. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Cohoctah, and Glendora soils on flood plains. Cohoctah and Glendora soils do not have organic layers. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between September and June in normal years. The water table is typically the same as that of the adjacent stream. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the sapric material and high or very high in the mineral


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material. Permeability of the sapric material ranges from moderately slow to moderately rapid and the mineral material has rapid permeability. USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part of this soil is in native vegetation, which consists of marsh grasses, sedges, reeds, and shrubs. Some areas have a poor quality lowland hardwood forest including American elm, white ash, cottonwood, red and silver maple. Other areas are drained and planted to high value crops such as celery, carrots, onions, lettuce, and mint. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 90B, 96, 97, and 98 in lower Michigan, Ohio, and Minnesota. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Menominee County, Michigan, 1925. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Muck (sapric material): the surface to a depth of 41 cm (16 inches) (Oa1 and Oa2 horizons). Fluvaquentic feature: mineral layers at 41 to 46 cm (16 to 18 inches); 56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); and 86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches) below the surface tier. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

92.0 KIBBIE

LOCATION KIBBIE MI+OH WI Established Series Rev. NWS-LWB-RAR 06/2011 KIBBIE SERIES The Kibbie series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on lake plains, ground moraines, outwash plains, and deltas. They formed in stratified loamy and silty glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Kibbie loam, on a 2 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]


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E--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] Bt1--28 to 48 cm (11 to 19 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; few lenses of very fine sand 3 to 25.4 mm (1/8- to 1-inch) thick; thin clay films on faces of peds and in root channels; common medium faint brown (10YR 4/3) iron depletions in the matrix; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--48 to 86 cm (19 to 34 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; thin lenses of very fine sand and silt loam; thin clay films on faces of peds and in some root channels; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 86 cm (8 to 34 inches).) C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) stratified silt loam, fine sand and very fine sand; massive; friable; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; about 9 miles east and 2 1/2 miles north of North Branch; 760 feet east and 420 feet north of the southwest corner of southeast quarter of sec. 23, T. 10 N., R. 12 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: typically 71 to 107 cm (28 to 42 inches) but ranges from 61 to 122 cm (24 to 48 inches) Depth to carbonates: typically 71 to 107 cm (28 to 42 inches) but ranges from 61 to 122 cm (24 to 48 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 35 percent clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3, 5 or less dry Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt horizon:


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Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt loam; thickness and sequence of strata of silt loam, fine sandy loam, fine sand, and very fine sand are variable within short horizontal distances Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral, and includes slightly alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon. Some pedons have Bk horizons with colors and textures similar to that of the C horizon. C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: thickness and sequence of layers of different textures vary within short horizontal distances; strata are dominantly silt loam to fine sand and range in thickness from 6 mm to more than 38 cm (1/4 to more than 15 inches); in some pedons strata 6 mm to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inches) thick ranging from clay to loamy sand or fine sand are in the lower part of the B horizon and in the C horizon Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Silty clay loam and clay loam till is below 102 cm (40 inches) in some pedons. Sandy substratum phases that have sand or fine sand below 102 cm (40 inches) are presently. These sandy substratum phases may have stratified silt loam to sand between the solum and sandy substratum. See REMARKS. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alida, Ashippun, Lourdes, Marker, Montmorenci, and Symco series. Alida, Ashippun, Lourdes, Marker, Montmorenci, and Symco soils contain more than 1 percent rock fragments in some part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kibbie soils are on lake plains, ground moraines, outwash plains, and deltas of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Kibbie soils formed in stratified loamy and silty glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The poorly drained or very poorly drained Colwood, the well drained Sisson, and the moderately well drained Tuscola soils are in a drainage sequence with Kibbie soils. Conover and Metamora soils are associated where deltas and outwash plains grade into till plains. The Del Rey and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Lenawee soils are associated on lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) below the surface from November to May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grains, beans, and hay are the principal crops. A small part is in permanent pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation is forests of American elm, American beech, red maple, and American basswood.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 111B in southern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin, and northwestern Ohio. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Newton County, Indiana; 1943. REMARKS: The till substratum and sandy substratum phases will become new series when their area of use is updated. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap and E horizons). Albic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches) (E horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 86 cm (11 to 34 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). Aquic conditions: iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less in horizons below a depth of 48 cm (19 inches) (Bt2 and C horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

93.0 KIDDER

LOCATION KIDDER WI+IL+MI Established Series Rev. HFG-AAC 12/2010 KIDDER SERIES The Kidder series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in thin loess and in loamy till or just in loamy till on moraines and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 815 mm (32 inches). Mean annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Kidder silt loam on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 270 meters (885 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine fibrous roots; common fine and medium, continuous, mostly exped dendritic pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [ 13 to 23 cm (5 to 9 inches) thick] 2BE--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) and brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine fibrous roots; common very fine and fine and few medium, continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 inches) thick]


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2Bt1--28 to 43 cm (11 to 17 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common fine and very fine and few medium, continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and clay bridging of sand grains; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2Bt2--43 to 71 cm (17 to 28 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common fine and very fine, continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and clay bridging of sand grains; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2Bt3--71 to 76 cm (28 to 30 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and very fine, continuous, obliquely oriented, inped and exped pores; very few thin clay films on faces of some peds and faint clay bridging of sand grains; about 14 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from 33 to 81 cm (13 to 32 inches).] 2C--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine and very fine continuous, obliquely oriented pores; about 34 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Rock County, Wisconsin; about 5 miles north of Milton; about 140 feet north and 2450 feet east of the center of the sec. 1, T. 4 N., R. 13 E. USGS Milton, Wisconsin topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 50 minutes 15 seconds N., and long. 88 degrees 53 minutes and 44 seconds W., UTM Zone 16. NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of loess mantle: less than 38 cm (15 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches Volume of gravel in the solum: 0 to 20 percent, and ranges from 5 to 35 percent in the C horizon. Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the solum, but ranges to moderately acid in the Bt horizon in some pedons, and is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the C horizon. Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Croma: 2 or 3, colors with moist value of 3 have value dry of 6 or more. Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or clay loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine sand. A horizon [less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine sand. E horizon (where present): Hue: 10YR


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Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam, loam or sandy loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine sand. 2BE or BE horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silt loam, loam or sandy loam 2Bt or Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6, value and chroma of 3 do not occur together. Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam but subhorizons of sandy loam are in some pedons, especially in the lower part of the solum. Other features: The particle-size control section averages between 20 and 30 percent clay. Thin subhorizons with as much as 40 percent clay are in some pedons. The content of sand coarser than very fine ranges from 35 to 65 percent. 2C or C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs. Sand content ranges from 55 to 75 percent. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 40 percent COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Chili, Cliftycreek, Crouse, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Kanawha, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Turnersburg, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Cliftycreek, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Ockley, Richardville, and Riddles soils are more than 102 cm (40 inches) deep to carbonates. Belmont, Lumberton, Mifflin, Nollville, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact below a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Belmore soils are stratified in the lower part of the series control section. Chili, Kanawha, Skelton, and turnersburg soils have no carbonates within the series control section. Crouse soils are more than 40 inches deep to the base of the argillic horizon. Hebron soils are stratified in the lower part of the series control section. High Gap and Military soils have a lithic contact at 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Kosciusko soils are sandy or sandy skeletal in the lower part, within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Leroy soils have calcium carbonate equivalent of 60 to 90 percent in the till substratum. Mandeville and Pignut soils have a paralithic contact at 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Senachwine soils have 52 percent sand or less and more than 7 percent clay in the till substratum. Princeton soils have lamellae (E & Bt horizon) in the lower part of the series control section. Relay soils have hues of 2.5Y or yellower throughout. Strawn soils have less than 35 percent sand in the Bt horizon. Wawaka soils are more than 102 cm (40 inches) deep to the base of soil development. Wawasee soils have 35 to 55 percent sand in the till substratum.


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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kidder soils are on ground moraines, end moraines, and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy till or just in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 710 to 915 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7.8 to 12.2 degrees C (46 to 54 degrees F). The frost free period ranges from 135 to 190 days. Elevation ranges from 213 to 396 meters (700 to 1300 feet). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Griswold, McHenry, Pardeeville, and Rotamer soils. Griswold and Rotamer soils are nearby on similar slopes, but have mollic epipedons. McHenry soils are nearby where the loess mantle is 15 to 30 inches thick. Pardeeville soils are nearby where the surface layers are dark-colored, but less than 25 cm (10 inches) thick. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to very high. saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometer per second) in the solum and high (14.11 to 42.34 micrometer per second) in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately rapid in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland and some are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest. Common trees are red oak, white oak, shagbark hickory, and white ash.. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and northern Illinois. This soil is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana SERIES ESTABLISHED: Rock County, Wisconsin, 1970. REMARKS: A new series needs to be proposed for the moderately well drained phase of this series. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches) (Ap, BE); argillic horizon - 28 to 76 cm (11 to 30 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

94.0 KILLBUCK

LOCATION KILLBUCK OH Established Series Rev. AR-DRM 05/2007 KILLBUCK SERIES The Killbuck series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in 38 to 102 cm (15 to 40 inches) of recent alluvium over a buried dark colored soil. These soils are on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).


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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents TYPICAL PEDON: Killbuck silt loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bg1--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; many coarse faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) and common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bg2--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; friable; common roots; common fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 inches).] 2Ab--53 to 84 cm (21 to 33 inches); very dark gray (N 3/) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few roots; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) coatings on faces of peds; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 inches) thick] 2Bgb1--84 to 104 cm (33 to 41 inches); dark gray (N 4/) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; few roots; many faint gray (N 5/) coatings on faces of peds; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bgb2--104 to 129 cm (41 to 51 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; firm; few roots; many faint gray (N 5/) coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; gradual boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bgb horizon is 41 to 91 cm (16 to 36 inches).] 2Cg--129 to 178 cm (51 to 70 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and common coarse distinct dark gray (N 4/) iron depletions; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Ohio; about 6 miles southwest of Wooster; 825 feet west and 2,640 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 31, T. 15 N., R. 13 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the silty alluvium overlying the 2Ab horizon: 38 to 91 cm (15 to 36 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to more than 178 cm (40 to more than 70 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry)


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Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 to 4 (3 to 6 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bg horizon or Cg horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: dominantly silt loam or silty clay loam, with thin layers of fine or very fine sandy loam in many pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral 2Ab horizon: Hue: 10YR or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline 2Bb or 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2, but subhorizons in some pedons have chroma of more than 2 Texture: commonly silty clay loam or silt loam or less commonly loam or clay loam; below 102 cm (40 inches) some pedons have thin sandy and gravelly strata less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Birds and Southwest series. Birds soils do not have a buried soil within the series control section. Southwest soils formed recent alluvium overlying glaciofluvial deposits or glaciolacustrine deposits in depressions on moraines, till plains, and outwash plains in MLRAs 98 and 111. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Killbuck soils are on level or in depressional areas on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The areas are now flood plains, but some were shallow in post-glacial times. The regolith in the upper part of the profile is recent alluvium from glaciated uplands. The buried soil is


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of alluvial or lacustrine origin. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 838 to 1092 mm (33 to 43 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Algiers, Holly, Sloan, and Wallkill soils on similar topographic positions; the Chagrin, Lobdell, and Orrville soils on nearby areas of the flood plain; and the Bogart, Chili, Conotton, Fitchville, Glenford, Lorain, Luray, Mentor, Montgomery, Sebring, and Wheeling soils. Algiers soils have chroma of 3 in part of the recent alluvium and are fine-loamy. Holly soils lack a buried dark colored A horizon and are fine-loamy. Sloan soils lack the overlying light colored recent alluvium and are fine-loamy. Wallkill soils are underlain by buried soils consisting of organic materials. The well drained Chagrin soils, the moderately well drained Lobdell soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils are fine-loamy. They are on higher topographic positions or along higher gradient streams. Bogart, Chili, Conotton, Fitchville, Glenford, Lorain, Luray, Mentor, Montgomery, Sebring, and Wheeling soils are on nearby terraces and formed in outwash or lacustrine material. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. The soil is subject to occasional or frequent flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: Many of the larger areas of Killbuck soils have been cleared, drained, and cultivated. Corn and soybeans are the principal crops. Areas in permanent vegetation are used for pasture or poor quality woodland. Native vegetation is water tolerant hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and north central Ohio; MLRAs 111E, 114A, 124, and 139. The type location is in MLRA 139. The series is of small extent, about 5,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon). Buried soil: at 53 cm (top of the 2Ab horizon) Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 20 cm. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, OH, for profile WN-44,the typical pedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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95.0 KOKOMO

LOCATION KOKOMO IN+MI OH Established Series Rev. TRZ-TJE 09/2014 KOKOMO SERIES The Kokomo series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in loamy materials overlying till. Kokomo soils are in depressions on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Kokomo silty clay loam, at an elevation of 253 meters (830 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. A--23 to 41 cm (9 to 16 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches).] Btg1--41 to 79 cm (16 to 31 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of ped; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings in root channels; common medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Btg2--79 to 127 cm (31 to 50 inches); olive gray (5Y 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings in root channels; common coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 58 to 114 cm (23 to 45 inches).] 2C--127 to 163 cm (50 to 64 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; massive; friable; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Howard County, Indiana; 2,475 feet west and 396 feet south of northeast corner of sec. 8, T. 23 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Kokomo East, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 27 minutes 41.85 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 05 minutes 52.63 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches)


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Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 91 to 178 cm (36 to 70 inches) Depth to carbonates: 91 to 178 cm (36 to 70 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel throughout the series control section Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, silt loam, or mucky silt loam Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Btg or Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 in the upper part, and 1 to 4 in the lower part Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay Clay content: 30 to 45 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral 2Cg or 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loam Clay content: 15 to 24 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Calamine, Grannycreek, Lippincott, and Tanglenook series. Calamine soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Grannycreek are in areas that receive more than 1067 mm (42 inches) of mean annual precipitation. Lippincott soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Tanglenook soils have a mollic epipedon that is thicker than 61 cm (24 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kokomo soils are in depressions on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in loamy materials overlying loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 889 to 1067 mm (35 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 12.8 degrees C (48 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 190 days. Elevation is 162 to 381 meters (530 to 1250 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Celina, Crosby, Fincastle, Miami, Russell, and Xenia soils. The poorly drained Brookston soils are on similar landforms as the Kokomo soils. The moderately well drained Celina and Xenia soils and the somewhat poorly drained Crosby and Fincastle soils are on swells on till plains. The moderately well drained Miami and well drained Russell soils are on swells and knolls on till plains and on shoulders and backslopes on dissected till plains.


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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1.0 foot) above the surface to 15 cm (0.5 foot) below the surface during the winter and spring in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or moderately low in the loamy materials, and moderately low in the underlying till. Permeability is moderately slow or slow in the loamy materials and slow in the underlying till. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and hay. Some areas are in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest of elm, maple, and ash. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly in MLRAs 111A and 111D, and to a lesser extent in MLRAs 98, 111B, and 111E in east-central Indiana, southern Michigan, and west-central Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Cass County, Indiana, 1952. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 41 cm (Ap, A horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 41 to 127 cm (Btg horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features directly below the mollic epipedon. A stony subsoil, gravelly substratum, and stratified substratum phases are recognized, and will likely become new series when the subsets of soil surveys with these phases are updated. Drained and undrained phases are recognized. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska for pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue University and at The Ohio State University. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

96.0 LAPEER

LOCATION LAPEER MI+WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF 03/2011 LAPEER SERIES The Lapeer series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy loam till on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees).


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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Lapeer sandy loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak coarse granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick] BE--30 to 38 cm 12 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Bt1--38 to 61 cm (15 to 24 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and in root channels; 2 percent cobbles, 2 percent gravel; many fine roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--61 to 86 cm (24 to 34 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 36 to 66 cm (14 to 26 inches).] C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; two percent cobbles; 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; about 1 mile south of Almont; 600 feet east and 280 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 12 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages less than 18 percent clay, but individual subhorizons may contain more than 18 percent clay Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or silt loam; may be sandy clay loam in severely eroded areas Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches)


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Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 2, Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid BE horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 Chroma: 3 or 4 Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam; pockets of loamy sand or sand are in some pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent COMPETING SERIES: These are the Boyer and Wyocena series. Boyer soils have sand as the dominant texture in the fine-earth fraction in the lower part of the series control section. Wyocena soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Lapeer soils are on ground moraines and end moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients are mainly 2 to 12 percent and range from 0 to about 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 9.4 degrees C (46 to 49 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Barry, Dryden, Gilford, Locke, Mussey, Oakville, Spinks, and Wasepi soils. The moderately well drained Dryden soils, the somewhat poorly drained Locke soils, and the poorly drained Barry soils form a common drainage sequence with the


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Lapeer soils. The sandy Oakville and Spinks soils are on slightly higher parts of some moraines. Small areas of the sandy somewhat poorly drained Wasepi soils and the poorly drained Gilford and Mussey soils are in drainageways in some of the moraines. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to high, depending upon slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Eighty percent or more of the Lapeer soils on slopes of less than 12 percent are under cultivation. Principal crops are corn, small grains, beans, and hay. A large part of the steeper slopes, and a small part of the gentler slopes are in permanent pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation is forest of oaks, shagbark hickory, and sugar maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 95B, and 98 in Michigan and Wisconsin. This series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: McHenry County, Illinois, 1960. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 38 cm (15 inches) (Ap, E, and BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 86 cm (15 to 34 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

97.0 LATHAM

LOCATION LATHAM OH+KY WV Established Series DDC, SLH/ Rev. MDJ 04/2013 LATHAM SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults TYPICAL PEDON: Latham silt loam - on a 20 percent north-facing convex slope in a forested area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oe--0 to 5 cm (0 to 2 inches); partly decomposed mixed hardwood leaf litter. A--5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and very fine roots; 10 percent fragments of siltstone; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (2 to 10 cm thick)


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E--10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; many very fine and few fine roots; 10 percent fragments of siltstone; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick) Bt1--25 to 43 cm (10 to 17 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; many faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; common fine prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions and common fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) iron-manganese masses; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; many distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) channery silty clay; many fine prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions and common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron-manganese masses; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; few very fine roots; many prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent fragments of siltstone and 15 percent fragments of soft shale; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 76 cm) Cr--91 to 116 cm (36 to 46 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) soft shale interbedded with thin layers of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) siltstone. TYPE LOCATION: County: Pike State: Ohio USGS Quadrangle: Waverly North, Ohio Latitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): 39.152778 N Longitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): 82.992222 W Directions to Pedon: About 2 miles north of Waverly, Pee Pee Township, about 5,400 feet north of the intersection of Prussia Road (CR-46) and Denver Road (CR-47) along Prussia Road, then about 810 feet southwest. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic: 2 to 35 cm (1 to 14 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic: 40 to 102 cm (16 to 40 inches) Solum Thickness: 40 to 102 cm (16 to 40 inches) Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth Class: Moderately Deep Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 35 to 58 cm (14 to 23 inches), January to April Rock Fragment content: 0 to 14 percent, by volume, in the A and E horizons and 0 to 30 percent, by volume, in the B horizons and substratum Fine-Earth Fraction: 35 to 55 percent clay in the particle size control section Soil Reaction: Strongly acid through extremely acid in A and E horizons, and very strongly acid or extremely acid in the Bt, BC, and C horizons, except where limed Range Of Individual Horizons: A or Ap horizon:


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Color--hue of 10YR; value of 3 through 5; and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam E horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR; value of 5 or 6; and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam BA or BE horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR; value of 5 or 6; and chroma of 4 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam Bt horizon: Color--hue of 2.5Y through 7.5YR; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam or silty clay Redoximorphic features--iron masses in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray BC or C horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 2.5Y or 10YR; value of 5 or 6; chroma of 2 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam or silty clay Redoximorphic features--iron masses in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray COMPETING SERIES: Cruze soils--have a paralithic contact that is greater than 102 centimeters deep. Flatwoods soils--have a lithic contact between 51 and 102 cm, and have moderately slow permeability. Halifax soils--are very deep and formed from igneous and metamorphic rocks. Kanuga soils--are very deep and have moderately slow permeability. Keyport soils--are very deep and formed in fluviomarine sediments. Lackstown soils--are very deep and formed from Triassic rocks. Zoar soils--are very deep and formed in clayey lacustrine sediments. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRA(s): 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau), 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains), 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau) Landscape: Uplands Landform: Hill and hillslope Hillslope Profile Position: Backslope, shoulder, or summit Geomorphic Component: Side slope, nose slope, head slope, or crest Parent Material: Residuum from soft acid shale; in some areas strata of more resistant bedrock, such as siltstone, are included with the shale Slope: 0 to 35 percent Elevation: 150 to 450 meters (490 to 1475 feet) Frost-Free Period: 176 to 213 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9 to 13 degrees C. (48 to 55 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 1012 to 1270 mm (40 to 50 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Berks soils--occur on well drained summits and upper shoulders that are loamy-skeletal.


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Brownsville soils--occur on well drained summits and upper shoulders that are loamy-skeletal and have a lithic contact that is greater than 102 centimeters deep. Coolville soils--occur on uplands that have a silt mantle and a paralithic contact that is greater than 102 centimeters deep. Gilpin soils--occur on well drained uplands that are fine-loamy. Lily soils--occur on well drained uplands that are fine-loamy and siliceous. Rarden soils--occur on broader summits that have a fine particle-size class and hues redder than 10YR. Shelocta soils--occur on well drained uplands that are fine-loamy and have a lithic contact that is greater than 102 centimeters deep. Steinsburg soils--occur on well drained narrow summits and upper shoulders that are dominated by sandstone. Wharton soils--occur on uplands that are fine-loamy and have a paralithic contact that is greater than 102 centimeters deep. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: Thin (30 cm-1 m), shallow (25 cm-50 cm), and common (present 3-6 months) Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None Index Surface Runoff: Medium through very rapid Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low and moderately high Shrink-Swell Potential: Low USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland Dominant Vegetation: Grass-legume hay, corn, wheat, oats, and mixed hardwood trees dominated by oak and maple DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Southeastern Ohio, West Virginia, and northeastern Kentucky; mainly MLRAs 124, 125, and 126 Extent: Large, about 700,000 acres at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Adams County, Ohio, 1932. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 5 to 25 cm (A and E horizons) Argillic horizon--the zone from 25 to 91 cm (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons) Redoximorphic depletions with chroma 2 or less--the zone from 43 to 91 cm Paralithic contact--91 cm Previous revisions: 10/98-AR,DRM ADDITIONAL DATA:


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Refer to sample pedon PK-12 (OSD type location) for characterization data, analyzed by The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. Other sampled pedons include 83P0702, 73KY19-42, 69KY-165-075, 69KY-165-076, and 73KY-089-035. These samples were analyzed by the University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

98.0 LATTY

LOCATION LATTY OH+MI Established Series Rev. DRM-RAR 09/2012 LATTY SERIES The Latty series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in clayey glaciolacustrine sediments. These soils are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Typic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Latty silty clay, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 223 meters (730 feet) mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak very coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; firm; common fine and few medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches) thick] Bg1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; weak medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron and manganese concretions in the matrix; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) coatings on vertical faces of prisms; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron and manganese concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bg3--86 to 104 cm (34 to 41 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint


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grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on vertical faces of prisms; many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron and manganese concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 61 to 132 cm (24 to 52 inches).] BC--104 to 135 cm (41 to 53 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on vertical faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] C1--135 to 157 cm (53 to 62 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; massive; firm; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of vertical partings; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. C2--157 to 203 cm (62 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of vertical partings; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Paulding County, Ohio; about 5 miles north-northwest of Antwerp, in Carryall Township; about 265 feet south and 580 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 3 N., R. 1 E.; USGS Hicksville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 15 minutes 6 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 45 minutes 51.47 seconds, W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 81 to 152 cm (32 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: typically same as or slightly less than the thickness of the solum and ranges from 81 to 122 cm (32 to 48 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 45 to 60 percent clay and 2 to 15 percent sand Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline A horizon, where present: Thickness: 10 to 13 cm (4 or 5 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 1 Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline


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Bg or Bw horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2; 3 or 4 below 76 cm (30 inches) in some pedons Texture: clay or silty clay; some stratification is apparent in most pedons Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 8 Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Clay content: 35 to 60 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 25 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Till substratum phase: depth to till is 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches) 2C or 2Cg horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 8 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Soils in closely related families include the Allis and Zipp series. Allis soils are in the acid reaction class, formed in till, and have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Zipp soils have a mixed mineralogy class, formed in lacustrine or slackwater sediments, and typically have a mean annual temperature of more than 12 degrees C (54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Latty soils are on lake plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The Latty soils are often in a narrow band (1/2 to about 6 miles wide) between the Paulding soils, derived from glaciolacustrine material with more than 60 percent clay, and the Hoytville soils, derived from fine-textured till. The soils formed in clayey glaciolacustrine sediments, and in many places have till below 152 cm (60 inches). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 991 mm (29 to 39 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Fulton and Nappanee soils and the Hoytville, Paulding, and Toledo, soils. The small areas of somewhat poorly drained Fulton and Nappanee soils are on slightly higher topographic positions. Fulton soils formed in lake sediments whereas Nappanee soils formed in till. Hoytville, Paulding, and Toledo, soils are on similar topographic positions as Latty soils. Hoytville soils formed in till and have a dark colored surface horizon. Paulding soils are very fine. Toledo soils have a dark colored surface horizon. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is


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negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low in the solum and low in the underlying material. Permeability is slow in the solum and very slow in the underlying material. USE AND VEGETATION: The Latty soils are largely cultivated or used for pasture. Corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, alfalfa, and grass legume mixtures are the principal crops. Some areas are used for special crops such as tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest of swamp white oak, bur oak, pin oak, elm, silver maple, and occasionally sycamore and basswood. Much of the ground cover consisted of coarse swampgrass, sedges, and water-tolerant shrubs. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, and 111B in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, about 225,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: The classification of the Latty series changes from Epiaquepts to Endoaquepts with the revision (10/2003) based on landform position. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 104 cm (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: matrix color with chroma of 1 or 2 between 25 and 104 cm and redox depletions and/or concentrations in all horizons below the Ap horizon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for the typical pedon, Ohio profile PD-87, and also for DF-24, HN-94, HN-96, LG-37, LS-10, MR-2, MR-6, PD-S85, and WL-20. A reference with published information on Latty is: Baker, F.J., Schafer, G.M., and Holowaychuk, N., 1960. Surficial Materials and Soils of Paulding County, Ohio. Ohio Jour. Sci. 60:365-377. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

99.0 LENAWEE

LOCATION LENAWEE MI+IN OH Established Series Rev. NWS-LWB-WEF 08/2012 LENAWEE SERIES The Lenawee series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained soils formed in lacustrine deposits. These soils are on lake plains and in depressional areas on moraines, outwash plains, and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).


306 January 2015

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Epiaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Lenawee silty clay loam, on a concave,1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) crushed and smooth, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] Bg1--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium angular blocky structure parting to fine angular blocky; firm; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bg2--38 to 56 cm (15 to 22 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to medium angular blocky; very firm; faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on vertical faces of prisms and faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) stains along root channels; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bg3--56 to 84 cm (22 to 33 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/2) silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to medium angular blocky; very firm; prominent gray (5Y 6/1) coatings on vertical faces of prism; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine prominent greenish gray (5GY 6/1) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 25 to 116 cm (10 to 46 inches).] Cg1--84 to 127 cm (33 to 50 inches); gray (5Y 6/1) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky fragments; friable; common medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 64 cm (25 inches) thick] Cg2--127 to 152 cm (50 to 60 inches); olive (5Y 5/4) and greenish gray (5GY 5/1) silt loam; moderate thick platy fragments parting to thin platy fragments; friable; many coarse prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common distinct gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions; prominent light gray (10YR 7/1) calcium carbonate concretions imbedded between strata; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Monroe County, Michigan; about 4 miles south of the town of Erie; 2 miles south and 3 miles east of Temperance; 1,825 feet north and 390 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 29, T. 8 S., R. 8 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: typically 76 to 107 cm (30 to 42 inches), but ranges from 64 to 140 cm (25 to 55 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 2, 2.5, or 3


307 January 2015

Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silty clay loam, mucky silty clay, mucky silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, or loam Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline Bg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay containing layers or strata of silt loam, clay, or very fine sand Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons have BC horizons. C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y, or 5GY Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: dominantly silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam; strata of clay, silty clay, very fine sand, or sand are common Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Ziegenfuss series. Ziegenfuss soils do not have stratified textures within the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lenawee soils are on lake plains and in depressional areas on moraines, outwash plains, and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Lenawee soils formed in lacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 11.7 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Celina, Colwood, Del Rey, Fox, Hoytville, Miami, Morley, Shinrock, and Toledo soils. The moderately well drained Shinrock and the somewhat poorly drained Del Rey soils are in a drainage sequence with Lenawee soils. Brookston, Colwood, Hoytville, and Toledo soils are other associates. Brookston soils are on lake plains where the lacustrine sediments are thin. Colwood soils have a mollic epipedon. Hoytville and Toledo soils have illitic mineralogy. Celina, Fox, Miami, and Morley soils are on nearby moraines. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained and very poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or moderately low. Permeability is moderately slow or slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grain, soybeans, and hay are the principal crops. A small part, especially areas where artificial drainage is not adequate for cultivation, is in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is hardwoods; chiefly American elm, white ash, red maple, and swamp white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, and 111B in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent.


308 January 2015

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 84 cm (9 to 33 inches) (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

100.0 LINDSIDE

LOCATION LINDSIDE WV+IN KY MD OH PA TN VA AL Established Series Rev. MDJ 02/2009 LINDSIDE SERIES MLRA(s): 111, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 147, 148 Depth Class: Very deep Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high to high Permeability Class (Obsolete): Moderate Landscape: River Valley Parent Material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 3 percent Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 12 degrees C (54 degrees F) Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1117 millimeters (44 inches) TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Lindside silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil.) Ap--0 to 20 centimeters (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; few roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick) BA--20 to 43 centimeters (8 to 17 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick) Bw--43 to 75 centimeters (17 to 30 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; many fine and medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron and few fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions on faces peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick)


309 January 2015

BC--75 to 112 centimeters (30 to 44 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions on faces peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick) C--112 to 165 centimeters (44 to 65 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) weakly stratified silt loam and light silty clay loam; massive; firm; few black concretions; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron on faces of peds; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, West Virginia; Boaz, about 150 yards east of Ohio River, 1 1/2 miles north of Keller Lane. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Cambic: 15 to 50 centimeters (6 to 20 inches) Solum Thickness: 63 to 150 centimeters (25 to 60 inches) Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 165 centimeters (65 inches) Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 35 to 60 centimeters (14 to 24 inches) Rock Fragment content: 0 to 5 percent within a depth of 100 centimeters (40 inches) and from 0 to 30 percent below Soil Reaction: strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the upper part, unless limed, and from moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the lower part of the profile Ap horizon Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Dry value is 6 or more. Undisturbed areas have a thin A horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam. BA, Bw, and BC horizons Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6, above a depth of 50 centimeters (20 inches) and 1 to 4 below. Some pedons have moist value of 3 and chroma of 2 where dry value is 6 or more. Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam, and in some pedons there are thin strata of very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or clay loam. C horizon Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4, except chroma of 6 and 8 are allowed if colors are mixed. Texture (fine earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and sandy loam and may be stratified. COMPETING SERIES: The Boonewood, Hontas and Senecaville series are in the same family. Boonewood soils are moderately deep with depth to the bedrock range from 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 40 inches). They formed in alluvium derived from limestone, siltstones, shales, and other silty material. The Hontas soils have subhorizons less than 100 centimeters (40 inches) with chroma of 2 or less. They formed in silty alluvium. Senecaville soils have hue of 5YR or redder throughout the B horizon, they formed in alluvium from dominantly interbedded shale and siltstone, and some interbedding of sandstone.


310 January 2015

The Dockery, Hamblen, Hamlin, Huntington, Lobdell, Nolin, Rahm, Ray, Steff, Teel, Wakeland, and Weaver series are similar soils in related families. Dockery, Rahm, and Wakeland soils do not have a cambic horizon. Hamblen, Lobdell, and Weaver soils have more than 15 percent coarser particles than very fine sand in the particle-size control section. Hamlin and Teel soils have less than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Huntington soils have a mollic epipedon. Nolin and Ray soils do not have low chroma mottles within a depth of 60 centimeters (24 inches) of the surface. Steff soils have less than 60 percent base saturation in all subhorizons between a depth of 25 to 75 centimeters (10 and 30 inches) below the soil surface. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: River Valley Landform: Flood Plain Geomorphic Component: Base slope Hillslope Profile Position: Toe slope Parent Material: Alluvium from limestone uplands Slope: 0 to 3 percent Elevation: 30 to 550 meters (100 to 1800 feet) Frost Free Period:150 to 255 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 14 degrees C (45 to 57 degrees F) Mean Annual Precipitation: 90 to 140 centimeters (35 to 55 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ashton, Chagrin, Clarksburg, Dunning, Huntington, Linden, Melvin, Newark, Nolin, Sciotoville, and Wheeling soils. Ashton, Sciotoville, and Wheeling soils are on terraces and have argillic horizons. Chagrin soils are well drained. Dunning and Melvin soils are poorly drained. Huntington soils formed in alluvium on flood plains. Linden are very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvial sediments washed from nearby uplands that are underlain by red and brown shales, sandstones, and in some areas, conglomerate. Newark soils are somewhat poorly drained. Clarksburg soils have a fragipan. Nolin formed in alluvium derived from limestones, sandstones, siltstones, shales, and loess DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained. Internal Free Water Occurrence: 38 to 75 centimeters (15 to 30 inches) Index Surface Runoff: Low to medium Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high to high Permeability Class (Obsolete): Moderate Flooding Frequency and Duration: Occasionally and brief Ponding Frequency and Duration: Occasional but may be frequent in places and brief USE AND VEGETATION: Major uses: Farming Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--row crops and pasture. Where wooded--mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Large Extent: West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia


311 January 2015

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Monroe County, West Virginia, 1925. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 43 centimeters (0 to 17 inches) (Ap and BA horizons). 2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 43 to 75 centimeters (17 to 30 inches) (Bw horizon). Rev. KOS-ART-WJE-AWD-MS 02/2008. 2008 Pedon description and competing series updated. 2/2009 Update was to remove Missouri from and add Alabama to states where used and format description. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

101.0 LINWOOD

LOCATION LINWOOD MI+IN OH VT Established Series Rev. ESC-LWB-MLK 08/2012 LINWOOD SERIES The Linwood series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in highly decomposed woody, organic materials underlain by loamy till at depths of 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches). These soils are in drainageways and depressions on end moraines, ground moraines, outwash plains, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Haplosaprists TYPICAL PEDON: Linwood muck, on a level area in permanent pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oa1--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many roots; woody fiber; about 5 percent coarse woody fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Oa2--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 40 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; woody fiber; about 5 percent coarse woody fragments; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Oa3--46 to 64 cm (18 to 25 inches); black (5YR 2/1) broken face muck (sapric material); dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) rubbed; about 30 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; moderate thick platy structure; friable; woody fiber; about 5 percent coarse woody fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.


312 January 2015

Cg--64 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; few snail shells; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Huron County, Michigan; about 1 mile northeast of Bad Axe; 750 feet west and 1,850 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 16 N., R. 13 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the C horizon: typically 51 to 102 cm (20 and 40 inches), but ranges from 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches) Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material); some pedons have layers of mucky peat (hemic material) or peat (fibric material) within the muck (sapric material) in the subsurface and bottom tiers; the combined thickness of the mucky peat (hemic material) is less than 25 cm (10 inches), and the peat (fibric material) is less than 13 cm (5 inches); the fiber is derived primarily from woody material Some pedons have a mucky silt loam overwash up to 23 cm (9 inches) thick on the surface. Surface tier: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y, or is neutral Chroma: 0 to 2, broken face and rubbed; less commonly the chromas of broken faces differ from the chromas of rubbed and pressed faces by one or two units Rubbed fiber content: less than 10 percent Woody fragment content: less than 1 percent to 20 percent by volume Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline but some subhorizons range to very strongly acid Subsurface tier: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 3, broken face and rubbed; less commonly the chromas of broken faces differ from the chromas of rubbed and pressed faces by one or two units Special feature: in some pedons, the organic material in the layer above the C horizon is stratified with about 10 to 15 percent by volume of mineral material Woody fragment content: less than 1 percent to 20 percent by volume Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline but some subhorizons range to very strongly acid Ab horizon, where present above the C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Cg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam to silty clay loam; a few pedons have thin strata less than 25 cm (10 inches) thick of sand, loamy sand, or clay Clay content: averages less than 35 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline


313 January 2015

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Klossner, Medo, Natchaug, Palms, Philbon, and Shalcar series. Klossner and Palms soils formed mainly in herbaceous fibers. Medo soils have sandy textures in the lower part of the series control section. Natchaug soils have a mean annual precipitation of more than 940 mm (37 inches). Philbon soils have peat and mucky peat in the upper 30 cm (12 inches). Shalcar soils have a 2Bg horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Linwood soils are in drainageways and depressions on lake plains, end moraines, ground moraines, and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Linwood soils formed in former lakes or ponds that range in size from a few acres to several hundred acres. The soils formed in highly decomposed woody, organic materials underlain by loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 940 mm (28 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 10.0 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Carlisle, Edwards, and Willette soils. Carlisle soils do not have a mineral substratum. Edwards soils are underlain by marl at depths less than 130 cm (51 inches). Willette soils contain more than 35 percent clay in the C horizons at depths less than 130 cm (51 inches). DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the organic layers and moderately high in the underlying loamy material. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic layers and moderate or moderately slow in the loamy material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are in natural vegetation of alder, aspen, willow, dogwood, elm, ash, red maple, and a few conifers. Some areas have been drained and are used for pasture and truck crops. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 94C, 96, 97, 98, 99, 111A, 111B, 111D, 124, 142, and 143 in lower Michigan, Ohio, western Indiana, and Vermont. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in this pedon are: Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 81 cm (32 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, and Oa3 horizons). Terric feature: mineral material from a depth of 64 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches) (Cg horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


314 January 2015

102.0 LOBDELL

LOCATION LOBDELL OH+IN NY PA TN VA WV Established Series Rev. AR-DRM 05/2011 LOBDELL SERIES The Lobdell series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in recent loamy alluvium. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the underlying material. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Lobdell silt loam - on a nearly level area in woodland. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A -- 0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (1 to 6 inches thick.) Bw -- 3 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (8 to 36 inches thick.) BC -- 23 to 31 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; massive; friable; common medium prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 14 inches thick.) Cg1 -- 31 to 52 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam; massive; friable; common medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Cg2 -- 52 to 60 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) sandy loam; massive; friable; common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Summit County, Ohio; Twinsburg Township, one mile north of Twinsburg Village Center; 2100 feet west of State Route 91; 100 feet east of Tinkers Creek. (Note-county not sectionized.) USGS Twinsburg, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 19 minutes, 34 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 26 minutes, 53 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 50 inches. Depth to carbonates is greater than 40 inches. Content of rock fragments in the A horizon is 0 to 5 percent, and in the Bw and C horizons commonly is 0 to 15 percent. Rock fragments are predominantly sandstone, siltstone, or shale. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 to 4 (4 to 6 dry), and chroma of 1 to 3. Many pedons have an Ap horizon up to 10 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 (6 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. The A or Ap horizon commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam or fine sandy loam. It is strongly acid to neutral.


315 January 2015

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 or 5; chroma of 3 or 4. Redoximorphic features of low chroma at a depth of 15 to 24 inches. Some pedons have thin layers that have value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2. The Bw horizon commonly is silt loam or loam, and less commonly has subhorizons of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam; the particle size control section is 18 to 30 percent clay and 15 to 40 percent sand coarser than very fine. It is strongly acid to neutral. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 1 to 8. It commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or fine sand. It ranges from highly stratified to relatively uniform. Horizons below 40 inches may include thin sandy gravelly and stony layers. It is moderately acid to neutral. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Flatrock and Weaver series. Flatrock soils are predominantly of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology. Weaver soils are more alkaline in the C horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lobdell soils are on nearly level flood plains receiving loamy alluvium from upland areas of sandstone, shale, and low lime glacial drift. The slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. These soils mainly are in areas of Wisconsinan or Illinoian glaciation, but also are in unglaciated valleys. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 34 to 43 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 47 to 57 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Chagrin, Holly, and Orrville soils and the Canfield, Cardington, Chili, Conotton, Mahoning, Rittman, and Wheeling soils. Chagrin, Holly, and Orrville soils are in toposequence with Lobdell soils. The well drained Chagrin soils are better drained and are on higher landscape positions than Lobdell soils. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Holly soils and somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils are in lower landscape positions than Lobdell soils. Canfield, Cardington, Mahoning, and Rittman soils commonly are on nearby till plains. Chili, Conotton, and Wheeling soils have argillic horizons and are on nearby terraces. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff is very low or low. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the underlying material. Subject to rare to frequent, brief flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas of the soil are used for cultivation, chiefly corn, small grain, hay, and improved pasture. Other areas are in woodland or permanent pasture. The native vegetation consists of deciduous forest, chiefly beech, ash, elm, sugar maple, and sycamore. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and southern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, western New York, Kentucky, Indiana, West Virginia, and Virginia. MLRA's 101, 111, 124, 125, 126, 127, 139, 140, and 147. The series is of large extent, about 116,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 7 inches (Ap and part of the Bw horizon); b. Cambic horizon - the zone from about 3 to 23 inches (Bw horizon).


316 January 2015

Acreage based on 2004 data. 08/2005-The competing series have been compared by the 9th edition of Keys to Soils Taxonomy. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

103.0 LOCKE

LOCATION LOCKE MI+WI Established Series Rev. WEF 06/2011 LOCKE SERIES The Locke series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy loam till on ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Locke fine sandy loam, on a south-facing, concave, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [16 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; many medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions; about 6 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), and common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) clay films on faces of peds; few fine faint and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 and 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; few fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 2 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 66 cm (8 to 26 inches).] Btk--61 to 94 cm (24 to 37 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak thick platy structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; common faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) lime pendents on rock fragments; many medium faint and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 and 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; many medium faint


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grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 4 percent gravel; strongly effervescent on ped coats; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. [0 to 36 cm (14 inches) thick] C--94 to 152 cm (37 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; massive; friable; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) masses of carbonates; many medium faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of oxidized iron; many medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; about 4 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hillsdale County, Michigan, about 4 miles west of the village of Reading; 940 feet east and 80 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 7 S., R. 4 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent gravel and 0 to 6 percent cobbles throughout Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 25 percent clay and is moderately acid to moderately alkaline Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam A horizon, where present: Thickness: 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam Some pedons have EB horizons. Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam Btk horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4


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Texture: sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam or fine sandy loam, but pockets and lenses of sand or loamy sand are in some pedons COMPETING SERIES: This is the Macomb series. Macomb soils have more than 20 percent gravel in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Locke soils are on ground moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients are commonly between 0 and 2 percent and range from 0 to 6 percent. They formed in sandy loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Barry, Brady, Dryden, Gilford, Kidder, Lapeer, and Wasepi soils. The well drained Lapeer and Kidder soils, the moderately well drained Dryden, and the poorly drained Barry soils are in the same drainage sequence. Wasepi and Brady soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils are in nearby narrow drainageways. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) at some time in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is cropped to beans, corn, hay, or small grains. A small part is in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is forest of American basswood, red maple, white ash, northern red oak, and white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 98, and 111B in southern Michigan and south-central Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lapeer County, Michigan, 1966. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 94 cm (9 to 37 inches) (Bt and Btk horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. ADDITIONAL DATA: See National Soil Survey Laboratory sample S84MI-059-001 for laboratory data, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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104.0 LORDSTOWN

LOCATION LORDSTOWN NY+NJ OH PA VT Established Series Rev. MGC-JWW-ERS 05/2011 LORDSTOWN SERIES The Lordstown series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed till and cryoturbated material derived from siltstone and sandstone on bedrock controlled landforms of glaciated dissected plateaus. They are nearly level to very steep soils on hillsides and hilltops in glaciated bedrock controlled uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 90 percent. Mean annual temperature is 48 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 39 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Lordstown channery silt loam in an idle area. (Colors are for moist broken soil unless noted otherwise.) Ap -- 0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 11 inches thick.) Bw1 -- 5 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silt loam; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; many fine pores; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw2 -- 16 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) grading with depth to brown (10YR 5/3) channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine pores; few fine roots; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 6 to 27 inches.) C -- 26 to 30 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) very channery loam; massive; friable; few thin clay coats on coarse fragments; few fine roots; 40 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 14 inches thick.) 2R -- 30 inches; thin bedded gray sandstone and siltstone bedrock, jointed and with shattered sections, few fine roots penetrate in cracks. TYPE LOCATION: Tompkins County, New York, five miles northeast of Ithaca, 0.56 mile southeast of Highway 13 on Pine Woods Hill Road, 300 feet south of road. Elevation 1450 feet. Ithaca East, NY USGS topographic quadrangle; Latitude 42 degrees, 28 minutes, 05 seconds N. and Longitude 76 degrees, 23 minutes, 15 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments are dominantly flat angular fragments and flagstones and occupy 10 to 35 percent of the volume in the Ap horizon and 20 to 60 percent in the B and C horizons, but the weighted average


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for the control section is less than 35 percent. Reaction is very strongly acid through neutral in the surface layer, very strongly acid through moderately acid in the subsoil and strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is loam or silt loam. Structure is weak or moderate fine granular. Consistence is friable or very friable. Some pedons have thin black A horizons and reddish Bhs horizons where unplowed. Some pedons have an E horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is loam or silt loam. Structure is weak or moderate, very fine to medium subangular blocky or granular. Consistence is friable or very friable. The BC horizon, if present, has colors and textures similar to the B or C horizon. It has weak subangular blocky or platy structure. Consistence is friable or firm. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 4 with or without redoximorphic features. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is fine sandy loam to silt loam. It is massive or has weak plate-like divisions. Consistence is friable or firm. The 2R layer consists of massive thick to thin beds of siltstone or sandstone interbedded with shale. The rock is jointed and is commonly fractured along joint planes within the upper 3 to 6 feet. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ashe, Brookfield, Buladean, Cardigan, Charlton, Chestnut, Delaware, Dutchess, Edneyville, Flatbush (T), Foresthills (T), Gallimore, Greenbelt (T), Hazel, Newport, Riverhead, Sharpcrest (T), Soco, St. Albans, Stecoah, Steinsburg, and Yalesville series in the same family. Ashe, Buladean, Chestnut, Edneyville, Gallimore, Hazel, Soco, Steinsburg, and Stecoah soils are commonly used in MLRAs outside of LRRs R and S. Ashe soils have granite bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. Brookfield, Buladean, Chadakoin, Charlton, Chestnut, Dutchess, Edneyville, Flatbush (T), Foresthills (T), Greenbelt (T), Newport, Riverhead, and St. Albans soils are all more than 40 inches deep to bedrock. Cardigan soils have rock fragments dominated by phyllite. Delaware soils have less than 5 percent rock fragments in the solum and substratum. Hazel soils formed in Piedmont sediments derived from graywacke and phyllite containing abundant mica. Sharpcrest (T) do not have an OSD on file to compete. Soco and Stecoah soils are more than 40 inches deep to hard bedrock and formed in residuum that formed from weathered metasedimentary rocks. Steinsburg soils have sola less than 20 inches thick. Yalesville soils have 5YR or redder hue in the B and C horizons. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lordstown soils are nearly level to very steep soils with slopes ranging from 0 to 90 percent. These soils formed in till and cryoturbated material derived from siltstone and sandstone on bedrock controlled landforms of glaciated dissected plateaus. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 45 to 50 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 45 inches, and the mean frost-free season ranges from 110 to 145 days. Elevation ranges from 800 to 1800 feet above sea level.


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the very deep well drained Bath soils, the moderately deep Mardin soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Volusia soils that occupy associated deep deposits of till. Shallow somewhat excessively drained Arnot soils, and somewhat poorly drained Tuller soils, are closely associated on landforms where the soil mantle is thinner over bedrock. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Permeability is moderate throughout the soil. USE AND VEGETATION: Large areas on the steep and very steep landforms are in cut-over forest, composed of American beech, oaks, sugar maple and associated species. Some cleared areas are in pasture or are used for hay, but mostly they are idle or have reverted to woodland or brush. A limited acreage is in corn and small grains. Potatoes are grown locally on undulating to sloping areas. Some areas have been reforested, mainly with red pine. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The glaciated Allegheny Plateau of southern New York, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and Vermont. MLRA's 101, 127, 139, 140, and 142. The series is extensive. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Trumbull County, Ohio, 1914. REMARKS: Lordstown is the mesic equivalent of Mongaup. Original classification of Lordstown placed it in the subgroup Typic Dystrochrepts, but because of changes established in the 8th edition of "Keys To Soil Taxonomy", this soil now classifies in the subgroup of Typic Dystrudepts. Competing series are expected to change as similar soils are reclassified. Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in the typical pedon are: (1) Ochric Epipedon - the zone from 0 to 5 inches (Ap horizon). (2) Cambic horizon - the zone from 5 to 26 inches (Bw horizons). (3) Udic soil moisture regime. (4) Estimate CEC activity class to be active based on sampled pedon S91NY077-05 {another pedon S79NY105-06 was superactive} Soil Interpretation Record No.: NY0096, NY0097, NY0289 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

105.0 LOUDONVILLE

LOCATION LOUDONVILLE OH PA IN Established Series Rev. DRM-CER 09/2004


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LOUDONVILLE SERIES The Loudonville series consists of moderately deep well drained soils formed in loamy till and underlain by sandstone or siltstone within a depth of 20 to 40 inches. These soils have moderate permeability. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Loudonville silt loam-on a 7 percent convex slope in a cultivated field, 20 feet from crest of slope at an elevation of 1,200 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; common rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.) BE -- 8 to 13 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; 2 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.) Bt1 -- 13 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on vertical faces of peds, and common faint on other surfaces; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (6 to 14 inches thick.) Bt2 -- 25 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few black stains (iron and manganese oxides) on faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (4 to 16 inches thick.) 2BC -- 30 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; 25 percent rock fragments, mostly sandstone; strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. (0 to 18 inches thick.) 2R -- 38 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) siltstone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: Columbiana County, Ohio; Middleton Township; about one mile southeast of Rogers; 50 feet south of county road junction with lane where road turns north; SW1/4 of SE1/4, sec. 8, T. 7 N., R. 1 W. East Palestine, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 47 minutes, 8 seconds N. and Longitude 80 degrees, 36 minutes, 10 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to a lithic contact is 20 to 40 inches. The content of rock fragments (including some glacial erratics) is 0 to 5 percent in the Ap or A horizon, 2 to 25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 10 to 60 percent in 2BC and 2C horizons. The minimum depth to a horizon with more than 35 percent rock fragments, if present, is 20 inches. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Uncultivated areas have an A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A horizon is loam or silt loam. It is medium acid to very strongly acid. In most cultivated areas the E horizon is mixed in the Ap, but some pedons have an E horizon up to 4 inches thick. Undisturbed areas have an E horizon 1 to 7 inches thick. The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4.


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The Bt and BC horizons have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Mottles are present in the lower few inches of the argillic horizon in some pedons. The Bt is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam; or their channery analogues. It has weak to strong medium or coarse subangular blocky structure. It is medium acid to very strongly acid. The BC or 2BC horizon has colors similar to those of the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam, loam, loamy sand, silt loam, or silty clay loam; or their channery or very channery analogues. It is medium acid to very strongly acid. Some pedons have a C or 2C horizon up to 15 inches thick that has similar ranges as the BC or 2BC horizon. COMPETING SERIES: These are Alanthus (T), Athol, Burkittsville (T), Cateache, Culleoka, Door, Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing, Frondorf, Grayford, Hayter, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Manassas, Mechanicsburg, Middleburg (T), Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands, Panorama, Pasturerock (T), Sowego (T), Spriggs, Sudley, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Williamsburg series. Burkittsville (T) does not have an OSD on file to compare. Culleoka, Frondorf, and Oatlands soils do not have glacial erratics in the rock fragment fraction. Alanthus, Athol, Door, Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing, Grayford, Hayter, Lamotte, Legore, Manassas, Mechanicsburg, Middleburg, Morrison, Myersville, Panorama, Pasturerock, Sowego, Sudley, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Williamsburg soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Cateache, Kell, and Spriggs soils have a paralithic rather than lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Prior competing series that have not been assigned a cation-exchange activity class are the Bolton, Bookwood, and Washington series. Bolton and Washington soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Bookwood soils have a paralithic contact rather than a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Loudonville soils are nearly level to very steep and are formed in till which is moderately deep over sandstone or siltstone. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Loudonville soils formed in medium textured glacial till of Wisconsinan or Illinoian age although the lower part of some pedons may be derived from or influenced by the underlying rock. A thin (less than 14 inches) loess mantle is present in some areas. Mean annual precipitation is about 35 to 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is 50 to 53 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Berks, Dekalb, Gilpin, and Schaffenaker soils are in nearby areas lacking the till mantle. Canfield, Rittman, and Wooster soils which have fragipan horizons are adjacent where Wisconsinan till deposits are more than 40 inches thick. Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, and Orrville soils are on nearby flood plains. Chili, Conotton, and Wheeling soils which do not have a lithic contact are on adjacent glacial outwash and terraces. Hanover and Titusville soils which have fragipan horizons are adjacent where Illinoian till is more than 40 inches thick. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is very low to high depending on slope. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas on slopes less than 18 percent are cleared and used for cultivated crops. Corn, small grains, and mixed hay are principal crops. Some areas are pastured. Orchards are common, especially in areas within a few miles of Lake Erie. Many areas are in nonagricultural uses. Native vegetation is hardwood forest, dominantly oak and hickory with lesser amounts of hard maple and ash.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and northeastern Ohio and western Indiana. MLRA's 111, 139, and 140. The series is of large extent with slightly more than 100,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, 1951. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon-the zone from the surface to a depth of about 13 inches (Ap, BE horizons); argillic horizon--the zone from about 13 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2 horizons); lithic contact--at a depth of 38 inches. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Loudonville series include profiles CO-66 (typical pedon), DL-46, GA-S15, PY-11, RC-12, RO-63, WN-S7, WN-S22, and WN-S24. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

106.0 LOWELL

LOCATION LOWELL KY+MO OH PA VA Established Series Rev. SJB, RAE 01/2010 LOWELL SERIES The Lowell series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed in limestone residuum interbedded with thin layers of shale. These soils are on uplands. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Lowell silt loam--on a 4 percent slope in pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots throughout; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick) Bt1--8 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots throughout; 5 percent discontinuous faint brown (10YR 4/3) silt coats on surfaces along pores and root channels; 40 percent discontinuous distinct clay films on vertical faces of peds; 1 percent fine prominent spherical moderately cemented black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--16 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; 60 percent discontinuous distinct clay films on vertical


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faces of peds; 1 percent fine prominent spherical moderately cemented black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix and 1 percent fine prominent irregular black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese masses with clear boundaries in matrix; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt3--23 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; 5 percent medium distinct irregular brown (10YR 5/3) and 5 percent medium prominent irregular light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and 5 percent medium faint irregular yellowish red (5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; 60 percent discontinuous distinct clay films on vertical faces of peds; 1 percent fine prominent spherical moderately cemented black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix and 15 percent medium prominent irregular black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese masses with clear boundaries in matrix; 5 percent flat subangular indurated limestone fragments up to 3 inches across in lower part; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (combined thickness of the Bt horizon ranges from 25 to 40 inches thick) BC--41 to 53 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay; 5 percent prominent irregular light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and 5 percent medium faint irregular strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)and 5 percent medium distinct irregular light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) mottles; weak medium angular blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; 5 percent fine prominent irregular black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix and 10 percent medium prominent irregular black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese masses with clear boundaries in matrix; 5 percent medium faint spherical moderately cemented carbonate nodules in matrix; 5 percent flat subangular indurated limestone fragments up to 6 inches across; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick) R--53 inches; hard light gray limestone and interbedded thin layers of shale. TYPE LOCATION: Jessamine County, Kentucky; 0.5 miles west of intersection of Park Lane and U.S. Highway 68; 4.5 miles northwest of Nicholasville. USGS Nicholasville Quadrangle (Latitude: 37 degrees, 56 minutes, 30 seconds North; Longitude: 84 degrees, 36 minutes, 46 seconds East; UTM Easting 709751 UTM Northing 4202060) RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to limestone or interbedded limestone, shale and siltstone bedrock ranges from 40 to 80 inches or more. Flagstones and channers range from 0 to 5 percent in the upper part of the solum, from 0 to 15 percent in the lower part of the solum and 1 to 50 percent in the substratum. The reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 30 inches and from strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 30 inches. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons have coatings of peds in the A horizons less than 6 inches thick that are very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2). An AB or BA horizon, where present, have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam to silty clay. The lower part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 with mottles in shades of brown, red, olive, or gray. Texture is silty clay or clay.


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The BC horizon, has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8, with mottles in shades of brown, olive, or gray. Texture is silty clay loam to clay. The C horizon, when present, has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 4 to 8 with mottles in shades of brown, olive or gray or is a variegation of these colors. Texture ranges from silty clay loam to clay. The Cr horizon, where present, is 5 to 20 inches thick, and has soft interbedded shale, siltstone and limestone. Below this is hard light gray limestone. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Beasley, Brashear, Bratton, Caneyville, Donahue, Eden, Faywood, Fredonia, Haggatt, Heitt, Markland, Shrouts, and Solway Series. Beasley, Eden, Shrouts, and Solway soils have paralithic contact at 20 to 40 inches. Brashear soils can be moderately well drained. Bratton soils have a lithologic discontinuity at 10 to 22 inches. Caneyville, Fredonia, and Heitt, soils have hue redder than 7.5YR in at least some part of the B horizon. Donahue soils have more than 20 percent sand in the upper part of the solum. Faywood soils have lithic contact between depths of 20 to 40 inches. Markland soils have stratified lacustrine C horizons below 20 to 44 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lowell soils are on upland ridgetops and sideslopes or footslopes and benches. Slopes range from 2 to 65 percent. These soils formed in residuum, mantled with up to 18 inches of loess in some areas, or slope creep from soils formed in residuum from limestone or interbedded limestone, shale, and siltstone. The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 54 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ashton, Bluegrass, Caleast, Cynthiana, Donerail, Elk, Fairmount, Faywood, Loradale, McAfee, and Nicholson series. Ashton soils are located on low stream terraces and alluvial fans, have a dark colored surface layer, and have less than 35 percent clay in the particle size control section. Bluegrass soils have less than 35 percent clay in the particle size control section. Caleast soils have a dark colored surface layer. Cynthiana and Fairmount soils have a solum thickness and depth to bedrock from 10 to 20 inches. Donerail soils have a dark colored surface layer, are moderately well drained, and have hues of 10YR or yellower in the substratum. Elk soils are located on stream terraces, and are typically more acid, and have less than 35 percent clay in the particle size control section. Faywood soils have a solum thickness and depth to bedrock from 20 to 40 inches. Loradale soils have a dark colored surface layer and have hues of 10YR or yellower in the substratum. McAfee soils have a solum thickness and depth to bedrock from 20 to 40 inches, have a dark colored surface layer, and have at least one subsoil horizon a hue of 5YR. Nicholson soils are moderately well drained with a slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained, with moderate or rapid runoff. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, tobacco, hay, or pasture. Native forest has upland oaks, hickory, walnut, ash, hackberry, locusts, redbud, and red cedar as the dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Southeastern Indiana, Southern Ohio, Southwestern Pennsylvania, and possibly the northern panhandle of West Virginia. MLRA 116A, 121, 126, 128. This soil series is of large extent.


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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Garrard County, Kentucky, 1921. REMARKS: The Lowell Series is mapped in both the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Physiographic Regions in Kentucky. Diagnostic horizons in the pedon are: Ochric epipedon: 0 to 8 inches (Ap) Argillic horizon: 8 to 41 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3) Lithic contact @ 53 inches. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization sample 09KY-113-01(1-5) by the University of Kentucky. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

107.0 LURAY

LOCATION LURAY OH Established Series Rev. AR-DRM 05/2007 LURAY SERIES The Luray series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in silty lacustrine material or slack water sediments. These soils are on lake plains, terraces, outwash plains, and some local areas on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Luray silty clay loam, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak medium granular structure; firm; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick] AB--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; strong fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine faint dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron depletions; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron stains and concretions; neutral; clear irregular boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]


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Btg1--36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; prominent very dark gray (N 3/) organo-clay films on faces of peds; common dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron concretions and root channel fillings; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg2--51 to 63 cm (20 to 25 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam; weak very coarse [25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) in diameter] prismatic structure parting to moderate medium prismatic which further parts to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; prominent dark gray (N 4/) organo-clay films on faces of larger peds; gray (5Y 5/1) clay films on faces of smaller peds; common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; few very dark gray (5Y 3/1) and brown (7.5YR 4/4) root channels; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg3--63 to 81 cm (25 to 32 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; dark gray (10YR 4/1) organo-clay films on vertical faces of peds; gray (5Y 5/1) clay films on horizontal faces of peds; many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; weak stratification evident; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 38 to 96 cm (15 to 38 inches).] Cg1--81 to 114 cm (32 to 45 inches); mottled grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, 5/6, and 5/8) silt loam with few thin strata of very fine sandy loam and silty clay loam; massive; friable; neutral. Cg2--114 to 152 cm (45 to 60 inches); gray (N 5/) stratified silt loam and loam; massive; friable; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Ashland County, Ohio; Mohican Township; 600 feet south and 200 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 21 N., R. 15 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: commonly 25 to 36 cm (10 to 14 inches) but ranges to 46 cm (18 inches) and includes the upper part of the argillic horizon in some pedons Particle-size control section: averages 25 to 35 percent clay Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 (3 in the upper part of some pedons) Chroma: 0 to 2 to a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) and 0 to 6 below Texture: commonly silty clay loam or silt loam with subhorizons of silty clay in some pedons Reaction: moderately acid to neutral


329 January 2015

Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 8 Texture: dominantly silt loam or silty clay loam and commonly has thin strata of loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline; some pedons have carbonates COMPETING SERIES: These are the Cyclone, Gabriel, Mahalaland, Mahalasville, Ragsdale, and Treaty series. Cyclone, Mahalasville, and Treaty soils have 2B horizons that contain rock fragments. Gabriel soils have a mollic epipedon that is thicker than 46 cm (18 inches). Mahalaland soils have more than 2 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Ragsdale soils formed entirely in loess and lack stratification in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Luray soils are in slight depressions or on level areas on lake plains, terraces, outwash plains, and in small local areas on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in stratified lacustrine material or slack water sediments of Wisconsinan age with dominant textures of silt loam and silty clay loam. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1016 mm (34 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 10 to 12 degrees C (50 to 54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Fitchville, Glenford, Mentor, and Sebring soils in a toposequence with Luray soils and the Bennington, Bogart, Canfield, Chili, Conotton, Damascus, Jimtown, Linwood, Mahoning, Olmsted, and Rittman soils. The somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils, the moderately well drained Glenford soils, and the well drained Mentor soils are on higher landscape positions. The poorly drained Sebring soils are on similar positions as Luray soils but lack a mollic epipedon. Bennington, Canfield, Mahoning, and Rittman soils are on nearby till plains. Bogart, Chili, Conotton, Damascus, Jimtown, and Olmsted soils formed in stratified gravelly and loamy materials. Linwood soils are on similar landscape positions as Luray soils but have organic material overlying loamy mineral deposits. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface during periods of high rainfall in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: More than half of the Luray soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and mixed hay are the principal crops. Some areas are pastured and some are wooded. Native vegetation is swamp grasses and sedges or deciduous swamp forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern to central Ohio; MLRAs 111B, 111E, 114A, 124, and 139. The type location is in MLRA 139. The series is of moderate extent, about 50,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:


330 January 2015

Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (Ap, AB horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 63 cm (Btg1, Btg2, horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in the lower part of the mollic epipedon and in all underlying horizons. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

108.0 LYKENS

LOCATION LYKENS OH Established Series Rev. AR-DRM 04/2007 LYKENS SERIES The Lykens series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in silty lacustrine deposits, a thin layer of loamy water-sorted material, and the underlying loamy till on water modified till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Lykens silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] BE--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; many fine pores; thin patchy brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; thin patchy silt coatings on faces of peds; common krotovinas with dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fillings; few fine dark iron and manganese oxide concretions; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to (5 inches) thick] Bt1--33 to 43 cm (13 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; strong fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; thin patchy brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--43 to 56 cm (17 to 22 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; medium brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of prisms; thin patchy brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on horizontal faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 53 cm (8 to 21 inches).]


331 January 2015

2Bt3--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam with some thin lenses of sand; moderate medium prismatic structure; firm; common fine roots; thin patchy light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of prisms; common coarse dark iron and manganese oxide stains; many coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in sand lenses; strongly acid in upper part and moderately acid in lower part; clear wavy boundary. [5 to 38 cm (2 to 15 inches) thick] 3BC--74 to 99 cm (29 to 39 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; few fine roots; thin patchy dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of prisms; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] 3C--99 to 152 cm (39 to 60 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; massive; very firm; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common fine black soft pieces of shale; 4 percent rock fragments that are slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Crawford County, Ohio; Whetstone Township; about 400 feet east and 900 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 3 S., R. 17 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: 71 to 127 cm (28 to 50 inches) Thickness of the overlying silty mantle: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) Rock fragments: mainly black shale, crystalline pebbles, and some limestone fragments Particle-size control section: averages 24 to 35 percent clay and 5 to 15 percent fine sand or coarser Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 (6 dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: commonly silt loam or less commonly loam or very fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: commonly silt loam or less commonly loam or very fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Texture: commonly silt loam or less commonly loam or very fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon:


332 January 2015

Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam; less than 15 percent fine sand or coarser material Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Some pedons have a BA or B/E horizon. 2Bt or 2BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: typically weakly stratified; clay loam or loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures, or less commonly sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam below a depth of about 76 cm (30 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 3Bt or 3BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline 3C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 24 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Hartz, Henshaw, Higdon, Ogontz, Sardinia, and Travilah series. Hartz soils are deeper than 127 cm (50 inches) to carbonates. Henshaw soils do not have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Higdon and Sardinia soils have sola thicker than 127 cm (50 inches). Ogontz soils have strata with less than 18 percent clay and more than 50 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Travilah soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lykens soils are on water modified till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in silty lacustrine deposits or slackwater sediments 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) thick that commonly contain a high amount of very fine sand in the lower part, a middle layer of loamy water-sorted materials 5 to 38 cm (2 to 15 inches) thick, and the underlying loamy, low-lime till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 787 to 1016 mm (31 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 8 to 12 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F).


333 January 2015

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bennington, Cardington, Fitchville, Glenford, and Tiro soils. The somewhat poorly drained Bennington soils and the Cardington soils are on nearby till plains that have not been modified by water. The somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils and the Glenford soils formed in thicker lacustrine deposits. The somewhat poorly drained Tiro soils formed in similar materials but are on lower topographic positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum and moderately low in the till material. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and moderately slow or slow in the lower part of the solum and underlying till. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for cropland or permanent pasture but a few areas are used for woodland. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and legume grass meadow are principal crops. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of small extent, about 4,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Crawford County, Ohio, 1975. REMARKS: The Lykens series is marginal to fine-loamy. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (Ap, BE horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 74 cm (Bt, 2Bt horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 43 cm. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for CR-27, the typical pedon, from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

109.0 MACOMB

LOCATION MACOMB MI+NY Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF 06/2011 MACOMB SERIES The Macomb series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in outwash and the underlying till on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).


334 January 2015

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Macomb loam, cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) thick] E--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] Bt1--28 to 48 cm (11 to 19 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; continuous brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; less than 5 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 23 cm (4 to 9 inches) thick] Bt2--48 to 74 cm (19 to 29 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron and prominent gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions; 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches) thick] 2C1--74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron and prominent gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions; 40 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. 3C2--84 to 152 cm (33 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions; 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles north and 1/2 mile east of Delhi Mills; 660 feet south and 430 feet west of the northeast corner of the southeast 1/4 of sec. 35, T. 1 S., R. 5 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR


335 January 2015

Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt1 horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt2 horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: clay loam, gravelly clay loam, sandy clay loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: gravelly sand, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 20 to 60 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline 3C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Locke series. Locke soils have less than 20 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Macomb soils are on till plains and lake plains that have a thin covering of gravelly outwash. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent, but typically are 0 to 2 percent. The Macomb soils formed in outwash and the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 10.0 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berville, Blount, Cadmus, Conover, Ionia, Kendallville, and Matherton soils. The Macomb soils are in a drainage sequence with the well drained Kendallville soils, the moderately well drained Cadmus soils, and the very poorly drained Berville soils.


336 January 2015

The finer textured Blount soils and the Conover soils, which do not have gravelly 2C horizons, are associated on till plains. The moderately well drained Ionia soils and somewhat poorly drained Matherton soils, which are fine loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, are associated where till plains join outwash plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is very low to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops. Some areas are used for permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is hardwoods; principally American elm, white ash, American basswood, red maple, hickory, and swamp white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 111B in southern Michigan. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan, 1926. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches) (E horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 74 cm (11 to 29 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

110.0 MARENGO

LOCATION MARENGO OH Established Series Rev. JRS-RJG-SJH 04/2007 MARENGO SERIES The Marengo series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed loamy till on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Marengo clay loam, on a concave, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 264 meters (866 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


337 January 2015

Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. AB--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; firm; few fine roots; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bg1--43 to 66 cm (17 to 26 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bg2--66 to 109 cm (26 to 43 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organo-clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. BC--109 to 173 cm (43 to 68 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C--173 to 211 cm (68 to 83 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loam; massive; very firm; many medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in matrix; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Fairfield County, Ohio; 2.5 miles east of Carroll, in Greenfield Township; 318 feet north and 445 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 15 N., R. 19 W.; USGS Carroll topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 48 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 39 minutes 48 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 102 to 190 cm (40 to 75 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to 203 cm (40 to 80 inches) Rock fragments: dominantly sandstone, siltstone, and shale fragments Reaction: upper solum to a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) is moderately acid or slightly acid, and the lower solum is moderately acid to slightly alkaline Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: silty clay loam and clay loam textures ranges from 27 to 35 percent


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Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: dominantly clay loam or silty clay loam but includes loam or silt loam Clay content: 22 to 35 percent Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent C horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Redox features: few to many Texture: loam or clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Clay content: 15 to 33 percent Sand content: 35 to 50 percent Rock fragment content: 2 to 20 percent COMPETING SERIES: These are the Claremont (T), Clyde, Faxon, Kossuth, Letri, Mound Creek (T), Reddick, Selma, Selmass, Tripoli, Webster, and Wolcott series. Claremont (T) series does not currently have an OSD on file. Clyde and Wolcott soils do not have rock fragments dominantly of sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Faxon and Mound Creek soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Kossuth soils have more than 35 percent clay in the upper part of the series control section. Letri soils have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Reddick soils have less than 35 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Selma and Selmass soils have more than 50 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Tripoli soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the upper part of the series control section. Webster soils are in cooler and drier climates, have friable till C horizons, and typically have thinner sola. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Marengo soils are on till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in loamy till. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 914 to 1016 mm (36 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 11 to 12 degrees C (51 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 134 to 175 days. Elevation is 259 to 281 meters (850 to 920 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Amanda, Bennington, Canfield, Cardington, Centerburg, Condit, Luray, Patton, Ravenna, Rittman, Sebring, and Wooster soils. The well drained Alexandria, Amanda, and Wooster soils and the moderately well drained Canfield, Cardington, Centerburg, and Rittman soils are on higher landscape positions. The somewhat poorly drained Bennington and Ravenna soils are on slightly higher landscape positions. The very poorly drained Condit soils have more clay in the subsoil and are on similar landscape positions. The very poorly drained Luray and Patton soils and the poorly drained Sebring soils formed in silty lacustrine materials on lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface between November and June in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the Marengo soils have been drained and are used for the production of crops such as corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and mixed hay. Some areas are pastured. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest with elm, red maple, silver maple, pin oak, and ash as dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central, north central, and northeastern Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 43 cm (Ap, AB horizons). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 43 to 173 cm (Bg, BC horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features present in the lower part of the mollic epipedon and in all underlying horizons. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for FA-30, the typifying pedon, and supporting data is available for pedons AS-2, CO-135, and MH-22 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

111.0 MARLETTE

LOCATION MARLETTE MI Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF-MLK 08/2012 MARLETTE SERIES The Marlette series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in till. These soils are on till plains, ground moraines, and end moraines. Slope ranges from 2 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Glossudalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Marlette fine sandy loam, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; about 1 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick]


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B/E--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); 60 percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay loam (Bt); surrounded by or penetrated by tongues of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam (E); moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 36 cm (4 to 14 inches) thick] Bt--46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 1 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [25 to 71 cm (10 to 28 inches) thick] BC--86 to 96 cm (34 to 38 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; about 2 percent fine gravel; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] C--96 to 203 cm (38 to 80 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay loam; massive; firm; about 2 percent fine gravel; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Mason County, Michigan; about 2 miles southeast of the village of Custer; 1,600 feet south and 1,650 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 28, T. 18 N., R. 16 W., Custer Township; USGS Custer, Michigan 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 55 minutes 42.6 seconds N. and 86 degrees 13 minutes 30.8 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 64 cm (25 inches) or more Depth to carbonates: 64 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches) Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent gravel throughout Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5, 6 dry Chroma: 1 to 3 A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam


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E part of B/E horizon Hue: 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Bt part of the B/E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam E/B horizon, where present: Thickness: 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) The amount of E material present in the B/E or E/B horizon ranges from 15 to 75 percent. Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Some pedons have Bk horizons with colors and textures similar to those of the Bt horizon. BC horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam or clay loam C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loam or clay loam COMPETING SERIES: This is the Cassopolis series. Cassopolis soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 127 cm (50 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Marlette soils are on till plains, ground moraines, and end moraines of Wisconsinan age. The Marlette soils formed in till. Slope ranges from 2 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 965 mm (28 to 38 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 10.0 degrees C (46 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Capac, Owosso, Metea, and Parkhill soils. The somewhat poorly drained Capac soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Parkhill soils are


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in a drainage sequence with Marlette soils. The well drained Owosso and Metea soils have sand to sandy loam upper horizons. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 61 to 183 cm (2.0 to 6.0 feet) between October and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is medium or high depending upon slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped to corn, beans, wheat, and grass-legume hay. A small part, usually the steeper areas, is in pasture or hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, and 99 in central Michigan. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Glossic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches) (B/E horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 86 cm (9 to 34 inches) (Bt part of B/E horizon and Bt horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

112.0 MCBRIDE

LOCATION MCBRIDE MI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF 08/2012 MCBRIDE SERIES The McBride series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan. The McBride soils formed in till and are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 2 to 45 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, frigid Alfic Fragiorthods TYPICAL PEDON: McBride sandy loam on a slope of 8 percent on a moraine in a wooded area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


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A--0 to 5 cm (2 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; very friable; 2 percent gravel and cobbles; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary [5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) thick] E--5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; 6 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] Bhs--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; 4 percent gravel and cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick] Ex--33 to 74 cm (13 to 29 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand; massive; very hard; 1 percent gravel and cobbles; brittle when moist; slightly acid; gradual irregular boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick] E/Bx--74 to 109 cm (29 to 43 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) loamy sand (E) surrounding peds of dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) sandy clay loam (Bt); weak thick platy structure; very firm; thick clay flows along root channels and in most pores; 2 percent gravel and cobbles; brittle when moist; moderately acid; gradual irregular boundary. [15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 inches) thick] Bt--109 to 185 cm (43 to 73 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; thick clay flows on ped faces and along root channels; 2 percent gravel and cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [20 to 89 cm (8 to 35 inches) thick] C--185 to 282 cm (73 to 111 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy loam; massive; friable; 6 percent gravel and cobbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Osceola County, Michigan; about 4 miles northeast of the village of Ashton; 1280 feet west and 300 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 36, T. 19 N., R. 10 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 102 to 190 cm (40 to 75 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to 190 cm (40 to 75 inches) Depth to the fragipan: 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches) Ap horizon, where present: Thickness: 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 2 Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2


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Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Bhs horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 Chroma: 2 or 3 Ortstein content: a few massive chunks of weakly cemented to indurated ortstein are in some pedons. Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Bs horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Ex horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand Structure: moderate to strong, medium to thick platy structure Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral E part of the E/Bx horizon: occurs as thick coating surrounding peds of B and as vertical tongues extending from the Ex into the lower Bt horizon Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand B part of the E/Bx horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam


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Structure: moderate or strong, medium or thick platy structure, or is massive Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles Brittleness: the brittle matrix constitutes 60 percent or more of this horizon Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam; pockets or strata up to 5 cm thick of sand or loamy sand are in some pedons Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The McBride soils are on ground moraines and end moraines of Wisconsinan Age. Slope gradients typically are of 2 to 18 percent, but range from 2 to 45 percent. These soils are formed in till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 813 mm (28 to 32 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.1 to 7.8 degrees C (43 to 46 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Coral, Ensley, Montcalm, and Nester soils. The somewhat poorly drained Coral and the poorly drained Ensley soils are in the same drainage sequence. The well drained, sandier Montcalm soils and the finer textured Nester soils are nearby in most areas. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Potential for surface runoff is medium to very high depending upon slopes. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the upper part, moderately low in the fragipan, and moderately high in the lower part of the pedon. Permeability is moderately rapid in the upper part, slow in the fragipan, and moderately slow in the lower part of the pedon. USE AND VEGETATION: A large part of the milder slopes is cropped to small grains, legume-grass hay, corn, and navy beans. Potatoes comprise a major acreage in some areas. Other areas are in woodland or permanent pasture. Tree species include chiefly sugar maple, American beech, northern red oak, and American basswood. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 96, and 98 in the northern half of the lower peninsula of Michigan. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS


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SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 5 cm (2 inches) (A horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches) (E horizon). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches) (Bhs horizon). Fragipan: from a depth of 33 to 109 cm (13 to 43 inches) (Ex and E/Bx horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 109 to 185 cm (43 to 73 inches) (Bt horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

113.0 MECHANICSBURG

LOCATION MECHANICSBURG OH Established Series Rev. MFB-DRM-LER 08/2005 MECHANICSBURG SERIES The Mechanicsburg series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in Wisconsinan or Illinoian Age till 20 to 36 inches thick and material weathered from the underlying fractured, fine grained sandstone or siltstone on uplands. These soils have moderate permeability in the till-derived material and moderately rapid permeability in the underlying residuum, above bedrock. Slope ranges from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Mechanicsburg silt loam, on a west-facing, convex, 5 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 1060 feet msl.(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.) BA -- 9 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches thick.) Bt1 -- 14 to 27 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films onn faces of peds; few fine dark iron-manganese concretions; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 8 to 27 inches.)


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2Bt2 -- 27 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine dark iron-manganese concretions; 20 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.) 2C -- 32 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely channery loam; massive; friable; few fine roots in vertical and horizontal fractures between displaced rock fragments; 80 percent channers about 4 to 10 inches in length; very strongly acid in upper part grading to moderately acid at 60 inches. (0 to 36 inches thick.) 2R -- 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fractured hard siltstone bedrock with fractures more than 4 inches apart and little rock displacement. TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Ohio; Wayne Township, about 1 mile south of Mechanicsburg; 2110 feet east and 780 feet north of the southwest corner, sec. 19, T. 16 N., R. 13 W.; U.S.G.S. Wooster, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 50 minutes, 44 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 59 minutes, 8 seconds W., NAD 1983. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum and depth to material weathered from fractured bedrock typically is 20 to 36 inches; but the solum extends to 60 inches in some pedons, and depth to underlying residuum is as much as 50 inches. The lithic contact is at a depth of 40 to 72 inches. Rounded rock fragments of mixed lithology and mainly less than 4 centimeters in diameter are 0 to 10 percent in the Ap, A, and E horizons and 1 to 20 percent in Bt and BC horizons; thin flat fragments of siltstone or fine grained sandstone are 15 to 50 percent in 2Bt and 2BC horizons and 60 to 90 percent in the 2C horizon. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some undisturbed pedons have a thin A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 1 or 2; and have an E horizon 1 to 7 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The Ap or A and the E horizons commonly are very strongly acid or strongly acid but the Ap horizon ranges to neutral. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or their gravelly analogues. It is very strongly acid to moderately acid. BC horizons are in some pedons. The 2Bt and 2BC horizons have hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. They are channery, very channery, flaggy, or very flaggy analogues of silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. They are very strongly acid to moderately acid. The 2C horizon has similar color and reaction range as the 2BC horizon but is extremely channery or extremely flaggy analogues of silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. 2Cr horizons are permitted above the lithic contact. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alantus (T), Athol, Burkittsville (T), Cateache, Culleoka, Door, Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing, Frondorf, Grayford, Hayter, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Loudonville, Manassas, Middleburg, Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands, Panorama, Pasturerock (T), Sowego (T), Spriggs, Sudley, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Williamsburg series. Alanthus (T) soils contain a significant amount of metabasalt and greenstone rock fragments. Athol, Door, Duffield, Ebbing, Middleburg, Morrison,


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Wheeling, and Williamsburg soils typically have thicker sola. Ebbing soils also have less than 60 percent rock fragments in the C horizon. The Burkittsville (T) soil does not have an OSD to compete. Cateache, Culleoka, Frondorf, Kell, Loudonville, and Spriggs soils have a lithic contact within 40 inches. Dumfries, Grayford, Hayter, Lamotte, Manassas, Myersville, Oatlands, Panorama, Sowego (T), and Sudley soils have a higher mean annual temperature. Dumfries soils also have bedrock at greater than 20 feet. Grayford soils also have 10 percent or less rock fragments in the 2Bt horizon. Lamotte soils also have less than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Legore soils contain a significant amount of diabase and diorite rock fragments. Pasturerock (T) soils have less than a 10 degree centigrade difference between mean summer and mean winter temperatures. Westmoreland soils do not have a lithologic discontinuity between 20 and 40 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Mechanicsburg soils formed in medium textured Wisconsinan Age or Illinoian Age till 20 to 36 inches thick and material weathered from the underlying acid, fine grained sandstone, or siltstone. They are on upland interfluves, head slopes, nose slopes and side slopes. Slope has a plane or convex surface and ranges from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 35 to 39 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 49 to 53 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berks, Bogart, Brownsville, Canfield, Chili, Luray, Rittman, Sebring, and Wooster soils. Berks and Brownsville soils are loamy-skeletal and are on nearby areas that do not have a till mantle. The moderately well drained Bogart and Chili soils formed in stratified loamy, sandy, and gravelly materials and are on nearby terraces and outwash plains. The moderately well drained Canfield, moderately well drained Rittman, and Wooster soils have fragipan horizons and are on similar landscape positions where deposits of till are thicker than 40 inches. The very poorly drained Luray soils and poorly drained Sebring soils formed in lacustrine sediments and are in depressions or are on nearby stream terraces. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to high. Permeability is moderate in the till-derived material and moderately rapid in the underlying residuum, above bedrock. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas on slopes less than 18 percent are cultivated. Corn, oats, wheat, mixed hay, and pasture are the principal crops. Some more sloping areas are used for woodland and habitat for wildlife. Natural vegetation is hardwood forest, consisting mainly of sugar maple, oak, and hickory. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern Ohio. MLRA 114 and 139. The series is of moderate extent, about 24,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wayne County, Ohio, 1981. REMARKS: Mechanicsburg soils were formerly mapped as Loudonville soils in some earlier surveys. Field investigations indicate that the upper contact of the underlying bedrock in some areas is fractured with more than 10 percent soil material between displaced rock fragments. Roots extend considerable distance into such fractures. A thin loess mantle is present in some areas. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a) Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 9 inches (Ap horizon).


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b) Argillic horizon - from a depth of about 14 to about 32 inches (Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons). Notes: 02/2000 revision included numerous changes made to the OSD. Acreage based on 2004 data. 07/2005-The competing series were compared by the 9th Edition of Keys to Soils Taxonomy. ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon WN-S94 for characterization data on the typical pedon, from Wayne County, Ohio, and LC-1, WN-S22, and WN-S24; samples analyzed by The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

114.0 MELVIN

LOCATION MELVIN KY+AR MD MO OH PA TN VA WV Established Series Rev. JCJ 11/2007 MELVIN SERIES The Melvin series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in silty alluvium on flood plains and in upland depressions. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Melvin silt loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses as iron accumulations; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick) Bg1--9 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and and medium roots; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses as iron accumulations; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--20 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses as iron accumulations; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Bg is 10 to 30 inches thick)


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Cg--30 to 62 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; massive; firm; few irregularly shaped black (10YR 2/1) manganese and iron concretions; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses as iron accumulations; moderately acid. (10 to 45 inches thick) TYPE LOCATION: Livingston County, Kentucky; 1.42 miles southwest of Iuka; 1.13 miles southwest of the intersection of KY Highway 93 and Jake Dukes Road, 2,185 feet south of intersection of Corinth Church Road and Jake Dukes Road; 300 feet east of Corinth Church Road in field. USGS Quad: Grand Rivers; Latitude: (37 degrees, 4 minutes, 6 seconds N); Longitude: (88 degrees, 14 minutes, 47 seconds W). RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to bedrock is 60 or more inches.. Coarse fragments, mostly rounded pebbles, ranges from 0 to 5 percent to a depth of 30 inches and below this depth individual subhorizons can range from 0 to 20 percent by volume. Content of iron and manganese concretions ranges from 0 to 2 percent throughout. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to mildly alkaline throughout the profile. A few flakes of mica are in some pedons. The Ap and A horizon have hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is a silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or silty clay loam. The Bg horizon has hue of 10YRto 5Y or is neutral, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or less. Redoximorphic features in shades of brown, black, and red range from none to common. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or less. Redoximorphic features in shades of brown, black, and red, range from none to many. Some pedons are an evenly mottled pattern in shades of gray, brown, and red. Texture is silt loam, silty clay loam or loam. Below a depth of 40 inches, some pedons have stratified layers with variable textures. COMPETING SERIES: TheWayland series is the only other member of the family. Wayland soils formed in alluvium from areas of Wisconsin glaciation. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Melvin soils are on nearly level to depressed parts of flood plains and in upland depressions. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in silty alluvium derived from soils formed from limestone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and loess. Near the type location the mean annual temperature ranges from 53 to 59.4 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 53.9 inches. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dunning, Huntington, Lindside, Newark, and Nolin series. Dunning and Huntington soils have a mollic epipedon. In addition, the Huntington soils are well drained. The Dunning soils have fine texture. Lindside, Newark, and Nolin soils are the better drained members in a drainage catena with Melvin. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Poorly drained. Runoff is negligible. Permeability is moderate. Most areas are subject to flooding or ponding. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in pasture and woodland. These soils, where previously drained, are used for corn, sorghum, soybeans, and hay. Many areas are used for wetland wildlife habitat. Native vegetation consists of water-tolerant hardwoods, chiefly water oak, pin oak, and swamp white oak,


351 January 2015

American sycamore, black willow, alder, sweet and blackgums, red maple, box elder, and cottonwood. Some areas were in canebrakes. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and possibly Arkansas and Missouri. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lauderdale County, Alabama; 1931. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - 0 to 9 inches (Ap). Cambic horizon - 9 to 30 inches (Bg) Aquic conditions - 0 to 62 inches. (Ap, Bg, Cg1, Cg2). ADDITIONAL DATA: S82KY-055-007. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

115.0 MERMILL

LOCATION MERMILL OH+IN Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG 09/2012 MERMILL SERIES The Mermill series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils on lake plains and till plains. They formed in loamy glaciolacustrine or water-sorted material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and in the underlying till. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Mermill loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an elevation of 228 meters (749 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; friable; common fine roots; 1 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches) thick]


352 January 2015

Btg1--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Btg2--36 to 53 cm (14 to 21 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Btg3--53 to 71 cm (21 to 28 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; thin strata of fine sandy loam; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium and coarse faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 28 to 84 cm (11 to 33 inches).] 2Btg4--71 to 91 cm (28 to 36 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; few medium faint light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick] 2BC--91 to 145 cm (36 to 57 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots in the upper part; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium and coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [8 to 56 cm (3 to 22 inches) thick] 2C--145 to 203 cm (57 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; firm; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of fractures; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions and few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation oriented along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.


353 January 2015

TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; about 1.75 miles northeast of McComb, in Portage Township; 1,520 feet north and 2,180 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 2 N., R. 10 E.; USGS Hoytville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 07 minutes 41.8 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 45 minutes 25.9 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 152 cm (24 to 60 inches) and typically extends into the till Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 53 to 107 cm (21 to 42 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Depth to till: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Rock fragments: glacial pebbles, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (5 or less dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy clay loam, silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Some pedons have a BEg horizon. Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam; some pedons have thin subhorizons of sandy clay to fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral 2Btg, 2Bt, 2BCg, or 2BC horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline 2C or 2Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and carbonates are present


354 January 2015

COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Mermill soils are on lake plains, and less commonly on till plains of late Wisconsinan age. They have a plane or concave surface with a slope gradient of 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loamy glaciolacustrine or water-sorted material and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aurand, Haskins, Houcktown, and Rawson soils. These soils form a toposequence with Mermill soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aurand and Haskins soils are on slightly higher landscape positions. The moderately well drained Houcktown and the well drained Rawson soils are on higher or more sloping landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between December and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the loamy material and moderately low or low in the underlying till. Permeability is moderate in the loamy material and slow or very slow in the underlying till. USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the Mermill soils have been drained and are used for cropland. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, alfalfa, tomatoes, and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest with swamp white oak, bur oak, pin oak, elm, hickory, and ash. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indiana, and to a lesser extent in MLRAs 111B, 111C, and 139 in west-central Ohio and northern Indiana. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, over 130,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: Some acreage of the Mermill series is being converted to the Alvada and Aurand series during modernization projects. The previous Mermill series concept allowed for fine-textured lacustrine sediments in the 2B and 2C horizons. A new series will be established to address these soils during modernization projects in MLRA 99. An evaluation of existing lab data supports the redefinition of the clay content in the till. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 91 cm (Btg, 2Btg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 23 cm. Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 130014 in MO 11. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


355 January 2015

116.0 METAMORA

LOCATION METAMORA MI+IN OH Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF 08/2012 METAMORA SERIES The Metamora series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy glaciofluvial or lacustrine deposits and the underlying loamy till on lake plains, near-shore zones (relict), till plains, and low moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Udollic Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Metamora sandy loam, on a southwest-facing, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] Eg--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; friable; many fine roots; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] Bg--33 to 71 cm (13 to 28 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of oxidized iron (50 percent of the color); about 3 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 61 cm (3 to 24 inches) thick] 2Btg--71 to 91 cm (28 to 36 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; clay films on faces of peds; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [15 to 41 cm (6 to 16 inches) thick] 2Cg--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Shiawassee County, Michigan; about 7 miles north of the town of Owosso; 1,360 feet east and 1,380 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 8 N., R. 2 E.; lat. 43 degrees 05 minutes 47.6 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 10 minutes 55.8 seconds W., WGS 84. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches)


356 January 2015

Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel throughout; 0 to 3 percent cobbles in the 2Bt and 2C horizons Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and slightly acid or neutral in the lower part Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: dominantly sandy loam or loamy sand, but includes sandy clay loam or loam 2Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Redoximorphic features: account for over 40 percent of the matrix color in at least one subhorizon 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Metamora soils are on lake plains, near-shore zones (relict), till plains, and low moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The Metamora soils formed in loamy glaciofluvial or lacustrine deposits and the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 1016 mm (28 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 9.6 degrees C (44 to 49 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Brookston, Conover, Corunna, Owosso, and Pewamo soils. Metamora soils are in a drainage sequence with the well drained Owosso and poorly drained Corunna soils. They are associated in the landscape with the Blount, Brookston, Conover, and Pewamo soils. These soils do not have the coarser textured A and Bg horizons.


357 January 2015

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (6 to 18 inches) between March and May and in October and November in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is very low to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the in the A and Bg horizons and moderately high in the 2Bt and 2C horizons. Permeability is moderately rapid in the A and Bg horizons and moderate or moderately slow in the 2Bt and 2C horizons. USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part is under cultivation to corn, soybeans, small grain, or forest. A few areas are used for vegetable production. A smaller part is in permanent pasture and hay. Native vegetation is forests of American elm, white ash, hickory, American basswood, and red maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, and 99 in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio. This series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches) (Eg horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 91 cm (28 to 36 inches) (2Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. A dense substratum phase is currently recognized in MLRA 99. Further evaluation is needed to determine the presence of densic materials in Metamora soils in other MLRAs. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

117.0 METEA

LOCATION METEA IN+IL MI WI Established Series Rev. RAB-GLH-DAG 07/2011 METEA SERIES The Metea series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in wind or water laid sandy material and the underlying till on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Arenic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Metea loamy fine sand, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 244 meters (800 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


358 January 2015

Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E--23 to 71 cm (9 to 28 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches) thick] Bt1--71 to 81 cm (28 to 32 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common brown (10YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] 2Bt2--81 to 112 cm (32 to 44 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 4 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [25 to 76 cm (10 to 30 inches) thick] 2C--112 to 203 cm (44 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; massive; friable; 4 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Marshall County, Indiana; about 4 miles south and 3 miles west of Plymouth; 700 feet south and 1,600 feet west of the center of sec. 25, T. 33 N., R. 1 E.; USGS Plymouth, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 16 minutes 45.4 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 21 minutes 46.3 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 553357 easting and 4569962 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Thickness of the sandy material: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5, more than 5.5 dry Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam Clay content: 12 to 22 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel


359 January 2015

Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid 2Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 8 Texture: clay loam or loam Clay content: 24 to 35 percent Silt content: less than 60 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid, but ranges to neutral in the lower part when there is more than one subhorizon 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 to 8 Clay content: 15 to 24 percent Texture: loam or fine sandy loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Delton, Okee, Ormas, and Prissel series. Delton soils average more than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Okee soils contain less than 24 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Ormas soils contain more than 10 percent gravel in the lower part of the argillic horizon and are underlain by gravelly or very gravelly sand. Prissel soils have a sandy mantle that is thicker than 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Metea soils are on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Metea soils formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of wind or water laid sandy material and the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 466 meters (600 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aubbeenaubbee, Barry, Brookston, Chelsea, Crosier, Markton, Moon, Miami, Owosso, Plainfield, Rensselaer, Riddles, Selfridge, Spinks, and Wawasee soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aubbeenaubbee, Crosier, Markton, and Selfridge soils are on footslopes of glaciated uplands. The poorly drained Barry and Brookston soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Rensselaer soils are in depressions of glaciated uplands. The excessively drained Chelsea and Plainfield soils, and the well drained Spinks soils are on summits and backslopes of glaciated uplands and are sandier in the lower part of the series control section. The moderately well drained Moon soils are on backslopes and have redoximorphic features within 102 cm (40 inches) of the surface. The moderately well drained Miami soils, and the well drained Owosso, Riddles, and Wawasee soils are on summits and backslopes of glaciated uplands. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high, depending on the slope and depth to till. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high in the upper sandy material and moderately high in the underlying loamy till. Permeability is rapid in the upper sandy material and moderate or moderately slow in the underlying loamy till.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cropped to corn and soybeans. Small grain and hay are also grown. Many small areas are used for pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97 98, 99, 108A, 110, 111B, and 111C in northern Indiana, southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and southern Michigan. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fulton County, Indiana, 1941. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 71 cm (28 inches) (Ap, E). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 112 cm (28 to 44 inches) (Bt1, 2Bt2). Arenic subgroup: from the surface to a depth of 71 cm (28 inches) (Ap, E). NASIS Data Mapunit ID 155031 represents Metea in complex with Moon on 1 to 5 percent slopes. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401581 represents Metea in complex with Riddles on 1 to 5 percent slopes. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 125312 represents Metea in complex with Riddles on 5 to 10 percent slopes, eroded. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 125313 represents Metea in complex with Riddles on 10 to 18 percent slopes, eroded. ADDITIONAL DATA: Transect data (T99IN-099-001) for the typical pedon is on file in MLRA project office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transect shows 90 percent Metea soils and 10 percent Ormas soils. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

118.0 MIAMI

LOCATION MIAMI IN+IL MI OH WI Established Series Rev. GRS-MLW-TJE 09/2014 MIAMI SERIES The Miami series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense till. Miami soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess or silty material and in the underlying loamy till. They are on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Miami silt loam, on a convex, 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 268 meters (880 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


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Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as linings of some pores; 1 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches) thick] 2Bt2--33 to 58 cm (13 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; strong coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as linings of some pores; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 2Bt3--58 to 79 cm (23 to 31 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as linings of some pores; common fine and medium spherical very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches).] 2BCt--79 to 91 cm (31 to 36 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; friable; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium irregular very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; common medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear irregular boundary. [0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) thick] 2Cd--91 to 200 cm (36 to 79 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; massive; very firm; few fine irregular very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) irregular iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hendricks County, Indiana; 3 miles east of Danville; 800 feet west and 300 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 6, T. 15 N., R. 1 E.; USGS Brownsburg, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 46 minutes 31.5 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 27 minutes 37.2 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 546217 easting and 4402976 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the loess or silty material: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Depth to densic contact: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to bedrock: greater than 203 cm (80 inches) Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5 moist, 6 dry Chroma: 1 to 4 moist, 2 or 3 dry Texture: loam or silt loam, or less commonly fine sandy loam or sandy loam; severely eroded pedons are silty clay loam or clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent


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Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam or silt loam, or less commonly fine sandy loam or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt or 2Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam in the upper part and clay loam in the lower part Clay content: averages 27 to 35 percent Sand content: ranges from 15 to 40 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part and ranges to neutral in the lower part BCt, 2BCt, CB, or 2CB horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam or less commonly fine sandy loam, but may be clay loam in the upper part Clay content: averages 15 to 25 percent Sand content: ranges from 20 to 60 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline Cd or 2Cd horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y, or less commonly 7.5YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam or less commonly fine sandy loam Clay content: averages 10 to 20 percent Sand content: ranges from 20 to 60 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Moist bulk density: 1.75 to 2.00 g/cc Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 50 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Adamstown, Beech, Blakeslee, Cazenovia, El Dara, Funkstown, Hilton, Kidami, Mt. Zion, Pevely, Rainsville, Rawson, Richland, Shawtown, Summitville, and Vaughnsville series. Adamstown and Blakeslee soils are deeper than 102 cm (40 inches) to carbonates. Beech soils average more than 5 percent rock fragments in the upper part of the series control section. Cazenovia, Mt. Zion, and Richland soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. El Dara soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Funkstown soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the second part of the series


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control section. Hilton and Shawtown soils average less than 27 percent clay in the argillic horizon. Kidami soils do not have a densic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Pevely soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Rainsville soils are more than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Rawson soils average more than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Summitville soils have a subhorizon in the Bt horizon with hue redder than 7.5YR. Vaughnsville soils have hue redder than 10YR in the upper part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Miami soils are on till plains. Slope gradients are dominantly 0 to 25 percent, but range to 60 percent. Miami soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess or silty material and in the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 12.2 degrees C (46 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 366 meters (600 to 1200 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Conover, Crosby, Crosier, Cyclone, Kokomo, Treaty, and Williamstown soils. The Miami soils are in a drainage sequence with the moderately well drained Williamstown soils on summits and shoulders; the somewhat poorly drained Conover, Crosier, and Crosby soils on lower lying summits; and the poorly drained Brookston, Cyclone, and Treaty soils and the very poorly drained Kokomo soils in depressions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 61 to 91 cm (2.0 to 3.0 feet) between December and April in normal years. Potential for surface water runoff is medium on the gentle slopes and high on the steeper slopes. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and moderately low or low in the underlying dense till. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, moderately slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the underlying dense till. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay. Much of the more sloping part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, southern Michigan, central and northern Illinois, southeastern Wisconsin, and western Ohio; mainly in MLRAs 111A and 111D, and lesser extents in MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 108A, 110, 114A, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of large extent, more than 1,300,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Montgomery County, Ohio, 1910. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 79 cm (Bt, 2Bt horizons). Densic contact: at 91 cm (top of 2Cd horizon). Moderately permeable substratum, gravelly substratum, and heavy substratum phases are recognized, and may become new series when the subset soil surveys with these phases are updated. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue University and at The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL.


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119.0 MILLGROVE

LOCATION MILLGROVE OH+IN Established Series Rev. RMG-DNM-RAR 12/2011 MILLGROVE SERIES The Millgrove series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils on outwash plains and terraces. They formed in loamy and gravelly outwash overlying sandy, gravelly, and loamy outwash deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Millgrove silt loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an elevation of 303 meters (995 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; friable; few medium tubular pores; few gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches) thick BA--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Btg1--30 to 43 cm (12 to 17 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine vesicular and few medium vesicular and tubular pores; few faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Btg2--43 to 53 cm (17 to 21 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.


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Btg3--53 to 76 cm (21 to 30 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Btg4--76 to 104 cm (30 to 41 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine vesicular and tubular and few medium tubular pores; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 38 to 79 cm (15 to 31 inches).] BCg--104 to 127 cm (41 to 50 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] C1--127 to 150 cm (50 to 59 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; massive; friable; common fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) weathered sandstone fragments; 15 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. C2--150 to 188 cm (59 to 74 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; common medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) weathered sandstone fragments; 30 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. C3--188 to 203 cm (74 to 80 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly loamy sand; massive; very friable; 30 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Morrow County, Ohio; approximately 3.5 miles northwest of Denmark, in Canaan Township; 1920 feet east and 1188 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 5 S., R. 17 E.; USGS Caledonia, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 38 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 55 minutes 52 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); includes the upper part of the B horizon in some pedons Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 66 to 140 cm (26 to 55 inches) Depth to carbonates: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches) Rock fragments: mainly glacial pebbles of mixed lithology Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral


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BA horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 (3 when the mollic epipedon includes the upper part) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; sandy loam is in the lower part in some pedons Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent in the upper part and 5 to 40 percent in the lower part Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 5 to 40 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: typically sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam or the gravelly and very gravelly analogs of these textures; commonly stratified with sand, coarse sand, loamy coarse sand, fine sand, or silt loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures Clay content: averages 5 to 18 percent Sand content: averages 40 to 85 percent Rock fragment content: 10 to 40 percent, and averages more than 15 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline A till substratum phase is recognized that has till below 152 cm (60 inches). COMPETING SERIES: These are the Barry, Brookston, Clackamas, Cordova, Forestcity, Hamel, Jameston, Navan, Navunon, Nosoni, Oceanhouse (T), Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland series. Barry, Brookston, Cordova, Navunon, Radioville, and Rensselaer soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Clackamas soils have more than 40 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Forestcity, Hamel, and Nosoni soils have a mollic epipedon that is more than 61 cm (24 inches) thick. Jameston and Navan soils have more than 18 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Tallmadge soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Westland soils average more than 85 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. No OSD on file for Oceanhouse.


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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Millgrove soils are on outwash plains and terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. They formed in loamy and gravelly outwash overlying sandy, gravelly, and loamy outwash deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 180 days. Elevation is 213 to 305 meters (700 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belmore, Digby, and Haney soils. Belmore, Digby, and Haney soils are in a toposequence with Millgrove soils. The well drained Belmore soils are on the highest landscape positions or on dissected areas near drainageways. The somewhat poorly drained Digby soils are on slightly higher landscape positions. The moderately well drained Haney soils are on intermediate landscape positions between areas of Belmore and Digby soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and high in the underlying material. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately rapid in the underlying material. The rarely flooded phase is subject to flooding from late fall to spring. USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are drained and used for cropland. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, alfalfa, tomatoes, and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 99 and 111B in central and west-central Ohio, and MLRAs 111A, 111B, and 111C in northeastern Indiana. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: Till and lacustrine substratum phases and a rarely flooded phase are recognized. These phases will need to be evaluated as potential new soils during future MLRA update projects. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap, BA horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 127 cm (Btg, BCg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons between the depths of 23 and 127 cm. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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120.0 MILLSDALE

LOCATION MILLSDALE OH+IL IN MI Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG-KEM 04/2007 MILLSDALE SERIES The Millsdale series consists of moderately deep, very poorly drained soils formed in till overlying limestone or dolostone. They are on till plains, lake plains, and terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Millsdale silty clay loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 253 meters (830 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; firm; common fine and few medium roots; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and few medium roots; few medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 58 cm (10 to 23 inches).] Btg1--33 to 61 cm (13 to 24 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; few faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings lining worm and old root channels; common fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few very dark gray (10YR 3/1) krotovinas; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Btg2--61 to 69 cm (24 to 27 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; common fine and few medium roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings lining worm and old root channels; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few very dark gray (10YR 3/1) krotovinas; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Btg3--69 to 89 cm (27 to 35 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; common fine and few medium roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1)


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organic coatings lining worm channels; common fine faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and many medium and coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few very dark gray (10YR 3/1) krotovinas; 3 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 13 to 76 cm (5 to 30 inches).] 2R--89 cm (35 inches); light gray (10YR 7/2) limestone. TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; about 3.5 miles northeast of Vanlue, in Biglick Township; about 2,500 feet west and 460 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 1 N., R. 12 E.; USGS Alvada, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 00 minutes 18 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 25 minutes 47 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 58 cm (10 to 23 inches) Thickness of the solum, depth to the base of the argillic horizon, and depth to the lithic contact: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (5 or less dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral BA horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (5 or less dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Btg or Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2, with chroma of 3 or 4 allowed in the lower part Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in the upper part and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon. 2Btg, 2Bt, 2BCg, or 2BC horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 4 to 7


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Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent, primarily limestone or dolostone Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in the upper part and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part 2C or 2Cg horizon, where present: Thickness: less than 1/5 the thickness of the solum Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: loam or clay loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent, primarily limestone or dolostone Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Pewamo series. Pewamo soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Millsdale soils are on till plains, lake plains, and low terraces of late Wisconsin age. In some areas, they are on monadnocks on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Millsdale soils formed in till overlying limestone or dolostone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 213 to 305 meters (700 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Milton soils and the somewhat poorly drained Randolph soils that form a toposequence with the Millsdale soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are used as permanent pasture or as woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, primarily ash, beech, elm, and maple, or was wet prairie. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Millsdale soils occur primarily in MLRA 111B in western and central Ohio and in central and northern Indiana, and to a lesser extent in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan and in MLRAs 108A and 110 in northern Illinois. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Will County, Illinois, 1912. REMARKS: In the past, Millsdale soils have ranged to include soils that are outside the current concept represented by the type location description. In Illinois, soils lacking argillic horizons have been included


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in the series; in Indiana, the series has ranged to include soils that are in the fine-loamy particle-size family. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (Ap, A horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 89 cm (Btg horizon). Lithic contact: at 89 cm (top of the 2R layer). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in lower part of the mollic epipedon and throughout the argillic horizon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for HK-40, the previous typical pedon. Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 130016 in MO 11. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

121.0 MINOA

LOCATION MINOA NY+MI NJ OH Established Series Rev. FZH-WEH-PSP 06/2011 MINOA SERIES The Minoa series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in deltaic sediments. They are nearly level or gently sloping soils on lowland lake plains. Permeability is moderate in the solum, and moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent, mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 39 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Dystric Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Minoa fine sandy loam in a idle field on a 2 percent slope. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap -- 0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium, granular structure; very friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (7 to 10 inches thick.) Bw1 -- 10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy very fine sand; very weak very fine granular structure; very friable; common roots; many pores; few fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation and few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions within the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.


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Bw2 -- 14 to 22 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) loamy very fine sand; weak medium platy structure parting to weak very fine subangular blocky; firm in place, very friable when removed; few fine roots; common fine and medium pores; many medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)masses of iron accumulation and faint reddish gray (5YR 5/2) iron depletions within the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 8 to 23 inches.) BC -- 22 to 38 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy very fine sand; very weak medium platy structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; 2 bands of lamellae, 1 inch and 2 inches thick respectively, of brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam with few medium pores that have patchy clay linings on surfaces along pores; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation within the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 16 inches thick.) C -- 38 to 72 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) weakly stratified very fine and fine sand that has thin bands, 1/4 to 1/2 inch thick, of brown (10YR 5/3) silt; massive; slightly firm in places, very friable when removed; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation within the matrix that decrease in size and number with increasing depth; slightly acid at a depth of 40 inches, neutral at a depth of 50 inches, and slightly alkaline at 65 inches. TYPE LOCATION: Onondaga County, New York; town of Manlius, 800 feet east of Fremont Road, 2,050 feet south of the New York Thruway, 500 feet north of private road, and 900 feet north of Butternut Creek. USGS Syracuse East, NY topographic quadrangle;. Latitude 43 degrees, 05 minutes, 16 seconds N. and Longitude 76 degrees, 01 minutes, 40 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Carbonates are at depths of 40 to 72 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments, mostly fine gravel, range from 0 to 5 percent through the soil. The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam, loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. It has fine or medium granular structure, and very friable or friable consistence. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral, unless heavily limed. Unplowed areas have A and E horizons, that are 2 to 5 inches thick. The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 4. It has faint or distinct redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 where matrix color has chroma greater than 2. It is silt loam through sandy loam. The Bw horizon is massive, or has granular or subangular blocky structure. It has very friable through firm consistence. Reaction ranges from moderately acid through neutral. The BC horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, chroma of 2 through 4, and is mottled. It is silt loam through loamy very fine sand and commonly contains a few fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam lamellae. It is massive or has very weak or weak granular, subangular blocky or platy structure. It ranges from loose to firm consistence. Reaction ranges from moderately acid through neutral. The C horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 1 through 4. It is silt loam through loamy fine sand, above 40 inches with thin lamellae ranging from silty clay to fine sand.


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Some pedons are fine sand through silty clay below depths of 40 inches. Reaction ranges from moderately acid through moderately alkaline. COMPETING SERIES: The Bomoseen series is the only competing series in the same family. Bomoseen soils formed in till and have more than 5 percent rock fragments. Canandaigua, Galen, Junius, Kibbie, Lamson, Metamora, Mino, Morocco, Munson, Niagara, Raynham, Stafford, Tedrow, Wallington, Walpole, Wareham, and Williamson are similar soils in related families. Canandaigua and Niagara soils have fine silty particle-size control sections. In addition, Niagara soils have an argillic horizon. Galen soils have sufficient lamellae to have an argillic horizon. Junius, Morocco, Stafford, Tedrow, Walpole, and Wareham soils have sandy particle-size control sections. Kibbie and Metamora soils have argillic horizons. Lamson soils have chroma of 0 or 1 on the faces of peds or in the soil matrix immediately below the Ap or A horizon. Mino soils are frigid. Munson, Raynham, Wallington, and Williamson soils have coarse silty particle-size control sections. In addition, Wallington and Williamson soils have a fragipan. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Minoa soils occupy nearly level or gently sloping deltas of former glacial lakes. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. The regolith is dominated by very fine sandy containing small quantities of clay and moderate amounts of weatherable primary minerals. The mean annual temperature ranges from 46 to 53 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 50 inches, and the mean growing season ranges from 140 to 200 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Arkport, the moderately well drained Galen, and the poorly drained and very poorly drained Lamson soils that are in a drainage sequence with Minoa. The Claverack, Cosad, Granby, Junius, Niagara, Odessa, Raynham, Rhinebeck, Stafford, Wallington, Walpole, and Wareham soils also formed in glacial-lacustrine deposits. Claverack and Cosad soils formed in sandy deposits overlying clayey lake sediments Granby, Junius, Stafford, Walpole, and Wareham soils contain more sand in the substratum with textures of loamy fine sand or coarser. Niagara, Raynham, and Wallington soils formed in silty deposits. In addition, Wallington soils contain a fragipan. Odessa and Rhinebeck soils formed in clayey lacustrine sediments. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is very low to very high. Permeability is moderate in the solum, and moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared. Areas remaining in cultivation are pastured or are used to grow hay, small grains, corn, beans, and truck crops. A considerable acreage is reverting to brush and woodland, supporting dogwoods and other shrubs. Aspen, white ash, cherry, white pine, Northern whitecedar, Eastern redcedar, red and sugar maple, and hemlock dominate in existing woodlands. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Erie-Ontario plain and Mohawk, Hudson, and St. Lawrence valleys of New York, Champlain valley of New York and the lake plains of Ohio, Michigan, and New Jersey. MLRAs 98, 99, 101, 139, 140, 142, 144A, and 148. The series is moderately extensive. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: St. Clair County, Michigan, 1969.


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REMARKS: Excluded from the series are soils previously called Minoa, which are calcareous at depths of less than 40 inches and which are currently unclassified. Such areas have been correlated as taxadjuncts. Chroma of 2 in the matrix of the Bw horizon is believed to be inherited colors. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the typical pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon). b. Cambic horizon - the zone from 10 to 22 inches (Bw horizon). c. Eutrudepts great group - base saturation greater than 60 percent (by NH40Ac) in some subhorizon between depths of 10 and 30 inches (Bw2 and BC horizons). d. Aquic Dystric subgroup - redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less within the upper 24 inches of the soil and lack of free carbonates within 40 inches of the soil surface. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

122.0 MORLEY

LOCATION MORLEY IN+IL MI OH WI Established Series Rev. JAG-TJE 07/2011 MORLEY SERIES The Morley series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense till. Morley soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and in the underlying clay loam or silty clay loam till. They are on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 1 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Morley silty clay loam, on a convex, 9 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 259 meters (850 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); 80 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and 20 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 1 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [8 to 30 cm (3 to 12 inches) thick] Bt1--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; common fine roots; many distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt coatings on faces of peds; 1 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.


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Bt2--43 to 51 cm (17 to 20 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; common fine roots; many distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--51 to 74 cm (20 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 inches).] Cd1--74 to 91 cm (29 to 36 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak very thick platy; very firm; very few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films and common distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of cracks; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 9 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. [13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) thick] Cd2--91 to 203 cm (36 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; very firm; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of cracks; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 9 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Adams County, Indiana; about 2 1/4 miles southeast of Berne; 1,580 feet west and 1,360 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 15, T. 25 N., R. 14 E.; USGS Berne, Ind. topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 37 minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 55 minutes 24 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 675653 easting and 4498771 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to densic contact: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Thickness of the loess: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 50 percent clay, 15 to 25 percent sand, and 1 to 5 percent rock fragments Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Reaction: strongly acid to neutral A horizon: (where present) Thickness: less than 15 cm (6 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Reaction: strongly acid to neutral


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Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: clay loam or clay, or less commonly silty clay loam or silty clay Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline Cd horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: clay loam or less commonly silty clay loam Clay content: averages 27 to 35 percent Silt content: less than 50 percent Sand content: 18 to 30 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Moist bulk density: 1.70 to 2.00 g/cc Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alexandria, Brushcreek, Lairdsville, Lucas, Ozaukee, Schoharie, and St. Clair series. Alexandria soils do not have a densic contact within 102 cm (40 inches). Brushcreek soils have a paralithic contact between 102 and 152 cm (40 and 60 inches). Lairdsville soils have a lithic or paralithic contact within 102 cm (40 inches). Lucas soils have more than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Ozaukee soils average more than 50 percent silt in the lower part of the series control section. Schoharie soils have hue redder than 10YR in the middle and lower parts of the series control section. St. Clair soils average more than 50 percent clay in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Morley soils are on till plains and moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 1 to 18 percent. Morley soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and in the underlying clay loam or silty clay loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 11.1 degrees C (44 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Glynwood, Lybrand, and Pewamo soils. The somewhat poorly drained Blount soils and the moderately well drained Glynwood soils are on slightly higher lying swells on dissected till plains or on lower lying shoulders and backslopes of moraines. The well drained Lybrand soils are on more sloping backslopes. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils are in depressions on till plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 61 to 107 cm (2 to 3.5 feet) between January and April in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or moderately low in the solum and low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate to slow in the solum and very slow in the substratum.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, and small grain. Some areas are used for hay and pasture, and a few areas are used for woodland. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Indiana, southern Michigan, northwestern Ohio, eastern Illinois, and southeastern Wisconsin; mainly in MLRAs 111B, 110, and 99, and less extensively in MLRAs 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 108A, 111A, 111C, 111D, 111E, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Will County, Illinois, 1952. REMARKS: There is limited data available on the clay mineralogy which shows both illitic and mixed. This series will be classified with illitic mineralogy, but as additional data is analyzed it could be changed to mixed. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 74 cm (Bt horizon). Densic contact: at 74 cm (top of the Cd1 horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features present in horizons below a depth of 51 cm. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401649 represents the 12 to 18 percent slope, severely eroded phase in northern Indiana. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401647 represents the silt loam surface, 2 to 6 percent slope, eroded phase in northern Indiana. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401648 represents the silt loam, eroded phase in northern Indiana. ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon (AD8003) from the Purdue University Soil Characterization Laboratory, AES Bulletin No. 360, Vol. 7, Pg. 93. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

123.0 MORRISTOWN

LOCATION MORRISTOWN OH+IL KY Established Series SLH-DJB Rev. MDJ 12/2012 MORRISTOWN SERIES MLRAs: 113 (Central Claypan Areas), 114B (Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain, Western Part), 115B (Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes, Western Part), 120A (Kentucky and


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Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Southern Part), 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau), 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau) and 139 (Lake Erie Glaciated Plateau) TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, calcareous, mesic Typic Udorthents TYPICAL PEDON: Morristown gravelly clay loam, stony, on a 3 percent convex slope, seeded to grass-legume pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.) Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) gravelly clay loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard; common roots; common pores; 20 percent by volume gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 18 cm thick) C1--13 to 46 cm (5 to 18 inches); variegated dark gray (5Y 4/1) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) very gravelly clay loam: massive; slightly hard; common roots; 40 percent by volume gravel and cobbles; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C2--46 to 94 cm (18 to 37 inches); variegated dark gray (5Y 4/1), light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and black (N 2/0) very gravelly clay loam; massive; firm; 40 percent by volume gravel and cobbles; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C3--94 to 152 cm (37 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loam; massive; friable; 40 percent by volume gravel and cobbles; slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline. (Combined thickness of the C horizon is 152 cm or more.) TYPE LOCATION: State: Ohio County: Belmont USGS Quadrangle: Fairview Latitude: 40.086583 N NAD 83 Longitude: 81.187278 W NAD 83 Direction: Kirkwood Township, about 3,800 feet south and 1,600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 22, T. 9 N., R. 6 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches) Depth Class: Very Deep Rock Fragment Content: The A or Ap horizon ranges from 15 to 50 percent, by volume, where unreclaimed and up to 15 percent where reclaimed. The C horizon ranges from 35 to 80 percent, by volume, averaging 40 percent. Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders Rock Fragment Type: Limestone and shale with some medium-grained sandstone, siltstone and coal Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section Soil Reaction: Slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Range of Individual Horizons: A horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 1 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam or loam


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C horizon: Color--hue of 5YR through 5Y, value of 2 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam or silty clay loam COMPETING SERIES: Janelew soils--Janelew soils form from calcareous regolith of greater than 65 percent mudstone with small amounts of sandstone, limestone, siltstone and shale. The particle-size control section ranges from 23 to 35 percent clay and 7 to 23 percent fine and coarser sand. The percent of fine and coarser sand is commonly less than 15 percent. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Hills Landform: Hillslope Anthropogenic Features: Surface mine, spoil bank, spoil pile and reclaimed land Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, head slope, nose slope, free face and base slope Parent Material: Coal extraction mine spoil derived from calcareous regolith, dominantly limestone and shale with some medium-grained sandstone and siltstone Slope: 0 to 90 percent Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9 to 13 degrees C. (48 to 56 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 889 to 1143 mm (35 to 45 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Fairpoint soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from nonacid surface mine overburden Bethesda soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from acid surface mine overburden Culleoka soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, limestone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands Elba soils--formed in residuum from limestone, shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands Guernsey soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, shale and limestone on undisturbed uplands Lowell soils--formed in residuum from limestone and shale on undisturbed uplands Westmoreland soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands Gilpin soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands Upshur soils--formed in residuum from shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands Brookside soils--formed in colluvium from siltstone, shale, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands Vandalia soils--formed in colluvium from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: None Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None Index Surface Runoff: Very high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Low through moderately high in the upper part, and very low through moderately high in the lower part Shrink-Swell Potential: Low USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices.


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Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites. Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult. Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with a few barren areas. Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Ohio, Illinois and Kentucky Extent: Large, about 158,000 acres identified at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio, 1978 REMARKS: Morristown soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents units. Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 13 cm (Ap horizon) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 200 cm Previous revisions: 6/01-DRM,TNR,KKH ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data and engineering test data is available for pedons BT-21 (typical pedon), BT-22 and BT-23; analyzed by The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. Additional characterization data is available for pedons MS-16, MS-18, MS-19 and MS-20. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

124.0 MUSKINGUM

LOCATION MUSKINGUM KY+AL IL IN OH TN WV Established Series Rev. RPS:SEM:JDM 01/2011 MUSKINGUM SERIES The Muskingum series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in residuum weathered from interbedded siltstone, sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 2 to 75 percent. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts


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TYPICAL PEDON: Muskingum channery silt loam -- forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) 0i--1 to 0 inch; loose, undecomposed hardwood leaf litter; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 2 inches thick) A--0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 20 percent siltstone channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (1 to 5 inches thick.) Bw1--4 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent siltstone channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw2--12 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine to coarse roots; 25 percent siltstone channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Thickness of the Bw horizon ranges from 10 to 25 inches.) C--24 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery loam; massive; friable; few medium and fine roots; 35 percent siltstone fragments 0.1 inch to 6 inches long; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. R--30 inches; olive sandstone. TYPE LOCATION: Pike County, Kentucky; about 7.2 miles east of the community of McVeigh; on a shoulder slope with warm aspect in the head of Johns Creek; about 125 yards west of an unimproved road to Dicks Knob; 37 degrees, 29 minutes, 41 seconds N. Latitude and 82 degrees, 13 minutes, 56 seconds, W. Longitude; USGS Jamboree Quadrangle; NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Fragments of shale, siltstone or sandstone, mostly channers, range from 5 to 30 percent in the solum and 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except the upper layers where limed. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. An E horizon is present in many pedons and has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 2 to 4. Fine-earth texture of the A and E horizons is silt loam, loam or fine sandy loam. The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 or 6. Fine-earth texture is silt loam or loam. A few faint clay films are present in some pedons. The C horizon has colors and textures similar to the lower B horizon. Lithochromic mottles in shades of brown, yellow, red or gray are common in some pedons. A Cr horizon is present in many pedons and is more common in areas of shale or siltstone bedrock. The R horizon is commonly hard sandstone, siltstone, or shale but grades to a more fractured and rippable condition in some areas.


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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ayersville and Citico series. Ayersville soils formed in residuum weathered from Triassic aged siltstone, mudstone, and shale. Citico soils formed in colluvium weathered from metasedimentary rocks such as phyllite, slate, and slightly metamorphosed shale, siltstone or sandstone. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Muskingum soils are in rugged topography on dissected plateaus. Slopes range from 2 to 75 percent. These soils formed in residuum weathered from interbedded shale, siltstone and sandstone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 55 inches and mean annual air temperatures from 50 to 57 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dekalb, Gilpin, Jefferson, Kimper, Lehew, Lily, Marrowbone, Petros, Ramsey and Sharondale soils. Dekalb, Lehew, Petros and Sharondale soils are loamy-skeletal. Gilpin, Jefferson and Lily soils are fine-loamy and they have argillic horizons. Marrowbone soils are coarse-loamy. Ramsey soils are loamy. Kimper soils have umbric surface horizons and Sharondale soils have mollic surface horizons. Petros and Ramsey soils are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock. Jefferson, Kimper and Sharondale soils are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Dekalb, Jefferson, Lehew and Lily soils have siliceous mineralogy. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained with moderate permeability. USE AND VEGETATION: Gentle slopes are used for growing corn, wheat and hay. Most areas are in mixed forest of oaks, yellow poplar, hickory and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee. The series is of large extent, but is being reduced in size as new series are adopted. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Monroe County, Indiana, 1922. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - 0 to 4 inches (A horizon) Cambic horizon - 4 to 30 inches (Bw and C horizons) Responsibility for the Muskingum series is transferred from Tennessee to Kentucky in2008. Classification has remained the same. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization sample S83KY-195-016; National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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125.0 NAPPANEE

LOCATION NAPPANEE OH+IL IN MI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-MLK-RAR-DWB 05/2012 NAPPANEE SERIES The Nappanee series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. They formed in clayey till on wave-worked till plains, till-floored lake plains, till plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Nappanee clay loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 229 meters (750 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap1--0 to 10 cm (0 to 4 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium and coarse granular; firm; many fine and coarse roots throughout; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. Ap2--10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; firm; many fine and coarse roots throughout; common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Ap horizon is 15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches).] Bt1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and coarse roots between peds; many distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; common dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) krotovina; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots between peds; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; common dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) krotovina; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--61 to 74 cm (24 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots


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between peds; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of carbonate accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bt4--74 to 96 cm (29 to 38 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots between peds; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of carbonate accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 91 cm (10 to 36 inches).] BC--96 to 137 cm (38 to 54 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; very firm; few fine roots between peds; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; 6 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [10 to 41 cm (4 to 16 inches) thick] Cd1--137 to 183 cm (54 to 72 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical partings; horizontal platy tendencies in the matrix; very firm; few fine roots along vertical partings; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) carbonate coatings on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; 6 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. Cd2--183 to 203 cm (72 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical partings; horizontal platy tendencies in the matrix; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) carbonate coatings on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; common medium and coarse distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Putnam County, Ohio; approximately 2.6 miles east-southeast of Leipsic, in Van Buren Township; 1,370 feet south and 362 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 34, T. 2 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Leipsic, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 05 minutes 26.70 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 56 minutes 13.70 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:


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Thickness of the solum: 61 to 152 cm (24 to 60 inches) Depth to densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: typically 61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches) but ranges from 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 45 to 55 percent clay and 10 to 25 percent sand Rock fragments: typically glacial erratics of mixed lithology, primarily shale, limestone, and igneous gravel Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5 (6 or 7 dry) Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline A horizon, where present: Thickness: 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons have an E or BE horizon. Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, clay, or silty clay; thin subhorizons of silty clay loam are in some pedons Clay content: 35 to 60 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline Btk or Bk horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silty clay or clay Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline BC or BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay


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Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Cd or Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: dominantly silty clay loam or clay loam, but includes silty clay or clay Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Some pedons have a C or Cg horizon above the Cd or Cdg horizon with similar properties. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Blount, Del Rey, Fulton, Kimmell, and Mahoning series. Bennington and Del Rey soils do not have a densic contact within the series control section. Blount soils average less than 45 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Fulton soils do not have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Kimmell soils are on outwash-floored till plains and are underlain by horizons containing more than 85 percent sand. Mahoning soils have a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 15 percent in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Nappanee soils are on wave-worked till plains, till-floored lake plains, till plains, and moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. These soils formed in clayey till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 8.4 to 12 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). Mean summer temperature is about 21 degrees C (70 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 182 days. Elevation is 174 to 244 meters (571 to 800 feet) above mean sea level in MLRA 99. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The moderately well drained St. Clair soils, the very poorly drained Hoytville and Toussaint soils, and the poorly drained Ziegenfuss soils are in a drainage sequence with the Nappanee soils. St. Clair soils do not have layers with chroma of 2 immediately below the surface horizon. Hoytville, Toussaint, and Ziegenfuss soils have surface horizons that are darker colored. In some areas, Blount soils are associated with Nappanee soils. In MLRA 99, Blount soils are on nearby moraines at elevations above 244 meters (800 feet). DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2 feet) between November and May in normal years. The potential surface runoff ranges from negligible to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum, moderately low in the lower part and low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper part of the solum, slow in the lower part, and slow or very slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is under cultivation. Corn, oats, wheat, soybeans, clover, and alfalfa are the principal crops. Some areas are in pasture. Native vegetation is forest of American beech, red maple, pin oak, American basswood, and American elm. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, southern Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and northern Illinois. Dominant acreage is in MLRA 99 (about 164,000 acres), with lesser acreages in


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MLRAs 95B, 98, 110, 111B, and 111C. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, about 230,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Van Buren County, Michigan, 1922. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap1, Ap2 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 96 cm (Btg horizon). Densic contact: at 137 cm (top of the Cd1 horizon). Aquic conditions: iron depletions in all horizons between the depths of 25 and 183 cm. A large amount of acreage on moraines is currently mapped as Nappanee and should be re-evaluated during future MLRA update work. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for several pedons, including PT-037 (the typical pedon). Laboratory characterization data is also available from the USDA-NRCS, National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data is available for the type location delineation (137HGVA34T01). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

126.0 NEWARK

LOCATION NEWARK KY+IL IN MO OH PA TN VA Established Series Rev. WHC:JCJ 03/2007 NEWARK SERIES The Newark series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in mixed alluvium from limestone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and loess. The soil is on nearly level flood plains and in depressions. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluventic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Newark silt loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick) Bw--9 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; many fine and medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few small flakes of mica; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (4 to 16 inches thick)


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Bg--15 to 32 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulations; few small flakes of mica; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (5 to 30 inches thick) Cg--32 to 52 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt loam; massive; very friable; few weakly cemented irregularly shaped black (N2.5/0) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) manganese and iron nodules; common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) masses as iron accumulations and common medium faint light gray (10YR 7/2) clay depletions; few small flakes of mica; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (15 to 50 inches thick) C--52 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam with thin strata of loam and silty clay loam; massive; very friable; few weakly cemented, irregularly shaped black (N2.5/0) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) manganese and iron nodules; many medium and coarse distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; few small flakes of mica; slightly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Daviess County, Kentucky; three miles northwest of Owensboro, 1/2 mile north of Ben Hawes Park, 1000 feet south of railroad and 400 feet west of Willett Road. USGS Quad: Owensboro West, KY; latitude: (37 degrees, 48 minutes, 18.6 seconds N); longitude: (87 degrees, 11 minutes, 18.1 seconds) RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments, mostly rounded pebbles, range from none to about 5 percent by volume to a depth of 30 inches, and commonly ranges from 5 to 15 percent below 30 inches, however the range allows 5 to 60 percent below 40 inches. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline throughout the profile. Manganese and iron concretions or nodules are few to many in all horizons. Presence of a C horizon is infrequent and not a requirement for the series. The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have thin layers less than 7 inches thick with value of 3. Few to common redoximorphic features are in shades of brown, black, or gray. Texture is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam. Some pedons have a transitional BA horizon with colors and textures similar to the Bw horizon. The Bw has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The horizon has common to many redoximorphic features in shades of brown, black, red, or gray. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Bg horizon has hue of 2.5Y to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or less, or has neutral color. Few to many redoximorphic features are in shades of brown or red. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons can have a BCg horizon with colors and textures like those in the Bwg or Cg horizon. The Cg horizon has hue of 2.5Y to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or less, or has neutral color. Few to many redoximorphic features are in shades of brown or red. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam.


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The C horizon, if present, is commonly in an evenly mottled pattern in hue of 2.5Y to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. Common to many redoximorphic features are in shades of gray, red, black, or brown. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is silt loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons have thin strata of loam, fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or rarely silty clay. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aetna, Melvin, Petrolia, Rahm, Puget, Stanhope, Wayland, and Wick series. The Aetna soils formed in silty alluvium derived from glaciolacustine material. Rahm soils have buried horizons within a depth of 20 to 36 inches and are acid. Melvin, Petrolia, Stanhope, Wayland, and Wick soils are poorly or very poorly drained. Puget soils are poorly drained and have a western marine climate. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Nearly level flood plains and in upland depressions. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. The soils formed in mixed alluvium derived from limestone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and loess. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is 56.9 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is 46.3 inches. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Huntington and Nolin soils, the moderately well drained Lindside soils, the poorly drained Melvin soils, and the very poorly drained Dunning soils. Other associated soils include the Otwood, Elk, Lawrence, Weinbach, and Wheeling series. Ashton, Elk, and Wheeling soils are well drained soils on stream terraces and have argillic horizons. Lawrence, Otwood, and Weinbach soils are on stream terraces and have a fragipan in the subsoil. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Runoff is negligible or very low. Permeability is moderate. Most areas are subject to occasional or frequent flooding or ponding. Some areas are subject to rare flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, soybeans, grain sorghum, hay, or pasture. The remainder is in woodland. Native vegetation was bottomland hardwoods, mostly water-tolerant oaks, maples, elms, sycamore, poplar, willow, shagbark hickory, green ash, reeds, and rushes. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, southern Missouri, and possibly Arkansas. The soil is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Calhoun County, Alabama, 1959. Remarks: Diagnostic horizons and features in the pedon are: Ochric epipedon: 0 to 9 inches, Ap horizon Cambic horizon: 9-32 inches, Bw, Bg horizons Redoximorphic features: 9 to 60 inches (Bw, Bg, Cg horizons) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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127.0 NOLIN

LOCATION NOLIN KY+IL IN MD OH PA TN VA WV Established Series Rev. SJ:DH:WHC:JCJ 02/2009 NOLIN SERIES The Nolin series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium derived from limestones, sandstones, siltstones, shales, and loess. These nearly level to moderately steep soils are on flood plains, in depressions which receive runoff from surrounding slopes, or on natural levees of major streams and rivers. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent, but is dominantly 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is 43 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Nolin silt loam--pasture/hay land. (Colors are for moist soil.) Ap--0 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid (pH 6.5); clear wavy boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick) Bw1--12 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots, one coarse root; few, medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), soft irregular masses of weathered siltstone; few fine fragments of charcoal; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick) Bw2--25 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few to common medium and coarse faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), soft irregular masses of weathered siltstone; slightly acid (pH 6.5); gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick) Bw3--35 to 44 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and coarse roots; few medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), soft irregular masses of weathered siltstone; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary (0 to 15 inches) Bw4 -- 44 to 74 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine and coarse roots; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), soft irregular masses of weathered siltstone; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick) C -- 74 to 80 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; friable and firm; few fine roots; few faint silt coatings in worn holes; neutral (pH 7.0). TYPE LOCATION: Bath County, Kentucky; in a hay field 0.4 mile southeast of Kentucky Highway 11 bridge at Sherburne, Kentucky, 650 feet ENE of Kentucky Highway 1325, 375 feet southeast of the intersection of Licking River and Flat Creek, 100 feet west of Flat Creek. USGS Sherburne Quadrangle (LAT 38/16/42N, LONG 83/48/01W).


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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness is 40 or more inches. Thickness of alluvial deposits ranges from 60 inches to many feet. Coarse fragments, mostly rounded pebbles, ranges from none to about 5 percent in the A and Bw horizon and from 0 to 35 percent in the C horizon. Redoximorphic features, if present, are below 72 inches. Reaction is moderately acid to moderately alkaline, but some pedons are strongly acid in the lower part of the Bw and C horizon. Some pedons have buried A or B horizons below a depth of 20 inches. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, the range also includes stratified layers of these or their gravelly or cobbly analogs. COMPETING SERIES: These are Jamesfin, Kinnick, Moshannon, and Ray series in the same family. Jamesfin soils are close competitors and better differentiation is needed between these two series. Kinnick soils have redox depletions indicative of a seasonal water table between depths of 3 to 6 feet. Moshannon soils have B horizons with hues redder than 7.5YR, otherwise they are very close competitors. Ray soils have sola less than 40 inches thick and have evidence of stratification above 40 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Nolin soils are on nearly level flood plains, in concave depressions, or on natural levees of major rivers and streams. The soils formed in alluvium derived from limestone, sandstone, siltstone, shale, and loess. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is 48 to 57 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is 38 to 50 inches. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Kinnick soils and Lindside, Boonesboro, Dunning, Grigsby, Melvin, Newark, Sensabaugh, and Skidmore series on the flood plains; the Allegheny, Elk, and Wheeling series on the stream terraces; and the Duffield, Frankstown, Hagerstown, Baxter, Caneyville, Fredonia, and Penlaw series on uplands. Lindside soils are moderately well drained and have low chroma redoximorphic features within 24 inches. Boonesboro soils have bedrock at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Dunning, Melvin, and Newark soils have low chroma redoximorphic features at or within 20 inches of the surface. Grigsby soils have coarse-loamy control sections. Sensabaugh soils have fine-loamy control sections. Skidmore soils are in a loamy-skeletal particle size class. The remaining associated soils are on stream terraces or on uplands and have argillic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The surface runoff is negligible to low on nearly level slopes and ranges to rapid on steeper banks of streams and rivers. Permeability is moderate. Depth to a seasonal water table is greater than 6 feet. The soil is subject to rare to frequent flooding or ponding in depressions for variable duration. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, tobacco, soybeans, and hay. Forested areas are bottomland hardwoods, such as river birch, yellow-poplar, sycamore, elm, willow, boxelder, oak, hickory, and red maple. Many stream banks and narrow flood plains consist of native canebrakes.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In areas of mixed limestones and siltstones, sandstones, shales, and loess in Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia and Virginia. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Grayson County, Kentucky, 1969. REMARKS: Soils in the Nolin series were formerly included with the Huntington series. Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - 0 to 12 inches. (Ap) Cambic horizon - 12 to 74 inches (Bw) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

128.0 OAKVILLE

LOCATION OAKVILLE IN+IL MI NY OH WI Established Series Rev. WEF-RAR-RAB 09/2012 OAKVILLE SERIES The Oakville series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils formed in sandy eolian deposits on dunes and beach ridges on outwash plains, lake plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments TYPICAL PEDON: Oakville fine sand, on a backslope position, 7 percent slope in a wooded area at an elevation of 218 meters (715 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A--0 to 8 cm (3 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and very fine, and few medium and coarse roots throughout; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) thick] BE--8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sand; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and very fine, and common medium and coarse roots throughout; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]


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Bw1--15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common very fine to coarse roots throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw2--38 to 69 cm (15 to 27 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine sand; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and very fine, and many medium and coarse roots throughout; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw3--69 to 107 cm (27 to 42 inches); brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) fine sand; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and very fine, and many medium and coarse roots throughout; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 25 to 127 cm (10 to 50 inches).] BC--107 to 150 cm 42 to 59 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and very fine, and many medium and coarse roots throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches)] C--150 to 203 cm (59 to 80 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; common fine and very fine, and many medium and coarse roots throughout; strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Jasper County, Indiana; about 4 miles south of the Kankakee River (Dunns Bridge) in the Jasper-Pulaski State Game Preserve; 1,720 feet south and 1,820 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 32 N., R. 5 E.; USGS San Pierre topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 9 minutes 11.0 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 58 minutes 57.0 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 501466 easting and 4555751 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of soil development: 46 to 165 cm (18 to 65 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 50 to 90 percent fine sand, 0 to 25 percent very fine sand, and has a combined silt and clay fraction of less than 10 percent Other property: regular decrease in organic matter with increasing depth A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4, 6 or more dry Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral BE horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4


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Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Some pedons have a thin E horizon. Bw horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 8 Texture: fine sand or loamy fine sand Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: fine sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or loamy sand Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral COMPETING SERIES: These are the Acquango, Aldo, Bigapple, Biltmore, Boplain, Breeze (T), Caesar, Chute, Dabney, Hodge, Osolo, Pahuk, Penwood, Perks, Pinegrove, Plainfield, Poquonock, Ronda, Samoa, Sardak, Sarpy, Scotah, Spessard, Suncook, Tyner, Wapanucket, and Windsor series. Acquango soils are very slightly saline to moderately saline in the series control section. Aldo, Caesar, Dabney, Osolo, Perks, Pinegrove, Plainfield, and Spessard soils average less than 50 percent fine sand in the particle-size control section. Bigapple and Breeze soils have anthrotransported material within the series control section. Biltmore soils have few to many mica flakes in the series control section. Boplain soils have a paralithic contact in the lower part of the series control section. Chute and Suncook soils are less than 46 cm (18 inches) to the base of soil development. Hodge, Sardak, and Sarpy soils have carbonates within the series control section. Pahuk, Ronda, and Samoa soils do not have a Bw horizon. Penwood soils have hue redder than 7.5YR in the Bw horizon. Poquonock soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Scotah soils have an irregular decrease in organic matter within the series control section. Tyner soils average more than 10 percent silt plus clay in the particle-size control section. Wapanucket soils have less than 70 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Windsor soils are from outside LRR L and M and typically average less than 50 percent fine sand in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Oakville soils are on dunes and beach ridges on outwash plains, lake plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Oakville soils formed in sandy eolian deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1067 mm (29 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 11.7 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are principally the Brems, Denham, Granby, Maumee, Morocco, and Newton soils on outwash plains. The moderately well drained Brems and Denham soils are on lower backslopes and on footslopes of dunes. The very poorly drained Maumee and Newton soils are in depressions between dunes. The somewhat poorly drained Morocco soils are on swells between dunes. The moderately well drained Miami and Morley soils, and the well drained Spinks and Lapeer soils are associated on moraines and till plains. These soils are at the foot of the dunes or occur as knolls between the dunes. The well drained Boyer and Oshtemo soils, and the excessively drained Carver and Windsor soils are also associated on some outwash plains and lake plains. These soils are located between dunes and between beach ridges. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Excessively drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is rapid. These soils are droughty and require water irrigation to successfully grow most crops. Some areas on low stream terraces are rarely flooded. USE AND VEGETATION:. Soils are mostly in idle cropland or in woodland. Some areas are in pasture. Vegetables, small grain, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops when cultivated. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods with oak and white pine the principal species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA's 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 99, 101, 108B, 110, 111C, 115B, 115C, 139, 142, 143, and 144A in southern Michigan, northern Illinois, northern Indiana, northwestern Ohio, New York, and eastern Wisconsin. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Macomb County, Michigan, 1970. REMARKS: Moderately wet phase, wet substratum phase, and clayey and loamy substratum phases have been correlated. Areas with these phases within the series control section will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. The Oakville series correlated in MLRA's 139, 143, and 144A are well outside of the distribution limits of the Oakville concept and will need to be evaluated during modernization projects. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 8 cm (3 inches) (A horizon). NASIS Data Mapunit ID 155011 represents the typical pedon. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 155012 represents the 12 to 18 percent slope phase. ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data for the typical pedon (S95IN-073-007) and from several other pedons in this area are available at the National Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, NE. This data (project number CP96-IN031) is a part of a wet soil study in Jasper County by Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


396 January 2015

129.0 OLENTANGY

LOCATION OLENTANGY OH+MI NY Established Series Rev. DRM-LAT 04/2007 OLENTANGY SERIES The Olentangy series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in coprogenous earth and underlain by lake sediments or till at a depth of 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches). These soils are in depressions on lakebeds and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Histic Humaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Olentangy mucky silt loam, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A--0 to 36 cm (0 to 14 inches); black (10YR 2/1) mucky silt loam coprogenous earth, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 inches) thick] C1--36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) mucky silt loam coprogenous earth; weak medium prismatic structure; firm; many fine roots; many fine faint brown (10YR 4/3) and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) streaks; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) coatings on faces of peds in the upper part; many fine very dark brown (10YR 2/2) plant remains; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. C2--51 to 71 cm (20 to 28 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam coprogenous earth; common medium distinct gray (5Y 5/1) mottles; weak thick platy structure; firm; common fine roots; many fine faint brown (10YR 4/3) and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) streaks; many fine very dark brown (10YR 2/2) plant remains; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Cg1--71 to 102 cm (28 to 40 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam coprogenous earth; massive; friable; few coarse distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) streaks; olive (5Y 5/6) plant leaf impressions; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the C and Cg horizons is 38 to 112 cm (15 to 44 inches).] 2Cg2--102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam; 10 percent fibers, 3 percent rubbed; massive; friable; few medium gray (5Y 5/1) secondary lime deposits; olive (5Y 5/6) plant leaf impressions; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Wyandot County, Ohio; about 1 1/2 miles north of Upper Sandusky, in Crane Township; 900 feet west and 2,600 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 19, T. 2 S., R. 14 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the coprogenous earth: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches)


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Depth to lake sediments or till: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Special features: gypsum crystals are evident in some pedons; shell fragments are in the lower part of the coprogenous earth and underlying material in some pedons A or Ap horizon, and C horizon (coprogenous earth): Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3; 4 is permitted in the C horizon (3 to 5 dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silt loam or mucky silt loam coprogenous earth; but are muck (sapric material) in some pedons to a maximum depth of 38 cm (15 inches) Reaction: extremely acid to slightly alkaline C horizon, below a depth of 38 cm (15 inches) and to 61 cm (24 inches) or more: Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Redox features: concentrations, streaks, or pipe stems of strong brown to dark reddish brown Cg horizon: Hue: 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5GY, or is neutral Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: coprogenous earth dominantly is mineral; silt loam, silty clay loam, or the mucky analogs of these textures Structure: prismatic or platy structure or massive Reaction: extremely acid to slightly alkaline in the upper part and strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part; however, a reaction of strongly acid or less (pH of 5.5 or less in water or less than 5.0 in calcium chloride) is not permitted in the lower part of the control section 2Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY or 5G, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Bergen series. Bergen soils do not have substantial layers of limnic sediments. McGuffey and Roundhead series are in closely related families. McGuffey soils have illitic clay mineralogy and average more than 35 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Roundhead soils have carbonates in the upper part of the series control section and are not formed in coprogenous earth. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Olentangy soils are in depressional areas associated with glacial lakes on till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in limnic sediments (coprogenous earth) 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) thick and are underlain by lacustrine material or till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 787 to 1016 mm (31 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F).


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bono, Carlisle, Linwood, Luray, Muskego, and Toledo soils. Bono, Luray, and Toledo soils formed entirely in lake sediments and are on adjacent lake plains. Carlisle and Linwood soils are on similar landscape positions. Carlisle soils formed entirely in organic materials. Linwood soils formed in organic materials but are underlain by loamy material. Muskego soils are on similar landscape positions but have thicker organic materials overlying the coprogenous earth. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high throughout the coprogenous material and moderately low in the mineral substratum. Permeability is moderate throughout the coprogenous material and slow in the mineral substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: The Olentangy soils are used for cropland and habitat for wetland wildlife. Drained areas are used for corn and soybeans and specialty crops such as potatoes, onions, and beans. Native vegetation is marshy types, namely grasses, reeds, sedges with some shrubs, and hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and western Ohio, Michigan, and New York in MLRAs 98, 99, 111B, and 144A. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Crawford County, Ohio, 1975. REMARKS: Problems remain in the classification of this series. Soil Taxonomy does not adequately accommodate soils formed in coprogenous earth. This problem is under study. Diagnostic horizons or features recognized in this pedon are: Histic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (A horizon). Limnic materials (coprogenous earth): from the surface to a depth of 102 cm (Ap, C, Cg1 horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to sample number 74OH-33-1 for results of laboratory data of a pedon in Crawford County, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

130.0 ORRVILLE

LOCATION ORRVILLE OH IN KY PA VA WV Established Series Rev. LAT-JRS-LER 08/2005 ORRVILLE SERIES The Orrville series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. Permeability is moderate in the upper solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the lower


399 January 2015

solum and underlying material. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluventic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Orrville silt loam, on a level area in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 640 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium and fine granular structure; friable; few fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick.) Bw -- 9 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (3 to 22 inches thick.) Bg1 -- 18 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; friable; few fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on vertical faces of peds; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bg2 -- 30 to 41 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; weak coarse and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium prominent reddish brown (5YR 4/4) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; few fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bg horizons is 3 to 36 inches.) C -- 41 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) stratified loamy sand and sandy loam; massive; loose and very friable; many medium distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) masses of iron oxide accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Cuyahoga County, Ohio; Village of Brecksville, about 625 feet east and 438 feet north of the intersection of Snowville and Riverview Roads, T. 5 N., R. 11 W.; USGS Northfield, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 17 minutes, 12 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 34 minutes, 18 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 50 inches. Average clay content ranges from 18 to 30 percent and average sand content coarser than very fine sand ranges from 15 to 40 percent in the particle-size control section. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 (3 or 4 unrubbed and 6 or more dry), and chroma of 2. Thin A horizons in some pedons have value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is silt loam or loam, and less commonly fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse, granular. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Reaction is slightly acid to strongly acid, unless limed.


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The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt loam or loam, and less commonly silty clay loam or clay loam. Structure is weak, fine to coarse, subangular blocky. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Reaction is slightly acid to strongly acid. The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2. Texture is silt loam or loam, and less commonly silty clay loam or clay loam. Some pedons have thin subhorizons of loamy sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. Structure is weak or moderate, very fine to coarse, subangular blocky or prismatic. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Reaction is slightly acid to very strongly acid. Some pedons have a BC horizon. It has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 6. Texture is silt loam, loam, or sandy loam. Structure is weak, fine to coarse, subangular blocky. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Reaction is slightly acid to strongly acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 6. Texture is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. Stratification is typical. Below 40 inches, textures include loamy sand or gravelly analogues of those textures. Thin silty clay loam, clay loam, or stony layers are in some pedons. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Reaction is neutral to strongly acid. The bedrock substratum phase has sandstone at a depth of 60 to 80 inches. COMPETING SERIES: This is the Bowmansville series. Bowmansville soils formed in alluvial deposits derived from upland soil materials weathered from dolerite or basalt and have sola thicknesses that extend to 59 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Orrville soils formed in alluvium and are on flood plain steps on flood plains. They formed in alluvium from upland areas of low-lime drift, and from areas of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone. They are in or bordering areas of Wisconsinan or Illinoian glaciation. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 45 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 39 to 57 degrees F. The frost free period ranges from 110 to 200 days, and elevation ranges from 340 to 1,360 feet above msl. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Chagrin, Chili, Fitchville, Holly, Lobdell, Sebring, Washtenaw, and Wheeling soils. Chagrin, Holly, and Lobdell soils are in a drainage sequence with Orrville soils. The well drained Chagrin soils are on high positions on the landscape, the very poorly drained Holly soils are in depressions and abandoned stream channels, and the moderately well drained Lobdell soils are on slightly higher landscape positions than Orrville soils. Chili, Fitchville, Sebring, and Wheeling soils are on terraces on nearby landscapes and have argillic horizons; in addition, Chili and Wheeling soils formed in stratified outwash materials, and Fitchville and Sebring soils formed in lacustrine sediments. The poorly drained Washtenaw soils are in depressions or swales on the flood plain. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is low. Permeability is moderate in the upper solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the lower solum and underlying material. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 foot from November to May in normal years. Orrville soils are subject to occasional or frequent flooding.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Use is dependent on frequency of flooding and the accessibility. Areas in wider valleys are cropped to corn, soybeans, and hay. Narrow areas and those dissected by old stream channels are in woodland and permanent pasture. The original vegetation was deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Indiana, Kentucky, eastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. MLRA's 114, 124, 125, 126, 128, 139, and 140. The series is of large extent, about 196,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fairfield County, Ohio, 1956. REMARKS: A bedrock substratum phase with sandstone at 60 to 80 inches is currently recognized. Earlier surveys correlated a bedrock substratum phase with sandstone or siltstone at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. This phase will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a) Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 9 inches (Ap horizon). b) Cambic horizon - from a depth of 9 to 41 inches (Bw, Bg1 and Bg2 horizons). c) Aquic conditions - from a depth of 0 to 60 inches. d) Udic moisture regime. This revision reflects a change in taxonomic classification from Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts to Fluventic Endoaquepts due to updates contained in the 9th Edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Competing series may change as similar soils are reclassified. Acreage based on 2004 data. 08/2005-The competing series were compared by the 9th Edition of Keys to Soils Taxonomy following revision of taxonomic class of the series. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

131.0 OSHTEMO

LOCATION OSHTEMO MI+IN OH WI Established Series Rev. NWS-LWB-TWH 08/2012 OSHTEMO SERIES The Oshtemo series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in stratified loamy and sandy deposits on outwash plains, valley trains, moraines, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 55 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).


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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Oshtemo sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 255 meters (837 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak coarse granular structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick] E--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many worm and root channels filled with Ap material; about 3 percent fine gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick] Bt1--36 to 66 cm (14 to 26 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces of peds; about 8 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--66 to 89 cm (26 to 35 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces of peds; some clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; few dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) masses 2 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches) in diameter; about 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 89 cm (8 to 35 inches).] BC1--89 to 117 cm (35 to 46 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand; single grain; loose; many dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) spots and masses up to 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter; about 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; diffuse irregular boundary. BC2--117 to 152 cm (46 to 60 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand; single grain; loose; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) bands 3 mm (1/8 inch) thick; most sand grains have dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) coatings; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the BC horizon is 0 to 76 cm (30 inches).] C--152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stratified sand and gravelly sand; single grain; loose; some faint carbonate coatings on lower side of some gravel; about 20 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: St. Joseph County, Michigan; about 1 mile north of Centreville; 800 feet north and 880 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 6 S., R. 10 W.; USGS Nottawa topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 56 minutes 34.2 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 31 minutes 28.3 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 622305 easting and 4644488 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches) Thickness of the solum: 102 to 190 cm (40 to 75 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches) Mean annual soil temperature: 9.4 to 12.2 degrees C (49 to 54 degrees F)


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Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand, or their gravelly analogues Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand, or their gravelly analogues Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, gravelly coarse sandy loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, or fine sandy loam Clay content: averages 10 to 18 percent Special features: in some pedons, the lower part of the Bt horizon is in bands 3 mm to 10 cm (1/8 to 4 inches) thick separated by sand or loamy sand; in some pedons, the lower part is coarse sandy loam or gravelly coarse sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part and from strongly acid to neutral in the lower part BC horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: stratified and dominantly sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogues Rock fragment content: averages 10 to 50 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Some pedons have clayey or loamy substrata below 152 cm (60 inches).


404 January 2015

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brownsburg, Crumstown, Eleva, Hillsdale, and Mecan series. Brownsburg soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Crumstown and Hillsdale soils are not clearly differentiated from the Oshtemo soils because of overlapping properties within the series control section and because the C horizons in these soils are not always present within the series control section. In addition, the Oshtemo series allows for a loamy substratum phase that has a high water table within 152 cm (60 inches). Eleva soils have a paralithic or lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Mecan soils have more clay and silt and are not stratified in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Oshtemo soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, moraines, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 55 percent. Oshtemo soils formed in stratified loamy and sandy deposits that have a high content of quartz and contain variable amounts of material derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks, sandstone, limestone, and dolomite. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 11.1 degrees C (47 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 120 to 180 days. Elevation is 165 to 305 meters (540 to 1,000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Hillsdale series, and the Boyer, Brady, Bronson, Gilford, Kalamazoo, and Spinks soils. The somewhat poorly drained Brady soils, the moderately well drained Bronson soils, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils are in a drainage sequence with the Oshtemo soils. Boyer, Spinks, and Kalamazoo soils are associated on outwash plains and valley trains. Spinks and Hillsdale soils are closely associated with Oshtemo soils on moraines. Spinks soils have argillic horizons composed of lamellae and Kalamazoo soils contain from 18 to 35 percent clay in the argillic horizon. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the upper loamy materials and very high in the lower sandy materials. Permeability is moderately rapid in the upper loamy materials and very rapid in the lower sandy materials. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are small grains, soybeans, corn, and hay. The remainder is in forest or permanent pasture. Native vegetation is hardwood forest of oak, hickory, and sugar maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 111B, 111C, 111D, 124, and 139 in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, southeastern Wisconsin, and northern Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Kalamazoo County, Michigan, 1922. REMARKS: The clayey and loamy substratum phases will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (14 inches) (Ap, E horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 89 cm (14 to 35 inches) (Bt horizon).


405 January 2015


132.0 OTISCO

LOCATION OTISCO MI Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF-MLK 08/2012 OTISCO SERIES The Otisco series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in dominantly sandy materials on outwash plains, lake plains till plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 5.6 degrees C (42 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Argic Endoaquods TYPICAL PEDON: Otisco loamy sand, on a convex, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak coarse granular structure; very friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E--18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand; very weak coarse granular structure; very friable; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [5 to 18 cm (2 to 7 inches) thick] Bs--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick] E'--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common coarse faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; diffuse wavy boundary. [0 to 36 cm (14 inches) thick] E and Bt--61 to 74 cm (24 to 29 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sand (E) and reddish brown (5YR 4/3) loamy sand (Bt); weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; loamy sand bands are 3 to 6 mm (1/8 inch to 1/4 inch) thick separated by about 2.5 cm (1 inch) of sandy material; few coarse faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 79 cm (4 to 31 inches) thick] Bt1--74 to 89 cm (29 to 35 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.


406 January 2015

Bt2--89 to 112 cm (35 to 44 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/3) loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 0 to 46 cm (18 inches).] C--112 to 152 cm (44 to 60 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) sand; single grain; loose; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Delta County, Michigan; about 4 miles south of the town of Bark River; 2240 feet east and 100 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 29, T. 38 N., R. 24 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 165 mm (24 to 65 inches) Reaction: extremely acid to slightly acid in the upper part and moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent throughout Particle-size control section: averages as sandy Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sand, loamy sand, mucky sand, or sandy loam A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) Hue: 10YR or is neutral Value: 2 or 2.5 Chroma: 0 or 1 Texture: sand, loamy sand, mucky sand, or sandy loam E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sand or loamy sand Bs horizon: Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6; value and chroma of 3 do not occur together Texture: sand or loamy sand Bhs horizon, where present: Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 3 Texture: sand or loamy sand


407 January 2015

E' horizon and E part of the E and Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sand or loamy sand Some pedons have an E/B horizon. Bt part of the E and Bt horizon and the Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: ranges from loamy sand to sandy clay loam; some pedons have gravelly loamy sand lenses in the Bt horizon C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: sand or loamy sand; thin color bands and up to 7 percent gravel lenses are in some pedons COMPETING SERIES: These are the Gladwin and Pequaming series. Gladwin soils have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches) and have more than 5 percent rock fragments n the lower part series control section. Pequaming soils do not have an E and Bt horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Otisco soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, till plains, and low moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 660 to 838 mm (26 to 33 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.0 to 6.7 degrees C (41 to 44 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Blue Lake and Montcalm soils form a drainage sequence with Otisco soils. The excessively drained Rubicon, somewhat excessively drained Kalkaska, somewhat poorly drained Au Gres, and poorly drained or very poorly drained Roscommon soils are other common associates. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is moderately rapid or rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Otisco soils are used for growing corn, wheat, oats, white beans, hay, permanent pasture, and woodland. Common tree species include red maple, balsam fir, quaking aspen and American elm. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 94B, 96, 98, and 99 in the northern half of the Lower Peninsula and eastern half of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.


408 January 2015

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (7 inches) (Ap horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 23 (7 to 9 inches) (e horizon) and 43 to 74 cm (17 to 29 inches) (E' horizon, and E part of the E and Bt horizon). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches) (Bs horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 61 to 112 cm (24 to 44 inches) (Bt part of the E and Bt horizon, Bt1, and Bt2 horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

133.0 OTTOKEE

LOCATION OTTOKEE OH+MI Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG 09/2012 OTTOKEE SERIES The Ottokee series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in sandy glaciolacustrine, eolian, or water-sorted deposits on beach ridges and dunes on lake plains, and on outwash plains. Permeability is rapid. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 34 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments TYPICAL PEDON: Ottokee fine sand, on a north-facing, convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 680 feet above m.s.l. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) rubbed, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (7 to 10 inches thick) Bw1--8 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw2--22 to 27 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; common fine faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; many fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8 and 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; many dark iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw3--27 to 33 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand; single grain; loose; few fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few to many, fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.


409 January 2015

Bg1--33 to 39 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; few to many, fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary with tongues extending into the horizon below. Bg2--39 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loamy fine sand in the upper part and pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy fine sand in the lower part; single grain; loose; weak fine subangular blocky structure; massive in places; very friable; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw or Bg horizon is 30 to 55 inches.) Cg--60 to 80 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) fine sand; single grain; loose; many medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Fulton County, Ohio; about 5 miles south of Delta, in York Township; about 2,500 feet south and 1,720 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 7 E.; Napoleon, Ohio quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 29 minutes 38 seconds N., and long. 84 degrees 00 minutes 40 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum and depth to carbonates range from 40 to 90 inches. Depth to redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less ranges from 24 to 40 inches. Fine sand is the predominant sand size within the series control section, and the total fine sand and very fine sand exceeds 70 percent. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have an A horizon 2 to 5 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is loamy fine sand or fine sand. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral. The Bw horizon immediately below the Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The lower part of the Bw horizon or the Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is loamy fine sand or fine sand. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral. Some pedons have an E and Bt horizon with finer textured strata or thin non-diagnostic lamellae (Bt) in the series control section. Where present, the E part of E and Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. The Bt part has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The Bt part occurs as horizontal and wavy lamellae or thin bands typically less than 1 inch in thickness and spaced 2 to 10 inches apart. The lamellae are horizontally continuous or discontinuous, and commonly contain 3 to 5 percent more clay than the E portion of the horizon, but ranges to 10 percent more clay. Texture of the E and Bt horizon is loamy fine sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or sand. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral. See additional comments under Remarks. Some pedons have a BC, BCg, CB, or CBg horizon. The Cg or C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 0 to 3. It is fine sand or sand. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The calcium carbonate equivalent is 5 to 20 percent.


410 January 2015

A till substratrum phase is recognized. The 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is dominantly silty clay loam or clay loam, but includes silty clay or clay. The clay content ranges from 27 to 42 percent. Rock fragment content ranges from 2 to 10 percent. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The calcium carbonate equivalent is typically 15 to 30 percent. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Algansee, Altmar, Birchwood, Brems, Brockatonorton, Deerfield, Elnora, Fortress (T), Meckling (T), Morocco, Partridge, Tedrow, and Zaborosky series. Algansee soils do not have sand or fine sand textures in the lower part of the series control section. Altmar soils average more than 6 percent rock fragments in the particle-size control section. Birchwood soils have dense materials within the series control section. Brems soils average less than 70 percent fine sand and very fine sand within the series control section. Brockatonorton soils have a buried histic epipedon in the middle part of the series control section. Deerfield soils have sola less than 40 inches thick. Elnora soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Fortress soils have a B horizon less than 30 inches in thickness. Meckling soils are calcareous throughout. Partridge soils have a lithic contact within 40 inches. Morocco and Tedrow soils have redoximorphic depletions with chroma of 2 or less within 24 inches of the surface. Zaborosky soils have a buried soil within 40 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Ottokee soils are on beach ridges and dunes on lake plains, and, in a few areas, on outwash plains. They are formed in calcareous, glaciolacustrine, eolian, or water-sorted sands. The dominant sand size is fine sand with significant amounts of very fine sand. Slope gradient is primarily 1 to 6 percent but ranges from 0 to 8 percent. Elevation ranges from 600 to 800 feet. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 27 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 45 to 55 degrees F. The frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Arkport, Galen, Granby, Oakville, Spinks, and the competing Tedrow soils. The well drained Arkport and moderately well drained Galen soils have argillic horizons of sandy loam lamellae. The Granby, Oakville, Spinks, and Tedrow soils are in a toposequence with Ottokee soils. The very poorly drained or poorly drained Granby soils are in depressions. The excessively drained Oakville and well drained Spinks soils are more sloping and typically are on higher topographic positions. The somewhat poorly drained Tedrow soils are on lower lying topographic positions. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. An apparent high water table is 2 to 3.5 feet below the surface from January to April in normal years. Permeability is rapid. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in cropland, primarily corn, wheat, soybeans, hay, and some specialty crops. About 20 percent is used for woodland. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwoods, mostly oaks and elm. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan, and to a lesser extent in MLRA's 97 and 98 in southern Michigan. The series is of moderate extent, about 80,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.


411 January 2015

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 8 inches (Ap); aquic conditions chroma of 2 or less in the zone from 27 to 80 inches; udic moisture regime. Evaluation of Type Location site and additional Typical Pedon sites throughout MLRA 99 in Ohio supports the absence of lamellae within the series control section. The banding that occurs in these soils have increased concentrations of iron and magnetite but not clay. Further investigation is needed in areas mapped as Ottokee soils in Michigan to determine if lamellae are present. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for the typical pedon (to be sampled this fall). Additional supporting documentation are available for, HN-87, sampled in Henry County, Ohio, and partial data are available for two profiles, FT-7 and FT-8 in Fulton County, Ohio. Transect data is available for the typical pedon delineation (051GDYO12T01). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

134.0 OTWELL

LOCATION OTWELL IN+KY OH WV Established Series Rev. KMM-DLM 02/2011 OTWELL SERIES The Otwell series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loess and the underlining lacustrine or glaciofluvial sediments. Otwell soils are on loess covered lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Otwell silt loam, on a convex, 5 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 143 meters (470 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine subangular structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches) thick] Bt1--18 to 43 cm (7 to 17 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2--43 to 58 cm (17 to 23 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine distinct


412 January 2015

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of Bt horizon is 15 to 91 cm (6 to 36 inches) thick] 2Btx1--58 to 102 cm (23 to 40 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; common distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds and as fill in vertical joints; common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) and few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. 2Btx2--102 to 132 cm (40 to 52 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate thick platy; very firm; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds and as fill in vertical joints; few medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; many fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of 2Btx horizon is 38 to 91 cm (15 to 36 inches) thick.] 2Bt1--132 to 165 cm (52 to 65 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate thick platy structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; friable; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; few medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. 2Bt2--165 to 203 cm (65 to 80 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate very thick platy structure parting moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; common faint reddish brown (5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; strongly acid. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 41 to 71 cm (16 to more than 28 inches).] TYPE LOCATION: Dubois County, Indiana; about 3 miles west of Ireland; 1540 feet south and 640 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 1 S.; R. 6 W.; USGS Otwell topographic quad sheet; lat. 38 degrees 25 minutes 05.821 seconds N. and long. 087 degrees 03 minutes 23.041 seconds W.; UTM Zone 16, 495072.371 easting and 4252220.517 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches) Thickness of the loess: 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to the fragipan: 50 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) in non-eroded and moderately eroded pedons and ranges to 30 cm (12 inches) in severely eroded pedons Rock fragments: of mixed lithology of glacial origin Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silt loam or less commonly silty clay loam Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid in non-limed areas, and ranges to neutral in limed areas


413 January 2015

A horizon, where present: Thickness: less than 10 cm (4 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: silt loam Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid E or EB horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid, and ranges to neutral in limed areas Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 8 in the upper part and 1 to 8 in the lower part Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 22 to 34 percent Sand content: 2 to 15 percent Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid 2Btx, 2Btgx, Btgx, or Btx horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 8 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Sand content: 2 to 40 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid 2Bt or 2Btg horizon: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam, with thin strata of silty clay and fine sand in some pedons Clay content: 20 to 34 percent Sand content: 5 to 65 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid to strongly acid in the upper part and strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part 2BC or 2BCg horizon, where present: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5


414 January 2015

Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam, with thin strata of silty clay and fine sand in some pedons Clay content: 20 to 34 percent Sand content: 5 to 65 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid to strongly acid in the upper part and strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part COMPETING SERIES: These are the Apalona, Ava, Bedford, Cincinnati, Fountainville, Grantsburg, Hildebrecht, Hosmer, Lawrenceville, Nicholson, Omulga, Otwood, Solsberry, Weisburg, and Zanesville series. Apalona, Bedford, Nicholson, and Weisburg soils have some horizon below the fragipan that averages more than 34 percent clay. Ava, Cincinnati, and Zanesville soils do not have stratification below the fragipan. Fountainville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Grantsburg and Hosmer soils have more than 102 cm (40 inches) of loess. Hildebrecht soils have more than 3 percent rock fragment in the fragipan. Omulga and Lawrenceville soils have rock fragments that are not of glacial origin. Otwood soils compete very closely, but are on stream and river terraces. Solsberry soils average more than 3 percent rock fragments of sandstone channers in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Otwell soils are on loess covered lake plains. Slope gradient is typically 2 to 18 percent, and ranges from 0 to 50 percent. The soils formed in 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loess and the underlying lacustrine or glaciofluvial sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 965 to 1168 mm (38 to 46 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 10 to 14 degrees C (50 to 57 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 200 days. Elevation is 107 to 305 meters (350 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bartle, Dubois, Haubstadt, Pekin, and Peoga soils. Bartle soils are somewhat poorly drained and Pekin soils are moderately well drained. They both are on treads of stream terraces. Dubois soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on nearly level flats and gently sloping shoulder slopes of lake plains. Haubstadt soils are moderately well drained and are on nearly level to moderately sloping summits and shoulder slopes of lake plains. Peoga soils are poorly drained and are on treads of stream terraces or flats of lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 46 to 91 cm (1.5 to 3.0 feet) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface water runoff ranges from medium to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high above the fragipan and low to moderately high in and below the fragipan. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow or very slow in and below the fragipan. A few areas are subject to flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: Otwell soils are used to grow corn, soybeans, small grain, and legume grass. Some areas are used for pasture and forest. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 114A, 114B, 120A, 121, 122, 124, and 126 in southern Indiana, southern Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The type location is in MLRA 114B. This series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.


415 January 2015

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pike County, Indiana, 1930. REMARKS: The type location was moved from Bartholomew County, IN to Dubois County, IN, and investigated to a depth of 93 inches. This type location is more representative of the landform for this series. Further investigation is needed to determine if this site represents the dominant soil properties for this series. Flooded phases and severely eroded phases are recognized. Diagnostic horizons and features - recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface of the soil to a depth of 18 cm (7 inches), (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from 18 to 203 cm (7 to 93 inches), (Bt1, Bt2, 2Btx1, 2Btx2, 2Bt1, 2Bt2 horizons). Fragipan: from 58 to 132 cm (23 to 52 inches), (2Btx1, 2Btx2 horizons). ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data is available for this soil from Purdue Soil Characterization Laboratory Soil No. S76IN37-7. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

135.0 OWOSSO

LOCATION OWOSSO MI+IN Established Series Rev. EPW-NWS 04/2011 OWOSSO SERIES The Owosso series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy glaciofluvial deposits and the underlying loamy till on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Owosso sandy loam, on a convex, 4 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E [A2]--25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; weak medium platy structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]


416 January 2015

Bw1 [B1]--30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine roots; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] Bw2 [B21]--38 to 51 cm (15 to 20 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1 [B22t]--51 to 64 cm (20 to 25 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; thin brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick] 2Bt2 [IIB23t]--64 to 74 cm (25 to 29 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; thin brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent gravel; few cobblestones; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick] 2C1 [IIC1]--74 to 89 cm (29 to 35 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; 3 percent gravel; few cobblestones; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to38 cm (15 inches) thick] 2C2 [IIC2]--89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; friable; light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings; 3 percent gravel; few cobblestones; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 3 1/2 miles south and 1 mile east of Dexter; 1,520 feet north and 90 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 20, T. 2 S., R. 5 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 6; 6 dry Chroma: 2 to 4 A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 6 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid


417 January 2015

Bw horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral 2Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 5 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline 2C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 5 percent COMPETING SERIES: These are Chenault, Kalamazoo, Nollville, and Sisson series. Chenault soils have more than 5 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Kalamazoo soils have textures that average more than 52 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Nollville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Sisson soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Owosso soils are on till plains and moraines of Wisconsinan age. The slope gradient commonly is 2 to 12 percent but the range is 0 to 25 percent. The Owosso soils formed in loamy glaciofluvial deposits and the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 11.7 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). Mean summer temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The somewhat poorly drained Metamora soils and the poorly drained Corunna soils are in a drainage sequence with Owosso soils. The Kendallville and Metea soils, the moderately well drained Miami soils, the poorly drained Brookston soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Conover soils are associated on moraines. Boyer and Oshtemo soils are on adjoining outwash plains.


418 January 2015

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is very low to high depending on slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the glaciofluvial deposits and moderately high in the till. Permeability is moderately rapid in the sandy loam A and B horizons, and moderately slow in the 2B and 2C horizons. USE AND VEGETATION: A large part, especially on slopes of less than 12 percent, is under cultivation. Principal crops are corn, small grains, soybeans, and hay. A smaller part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is forest, chiefly of oaks, hickory, beech, and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan and northern Indiana. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches) (Bw horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 51 to 74 cm (20 to 29 inches (Bt, 2Bt horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

136.0 PALMS

LOCATION PALMS MI+IA IL IN MA MN NY PA VA WI Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF-DAG 08/2012 PALMS SERIES The Palms series consist of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic materials 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches) thick and the underlying loamy deposits in closed depressions on moraines, lake plains, till plains, outwash plains, and hillside seep areas, and on backswamps of flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Haplosaprists TYPICAL PEDON: Palms muck, on 1 percent slope under marsh vegetation at an elevation of 198 meters (648 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


419 January 2015

Oa1--0 to 36 cm (14 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 5 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; moderate medium granular structure; slightly sticky; about 20 to 25 percent mineral material; slightly acid [pH 6.5 in water]; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa2--36 to 71 cm (14 to 28 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 5 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; massive parting to weak coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky; 10 to 20 percent mineral material; strongly acid [pH 5.5 in water]; clear smooth boundary. Oa3--71 to 89 cm (28 to 35 inches); black (N 2.5/) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 5 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; massive; slightly sticky; 10 to 20 percent mineral material; moderately acid [pH 6.0 in water]; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Oa horizon is 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches).] Cg--89 to 203 cm (35 to 80 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; massive; friable; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral in upper part, slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline in lower part. TYPE LOCATION: Gratiot County, Michigan; north of the flood plain of the Maple River and about 200 feet south of the upland; 1,420 feet south and 820 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 2 W.; USGS Pompeli topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 8 minutes 31.3 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 31 minutes 34.7 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 701165 easting and 4779557 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the loamy C horizon: 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches) Organic material: derived primarily from herbaceous plants, but some layers contain as much as 15 percent woody material Surface tier (Oa1 or Oap horizon): Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material), or less commonly mucky peat (hemic material) Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline Subsurface and bottom tiers (Oa, Oe, or Oi horizons): Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 0 to 3 Organic material: some pedons have thin layers less than 25 cm (10 inches) thick of mucky peat (hemic material) or thin layers less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick of fibric material; some pedons have a thin layer of sedimentary peat above the C horizon. Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline, some pedons have carbonates Some pedons have a thin A horizon above the C horizon. C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, 5GY, or is neutral


420 January 2015

Value: 3 to 7 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: loamy very fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures; thin strata of fine sand, loamy sand, or silt in some pedons Clay content: upper 30 cm (12 inches) averages between 10 and 35 percent clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent gravel to stones Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline; some pedons contain carbonates Sandy substratum, gravelly substratum, and overwash phases are recognized. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Klossner, Linwood, Medo, Natchaug, Philbon, and Shalcar series. Klossner soils have A horizons directly below the organic matter that is more than 20 cm (8 inches) thick. Linwood soils formed mainly in woody fibers. Medo soils have less than 10 percent clay in the lower one third of the series control section. Natchaug soils are in areas where the mean annual precipitation is greater than 1092 mm (43 inches). Philbon soils have dominantly fibric and hemic material in the upper 30 cm (12 inches). Shalcar soils have a difference between mean annual summer and mean annual winter temperatures that is less than 26 degrees F. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Palms soils are in closed depressions on lake plains, till plains, outwash plains, moraines, and hillside seep areas, and in backswamps on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Palms soils formed herbaceous organic materials and the underlying loamy deposits. The soils on nearby uplands are generally loamy. Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1092 mm (30 to 43 inches). Frost-free period is 120 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Houghton soils are the most common associate and are on similar landform positions. Poorly drained or very poorly drained loamy mineral soils are at the edges of the bogs and are adjacent to Palms soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the organic material and moderately high in the loamy material. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic material and moderate or moderately slow in the loamy material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are in marsh vegetation of grasses, reeds, and sedges; and alder, aspen, willow, and dogwood. Some areas have been drained and are used for pasture, corn, and some truck crops. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102A, 103, 104, 105, 108A, 108B, 110, 111A, 111B, 111C, 111D, 115C, 127, 140, 142, 144A, 144B, and 145 in the southern parts of lower Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, and other northeastern states. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan; 1955.


421 January 2015

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Muck (sapric material) from the surface to a depth of 89 cm (35 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, and Oa3 horizons). Terric feature: mineral material from a depth of 89 to 203 cm (35 to 80 inches) (Cg horizon). ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

137.0 PANDORA

LOCATION PANDORA OH Established Series Rev. AR-DRM 04/2007 PANDORA SERIES The Pandora series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in moderately fine textured till. These soils are on nearly level to slightly depressional till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Pandora silt loam, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) rubbed, silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium and coarse granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bg--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 18 cm (7 inches) thick] Btg1--28 to 58 cm (11 to 23 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) coatings and common faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; few rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Btg2--58 to 96 cm (23 to 38 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) coatings and common faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron


422 January 2015

accumulation; about 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 51 to 89 cm (20 to 35 inches).] BC--96 to 140 cm (38 to 55 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of peds; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions and common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent in lower part; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. [25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) thick] C--140 to 152 cm (55 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common medium faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation and distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; about 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Seneca County, Ohio; about 6 miles southwest of Tiffin, in Hopewell Township; 2000 feet north of Township Road 98 and 750 feet east of County Road 591; sec. 33, T. 2 N., R. 14 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: typically 127 to 152 cm (50 to 60 inches) and ranges from 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches) Depth to carbonates: typically are in the lower part of the solum and at depths of less than 178 cm (70 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay, with some subhorizons ranging as high as 45 percent Rock fragments: mainly shale and limestone with smaller amounts of sandstone and crystalline rocks Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent throughout; commonly gravel or stones, but boulders may be present Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 (3 or 4 uncrushed and 6 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly acid or neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches) Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2; some pedons have Bt horizons 13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick below a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) that have chroma of 3 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or clay Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in the upper part and neutral or slightly alkaline in the lower part


423 January 2015

C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 20 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Series in closely related families are the Condit, Latty, and Wetzel soils. Condit soils have illitic mineralogy and are typically more acid than slightly acid in the solum. Latty and Wetzel soils have illitic mineralogy and average more than 40 percent clay in the particle-size control section. In addition, Latty soils formed in glaciolacustrine sediments. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Pandora soils are in slight depressions on till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in moderately fine textured till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 965 mm (32 to 38 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 8 to 12 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are Blount, Glynwood, and Pewamo soils on till plains, and the Digby, Haney, Haskins, and Shoals soils. The somewhat poorly drained Blount soils are on slightly higher landscape positions. Glynwood soils are moderately well drained and on higher landscape positions. Pewamo soils are on similar landscape positions but have mollic epipedons. Digby, Haney, and Haskins soils are on nearby terraces and outwash plains. Shoals soils are on nearby flood plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained. These soils have frequent, brief surface ponding in late winter or early spring. An apparent seasonal high water table is at or within 30 cm (1 foot) of the surface during part of the same period. The potential for surface runoff in negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay. A few areas are in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is forest of soft maple, elm, ash, swamp, white oak, and basswood. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and western Ohio and possibly Indiana; MLRA 111B. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Putnam County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Classification was adjusted to agree with ST Issue #17 on 22 Sept 94 by CLG. The Pandora series was inactivated in 1966. It was reactivated for use in Seneca County, Ohio, in January 1978, and the classification was changed from Mollic Haplaquepts to Typic Ochraqualfs. Pandora soils in modern surveys had been previously mapped with the Wetzel series. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (Ap horizon).


424 January 2015

Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 96 cm (Btg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 18 cm. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory for one site in Seneca County (SA-33). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

138.0 PARKHILL

LOCATION PARKHILL MI Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF-MLK-JKC 09/2014 PARKHILL SERIES The Parkhill series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained soils that are deep to dense till. These soils formed in loamy ablation till overlying loamy dense till. They are on wave-worked till plains, till plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 817 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.6 degrees C (47 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Epiaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Parkhill loam, in a cultivated field at an elevation of 210 meters (689 feet) above mean sea level (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; friable; many fine and medium roots; about 3 percent medium and fine gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches) thick] Bg1--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; many distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic stains on surfaces along root channels; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries throughout; about 3 percent medium and fine gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bg2--33 to 56 cm (13 to 22 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic stains on surfaces along root channels; many faint gray (10YR 5/1) pressure faces on vertical faces of peds; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries throughout; about 3 percent medium and fine gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 20 to 102 cm (8 to 40 inches).]


425 January 2015

BCg--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to massive; firm; few fine roots; many faint gray (10YR 5/1) pressure faces on vertical faces of peds; common fine prominent very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) iron and manganese masses with sharp boundaries throughout; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries throughout; about 5 percent medium and fine gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. C1--74 to 127 cm (29 to 50 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; many gray (2.5Y 5/1) vertical fractures throughout; common fine prominent very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) iron and manganese masses with sharp boundaries throughout; many coarse distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries throughout; about 5 percent medium and fine gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. C2--127 to 145 cm (50 to 57 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; common gray (2.5Y 5/1) vertical fractures throughout; many coarse distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries throughout; about 5 percent medium and fine gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the C horizon is 25 to 109 cm (10 to 43 inches).] 2Cd--145 to 203 cm (57 to 80 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) loam; moderate medium platy structure inherited from deposition; very firm; about 1 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Gratiot County, Michigan; about 1 mile south of the village of Bannister; 2,640 feet east and 660 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 34 , T. 9 N., R. 1 W., Elba Township; USGS Ovid West topographic quadrangle; UTM Zone 16, 710401e and 4777282n, NAD83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of soil development: 53 to 109 cm (21 to 43 inches) Depth to carbonates: 53 to 109 cm (21 to 43 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent throughout the series control section Depth to densic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Particle size control section: 18 to 35 percent clay Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, clay loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam or mucky loam Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Exchangeable sodium: 0 to 1 percent Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam or silty clay loam Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline


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Exchangeable sodium: 0 to 3 percent BC horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam or loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Exchangeable sodium: 0 to 3 percent Some pedons have Bk horizons with colors and textures similar to those of the C horizon. C or Cg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, loam, or silt loam Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Exchangeable sodium: 0 to 4 percent 2Cd horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, or sandy loam. Moist bulk density: 1.8 to 2.03 g/cc Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Exchangeable sodium: 0 to 3 percent COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Parkhill soils are on nearly level areas and depressions on wave-worked till plains, till plains and moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. They formed in loamy ablation till overlying loamy dense till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 758 to 960 mm (30 to 38 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7.2 to 10.5 degrees C (45 to 51 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Conover, Corunna, Crosier, Guelph, Londo, Miami, and Wixom soils. The well drained Guelph soils and the somewhat poorly drained Londo soils are in a drainage sequence with Parkhill soils. They are the common associates in the northern part of the range of the Parkhill series. The moderately well drained Miami and the somewhat poorly drained Conover and Crosier soils are common associates in the southern part of the range. Corunna soils are associated in some places where a thin sandy loam layer overlies the loam till. Wixom soils have a sandy upper subsoil and are on low knolls. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained and very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 15 cm (0.5 foot) above the surface to 15 cm (0.5 foot) below the surface between November and April in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the surface, moderately low in the subsoil and upper substratum and very low in the dense substratum.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, small grain, beans, and hay. A small part is in permanent pasture or in woodland of American elm, red maple, white ash, hickory, American basswood, and swamp white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, and 99 in the south-central part of Lower Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include: 1. Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). 2. Cambic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 56 cm (9 to 22 inches) (Bg1 and Bg2 horizons). 3. Densic contact: at 145 cm (57 inches) (top of the 2Cd horizon). 4. Aquic conditions: redox features present in all horizons between the Ap horizon and the densic contact. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

139.0 PAULDING

LOCATION PAULDING OH+MI Established Series Rev. DRM-JC 05/2014 PAULDING SERIES The Paulding series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense clayey lacustrine material. These soils formed in clayey glaciolacustrine deposits. They are on lake plains and till-floored lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C (48 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Typic Epiaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Paulding clay, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 inches); dark gray (N 4/) clay, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; weak coarse granular structure; firm; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick] Bg1--15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches); gray (N 5/) clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine angular blocky; firm; many fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.


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Bg2--23 to 56 cm (9 to 22 inches); gray (N 5/) clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; firm; common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Bg3--56 to 76 cm (22 to 30 inches); gray (N 5/) clay; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse angular blocky; very firm; many fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 41 to 107 cm (16 to 42 inches).] BCg--76 to 122 cm (30 to 48 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) clay; weak very coarse prismatic structure in upper part and massive in lower part; very firm; many fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick] Cdg--122 to 160 cm (48 to 63 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) clay; massive; very firm; many coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; coarse light gray (10YR 7/2) calcareous spots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick] Cd--160 to 203 cm (63 to 80 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weakly laminated; firm; many medium prominent gray (N 5/) iron depletions; thin patchy gray calcium carbonate coatings on laminae; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Paulding County, Ohio; about 1 mile west and 1/2 mile north of Junction, in Auglaize Township; 75 feet east of road; SW 1/4, NW 1/4, of sec. 24, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. ; USGS Junction, Ohio topographic quadrangle: lat. 41 degrees 12 minutes 7.50 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 28 minutes 31.90 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 54 to 140 cm (22 to 55 inches) Depth to carbonates: the same as or slightly less than thickness of the solum Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Sand content: 4 to 19 percent Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 8 to 13 cm (3 to 5 inches) Hue: 10YR or is neutral Value: 3 or 4 (4 to 6 dry) Chroma: 0 or 1 Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6


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Chroma: 0 to 2 Clay content: 60 to 80 percent Sand content: 1 to 10 percent Redox features: common to many redox concentrations Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part and neutral or slightly alkaline in the lower part C horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 4 Clay content: 55 to 80 percent Sand content: 1 to 12 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains carbonates COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. Related soils are the Covington, Hoytville, Latty, Livingston, Panton, Toledo, and Wetzel series. Covington, Hoytville, Panton, and Wetzel soils have argillic horizons. Latty and Toledo soils have less than 60 percent clay throughout the sola, and in addition, Toledo soils have a dark surface layer. Livingston soils have a dark surface layer. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Paulding soils are on broad level or nearly level parts of lake plains that have a linear or concave surface. Slope gradient commonly is less than 1 percent but ranges to 2 percent. The soils formed in very fine-textured, calcareous lacustrine material that has evidence of weak lamination. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 965 mm (28 to 38 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 8 to 11 degrees C (47 to 52 degrees F). Frost free days range from 150 to 230 days. Elevations range from 175 m to 230 m (574 to 756 feet). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Broughton and Roselms soils that are in a toposequence with Paulding soils, and the Defiance, Fulton, Hoytville, Latty, Nappanee, St. Clair, and Wabasha soils. Moderately well drained Broughton soils are on gently sloping to steep dissected areas adjacent to drainageways. Somewhat poorly drained Roselms soils are on slightly higher landscape positions or are on gently sloping or sloping areas adjacent to drainageways. Defiance and Wabasha soils are on nearby flood plains. Fulton soils contain less clay and are on slightly higher landscape positions. Hoytville and Latty soils are on similar landscape positions but contain less clay, and in addition, the Hoytville soils formed in till. Nappanee and St. Clair soils formed in till and have argillic horizons. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 15 cm (6 inches) below the surface from January to April or during periods of high rainfall. The potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is low in the subsoil and very low in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: The Paulding soils are largely cleared and cultivated or used for pasture. Principal crops are soybean, wheat, hay, and some corn. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and central Ohio and southeastern Michigan; MLRAs 98, 99, and 111B. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, about 210,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS


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SERIES ESTABLISHED: Putnam County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 15 cm (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 15 cm to 76 cm (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: redox concentrations or matrix color with chroma of 0 or 1 in all horizons below a depth of 15 cm. ADDITIONAL DATA: The following reference has information applicable to the Paulding series: Baker, F. J., Schafer, G.M., and Holowaychuk, N. 1960. Surficial materials and soils of Paulding County, Ohio. Ohio Jour. Sci. 60:365-377. Characterization data are available for about 12 Paulding profiles including PD-S8 (the typical pedon), and PD-S32 published in the Paulding County, Ohio Soil Survey Report. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

140.0 PEWAMO

LOCATION PEWAMO MI+IN OH Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-RAR 10/2012 PEWAMO SERIES The Pewamo series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in till on moraines, near-shore zones (relict), and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Pewamo clay loam, on a concave, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 232 meters (760 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; firm; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) thick] A--25 to 33 cm (10 to 13 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay loam; weak medium angular blocky structure; firm; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Btg1--33 to 64 cm (13 to 25 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic masses; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.


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Btg2--64 to 94 cm (25 to 37 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; many faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium faint gray (N 5/) iron depletions in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 20 to 94 cm (8 to 37 inches).] Cg--94 to 152 cm (37 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; about 4 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 4 miles northeast of Ypsilanti; 100 feet south and 300 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 26, T. 2 S., R. 7 E.; USGS Denton topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 17 minutes 27 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 33 minutes 56 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 17, 288494 easting and 4685258 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 43 cm (10 to 17 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 71 to 152 cm (28 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 71 to 152 cm (28 to 60 inches) Particle-size control section: commonly averages 40 to 50 percent clay, but some pedons average as low as 35 percent Rock fragments: primarily glacial erratics of mixed lithology Mean annual soil temperature: 9.4 to 13.3 degrees C (49 to 56 degrees F) A or Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (5 or less dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 (moist or dry) Texture: loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Btg or Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part, and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC, BCg, BCt, or BCtg horizon. Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam or silty clay loam


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Clay content: 27 to 40 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Millsdale series. Millsdale soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Pewamo soils are on moraines, near-shore zones (relict), and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1067 mm (29 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 12.8 degrees C (47 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 182 days. Elevation is 162 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The somewhat poorly drained Blount soils, the moderately well drained Glynwood and Morley soils, and the well drained Lybrand soils are in a toposequence with Pewamo soils. They are on swells and higher lying areas. None of these soils have a mollic epipedon. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface from December to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay. A small part, especially areas that lack adequate drainage, is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is forest of red maple, American elm, white ash, and American basswood. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 111A, 111B, 111C, and 111E of southern Michigan, central and northwestern Ohio, and central and northern Indiana. The series is of large extent, about 1.8 million acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (13 inches) (Ap, A horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 94 cm (13 to 37 inches) (Btg horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the mollic epipedon. More laboratory work, especially thin sections, is needed to determine if clay increases are pedogenic. An overwash phase is recognized. A dense substratum phase is currently recognized in MLRA. Further evaluation is needed to determine the presence of densic material in other MLRAs where this series occurs. ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record: MI0042, MI0518. Soil characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.


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141.0 PHILO

LOCATION PHILO WV+IN KY MD NY OH PA TN VA Established Series Rev. ART-WWB-WFH 07/2002 PHILO SERIES The Philo series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on flood plains. They formed in recent alluvium derived mainly from sandstone and shale. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Philo silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 6 inches, brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick.) Bw1--6 to 16 inches, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bw2--16 to 22 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam weak very fine subangular blocky structure; friable to firm; few fine distinct dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4) iron concentrations and gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw is 9 to 40 inches.) C1--22 to 32 inches, gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam, massive; friable; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron concentrations; common black concretions; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick.) C2--32 to 42 inches, variegated gray (10YR 5/1) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) loam; massive; firm; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick.) 2C3--42 to 60 inches, stratified sand and gravel. TYPE LOCATION: Barbour County, West Virginia; north of Big Run on the south side of U. S. Highway 119 near the intersection with State Route 36. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 48 inches. Some pedons have stratified sand and gravel at depth as shallow as 30 inches, however, the transition zone is 5 inches or more thick. In other pedons, medium-textured materials extends to depths of 5 feet or more. Depth to hard rock ranges from 60 inches to 12 feet or more. In most pedons, rock fragments range from 0 to 20


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percent in the A, Bw, and C horizons, 0 to 40 percent in the 2C horizon, and average less than 20 percent in the particle size control section. Some pedons, have rock fragments in C horizons that range from 0 to 40 percent, and 2C horizons below 40 inches that range from 0 to 75 percent. Reaction when unlimed ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. If moist value is 3, either the dry value is more than 5.5 or the A horizon is less than 1/3 the thickness from the soil surface to the base of the Cambic horizon. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is silt loam, loam, sandy loam, and fine sandy loam. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Low chroma redoximorphic features range from dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) to light gray (10YR 6/1). High chroma redoximorphic features range from dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/8). Texture of the fine-earth fraction is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, and sandy loam. Some pedons have thin horizons where the fine-earth fraction is very fine sandy loam. Some pedons have BC horizons with colors and textures similar to the Bw horizon. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 6, and has redox features. Redoximorphic features are strong brown (7.5YR 5/6 or 7.5YR 5/8), yellowish red (5YR 4/6) or redder. If matrix chroma is greater than 2, redoximorphic features have chroma of 2 or less. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, and sandy loam. Texture of the fine-earth fraction in the 2C horizon ranges from sand to silt loam. COMPETING SERIES: The Basher, Iotla and Pootatuck series are in the same family. The Iotla series is somewhat poorly drained with redox features just below the A horizon. Basher soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the Bw horizon. Pootatuck soils have a sand fraction dominated by feldspars. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Philo soils are on nearly level flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. The soils developed in recent alluvium washed mainly from sandstone and shale derived soils. Climate is humid temperate. Average annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 55 inches and mean annual air temperature ranges from 47 degrees to 59 degrees F. The number of days without killing frost ranges from 130 to 200. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Pope or Wenonah, somewhat poorly drained Stendal, poorly drained Atkins and poorly and very poorly drained Elkins soils on flood plains. The Buchanan, Cotaco and Ernest soils are moderately well drained soils on foot slopes and colluvial fans. The Dekalb, Gilpin and Muskingum soils are well drained upland soils. Chenango and Alton soils are skeletal soils on adjacent terraces. The Holly and Papakating soils are more poorly drained alluvial soils. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Subject to stream overflow. The potential for surface runoff is low or very low and permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. A seasonally fluctuating water table rises to within 1-1/2 to 3 feet below the soil surface. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and cultivated or pastured. Original vegetation was mixed water tolerant hardwoods.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Georgia, Southern Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Southern Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. MLRA Extent is large. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Muskingum County, Ohio, 1925. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - The zone from 0 to 9 inches (Ap horizon). 2. Cambic horizon - The zone from 9 to 22 inches (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons). 3. Fluvaquentic feature - Irregular decrease in organic carbon and low chroma redoximorphic features are within a depth of 24 inches of the surface. 4. Udic soil moisture regime. Additional Data: Soil Interpretation Records - WV0020, WV0129. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

142.0 PIPESTONE

LOCATION PIPESTONE MI+CT IN MA NH NY Established Series Rev. JDL-NWS-MLK 09/2012 PIPESTONE SERIES The Pipestone series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy outwash on outwash plains, lake plains, beach ridges, and water-worked till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Endoaquods TYPICAL PEDON: Pipestone sand, on an east-facing, convex, 1 percent slope in an idle field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] E--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; moderately acid; abrupt broken boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]


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Bhs--28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] Bs--38 to 79 cm (15 to 31 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [10 to 58 cm (4 to 23 inches) thick] C--79 to 152 cm (31 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Berrien County, Michigan; about 4 miles northeast of Benton Harbor; 1,172 feet south and 99 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 28, T. 3 S., R. 18 W.; USGS Benton Heights topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 10 minutes 59.5 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 23 minutes 54 seconds W., WGS 84. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel throughout Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy coarse sand Reaction: extremely acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 0 to 3 Texture: sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy coarse sand Reaction: extremely acid to neutral Some forested pedons have partially or well decomposed O horizons of forest litter up to 13 cm (5 inches) thick. E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy coarse sand Reaction: extremely acid to neutral Bhs horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy coarse sand


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Ortstein content: 0 to 30 percent of the surface area exposed in a vertical cut through the Bhs horizon and is present in less than 50 percent of the pedons Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid Bs horizon in pedons without a Bhs horizon: Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 4 Texture: sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy coarse sand Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid Bs horizon in pedons with a Bhs horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 4 to 8 Iron and manganese concretions: present in some pedons Texture: sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy coarse sand Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid BC horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy coarse sand Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy coarse sand Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Pipestone soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, beach ridges, and till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent but are dominantly 0 to 4 percent. Pipestone soils formed in sandy outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 10.0 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The excessively drained Oakville and Grattan soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Granby, Kingsville, and Newton soils are in a drainage sequences with Pipestone soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The water table fluctuates from near the surface during prolonged wet periods to depths greater than 122 cm (4 feet) in dry seasons. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between October and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is rapid.


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USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is or has been cultivated. Some areas are in permanent pasture. Special crops such as blueberries, cucumbers, and melons are important crops on this soil. Many areas are in various stages of reforestation. Natural forests are American basswood, eastern cottonwood, northern red oak, bitternut hickory, white ash, swamp white oak, and red maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, 99, 142, 144A, 149B in southern Michigan, northeastern Indiana, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Gratiot County, Michigan, 1975. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap and E horizons). Albic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches) (E horizon). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 inches) (Bhs horizon). ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record: MI0257. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

143.0 PLAINFIELD

LOCATION PLAINFIELD WI+IL IN MI MN MO NY OH Established Series Rev. HFG-JJJ 10/2006 PLAINFIELD SERIES The Plainfield series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils formed in sandy drift on outwash plains, valley trains, glacial lake basins, stream terraces, and moraines and other upland areas. Permeability is rapid or very rapid. Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 30 inches near the type location. Mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F. near the type location. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments TYPICAL PEDON: Plainfield sand - on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field, at an elevation of about 1085 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)


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Bw1--7 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; about 6 percent gravel; a band at 14 to 16 inches contains about 25 percent gravel ; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw2--16 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; about 6 percent gravel; a band at 25 to 28 inches contains about 30 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bw horizons is 6 to 35 inches.) BC--28 to 36 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sand; single grain; loose; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 17 inches thick) C--36 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand; single grain; loose; about 2 percent gravel; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Waushara County, Wisconsin; about 1 mile southwest of Hancock, on the Hancock Experimental farm; 2180 feet north and 1020 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 19 N., R. 8 E. USGS Coloma, Wis. Quad; Latitude 44 degrees 7 minutes 5 seconds N. Longitude 89 degrees 32 minutes 47 seconds W. NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of soil development ranges from 24 to 50 inches. The particle-size control section is dominated by medium sand, but individual horizons within or below the particle-size control section are fine sand or coarse sand. Volume of gravel ranges from 0 to 15 percent as a weighted average throughout the pedon, but thin subhorizons contain as much as 35 percent gravel in some pedons. Reaction naturally ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid in the surface layer and upper subsoil but ranges to neutral where the soil is limed. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral in the lower subsoil and in the substratum. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Uncultivated pedons have an A horizon with hue of 10YR or neutral, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 3. Texture of the Ap or A horizon is loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand. Some pedons have an E horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is sand, loamy sand or coarse sand. The Bw and BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is typically sand, but textures include loamy sand, coarse sand, and the gravelly analogs. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 t0 8. Texture is typically sand, coarse sand, or gravelly analogs. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Acquango, Aldo, Bigapple, Biltmore, Boplain, Breeze, Caesar, Chute, Dabney, Hodge, Oakville, Osolo, Pahuk, Penwood, Perks, Pinegrove, Poquonock, Samoa, Sardak, Sarpy, Scotah, Spessard, Suncook, Tyner, and Windsor series. Acquango soils are slightly to moderately saline. Aldo, Oslo and Scotah soils have redox features and a seasonal water table at depths between 40 and 60 inches. Bigapple soils have more than 40 inches of anthrotransported (dredge spoil) material. Biltmore soils have higher temperatures in the soil temperature control section. Boplain soils have a paralithic contact at depths between 20 and 40 inches. Breeze soils have more than 40 inches of anthrotransported material with more than 10 percent construction debris coarse fragments. Caesar soils average more than 30 percent coarse and very coarse sand in the lower half of the series control section.


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Chute, Hodge, and Sarpy soils have free carbonates in the control section. Dabney soils have thinner sola and are more moist in the moisture control section during the 120 days following the summer solstice (MAP=65 inches). In addition, they formed in sand derived mainly from andesite bedrock and have chroma of 1 or 2 throughout. Oakville soils average more than 50 percent fine and very fine sand in the particle-size control section. Pahuk and Somoa soils do not have B horizons. Penwood soils have hue redder than 7.5YR in the B horizon and have more moisture in all parts of the series control section during the growing season (MAP=46 inches). Perks soils have high chroma mottles above a depth of 40 inches. Pinegrove soils are formed in acid surface mine spoil and have up to 35 percent sandstone channers in the control section. Poquonock soils have a densic contact with till within the series control section. Suncook soils have individual subhorizons that have more than 75 percent fine and very fine sand or more than 30 percent coarse and very coarse sand in the control section. Tyner soils average more than 10 percent silt plus clay in the particle-size control section. Windsor soils are more moist in all parts of the moisture control section during the 120 days following the summer solstice. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Plainfield soils are on outwash plains, glacial lake basins, valley trains, stream terraces, and moraines and other upland places. Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. These soils formed in sandy drift. Mean annual precipitation from 28 to 38 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 45 to 53 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are principally the Brems, Morocco, and Newton soils. The moderately well drained Brems, somewhat poorly drained Morocco, and poorly drained Newton soils form a drainage sequence with Plainfield soils. Since Plainfield soils have a wide geographic distribution, there are many other locally associated soils. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Excessively drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to medium. Permeability is rapid or very rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas of Plainfield soils are cleared and used for cropland. Common crops are corn, small grains, and hay. Increasingly, these soils are irrigated and specialty crops such as sweet corn, potatoes, and snap beans are grown. Many areas of non-irrigated cropland have reverted to woodland or have been planted to pine trees. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. Common trees are jack pine, red pine, eastern white pine and northern pin oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern half of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, southeast Minnesota, New York, and Ohio. Plainfield soils are of large extent (over three-quarters of a million acres). MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota SERIES ESTABLISHED: Waushara County, Wisconsin, 1909. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon 0 to 7 inches (Ap); sandy particle-size below the bottom of the Ap horizon in all subhorizons to a depth of 1 m. There may be a need for field and lab study of the mineralogy of sandy soils in the central sand plain. After the requirements for siliceous mineralogy were changed from 95% unweatherable minerals to 90%, Dr. Milo Harpstead speculated that much of the central sand plain would now be siliceous (Quartzipsamments). This would include the Plainfield OSD site as well as several other sandy soils. In Wisconsin, loamy substratum phases have been correlated in Buffalo Co. (200 ac.), Columbia Co. (8870 ac.), Eau Claire Co. (5180 ac.), Waupaca Co. (5135 ac.), and Waushara Co. (910 ac.). The loamy


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material appears to include till, lacustrine and stratified loamy outwash. One or more new series will probably be needed. Also, in Wisconsin, a wet substratum phase was correlated in Waupaca Co. (7640 ac.) and in Waushara Co. (14,605 ac.) and a Wet Substratum Variant in Iowa Co. 975 ac.) The Aldo series is a possibility for these acres. A granite substratum phase was correlated in Portage Co. WI (3050 ac.). A new series may be needed. Various loamy, wet, and banded substratum phases have also been correlated in other states also. ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to soil survey sample number 82WI137001 for NSSL data on the typical pedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

144.0 RAVENNA

LOCATION RAVENNA OH PA Established Series Rev. CER-DRM-LER 08/2005 RAVENNA SERIES The Ravenna series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in Wisconsinan age till on till plains. Many pedons have a thin loess mantle or other silty material. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow in the fragipan. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Fragiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Ravenna silt loam, on a 1 1/2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 1165 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 11 inches thick.) E -- 9 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 4 inches thick in cultivated areas and 3 to 12 inches thick in undisturbed areas.)


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BE -- 11 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.) 2Bt -- 14 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; few distinct clay depletions on faces of peds; common medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (3 to 20 inches thick.) 2Btx1 -- 18 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting to coarse subangular blocky; firm; brittle; many distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on peds and many prominent gray (10YR 5/1 and 6/1) clay films on vertical faces of prisms; common black and dark brown iron-manganese accumulations and concretions; 5 percent rock fragments; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2Btx2 -- 27 to 45 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm; brittle; many prominent gray (N 5/0) clay films on vertical prism faces with a fine rind of yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron accumulation between the clay film and prism interiors; common black and dark brown iron-manganese accumulations; 5 percent rock fragments; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Btx horizons is 15 to 45 inches.) 2BC -- 45 to 55 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; very firm; many prominent gray (N 5/0) clay films on vertical faces of prisms; 8 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick.) 2CB -- 55 to 70 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; thick dark gray (N 4/0) to gray (N 5/0) clay films on occasional vertical partings; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 40 inches thick.) 2C -- 70 to 90 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Ohio; East Union Township, about 2 miles north of Apple Creek, 1820 feet east and 885 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 16 N., R. 12 W.; U.S.G.S. Orrville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 46 minutes, 56 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 50 minutes, 17 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness is 40 to 80 inches. Free carbonates are at depths of 60 to 100 inches or more. Base saturation is above 60 percent in the lower part of the solum or C horizon. The depth to the top of the fragipan ranges from 14 to 30 inches. Content of rock fragments is 2 to 25 percent in horizons derived from till and are dominantly sandstone, but includes some shale and a few crystalline rocks. The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay. Unless limed, reaction ranges in the A and E horizons from slightly acid to extremely acid; in the Bt or 2Bt horizon from


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moderately acid to extremely acid; in the Btx or 2Btx from very strongly acid to neutral; in the BC or 2BC from very strongly acid to slightly alkaline; and in the C or 2C horizon from strongly acid to slightly alkaline. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry), and chroma of 1 to 3. Some pedons have an A horizon 1 to 5 inches thick that has a value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A horizon is silt loam or loam. The E horizon is mixed in the Ap in some cultivated areas. Where present, it has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 4, and has redoximorphic features. It is silt loam or loam. The BE or B/E horizon has silt coats on ped faces that indicate degradation. It has value of 5 or 6 and chroma of 1 to 4. The Bt or 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6; and few to many redoximorphic features. Ped faces have hues of 10YR to 5Y with dominant chroma of 2 or less. Texture commonly is loam or silt loam, but subhorizons of clay loam, silty clay loam, or gravelly phases of these textures are permitted. Structure is weak or moderate subangular or angular blocky with primary structure of weak or moderate fine to coarse prismatic in some pedons. The Btx or 2Btx horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 3 or 4, and redoximorphic features. It is sandy loam, loam, or silt loam; or their gravelly analogues. The BC or 2BC horizon, is similar to the Btx or 2Btx in color and texture but lacks brittleness. The C or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is silt loam, loam, or sandy loam; or their gravelly analogues. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Abbottstown, Buckingham, Portville, and Venango series. Abbottstown soils have a lithic contact within 60 inches. Buckingham soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the C horizon. Portville soils lack crystalline rock fragments and are formed in colluvium. Venango soils lack a horizon above the fragipan that has clay films. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Ravenna soils are formed in Wisconsinan age till on till plains. They occupy areas that are in or near the lowest position in the landscape. Slope range is from 0 to 15 percent. Soils developed in till with a thin loess cap in many places. The till has a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 40 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Canfield, Fitchville, Frenchtown, Jimtown, and Wooster soils. The moderately well drained Canfield soils and well drained Wooster soils are formed in similar soil materials and are on higher and steeper areas nearby. The poorly drained Frenchtown soils formed in similar soil materials and are in nearby low areas and drainage ways. Fitchville and Jimtown soils lack fragipans and are on nearby terrace treads and risers. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow in the fragipan. In undisturbed areas the depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table is at 0.5 to 1.0 feet during November to June in normal years.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in cropland. Corn, oats, wheat, and mixed hay are principal crops. Some areas are used for pasture and a few are wooded. The natural vegetation is deciduous forest with sugar maple, beech, and red oak the main species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern to central Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania. MLRA 126, 139, 140 and 147. The soils are of large extent, about 295,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ashland and Wayne Counties, Muddy Fork Project, Ohio, 1936. REMARKS: Use of Ravenna in MLRA 126 and 147 is questioned. Clarification of this item is being pursued. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a) Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 14 inches (Ap, E, BE horizon). b) Argillic horizon - from a depth of 14 to 55 inches (2Bt, 2Btx1, 2Btx2, 2B't horizons). c) Fragipan - 18 to 45 inches (2Btx1, 2Btx2 horizons). d) Redoximorphic features - 9 to 45 inches. Notes: 02/2000 revision included numerous changes made to all parts of the OSD. Pedon description updated to include redoximorphic features. Acreage based on 2004 data. 08/2005-The competing series were compared by the 9th Edition of Keys to Soils Taxonomy. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Ravenna series include profiles CO-15, CO-25, CO-58, CO-59, CO-105, GA-S20, MH-27, MH-36, SK-18, ST-16 and WN-S6; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

145.0 RAWSON

LOCATION RAWSON IN+OH Established Series Rev. AR-RAR 07/2011 RAWSON SERIES The Rawson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy sediments and till on till plains, outwash plains and lake plains. They are moderately deep or deep to dense till.


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Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Rawson loam, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 244 meters (800 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak coarse granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 1 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--25 to 33 cm (10 to 13 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; many distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings on the faces of peds; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--33 to 51 cm (13 to 20 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--51 to 71 cm (20 to 28 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 13 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt4--71 to 99 cm (28 to 39 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 86 cm (10 to 34 inches).] 2BCt--99 to 109 cm (39 to 43 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on faces of peds; few medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 33 cm (13 inches) thick] 2Cd--109 to 152 cm (43 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; 2 percent gravel; common light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings along fractures; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: DeKalb County, Indiana; about 1 mile south of the town of Saint Joe; 500 feet east and 730 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 22, T. 33 N., R. 14 E. USGS Saint Joe, Ind. topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 17 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 084 degrees 54 minutes 12.5 seconds W. NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches) Thickness of the solum: 61 to 122 cm (24 to 48 inches)


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Depth to densic contact: 61 to 122 cm (24 to 48 inches) Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam or silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Some pedons have an E or BE horizon. Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogues Clay content: averages 18 to 35 percent Sand content: 40 to 60 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral 2BCt, 2Bt, or 2Btg horizon: Thickness: combined thickness of the 2B horizons is 20 to 71 cm (8 to 28 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma of 2 to 6 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam or silty clay loam Clay content: averages 27 to 50 percent Sand content: 10 to 30 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline 2Cd horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, clay or silty clay Clay content: averages 27 to 42 percent Sand content: 15 to 30 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Moist bulk density: 1.70 to 1.90 g/cm3 Calcium carbonate equivalent: 17 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Adamstown, Beech, Blakeslee, Cazenovia, El Dara, Funkstown, Hilton, Kidami, Miami, Mt. Zion, Pevely, Rainsville, Richland, Shawtown, Summitville, and


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Vaughnsville series. Adamstown and Kidami soils do not have a densic contact within the series control section. Beech, Blakeslee, El Dara, Funkstown, and Mt. Zion soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 122 cm (48 inches). Cazenovia and Richland soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Hilton soils have less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Miami soils have less than 40 percent sand in the argillic horizon. Pevely soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Rainsville soils are deeper than 114 cm (45 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Shawtown soils average less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Summitville soils have rock fragments of shale, sandstone, and siltstone lithology. Vaughnsville soils have hue yellower than 5YR in the upper part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rawson soils are on till plains, outwash plains, and lake plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Rawson soils formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loamy sediments and the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 12.8 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 213 to 305 meters (700 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aurand, Blount, Glynwood, Haskins, Houcktown, Hoytville, Mermill, Morley, Muncie and Pewamo soils. Haskins, Houckton, and Mermill soils are in a toposequence with the Rawson soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aurand, Blount and Haskins soils and the moderately well drained Houcktown soils are on less sloping or lower lying landform positions. The very poorly drained Pewamo and Mermill soils are in depressions. The very poorly drained Hoytville soils are on flats and in depressions. The moderately well drained Glynwood and Morley soils are on slightly higher or more sloping landform positions. The well drained Muncie soils are on higher lying positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 61 to 107 cm (2.0 to 3.5 feet) between January and April in normal years. Potential for surface water runoff is low to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and moderately low or low in the underlying dense till. Permeability is moderate in the loamy sediments, moderately slow in the 2B horizons, and slow or very slow in the underlying dense till. USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are used for tomatoes and sugar beets, and a few areas are used for pasture or remain in woods. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily in MLRAs 111B and 111C in east-central and northeastern Indiana and west-central Ohio, and to a lesser extent in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and in MLRA 139 in northeastern Ohio. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Allen County, Ohio, 1963. REMARKS: The 5/2000 revision of the Rawson Series moved the type location to Indiana, at least temporarily. Future updates of the soil surveys in Indiana and Ohio may require it to be moved again. This revision also incorporated the concept of the Royerton Series into the range of the Rawson soils, thus


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the Royerton Series became inactive. Detailed analysis of the clay contents of the till members in which these soils have been formed indicated the two series could not be consistently separated. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (Ap). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 109 cm (10 to 43 inches) (Bt, 2BCt). ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data for this pedon is from the Purdue University Lab No. S79IN33-3-(1-7). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

146.0 RICHLAND

LOCATION RICHLAND OH Established Series TNR-DRM; Rev. DHK 01/2006 RICHLAND SERIES The Richland series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in colluvial materials. These upland soils have moderate permeability. Slopes range from 3 to 40 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 41 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Richland loam - on an 18 percent linear southeast-facing slope in a pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many roots; 10 percent flat and rounded fragments of fine grained sandstone including 3 percent more than 15 inches in length; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of A horizons is 5 to 12 inches.) BA--5 to 8 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 40 percent brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; many roots; 10 percent flat and rounded fragments of fine grained sandstone including 3 percent more than 15 inches in length; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 11 inches thick) Bt1--8 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; 10 percent flat and rounded fragments of fine grained sandstone; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films and brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--20 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; 15 percent flat fragments of fine and coarse grained sandstone;


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common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films and brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on faces of peds; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) concretions and stains; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt3--36 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery clay loam; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; 20 percent flat fragments of fine and coarse grained sandstone; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and coarse fragments; few distinct brown (10YR 5/3) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coats on faces of peds; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) concretions and stains; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt4--44 to 55 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) channery clay loam; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; 30 percent flat and rounded fragments of coarse grained sandstone; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and coarse fragments; common distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon ranges from 30 to 48 inches.) C--55 to 80 inches; variegated strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very channery clay loam; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; massive; firm; 45 percent flat and rounded fragments of coarse grained sandstone; slightly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Belmont County, Ohio; Richland Township; 2 miles south of St. Clairsville; 2600 feet east and 700 feet south of the northwest corner, sec. 1., T. 7 N., R. 4 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 44 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 5 to 10 feet. Rock fragments of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone range from 5 to 20 percent in the A and upper part of the Bt horizon, from 20 to 35 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon, and from 20 to 55 percent in the C horizon. About one-half are thin, flat fragments and the remainder are angular or rounded. In addition, about one-half are larger than 3 inches in size. A moderately stony phase is recognized that has stones 10 to 30 feet apart on the surface, and stony and very stony phases are permitted. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Where value is 3 and chroma is 2 or 3, the horizon is less than 7 inches thick. The Ap is loam, silt loam, or their cobbly or channery analogues. Some pedons have an A horizon, 2 to 5 inches thick, that has value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3. An E horizon, 2 to 7 inches thick, is present in some pedons. It has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The Ap or A horizon and E horizon are neutral to stongly acid. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Mottles in the lower part have hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 5 or 6; and chroma of 2 to 8. The Bt horizon is loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam or their gravelly, cobbly, channery, or flaggy analogues. It is dominantly neutral to strongly acid. The lower part of the Bt horizon is neutral to moderately acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Mottles have hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 1 to 8. The C horizon is gravelly, very gravelly, cobbly, very cobbly, channery, very channery, flaggy, or very flaggy analogues of loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. It is neutral to moderately acid.


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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Chenault, Chili, Coggon, Conestoga, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Grellton, Hayden, Hebron, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kalamazoo, Kanawha, Kendallville, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville, Martinsville, McHenry, Miami, Mifflin, Military, Nodine, Norden, Ockley, Owosso, Pecatonica, Princeton, Rawson, Relay, Renova, Riddles, Roseville, Sisson, Skelton, Strawn, Summitville, Theresa, Wawasee, Westville, Whalan, Woodbine, and Wykoff series in the same family and the Hayter series. Amanda, Coggon, Hayden, Hickory, Lindley, McHenry, Owosso, Pecatonica, Renova, Riddles, Wawasee, and Westville soils contain less coarse fragments in the solum, have coarse fragments of mixed lithology, and have the solum or lower part of the solum formed in till. Belmont, Hebron, Hollinger, Kendallville, Kidder, LeRoy, Mandeville, Miami, Relay, Sisson, Strawn, Theresa, and Wykoff soils have sola less than 42 inches thick. Belmore, Chili, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Kalamazoo and Ockley soils lack thin flat fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and shale and typically contain more sand and gravel in the lower part of the solum and C horizons and are more stratified in all or part of the solum. Chenault, Roseville, and Woodbine soils have clayey textures from residuum in the lower part of the solum. Conestoga and Letort soils contain mica flakes and coarse fragments of micaeous limestone or schist throughout the solum. Grellton soils lack rock fragments within the series control section and contain less sand in much of the argillic horizon. High Gap, Military, Norden, and Whalan soils have a lithic contact at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Kanawha and Martinsville soils contain less coarse fragments in the solum and are formed in sandy or loamy water sorted material. Mifflin, Princeton, and Skelton soils lack coarse fragments in the solum. In addition, Mifflin soils formed in loamy residuum from sandy limestone and Princeton soils formed in stratified, aeolian silt an d fine sand. Nodine soils have a stratified argillic horizon. Rawson soils contain more than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the solum or substratum. Summitville soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the lower part of the Bt horizons. In addition, Summitville soils range from strongly to extremely acid in the upper part of the Bt horizons. Hayter soils are more acid and have lower base saturation. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Richland soils are on colluvial foot slopes, fans, and benches that have a plane or concave surface. They are gently sloping to steep with slope gradients commonly between 8 and 25 percent with a range of 3 to 40 percent. The soils formed in loamy materials weathered from fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, and shale with minor amounts of limestone which has been mixed by down-slope movement. Mean annual temperature ranges from 46 to 55 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation ranges from 39 to 43 inches. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Culleoka, Dekalb, Elba, Lowell, Westmore, and Westmoreland soils. Culleoka and Dekalb soils are on narrow summits and shoulder slopes where fine-grained sandstone bedrock occurs at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Elba soils are on side slopes and benches formed in clayey residuum from limestone, shale, and siltstone, and have free carbonates at a depth of 10 to 30 inches. Lowell soils are on summits, side slopes, and benches, formed in clayey residuum from interbedded limestone, shale, siltstone, and thin layers of sandstone. Westmore soils are on summits, side slopes, and benches. They formed in a silt mantle 20 to 36 inches and the underlying clayey residuum from limestone, shale, and siltstone. Westmoreland soils are on summits, foot slopes, and benches; and have interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and some shale bedrock at depths of 40 to 70 inches. Westmoreland soils also have lower base saturation. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is medium or rapid. Permeability is moderate.


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USE AND VEGETATION: The smoother stone free areas are cleared and used for growing crops. Mixed hay, corn, and small grain are the principal crops. Other areas are in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation was mainly tulip poplar, beech, maple, hickory, and walnut. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Ohio and possibly Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio; 1978. REMARKS: Classification only was changed in 11/94, competing series and other changes will be made later. The 01/2006 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003). The CEC activity class placement is based on NASIS data elements for twelve Ohio Counties and not on laboratory data. This data also supports Paleudalfs, based on the RV clay values. Class placement may be revised in the future when laboratory data are reviewed or become available. Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other sections on the OSD were not revised. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 8 inches (Ap and BA horizons) Argillic horizon - from a depth of about 8 to 55 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, and Bt4 horizons) ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory base saturation data is available for the typical pedon and for several additional pedons. Laboratory characterization data is on file for BT-3. Previous revision dates: 11/94-TNR, DRM National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

147.0 RICHTER

LOCATION RICHTER MI+WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-MLK 08/2012 RICHTER SERIES The Richter series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in stratified loamy and sandy glaciofluvial deposits on lake plains, outwash plains, and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F).


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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, frigid Argic Endoaquods TYPICAL PEDON: Richter sandy loam, on a north-facing, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 15 cm (6 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [(5 to 8 inches) thick] Bs--15 to 33 cm (6 to 13 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy sand; very weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; many roots; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick] B/E--33 to 41 cm (13 to 16 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy loam (Bt); occupies about 85 percent of the horizon surrounded by or penetrated by tongues of brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand (E); weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky; many roots; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. [5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches) thick] Bt--41 to 66 cm (16 to 26 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) stratified sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loamy sand, and loamy fine sand, and thin layers of silty clay loam and sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky; common fine roots; few faint clay films; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) masses of oxidized iron; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; slightly acid; abrupt boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick] C--66 to 127 cm (26 to 50 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stratified loamy sand, sandy loam and loamy fine sand, and thin layers of sand and silty clay loam; massive; friable; many medium distinct light brown (7.5YR 6/4) and prominent reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron; many medium prominent pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) iron depletions; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Osceola County, Michigan; 1,180 feet north and 250 feet west of center of sec. 3, T. 20 N., R. 7 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 64 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) Series control section: thickness and sequence of layers of sandy loam and loamy sand in the solum and C horizon varies within short horizontal distances; thickness of sand and silty clay loam layer ranges from 13 mm to 8 cm (1/2 to 3 inches) Argillic horizon: 10 to 22 percent clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent throughout A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 20 cm (1 to 8 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam


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Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon, where present, and the E part of the B/E horizon: Thickness: 2.5 to 20 cm (1 to 8 inches) Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 6 or 7 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bs horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt part of the B/E horizon and the Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: stratified with textures of sandy loam to silty clay loam; clay loam and silty clay loam strata are thin Reaction: moderately acid to neutral C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline Texture: stratified sand to silt loam, with thin bands of silty clay loam COMPETING SERIES: These are the Charlevoix and Coral series. Charlevoix and Coral soils do not have stratified textures in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Richter soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Richter soils formed in stratified loamy and sandy glaciofluvial deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 838 mm (27 to 33 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 4.4 to 8.3 degrees C (40 to 47 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Alcona soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Tonkey soils are in a drainage sequence with Richter soils. The Brimley and Gladwin soils are nearby in some areas. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between October and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate.


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USE AND VEGETATION: A large part of this soil is used for forest or permanent pasture. Forested areas are chiefly in swamp oak, alder and willow and shrubs and grasses. Some small areas of this soil are under cultivation to small grain, sugar beets, beans, hay and corn. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 92, 93B, 94A, 94C, 96, and 98 in northern Michigan and northern Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 15 cm (6 inches) (Ap horizon). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 15 to 33 cm (6 to 13 inches) (Bs horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 66 cm (13 to 26 inches) (Bt part of B/E and Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. Sandy substratum phases are recognized. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

148.0 RIDDLES

LOCATION RIDDLES IN+MI OH Established Series Rev. RAB-FF-TRZ 12/2013 RIDDLES SERIES The Riddles series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy and sandy till on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Riddles fine sandy loam, on a convex, 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 275 meters (902 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots throughout; many very fine to medium interstitial and tubular pores; 7 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]


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Bt1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/3) sandy clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots throughout; many fine interstitial and tubular pores; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct brown (10YR 5/3) silt coatings on faces of peds; 8 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--33 to 51 cm (13 to 20 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine and medium roots throughout; many fine interstitial and tubular pores; many faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common faint brown (10YR 5/3) silt coatings on faces of peds; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--51 to 84 cm (20 to 33 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots throughout; many fine interstitial and tubular pores; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; many faint brown (10YR 5/3) silt coatings on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 7 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt4--84 to 117 cm (33 to 46 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots throughout; many fine interstitial and tubular pores; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions in the matrix; 7 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt5--117 to 140 cm (46 to 55 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots throughout; many fine interstitial and tubular pores; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions in the matrix; 7 percent gravel; 1 percent cobbles; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt6--140 to 160 cm (55 to 63 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots throughout; many fine interstitial and tubular pores; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches).] 2Bt and E--160 to 178 cm (63 to 70 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam (2Bt) as lamellae 2 to 3 cm (1 to 1.25 inches) thick with a combined thickness of 10 cm (4 inches); weak thick platy structure; very friable; few very fine roots throughout; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand (2E); weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few very fine roots throughout; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2E and Bt--178 to 198 cm (70 to 78 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand (2E); weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few very fine roots throughout; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand (2Bt) as lamellae 2 to 4 cm (1 to 1.5 inches) thick with a combined thickness of 5 cm (2 inches); weak thick platy structure; very friable; few very fine roots throughout; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.


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2B and BC--198 to 229 cm (78 to 90 inches); 85 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy sand (2B); weak thin platy structure; very friable; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; 15 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sand (2BC); single grain; loose; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt and E, 2E and Bt, or 2B and BC horizon is 10 to 102 cm (4 to 40 inches).] 3C--229 to 254 cm (90 to 100 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak thin platy structure; firm; pockets of sand; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Elkhart County, Indiana; about 1 mile northeast of Southwest, on the south side of Indiana Highway 119; 2,250 feet south and 500 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 26, T. 36 N., R. 5 E.; USGS Foraker, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 32 minutes 39 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 55 minutes 23 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 589824 easting and 4599733 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches) Depth to carbonates: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 20 to 30 percent clay and more than 40 percent sand Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5, 6 or more dry Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E or EB horizon: (where present) Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Bt or BE horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam; the lower part of the Bt horizon may also include fine sandy loam or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral BC horizon: (where present) Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or sandy loam


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Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline C horizon: (where present) Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 7 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline; most pedons contain carbonates 2Bt, 2Bt and E, 2E and Bt, or 2B and BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand, or their gravelly analogues; the sand fraction of individual strata or subhorizons is well graded Rock fragment content: averages less than 15 percent, but individual horizons can range up to 30 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2C horizon: (where present) Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand, or their gravelly analogues; the sand fraction of individual strata or subhorizons is well graded Rock fragment content: averages less than 15 percent, but individual horizons can range up to 34 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline 3C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam, with pockets of sand in some pedons Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 35 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Caprell, Chili, Cliftycreek, Conestoga, Crouse, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Mocksville, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Crouse, and Hickory soils average less than 45 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Belmont, Hollinger, Kidder, LeRoy, Relay, Senachwine, Strawn, and Wawasee soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Belmore, Chili, Kosciusko, and Ockley soils average more than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Caprell soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to carbonates. Cliftycreek, Greybrook, and Wawaka soils average less than 40 percent sand in the particle-size control section. Conestoga soils contain quartzite, chert, and schist rock fragments and mica flakes in the series control section. Gallman, Martinsville, Mocksville, Richardville, and Skelton soils do not have lamellae in the lower part of the argillic horizon. High Gap, Lumberton, Military, Pignut, and Woodbine soils have


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a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Kanawha soils have gravel and channers derived from interbedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone within the series control section GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Riddle soils are on swells and knolls of till plains and on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of dissected till plains and moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Riddles soils formed in loamy and sandy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Barry, Brookston, Crosier, Hillsdale, Metea, Miami, Oshtemo, Rensselaer, and Williamstown soils. The Riddles soils are in a drainage sequence with the moderately well drained Williamstown soils, the somewhat poorly drained Crosier soils, the poorly drained Barry and Brookston soils, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Rensselaer soils on lower landform positions. The well drained Hillsdale, Metea, and Oshtemo soils and the moderately well drained Miami soils are also closely associated on similar landform positions. Hillsdale and Oshtemo soils do not have as much clay in the argillic horizon. Metea soils have 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of sand or loamy sand in the surface layer. Miami soils have carbonates at depths of less than 102 cm (40 inches). DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to high depending on slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cropped to corn, soybeans, and small grain. Most rolling areas are in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 111B, and 111C in northern Indiana, southern Michigan, and northwestern Ohio. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Elkhart County, Indiana, 1971. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 198 cm (8 to 78 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, Bt4, Bt5, Bt6, and the 2Bt part of the 2Bt and E, 2E and Bt horizons). NASIS Data Mapunit ID 125311 represents the typical pedon in complex with Oshtemo. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 125310 represents the 0 to 1 percent slope phase of Riddles in complex with Oshtemo. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401580 represents the 5 to 10 percent slope, eroded phase of Riddles in complex with Oshtemo. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401781 represents the 10 to 18 percent slope, eroded phase of Riddles in complex with Oshtemo. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 155002 represents the 0 to 2 percent slope phase of Riddles. NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401581 represents Riddles in complex with Metea.


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ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S94IN-039-22) from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Additional lab data for other pedons is also available from the NSSL. Transect data (T94IN-039-016) is on file in MLRA project office, Plymouth., Indiana. Transect shows 80 percent Riddles soils and 20 percent Oshtemo soils. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

149.0 RIGLEY

LOCATION RIGLEY KY+OH VA Established Series Rev. JHN-SJH-DBD-ART 04/2001 RIGLEY SERIES The Rigley series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in colluvium mostly of sandstone and siltstone origin on mountain slopes, hills, and fans. Permeability is moderately rapid. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 46 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 57 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults TYPICAL PEDON: Rigley fine sandy loam, on an east facing steep side slope in second growth woods. (Colors are for moist soil.) 0i--0 to 0.5 inches; partially decomposed leaf litter. Ap--0.5 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; 10 percent fragments of sandstone; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick) BA--5 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine roots; 10 percent sandstone rock fragments and a few small pebbles of quartzite; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick) Bt1--9 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky; very friable; common fine roots; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent fragments of sandstone; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick) Bt2--15 to 39 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky; friable; few fine roots; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent fragments of sandstone; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick)


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Bt3--39 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common thin clay films; few fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese concretions; 20 percent fragments of sandstone; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick) C--45 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; common medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese concretions; 25 percent fragments of sandstone; very strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Rowan County, Kentucky, about 10 miles east of Morehead on an east facing side slope along Craney Creek, 1.5 miles north of its confluence with Wagner Fork, 3 miles south of Elliottville. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The depth of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Depth to sandstone, siltstone or shale bedrock ranges from 60 to 100 inches or more. Content of sandstone and siltstone pebbles, cobbles, channers, and stones range from 5 to 35 percent in the solum, and 20 to 70 percent in the C horizon. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, except in the A horizon which ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. The Ap horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. A horizons are 1 to 5 inches thick and have hue of 2.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam or loam in the fine earth fraction. The E horizon, where present, is 3 to 10 inches thick, and has colors similar to the Ap horizon. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam or loam in the fine earth fraction The BA horizon, has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is sandy loam or loam. Some pedons have redoximorphic features that include shades of brown and yellow, and shades of gray in the lower part. Some pedons have 2B horizons below 40 inches formed in residuum from shale with matrix and redoximorphic features with colors in shades of red, brown or gray. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam or clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. Some pedons have a 2C horizon. COMPETING SERIES: The Germano series is currently the only competitor. The Germano soils are formed in residuum and are less than 40 inches to bedrock. The Dunellen, Lansdale, and Philomont series are potential competitors, because a CEC class has yet to be assigned. The Lansdale soils are formed in residuum and are less than 40 inches to bedrock. Dunellen soils have argillic horizons with hue of 2.5YR and stratified layers of sand and gravel below a depth of


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about 40 inches. Philomont soils are formed in residuum from gneiss and granite and occur on ridgetops in the Blue Ridge uplands. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rigley soils formed in colluvium mostly of sandstone and siltstone origin, and a minor component of shale on mountain flanks, mountain bases, back slopes, foot slopes and fans. Slope gradient ranges from 2 to 60 percent. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 42 to 54 inches, and mean annual air temperatures ranges from 48 to 59 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cranston, Dekalb, Gilpin, Lily, Shelocta, and Steinsburg series. The Cranston soils have gravelly silt loam argillic horizons, and base saturation more than 35 percent. Dekalb, Gilpin, Lily and Steinsburg soils have bedrock at less than 40 inches. Shelocta soils have fine-loamy control sections. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Permeability is moderately rapid. Depth to a seasonal high water table is greater than 6 feet. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are wooded, but less steep areas are used for crops and pasture. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest of yellow poplar, upland oaks, hickory, Virginia, white and shortleaf pine as the dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern Kentucky, Southern Ohio and possibly West Virginia. MLRA's 124, 125, 128, and 147. The series is large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Rowan County, Kentucky 1971 REMARKS: These soils were formerly part of the Jefferson series. Three sample sites north of the North Fork of the Kentucky River have mixed mineralogy and less than 18 percent clay.Three sample sites south of the North Fork of the Kentucky River in Kentucky and those in Tenn. are siliceous and have more than 18 percent clay. Diagnostic horizons in the pedon are: Ochric epipedon- from a depth of 0 to 5 inches, (Ap horizon.) Argillic horizon- from a depth of 9 to 45 inches, (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons.) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

150.0 RIMER

LOCATION RIMER OH+IN MI WI Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG-JAG 09/2012


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RIMER SERIES The Rimer series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are deep or moderately deep to dense till. These soils formed in sandy glaciolacustrine deposits and in the underlying till. They are on lake plains, wave-worked till plains, till-floored lake plains, and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Arenic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Rimer loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in a cultivated field at an elevation of 224 meters (735 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; 5 percent intermixing of yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) E1 material; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick] E1--25 to 43 cm (10 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; common medium and coarse faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium and coarse faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. E2--43 to 58 cm (17 to 23 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 33 to 51 cm (13 to 20 inches).] Bt--58 to 71 cm (23 to 28 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam with thin strata of loamy sand and sandy clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [13 to 43 cm (5 to 17 inches) thick] 2Btg--71 to 89 cm (28 to 35 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; common fine and medium faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick]


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2Bt--89 to 102 cm (35 to 40 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of calcium carbonate accumulation on vertical faces of peds; few medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) moderately cemented calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] 2BC--102 to 137 cm (40 to 54 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) coatings on vertical faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of calcium carbonate accumulation on vertical faces of peds; few fine and medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) moderately cemented calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) thick] 2Cd--137 to 203 cm (54 to 80 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; few distinct gray (10YR 6/1) coatings on faces of fractures; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions oriented along fractures; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations oriented along fractures; few fine and medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) moderately cemented calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; about 4.5 miles west of Van Buren, in Portage Township; 1,780 feet north and 1,380 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 2 N., R. 10 E.; USGS North Baltimore, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 09 minutes 29 seconds N., and long. 83 degrees 43 minutes 56 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 63 to 140 cm (25 to 55 inches), and typically extends into the underlying till Combined thickness of the A and E horizons: 51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 63 to 132 cm (25 to 52 inches) Depth to carbonates: 63 to 114 cm (25 to 45 inches) Depth to the lithologic discontinuity with till: 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) Depth to the densic contact: 89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 inches) Rock fragments: of glacial origin; rounded in the A, E, and Bt horizons; angular or subrounded in the 2B and 2C horizons Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loamy fine sand, fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral


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A horizon, where present: Value: 2 or 3 Texture: loamy fine sand, fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Some pedons have an A/E horizon. E horizon, or BE horizon, where present: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loamy fine sand, fine sand, or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2Btg or 2Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 30 to 45 percent, typically averages over 35 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 8 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2BC or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 30 to 45 percent, typically averages over 35 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 8 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Some pedons have 2CBd horizons. 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam


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Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 8 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bixler, Leola, Markton, and Selfridge series. Bixler soils do not have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Leola soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Markton soils have less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Selfridge soils do not have a densic contact in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rimer soils are on convex surfaces on lake plains, wave-worked till plains, till-floored lake plains, and till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients commonly are 1 to 4 percent but range from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in sandy glaciolacustrine deposits and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 182 days. Elevation is 183 to 253 meters (600 to 830 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Tustin soils, moderately well drained Seward soils, and very poorly drained Wauseon soils are in a toposequence with the Rimer soils. Tustin and Seward soils are in higher or more sloping topographic positions. Wauseon soils are on broad, nearly level areas or in depressions. On wave-worked till plains, Ziegenfuss soils are associated with Rimer soils. Ziegenfuss soils are on broad, nearly level areas or in depressions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is very high in the sandy material, moderately low in the lower part of the subsoil, and low in the substratum. Permeability is rapid in the sandy material, slow in the lower part of the subsoil, and slow or very slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Rimer soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and meadow are the principal crops. A small proportion is used for pasture or is in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest with beech, elm, hickory, maple, and oaks as principal species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily in MLRA 99 but also in MLRAs 97, 98, 111B, and 139 in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan. It has been correlated in MLRAs 95A, 95B, 89, and 105 in Wisconsin and MLRA 139 in Pennsylvania. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Putnam County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: The previous Rimer series concept allowed loamy surface phases, a deep (to till) phase, a stratified substratum phase, and fine-textured lacustrine sediments in the 2B and 2C horizons. New series will be established to address these soils during modernization projects in MLRA 99. An evaluation of existing lab data supports the redefinition of clay content in the till. More study is needed to differentiate the Rimer series concept from the Selfridge series.


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Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 58 cm (Ap, E horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 58 to 102 cm (Bt, 2Btg, 2Bt horizons). Densic contact: at 137 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: iron depletions in all horizons below a depth of 58 cm. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data is available from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory for pedons HN-1, PD-43, WD-64, WD-65, and WD-80. This data should be evaluated in the future to determine if it supports the current series concept. Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 130039 in MO 11. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

151.0 ROSELMS

LOCATION ROSELMS OH+MI Established Series Rev. RLC-DRM-JAG 09/2012 ROSELMS SERIES The Roselms series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in clayey lacustrine sediments. These soils are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Roselms silty clay, on a 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 215 meters (705 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) on exterior of peds; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few faint clay depletions on vertical faces of peds; many fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--43 to 63 cm (17 to 25 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) on exterior of peds; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few


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medium dark stains (iron and manganese oxides) on faces of peds; common fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 28 to 63 cm (11 to 25 inches).] Btg--63 to 81 cm (25 to 32 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; very firm; few faint clay films on vertical faces of peds; few distinct white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate coats on faces of peds; few medium dark stains (iron and manganese oxides); common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] Cg--81 to 102 cm (32 to 40 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay; massive with vertical partings; very firm; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) coatings, few fine dark stains (iron and manganese oxides) and common distinct white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate coatings on faces of partings; common fine and medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick] C1--102 to 119 cm (40 to 47 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; massive with vertical partings; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings, common fine dark stains (iron and manganese oxides) and many distinct white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate coatings on faces of partings; many fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. C2--119 to 152 cm (47 to 60 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; massive with vertical partings; very firm; many prominent gray (5Y 5/1) and greenish gray (5G 5/1) coatings on faces of partings; common fine prominent gray (5Y 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few gypsum crystals; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Defiance County, Ohio; about 3.75 miles east of Ney; 240 feet east and 300 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 19, T. 5 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Evansport, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 22 minutes 58.9 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 27 minutes 28.3 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 63 to 140 cm (25 to 55 inches) Depth to carbonates: 46 to 89 cm (18 to 35 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: commonly silty clay loam or silty clay, or less commonly clay, clay loam, loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 1


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Texture: commonly silty clay loam or silty clay, or less commonly clay, clay loam, loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral E or Eg horizon, where present: Thickness: 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: commonly 10YR or 2.5Y, or less commonly 7.5YR in subhorizons of some pedons Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay Clay content: averages 60 to 80 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC horizon. C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay Clay content: 60 to 80 percent Structure: laminated or has thin stratification in some pedons Calcium carbonate equivalent: 14 to 25 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Related soils are the Kingsbury series. Kingsbury soils have endosaturation. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Roselms soils are on slightly elevated areas that have a convex surface or are on gently sloping areas along drainageways. They are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in very fine-textured, calcareous lacustrine material. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 175 to 244 meters (575 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Broughton and Paulding soils in a toposequence with Roselms soils and the Defiance and Wabasha soils. The moderately well drained Broughton soils are on gently sloping to steep dissected areas along drainageways. The very poorly drained Paulding soils are on broad, nearly level areas of the lake plain. Defiance and Wabasha soils are on nearby flood plains.


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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 30 cm (0.5 to 1.0 foot) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is low. Permeability is very slow. USE AND VEGETATION: More than half of the Roselms soils have been cleared for cultivation with soybeans, small grain, some corn, and hay as principal crops. Native vegetation is hardwood forest with white oak, pin oak, and slippery elm as dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan; MLRAs 98 and 99. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 81 cm (Bt, Btg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 23 cm. Additional work is needed to determine if the clay and silty clay surface phases of Roselms should be in the Aeric Vertic subgroup. The previously correlated surface phases of fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam will need studied during update activities. It is likely that they will meet the criteria for an abrupt textural change and be reclassified into the Albaqualfs. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for pedons DF-33 (the typical pedon), DF-25, DF-31, PD-7, PD-9, PD-42, and WL-13. This data should be evaluated in the future to determine if it supports the current series concept. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

152.0 ROUSSEAU

LOCATION ROUSSEAU MI+WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-WEF-LMC 12/2011 ROUSSEAU SERIES The Rousseau series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy eolian deposits on dunes, lake plains, and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F).


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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods TYPICAL PEDON: Rousseau fine sand, on a 6 percent slope in a forested area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) A--0 to 2.5 cm (1 inch); black (N 2.5/) fine sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] E--2.5 to 20 cm (1 to 8 inches); pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) fine sand, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; very weak medium granular structure; very friable; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [5 to 33 cm (2 to 13 inches) thick] Bs1--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) fine sand; very weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches) thick] Bs2--28 to 43 cm (11 to 17 inches); yellowish red (5YR 4/6) fine sand; single grain; loose; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [10 to 41 cm (4 to 16 inches) thick] BC--43 to 64 cm (17 to 25 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sand; single grain loose; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 41 cm (16 inches) thick] C--64 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fine sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Delta County, Michigan; about 2.5 miles northeast of the village of Brampton; 500 feet south and 200 feet east of the center of sec. 14, T. 41 N., R. 22 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: (20 to 45 inches) Series control section: averages 50 percent or more fine sand throughout; horizons with loamy fine sand texture occur only in the upper part of the solum, and the combined thickness of horizons with loamy fine sand texture is less than 38 cm (15 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent gravel throughout the profile A or Ap horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: dominantly fine sand, but includes loamy fine sand Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid, but may range to neutral where cultivated Some pedons have a thin layer of forest litter (Oa, Oe or Oi horizon) with colors and reaction similar to that of the A horizon. E horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: dominantly fine sand, but includes loamy fine sand


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Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid, but may range to neutral where cultivated Bs1 horizon: Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 3 or 4; value and chroma of 3 do not occur together Texture: dominantly fine sand, but includes loamy fine sand Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid Bs2 horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 4 to 8 Texture: dominantly fine sand, but includes loamy fine sand Reaction: extremely acid to slightly acid BC horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 4 to 8 Texture: fine sand Reaction: extremely acid to slightly acid C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: dominantly fine sand but includes medium sand Reaction: extremely acid to neutral COMPETING SERIES: These are the Duel, East Lake, Hartwick, Ishpeming, Karlin, Kiva, Rubicon, Sayner, and Sultz series. Duel and Ishpeming soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). East Lake, Kiva, and Sayner soils have more than 2 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Hartwick soils average more than 10 percent rock fragments in the upper part of the series control section. Karlin soils do not have dominant texture of fine sand throughout the series control section. Rubicon soils average less than 50 percent fine sand throughout the series control section. Sultz soils are stratified with loamy and sandy textures in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rousseau soils are on old lake border dunes, lake plains and outwash plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Rousseau soils formed in sandy eolian deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 864 mm (27 to 34 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.0 to 8.3 degrees C (41 to 47 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat excessively drained Kalkaska and Karlin soils; the excessively drained Vilas and Rubicon soils; and the Bohemian and Keweenaw soils on similar landscape positions. The moderately well drained Neconish soils and the somewhat poorly drained Wainola soils are in slightly lower landscape positions, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Deford soils are in depressions and drainageways. The Neconish, Wainola and Deford soils form a drainage sequence with the Rousseau soils.


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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low depending on the slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Only a small acreage has been cleared and is used for hay or pasture. Most areas are in second growth timber or brush. Native vegetation includes sugar maple, red maple, balsam fir, white birch, quaking aspen and American beech. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, 95A, and 98 in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and northeastern Wisconsin. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Montcalm County, Michigan, 1956. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (A and E horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 2.5 to 20 cm (1 to 8 inches) (E horizon). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 43 cm (8 to 17 inches) (Bs1 and Bs2 horizons). The moderately well drained phase is no longer within the series concept and has been replaced by the Neconish series. The dark subsoil phase of this soil is no longer within the concept of the series and has been replaced by the Liminga series. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

153.0 SEBEWA

LOCATION SEBEWA MI+IN WI Established Series Rev. WEB-WEF-RAB 06/2011 SEBEWA SERIES The Sebewa series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in loamy outwash and the underlying gravelly and sandy outwash on outwash plains, valley trains, and stream terraces on terrace landscapes. They are moderately deep to the gravelly and sandy outwash. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls


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TYPICAL PEDON: Sebewa loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 261 meters (855 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 28 cm (11 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches) thick] Bg--28 to 36 cm (11 to 14 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) root channel fillings; few fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] Btg1--36 to 48 cm (14 to 19 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few medium prominent olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Btg2--48 to 79 cm (19 to 31 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Btg3--79 to 91 cm (31 to 36 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; very few faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 15 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 20 to 74 cm (8 to 29 inches).] 2Cg--91 to 203 cm (36 to 80 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) gravelly sand; single grain; loose; about 15 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Eaton County, Michigan; about 3 miles east of Charlotte; 100 feet south and 700 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 2 N., R. 5 W.; USGS Chester topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 34 minutes 56.56 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 53 minutes 51.48 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 672150 easting and 4731393 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 46 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches) A or Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture; loam, mucky loam, fine sandy loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons do not have a Bg horizon.


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Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam Rock fragment content: 3 to 25 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2Cg or 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: gravelly sand, very gravelly sand, loamy sand, sand, stratified sand and gravel, gravelly coarse sand, very gravelly coarse sand, or coarse sand Rock fragment content: 10 to 60 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline Clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay lacustrine material is below 102 cm (40 inches) in some pedons. COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Mussey series is in a similar family. Mussey soils have a semiactive cation exchange activity class and are less than 51 cm (20 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Sebewa soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, and stream terraces on terrace landscapes. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Sebewa soils formed in loamy outwash and the underlying gravelly and sandy outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 11.1 degrees C (47 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Brady, Fox, Ionia, Kane, Matherton, and Oshtemo soils. The well drained Fox, the moderately well drained Ionia, and the somewhat poorly drained Matherton soils are in a drainage sequence with Sebewa soils in forested areas. The somewhat poorly drained Kane soils are also in a drainage sequence with Sebewa soils in areas of grassland. The well drained Boyer and Oshtemo soils and the somewhat poorly drained Brady soils are associated coarser-textured soils on outwash plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. Depth to a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface from September to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the loamy materials and high or very high in the underlying gravelly and sandy materials. Permeability is moderate in the loamy materials and rapid or very rapid in the underlying gravelly and sandy materials. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grains, beans, and hay are the principal crops. A small part is in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is hardwood forest of American elm, white ash, red maple, swamp white oak, and hickory.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 110, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin, and northern Indiana. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, l957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon from a depth of 36 to 91 cm (14 to 36 inches) (Btg1, Btg2 and Btg3 horizons). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features immediately below the mollic epipedon and in all underlying horizons. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

154.0 SEBRING

LOCATION SEBRING OH+PA Established Series Rev. AR-DRM-JRS 02/2012 SEBRING SERIES The Sebring series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine sediments on lake plains and slackwater terraces. Permeability is moderately slow in the subsoil and moderate or moderately slow in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Sebring silt loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 1,180 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation lining root channels; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.) BEg -- 9 to 16 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many faint gray (10YR 6/1) clay depletions on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches thick.) Btg1 -- 16 to 25 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; few faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds;


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many faint gray (10YR 5/1) silt coats on faces of peds; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Btg2 -- 25 to 34 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; many faint gray (10YR 5/1) silt coats on faces of peds; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 18 to 35 inches.) BCt -- 34 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam, with a few thin strata of silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; firm; very few prominent thick gray (N 5/0) clay films on vertical faces of peds; many prominent gray (N 5/0) silt coats on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 21 inches thick.) C -- 50 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam, with thin strata of silty clay loam; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) mottles; massive; friable; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Portage County, Ohio; about 3.3 miles north of Ravenna, in Shalersville Township, 4,400 feet south of Webb Road (County Road 204) and 100 feet west of State Route 44; T. 4 N., R. 8 W; USGS Ravenna, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 12 minutes, 38 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 14 minutes, 39 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 55 inches. The particle size control section averages 22 to 35 percent clay. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. Some pedons have thin A horizons that have value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Rock fragments are absent. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse, granular or subangular blocky. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid. Areas that have been limed range to neutral. The E horizon, if present, is 3 to 10 inches thick. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. In cultivated areas the E horizon is mixed in with the Ap in most pedons. Some cultivated areas have an E horizon up to 6 inches thick. The BEg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Rock fragments range from 0 to 3 percent. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium, subangular or angular blocky. Reaction is moderately acid to very strongly acid. Some pedons have E/B or B/E horizons. Some pedons do not have a BE horizon. The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2. Some pedons have a Bt horizon below a depth of 30 inches that has chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is commonly silty clay loam or silt loam, and less commonly has thin strata of loam or clay loam less than 3 inches thick. Rock fragments range from 0 to 3 percent. Structure is weak to strong, fine to coarse, subangular blocky, angular blocky, prismatic or platy. Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part and strongly acid to slightly acid in the lower part. The BC, BCt, or BCg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture is commonly silty clay loam or silt loam, and less commonly has thin strata of loam or clay loam


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less than 3 inches thick. Rock fragments range from 0 to 3 percent. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse, subangular blocky, angular blocky, prismatic or platy. Reaction is strongly acid to neutral. The C or Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 6. Hues of 5GY and 5BG are in some pedons. Texture is stratified or laminated and commonly is silt loam or silty clay loam, and less commonly thin strata of silty clay, clay loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or very fine sand. Rock fragments range from 0 to 10 percent. Reaction is slightly acid to moderately alkaline and has carbonates in some pedons with a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 10 percent. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Moniteau and Racoon series. Moniteau soils formed in alluvium and lack a degraded BE horizon. Racoon soils have mean annual temperatures ranging from 53 to 57 degrees F. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Sebring soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine sediments and are on broad flats and depressions on lake plains and slackwater terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 43 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 47 to 52 degrees F. The frost free period is 133 to 198 days, and elevation ranges from 720 to 1,200 feet above msl. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Canadice, Caneadea, Damascus, Darien, Fitchville, Glenford, Jimtown, Luray, Mahoning, Mentor, Ravenna and Wadsworth soils. The well drained Mentor soils, moderately well drained Glenford soils, somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils and very poorly drained Luray soils are in a toposequence with Sebring soils. The fine textured Canadice and Caneadea soils are on similar landscape positions. The Damascus and Jimtown soils formed in outwash on nearby outwash plains. The Darien, Mahoning, Ravenna and Wadsworth soils formed in till on nearby till plains. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Frequent brief ponding occurs during periods of heavy rainfall and during spring snowmelt. Permeability is moderately slow in the subsoil and moderate or moderately slow in the substratum. Depth to the top of an intermittent apparent seasonal high water table ranges from +0.5 to 0.5 foot from November to June in normal years. USE AND VEGETATION: Slightly more than half of this soil has been cleared, but because of wetness, most areas are used for pasture. Some areas are cultivated, with corn, oats and mixed hay being the main crops. Pin oak and swamp white oak are the dominant tree species in wooded areas. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and central Ohio. MLRAs 111, 114, 124, and 139. Sebring soils are of moderate extent, about 100,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Knox County, Ohio, 1936. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of 16 inches (Ap and BEg horizons). Argillic horizon - from a depth of 16 to 34 inches (Btg1 and Btg2 horizons). Aquic conditions - from the surface to a depth of 60 inches. Udic moisture regime.


478 January 2015

This revision reflects a change in taxonomic classification, adding the superactive cation-exchange activity class, due to updates contained in the 8th Edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Competing series may change as similar soils are reclassified. A till substratum phase and a sandstone bedrock substratum phase correlated in earlier surveys will not meet current criteria for substratum phases, and will be evaluated for correlating as new series in future MLRA updates. A dark surface variant has been correlated and also will be evaluated for correlating as a new series in future MLRA updates. It is anticipated that soils correlated as Sebring series in areas outside of MLRA's 100 and 139 will be evaluated for correlating as new series in future MLRA updates. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

155.0 SEES

LOCATION SEES KY+OH TN WV Established Series Rev. SJB 05/2008 SEES SERIES The Sees series consists of deep and very deep, moderately well drained soils on foot slopes and benches. Theyformed in weathered colluvial material. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. Near the type location the average annual air temperature is 55 degrees F. and the average annual precipitation is 56 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Sees silty clay loam--cultivated.(Colors are for moist soils.) Ap--0 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (6 to 15 inches thick) Bt1--15 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, common fine roots; many faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (14 to 30 inches thick) Bt2--30 to 40 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; 5 percent dolomite fragments and gravel; many distinct clay films on the faces of peds; many medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; many fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 20 inches thick)


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C--40 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay; massive; very firm, common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; 10 percent rounded pebbles and dolomite fragments; moderately acid. (0 to 40 inches thick) TYPE LOCATION: Lewis County, Kentucky; about 2.8 miles southwest of Charters, 1.1 miles north of the old Haselton School, 1,280 feet west of Big Branch, and 100 feet north of a dirt road in Killfillian Hollow. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to limestone, siltstone, or shale bedrock is 40 to more than 100 inches. Thickness of the solum is 30 to 60 inches. Limestone fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in the solum, and 0 to 35 percent in the C horizons. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to moderately alkaline. Some pedons have free lime in the solum or in the C horizon. The A and Ap horizons have hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 3, and chroma of 3 or less. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Bt1 horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Redoximorphic features range from few to many in shades of brown and gray. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, and clay. The Bt2 horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Redoximorphic features range from common to many in shades of brown and gray. Texture is silty clay or clay. The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Many pedons are a mottled pattern in shades of olive, gray, and brown without a dominant matrix color. Texture is silty clay or clay. COMPETING SERIES: Manawa series is the only member of this family. In closely related families are Ashton, Brooke, Licking,and Woolper series. Manawa soils have 2B horizons that have hues of 5YR or 2.5R. Ashton soils have a fine-silty textural control section and lack gray mottles in the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon. Brooke soils lack grayish mottles in the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon and have bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. Licking soils lack the 6 to 10 inch dark colored A horizon. Woolper soils have a mollic epipedon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Sees soils are on foot slopes and benches with slopes ranging from 0 to 35 percent. These soils developed in colluvial material weathered from limestones, calcareous shales, and siltstones. Near the type location the average annual precipitation is 56 inches, and the average annual air temperature is 55 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are Brashear, Fairmount, and Otway series and the competing Woolper series. Brashear soils lack the dark colored A horizon and grayish mottles in the upper part of the solum. Fairmount soils are 10 to 20 inches to bedrock and lack argillic horizons and grayish mottles in the B horizon. Otway soils are 20 to 40 inches to bedrock and have a mollic epipedon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Runoff is medium to high. Permeability is slow or very slow.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in pasture, hay, corn, small grains, and burley tobacco. Native forests have oak, black walnut, yellow-poplar, shagbark hickory, elm, hackberry, locust, and red cedar as common species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Bluegrass region of Kentucky,southern Ohio, West Virginia, and possibly Tennessee. Extent is small. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bath County, Kentucky, 1960. REMARKS: The Official Series Location was moved to Lewis County, Kentucky during the MLRA-121 update. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon - 0 to 15 inches (Ap). Argillic horizon - 15 to 40 inches (Bt). Redoximorphic features: 15 to 62 inches (Bt and C horizons) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

156.0 SELFRIDGE

LOCATION SELFRIDGE MI+IN Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF-DAG 08/2012 SELFRIDGE SERIES The Selfridge series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy material and the underlying loamy till on moraines, near-shore zones (relict), lake plains, and low sand dunes. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Arenic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Selfridge sand, on a convex, 1 percent slope in a residential area at an elevation of 187 meters (612 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) thick]


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E--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single grain; loose; few roots; discontinuous streaks of strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sand; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] Bw--38 to 64 cm (15 to 25 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; single grain; loose; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common fine prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] 2Bt1--64 to 74 cm (25 to 29 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; clay bridging between sand grains; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) thick] 2Bt2--74 to 81 cm (29 to 32 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay loam; weak fine angular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; many fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many fine prominent greenish gray (5GY 6/1) iron depletions; 1 percent fine gravel; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] 2Cg1--81 to 152 cm (32 to 60 inches); reddish gray (5YR 5/2) clay loam; massive; firm; many gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate nodules; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine prominent greenish gray (5GY 6/1) iron depletions throughout; 1 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2Cg2--152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches); reddish gray (5YR 5/2) clay loam; massive; firm; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine prominent greenish gray (5GY 6/1) iron depletions; 1 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Monroe County, Michigan; about 5.5 miles southeast of Scofield; 1,970 feet west and 1,280 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 6 S., R. 9 E.; USGS Monroe topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 58 minutes 28.07 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 24 minutes 17.43 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 17, 300756 easting and 4649742 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) Thickness of the sandy material: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 to 4 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR


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Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bw horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 8 Texture: sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2Bt1 or 2Btg1 horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or silt loam Clay content: less than 35 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline 2Bt2 or 2Btg2 horizon: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Clay content: less than 35 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline 2Cg or 2C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: clay loam, loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: less than 35 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bixler, Leola, Markton, and Rimer series. Bixler soils have an E horizon that is more than 38 cm (15 inches) thick. Leola soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Markton soils average less than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Rimer soils have 2B horizons that average more than 35 percent clay. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Selfridge soils are on moraines, near-shore zones (relict), lake plains, and low sand dunes of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Selfridge soils formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of sandy material and the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 814 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 11.1 degrees C (47 to 52


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degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 182 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Brookston, Conover, Crosier, Del Rey, Fulton, Lenawee, Oakville, Pewamo, Spinks, and Toledo soils. The somewhat poorly drained Blount, Conover, Crosier, Del Rey, and Fulton soils are on similar landform positions and do not have sandy materials in the upper part of the series control section. The poorly drained Brookston and Lenawee soils and the very poorly drained Pewamo and Toledo soils are in depressions. The excessively drained Oakville soils and the well drained Spinks are on higher rises and dunes and have sandy materials throughout the series control section. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) for some time in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is very low or negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high in the sandy material and moderately high or moderately low in the underlying loamy till. Permeability is rapid in the sandy material and moderately slow or slow in the underlying loamy till. USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for cropland and pasture. Vegetables, corn, small grains, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods, with beech, American elm, northern red oak, and maple the principal species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA's 97, 98 99, and 111C in southern Michigan and northern Indiana. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Macomb County, Michigan, 1970. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 64 cm (25 inches) (Ap, E, and Bw horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 64 to 81 cm (25 to 32 inches) (2Bt horizon). A dense substratum phase is currently recognized in MLRA 99. Future evaluation is needed to verify the presence of densic material in other MLRAs where this series occurs. ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

157.0 SENSABAUGH

LOCATION SENSABAUGH TN+KY MO WV Established Series Rev. JAE-RPS 04/2001


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SENSABAUGH SERIES The Sensabaugh series consists of deep, well drained, loamy soils that formed in alluvium or colluvium along small streams and drainageways and on footslopes and alluvial fans. These soils have moderate or moderately rapid permeability. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Sensabaugh gravelly loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 9 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) gravelly loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many roots; about 20 percent by volume of fragments of shale and reddish and brownish sandstone ranging from less than one inch to four inches across; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick) Bw1--9 to 20 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; about 25 percent by volume of greenish and brownish fragments of shale and sandstone ranging from less than one inch to about 4 inches across; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. (7 to 15 inches thick) Bw2--20 to 36 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; about 30 percent by volume of shale and sandstone fragments up to 4 inches across; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. (6 to 25 inches thick) Ab--36 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; about 20 percent by volume of fragments of shale and sandstone 1 to 4 inches across; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick) C--42 to 62 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; massive in some parts, friable; few fine roots; about 30 percent by volume of fragments of shale and sandstone most of which are 1 to 4 inches in size; medium acid. TYPE LOCATION: Hawkins County, Tennessee; 4.5 miles east of Mooresburg; 1 mile west from intersection of Bingham Road and Lee Valley Road; 75 feet north of Bingham Road. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of solum ranges from 24 to 55 inches. The soil ranges from medium acid to mildly alkaline throughout. Amount of weatherable minerals, chiefly feldspar, mica, chlorite, and sericite, in the sand and silt fractions exceeds 10 percent and ranges to as much as 85 percent. Coarse fragments are shale, limestone, siltstone, chert, sandstone, phyllite and slate dominantly 1 to 4 inches in size but ranging from less than 1 inch to as much as 5 inches along the longer axis. Amount of fragments ranges from a few to 25 percent in the A horizon, from about 15 to 40 percent in subhorizons of the B horizon, and from 15 to 70 percent in the C horizon. The control section averages between l5 and 35 percent by volume. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR or 5YR; value of 4 and chroma of 2 to 4 or some pedons have a horizon less than 10 inches with value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3. The fine earth fraction of the A horizon is loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam.


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The B and C horizons have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 to 6 or hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4 and chroma of 3 or 4. Below a depth of about 24 inches, mottles in shades of gray, brown, and yellow range from none to common. The fine earth fraction of these horizons is loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam. Fine sandy loam texture is common in the C horizon but rare in the B horizon. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chargin soils in the same family. Closely similar soils are the Bermudian, Clifty, Ennis, Greendale, Moshannon, Riverview, Skidmore, and Starr series. Bermudian soils range to very strongly acid, and have less than 60 percent base saturation. Chagrin and Moshannon soils have 0 to 15 percent coarse fragments in the control section. Clifty soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid. Ennis and Greendale soils have siliceous mineralogy, have fragments of chert, and are more acid. Riverview and Starr soils are warmer, having temperatures more than 59 degrees F, and in addition, Riverview soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid and lack coarse fragments. Skidmore soils have more than 35 percent by volume of coarse fragments in the control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Sensabaugh soils are in narrow tracts along intermittent drainageways and small streams and on local alluvial fans at the mouth of hollows. Slopes range have from 0 to 10 percent slopes. The soil formed in loamy local alluvium washed from soils underlain by shales, sandstone, and limestone. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is about 57 degrees F, and mean annual rainfall is 43 inches. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Moshannon series and the Calvin, Dunmore, Gilpin, Garmon, Hackers, Jefferson, Lehew, Nolin, Senecaville, Shouns, Teas, Upshur, and Vandalia series. Dunmore, Gilpin, Hackers, Jefferson, Shouns, Upshur, and Vandalia soils have argillic horizons. Calvin, Garmon, Lehew, and Teas soils are less than 40 inches to rock, and Nolin and Senecaville soils lack coarse fragments. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; moderate and moderately rapid permeability; slow and medium runoff. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for growing corn, tobacco, vegetable crops, hay crops, and pasture. The native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The great Appalachian Valley and Ridge province in Tennessee, mainly in the Allegheny Plateau area of West Virginia and possibly in Kentucky and Virginia. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hawkins County, Tennessee, 1974. REMARKS: In Tennessee, these soils were previously mapped in the Barbourville series. Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 9 inches (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon - the zone from 9 to 36 inches (Bw1, Bw2 horizons).


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158.0 SEWARD

LOCATION SEWARD OH+IN MI WI Established Series Rev. DRM-RAR 09/2012 SEWARD SERIES The Seward series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. These soils formed in 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) of sandy glaciolacustrine sediments or eolian material and the underlying till. They are on beach ridges and dunes on lake plains and till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope is typically 0 to 6 percent, but ranges to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Arenic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Seward loamy fine sand, on a convex, 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 226 meters (740 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick] E1--25 to 53 cm (10 to 21 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; common fine roots; few fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix in lower part of the horizon; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. E2--53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; many fine distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; many fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few prominent black (5YR 2.5/1) iron and manganese oxide stains on faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 20 to 66 cm (8 to 26 inches).] Bt1--66 to 86 cm (26 to 34 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; many medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick]


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2Bt2--86 to 102 cm (34 to 40 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds; many fine prominent gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick] 2Cd--102 to 203 cm (40 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay; massive with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; many prominent gray (5Y 5/1) and greenish gray (5GY 6/1) coatings; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) calcium carbonate coatings on faces of vertical fractures; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Henry County, Ohio; approximately 1 mile southwest of Ridgeville Corners, in Ridgeville Township; about 1,200 feet west and 300 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 5 E.; USGS Ridgeville Corners, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 25 minutes 42 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 16 minutes 17 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Combined thickness of the A and E horizons: 51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 inches) Thickness of the solum: 89 to 127 cm (35 to 50 inches) and typically extends into the till Depth to till: 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) Depth to densic contact: 89 to 127 cm (35 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: 86 to 122 cm (34 to 48 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 to 5 (6 or more dry); 2 or 3 in thin A horizons, where present Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: loamy fine sand, fine sand, or loamy sand Clay content: less than 10 percent Sand content: more than 80 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: loamy fine sand, fine sand, or loamy sand Clay content: less than 10 percent Sand content: more than 80 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Some pedons have a BA or BE horizon. Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR


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Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: fine sandy loam or sandy loam, with sandy clay loam in subhorizons less than 8 cm (3 inches) thick in some pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral 2Bt or 2Btg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 45 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 8 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2BC or 2BCg horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 8 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 8 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: This is the Moon series. Moon soils do not have a densic contact within a depth of 127 cm (50 inches). Other soils in similar families include the Galen, Metea, Ormas, and Prissel series. Galen and Prissel soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 122 cm (48 inches). Metea soils have less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Ormas soils have more than 8 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Galen series classifies as coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs. Metea, Ormas, and Prissel series classify as loamy, mixed, active, mesic Arenic Hapludalfs. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Seward soils are on beach ridges and dunes on lake plains and till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope gradient is typically 0 to 6 percent, but ranges to 18 percent. They formed in sandy glaciolacustrine sediments or eolian material and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 198 to 305 meters (650 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level.


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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Rimer soils and the very poorly drained Wauseon soils that form a toposequence with the Seward soils, and the Hoytville, Latty, Ottokee, Spinks, and Tedrow soils. The Rimer soils are on less sloping or slightly lower areas, and the Wauseon soils are in depressions, drainageways, and on flats. The very poorly drained, fine-textured Hoytville and Latty soils are on nearby flats and depressions. The somewhat poorly drained Tedrow, the moderately well drained Ottokee, and the well drained Spinks soils are on nearby dunes and ridges that have sandy sediments more than 152 cm (5 feet) thick. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 46 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to high, depending on slope gradient and thickness of the sandy materials. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is very high in the upper part of the solum, moderately low in the lower part of the solum, and low in the substratum. Permeability is rapid in the upper part of the solum, slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. A relatively small proportion is in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest, primarily oak, hickory, maple, and beech. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily in MLRAs 99 and 111B in northwestern Ohio , southeastern Michigan, and northern Indiana; and to lesser extents in MLRA 139 in northeastern Ohio, MLRAs 97 and 98 in southern Michigan, and MLRA 95B in southern Wisconsin. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 66 cm (Ap, E horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 66 to 102 cm (Bt, 2Bt horizons). Densic contact: at 102 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: low chroma iron depletions in horizons below a depth of 86 cm. The 06/2002 revision limits the underlying material to till. The previous series concept allowed both till and lacustrine sediments in excess of 35 percent clay. Areas underlain with lacustrine sediments will be correlated as a new series during MLRA update activities. Additional field investigation is needed to collect characterization and supporting data to better define the series concept. Updates to the pedon description were based on documented field observations. Further evaluation and collection of bulk density data is needed to better define the series concept. A stratified substratum phase and a deep to till phase have been recognized. These phases will be recorrelated to new series when their areas of use are updated. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for pedon FT-13; from the Purdue University Soil


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Characterization Laboratory for pedon S74IN91-6; and from the National Soil Survey Laboratory for pedon S83IN-183-004. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

159.0 SHAWTOWN

LOCATION SHAWTOWN OH Established Series Rev. KEM-RMG-RAR 09/2012 SHAWTOWN SERIES The Shawtown series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in stratified glaciolacustrine or water-sorted sediments 127 to 178 cm (50 to 70 inches) thick overlying dense till. They are on beach ridges and longshore bars on lake plains and outwash plains, and in outwash areas on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Shawtown loam, on a 4 percent backslope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 230 meters (755 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick] Bt1--23 to 53 cm (9 to 21 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--53 to 84 cm (21 to 33 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam with strata of clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--84 to 122 cm (33 to 48 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and common medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions in the matrix; 20 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt4--122 to 140 cm (48 to 55 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam with strata of gravelly sandy loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds and as bridging between sand grains; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)


491 January 2015

masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 20 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent discontinuously in the lower part; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 61 to 122 cm (24 to 48 inches).] Cg--140 to 160 cm (55 to 63 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loamy coarse sand with strata of loamy sand; single grain; loose; few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. [8 to 51 cm (3 to 20 inches) thick] 2Cd--160 to 203 cm (63 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; common fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions oriented along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; approximately 1 mile west of McComb, in Pleasant Township; about 2,280 feet east and 280 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T 2. N., R. 9 E.; USGS McComb, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 06 minutes 32 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 48 minutes 53 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 inches) Thickness of the solum: 89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 inches) Depth to the densic contact: 127 to 178 cm (50 to 70 inches) Depth to carbonates: 89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 35 percent clay and 25 to 60 percent sand Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 3 or 4 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, coarse sandy loam, or sandy loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Clay content: averages less than 27 percent, with individual subhorizons ranging from 15 to 30 percent Rock fragment content: 5 to 25 percent Reaction: typically strongly acid to neutral, but may be slightly alkaline in the lower part Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sandy loam, or sandy loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; some pedons have thin strata of fine sandy loam, sand, or silt loam


492 January 2015

Clay content: 3 to 15 percent Sand content: averages 65 to 85 percent, with individual subhorizons ranging from 35 to 95 percent Rock fragment content: 5 to 45 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline 2Cd or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 23 to 40 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Adamstown, Beech, Blakeslee, Cazenovia, El Dara, Funkstown, Hilton, Kidami, Lima, Miami, Mt. Zion, Pevely, Rainsville, Rawson, Richland, Summitville, and Vaughnsville series. Adamstown, Beech, and Mt. Zion soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Blakeslee, El Dara, Funkstown, and Richland soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Cazenovia and Hilton soils have a B/E horizon in the upper part of the series control section. Kidami soils have hue redder than 10YR in the lower part of the series control section. Lima soils are less than 89 cm (35 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Miami soils average more than 27 percent clay in the argillic horizon. Pevely soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Rainsville soils have less than 5 percent rock fragments in the upper part of the argillic horizon. Rawson soils average more than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the solum. Summitville soils have at least one subhorizon in the argillic horizon that has hue redder than 7.5YR. Vaughnsville soils have hue redder than 10YR in the surface layer. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Shawtown soils are on beach ridges and longshore bars on lake plains and outwash plains, and in outwash areas on till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Shawtown soils formed in stratified glaciolacustrine or water-sorted sediments 127 to 178 cm (50 to 70 inches) thick overlying dense till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 305 meters (600 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Oshtemo, moderately well drained Cygnet, and somewhat poorly drained Aurand soils on beach ridges and longshore bars on lake plains. Also, the moderately well drained Thackery, somewhat poorly drained Lamberjack, and very poorly drained Alvada soils on outwash plains and in outwash areas on till plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 61 to 107 cm (2 to 3.5 feet) between December and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the loamy solum, very high in the sandy and gravelly substratum, and low in the underlying till substratum. Permeability is moderate in the loamy solum, rapid in the sandy and gravelly substratum, and slow or very slow in the underlying till substratum.


493 January 2015

USE AND VEGETATION: A large portion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. A relatively small proportion is in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, primarily ash, beech, elm, and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and west central Ohio; MLRAs 99 and 111B. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hancock County, Ohio, 1997. REMARKS: Shawtown soils are currently being converted from Belmore and Haney soils during modernization projects. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 140 cm (Bt horizon). Densic contact: at 160 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: iron depletions in all horizons below a depth of 84 cm. Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon. Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 130043. ADDITIONAL DATA: Supporting laboratory characterization data is available for pedon AL-126 from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

160.0 SHINROCK

LOCATION SHINROCK OH Established Series Rev. DRM-JAG-RAR 04/2007 SHINROCK SERIES The Shinrock series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on lake plains. They formed in silty and clayey glaciolacustrine sediments. Slope ranges from 0 to 20 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Shinrock silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, at an elevation of 273 meters (895 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


494 January 2015

Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and very fine roots; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) coatings on faces of peds; few medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--30 to 63 cm (12 to 25 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; moderate medium and coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine prominent black (N 2.5/) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt3--63 to 94 cm (25 to 37 inches); olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silty clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; common prominent gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine prominent black (N 2.5/) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 89 cm (10 to 35 inches).] C--94 to 152 cm (37 to 60 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; firm; common distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) coatings on vertical faces of fractures; common medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2) calcium carbonate nodules in the matrix; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Marion County, Ohio; about 1.7 miles northwest of Morral, in Salt Rock Township; 1240 feet east and 2150 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 4 S., R. 14 E.; USGS Morral, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 41 minutes 47 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 14 minutes 31 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches) Thickness of the solum: 51 to 140 cm (20 to 55 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay Rock fragment content: typically absent Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam and includes silty clay loam in some eroded pedons


495 January 2015

Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silt loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Some pedons have a BA, BE, B/E, or E horizon. Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC horizon. C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: variable but mainly is silty clay loam or silt loam with thin strata of silty clay, silt, fine sandy loam, or very fine sand Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Cardington, Ellsworth, Geeburg, Glynwood, Mortimer, Pert, and Wyatt series. Cardington and Ellsworth soils have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Geeburg and Wyatt soils have dominant textures with more than 40 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Glynwood and Mortimer soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Pert soils formed in till and are not stratified in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Shinrock soils are on lake plains of late Wisconsin age that have been dissected by modern stream valleys. Slope gradient typically is 2 to 10 percent but ranges from 0 to 20 percent. The soils formed in silty and clayey glaciolacustrine sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 305 meters (600 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Del Rey, Kibbie, Lenawee, Milford, and Saylesville soils. Kibbie soils are in areas of the lake plain that contain more sand and less clay. Del Rey, Lenawee, Milford, and Saylesville soils are in a toposequence with Shinrock soils. Del Rey soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on lower, nearly level areas or on slopes along drainageways. Lenawee and Milford soils are poorly drained or very poorly drained and are in depressions or on broad, flat areas of the lake plain. Saylesville soils are well drained and are on higher topographic positions or on steeper slopes along drainageways.


496 January 2015

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between December and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow in the solum and moderate or moderately slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grain, and vegetables are the principal crops. Steeper areas are in pasture or in woodland, dominantly of hickory and oak. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central, western, and northern Ohio; MLRAs 99, 111A, 111B, 111E, 124 and 139. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Erie County, Ohio, 1967. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 94 cm (Bt horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features in horizons between the depths of 30 and 94 cm. A till substratum phase with till below 152 cm (60 inches) is recognized. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

161.0 SHOALS

LOCATION SHOALS IN+IL+MI+OH Established Series Rev. TRZ-MLW-TJE 09/2014 SHOALS SERIES The Shoals series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in alluvium on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Fluventic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Shoals loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 284 meters (930 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


497 January 2015

Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] AB--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick] Bw--33 to 51 cm (13 to 20 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bg--51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bw and Bg horizons is 36 to 127 cm (14 to 50 inches).] Cg1--76 to 109 cm (30 to 43 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; massive; friable; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Cg2--109 to 124 cm (43 to 49 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) stratified loam, fine sandy loam, and loamy sand; massive; friable; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Cg3--124 to 152 cm (49 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) stratified silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, and loamy sand; massive; friable; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Henry County, Indiana; about 1 1/4 mile south of Greensboro; 1,320 feet west and 660 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 12, T. 16 N., R. 9 E.; USGS Dunreith, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 51 minutes 33 seconds N. and 85 degrees 28 minutes 15 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 630802 easting and 4413251 northing, NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 34 percent clay Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5; 3 is allowed in thin A horizons Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent


498 January 2015

Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline AB, Bw, or Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loam or silt loam, or less commonly fine sandy loam, sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline but may be slightly acid in the upper subhorizons of some pedons Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: commonly stratified and includes clay loam, loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, with thin strata of loamy sand or sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. Soils in similar families are the Bowmansville, Orrville, and Washtenaw series. Bowmansville, and Orrville soils have an active cation-exchange activity class. Bowmansville soils have hue redder than 10YR in the upper part of the series control section. Orrville soils are more acid than neutral in the middle part of the series control section. Washtenaw soils are Aeric Fluvaquents and have a buried soil within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Shoals soils are on flood plains receiving sediments from areas influenced by Wisconsinan or Illinoian glaciation. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in loamy alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1168 mm (32 to 46 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8 to 13 degrees C (47 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 210 days. Elevation is 104 to 305 meters (340 to 1,000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Eel, Genesee, Gessie, and Sloan soils. The moderately well drained Eel soils and the well drained Genesee and Gessie soils are on higher flood-plain steps. The very poorly drained Sloan soils are in depressions and on lower flood-plain steps. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2.0 feet) during the winter and spring in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. These soils are subject to rare to frequent flooding. USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used to grow corn and soybeans. Some areas are used for forest or pasture. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 111A, 111B, 111C, 111D, 111E, 113, 114A, 114B, and 115A in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of large extent.


499 January 2015

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Martin County, Indiana, 1936. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 76 cm (AB, Bw, and Bg horizons). Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 20 cm. This pedon has an irregular decrease in organic carbon. Sandy substratum, gravelly substratum, and till substratum phases are recognized, and may become new series when subsets soil surveys with these phases are updated. 09/2014 Revision: removed subgroup description in RIC since colors are required for taxonomic classification; changed pscs range to include 34 percent clay; slightly acid reation added to range in upper part of series control section; updated characterization data available. ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon, S1980IN065005, from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for other pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue University and at The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

162.0 SIMS

LOCATION SIMS MI Established Series Rev. LWB-EPW-TWH 08/2012 SIMS SERIES The Sims series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils that formed in clayey till on till plains and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, frigid Mollic Epiaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Sims clay loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate medium granular structure; firm; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]


500 January 2015

Bg1--18 to 38 cm (7 to 15 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--38 to 81 cm (15 to 32 inches); light gray (10YR 7/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; many coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 25 to 84 cm (10 to 33 inches).] Cg--81 to 152 cm (32 to 60 inches); light gray (10YR 7/1) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky fragments inherent from till; firm; many coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brown (10YR 5/3) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Arenac County, Michigan; about 2 miles southeast of Standish; 1,900 feet west and 540 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 24, T. 18 N., R. 4 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 51 to 125 cm (20 to 50 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 125 cm (20 to 50 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel 0 to 3 percent cobbles throughout Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay and 15 to 40 percent sand Mean annual soil temperature: 6.7 to 8.3 degrees C (44 to 47 degrees F) Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 2 or 3, 4 or 5 dry Chroma: 1 or 2, moist or dry Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Some pedons have an A horizon. Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Clay content: 35 to 45 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Cg horizon: Hue: 5YR to 5Y Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 1 or 2 in the upper part; 1 to 6 in the lower part Texture: clay loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 35 to 40 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.


501 January 2015

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Sims soils are on till plains and on the smoother parts of low ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in clayey till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 838 mm (27 to 33 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.6 to 7.2 degrees C (42 to 45 degrees F). Frost-free period is 70 to 140 days. Elevation is 183 to 488 meters (600 to 1,600 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brevort, Kawkawlin, and Nester soils. The Brevort soils are sandier and less clayey in the upper part. The somewhat poorly drained Kawkawlin soils have an argillic horizon and are in slightly higher landscape positions. The moderately well drained Nester soils have an argillic horizon, do not have aquic conditions, and are on higher landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow. USE AND VEGETATION: A small part, mostly in southern part of the range of the series, is cropped to sugar beets, beans, small grain, and hay. A major part, mostly in the northern part of the range of the series, is in permanent pasture, idle cropland, or forests of quaking and bigtooth aspen, balsam fir, northern white cedar, or white ash. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 96, and 98 in the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Montcalm County, Michigan, 1956. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (7 inches) (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 81 cm (7 to 32 inches) (Bg1 and Bg2 horizons). Aquic conditions: reduced matrix color and redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretations Record: MI0093. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

163.0 SISSON

LOCATION SISSON MI+IN OH WI Established Series Rev. RWJ-LWB-NWS 06/2011


502 January 2015

SISSON SERIES The Sisson series consists of well drained soils formed in stratified loamy and silty deposits on lake plains, outwash plains and deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Sisson fine sandy loam, on a convex, 4 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; weak medium platy parting to weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick] B/E--36 to 43 cm (14 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam (B) and brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam (E) coatings 2 to 5 mm thick on faces of peds (less than 15 percent by volume); moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; neutral; clear irregular boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] Bt1--43 to 56 cm (17 to 22 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common thin clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--56 to 76 cm (22 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common moderately thick brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) segregations; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 64 cm (10 to 25 inches).] BC1--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. BC2--86 to 94 cm (34 to 37 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the BC horizon is 0 to 23 cm (9 inches).] C--94 to 152 cm (37 to 60 inches); stratified brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very fine sand; massive; friable and very friable; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan, about 1/2 mile east of the village of Stony Creek; 1,940 feet south and 785 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 4 S., R. 7 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: dominantly 66 to 91 cm (26 to 36 inches) but ranges from 61 to 107 cm (24 to 42 inches)


503 January 2015

A horizon, where uncultivated: Thickness: 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches) Hue: 10YR Value: 3 Chroma: 2 Texture: fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid or neutral E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: silt loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam or fine sandy loam; 6 mm to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inch) thick strata of clay and medium and fine sand are in the lower part Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent gravel Reaction: slightly acid or neutral BC horizon, where present: Texture: very fine sandy loam to clay loam C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: commonly stratified silt loam and very fine sand containing thin strata of clay and medium and fine sand Structure: massive or single grain Consistence: friable to loose Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent gravel Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline


504 January 2015

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chenault, Kalamazoo, Nollville, and Owosso series. Chenault and Owosso soils have more than 1 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Kalamazoo soils have dominant sand textures in the lower part of the series control section. Nollville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Sisson soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, and deltas. Slope gradients are mostly 2 to 6 percent but range from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 9.4 degrees C (46 to 49 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The moderately well drained Tuscola soils, the somewhat poorly drained Kibbie soils, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Colwood soils are in a drainage sequence with Sisson soils. The well drained Boyer and Oshtemo soils are nearby on some outwash plains. The somewhat poorly drained Del Rey and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Lenawee soils are nearby on lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to high depending on the slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grains, beans and hay are the principal crops. A smaller part, especially on the steeper slopes, is in permanent pasture or forest. Native forest is mostly maple, elm, oaks, hickory, and beech. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 95B, 96, 98, 99, 105, 110, and 111B in southern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lapeer County, Michigan, 1966. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Albic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches) (E horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches) (B part of B/E, Bt1, and Bt2 horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

164.0 SKIDMORE

LOCATION SKIDMORE KY+OH TN WV PA Established Series Rev. JCJ:JDM 12/2007 SKIDMORE SERIES


505 January 2015

The Skidmore series consists of deep and very deep, well drained to somewhat excessively drained soils formed in gravelly, cobbly, or channery alluvium on narrow flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Skidmore gravelly fine sandy loam--on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; approximately 15 percent rounded gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick) Bw--6 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; approximately 20 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 25 inches thick) BC--18 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; approximately 40 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick) 2C--32 to 70 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) extremely channery sandy loam; few thin strata of loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; 80 percent channers of siltstone and rounded gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 3R--70 inches; hard siltstone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: Menifee County, Kentucky; about 7.2 miles (airline) northeast of Frenchburg in the Daniel Boone National Forest west of Cave Run Lake on the flood plain of Skidmore Creek; about 3 miles north of the intersection of Skidmore Creek Road and Kentucky Highway 1274; 38 degrees, 00 minutes, 52 seconds N. Latitude and 83 degrees, 31 minutes, 14 seconds W. Longitude; NAD 1983. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches and depth to bedrock from 40 to more than 100 inches. The content of siltstone and sandstone fragments, commonly a mixture of gravels and cobbles or channers and flagstones, ranges from 0 to 50 percent in the upper solum and from 35 to 90 percent in the lower solum and substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline throughout. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Some pedons have slightly lower values in the upper 1 to 4 inches. Fine-earth texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or less commonly, silt loam. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Some pedons are variegated without dominant hue or chroma. Fine-earth texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam or clay loam. The BC and C horizons have colors and fine-earth textures similar to the Bw horizon. Some pedons have 1 to 2 inch thick strata of loamy sand or are dominantly loamy sand below 30 inches. Some


506 January 2015

pedons have iron depletions or depleted layers with chroma of 1 or 2 below 40 inches. A lithologic discontinuity is common, but not required. The R horizon is unweathered siltstone, shale or limestone. COMPETING SERIES: The Skidmore series is the only member of this family. The Gatchel series has less than 15 percent fragments in the A and Bw horizons and is in a superactive subgroup, otherwise it is a close competitor. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils are on flood plains with slopes of 0 to 4 percent and formed in alluvium weathered primarily from Mississippian aged sandstone, siltstone and limestone. They are subject to occasional or frequent flooding. Near the type location, average annual temperature is 55 degrees F. and the average annual precipitation is 51.2 inches. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Clifty, Grigsby, Lindside, Morehead, Nolin, Orrville and Pope series on flood plains and stream terraces; the Cruze and Renox series on toe slopes and fans; and the Bledsoe, Carpenter, Helechawa, Rigley, Shelocta and Westbend series on surrounding uplands. Clifty, Orrville, Renox and Shelocta soils are fine-loamy. Grigsby, Helechawa, Rigley and Pope soils are coarse-loamy. Lindside, Nolin, Morehead and Westbend soils are fine-silty. Bledsoe and Cruze soils are fine. Bledsoe, Carpenter, Cruze, Morehead, Renox, Rigley, Shelocta and Westbend soils have argillic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well to somewhat excessively drained with moderately rapid permeability. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for hay, pasture, corn, and tobacco. Native forests have oaks, yellow-poplar, sycamore, birch, beech, and hickory as the dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and possibly other areas weathered from limestone or calcareous shales. Extent is minor. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Menifee County, Kentucky; 1971. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: 0 to 6 inches (Ap) Cambic horizon: 6 to 32 inches (Bw)(BC) Lithologic discontinuity at 32 inches. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


507 January 2015

165.0 SLOAN

LOCATION SLOAN OH+AR IN MI NJ NY PA Established Series Rev. DRM-JWH-RAR 11/2011 SLOAN SERIES The Sloan series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Sloan silty clay loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an elevation of 274 meters (900 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) rubbed, and gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches) thick)] A--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium angular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; few medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) masses of oxidized iron-manganese throughout; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 33 cm (13 inches) thick] Bg1--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; common fine roots; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron-manganese throughout; few dark iron-manganese concretions throughout; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--53 to 86 cm (21 to 34 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) and dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron-manganese and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; few distinct black manganese concretions throughout; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 20 to 114 cm (8 to 45 inches).] BCg--86 to 114 cm (34 to 45 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; massive; friable; many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick] Cg--114 to 152 cm (45 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) stratified loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, and sandy loam; massive; friable; many coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.


508 January 2015

TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; about 2 1/2 miles north of Fort Recovery, in Recovery Township; 2600 feet south and 1980 feet west of the intersection of State Route 49 and Siegrist-Jutte Road; SW1/4 NE1/4 of sec. 6, T. 7 S., R.1 E.; USGS Fort Recovery, Indiana-Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 27 minutes 28.8 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 47 minutes 28.0 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 56 to more than 203 cm (22 to more than 80 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) and includes the upper part of the B horizon in some pedons Particle-size control section: averages 22 to 35 percent clay and 15 to 35 percent fine sand or coarser material Mean annual soil temperature: 9 to 14 degrees C (48 to 57 degrees F) Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam, or less commonly clay loam or sandy loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam, and is stratified in some pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the upper part and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a Bw horizon below 76 cm (30 inches). BC or BCg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures; stratified in some pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 34 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: typically stratified silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures; some pedons have thin strata of sand and/or gravel


509 January 2015

Rock fragment content: 0 to 34 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline Sandy substratum phase: Texture: coarse sand and gravelly sand, gravelly or very gravelly loamy coarse sand, or gravelly loamy sand are below a depth of 152 cm (60 inches) Till substratum phase: Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Reaction: moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ambraw, Gansner, Ozamis, Settlemeyer, and Toppenish series. Ambraw soils dominantly are more acidic than neutral in the cambic horizon. Gansner soils do not have a cambic horizon and have gleyed hues of 5G and 5GY in the lower part of the series control section. Ozamis soils have strata of ash within the series control section. Settlemeyer and Toppenish soils are calcareous in the upper part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Sloan soils are on flood plains or in depressions along streams receiving sediment from areas of Wisconsinan age glaciation. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in loamy alluvium washed mainly from soils formed in loamy, calcareous drift. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 787 to 1041 mm (31 to 41 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 56 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 200 days. Elevation is 213 to 305 meters (700 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Eel, Genesee, Medway, Ross, and Shoals soils. The moderately well drained Eel, the well drained Genesee, and the somewhat poorly drained Shoals soils do not have mollic epipedons, and are nearer to stream channels or along more active streams. The moderately well drained Medway soils and well drained Ross soils are on higher landscape positions. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between November and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. These soils are subject to flooding from late fall to spring. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high; in the sandy substratum phase, it is very high. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow. In the sandy substratum phase, permeability is rapid in the lower part of the series control section. USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is artificially drained and cultivated. Corn and soybeans are the principal crops with small acreages of hay, oats, and vegetables. Other areas, especially on the flood plains of the smaller streams, are used for permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, chiefly elm, ash, sycamore, silver maple, and willow. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Extensively in MLRAs 98, 99, 111A, and 111B, and less extensively in MLRAs 94A, 96, 97, 101, 108A, 111C, 111D, 111E, 114A, 114B, 115A, 116A, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144A, and 145 in Arkansas, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.


510 January 2015

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Logan County, Ohio, 1933. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 38 cm (Ap, A horizons). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 86 cm (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in the lower part of the mollic and in all underlying horizons. Sandy substratum and till substratum phases are recognized. A moderately deep to bedrock phase is also recognized. This phase will become a new series when areas are investigated and updated. 11/2011 Revision: minor formatting changes; updated terminology for redox features. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

166.0 SPINKS

LOCATION SPINKS MI+IN MN OH WI Established Series Rev. NWS-WEF-RAR 09/2012 SPINKS SERIES The Spinks series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy eolian or outwash material. They are on dunes, moraines, till plains, outwash plains, beach ridges, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degree F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Spinks loamy sand, on a 2 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 33 cm (5 to 13 inches) thick] Bw--25 to 56 cm (10 to 22 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [10 to 76 cm (4 to 30 inches) thick] E and Bt--56 to 216 cm (22 to 85 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand (E); single grain and loose in the E part; lamellae and bands of brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy fine sand (Bt); weak fine subangular blocky structure and friable in the Bt part; common fine roots in upper part, becoming few in lower part; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [51 to 165 cm (20 to 65 inches) thick]


511 January 2015

C--216 to 267 cm (85 to 105 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 3 miles west of Ann Arbor; 520 feet north and 100 feet east of southwest corner of sec. 22, T. 2 S., R. 5 E.; USGS Ann Arbor West topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 17 minutes 7.152 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 50 minutes 17.687 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 91 to more than 152 cm (36 to more than 60 inches) Depth to the first lamella: 38 to 102 cm (15 to 40 inches) Clay content of the argillic horizon: averages less than 15 percent Rock fragments: glacial erratics (dominantly gravel) of sedimentary and crystalline lithology Mean annual soil temperature: 9.4 to 11.1 degrees C (49 to 52 degrees F) Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 to 5, 6 or more dry Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral Some pedons have an E horizon. Bw horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 8 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part, and includes slightly alkaline in the lower part E part of the E and Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 8 Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part, and includes slightly alkaline in the lower part Bt part of the E and Bt horizon: Thickness of the lamellae: 3 mm to 13 cm (1/8 to 5 inches); cumulative thickness of more than 15 cm (6 inches) Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 3 to 5 Chroma: 2 to 6


512 January 2015

Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, or sandy loam; when the texture is sand or fine sand, it contains at least 3 percent more clay than the overlying eluvial horizon; when the texture is sandy loam, the average clay content of the argillic horizon is less than 15 percent Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part, and includes slightly alkaline in the lower part C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: sand or fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bloomfield and Drammen series. Bloomfield soils have a mean annual soil temperature of more than 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F). Drammen soils do not have lamellae (Bt) within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Spinks soils are on dunes, moraines, till plains, outwash plains, beach ridges, and lake plains of Wisconsinan Age. The slope gradient is typically 2 to 18 percent, but ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Spinks soils formed in sandy eolian or outwash material. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Spinks soils are the well drained member of a drainage sequence that includes the somewhat poorly drained Thetford soils. They are associated with the Boyer and Oshtemo soils on lake plains or outwash plains, and the Oakville or Chelsea soils on either lake plains or moraines. Dryden, Lapeer, Metea, Ottokee, and Owosso soils are on adjoining till plains or moraines. The Spinks soils are associated with the Granby, Ottokee, and Tedrow soils on lake plains in MLRA 99. The very poorly drained Granby soils are in depressions and the somewhat poorly drained Tedrow soils are on flats or slight rises. These soils do not have lamellae within the series control section. The moderately well drained Ottokee soils are on lower or less sloping landform positions and have less than 15 cm (6 inches) of lamellae within the series control section. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium depending on slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high. Permeability is moderately rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Spinks soils are used mostly for hay production or pasture. Some areas are cropped to corn, wheat, oats, and soybeans. A small part is in orchards. Steeper areas are in forest or permanent pasture. Native vegetation is hardwoods, dominantly of oak and hickory. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, and 111B in southern Michigan, northwestern Ohio, northern Indiana, southern Wisconsin, and southern Minnesota. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: McHenry County, Illinois, 1960.


513 January 2015

REMARKS: A loamy substratum phase is recognized. Pedons that have been correlated as a bedrock substratum phase, with a 2Cr horizon of sandstone or a 2R of limestone below 102 cm (40 inches), will become a new series during modernization projects. The stony surface phase over bedrock will also be correlated as a new series during modernization projects. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 56 cm (22 inches) (Ap and E horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 56 to 216 cm (22 to 85 inches) (Bt part of E and Bt horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

167.0 STEINSBURG

LOCATION STEINSBURG PA+KY MD OH VA Established Series Rev. EJM-EAW 08/2007 STEINSBURG SERIES Soils of the Steinsburg series are moderately deep and well drained with moderately rapid permeability. They formed in residuum mostly from weakly cemented acid sandstone, arkosic sandstone and conglomerate. They are on upland slopes of 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches. Mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Steinsburg gravelly loam - cultivated on 3 to 8 percent south facing slopes. Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) gravelly loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; some clay bridging; 15 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 15 inches thick) Bw--8 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; some clay bridging; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 15 inches thick) C--15 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; 40 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (5 to 30 inches thick) R--30 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) easily shattered sandstone conglomerate. TYPE LOCATION: Bucks County, Pennsylvania; Doylestown Township, 1/8 mile north of intersection of PA Route 263 and Edison Road at village of Furlong, 1/2 mile west of county road 350, 50 feet south of road.


514 January 2015

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 12 to 20 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments of quartzite pebbles and sandstone channers range from 0 to 20 percent in the solum and from 15 to 60 percent in the C horizon. The weighted average of rock fragments is less than 35 percent in the textural control section. The reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the soil unless limed. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR through 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. Fine-earth textures are loam, sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6. The fine-earth fraction is loam, sandy loam or fine sandy loam and contains 10 to 18 percent clay. Structure is weak, fine or medium subangular blocky. Consistence is friable. The C horizon has hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6. The fine-earth fraction is loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand. It is massive and the consistence is friable. COMPETING SERIES: Amostown, Ashe, Bernardston, Broadbrook, Brookfield, Cardigan, Chadakoin, Charlton, Chatfield, Cheshire, Chestnut, Ditney, Dutchess, Edneyville, Fedscreek, Hazel, Lordstown, Maplecrest, Marrowbone, Maymead, Montauk, Nantucket, Newport, Paxton, Pollux, Riverhead, Satsop, Scituate, St. Albans, Valois, Wethesfield, and Yalesville soils are all in the same family. Amostown, Bernardston, Broadbrook, Brookfield, Chadakoin, Charlton, Cheshire, Dutchess, Edneyville, Fedscreek, Lordstown, Lowville, Maymead, Montauk, Maplecrest, Narragansett, Nantucket, Newport, Paxton, Pollux, Riverhead, Satsop, Scituate, St. Albans, Valois, Wethesfield, and Yalesville soils have bedrock deeper than 40 inches. Ashe, Chestnut, and Chatfield soils have rock fragments of granite gneiss or schist. Cardigan soils have rock fragments dominantly of phyllite, slate, and schist. Ditney soils are high in feldspars and have rock fragments of arkose and graywacke. Hazel soils have visible mica flakes in the solum. Marrowbone soils have a thicker solum. Dekalb, Edgemont, Lansdale, Lehew, Manor, and Mt. Airy soils are in related families. Dekalb, Lehew, and Mt. Airy soils have more than 35 percent rock fragments in the control section. Edgemont and Lansdale have argillic horizons. Manor and Mt. Airy soils have micaceous mineralogy. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Steinsburg soils are on gently sloping to steep slopes on uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. The soils formed in residuum from weakly cemented acid sandstone, arkosic sandstone and conglomerate. The climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 46 inches, and the growing season ranges from 170 to 190 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Abbottstown, Croton, Lansdale, Penn, Readington and Reaville soils are on nearby landscapes in the Piedmont. Hartsells, Latham, Ramsey and Rigley soils are on nearby landscapes in the Eastern Kentucky Mountains. Abbottstown, Croton, Hartsells, Landale, Latham, Penn, Readington, Reaville, and Rigley soils all have argillic horizons. Ramsey soils have a lithic contact within 20 inches of the surface. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; moderately rapid permeability. Runoff is medium to very rapid.


515 January 2015

USE AND VEGETATION: About 75 percent of the Steinsburg soils are in cropland or pasture. Wooded areas are dominantly oak, maple and ash species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Pennsylvania, Kentucky, central New Jersey, Maryland, southeastern Ohio, Virginia and West Virginia. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1937. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in this pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 8 inches (Ap horizon). b. Cambic horizon - the zone from 8 to 15 inches (Bw horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

168.0 TEDROW

LOCATION TEDROW OH+IN MI WI Established Series Rev. DRM-JAG-RAR 09/2012 TEDROW SERIES The Tedrow series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy glaciolacustrine or eolian deposits on low beach ridges and dunes on lake plains, and on outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments TYPICAL PEDON: Tedrow loamy fine sand, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 205 meters (673 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick] Bw1--20 to 41 cm (8 to 16 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; common roots; few fine faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and few fine faint brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.


516 January 2015

Bw2--41 to 79 cm (16 to 31 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; few roots; common medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 38 to 96 cm (15 to 38 inches).] BC--79 to 84 cm (31 to 33 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand; single grain; loose; many coarse faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many coarse faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick] C--84 to 152 cm (33 to 60 inches); pale olive (5Y 6/3) fine sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct gray (5Y 6/1) and many medium faint olive (5Y 5/3) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Henry County, Ohio; approximately 4.5 miles east of Liberty Center, in Washington Township; 1550 feet north and 520 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Colton, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 26 minutes 53.2 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 55 minutes 25.3 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 61 to 137 cm (24 to 54 inches) Depth to redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less: less than 51 cm (20 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 178 cm (24 to 70 inches); is the same as the thickness of the solum in most pedons, but carbonates are permitted in the lower part of the solum, and may not be present in the upper part of the substratum Rock fragments: mainly waterworn gravel of mixed lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 or 4 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral A horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Some pedons have a BA horizon. Bw or Bg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y


517 January 2015

Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 to a depth of 51 cm (20 inches), 1 to 6 below 51 cm (20 inches) Texture: commonly loamy fine sand or fine sand, or less commonly loamy sand or sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: commonly slightly acid or neutral, but ranges to moderately acid in the upper part and moderately alkaline in the lower part C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: fine sand or sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: commonly slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline but ranges to neutral in the upper part COMPETING SERIES: These are the Algansee, Altmar, Birchwood, Brems, Brockatonorton, Deerfield, Elnora, Fortress, Meckling, Morocco, Ottokee, Partridge, Succotash, and Zaborosky series. Algansee soils have an irregular decrease in organic matter with depth. Altmar soils average more than 2 percent rock fragments in the particle-size control section. Birchwood soils have densic materials in the lower part of the series control section. Brems and Elnora soils do not have redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 51 cm (20 inches). Brockatonorton soils have a buried histic epipedon in the lower part of the series control section. Deerfield and Morocco soils are more acid than neutral in the lower part of the series control section. Fortress soils have anthrotransported material within the series control section. Meckling soils are calcareous throughout the series control section. Ottokee soils have thin lamellae within a depth of 127 cm (50 inches) and do not have redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 51 cm (20 inches). Partridge soils have a lithic contact between 51 and 102 cm (20 and 40 inches). Succotash soils do not have a B horizon. Zaborosky soils have a buried soil within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Tedrow soils are on low beach ridges and dunes on lake plains, and on outwash plains. They are on convex surfaces and typically have slope gradients of 0 to 4 percent but range to 6 percent. The soils formed in glaciolacustrine or eolian sand typically dominated by fine sand. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 175 to 244 meters (575 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Granby, Oakville, and the competing Ottokee soils in a toposequence with Tedrow soils, and the Arkport, Galen, Gilford, and Spinks soils. The very poorly drained or poorly drained Granby soils are in low topographic positions or in depressions. The excessively drained Oakville soils and the moderately well drained Ottokee soils are on higher beach ridges and dunes or on more sloping areas. The Arkport, Galen, and Spinks soils have an argillic horizon consisting of thin lamellae and are on higher beach ridges and dunes or on more sloping areas. The coarse-loamy Gilford soils are in nearby loamy deposits. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is very high. Permeability is rapid.


518 January 2015

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, and wheat. Some areas are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods with oak, elm, and maple the principal species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, northern Indiana, southern Michigan, and southern Wisconsin; MLRAs 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 99, and 111B. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon). Aquic conditions: redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less in all horizons below a depth of 41 cm (16 inches). The loamy substratum phase mapped in earlier surveys has a loamy substratum within 152 cm (60 inches). This phase likely will be recorrelated as a new series when its area of use is updated. The till substratum phase has till (with 27 to 42 percent clay) within a depth of 71 to 122 cm (28 to 48 inches). This phase needs to be evaluated during MLRA update activities. Some pedons formerly included in the concept of the Tedrow series are grayer than the present series concept and would be classified as Typic Psammaquents. These grayer soils are unnamed at present and are included in mapping with the Tedrow series. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data is available from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory for pedons HN-1, PD-44, PT-23, and WD-65. This data should be evaluated in the future to determine if it supports the current series concept. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

169.0 THETFORD

LOCATION THETFORD MI Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF-MLK 08/2012 THETFORD SERIES The Thetford series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy till or outwash on ground moraines, end moraines, lake plains, outwash plains, terraces, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F).


519 January 2015

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Aquic Arenic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Thetford loamy sand, on a southwest-facing, concave slope of 2 percent in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 15 cm (6 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E1--15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the lower part; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. E2--30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loamy sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 0 to 64 cm (25 inches).] E and Bt--61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches); very pale brown (10YR 8/3) loamy sand (E); single grain; loose; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; discontinuous yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam horizontal bands (Bt), 6 mm to 8 cm thick; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; clay bridging of sand grains and common faint clay films; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions (Bt); neutral; clear wavy boundary. [15 to 91 cm (6 to 36 inches) thick] Bt--127 to 140 cm (50 to 55 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; clay bridging of sand grains and common faint clay films; common fine prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of oxidized iron; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick] C--140 to 168 cm (55 to 66 inches); mottled gray (10YR 6/1), brown (10YR 5/3), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) very fine sand; single grain; loose; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Livingston County, Michigan; about 6 miles north of Fowlerville; 660 feet north and 75 feet east of the center of sec. 9, T. 4 N., R. 3 E.; USGS Corunna SE topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 45 minutes 8.018 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 6 minutes 26.78 seconds W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 76 to more 152 cm (30 to more than 60 inches) Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part Ap horizon: Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel


520 January 2015

E horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel E part of the E and Bt horizon: Value: 4 to 8 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel Bt part of the E and Bt horizon, and the Bt horizon Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam; in those pedons with sandy loam or fine sandy loam bands the control section averages less than 15 percent clay and has less than 50 percent fine sand and averages as sand or loamy sand Special features: bands or lamellae are 6 mm to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inches) thick and have a total thickness of (6 inches) or more; clay bridging of sand grains is evident in the coarser textures and thin clay coatings are apparent in pores, in root channels, and on some of the vertical and horizontal faces of peds Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: very fine sand, fine sand, or sand; some pedons have layers with finer textures Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent gravel Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Thetford soils are in nearly level or depressional areas on ground moraine, end moraines, till plains, lake plains, outwash plains, terraces, and beach ridges of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients are predominantly 0 to 2 percent but range from 0 to 4 percent. Thetford soils formed in sandy till or outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Oakville and Spinks soils and the somewhat poorly drained Tedrow soils are the most common associates. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Granby series is associated in some areas. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between February and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high. Permeability is moderately rapid.


521 January 2015

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and grass-legume hay are the principal crops. Some areas are idle or used for permanent pasture. Native vegetation is principally mixed hardwoods, with northern red oak, bitternut hickory, red maple, and American elm the dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, and 111B in southern lower Michigan. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clinton County, Michigan, 1974. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 61 cm (24 inches) (Ap, E1, and E2 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches) (Bt part of E and Bt horizon, and Bt horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

170.0 THOMAS

LOCATION THOMAS MI Established Series Rev. JEF-NWS 08/2012 THOMAS SERIES The Thomas series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in organic materials less than 41 cm (16 inches) thick overlying loamy till or lacustrine materials. These soils are on till plains and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 7.8 degrees C (46 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, calcareous, mesic Histic Humaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Thomas muck, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches) thick] B1g--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; 3 percent gravel; 1 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [10 to 23 cm (4 to 9 inches) thick]


522 January 2015

C1g--43 to 96 cm (17 to 38 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; 2 percent gravel; 1 percent cobbles; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) thick] C2g--96 to 152 cm (38 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) loam; massive; friable; many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few medium distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of oxidized iron; 4 percent gravel; 1 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Gratiot County, Michigan; about 1 mile west of Ithaca; 1,950 feet east and 550 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 2, T. 10 N., R. 3 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: typically 36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches) but ranges from 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) Mean annual soil temperature: 8 to 11 degrees C (47 to 52 degrees F) Oap or Oa horizon: Hue: 10YR or is neutral Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: muck, mucky sandy loam, mucky silt loam, or mucky loam Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline; slightly or strongly effervescent Cg horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay loam, loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam; some pedons contain strata of silty clay, silty loam, or sand Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline; slightly or strongly effervescent COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Thomas soils are on nearly level till plains and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. They formed in organic materials less than 41 cm (16 inches) thick overlying calcareous loamy till or lacustrine materials. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 864 mm (28 to 34 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 10.0 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F).


523 January 2015

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Thomas soils are associated in the landscape with Parkhill soils. Parkhill soils lack the organic surface layer that is present in the Thomas soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low or moderately high. Permeability is slow or moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are used for pasture or are in woodland. A few small areas are used for the production of corn, small grain and hay. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 98, and 99 in lower Michigan. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan, 1926. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Histic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Oap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches) (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all mineral horizons below the histic epipedon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

171.0 TIOGA

LOCATION TIOGA NY+NJ OH PA VA VT WV Established Series Rev. MGC-JEW-PSP 06/2011 TIOGA SERIES The Tioga series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium on higher positions in flood plains. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the solum and moderate to rapid in the underlying material. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is 48 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 42 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Tioga silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist broken soil unless specified otherwise.) Ap -- 0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick.)


524 January 2015

Bw1 -- 8 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak fine medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw2 -- 18 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, common fine roots; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of Bw horizons is 8 to 31 inches.) C --36 to 50 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; slightly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Chemung County, New York; 1 1/2 miles south of the Village of Van Etten, between Lehigh Valley Railroad and Cayuta Creek, west of State Highway 34. USGS Van Etten, NY topographic quadrangle; Latitude 42 degrees, 10 minutes, 35 seconds N. and Longitude 76 degrees, 33 minutes, 40 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 40 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 35 percent by volume in individual layers in the solum and consist of pebbles or channers, and range from 0 to 60 percent by volume in individual layers in the substratum and consist of mostly pebbles and channers. The soil ranges from strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the solum and from moderately acid to moderately alkaline in the substratum. The A or Ap horizons have hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. They range from fine sandy loam to silt loam. They have weak or moderate granular structure and very friable or friable consistence. Thickness of the A horizon ranges from 2 to 5 inches. The B horizons have hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. They range from fine sandy loam to silt loam in the fine earth fraction, and are allowed to have individual subhorizons of sandy loam or loamy sand. They have weak or moderate, subangular blocky, prismatic, or granular structure and very friable or friable consistence. The C horizons have hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. They range from loamy sand to silt loam in the fine earth fraction. They have loose to friable consistence. COMPETING SERIES: The Wirt series is the only series in the same family. Wirt soils have a mean annual temperature range from 52 to 57 degrees F. The Barbour, Basher, Chagrin, Comus, Genesee, Grigsby, Hamlin, Middlebury, Moshannon, Ondawa, Philo, Podunk, and Pope series are similar soils in related families. Barbour, Basher, Comus, Ondawa, Philo, Podunk, and Pope soils have base saturation of less than 60 percent thoughout the upper 30 inches. Chagrin, Genesee, and Moshannon soils have more than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Grigsby soils have a mean annual temperature range from 53 to 57 degrees F. Hamlin soils have a coarse-silty particle-size control section. Middlebury soils have redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 24 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Tioga soils are on higher positions in flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Tioga soils formed in recent alluvium, mainly from areas of sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 50 inches and is evenly distributed throughout the year. Mean annual temperature ranges from 45 to 52 degrees F, and the growing season ranges from 140 to 200 days.


525 January 2015

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Tioga soils are members of a drainage sequence that includes the moderately well drained Lobdell and Middlebury soils, the somewhat poorly drained Holderton and Orrville soils, and the poorly and very poorly drained Wayland and Wick soils. Chenango, Chili, Bogart, Allard, Unadilla, Valois, and Fitchville soils are on nearby terraces. Mardin, Volusia, Chautauqua, Canfield, Ravenna, Alexandria, and Busti soils are till soils on surrounding hillsides. Hazleton and Westmoreland soils are commonly adjacent in unglaciated areas. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Tioga soils are well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the solum and moderate to rapid in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared and are used for growing corn, small grains, hay, or vegetables. Woodlots contain maple, ash, red oak, and elm. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and southern New York, western Vermont, northeastern and southeastern Ohio, the northern Appalachians, and northern coastal plain. MLRAs 101, 124, 139, 140, 144A, 147, and 149A. The series is extensive, about 115,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tioga County, Pennsylvania, 1929. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a). Ochric epipedon - 0 to 8 inches (Ap). b). Cambic horizon - 8 to 36 inches (Bw1, Bw2). 2003-Activity Class has been changed from active to superactive based on lab data from 5 pedons in NY in the Tioga-Middlebury catena Acreage based on 2004 data. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

172.0 TIRO

LOCATION TIRO OH Established Series Rev. DRM 04/2007 TIRO SERIES The Tiro series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in silty lacustrine deposits, a thin layer of loamy water-sorted material, and the underlying loamy till on water modified till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 cm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).


526 January 2015

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Tiro silt loam, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [(15 to 25 cm 6 to 10 inches) thick] BE--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many fine pores; common faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt coats on faces of peds; many coarse distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick] Bt1--28 to 43 cm (11 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) on faces of peds; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; many distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds and common distinct on horizontal faces; few prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt coats which partially coat clay films; many medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--43 to 58 cm (17 to 23 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) on faces of peds; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; common fine roots; many distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds and common distinct on horizontal faces; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; many coarse black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide stains; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Btg--58 to 71 cm (23 to 28 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; firm; common fine roots; many gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on vertical faces of peds and few faint on horizontal faces; common coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; common coarse black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide stains; moderately acid; clear irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches).] 2BCg--71 to 91 cm (28 to 36 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; friable; common fine roots; many fine pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [5 to 38 cm (2 to 15 inches) thick] 3BCg--91 to 117 cm (36 to 46 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; firm; common coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; few fine iron and manganese oxide stains; 5 percent fragments of black shale and some weathered limestone; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick] 3C--117 to 152 cm (46 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; firm; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) streaks along fracture planes; 5 percent fragments of black shale and few limestone; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.


527 January 2015

TYPE LOCATION: Crawford County, Ohio; Jefferson Township; 400 feet north of Windfall Road, 2,000 feet east of State Route 602; southeast quarter, southwest quarter, sec. 15, T. 20 N., R. 21 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 76 to 140 cm (30 to 55 inches) Thickness of the silty lacustrine material: 56 to 91 cm (22 to 36 inches) Depth to the underlying till: 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 inches) Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry) Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or Texture: silt loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: moderately acid E horizon, where present: Thickness: 0 to 10 cm (4 inches) in cultivated pedons; 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) in undisturbed areas Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 (7 or 8 dry) Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam Redox features: few to many iron accumulations Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid BA or B/E horizons are in some pedons. Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Redox features: faces of peds have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y and chroma of 1 or 2 Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and ranges to slightly acid in the lower part 2BC or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y


528 January 2015

Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: loam, sandy loam or clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 3BC or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline 3C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 24 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Canal, Lauer, Lieber, Taggart, and Westboro series. Canal soils have textures with more than 40 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Lauer, Lieber, Taggart, and Westboro soils have sola thicker than 140 cm (55 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Tiro soils are on water modified till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in 56 to 91 cm (22 to 36 inches) of silty lacustrine or alluvial materials, (5 to 38 cm (2 to 15 inches) of loamy water-sorted materials, and the underlying loamy low-lime till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 787 to 1016 mm (31 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bennington, Blount, Cardington, Ellsworth, Fitchville, Glenford, Glynwood, Lykens, and Mahoning soils. The somewhat poorly drained Bennington, Blount, and Mahoning soils are on similar topographic positions but lack the silty upper mantle and thin layer of loamy water-sorted material. The moderately well drained Cardington, Ellsworth, and Glynwood soils formed in till and are on slightly higher topographic positions. Fitchville and Glenford soils formed in silty lacustrine materials; the somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils are in similar topographic positions, but the moderately well drained Glenford soils are on slightly higher topographic positions. The moderately well drained Lykens soils formed in similar materials but are on higher landscape positions or on slopes adjacent to drainageways. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to high depending upon slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum and moderately low in the lower part. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and moderately slow or slow in the lower part.


529 January 2015

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared and are used for cropland or permanent pasture. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and mixed hay are the principal crops. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of moderate extent, about 75,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Richland County, Ohio, 1971. REMARKS: The Tiro series is marginal to fine-loamy. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap, E horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 71 cm (Bt, Btg horizons). Aquic conditions: ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for CR-26, the typical pedon. Classification only was changed in 11/94, competing series and other changes will be made later. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

173.0 TOLEDO

LOCATION TOLEDO OH+IN MI Established Series Rev. RAR-RMG 09/2012 TOLEDO SERIES The Toledo series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in clayey glaciolacustrine sediments. These soils are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Mollic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Toledo silty clay, on a nearly level, broad plain in a cultivated field at an elevation of 177 meters (581 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; firm; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches) thick]


530 January 2015

Bg1--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; strong fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine pores on faces of peds; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bg2--46 to 63 cm (18 to 25 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) clay; strong medium and coarse angular blocky structure; very firm; common fine pores on faces of peds; common medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Bg3--63 to 114 cm (25 to 45 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to strong medium and coarse angular blocky; very firm; many medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 61 to 137 cm (24 to 54 inches).] Cg--114 to 203 cm (45 to 80 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty clay; massive; firm; thin strata of silty clay loam and silt loam; many coarse faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Erie County, Ohio; about 0.5 of a mile east of Springbrook, in Margaretta Township; about 200 feet west and 350 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 17 E.; USGS Vickery, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 25 minutes 53 seconds N., and long. 82 degrees 52 minutes 37 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 76 to 127 cm (30 to 50 inches) Rock fragments: typically absent Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (5 or less dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam Organic matter content: less than 10 percent Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay or clay Reaction: slightly acid or neutral, and ranges to slightly alkaline in the lower part Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon. Cg or C horizon: Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6


531 January 2015

Chroma: 0 to 6 Texture: commonly silty clay or clay, but the range includes silty clay loam with clay content of more than 35 percent; thin strata of silt loam less than 8 cm (3 inches) thick or very thin lenses of fine sandy loam or loam are in some pedons Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Fonda and Toussaint series. Fonda soils have more than 10 percent organic matter in the epipedon. Toussaint soils have carbonates within a depth of 76 cm (30 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Toledo soils are on lake plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Toledo soils formed in clayey glaciolacustrine sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 152 to 244 meters (500 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Fulton and moderately well drained Lucas soils that are in a toposequence with the Toledo soils. Fulton and Lucas soils occupy higher or more sloping landscape positions. The Bono, Latty, and Paulding soils are on similar landscape positions or in depressions. Bono soils have a mollic epipedon. Latty soils have a lighter colored surface layer. Paulding soils have more clay in the subsoil. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below between November and May in normal years. The ponded phase has an apparent high water table ranging from 91 cm (3 feet) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below between September and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of the Toledo soils are drained and used for crop production. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, legume-grass hay, small grains, and special crops such as cabbage, sugar beets, tomatoes, and onions. Undrained areas are in permanent pasture, wetland vegetation, or woodland. Native vegetation is principally elm, ash, cottonwood, soft maple, and marsh grasses. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Toledo soils occur primarily in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan and to a lesser extent in MLRAs 97, 98, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan and northern Indiana. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, over 200,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fulton County, Ohio, 1922. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons or features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 114 cm (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: the zone from 0 to 203 cm.


532 January 2015

A calcareous surface phase is recognized. Carbonates are present in the upper 46 cm (18 inches) of the A and Bg horizons. They are characteristically in areas that are downslope from where carbonate charge water is released from springs. Future reclassification into Vertic subgroup may occur for the clay and silty clay surface phases using present taxonomy. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory for the Toledo series include profiles: ER-10 (near the type location), HN-74, HN-82, PD-2, and PT-27. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

174.0 TUSCOLA

LOCATION TUSCOLA MI+IL IN OH WI Established Series Rev. JEF-NWS-RAR 06/2011 TUSCOLA SERIES The Tuscola series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on lake plains and deltas. They formed in stratified loamy and silty lacustrine deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Tuscola fine sandy loam, on a 2 percent convex slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick)] Bt1--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in root channels; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--43 to 66 cm (17 to 26 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate medium and fine angular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and in root channels; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium


533 January 2015

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Btg--66 to 79 cm (26 to 31 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct gray (N 6/) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt and Btg horizons is 41 to 99 cm (16 to 39 inches).] Cg--79 to 152 cm (31 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stratified silt loam, very fine sand, and fine sand; massive; friable; many medium distinct gray (N 6/) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Eaton County, Michigan; about 8 miles south of Charlotte; 1,380 feet north and 100 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 1 N., R. 4 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 76 to 127 cm (30 to 50 inches) Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 58 to 122 cm (23 to 48 inches) Depth to carbonates: 58 to 122 cm (23 to 48 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 35 percent clay Mean annual soil temperature: 9.4 to 13.3 degrees C (49 to 56 degrees F) Ap horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3 or 4, 6 or 7 dry Chroma of 1 to 3 Texture: fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 3, 5 dry Chroma: 2 Some pedons have a BA horizon. E or BE horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt or Btg horizon: Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 4 to 6


534 January 2015

Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, loam, sandy clay loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam; thin strata 6 mm to 2.5 cm (1/4 to 1 inch) thick of very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, silt, and fine sand are in most pedons Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon. C horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: stratified silt loam, fine sand, loamy fine sand, very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, and fine sandy loam; strata of clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam 1 to 8 cm (1/2 to 3 inches) thick are in many pedons Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bogart, Centerburg, Cygnet, Haney, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Passport, Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Vallonia, Vanlue, and Williamstown series. Bogart, Centerburg, Haney, Jenera, Jugtown, Thackery, and Vanlue soils have 1 percent or more rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Cygnet, Houcktown, and Williamstown soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Nicely series are more than 122 cm (48 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Passport soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 122 cm (48 inches. Reaville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Scattersville and Swampoodle soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Vallonia soils are in warmer climates with a mean annual temperature higher than 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Tuscola soils are on lake plains and deltas of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. They formed in stratified loamy and silty lacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). Mean summer temperature is about 21 degrees C (70 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 152 to 366 meters (500 to 1,200 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Sisson, somewhat poorly drained Kibbie, and poorly drained or very poorly drained Colwood soils are in a drainage sequence with Tuscola soils and are common associates. In some places the somewhat poorly drained Del Rey soils are associated on lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 46 to 76 cm (1.5 to 2.5 feet) between November and April in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, small grain, soybeans, and hay. Small areas are in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is forest of sugar maple, oak, and American basswood.


535 January 2015

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 110, 111B, 111D, and 111E in southern Michigan, northwestern Ohio, eastern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and northern Indiana. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan, 1926. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 79 cm (9 to 31 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, and Btg horizons). Aquic conditions: iron depletions in all horizons below a depth of 43 cm (17 inches) (Bt2, Btg, Cg horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

175.0 UPSHUR

LOCATION UPSHUR WV+KY OH PA TN Established Series Rev. AWD-WRK-ART 06/1999 UPSHUR SERIES The Upshur series consists of deep and very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils formed in residuum derived from clay shale and in places interbedded with thin layers of siltstone. Upshur soils are on ridgetops, benches, and hillsides. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Upshur silty clay-woodland, formerly cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 7 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate fine granular structure; firm, slightly sticky; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 9 inches thick) Bt1--7 to 16 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky, very plastic; common roots; many distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (4 to 18 inches thick) Bt2--16 to 31 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky, very plastic; common roots; many prominent clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (6 to 20 inches thick)


536 January 2015

Bt3--31 to 42 inches; weak red (10R 4/3) silty clay; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky, very plastic; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick) C1--42 to 54 inches; dusky red (10R 3/3) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common black manganese coatings; neutral; clear wavy boundary. C2--54 to 72 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) silty clay; massive; firm; neutral. (Combined thickness of the C horizon is 5 to 40 inches.) Cr--72 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) calcareous shale. TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, West Virginia; 1/4 mile southwest of Keller Lane, 1 3/4 miles southeast of Boaz. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 26 to 50 inches. Depth to paralithic contact ranges from 40 to more than 72 inches. Shale rock fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in the A and Bt1 horizons, 0 to 25 percent in the Bt2, Bt3 and BC horizons, and 0 to 75 percent in the C horizon. The particle-size control section averages 35 to 60 percent clay and less than 10 percent sand. Unlimed soils range from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon, very strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the Bt horizons, and strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR through 2.5YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture of the fine earth material is silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay or clay. The BA horizon,when present, is 2 to 5 inches thick with hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 4 through 6. Texture of the fine earth material is silt loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, 2.5YR, or 10R, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture of the fine earth material is silty clay or clay. The BC horizon, when present has hue of 5YR, 2.5YR, or 10R, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture of the fine earth material is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. The C horizon has hue of 5YR, 2.5YR, or 10R, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 3 to 6. Some pedons have lithochromic mottles of olive, olive brown, or yellow. Texture of the fine earth material is typically silty clay loam, silty clay or clay with the range including silt loam or clay loam. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Beasley, Bland, Bledsoe, Bonnell, Brashear, Bratton, Briggsville, Bucklick, Caneyville, Chrome, Cosperville, Derinda, Donahue, Eden, Edenton, Elba, Eldean, Estate, Faywood, Fredonia, Hagerstown, Heitt, Heverlo, Jessup, Kewaunee, Lamoille, Lowell, Markland, Milton, Mountpleasant, Muncie, Newnata, Paintcreek, Redbrush(T), Shrouts, Solway(T), Vandalia, Woodsfield, and Wynn series. The Beasley, Bledsoe, Bonnell, Brashear, Brookside, Cosperville, Elba, Gunlock, Heverlo, Jessup, Lowell, Markland, Mountpleasant, Muncie, Newnata, Ozaukee, and Winnegan soils have hue of 7.5YR or yellower in the Bt horizon. The Bland, Bratton, Caneyville, Chrome, Derinda, Donahue, Eden, Edenton, Faywood, Fredonia, Milton, Redbrush (T), Shrouts, Solway(T), and Wynn soils


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have lithic or paralithic contact at 20 to 40 inches. Briggsville soils are in a drier climate, formed in glacialfluvial sediments and have free carbonates in the C horizon. Bucklick soils have a lithologic discontinuity in the Bt horizon, are moderately permeable, and formed in a thin layer of loess over residuum. Eldean soils have stratified gravelly and very gravelly sand and loamy sand in the lower part of the particle-size control section. Estate soils formed in loamy residuum derived from interbedded sandstone and limestone. Hagerstown soils have moderate permeability, typically have limestone rock fragments in the lower part of the solum, and formed in residuum derived from hard gray limestone. Heitt soils have hue of 7.5YR or yellower in the lower part of the Bt horizon. Kewaunee soils have free carbonates immediately below the solum and typically contain gravel sized rock fragments of mixed lithology in the solum. Lamoille, Vincent, and Woodsfield soils have lithologic discontinuity within a depth of 40 inches. Losantville soils have a solum less than 20 inches thick and have free carbonates above a depth of 20 inches. Medary soils are in a drier climate and formed in clayey slackwater or glacial deposits with a thin mantle of loess. Miamian soils have free carbonates within a depth of 40 inches and typically have hue of 7.5YR or yellower in the Bt horizon. Paintcreek soils have a solum thickness of greater than 50 inches. Vandalia soils have rock fragments of sandstone and contain more than 10 percent sand in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Upshur soils are on ridgetops, benches, and hillsides. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. The soil formed in residuum derived from clay shale and in places interbedded with thin layers of siltstone. Near the type location the mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 45 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 50 to 59 degrees F. The growing season ranges from 120 to 180 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belpre, Brooke, Culleoka, Gilpin, Guernsey, Muskingum, Westmoreland, Summitville, Vandergrift soils and the competing Elba, Lowell, Vandalia, and Woodsfield soils. Belpre soils have a darker colored surface horizon. The Brooke, Culleoka, Gilpin and Muskingum soils have bedrock within a depth of 20 to 40 inches and hue of 7.5YR or yellower. Guernsey and Vandergrift soils have redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less in the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon. In addition, Guernsey soils have hue of 7.5YR or yellower. The Westmoreland and Summitville soils have 18 to 35 percent clay in the particle-size control section. In addition, Westmoreland soils have hue of 7.5YR or yellower. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; medium to rapid runoff; slow permeability. USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mainly areas that were formerly cleared and used for pasture, hay, and grain crops. Many areas have reverted to woodland. Mixed hardwood, mainly oaks, hickory, and yellow poplar are dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western and central West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, southeastern Ohio, and northeastern Kentucky. MLRA 124,126. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Upshur County, West Virginia, 1905. REMARKS: Many of the shale fragments described in the field break down during lab analysis. This soil property was taken into consideration with the percent passing sieve NO. 10 on the old soil interpretation record. Appropriate adjustments have been made to this series description by eliminating


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references to soft shale fragments and related modifiers. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 7 inches (Ap horizon). b. Argillic horizon - the zone from 7 to 42 inches (Bt1, Bt2 and Bt3 horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

176.0 VANDALIA

LOCATION VANDALIA WV+KY OH Established Series Rev. WJE-WFH-JCL 07/2001 VANDALIA SERIES The Vandalia series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in colluvium from shale, siltstone, and some sandstone. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the A horizon and moderately slow or slow in the subsoil and substratum. They are on foot slopes and colluvial fans. Slope ranges from 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 54 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Vandalia silty clay loam - on a wooded 20 percent slope at 740 feet elevation above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 5 inches, brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many roots; 10 percent siltstone and sandstone fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (4 to 9 inches thick) BA--5 to 8 inches, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak and moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; 10 percent siltstone and sandstone fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick) Bt1--8 to 17 inches, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, plastic, sticky; common roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent siltstone and sandstone fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.(7 to 16 inches thick) Bt2--17 to 33 inches, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) channery silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, plastic, sticky; few roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent siltstone and sandstone fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (6 to 20 inches thick)


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Bt3--33 to 43 inches, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) channery silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm, plastic, sticky; few roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent siltstone and sandstone fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 0 to 28 inches thick). 2C--43 to 72 inches, weak red (10R 4/3) channery clay; firm, very plastic, very sticky, 30 percent shale fragments; moderately acid. TYPE LOCATION: Wirt County, West Virginia; about 1 mile southwest of the junction of the Little Kanawha and Hughes Rivers and about 1 mile northeast of W. Va. Route 14 and Beulah Church. USGS Elizabeth topographic quadrangle Latitude 39 degrees, 07 minutes, 33 seconds, N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 24 minutes, 36 seconds W., NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 80 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments of shale, siltstone and some sandstone range from 5 to 15 percent in the A horizon, 5 to 40 percent in individual subhorizons of the BA and Bt horizons, and 5 to 50 percent in the C horizon. Unlimed soils are moderately acid through very strongly acid in the A, BA and Bt horizons and strongly acid through neutral in the C horizon. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR through 5YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 through 4. The redder hues are common in cultivated or eroded areas. Value of 3 moist (5.5 dry) is permitted. Undisturbed areas have an A horizon as uch as 6 inches thick which commonly has 10YR or 7.5YR hue, value of 3 and chroma of 2. The A horizon is silt loam or silty clay loam. The BA horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR through 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 6. Texture is silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam. The BA horizon, where present, and the upper part of the Bt horizon have hue of 2.5YR through 7.5YR , value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 through 6. They are silty clay loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay in the fine-earth fraction. The lower part of the Bt horizon has hue of 5YR through 10R , value of 3 or 4 and chroma of 3 through 6, and may have pockets of mixed colors in some pedons. It is silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay in the fine-earth fraction. 2Bt horizons arein the lower part of the solum of some pedons. Texture is silty clay, clay in the fine-earth fraction. The 2C and C horizons, where present, have hue of 5YR through 10R , value nd chroma of 3 through 6, except it ranges to 5Y hue in the 2C horizon of some pedons. They are silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or clay in the fine-earth fraction. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Beasley, Bledsoe, Bonnell, Bucklick, Caneyville, Eden, Faywood, Fredonia, Lowell, Markland, Milton, and Woodsfield series. The Beasley, Bledsoe, Bonnell, Lowell, and Markland, soils have hue of 7.5YR or yellower in the Bt horizon. The Caneyville, Eden, Faywood, Fredonia, and Milton, soils have lithic or paralithic contact at 20 to 40 inches. Bucklick soils have a lithologic discontinuity in the Bt horizon, are moderately permeable, and formed in a thin layer of loess over residuum. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Vandalia soils are on gently sloping to steep foot slopes and colluvial fans. They are unstable when saturated and "slips" or landslides are common characteristic features of the landscape. Slopes range from 3 to 60 percent but are dominantly 3 to 35 percent. These soils formed in mixed colluvium from shale, siltstone and some sandstone. The


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climate is humid temperate with a mean annual precipitation range from 35 to 45 inches. Mean annual temperatures are from 50 degrees to 59 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Upshur, Gilpin, Hackers, Moshannon, and Peabody soils. Gilpin, Upshur, and Peabody soils are on uplands. Gilpin soils are 20 to 40 inches to bedrock, have fine- loamy control sections and 7.5YR or yellower hues throughout. Peabody soils are 20 to 40 inches to bedrock. Hackers soils are on high bottom lands and low terraces, and are fine-silty. Moshannon soils are on flood plains, are fine-silty, and do not have an argillic horizon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is medium or rapid. Permeability is moderate and moderately slow in the A horizon and moderately slow and slow in the B and C horizons. USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used mostly for pasture or hay. Many reas are reverting to woodland of mixed hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western West Virginia, Eastern Ohio, and Northeastern Kentucky. The soils of this series are of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Reedy Creek Project, W. Va., 1936. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are: a. Ochric epipedon - The zone from 0 to 5 inches (Ap horizon). b. Argillic horizon - The zone from 8 to 43 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

177.0 VAUGHNSVILLE

LOCATION VAUGHNSVILLE OH Established Series Rev. RMG-RAR 09/2012 VAUGHNSVILLE SERIES The Vaughnsville series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are deep to dense till. They formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and in the underlying till. These soils are on beach ridges on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).


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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Vaughnsville loam on a north-facing, 1 percent footslope of a beach ridge in a cultivated field at an elevation of 230 meters (755 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated). Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; friable; common fine and few medium roots; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/3) organic coatings on faces of peds and in root channels; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches) thick] Bt1--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and few medium roots; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium and coarse faint dark red (2.5YR 3/6) and few fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt2--36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and few medium roots; common prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) linings in root and worm channels; few fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium prominent very dark gray (10YR 3/1) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt3--51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and few medium roots; common faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; common prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) linings in root and worm channels; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches).] BC1--76 to 91 cm (30 to 36 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam with thin strata of loamy sand; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and few medium roots; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick] 2BC2--91 to 114 cm (36 to 45 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings and few distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [8 to 38 cm (3 to 15 inches) thick]


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2Cd--114 to 203 cm (45 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation oriented along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; about 3 miles west of Van Buren, in Portage Township; 1,280 feet west and 1,840 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 2 N., R. 10 E.; USGS North Baltimore, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 07 minutes 44 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 42 minutes 45 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) Thickness of the solum: 63 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches) Thickness of the reddish matrix colors (hue of 2.5YR or 5YR): 25 to 63 cm (10 to 25 inches) Depth to the 2B horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to a densic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 63 to 114 cm (25 to 45 inches) Particle-size control section: 18 to 35 percent clay Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology Ap horizon: Hue: 10R, 2.5YR, or 5YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Bt horizon, upper part: Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR Value: 3 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Bt horizon, lower part: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loam or clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline BC horizon, where present: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures


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Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline 2Bt horizon, where present: Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline 2BC horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: clay loam, clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline 2Cd horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: clay loam, clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 42 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Adamstown, Beech, Blakeslee, Cazenovia, El Dara, Funkstown, Hilton, Kidami, Lima, Miami, Mt. Zion, Pevely, Rainsville, Rawson, Richland, Shawtown, and Summitville series. All of these soils except Cazenovia and Summitville series have hue yellower than 5YR in the upper part of the series control section. Cazenovia soils formed entirely in till and do not have a densic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Summitville soils formed in colluvium and residuum and have rock fragments of shale or siltstone lithology. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Vaughnsville soils are on beach ridges on lake plains of late Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Vaughnsville soils formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loamy glaciolacustrine material and in the underlying fine or moderately fine textured till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Belmore, Fox, Oshtemo, and Shawtown soils along backslopes of beach ridges. The somewhat poorly drained Aurand and very poorly drained Mermill soils are on less prominent footslopes and toeslopes. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 61 to 107 cm (2 to 3.5 feet) between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is very low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or moderately low in the solum, and low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the loamy material, slow or moderately slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the substratum.


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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and hay. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio; MLRA 99. The series is of small extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Putnam County, Ohio, 1930. REMARKS: Vaughnsville was formerly classified as Aquic Hapludalfs. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 76 cm (Bt horizon). Densic contact: at 114 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: iron depletions with chroma of 2 in all horizons below a depth of 51 cm. Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data (HK-20) from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for the original typical pedon, which is from the same general area. Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 130064. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

178.0 WABASHA

LOCATION WABASHA OH Established Series Rev. AR-DRM-JAG 09/2012 WABASHA SERIES The Wabasha series consists of very deep, very poorly drained or poorly drained soils formed in clayey alluvium on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Wabasha silty clay, in a cultivated field at an elevation of 205 meters (673 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


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Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick] Bg1--18 to 41 cm (7 to 16 inches); dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; firm; common fine roots; few fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bg2--41 to 56 cm (16 to 22 inches); gray (N 5/) silty clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse angular blocky; firm; common fine roots; distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) coatings on faces of peds with few fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) hypocoats; common fine distinct olive gray (5Y 5/2) and common fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bg3--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; firm; common fine roots; many prominent dark gray (10YR 4/1) coatings on faces of peds with few fine prominent reddish brown (5YR 4/4) hypocoats; common fine faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and prominent olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Bg4--74 to 122 cm (29 to 48 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse angular blocky; firm; few fine roots; many faint dark gray (5Y 4/1) coatings on faces of peds; common medium distinct olive (5Y 5/3) and prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly effervescent in the lower part; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 76 to 132 cm (30 to 52 inches).] C--122 to 152 cm (48 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; massive, with some vertical partings; firm; few very thin layers of sand; many prominent gray (5Y 5/1) coatings on vertical partings; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Henry County, Ohio; about 2.75 miles northwest of Liberty Center, in Liberty Township; 2540 feet west and 250 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 6 N., R. 7 E.; USGS Napoleon East, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 28 minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 02 minutes 47 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: greater than 102 cm (40 inches); most pedons have carbonates within 203 cm (80 inches) Particle-size control section: averages 40 to 55 percent clay Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: silty clay loam or silty clay Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline


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Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: silty clay or clay; some pedons have strata less than 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick of coarser texture Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent, but ranges to 7 percent in the lower part Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline C or Cg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 0 to 4 Texture: commonly silty clay or clay, or less commonly silty clay loam or clay loam; thin layers of sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, or silt loam 1 to 8 cm (1/2 inch to 3 inches) thick are in some pedons Rock fragment content: 0 to 7 percent Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Series in similar families are the Fonda, Holly, Orrville, Scitico, Stanhope, Toledo, and Wilhite series. Fonda, Scitico, and Toledo soils do not have an irregular decrease in organic carbon with depth or have 0.2 percent organic carbon at a depth of 125 centimeters. Holly, Orrville, and Stanhope soils have less than 35 percent clay and mixed mineralogy in the particle-size control section. Wilhite soils have mixed mineralogy in the particle-size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wabasha soils are on flood plains or in depressions along low-gradient streams receiving sediment from areas of Wisconsinan age glaciation. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in clayey alluvium washed mainly from areas of loamy, calcareous glaciolacustrine sediments or till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 175 to 244 meters (575 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Defiance, Fulton, Hoytville, Latty, Lucas, Nappanee, Paulding, Roselms, St. Clair, and Toledo soils. The somewhat poorly drained Defiance soils do not have a dark surface layer and are on slightly higher positions on flood plains. The Fulton, Hoytville, Latty, Lucas, Nappanee, Paulding, Roselms, St. Clair, and Toledo soils are on nearby lake plains. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained or poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between December and June in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow. These soils are subject to frequent flooding from January to May. USE AND VEGETATION: Most Wabasha soils are cultivated and used primarily for growing corn and soybeans. Some areas are in pasture, and a small acreage is used for woodland. Native vegetation is swamp forest dominated by water tolerant hardwoods such as elm, cottonwood, sycamore, and silver maple.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio and possibly Michigan; MLRAs 99, 111B, and 139. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of moderate extent, about 15,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Van Wert County, Ohio, 1970. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 122 cm (Bg horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 18 cm. Wabasha series was formerly classified as Mollic Fluvaquents. All pedons published in soil survey reports in MLRAs 99 and 111B classify as Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts. ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data is available from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory for pedons DF-28, OT-8, and PD-56. This data should be evaluated in the future to determine if it supports the current series concept. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

179.0 WAINOLA

LOCATION WAINOLA MI+WI Established Series Rev. LWB-WEF-LLD 08/2012 WAINOLA SERIES The Wainola series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in fine sandy glaciofluvial deposits on outwash plains, lake plains, and glacial lake deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C (43 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Endoaquods TYPICAL PEDON: Wainola fine sand, in a forested area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Oa--0 to 5 cm (2 inches); black (N 2.5/) well decomposed litter; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick] E--5 to 30 cm (2 to 12 inches); pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; common fine and coarse roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [8 to 30 cm (3 to 12 inches) thick]


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Bs1--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; common dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) weakly cemented ortstein fragments; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bs2--46 to 69 cm (18 to 27 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine and medium roots; common dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very weakly cemented ortstein fragments; common fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bs horizon is 20 to 61 cm (8 to 24 inches).] BC--69 to 104 cm (27 to 41 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; common fine distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout; common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick] C--104 to 152 cm (41 to 60 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/2) very fine sand; single grain; loose; strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Menominee County, Michigan; about 8 miles southeast of Stephenson; 2,200 feet north and 200 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 6, T. 34 N., R. 25 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 46 to 107 cm (18 to 42 inches) Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent throughout Particle-size control section: averages more than 50 percent fine sand A horizon, where present: Thickness: 2 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: fine sand or loamy fine sand Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid Ap horizon, where present: Thickness: 15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: fine sand or loamy fine sand Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid E horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: fine sand or loamy fine sand Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid Bs1 horizon:


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Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 or 4 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: stratified fine sand, very fine sand, or loamy fine sand with some thin strata of silt Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid Bs2 horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: stratified fine sand, very fine sand, or loamy fine sand with some thin strata of silt Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid, but ranges to slightly acid in some pedons BC horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: fine sand Reaction: strongly acid to neutral C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 10YR Value: 4 to 7 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: stratified fine sand, very fine sand, or loamy fine sand with some thin strata of silt Reaction: strongly acid to neutral COMPETING SERIES: These are the Au Gres, Battlefield, Kinross, and Wormet series. Au Gres soils average less than 50 percent fine sand in the particle-size control section (are dominantly medium sand). Battlefield soils have more than 5 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Kinross soils are saturated for a period of 90 to 120 days when the soil temperature is above 5 degrees C. Wormet soils do not have fine sand or loamy fine sand textures in the upper part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, and glacial lake deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. These soils formed in fine sandy glaciofluvial deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 864 mm (28 to 34 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.0 to 7.8 degrees C (41 to 46 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Rousseau and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Deford soils are in the same drainage sequence. The loamy textured Brimley and Richter soils are other associated soils. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 inches) between October and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high.


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USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is in forest, permanent pasture, or is idle cropland. A small acreage is under cultivation and used for small grain and hay. The present forest vegetation is chiefly quaking aspen, white ash, red maple, northern red oak with shrubs and grasses. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 90A, 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, 95A, 96, 99, and 142 in northern Michigan, New York, and northern Wisconsin. This series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SERIES ESTABLISHED: Arenac County, Michigan, 1964. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (12 inches) (Oa, E horizons). Albic horizon: from a depth of 5 to 30 cm (2 to 12 inches) (E horizon). Spodic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches) (Bs1 horizon). Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all mineral horizons. ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record: MI0212. Laboratory data is available for this pedon S80MI-109-4. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

180.0 WALLKILL

LOCATION WALLKILL NY+IL IN MI NJ OH VT WI Established Series Rev. JWW-WEH-SMF 01/2013 WALLKILL SERIES The Wallkill series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in alluvium overlying organic soil material. They are nearly level soils that occur on flood plains or around margins of organic soils adjacent to uplands. Saturated hydraulic conducticity of the mineral portion is moderately high to high, and the organic portion is high to very high. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees Celsius, and the mean annual precipitation is about 1041 millimeters. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Humaquepts TYPICAL PEDON: Wallkill silt loam in a cultivated field on a 1 percent slope. (Colors refer to moist soil unless specified otherwise.) Ap-- 0 to 20 centimeters; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (15 to 25 centimeters thick.)


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Bg-- 20 to 51 centimeters; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; firm; few fine roots; few pores; common fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (15 to 61 centimeters thick.) Cg-- 51 to 61 centimeters; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; massive; common fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 86 centimeters thick.) 2Oa-- 61 to 81 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) sapric soil material; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) rubbed and pressed; 40 percent fiber when broken; 10 percent rubbed and pressed; massive; friable; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 84 centimeters thick.) 2Oe-- 81 to 183 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) wet and broken or rubbed, hemic material; 60 percent fiber broken; 40 percent rubbed; massive; neutral. TYPE LOCATION: Oswego County, New York, Town of Schroeppel. Beside Sixmile Creek, 1/8 mile northeast of junction of Sixmile and Bells Creeks. USGS Pennellville, NY topographic quadrangle; Latitude 43 degrees, 16 minutes, 7 seconds N. and Longitude 76 degrees, 17 minutes, 39 seconds W. NAD 1927. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The mineral soil over the organic soil material ranges from 40 to 100 centimeters thick. Bedrock is deeper than 150 centimeters. Rock fragments are lacking in most pedons but some pedons contain up to 20 percent gravel in the mineral horizons. The Ap horizon has hues of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. Some pedons have a mucky modifier. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse granular, and consistence is friable or very friable. Undisturbed areas have an A horizon 7 to 15 centimeters thick. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly alkaline. The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is dominantly silt loam or loam but permits fine sandy loam and silty clay loam subhorizons in the fine earth fraction. Some pedons have a mucky modifier. Structure is weak or moderate, subangular blocky, or prismatic. It is friable or firm. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly alkaline. Cg horizons have the same range in color and texture as the Bg horizon. Some pedons have buried A horizons above the organic layers. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly alkaline. The 2O horizons have hues of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. They consist of hemic or sapric materials and include either woody or herbaceous plant material or both. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly alkaline. 3C horizons of marl or coprogenus earth commonly underlie the organic layers, but some pedons have clayey, silty or sandy 3C horizons. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline depending on the type deposits in the substratum. COMPETING SERIES: The Sammamish series is in the same family. Sammamish soils are found in a different Land Resource Region and have a finer texture range in the solum and substratum. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wallkill soils formed in alluvial mineral soil deposits over organic soil materials. They occur along streams that run through organic soil areas and along the margins of


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depressional areas adjacent to upland mineral soils. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 760 to 1270 millimeters and mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees Celsius. Mean growing season ranges from 130 to 200 days in the regions of occurrence though some areas of the soil are in frost pockets. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Carlisle, Hamlin, Lupton, Middlebury, Palms, Teel, Tioga, Warners, and Wayland soils. Carlisle, Lupton, and Palms soils formed in associated organic deposits. Middlebury, Teel, Tioga, Wayland and Warners soils formed in mineral deposits on floodplains and lack organic materials within the control sections. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained, naturally, though effective drainage of many areas has been established by ditches. The potential for surface runoff is low to negligible. Saturated hydraulic conducticity of the mineral portion is moderately high to high, and the organic portion is high to very high. USE AND VEGETATION: Where drained, Wallkill soils are used for growing potatoes, lettuce, celery and other vegetable crops. A significant area is used for sod-production for lawns. Corn is produced locally. Partially drained areas are used for hay and pasture. Wooded areas have elm, red maple and other water-tolerant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Vermont, and Wisconsin. MLRA's 91, 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 101, 105, 110, 111, 114, 115, 139, 140, and 144A. The soil is moderately extensive. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Orange County, New York, 1913. REMARKS: Cation exchange activity class is based upon a review of limited data. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include: 1. Mollic epipedon - the zone from 0 to 20 centimeters (Ap) 2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 20 to 50 centimeters (Bg) 3. Fluvaquentic subgroup - irregular decrease in organic carbon between 25centimeters and 125 centimeters below the mineral soil surface ADDITIONAL DATA: Partial reference samples from pedon 84P4275, samples 84P4275-4276 from Orange County, New York, samples by SSL, Lincoln, NE, 1984. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

181.0 WASEPI

LOCATION WASEPI MI+WI Established Series


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Rev. RWJ-EPW-WEF 06/2011 WASEPI SERIES The Wasepi series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy and sandy glaciofluvial deposits underlain by sand and gravel at 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Wasepi soils are on outwash plains, deltas, valley trains, glacial drainageways, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Wasepi sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick] E1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. E2--33 to 43 cm (13 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 10 to 46 cm (4 to 18 inches).] Bt1--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few thin clay films; few fine roots; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; thick clay films and bridging between sand grains; common medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches).] 2Cg--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) stratified sand and fine gravel; single grain; loose; few coarse prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of oxidized iron; slightly alkaline; slightly effervescent. TYPE LOCATION: Genesee County, Michigan; about 2 miles east and 2 miles south of Goodrich; 900 feet east and 960 feet north of SW corner of SE quarter of sec. 25, T. 6 N., R. 8 E. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)


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Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 2 or 3 Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 3 to 14 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to neutral E horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 5 or 6 Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand Rock fragment content: 3 to 14 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, gravelly sandy loam, or gravelly fine sandy loam Rock fragment content: 3 to 25 percent gravel Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline 2C horizon: Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: 5 to 7 Chroma: 1 to 6 Texture: gravelly sand or stratified sand and gravel Rock fragment content: 15 to 50 percent gravel Reaction: slightly alkaline Loamy substratums with loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam texture are below 102 cm (40 inches) in some pedons. COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wasepi soils are on outwash plains, deltas, valley trains, glacial drainageways, and lake plains of Wisconsinan Age. Slope gradient is dominantly 0 and 2 percent, but ranges to 6 percent. This soil formed in loamy and sandy glaciofluvial deposits underlain by sand and gravel at 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 10.0 degrees C (46 to 50 degrees F). GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Brady, Gilford, Oshtemo, Perrin, and Sebewa soils. The Wasepi soils are the somewhat poorly drained member of a drainage sequence that includes the well drained Boyer, moderately well drained Perrin, and poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils. Brady, the well drained Oshtemo, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Sebewa soils are closely associated on outwash plains.


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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and high or very high in the underlying sand and gravel. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and rapid in underlying sand and gravel. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and grass-legume hay are principal crops. Soils are used for permanent pasture or forest in a few areas. Native vegetation is hardwoods, principally American elm, white ash, hickory, and swamp white oak. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, and 110 in southern Michigan and southeastern Wisconsin. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lapeer County, Michigan, 1966. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 43 cm (17 inches) (Ap, E1, and E2 horizons). Argillic horizon: from a depth of 43 to 76 cm (17 to 30 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons). Aquic conditions: iron depletions or matrix with chroma of 2 or less in all horizons below a depth of 33 cm (13 inches). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

182.0 WAUSEON

LOCATION WAUSEON OH+IN MI WI Established Series Rev. DRM-RAR 05/2007 WAUSEON SERIES The Wauseon series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense till. These soils formed in loamy and sandy glaciolacustrine sediments and in the underlying till. They are on lake plains and deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over clayey, mixed over illitic, superactive, mesic Typic Epiaquolls TYPICAL PEDON: Wauseon fine sandy loam, on a 0 to 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 229 meters (750 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)


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Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; few fine roots; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. A--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); black 10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; friable; few fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches).] Bg1--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bg2--53 to 71 cm (21 to 28 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and prominent olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bg3--71 to 81 cm (28 to 32 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches).] 2BC--81 to 91 cm (32 to 36 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; very firm; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium and coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine and medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) masses of calcium carbonate accumulation on vertical faces of prisms; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 30 cm (3 to 12 inches) thick] 2C--91 to 147 cm (36 to 58 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical partings; very firm; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium and coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; very few fine and medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of calcium carbonate accumulation on faces of partings; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2Cd--147 to 203 cm (58 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; many medium and coarse distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Fulton County, Ohio; about 1.5 miles northeast of Winameg, in Pike Township; about 195 feet north and 1,495 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 9. S., R. 3 E.; USGS Delta,


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Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 38 minutes 31.77 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 02 minutes 25.83 seconds W., NAD 27. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches), and typically extends into the underlying till Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches) Depth to the lithologic discontinuity with till: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Depth to densic contact: 91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches) Depth to carbonates: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches) Rock fragments: of glacial origin; rounded and primarily igneous in the glaciolacustrine material, and angular or subrounded fragments of mixed lithology (igneous, limestone, and shale) in the till Ap or A horizon: Hue: 10YR or is neutral Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) Chroma: 0 to 2 Texture: commonly fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand, or less commonly sandy loam, loam, or silt loam Reaction: slightly acid or neutral Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Some pedons have an AB or BA horizon. Bg horizon: Hue: 10YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 or 2, 3 is allowed in the lower part Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or very fine sand, with subhorizons of sandy clay loam less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick in some pedons Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent Some pedons have a BC horizon. 2BC or 2BCg horizon: Hue: 5YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 35 to 55 percent Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline 2C, 2Cg, 2Cd, or 2Cdg horizon: Hue: 5YR to 5Y Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 35 to 55 percent


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Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Similar soils are the Corunna, Gilford, Goodell, Granby, Lyles, Maumee, Mermill, and Monon series. None of these soils have a strongly contrasting particle-size class. Corunna, Gilford, Goodell, Lyles, and Monon soils have a coarse-loamy particle-size class. Granby and Maumee soils have a sandy particle-size class. Mermill soils have a fine-loamy particle-size class. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wauseon soils are on lake plains and deltas of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in loamy and sandy glaciolacustrine sediments and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (49 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Wauseon soils form a toposequence with the moderately well drained Rimer and Seward soils. Rimer and Seward soils are on higher landform positions. Other nearby soils on similar positions include the Colwood, Gilford, Granby, Hoytville, Lenawee, and Mermill soils. Colwood, Gilford, and Granby soils do not have till in the lower part of the profile. Hoytville, Lenawee, and Mermill soils have a thinner, dark colored surface layer. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly drained. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the loamy and sandy material, moderately low in the lower part of the subsoil formed in till, and low in the substratum. Permeability is moderately rapid in the loamy and sandy material, slow in the lower part of the subsoil formed in till, and slow or very slow in the substratum. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Wauseon soils are cultivated. Principal crops include corn, soybeans, and small grain with some sugar beets and truck crops. A few undrained areas have dominantly marsh vegetation. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest with swamp white oak, soft maple, elm, basswood, and sycamore as prominent species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, northern Indiana, southern Michigan, and southern Wisconsin; MLRAs 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 99, and 111B. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana. SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fulton County, Ohio, 1922. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (Ap, A horizons). Cambic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 91 cm (Bg, 2BC horizons). Densic contact: at 147 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon). Aquic conditions: redox features present in all horizons below a depth of 33 cm; matrix color with chroma of 1 immediately below the mollic epipedon.


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The Wauseon series needs to be investigated for a contrasting particle-size class during MLRA update activities. Available lab data from adjacent series have 27 to 42 percent clay in the underlying till. The stratified substratum phase has stratified sand, loam, and clay loam in the substratum. This phase may be recorrelated into a new series when the area of use is updated. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

183.0 WEIKERT

LOCATION WEIKERT PA+IL IN KY MD OH VA WV Established Series Rev. AWD-WRK-REP-ART 04/2009 WEIKERT SERIES The Weikert series consist of shallow, well drained soils formed in material that weathered from interbedded gray and brown acid shale, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone on gently sloping to very steep areas on uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 100 percent. Permeability is moderately rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Lithic Dystrudepts TYPICAL PEDON: Weikert channery silt loam, in a cultivated field on 8 to 15 percent slopes. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Ap--0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium roots; 30 percent angular and subangular shale channers; strongly acid, clear smooth boundary. (5 to 9 inches thick) Bw--7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; 50 percent angular and subangular shale channers; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (3 to 12 inches thick) C--14 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely channery silt loam; massive; friable; nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; common distinct sily and clay deposits on channers; 70 percent angular and subangular shale channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick) R--18 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) fractured acid shale and siltstone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: Franklin County, Pennsylvania; Hamilton Township, 3 miles west of Chambersburg, 2000 feet west of the intersection of Pennsylvania routes 4008 and 4010, 1000 feet south of route 4008; Chambersburg, PA topographic quadrangle; Latitude 39 degrees, 57 minutes, and 46 seconds N. and Longitude 77 degrees, 44 minutes, and 3 seconds W. NAD 27


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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 8 to 20 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 50 percent in the A or Ap horizon, from 35 to 60 percent in the Bw horizon, and from 60 to 85 percent in the C horizon. The sand fraction and rock fragments have a low content of feldspars, hydrobiotite, and chlorite. Unlimed reaction ranges from moderately acid to very strongly acid in the A or Ap horizon and moderately acid to extremely acid in the Bw and C horizons. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture is silt loam, or channery or very channery silt loam. Undisturbed pedons have a thin dark A horizon underlain by a 2 to 5 inch thick yellowish brown E horizon. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6. Texture is very channery silt loam or very channery loam. The fine-earth fraction has about 10 to 25 percent clay, 40 to 60 percent silt, and 20 to 40 percent sand. Structure of the Bw is weak or moderate, fine or medium subangular blocky. Moist consistence is friable or very friable, nonsticky or slightly sticky, and nonplastic or slightly plastic. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 8. Texture is extremely channery silt loam or extremely channery loam with common interstitial pores. The fine-earth fraction is much like the horizon above but has massive or platy bedrock controlled structure. Some pedons have a Cr horizon beginning at depths of less than 20 inches. Fractures are less than 4 inches apart but displacement of the pieces is rare. Some of the fragments are coated with silt films. The R consists of shale, siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, or alternate beds of such material. The bedrock is sometimes fractured. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Arnot, Klinesville, Nassau, and Sylvatus series in the same family. Arnot and Nassau soils are formed in a thin mantle of glacial till or congeliturbate. Arnot and Nassau soils appear similar in the field but analytical data show 10 to 40 percent of the clay fraction of Weikert is kaolinite, whereas this mineral is lacking in the Arnot and Nassau soils. Sylvatus soils contain fragments of metasediments, primarily phyllite and slate. Klinesville soils have inherited hues redder than 7.5YR. Bugley, Rohan, and Unicoi are a related family. They are all semiactive. In addition, Bugley soils have rock fragments of schist in the solum. Rohan soils have carbonaceous bedrock. Unicoi soils have a much higher content of feldspar, hydrobiotite, and chlorite in the sand fraction. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Weikert soils are on gently sloping to very steep convex dissected uplands formed in weathered residuum from interbedded gray and brown acid shale, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone. Slope gradients range from 0 to 100 percent. The climate is humid and temperate with an mean annual precipitation of 36 to 50 inches, mean annual air temperatures of 46 to 57 degrees F., and a growing season of 120 to 200 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These include Allenwood, Bedington, Berks, Cavode, Ernest, Gilpin, Hartleton, Muskingum, Rayne, Westmoreland, and Wharton series. All these soils are deeper than 20 inches to bedrock. In addition, Allenwood, Bedington, Gilpin, Rayne, and Westmoreland soils have argillic horizons and are nonskeletal. The subsoils of Cavode, Ernest, and Wharton soils have low chroma redoximorphic features.


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DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is neglegible to high. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid. USE AND VEGETATION: Most is cleared and used for cropland and pasture or is idle. Forested areas are mixed, deciduous hardwoods. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky. The series is of large extent. MLRA's 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 140, 147, 148. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Union County, Pennsylvania, 1939. REMARKS: In 1994 the Type Location was visited and redescribed as part of the MLRA 147 update in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland. Some pedons sampled as Weikert have a CEC class of semiactive. In some areas the Weikert series may include somewhat excessively drained soils. Soils that are now within the range of the Weikert series were correlated as Montevallo (thermic) in several published soil surveys. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 7 inches (Ap horizon). Cambic horizon - from a depth of 7 to 14 inches (Bw horizon). Lithic contact at a depth of 18 inches (R horizon) ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab samples number S93PA-055-039 and S93PA-055-040, taken from the same county as the type location, were used as the basis for placing this series into the active CEC activity class. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

184.0 WEINBACH

LOCATION WEINBACH IN+IL KY OH Established Series Rev. FWS-JDL 08/2012 WEINBACH SERIES The Weinbach series consists of deep, somewhat poorly drained, very slowly permeable soils with fragipans formed in old acid alluvium of stratified silt loam, silty clay loam, and loam with some sand in


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the underlying materials. These soils are on terraces and slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Fragiaqualfs TYPICAL PEDON: Weinbach silt loam - on a nearly level convex slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (7 to 10 inches thick) E--8 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (3 to 10 inches thick) BEg--15 to 23 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; many medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) and gray (10YR 6/1) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common mica flakes; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (7 to 16 inches thick) Btxg1--23 to 31 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; strong coarse prismatic structure; very firm; brittle, compact; thin continuous gray (10YR 6/1) clay films and few gray silt coatings on faces of peds; few black (10YR 2/1) accumulations of iron and manganese oxides; common fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Btxg2--31 to 40 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay loam; many distinct coarse dark brown (10YR 4/3) mottles; strong very coarse prismatic structure; very firm; brittle, compact; thin continuous gray (10YR 6/1) clay films on faces of peds; few black (10YR 2/1) accumulations of iron and manganese oxides; common fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of Btx horizon is 11 to 30 inches.) BC--40 to 52 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; few thin brown (10YR 5/3) silt films on faces of prisms; thin discontinuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on few faces of peds; few black (10YR 2/1) accumulations of iron and manganese oxides; common fine mica flakes; very strongly acid; diffuse smooth boundary. (0 to 16 inches thick) C--52 to 65 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) stratified silty clay loam; massive; firm; few light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt films along cleavage planes; common fine mica flakes; very strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Perry County, Indiana; 1/2 mile north of Tell City; 1200 feet east and 300 feet north of the southwest corner, sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 3 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 72 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 20 to 36 inches. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is commonly silt loam and less commonly loam. It is neutral to very strongly acid. In a few areas where the soil is undisturbed there is a very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) A horizon, 1 to 3 inches thick. The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It commonly is silt loam and less commonly loam. It is medium acid to very strongly acid.


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The BE horizon or BA horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4 and is mottled. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. It is strongly acid or very strongly acid. The Btx horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6 and is mottled. It is silt loam, silty clay loam or clay loam. It is strongly acid or very strongly acid. The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6 and is mottled. It is silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam. It is strongly acid or very strongly acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is stratified and layers range from silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, and clay loam to sand. It is medium acid to very strongly acid. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Avonburg, Bartle, Doles, Dubois, Platea, and Wadsworth series. Avonburg soils have coarse fragments in the lower part of the solum and have a lower B horizon formed in till. Bartle soils contain less clay in the fragipan horizon and have grayer Btx and C horizons. Doles soils do not have mica flakes in the solum. Dubois soils lack mica flakes in the solum and are formed in 20 to 40 inches of loess and the underlying stratified materials. Platea soils have 2 to 20 percent coarse fragments in the solum, are less acid, and formed in till strongly influenced by clayey shale and siltstone. Wadsworth soils contain less silt in the sola and have C horizons of glacial till that commonly contains free carbonates. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Weinbach soils are on nearly level to gently sloping terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. The Weinbach soils formed in old acid alluvium of stratified silt loam, silty clay loam, and loam with some sand in the underlying materials. These materials are largely derived from shale, sandstone, and quartzite. In places the material contains a component of glacial drift and possibly some loess. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 45 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 52 to 58 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The somewhat poorly drained Weinbach soils are in a drainage sequence with the Wheeling, Sciotoville, Ginat, and Chilo soils. Wheeling soils are well drained and are on broad flats and side slopes where the area is dissected. Sciotoville soils are moderately well drained and are on nearly level and gently sloping areas. Ginat soils are poorly drained and are on the level areas. Chilo soils are very poorly drained and are in the narrow slightly concave areas. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Runoff is slow. Permeability is very slow. Normally this soil does not flood. In some areas flooding is rare. USE AND VEGETATION: Largely cropped to corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. A small part is in permanent pasture, idle, or in forest. The original vegetation was mixed hardwood forest. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Allegheny Plateau of Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, southern Ohio, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and northern Kentucky. The soil is of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Vanderburgh County, Indiana, 1939.


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REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of approximately 15 inches (Ap,E horizons); argillic horizon - the zone from approximately 15 to 40 inches (BEg, Btxg1, Btxg2 horizons); fragipan - the zone from approximately 23 to 40 inches (Btxg1, Btxg2 horizons); aquic moisture regime. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

185.0 WELLSTON

LOCATION WELLSTON OH+IL IN KY PA TN WV Established Series DDC, SLH/Rev. MDJ 10/2014 WELLSTON SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Wellston silt loam - on a 7 percent convex slope about 30 meters (100 feet) from the ridge top at an elevation of 265 meters (870 feet) on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.) A--0 to 5 cm (0 to 2 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (3 to 13 cm thick) E--5 to 18 cm (2 to 7 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; friable; many fine roots; many fine through coarse pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (8 to 23 cm thick except in cultivated areas is 0 to 8 cm) BE--18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; many fine to medium pores; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films; many distinct brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on vertical faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick) Bt1--25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few coarse pores; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on all faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few coarse pores; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on all faces of peds; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt3--53 to 64 cm (21 to 25 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few fine pores; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4)


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clay films on all faces of peds; 3 percent sandstone channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 76 cm.) 2BC--64 to 91 cm (25 to 36 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few fine pores; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on all faces of peds; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) silt coats on faces of peds in lower part of horizon; 20 percent sandstone and siltstone channers; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 38 cm thick) 2C--91 to 114 cm (36 to 45 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) extremely channery loam; many medium light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) lithochromic mottles; massive; firm; few fine roots; few fine pores; 80 percent siltstone channers; strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. (0 to 61 cm thick) 2R--114 to 139 cm (45 to 55 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) acid fine-grained sandstone. TYPE LOCATION: County: Washington State: Ohio USGS Quadrangle: Fleming, Ohio Latitude (Decimal Degrees, WGS84): 39.4576417 N Longitude (Decimal Degrees, WGS84): -81.6242917 W Directions to the pedon: Watertown Township; 1.37 km (0.85 mile) south of State Route 676 on County Road 2; 30.5 m (100 feet) north of the junction of County Road 2 and a field lane in the SE, SE, SW , section 8, T. 4 N., R. 10 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic: 18 to 38 cm (7 to 15 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic: 60 to 122 cm (24 to 48 inches) Solum Thickness: 81 to 140 cm (32 to 55 inches) Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 102 cm (40 inches) Depth Class: Deep or very deep Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity: 58 to 94 cm (23 to 37 inches) Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A, E, and upper Bt horizons, 0 to 60 percent, by volume, in sub horizons of the 2Bt and 2BC horizons, and 0 to 80 percent, by volume, in the 2C horizon. Soil Reaction: Moderately acid through extremely acid in the Ap, A, E, BE, Bt, and 2Bt horizons, and moderately acid through very strongly acid in the 2BC and 2C horizons, where not limed Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 10 to 40 percent clay and less than 10 percent sand in the particle-size control section Range of Individual Horizons: A or Ap horizon: Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 through 5, and chroma of 1 through 3, except eroded areas range in chroma of 4 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam or their channery analogues E horizon: (In some cultivated pedons the E horizon is mixed in the Ap horizon.) Color--hue of 10YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 or 4


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Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam or their channery analogues BE horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam or their channery analogues Bt or 2Bt horizon: Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam or silt loam or their channery analogues Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--black manganese stains or concretions; and yellowish brown or strong brown iron-manganese masses Lithochromic mottles (if they occur)--pale brown or light brownish gray below a depth of 64 cm 2BC horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam, or their channery, very channery, gravelly, or very gravelly analogues Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--black manganese stains or concretions; and yellowish brown or strong brown iron-manganese masses Lithochromic mottles (if they occur)--light brownish gray 2C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam, or their gravelly or channery through extremely gravelly or extremely channery analogues Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--black manganese stains or concretions; and yellowish brown or strong brown iron-manganese masses Lithochromic mottles (if they occur)--light brownish gray COMPETING SERIES: Bearthicket soils--formed in silty alluvium and do not have a loess surface Cidermill soils--are stratified in the underlying glacial material and contain rounded gravel Elk soils--are alluvial and lack rock fragments or have rounded fragments in the lower part of the subsoil Elkinsville soils--formed in loess over alluvium and lack rock fragments or have rounded fragments in the lower B and C horizons Olephant soils--formed in loess over paleosol in lacustrine deposits Parke soils--formed in loess over paleosol in outwash and have hues redder than 7.5YR in the lower part of the B horizon Pike soils--formed in loess over paleosol in outwash, have hues redder than 7.5YR in the lower B horizon, have a solum of more than 60 inches, and lack rock fragments within 40 inches Rickert soils--are very deep and formed in more than 203 cm of loess Tobinsport soils--are very deep and formed on loess covered dunes on stream terraces Wellrock soils--have a paralithic contact and average less than 15 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRA(s) using this series: 111A, 113, 114A, 114B, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 122, 124, 126, 127 Landscape: Upland Landform: Ridge and hillside


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Geomorphic Component: Crest, head slope, nose slope, or side slope Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope Parent Material Origin: Silty loess over sandstone, siltstone, or shale Parent Material Kind: Loess over residuum Slope: 0 to 35 percent Elevation: 183 to 699 meters (600 to 2293 feet) Frost-free period: 163 to 203 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9.2 to 11.9 degrees C. (49 to 53 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 965 to 1321 millimeters (38 to 52 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Berks soils-- occur on similar landscape positions and are moderately deep to shale and siltstone bedrock Dekalb soils-- occur on similar landscape positions and are moderately deep to sandstone bedrock Muskingum soils-- occur on similar landscape positions and are moderately deep to sandstone, siltstone, and shale bedrock Neotoma soils--occur on north-facing slopes in coves and are loamy-skeletal Zanesville soils--occur on similar landscape positions and have a fragipan DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: None Index Surface Runoff: Medium to high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: High Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate Shrink-Swell Class: Low Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, woodland, and cropland Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass legume hay, corn, oats, soybeans, or winter wheat. Where wooded--Oaks, hickory, yellow-poplar, shortleaf pine, and cherry DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Southern and eastern Ohio, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia Extent: Large, about 10 million acres at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Athens County, Ohio, 1932. REMARKS: Large areas previously classed as Wellston, where the content of coarse fragments is high, are now classed as Westmoreland, and areas with lower base saturation are classed as Whitley. Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 25 cm (A, E, and BE horizons) Argillic horizon--the zone from 25 to 64 cm (Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons) Lithic materials--The zone from 114 to 139 cm (2R horizon)


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Other soil features identified with this pedon: Lithologic discontinuity--the zone from 64 to 139 cm (2BC, 2C, and 2R horizons) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 114 cm This edit updates the 12/1999 revision by DRM ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the KSSL for the following pedons: 73KY-089-036 Characterization data is available from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory for the following pedons: 1955-OH013-S03, 1960-OH019-002, 1960-OH019-007, 1962-OH019-W28, 1962-OH019-W20, 1961-OH119-W01, 1967-OH167-005, 1978-OH009-016, 1985-OH013-033, 1962OH053W04 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

186.0 WESTMORE

LOCATION WESTMORE OH+IL Established Series Rev. TNR-DRM 08/2001 WESTMORE SERIES The Westmore series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in a mantle of silty material and the underlying residuum weathered from interbedded siltstone, shale, sandstone, and limestone. Permeability is moderate in the silty material and moderately slow or slow in the underlying material. These upland soils have slopes ranging from 1 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Westmore silt loam - pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular and weak medium platy structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent small sandstone fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick) Bt1--6 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; 3 percent small sandstone fragments; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2--9 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds and in root channels and pores; 3 percent small sandstone fragments; medium acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 12 to 28 inches.)


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2Bt3--23 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent small sandstone and shale fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (8 to 24 inches thick) 2BC--44 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent small sandstone and shale fragments; many fine black (10YR 2/1) concretions (iron and manganese oxides); medium acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick) 2C1--51 to 54 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and reddish gray (5YR 5/2) mottles; massive; 10 percent small shale fragments; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick) 2C2--54 to 68 inches; three layers 3 to 7 inches thick; upper layer is variegated dusky red (10R 3/2), dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and dark gray (N 4/0) clay; middle layer is mixed light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; lower layer is dusky red (10R 3/2) clay; massive; very firm; 10 percent coarse fragments; slightly acid at top, slight effervescence and mildly alkaline at the base. 2R--68 inches; hard limestone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: Monroe County, Ohio; Seneca Township; 300 feet south of Township Road 23; 1/2 mile west of junction of Ohio Route 379 and Township Road 23, 1950 feet west and 1850 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 7 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 72 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 4 feet. The thickness of the silty mantle is 20 to 36 inches. The particle size control section is 25 to 35 percent clay and 2 to 15 percent sand coarser than very fine sand plus coarse fragments. The volume of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 5 percent in the A and Bt horizons and 5 to 25 percent in the 2Bt, 2BC, and 2C horizons. Thin flat shale and sandstone fragments up to 3 inches across the long axis are the dominant coarse fragments, but siltstone and limestone fragments up to 10 inches in diameter or 15 inches in length are in some pedons. These make up 0 to 15 percent of the 2Bt, 2BC, and 2C horizons. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have an A horizon, 1 to 5 inches thick, that have hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4 (4 to 6 dry), and chroma of 1 to 3. The A horizon is silt loam but the Ap ranges to silty clay loam in severely eroded pedons. The Ap or A is commonly medium acid or strongly acid but the Ap horizon ranges to neutral. Some pedons have an E horizon up to 9 inches thick that has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. It is medium acid to very strongly acid. The 2Bt and 2BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 3 to 6. They are silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam, or their channery analogues. They typically contain 35 to 60 percent clay but individual subhorizons of the 2Bt contain up to 65 percent clay. The


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upper part of the 2Bt is strongly acid to neutral and the lower part of the 2Bt and 2BC are medium acid to neutral. The 2C horizon has hue of 10R to 5Y, or is neutral; value of 3 to 6; chroma of 0 to 6; and is typically variegated or mottled. It commonly is clay or silty clay and less commonly sandy clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, or their channery analogues. It contains 35 to 60 percent clay. It is medium acid to mildly alkaline. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alford, Baraboo, Bertrand, Birkbeck, Blackhammer, Cadiz, Camden, Dodge, Dubuque, Elco, Eleroy, Fayette, Flagg, Grayford, Hackers, Inton, Iona, Jackson, Knowles, LaFarge, Lomira, Marseilles, Martinsburg, Mayville, Menfro, Mentor, Middletown, Minnith, Palsgrove, Rozetta, Rush, Russell, St. Charles, Seaton, Sylvan, Uniontown, Weingarten, Winfield, and Zurich series in the same family and the Edom, Guernsey, Loudon, Rosine, and Westmoreland series. Alford, Bertrand, Birkbeck, Blackhammer, Camden, Fayette, Hackers, Inton, Iona, Jackson, Martinsburg, Menfro, Mentor, Middletown, Minnith, Rozetta, Rush, St. Charles, Seaton, and Winfield soils have less than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the solum. Baraboo, Dubuque, and Knowles soils have a lithic contact at depths of less than 40 inches from the soil surface. Cadiz, Dodge, Elco, Mayville, and Russell soils have 2Bt horizons formed in till which has rock fragments of mixed lithology. Eleroy soils have less than 5 percent coarse fragments in the 2Bt horizon. Flagg soils have sola thicker than 60 inches. LaFarge, Lomira, Marseilles, Sylvan, and Uniontown soils have sola less than 40 inches thick. Palsgrove soils have residuum weathered from bedrock at depths greater than 36 inches. Zurich soils have carbonates within a depth of 40 inches. Edom, Guernsey, and Loudon soils average more than 35 percent clay in the particle size control section. Rosine soils have base saturation between 35 and 60 percent. Westmoreland soils are fine- loamy. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Westmore soils occur principally on ridgetops, upper hillsides, and benches with dominant slopes of 12 to 35 percent but ranging from 1 to about 70 percent. The soils formed in a silty mantle 20 to 36 inches thick and in residuum weathered from interbedded sedimentary rocks, including siltstone, shale, sandstone, and limestone. In most pedons, there is evidence of solifluction in the orientation of coarse fragments or mixing of materials weathered from different kinds of bedrock. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 45 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 50 to 56 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Guernsey and Westmoreland soils and the Brooke, Brookside, Gilpin, Lowell, Sees, Wellston, and Woolper soils. Guernsey soils occupy similar landscape positions as Westmore soils but are moderately well drained and have a thinner mantle of silt. Westmoreland soils are on ridgetops and hillsides and are fine-loamy. Brooke, Lowell, and Wellston soils are on ridgetops or upper hillsides. Brooke and Lowell soils are fine, and Wellston soils have base saturation between 35 and 60 percent. Gilpin soils occupy similar positions, have base saturation of less than 35 percent and are fine-loamy. The moderately well drained Brookside, somewhat poorly drained Sees, and well drained Woolper soils formed in clayey colluvium on footslopes. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Surface runoff is rapid. Permeability is moderate in the silty material and moderately slow or slow in the underlying material. USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are cultivated or used for pasture. Principal crops are meadow, corn, wheat, or other cultivated crops. Some areas are forested. Native vegetation was mixed hardwoods with oak, tulip poplar, beech, maple, and hickory as the most common species. Some areas of former cropland or pasture areas are reverting to woodland.


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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Allegheny Plateau in southeast Ohio and in Illinois, and possibly nearby areas of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky. The soils are moderately extensive, about 30,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Monroe County, Ohio, 1970. REMARKS: Until 1965, Westmore soils had been considered a part of the Westmoreland series in Ohio. Diagnostic horizons and features recongized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 6 inches (Ap horizons); argillic horizon - the zone from a depth of about 6 inches to a depth of about 51 inches (Bt1-2Bc horizons). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

187.0 WESTMORELAND

LOCATION WESTMORELAND OH+KY MD PA VA WV Established Series RDJ-SLH/Rev. MDJ 06/2013 WESTMORELAND SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Westmoreland silt loam on a 22 percent slope; forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.) A--0 to 8 centimeters (0 to 3 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent siltstone fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (3 to 22 cm (1 to 9 inches) thick) E--8 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent siltstone fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick) BE--15 to 28 centimeters (6 to 11 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and common medium roots; 5 percent siltstone fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) thick) Bt1--28 to 51 centimeters (11 to 20 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium roots; common faint brown


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(10YR 4/3) clay films on ped faces; 20 percent siltstone fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2--51 to 81 centimeters (20 to 32 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct light brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay films on ped faces; 25 percent siltstone fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 39 to 83 cm. (15 to 33 inches)) BC--81 to 97 centimeters (32 to 38 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) very parachannery silty clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate thin platy; very firm; few distinct light brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay films; 50 percent soft siltstone fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (8 to 38 cm (3 to 15 inches) thick) C--97 to 112 centimeters (38 to 44 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) very parachannery silt loam; structureless, massive; very firm; 50 percent soft siltstone fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (11 to 78 cm (4 to 31 inches) thick) Cr--112 to 127 centimeters (44 to 50 inches); rippable, fractured siltstone bedrock; low excavation difficulty; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. R--127 centimeters (50 inches); siltstone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: County: Muskingum State: Ohio USGS Quadrangle: Zanesville West, Ohio Latitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD83): 39.962 N Longitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD83): -82.118567 W Directions: Hopewell Township, about 700 feet north and 1200 feet east of the southwest corner, section 20, T. 1 N., R. 9 W RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic: 15 to 33 cm (6 to 13 inches) Depth to the base of the Argillic: 61 to 99 cm (24 to 39 inches) Solum Thickness: 51 to 137 cm (20 to 54 inches) Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 102 cm (40 inches) Depth Class: Deep and very deep Rock Fragment: 2 to 30 percent, by volume, in the Ap, E, BA and Bt horizons; 5 to 70 percent, by volume, in the BC horizon; 15 to 90 percent, by volume, in the C horizon Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid through moderately acid in the solum, except where limed; strongly or moderately acid in the C horizon Range of Individual Horizons: Ap or A horizon: Color--hue of 10YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 or 3 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--Silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam E horizon (if present):


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Color--hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 through 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--Loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam BA or BE horizon (if present): Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 6 Texture (fine earth fraction)--Loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam Bt horizon: Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--Loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam BC horizon (if present): Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 through 8 Texture (fine earth fraction)--Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam C horizon: Color-- hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)--Loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam COMPETING SERIES: Alanthus soils--have a solum that can extend below 102 cm, and have rock fragments dominated by metabasalt and schist Athol soils--have a solum thickness of 102 to 152 cm or more Burkittsville soils--have a solum thickness of 102 to 204 cm Cateache soils--have bedrock between 51 and 102 cm Culleoka soils--have bedrock between 51 and 102 cm Door soils--have an umbric epipedon, and have a solum 102 cm or more thick Duffield soils--have a solum more than 102 cm thick Dumfries soils--formed in feldspathic sandy sediments of the Coastal Plain Ebbing soils--have a solum thickness of 102 to 152 cm or more Frondorf soils--have bedrock between 51 and 102 cm Grayford soils--have a solum thickness of 102 to 152 cm or more Hayter soils--have a solum thickness of 102 to 152 cm or more Kell soils--have a paralithic contact between 51 and 102 cm Lamotte soils--have a solum more than 102 cm thick, and allow hues redder than 7.5YR in the argillic horizon and substratum Legore soils--have rock fragments dominated by diabase or diorite Loudonville soils--have bedrock between 51 and 102 cm Manassas soils--have a solum that can extend below 102 cm, and have a hue of 5YR or redder in the argillic horizon Mechanicsburg soils--have a lithologic discontinuity between 51 and 102 cm, and the solum depth may extend to 152 cm Middleburg soils--have a solum thickness of 102 to 152 cm or more Morrison soils--have a solum thickness of 102 cm or more Myersville soils--have rock fragments dominated by greenstone schist Oatlands soils--have bedrock between 51 and 102 cm Panorama soils--have a solum that can extend below 102 cm, and have a hue of 5YR or redder in the argillic horizon and substratum Sowego soils--allow hues redder than 7.5YR in the argillic horizon and substratum


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Spriggs soils--have a paralithic contact between 51 and 102 cm Sudley soils--have a solum that may extend below 102 cm, and allow hues redder than 7.5YR in the solum Wheeling soils--have a solum thickness of 102 cm or more Williamsburg soils--have a solum more than 102 cm thick GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: MLRA(s) using this series: 124, 125, 126, 127 Landscape: Hills Landform: Hill and hillslope Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, nose slope, and head slope Parent Material Origin: Weathered, interbedded siltstone, sandstone, and limestone Parent Material Kind: Residuum Slope: 0 to 70 percent Elevation: 247 to 457 meters Frost free period: 140 to 180 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 14 degrees C. (47 to 58 degrees F.) Mean Annual Precipitation: 890 to 1295 mm (35 to 51 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Culleoka soils--occur on steep hillsides and narrow ridge crests where bedrock is moderately deep Gilpin soils--occur on similar landform positions where bedrock is moderately deep Brooke soils--occur on ridges, saddles, and rounded knolls where limestone bedrock is moderately deep Clarksburg soils--occur on concave slopes of 25 percent or less on colluvial landform positions that are slightly wetter Dormont soils--occur on similar landform positions of 50 percent slope or less, that are prone to more wetness Guernsey soils--occur on benches and side slopes in wetter landform positions Library soils--occur on similar landform positions of 25 percent slope or less, where limestone or calcareous shale parent material dominates Peabody soils--occur on similar landform positions where bedrock is moderately deep Upshur soils--occur on similar landform positions where red clay shale parent materials dominate Vandalia soils--occur on colluvial landform positions and have more clay in the subsoil and are very deep to bedrock Vandergrift soils--occur on similar landform positions of 25 percent slope or less, where red and gray shale, siltstone, and limestone parent material dominates Weikert soils--occur on similar landform positions where bedrock is shallow DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage class (Agricultural): Well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: None Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high or high in the solum and substratum, moderately low to high in the bedrock Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate Shrink-Swell Class: Low Flooding Frequency and Duration: None Ponding Frequency and Duration: None


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USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Crops, woodland and pasture Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--mainly corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--chiefly mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and maple. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia Extent: Large, approximately 1,000,000 acres at the time of this revision MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Reconnaissance Soil Survey of southwestern Pennsylvania, 1909. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 28 cm (A, E and BE horizons) Argillic horizon--the zone from 28 to 81 cm (Bt horizon) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 127 cm This edit updates the previous format to semi-tabular using the March 22, 2013 template, and updates the Range in Individual Horizons, RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS, GEOGRAPHIC SETTING, GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS, and DRAINAGE AND SATURATED CONDUCTIVITY sections. The previous revision (12/2012) changed the TYPE LOCATION because soil survey update activities in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, (previous type location) did not include the series in correlation. Previous revisions: 05/2004-DRS, ART, LER; 12/2012-DJB, SLH, MDJ ADDITIONAL DATA: The Ohio State University characterization data pedons are AT-16, AT-21, CA-32, CO-126CS-29, HO-029, JF1, JF-004, JF04, JF05, JF-7, MN-003, MN-016, MN-017, MN-024, MN-025, MN-026, MN-W12, MN-W16, MN-W18, Mo-002, Mo007, MS-22 Nb-w03, PR-011, TU-014 and PR-11. The Pennsylvania State University characterization pedons are S62-PA-064-1, S62-PA-064-2, S65-PA-02-9, S66-PA-063-12, and S66-PA-063-11 The KSSL characterization data pedons are 58PA129001, 58PA129002, 65PA003009, 72PA125043. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


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188.0 WHEELING

LOCATION WHEELING WV+IL IN KY OH PA VA Established Series Rev. ART-FDC 10/2003 WHEELING SERIES The Wheeling series consists of very deep, well drained soils with moderate permeability. These soils formed in silty or loamy alluvial materials on river terraces. Slopes are dominantly 0 to 8 percent, but range to 55 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Wheeling silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil.) Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (8 to 12 inches thick) E--10 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick) Bt--14 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular or blocky structure; common distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds; firm; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (18 to 24 inches thick) BC1--34 to 58 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very fine sandy loam; few distinct streaks and spots of brown (7.5YR 5/4); weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) clay films in pores in upper part of horizon; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick) 2BC2--58 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) very gravelly sandy loam; very weak coarse subangular blocky structure;friable; few clay films on sand grains with clay bridging; strongly acid; diffuse boundary. (2 to 8 inches thick) C--60 to 72 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) stratified very gravelly sand composed of sandstone, shale and quartzite; strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, West Virginia; in a gravel pit two miles southeast of the Marietta Bridge and within 300 feet of Ohio River, opposite Buckley Island. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. The content of rock fragments in the solum ranges from 0 to 35 percent. The percent of clay averages between 18 and 30 in the particle size control section. In some areas there are noticeable mica flakes throughout the profile. Unlimed soils range from strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile.


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The A and Ap horizons have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. In pedons where the moist value is 3 the dry value is 6. Textures are fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Textures are fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. Some pedons have BA or BE horizons with hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is loam or silt loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is very fine sandy loam or sandy loam in the fine- earth fraction. Some pedons have a 2BC horizon, which generally contains about 15 percent or more rounded gravels. These gravels are commonly quartz, granite, and other rocks and minerals associated with glacial outwash. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. This horizon is commonly stratified in textures of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, and very fine to medium grained sand. A sandy textured 2C horizon may be present in some pedons. This horizon may up to 65 percent rounded gravels of glacial origin. COMPETING SERIES: The Alanthus, Athol, Cateache, Culleoka, Door, Duffield, Dumfries, Frondorf, Grayford, Hayter, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Loudonville, Mechanicsburg, Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands, Pasturerock, Spriggs, Westmoreland, and Williamsburg series are in the same family. The Alanthus soils formed in residuum of metabasalt and greenstone schist. The Athol soils have Bt horizons with hues redder than 7.5YR. The Cateache and Oatlands soils have Bt horizons with hue redder than 7.5YR, and solum thickness and depth to bedrock less than 40 inches. The Culleoka, Frondorf, Loudanville, and Spriggs soils have solum thickness of less than 40 inches and depth to bedrock of less than 40 inches The Door soils have a mollic epipedon. The Duffield and Morrison soils have argillic horizons which extend below 40 inches, and developed from residuum. The Dumfries soils have solum thickness less than 40 inches, and formed in feldspathic sandy sediments of the Coastal Plain. The Ebbing soils are moderately well drained. The Grayford soils have bedrock at a depth less than 60 inches and contain more clay in the lower solum. The Hayter soils formed in colluvium weathered from sandstone, shale, and minor amounts of limestone in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province, and have high chroma mottles throughout the Bt horizon. The Kell soils formed in loamy drift over residuum from acid sandstone, siltstone, and shale. The Lamotte soils formed in a thin layer of loess and in the underlying residuum weathered from sandstone, and do not have water rounded coarse fragments in the particle size control section. The Legore, Mechanicsburg, Myersville, and Westmoreland soils have solum thickness of less than 40 inches. The Legore soils, in addition, have saprolite in the series control section. The Pasturerock soils formed in colluvium derived from sandstone, siltstone, and shale. The Williamsburg soils have solum thickness greater than 60 inches and have evidence of degradation above and in the upper part of the argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wheeling soils formed in silty or loamy material underlain at more than 40 inches by noncalcareous sand or sand and gravel. Wheeling soils are on nearly level river terraces. Slopes are dominantly 0 to 8 percent, but range to 55 percent along the breaks between terrace levels and in local


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dissected areas. They are subject to none to rare flooding. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 55 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 47 to 57 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Allegheny, Ashton, Chavies, Duncannon, Gallipolis, Ginat, Huntington, Lakin, Sciotoville, and Weinbach series. The Allegheny, Ashton, Chavies, Gallipolis, Ginat, Sciotoville, and Weinbach soils are on similar landforms and terrace levels. Allegheny soils have a base saturation of less than 35 percent, and are not commonly underlain by glacial outwash. Ashton soils have a thick dark surface and are higher in silt content. Chavies soils have less than 18 percent clay Gallipolis and Sciotoville soils are moderately well drained. In addition, Sciotoville soils have a fragipan. Ginat soils are poorly drained, and are in depressions. Weinbach soils are somewhat poorly drained. Duncannon and Lakin soils are on nearby landforms. This landform is generally dune-like in appearance (suggesting a windblown origin), and is adjacent to the residual hillsides at the edges of river valleys. Duncannon soils are coarse-silty, and Lakin soils are sandy and contain lamellae. The Huntington soils are on lower landscape positions subjected to flooding. They have a thick dark surface and do not have an argillic horizon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff potential is low to medium. Permeability is moderate. USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas of Wheeling soils along the Ohio River are used for industrial and residential sites. General and specialized farm crops are grown in some areas, including corn, wheat, soybean, clover, alfalfa, melons, tomatoes, and potatoes. The natural vegetation was chiefly hardwoods, including oaks, hickory, maple, and walnut. However, wooded acreage is limited to the steeper slopes. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Virginia. Total extent is large. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wheeling area, West Virginia, 1906. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: 1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 14 inches (Ap and E horizons). 2. Argillic horizon - the zone from 14 to 34 inches (Bt horizon). National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

189.0 WOOLPER

LOCATION WOOLPER KY+AR IN OH TN Established Series Rev. JMR 02/2006 WOOLPER SERIES


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The Woolper series consists of deep, well-drained soils on footslopes, fans, and terraces. They formed in colluvium or alluvium from soils of limestone and shale origin. Permeability is moderately slow to slow. Slopes range from 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 45 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 55 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiudolls TYPICAL PEDON: Woolper silty clay loam--on a convex 15 percent east facing slope in a pasture field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; firm; common small roots; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) ped coatings; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (4 to 12 inches thick) Bt1--6 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few small roots; nearly continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films; few small soft brown sandstone and shale fragments; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick) Bt2--15 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; very firm; few small roots; many clay films; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick) Bt3--42 to 54 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; weak fine and medium angular blocky structure; few clay films; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick) C--54 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; many medium faint brown (10YR 4/3) and grayish brown (2.5YR 5/2) mottles; massive; very firm; few small dark brown concretions; few pressure faces; mildly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Carroll County, Kentucky; 25 yards west of Kentucky Highway 55, 1/4 mile south of Kentucky Highway 389, about 2 miles south of Carrollton. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more, and depth to bedrock ranges from about 60 inches to 100 inches or more. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to mildly alkaline. The weighted average of rock fragments of limestone, siltstone, sandstone, or shale range from 0 to 15 percent but individual B horizons range to 35 percent. Some pedons have a few or common black or dark brown concretions or soft concretionary-like material in some or all horizons. The mollic epipedon ranges from 10 to about 24 inches. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5 and chroma 2 to 4. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Some pedons have transitional horizons up to 12 inches thick with the same colors of


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the A horizon. Texture is silty clay loam or silty clay. Some pedons have a few or common mottles in shades of gray below the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5Y or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5 and chroma 2 to 4. Mottles are in shades of brown, gray, and olive, or colors like those of the Bt horizon. Texture is silty clay or clay. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Donerail, Loradale, Montello, Schapville, and Wamego series. Donerail and Loradale soils are medium or strongly acid, and their Bt horizons are not part of the mollic epipedon. Montello soils have sola less than 40 inches thick, and typically have thinner mollic epipedons. Schapville soils have sola and depth to shale of less than 40 inches. The Wamego soils have a dryer climate. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Footslopes and fans with slopes of 0 to 50 percent. The soil is developed in slope alluvium or colluvium from soils largely of limestone and shale origin. The mean annual temperature ranges from 50 to 57 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation ranges from 36 to 48 inches. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ashton, Boonesboro, Cynthiana, Fairmount, Huntington, Otway, and Sees series. Ashton soils have dark A horizons less than 10 inches thick and less than 35 percent clay in the control section. Boonesboro and Huntington soils are on flood plains, lack argillic horizons, and have less than 35 percent clay in the control section. Cynthiana and Fairmount soils are on uplands and are less than 20 inches to bedrock. Otway soils have sola less than 40 inches thick, lack argillic horizons, and are on uplands. Sees soils have mollic epipedons 6 to 10 inches thick, and mottles with chroma of 2 or less above the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is medium to rapid, and permeability is moderately slow. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for hay, pasture, corn, or tobacco. Native forests have oaks, hickory, yellow poplar, maple, ash, hackberry, and black walnut as the dominant species. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee. Extent is moderate. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bath County, Kentucky; 1960. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon, 0 to 15 inches, (Ap Bt1) Argillic horizon, 6 to 54 inches, (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3) National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.


581 January 2015

190.0 WOOSTER

LOCATION WOOSTER OH+NJ NY PA Established Series Rev. DRM 07/2011 WOOSTER SERIES The Wooster series consists of deep, well drained soils formed in low-lime loamy glacial till with a thin loess mantle in some places. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and moderately slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and mean annual temperature is 51 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Wooster silt loam on a 5 percent convex slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many roots; 1 percent coarse fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick) E--6 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; weak medium and fine platy structure parting to weak fine granular; friable; common roots; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coatings along root channels; 1 percent coarse fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick) BE--10 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; weak and moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coatings along root channels; 1 percent coarse fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick) Bt1--16 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; common faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent coarse fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2--21 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common roots; medium distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent coarse fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 7 to 20 inches.) Btx1--27 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; common fine and medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles and common fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; very firm; brittle; common roots; few fine dark concretions (iron and manganese oxides); common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent coarse fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.


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Btx2--38 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; few medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2), light gray (5Y 7/2), and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak very thick platy; very firm; brittle; few fine dark concretions (iron and manganese oxides); common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent coarse fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Btx3--48 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; common medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak very thick platy; very firm, brittle; few fine dark concretions (iron and manganese oxides); many prominent clay films on faces of peds; 17 percent coarse fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Combined thickness of the Btx horizon is 10 to 35 inches. C--58 to 85 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; massive; firm; 15 percent coarse fragments; very strongly acid. TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Ohio; about 3 miles southeast of Wooster in Franklin Township; 2150 feet east and 2110 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 15 N., R. 13 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness typically is 34 to 60 inches. The depth to the fragipan ranges from l8 to 40 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to medium acid in the upper part of the solum, unless limed, and very strongly acid to neutral in the lower part of the solum and substratum. Carbonates are at depths of 60 to l00 inches in some pedons. Coarse fragments are dominantly sandstone, but include shale and a few crystalline rocks. They range from 2 to 20 percent by volume in horizons above the fragipan, 5 to 25 percent in the Btx, and 5 to 30 percent in the C horizon. The Ap horizon has hue of l0YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry) and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have an A horizon l to 5 inches thick that has hue of l0YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of l or 2. The Ap or A horizon is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures. The E horizon has hue of l0YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has similar texture range as the Ap or A horizon. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or l0YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It commonly is loam or silt loam, but ranges to gravelly analogues of these textures, with subhorizons of clay loam in some pedons. The Btx horizon has hue of l0YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The Btx horizon is commonly loam or silt loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures; but subhorizons of clay loam or silty clay loam are permitted. Moist consistence is firm or very firm and brittle. Primary structure is weak very coarse prismatic. The C horizon has hue of l0YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is dominantly loam, but ranges to silt loam or sandy loam, or gravelly analogues of these textures. Sandstone substratum phases have sandstone beginning at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bartley, Clarksburg, Comly, Gatton, Homewood, Jonca, and Readington series in the same family and the Cambridge, Canfield, and Hanover series. Bartley soils dominantly have coarse fragments of granitic gneiss. Clarksburg soils have coarse fragments of chert and limestone and less sand, l0 to 30 percent, in the Bt and Btx horizons. Comly soils have low chroma


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mottles above the fragipan and coarse fragments dominated by shale. Gatton soils have lithologic discontinuity below the fragipan with fine or moderately fine textures and reddish hues. Homewood soils have sola more than 60 inches thick, typically have more than 24 percent clay, and in addition have a weaker fragipan. Jonca soils lack coarse fragments throughout the solumn and have low chroma mottles above the fragipan. Readington soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the Bt and Btx horizons. Cambridge soils lack an argillic horizon above the fragipan. Canfield soils have mottles with chroma of 2 or less in the upper l0 inches of the argillic horizon. Hanover soils have lower base saturation. In addition, Hanover soils typically have sola more than 60 inches thick and have a more strongly expressed fragipan. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wooster soils are on till plains and moaraines of Wisconsinan age. Slopes have a convex surface, and gradients range from 2 to 50 percent. The soils formed in glacial till and in many places a thin loess mantle up to l6 inches thick. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 34 to 39 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 49 to 52 degrees F. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Canfield and the Frenchtown and Ravenna soils, all of which formed in similar materials. Canfield soils are moderately well drained and are on short slope breaks, foot slopes, and knolls. Frenchtown soils are poorly drained and are in depressions. Ravenna soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on toe slopes, broad flats, and slight rises. Chili, Conotton, Mentor, and Wheeling soils are on adjacent glacial outwash and stream terraces. Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, and Orrville soils are on nearby flood plains. Loudonville and Mechanicsburg soils are on nearby areas that do not have fragipans and are underlain by bedrock. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is medium to very rapid. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and moderately slow in the fragipan. USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas with slopes less than l8 percent are cultivated. Corn, oats, wheat, mixed hay, and pasture are the principal crops. Sizeable areas are used for woodland, habitat for wildlife, sites for buildings, and recreation uses. The native vegetation was deciduous forest consisting mainly of sugar maple, oak, and hickory. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 139, 140, and 144A in northeastern and north-central Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania, New Jersey and possibly New York. The series is of large extent, more than 250,000 acres. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts SERIES ESTABLISHED: Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Ohio, l9l2. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 6 inches (Ap horizon); argillic horizon - the zone from a depth of about 16 inches to a depth of about 58 inches (Bt1 - Btx3 horizons); fragipan - the zone from a depth of about 38 to 58 inches (Btx2 and Btx3). ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Wooster series include profiles: AS-27, CO-4, CO-l8, CO-64, CO-89, HL-Sl, MH-28. SK-l3, ST-l4, WN-S2 (the typical pedon), WN-S4, WN-55, WN-Sll, and WN-S2l. Classification only was changed in 11/94, competing series and other changes will be made later.


584 January 2015


191.0 ZANESVILLE

LOCATION ZANESVILLE KY+IL IN OH Established Series Rev. CWH, WMM/Rev. MDJ 09/2014 ZANESVILLE SERIES TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs TYPICAL PEDON: Zanesville silt loam--on a smooth convex ridgetop slope in cultivation. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 18 centimeters (0 to 7 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; moderately acid, pH 5.8; abrupt smooth boundary. [7 to 28 centimeters (3 to 11 inches) thick] Bt--18 to 71 centimeters (7 to 28 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 35 percent brown (7.5YR 5/4), and reddish brown (5YR 5/4), clay films; 1 percent fine prominent spherical strongly cemented black (10YR 2/1), iron-manganese concretions with sharp boundaries throughout; very strongly acid, pH 4.7; clear wavy boundary. [40 to 70 centimeters (16 to 28 inches) thick] Btx--71 to 99 centimeters (28 to 39 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; brittle; few fine roots between peds; 21 percent distinct gray (10YR 6/1), silt coats on faces of peds and 35 percent continuous distinct clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent fine prominent spherical strongly cemented black (10YR 2/1), iron-manganese concretions with sharp boundaries throughout, 22 percent medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), masses of oxidized iron and 22 percent medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1), iron depletions; very strongly acid, pH 4.7; gradual wavy boundary. [15 to 60 centimeters (6 to 24 inches) thick] 2BC--99 to 152 centimeters (39 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy clay loam; weak platy structure; firm; 1 percent fine prominent spherical strongly cemented black (10YR 2/1), iron-manganese concretions with sharp boundaries throughout, dark concretions and 8 percent medium prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), iron depletions and 8 percent medium faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent sandstone fragments and 5 percent siltstone fragments; very strongly acid, pH 4.7. [22 to 75 centimeters (9 to 30 inches) thick] R--152 to 177 centimeters (60 to 70 inches); indurated sandstone and siltstone bedrock. TYPE LOCATION: County: Caldwell


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State: Kentucky USGS Quadrangle: Olney Latitude: 37.2261167 degrees N (WGS84) Longitude: 87.8449306 degrees W (WGS84) UTM Zone: 16 425044 easting and 4120291 northing, WGS84 Directions to the pedon: 1/4 mile north of Needmore, along west side of Kentucky Highway 293, about 300 feet south of Liberty Church. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of the Argillic: ranges from 7 to 28 centimeters (3 to 11 inches) Depth to the top of the Fragipan: ranges from 60 to 99 centimeters (24 to 39 inches) except where eroded Solum Thickness: ranges from 50 to 177 centimeters (20 to 70 inches). Depth to bedrock: ranges from 100 to 203 centimeters (40 to 80 inches). Depth Class: Deep and Very Deep Reaction Class: moderately to very strongly acid, except where limed. Range in Individual Horizons: A or Ap horizon: Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma of 2 to 4 Some pedons in wooded areas have a thin A horizon with a value of 3, and a chroma of 2 or 3. Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral Bt horizon: Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 4 to 6 Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons have a brown or strong brown silt loam E horizon up to 6 inches thick. Reaction: very strongly acid to medium acid Some pedons may have a thin Bt/E horizon. Btx horizon: Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 4 or 5 Chroma: 3 to 6 Redoximorphic features: few to many masses of depleted or oxidized iron or both Texture: silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or fine sandy loam Fragments: 0 to 15 percent coarse fragments. Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid 2BC or 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 to 6 Redoximorphic features: few to many masses of depleted or oxidized iron or both Mottles: few to many gray to brown mottles in some C horizons


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Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay Fragments: 5 to 50 percent coarse fragments. Some pedons have thin 2Cr horizons of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale above an R. Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid COMPETING SERIES: Apalona soils have a thicker paralithic contact formed in shale which is typically clayey. Ava soils have strongly developed paleosols of glacial origin at depths less than 140 centimeters (55 inches) and are deeper to bedrock. Bedford soils have residuum from limestone at depths less than 122 centimeters (48 inches). Cincinnati soils have contrasting materials of glacial origin at depths less than 1 meter. Fountainville soils are underlain by metamorphic red shales on the piedmont. Grantsburg soils have fragipans that are more than 60 centimeters (24 inches) thick and loess thickness more than 122 centimeters (48 inches). Heildebrecht soils have thicker sola and contain more coarse fragments in the Bx horizon. Hosmer soils have fragipans that are more than 60 centimeters (24 inches) thick and loess thickness more than 122 centimeters (48 inches). Lawrenceville soils are formed in silty transported material over a wide range of consolidated or unconsolidated deposits. Nicholson soils have residuum from limestone at depths less than 122 centimeters (48 inches). Omulga soils are on valley fill terraces that are underlain by lacustrine sediments. Otwell soils are on stream and lacustrine terraces and have stratified B3 and C horizons. Otwood soils are on stream terraces and have stratified B3 and C horizons. Solsberry soils have contrasting materials of glacial origin at depths less than 1 meter (40 inches). Weisburg soils have clayey Bt horizons in lower sola. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: upland Landform: hillslope, interfluve, ridge and saddle MLRA(s): 113, 114A, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 124, and 126 Geomorphic component: hills Hillslope Profile Position: summit, shoulders and backslopes Parent Material: loess over residuum derived from sandstone, siltstone, and shale Slope: 0 to 30 percent Elevation: 110 to 415 meters (360 to 1360 feet) Frost-free period: 147 to 214 days Mean Annual Air Temperature: 11.5 to 14.9 degrees C. (52.7 to 58.9 degrees F) Mean Annual Precipitation: 98.4 to 136.1 centimeters (38.7 to 53.6 inches) GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Apalona soils have a thicker paralithic contact formed in shale which is typically clayey. Johnsburg soils have redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less throughout the B horizon above the fragipan. Sadler soils have E horizons above the fragipan. Wellston soils lack fragipans. DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): moderately well Internal Free Water Occurrence: 60 to 100 centimeters (24 to 39 inches)


587 January 2015

Index Surface Runoff: very high Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: very slow Permeability Class (obsolete): slow Shrink-swell Potential: low Flooding Frequency and Duration: none Ponding Frequency and Duration: none USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: row crop, pasture and woodland Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- Corn, soybeans, wheat, tobacco. Where wooded-- white oak, black oak, post oak, shagbark hickory, sugar maple, tulip poplar, dogwood, and sassafras. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio Extent: Extent is large. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA SERIES ESTABLISHED: Muskingum County, Ohio; 1925. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 18 centimeters (7 inches) (Ap horizon) Argillic horizon--the zone from 18 to 99 centimeters (7 to 39 inches) (Bt horizons) Fragipan: the zone from 71 to 99 centimeters (28 to 39 inches) Oxyaquic conditions--the soil has redox depletions and concentrations within the upper 100 cm (39 inches) of the soil surface, with periodic saturation and reduction at some time during the year Lithic contact: 152 centimeters (60 inches) Other soil features identified with this pedon: Lithologic discontinuity-99 centimeters (39 inches) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 150 centimeters (0 to 60 inches) ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the NSSL for the following pedons: 70KY-047-057, 82KY055002, 86KY-139-010, 1974-IN173-002, 1981-IN101-004 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.

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