49% NGVs & 40% NG stationsin the world are in Asia

Volume III Number 17 June 2008

China500,000 NGVs by2010

IranExpected to be the new NGV leaderin 5 years

CNG: No Limits

June 20082

Summary

04 Asia, the new main market in theglobal NGV business

Oil prices continue escalating rapidly,recorded as “all time oil price high”since October 2007. We are still to witness whether it will reach US$ ...

16 China projection: To have500,000 NGVs by 2010

Compared with end of 2006, the NGVpopulation in the Clean VehiclePromotion Cities of China hasincreased to 266,000 units, with gas ...

23

24 Update merket growth fromArmenia

26 A giant leap in Iran NGVbusiness

28 Current and future outlookof CNG refuelling sector

30 Malaysia aims to open 600NG stations around 2013

32 CNG buses, taxis, and bajasin Indonesia

34 Thailand to multiply NGVpopulation by 4,5 times

35 Advanced engine controland propulsion system

Copies Distribution

Demonstration test of HD-LNG truck in Japan

Asian NGV Communications is a publicationof NGV Communications Group, publishinghouse and fairs-conferences organizer: www.ngvgroup.comIn Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report,GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, theInternational NGV Guide. In Argentina, the Group publishes PrensaVehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps,books and brochures while in Brazil, Folhado GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps andposters, among others. In Peru PrensaVehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.comThe signed articles are exclusive responsibility ofthe authors, as well as advertising companies andagencies are responsible for the published ads.

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18 Invitation to ANGVA2009 andNGV2012

In 2009 and 2012, Korea’s #1 touristdestination, Gangwon Province, willhost two big NGV events and anticipates to organise the 2018 ...

We print and mail to 24countries about 4.000 copiesaddressed to governmentalrelated offices, OEM and Oil& Gas companies, associations, related NGVindustries, refuelling stations,workshops and suppliers,according the following list(some figures rounded):Armenia: 0.3%Australia: 4.1%Azerbaijan: 0.2%Bangladesh: 5.0%China: 10.9%Egypt: 1.9%India: 9.5%

Indonesia: 1.6%Iran: 7.0%Israel: 0.1%Japan: 10.2%Korea: 5.1%Malaysia: 6.6%Myanmar: 0.5%New Zealand: 1.0%Pakistan: 11.4%Philippines: 3.6%Russia:4.3%Singapore: 3.1%Taiwan: 0.2%Thailand: 5.8%Turkey: 5.5%United Arab Emirates: 2.1%Vietnam: 0.1%

In addition, the magazine issent to over 19.300 readersin 94 countries

by e-mail (.pdf) and is also onlinein www.ngvgroup.comIf your NGV business is in Asia,advertise with us.

Asian NGV Communications300-14, Changchon-Ri,Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do,200-911 KOREATel : +31 20 420 1076Tel : +82 33 260 3419e-mail: asia@ngvgroup.com

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June 20084

Oil prices continue escalating rapidly,recorded as “all time oil price high”since October 2007. We are still to witness whether it will reach US$200/barrel as predicted by energy analysts. The impact on NGV businessaround the world is clear; particularly inAsia where local currencies are mostlypegged to US$ and, thus, “doubleeffected” by the high oil prices, dependency on imported oil, and theweak dollar. Not only LNG trade movement is getting bigger, but production of NGV and fuelling relatedproducts has been increasing. Being one of the biggest consumers inthe NGV business, already for sometime Asian NGV Communications seesAsia as main buyer in the industry, a“destination to be” for many NGV/station equipment suppliers, in theimmediate future (with South Americabeing the biggest NGV region currently).

China, for example, was reported toimport 2.91Mtonnes LNG last year. Italso produced 57,702 NGVs (includingchassis) by end 2007. The 58 vehiclemanufacturers produced 347 types ofNGVs including chassis consisting of,amongst others, 47 passenger cars,134 buses, 36 trucks, 15 tractors, etc,according to Energy-Saving and NewEnergy Automobile Web. The 18 enginefactories made 98 NG engine modelswith power ranges from 64-250 kW.This year, one CNG heavy-duty truckwas developed by SAIC-IVECOHongyan Motor Co. China also seesopportunities in foreign countries. Fromcompressor and dispenser suppliers toOEM NGVs, conversion kits, engine,cylinder, and electronic equipmentmanufacturers are eyeing on otherAsian countries and the rest of theworld for export purposes. Chinesefirms visited Pakistan to hold businessand technical meetings related to CNGstations, technical training, etc.

In China itself, more and more Liquefiedand Compressed NG vehicles andfuelling stations are added. NGVs maybe introduced in Macau, two years fromnow. All over China, many CNG stationsare being constructed and opened.Sinoenergy alone will open 16 new stations in Wuhan, Ping Ding Shan, andXuancheng cities before June this year.

Another 32 units are being constructedor going to be laid in Wuhan and PingDing Shan this year.Bangladesh officially reported to haveabout 132,000 NGVs and 229 fuellingstations in Dhaka, Chittagong, andComilla cities. The NGV association(bangva) believes that about 30,000-50,000 NGVs are not yet registered inthe official certification agency. So, thepredicted total NGVs being activelyoperated in the country is about162,000-180,000 NGVs. Within fewmonths, at least 19 more fuelling stationswill be opened across the nation.

The CNG sector consumes about 2%of the 1,750 Mcf gas produced per dayin Bangladesh. As CNG was about 5-6times cheaper than gasoline—in whichgasoline price was doubled since April2007- the government increased CNGprice from 8.5 Tk/m3 to 16.75 Tk/m3 inApril this year. Conversely, there was aproposal seeking for tax waiver onimportation of CNG cylinders, kits andother equipment for NGVs.

Not only is India a big user of NGVequipment in the country, its product isalso sold overseas. Various NGVs madein India are sold in several Asian countries—with the latest gain of 15CNG buses imported to Pakistan- whileits CNG tuk-tuks reach London and arebeing used as city commuter fortourists in the UK. Public oil companieswould invest Rs 229,071.5 crore (1crore = 10 M) in Oil & Gas activitiesincluding fuel retailing during 2007-2012. CNG use continues to beendorsed while the use of domestic LPGin vehicles is being banned. In Lucknowcity, LPG vans are banned from thestreet and have to be switched to CNG.

Iran, the world’s 4th biggest NGV country, is moving forward very aggressively. With 730,000 NGVs and402 CNG stations in 182 cities plusanother 758 units under construction,this country might become the newmogul in the global NGV business.During the last financial year, fromMarch 2007-March 2008, Iranian firmsproduced 400,000 units of new OEMbi-fuel NG cars plus 6,000 CNG buses.The government set a target of having1,000-1,800 CNG stations by March

2009. During an interview with the WallStreet Journal, Rich Kolodziej, Presidentof NGV Association for America,indicated that Iran might become theNGV leader within the next five years.

The temporary ban for CNG stationconstruction and relatedmachinery/equipment importation thattook place in Pakistan during the beginning of 2008 has been lifted.Those who have CNG station operationlicenses can continue or start buildingtheir fuelling premises. Prior to the banning, up to 6 February 2008, the Oiland Gas Regulatory Authority issued6,115 station licenses. The governmenthas decided that no extra licenses willbe issued to investors.

Thailand is targeting to increase its NGrefuelling network by the end of thisyear from the current 180 stations to330, and planning to continue morethan doubling that number to 720 unitsby 2012. By July, 40 new CNG stationswill be opened. The National EnergyPolicy Council has requested theBangkok Metropolitan Administration torelax its regulation regarding distancesof CNG stations from the current 16metres to 10-12 metres along the roadsin the city.

The number of CNG trucks would alsobe more than doubled by the end of2008 from the current 3,300 units. Afisheries industry association has urgedthe government to help boat owners toswitch to NG engines as diesel pricehas risen by 20% lately. With waiversand reduced import duties for bothrefuelling and vehicle equipment, andexcise tax cuts on OEM and convertedNGVs, more variants of NGVs are beingor will be offered in this market:Mercedes E NGT and the forthcomingB-NGT, Chevrolet Optra, the upcomingTata Xenon and Toyota Corolla, and theexpected Mitsubishi Lancer, HondaCivic and City. Both Lancer and Corollamodels are equipped with CNG kitsoutside factories.

See more in this magazine about theactivities in Indonesia, Japan, Korea,Malaysia, the Philippines, and marketoverview of many other countries in theregion.

Asia, the new main market in theglobal NGV industry

June 20086

亚洲——全球天然气汽车产业的新兴主要市场从2007年10月以来，全球石油价格连创新高。其中，5月份的美国石油交货价格达到每桶119美元。正如能源分析家预言，我们将对油价是否会达到每桶200美元拭目以待。高涨的油价对世界天然气汽车产业的影响显而易见，特别在亚洲，其影响更为显著。亚洲各国的货币大都钉住美元，美元贬值和他们对进口石油的依赖加大给这些国家造成了双重影响。因此，液化天然气贸易在不断增加，同时天然气汽车和相关设备的生产，以及加气站的建设都在提速。

《亚洲天然气汽车通讯》认为，鉴于亚洲近些年以来一直是天然气汽车产业的主要市场之一，今后一个时期也将是天然气汽车/站用设备供应商的首选之地。（目前，南美地区是世界最大的天然气汽车市场）

以中国为例，据报道2007年中国总共进口液化天然气291万吨。根据中国节能与新能源汽车网公布的数据，去年中国共生产天然气汽车57,702辆（包括底盘）。总共有58家汽车厂商生产了347个天然气车型，其中包括47种轿车、134种客车、36种卡车、15种半挂牵引车。总共有18个发动机厂商生产出98种天然气发动机，功率从64千瓦到250千瓦不等。今年，上汽-依维柯公司开发出红岩牌天然气重型卡车。中国同样重视国外业务的开展，很多厂商瞄准了海外市场，打算提供的产品包括压缩机、售气机、整车、改装件、气瓶以及电子设备等。

中国本土兴建了更多的液化天然气及压缩天然气加气站。两年后，澳门也可能导入天然气汽车。全国范围内，很多压缩天然气加气站正在建设之中。中国能源公司计划今年6月份以前新建16座加气站，所在区域覆盖武汉、平顶山以及宣城等地。在武汉和平顶山还将有32座加气站在年底兴建完成。

据官方消息，孟家拉的Dhaka, Chittagong, 以及Comilla市拥有132,000辆天然气汽车和229座加气站。孟家拉天然气汽车协会认为，还有30,000-50,000辆天然气汽车没有注册登记。因此，估计全国的天然气汽车保有量应该在162,000到180,000之间。在几个月时间之内，孟加拉还将建成19座加气站。

每天，孟家拉压缩天然气消费量约占天然气生产量的2%，每天天然气生产总量为175亿立方英尺。由于去年四月汽油价格提高了一倍，使得压缩天然气价格仅为汽油价格的五分之一，政府决定从今年四月起提高压缩天然气价格，从每立方米8.5Tk提到16.75Tk。然而，国内也有声音建议对天然气汽车气瓶、改装件以及其他相关设备的进口免税。

印度不仅自身是天然气汽车使用大国，其产品还出口到国外，如有15辆天然气公交车出口到巴基斯坦，天然气三轮车在伦敦则被用于运送游客的摆渡车。2007到2012年，公共石油公司计划投资229,071,500,000卢布用于油气经营活动，其中包括燃料的销售。虽然液化石油气在国内被禁止用于车辆上，但是车辆仍可以使用天然气作燃料。如勒克瑙市规定，液化石油气汽车不得在街道上行驶，只能转换为天然气汽车。

伊朗是世界第四大天然气汽车保有国家，目前发展迅速，在182座城市拥有730,000辆天然气汽车，402座加气站，而758座加气站正在建设之中。伊朗很有可能成为全球天然气汽车市场新的中心。从2007年3月到2008年3月，伊朗总共生产出400,000辆OEM两用燃料天然气轿车和6000辆天然气公交车。政府规划到2009年3月，使加气站的保有量提高到1000-1800座。美国天然气汽车协会主席RichKolodziej先生介绍，伊朗很有可能在未来5年内成为天然气汽车产业新的领导者。

在2008年早些时候，巴基斯坦曾禁止建设天然气加气站以及相关设备的进口，现在禁令已经解除。那些获得加气站经营许可证的单位可以继续建设加气站。在禁令颁布以前，巴基斯坦油气管理局曾发放了6,115张许可证。目前，政府决定不再颁发新的许可证。

泰国计划到2007年底扩大其加气站网络，从目前的180增加到330座加气站，并计划到2012年继续扩张到720座。到七月份，将有40座新的加气站建成营业。国家能源政策委员会曾要求曼谷城市管理当局放宽加气站建设的间距限制，即从16米减少到10-12米。

目前，泰国天然气卡车约有3,300辆，到2008年年底，这一数字至少会翻一番。最近，水产协会也在敦促政府推动船只的发动机向天然气发动机转换，因为柴油价格已经上涨了20%。政府对天然气汽车设备及加气站设备减免进口税，并对天然气汽车减征消费税，天然气汽车市场发展得到提速。市场上的产品异常丰富，其中包括奔驰ENGT和BNGT，三菱的蓝瑟，本田思域、思迪，丰田的花冠，雪弗兰的Optra，以及塔塔的Xenon等众多品牌。蓝瑟和花冠均是在汽车生产厂外改装成天然气汽车的。

本期中还有印尼、日本、韩国、马来西亚以及菲律宾等国家天然气汽车产业及市场的有关报道，请继续阅读。

June 20088

석유 가격이 급격히 상승하고 있으며 2007년 10월 이후에는 “항상 고유가”로 기록되고 있다. 5월의 배급가격은 미국에서US$ 119/bbl에 도달하였다. 에너지 전문가가 예언한 대로 US$ 200/bbl의 가격까지 치솟을 지도 모르는 상황을 우리는예의주시하고 있다. 세계 NGV분야에서의 영향은 명백하다. 특히 지역적인 보급이 보통 US$에 영향을 미치는 아시아지역에서는 고유가, 수입석유에 대한의존, 그리고 달러 약세로 인해 “두 배의 효과”가 나타나고 있다. LNG 교역의 움직임이 커지고 있을 뿐만 아니라천연가스차량과 충전소와 관련 있는 NGV와 설비의 생산이 증가되고 있다.NGV 분야에서 가장 큰 소비자의 하나가 되는 것,벌써 Asian NGV Communication은 아시아를 NGV 분야에서 가장 큰 소비자가 되는, 가까운 미래의 많은 NGV/충전 설비공급업자들을 위한 “목표가 되는”(남미가 현재 가장 큰 NGV 지역이 된 것처럼)이 산업의 주요 소비자로 보고 있다.

중국을 예를 들면, 작년에 2.91M 톤의 LNG를 수입하였다는 보고가 있다. 또한 2007년 말까지 샤시를 포함한 57,702대의NGV를 생산하였다.중국의 Energy-Saving and New Energy Automobile Web에 따르면 58개의 자동차 제작업체가 샤시를 포함한 347종류의NGV 차량을 제작하였는데 그 가운데 47대의 승용차와 134대의 버스, 36대의 트럭, 15대의 트렉터 등이 있었다. 이 18개의 엔진 공장들은 64~250kw의 전력범위를 가진 98개의 NG 엔진 모델을 만들었다.이 해에 CNG 대형트럭 한 대가 SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Motor Co.에 의해 개발되었다.중국은 또한 해외시장에서의 기회를 노리고 있다.압축기와 디스펜서 공급업자는 물론 OEM NGV, 개조kit, 엔진, 실린더 그리고 전자 장비 제조회사들까지 수출을 목적으로다른 아시아국가들과 세계의 그 밖의 국가들에 초점을 맞추고 있다.중국의 회사는 CNG 충전소, 기술훈련과 관련된 사업제휴와 기술적 미팅을 위해 파키스탄을 방문하였다.

중국은 자체적으로 더 액체화되고 더 압축된 NG 차량과 충전 시스템을 도입하였다.NGV는 지금으로부터 2년 동안 마카오에 소개될 것이다. 중국 전역에서 많은 CNG 충전소들이 건설되고 오픈하였다.Sinoenergy는 독자적으로 Wuhan, Ping Ding Shan, 그리고 Xuancheng 시에 올해 6월 전까지 16개의 새로운 충전소를문을 연다.또 다른 32개의 충전소 또한 Wuhan과 Ping Ding Shan 지역에 건설 중이며, 앞으로 설립될 계획이다.

방글라데시는 132,000대의 NGV와 229개의 충전소가 Dhaka, Chittagong 그리고 Comilla 지역에 소개될 것이라고 공식발표하였다. NGV협회(banva)는 30,000~50,000대의 NGV가 아직 공식면허기관에 등록되지 않았다고 생각하고 있다.따라서 이 나라에서 운행이 예상되는 NGV의 수는 162,000~180,000이다. 몇 개월 이내에 적어도 19개 이상의 충전소가나라 전역에서 문을 열게 될 것이다.

방글라데시에서 하루에 생산되는 1,750Mcf 양의 가스 중 2%가 CNG 부분에서 소비된다.CNG 가격이 휘발유에 비해 5배나 저렴하기 때문에(2007년 4월 이후 휘발유 가격이 두 배가 되었다) 정부는 올해 4월 CNG가격을 8.5 Tk/m3에서 16.75Tk/m3로 인상시켰다. 반면 CNG 실린더, kit 그리고 다른 NGV 장비의 수입을 함에 있어서는면세 방침 계획이 있었다.

인도는 자국 내에서 NGV 설비 사용을 많이 하면서 동시에 제품 또한 해외에서 판매하고 있는 중이다. 인도에서 만들어진다양한 NGV는 몇몇 아시아 국가에서 판매되고 있다 – 최근에 파키스탄에서 15대의 CNG 버스가 수입되었다 – 게다가 그나라의 CNG tuk-tuk은 영국 런던의 관광객을 위한 도시정기권으로 쓰인다. 공공 석유회사는 Rs 229,071.5crore (1crore=10M)를 연료소매를 포함한 석유와 가스사업에 투자하고 있다. LPG 차량의 국내 사용이 금지되고 있는 반면 CNG 사용법은계속 승인이 되고 있다. Lucknow 시에서는 LPG 밴이 도시에서 운행되는 것을 금지하고 있으며 반드시 CNG로 개조하도록하였다.

이란은 세계에서 4번째로 큰 NGV 국가로, 진취적으로 나아가고 있다. 182개 도시에 730,000대의 NGV 차량과 402개의CNG 충전소가 있으며 또한 758개의 충전소가 건설 중에 있다. 이 나라는 국제 NGV 시장에서 새로운 거물이 될 것이다.작년 회계연도인 2007년 3월부터 2008년 3월까지 이란 회사들은 400,000대의 새로운 OEM Bi-fuel 자동차와 6,000대의CNG 버스 또한 추가로 생산하였다. 정부는 2009년 3월까지 1,000~1,800개의 CNG 충전소를 갖는 것을 목표로 하고 있다.Wall Street Journal과의 인터뷰 동안 미국NGV협회 회장인 Rich-Kolodziej는 이란이 5년 안에 NGV 리더가 될지도모른다고 말하였다.

2008년 초반 동안 파키스탄에서 일어난 CNG 충전소 건설과 관계된 기계와 장비 수입에 관한 일시적인 금지안이철폐되었다. CNG 충전소 운영허가증을 가진 사람들은 계속 운영을 하거나 충전소 설립을 시작할 수 있다. 금지안 이전에2008년 2월 6일까지는 the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority에서 6,115개의 충전소 허가증을 발행하였다. 정부는투자자들에게 더 이상의 허가증을 발행하지 않기로 결정하였다.

태국은 NG충전 네트워크를 2007년 말까지 현재 180개에서 330개의 충전소로 늘리는 것을 목표로 하고 있으며2012년까지는 2배 이상인 720개를 계획하고 있다. 7월까지 40개의 새로운 CNG 충전소가 문을 열게 된다.국가에너지정책자문위원회는 방콕 도시 행정부에 도심에 있는 도로와 CNG 충전소와의 거리를 현행 16미터에서10~12미터로 법규를 완화하도록 지시하였다.

CNG 트럭의 수 또한 현재 3,300대에서 2008년 말에 두 배 이상이 될 것으로 생각된다. 수산업협회는 디젤 가격이 최근에20% 인상되었기때문에 보트 소유자들이 NG엔진으로 바꿀 수 있게끔해달라며정부에 요청하였다. 충전과 차량장비를 위한수입관세의 면제와 감소 그리고 OEM과 NGV로 개조한 차량에 대한 소비세 삭감 뿐만 아니라 NGV의 더 많은 변화가일어나고 있는 중이며 앞으로 이 시장에서 요구가 될 것이다: Mercedes E NGT and B-NGT, Chevrolet Optra, 곧이어 TataXenon and Toyota Corolla, the expected Mitsubishi Lancer, Honda Civic and City.Lancer 와 Corolla model들은 각 자동차 공장의 범위를 넘어선 CNG kit를 갖추고 있다.

인도네시아, 일본, 한국, 말레이시아, 필리핀에서의 NGV와 관련된 활동과 이 지역의 많은 나라에서의 시장상황에 대해 이잡지에서 더 알아보자.

아시아, 세계NGV 산업의새로운주요시장

June 200810

アジア：世界ＮＧＶ産業の新しい主要市場原油価格が引続き急上昇している。２００７年１０月以来、常に“史上最高値”が更新されている。アメリカでは５月の原油価格が１バレルあたり１１９ドルになった。エネルギーアナリストが予測している１バレルあたり２００ドルになるかどうかを実際に目撃する直前の状況である。世界のＮＧＶビジネスへの原油高の影響は明白である。特に自国の通貨が米ドルの水準に左右されるアジアでは、高い原油価格、輸入原油への依存性、弱い米ドル通貨の相乗効果による影響が出ている。ＬＮＧ貿易の取引量が次第に大きくなってきているだけでなく、ＮＧＶおよび車両や充填設備関連機器の生産が増えてきている。アジアはＮＧＶビジネスにおける最大ユーザーのひとつであるので、Asia NGVCommunications誌はすでに何回かアジアをごく近い将来に多くのＮＧＶ／充填設備機器メーカーにとってＮＧＶ産業の主要バイヤーと取り上げている。

中国は昨年、２９１万トンのＬＮＧを輸入し、２００７年末までに５７,７０２台のＮＧＶ（シャーシーのみを含む）を導入した。中国のEnergy-Saving and NewAutomobileのホームページによると、乗用車４７車種、バス１３４車種、トラック３６車種、トラクター１５車種などからなるシャーシを含む３４７車種のＮＧＶを５８社のメーカーで生産した。１８社のエンジンメーカーがエンジン出力６４～２５０ｋＷの９８種類の天然ガスエンジンを販売した。今年は、SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Motor社によりＣＮＧヘビーデューティートラックが開発された。また、中国は海外での機会も伺っている。圧縮機メーカー、ディスペンサーメーカーからＯＥＭ車、ＮＧＶ転換キット、エンジン、容器そして電子機器メーカーまでが製品の輸出のため、他のアジア諸国やそれ以外の世界に目を向けている。先日も中国の企業がＣＮＧスタンド、技術教育などに関するビジネス会議や技術会議を開催するためにパキスタンを訪れている。

中国自身、ＬＮＧ車、ＣＮＧ車およびその充填スタンドの導入がさらに行なわれている。今から２年前にＮＧＶはマカオに導入された。中国全土で多くのＣＮＧスタンドが建設され、オープンしている。Sinoenergy社だけでも今年の６月までに武漢市（湖北省）、平頂山市（河南省）、宣城市（安寧省）で１６ヶ所オープンする予定である。武漢市、平頂山市では今年、さらに３２ヶ所のスタンド建設が予定されている。

バングラディッシュは、ダッカ市、チッタゴン市、コミラ市で約１３万２千台のＮＧＶ，２２９ヶ所の充填所があると公式に発表している。バングラディッシュＮＧＶ協会（bangva）では、約３万から５万台のＮＧＶがまだ自動車登録されていないと推測している。よって、実際に使用されている国内のＮＧＶ台数は、約１６万２千台から１８万台と推測している。ここ数ヶ月で少なくとも１９ヶ所の天然ガススタンドが全国でオープンする予定である

バングラディッシュでは、１日あたり１７５０Mcf生産するガスの内、約２％をＮＧＶで消費している。ガソリン価格が２００７年４月の２倍になっているため、ＣＮＧはガソリンと比較すると約１／５である。このため、政府は今年の４月にＣＮＧ価格を８.５タカ／から１６.７５タカ／に値上げした。逆にＣＮＧボンベ、ＮＧＶ用改造キットや装置にとって重要な免税を求める提案があった。

インドはＮＧＶの国内導入だけでなく、ＮＧＶ関連機器を海外に売り込んでいる。さまざまなＮＧＶがいくつかのアジア諸国に輸出され、最近ではパキスタンが１５台のＣＮＧバスを輸入している。また、イギリスのロンドンでは観光客の足としてＣＮＧトゥクトゥク（三輪車タクシー）が導入されている。公営石油会社では、２００７年―２０１２年に燃料の小売を含む石油やガスに対して、２２９,０７１.５クローレ（１クローレ＝１０００万ルピー）の投資をする予定である。ラクナウ市では、国産ＬＰＧを輸送用燃料として使用することが禁止されているが、ＣＮＧは引き続き認められている。ＬＰＧバンは使用することができなくなり、ＣＮＧ車に切り換えられている。

世界第４位のＮＧＶ普及国であるイランはさらに積極的にＮＧＶ導入に動いている。７３万台のＮＧＶと１８２都市にある４０２ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドに加え、７５８ヶ所のスタンドが建設中であり、イランは世界のＮＧＶビジネスにおいて新しい大立者になるかもしれない。２００７年３月から２００８年３月までの昨年度には、イランは４０万台の新しいＯＥＭバイフューエル車と６,０００台のＣＮＧバスを生産した。政府は２００９年３月までに１,０００～１,８００ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンド設置を目標としている。米国ウォールストリートジャーナル紙のインタビューで、米国ＮＧＶ協会のリッチコロディエフ会長は、今後５年以内にイランが世界のＮＧＶリーダーになる可能性があると示唆している。

２００８年初頭にパキスタンで起きたＣＮＧスタンド建設と関連機械や機器の輸入に関する一時的な禁止措置は解除された。ＣＮＧスタンド運営ライセンスを持つものはＣＮＧスタンドの運営継続やスタンド建設を開始できる。禁止令が出る以前、２００８年２月６日までは、The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority(OGRA)は、６,１１５のＣＮＧスタンドに免許を与えた。政府はＣＮＧスタンド設置希望者にこれ以上免許を発行しないことを決定した。

タイはＣＮＧスタンドネットワークを充実させることを目標としており、２００７年末までに現在の１８０ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドを３３０ヶ所にする計画である。さらに２０１２年には２倍以上の７２０ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドを目標としている。７月までに４０ヶ所の新しいＣＮＧスタンドがオープンする予定である。The National Energy PolicyCounilはバンコク市当局に対し、市の幹線道路沿いに関してはＣＮＧスタンドの設置距離規制を１６ｍから１０～１２ｍに緩和するよう求めている。

ＣＮＧトラックの導入台数も現在の３,３００台から２００８年末には倍以上になる予定である。漁業組合は政府に対し最近、軽油価格が２０％以上上がっているので、漁船の天然ガスエンジンへの転換に対し、至急助成措置をするよう求めている。ＣＮＧスタンド機器やＮＧＶ機器の免税や関税の減税、ＯＥＭ車や改造車への消費税減税などにより、さまざまな車種がＮＧＶ市場に投入されている。それらは、メルセデスＥシリーズやＢシリーズ、シボレーオプトラ、タタクセノンやトヨタカローラ、そして三菱ランサー、ホンダシビックおよびシティーである。なお、ランサーとカローラは改造車である。

今号では、さらにインドネシア、日本、韓国、マレーシア、フィリピンのＮＧＶ普及状況、そしてアジアの他の諸国における市場状況に関して記事を掲載しているのでご参照いただきたい。

June 2008 11

June 200812

Sejak Oktober 2007, harga minyakterus meningkat secara drastic bahkandinyatakan mengalami harga tertinggidalam segala era. Ada kemungkinanabahwa kita akan menyaksikan hargaminyak mencapai US$ 200/barrelseperti yang diprediksikan oleh beberapa analist. Dampak harga minyak terhadap bisnis NGV sangatlahjelas; apalagi di negara-negara Asia,yang mana mata uang dipengaruhi olehUS$. Hasilnya, Asia mengalami dampak ganda dari tingginya hargaminyak, ketergantungannya terhadapimport minyak, dan lemahnya matauang US$. Dampaknya, penjualan danpembelian LNG semakin bertambahdan produksi NGV dan komponennyaserta komponen dari stasiun bahanbakar natural gas meningkat banyak.Asian NGV Communications melihatpotensi Asia sebagai konsumer terbesardi dunia NGV. Bagi sebagian besarperusahan di industri NGV mematokAsia sebagai pasar utama (sedangkanAmerika Selatan adalah region NGVterbesar saat ini)

Sebagai contoh, Cina dilaporkan telahmengimport 2,91Mtonnes LNG tahunlalu. Cina memproduksi 57,702 unitNGVs (termasuk chassis) di tahun2007. Menurut Energy-Saving and NewEnergy Automobile Web di Cina, 58pabrik kendaraan memproduksi 347tipe NGVs dan chassis yang terdiri dari47 sedan, 134 bis, 36 truck, 15 traktor,dan lain-lain. Sementara itu 18 pabrikmesin mengeluarkan 98 model darimesin NG dengan power berkisar dari64-250 kW. Tahun ini, satu CNG heavy-duty truck telah dikembangkanoleh SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Motor Co.Cina juga melihat kesempatan di negeraluar. Dari suplier kompresor dan dispenser hingga pabrik NGVs, kit konversi, mesin, tank, dan peralatanelektronik untuk industri ini sedangmemantau kesempatan untuk mengeksport produk mereka ke negaraAsia lainnya dan juga ke dunia internasional. Perusahaan-perusahaanCina juga mengunjungi Pakistan dalamrangka bisnis dan teknikal meetingssehubungan dengan stasiun CNG,teknikal training, dan lain sebagainya.

Cina sendiri menambah jumlahkendaraan berbahan bakar Liquefieddan Compressed NG dan NG stasiuntahun lalu. NGVs juga akan diperkenalkan di Macau sekitar tahun2010. Di seluruh Cina, banyak stasiunCNG sedang dibangun dan telah dibuka. Contohnya, perusahaan

Sinoenergy telah membuka 16 stasiunbaru di kota Wuhan, Ping Ding Shan,dan Xuancheng sebelum bulan Juni2008, sedangkan 32 unit stasiunsedang atau akan dibangun di Wuhandan Ping Ding Shan tahun ini.

Bangladesh secara resmi melaporkanpengopersian dari 132,000 NGVs dan229 stasiun CNG di kota Dhaka,Chittagong, Comilla dan kota lainnya.Menurut asosiasi NGV (bangva) sekitar30,000-50,000 NGVs masih belumdiregistrasikan di pihak autoritas yangbersangkutan. Dengan demikian, diprediksikan sekitar 162,000-180,000NGVs sedang beroperasi di engara ini.Dalam beberapa bulan mendatang,setidaknya 19 stasiun CNG baru akandibuka di Bangladesh.

Sektor CNG mengkonsumsi sekitar 2%dari 1,750 Mcf gas yang diproduksi diBangladesh setiap harinya. Karenaharga CNG 5-6 kali lebih murah dariharga bensin—yang mana harga bensintelah berlipat ganda sejak April 2007—pemerintah menaikkan harga CNG dari8.5 Tk/m3 menjadi 16.75 Tk/m3 April2008 lalu. Di lain pihak, beberapa pihakyang berkepentingan di industri inimenghimbau pemerintah untukmenghapus import atx bagi CNG cylinders, kits dan komponen NGV lainnya.

Sebagai pengguna besar dari komponen NGV equipment di negaranya, India juga mengexport produk-produknya ke negara lain.Berbagai macam NGVs buatan Indiadijual id beebrapa negara Asia—denganexport terbaru dari 15 CNG bis kePakistan—CNG tuk-tuk India telahmencapai London dan digunakan sebagai kendaraan dalam kota bagiturist di negara Inggris. Perusahaanminyak negara berencanan untukmenginvestasikan Rs 229,071.5 crore(1 crore = 10 M) di bidang Oil & Gastermasuk retail bahan bakar selamaperiode 2007-2012. Penggunaan CNGterus digalakkan sementara penggunaan LPG domestik di kendaraan dilarang oleh pemerintah. Di kota Lucknow, LPG van tidak diperbolehkan untuk beroperasi danharus dimodifikasikan menjadi CNG van.

Iran, negara NGV terbesar ke 4 di duniamengalami kemajuan besar di industriini. Dengan 730,000 NGVs dan 402stasiun CNG di 182 kota plus 758 unityang sedang dibangun, negara ini bisamenjadi “raja” baru di pasar global NGV.

Selama periode Maret 2007-Maret2008, pabrik mobil Iran memproduksi400,000 unit sedan bi-fuel plus 6,000CNG bis. Pemerintah menargetkan1,000-1,800 stasiun CNG akan beroperasi sejak Maret 2009. Dalamsebuah interview dengan Wall StreetJournal, Rich Kolodziej, President dariasosiasi NGV Amerika mengindikasikanbahwa Iran mungkin akan menjadinegara NGV terbesar dalam 5 tahunmendatang.

Larangan sementara bagi konstruksistasiun CNG dan mesin-mesin untukstasiun ini yang dikelurakan oleh pemerintah Pakistan selama permulaan2008 telah dihapuskan. Sebelumlarangan sementara ini dikeluarkan,hingga 6 February 2008, pihak autoritasyang bersangkutan (OGRA) telah mengeluarkan 6,115 sertifikat ijin pembangunan stasiun NG. Pemerintahmemutuskan untuk tidak mengeluarkansertifikat tambahan bagi investor.

Tailand menargetkan untuk memperluasjaringan stasiun NG dari 180 stasiunyang seadang beroperasi saat ini menjadi 330 unit di akhir 2008, danmenjadi 720 unit di tahun 2012. Padabulan Juli, 40 stasiun CNG baru akandibuka. Pihak National Energy PolicyCouncil menghimbau BangkokMetropolitan Administration untuk melonggarkan peraturannya sehubungan jarak pembangunan stasiunCNG dari 16 meter ke 10-12 meterssepanjang jalan di dalam kota Bangkok.

Jumlah dari 3,300 CNG truck juga akanberlipat dua di akhir tahun. Industriperikanan juga menginginkan agarpemerintah membantu pemilik perahuuntuk mengkonversikan perahu-perahumenjadi CNG boat karena harga dieseltelah mengalami kenaikan sebanyak20% akhir-akhir ini. Dengan adanyapenghapusan pajak (0%) dan penurunan pajak bagi import komponensehubungan dengan NGV dan stasiun,penurunan pajak bagi NGV buatanpabrik dan workshop konversikendaraan, banyak variasi NGV sudahtersedia atau akan ditawarkan di negaraini: Mercedes E NGT dan B-NGT,Chevrolet Optra, Tata Xenon, ToyotaCorolla, Mitsubishi Lancer, Honda Civicdan City. Lancer dan Corolla modeldilengkapi dengan CNG kits yangdipasang di luar pabrik.

Juga tersedia di edisi ini, informasi dariIndonesia, Jepang, Korea, Malaysia,Filipina, dan negara Asia lainnya.

Asia, pasar utama terbaru di dunia NGV

June 200814

June 200816

NGV market grows at asteady rate in 2007Compared with end of 2006, the NGVpopulation in the Clean VehiclePromotion Cities of China has increasedto 266,000 units, with gas stations alsogrowing to 561. The main NGV mix inChina consist of 36% taxis, 17% buses,and 47% of other types of vehicle. Tonote, the population only covers 16cities selected by the central governmentas Clean Vehicle Promotion Cities since

1999. Considering the remaining areasof China, there might be another 70,000NGVs and more gas stations in approximately over 60 cities, accordingto www.cafv.com.cn (website of ChinaAlternative Fuel Vehicles by CATARC ).

Vehicle types’ enrichmentAlthough the bus and taxi sector stilldominated China NGV market in 2007,other NGV types are gradually enrichingthis market; those include private cars,trucks, utility vehicles, and government

vehicles. Among all types of NGVs,dedicated natural gas buses grewrapidly with a number of 14,000 units.Beijing led globally in this NG city-bussector for having the largest dedicatednatural gas bus fleet in the city.Moreover, OEM NGVs in the CleanVehicle Promotion Cities reached anumber of almost 100,000 units andaccounted for 40% of the total NGVpopulation.

Industrial chain with a soundpromotion system initiallyestablished In 2007, 58 vehicle manufacturers inChina produced 347 NGV types (including the chassis), covering buses,cars, trucks and utility vehicles. 18engine manufactures offered 98 typesof NGV engines with the power rangingfrom 64kw to 250kw. Besides, thecylinder production has reached anannual capacity of 800,000 units. Manykey components of NGVs have beendomestically developed and produced,such as ECU, pressure reducer, gasinjector, etc. Some preferential policies came out during

last year to promote the deployment ofNGVs in proper areas in China. Atcountry level, the “Natural GasConsumption Policy” listed NG for vehicleas a preferential gas application. At locallevel, producers of NGV-related equipmentswere encouraged by governments withsound conditions. A lot of bus and taxi companies in Chinawhich converted their fleets to NGVsreceived subsidies from local governments.

Most importantly, the NG price advantage over gasoline attracted moredrivers to convert their vehicles toNGVs, which resulted in an NG consumption of 2.3 billion m3, a 20%increase over that of the previous year.

Outlook Although China’s NGV promotion wasinitially government-driven, aimed atconversion of energy and reduction oftailpipe pollution, now, with the maturityof this market, its success will increasingly depend on the marketforces, such as gas supply, gas priceand vehicle performances, etc. It is hardto judge whether more Chinese willconvert their cars to NGVs in 2008, butat least in areas where NG is suppliedsufficiently and priced lower than gasoline, there must be good reasonsfor the government to promote and forthe people to use NGVs.

By: Willis Guan, CATARC

China market review 2007-2010

About 500,000 NGVsare expected in 2010

Source: CATARCNote: 1- Figures referring to the NGV population in the 16 key Clean VehiclePromotion Cities of China; 2- Figure in year 2010 as forecasted byCATARC

Trend of NGV population in China Domestic production of NGVs by type

Source: CATARC

Esposizione - Ciclo di Conferenze MagistraliExhibition - Master Conferences

Dal 25 al 27 settembre 2008September 25-27, 2008

Lingotto Fiere, Padiglione 1 - Torino, ItaliaLingotto Fiere, Pavilion 1 - Turin, Italy

www.ngvworldfair.cominfo@ngvworldfair.com

SponsorHosted by

OrganizzatoreOrganizer

SponsorGold

Supported by Supported by

SponsorSilver

SponsorSilver

Energia pulita per un mondo sostenibileClean energy for a sustainable world

II Fiera Mondiale dei Veicoli aGas Naturale ed Idrogeno

II World Fair of NGVs & H2Vs

June 200818

ANGVA2009 and NGV2012 in Korea

Donghae Mayor, Mr. Kim Hak-Gi

In 2009 and 2012, Korea’s #1 touristdestination, Gangwon Province, willhost two big NGV events and anticipates to organise the 2018 WinterOlympic Games.

The first NGV event, the ANGVA2009conference and exhibition, will be heldin Donghae City.

Donghae’s Mayor Mr. Kim Hak-Gi cordially invites all NGV leaders andplayers to join Korea's primary NG international event, ANGVA 2009, and

to visit Donghae, a city with beautifulmountains, blue skies, and ecologicalresources of well-preserved seaside.With a good industrial infrastructure, thecity is shaped to be Korea’s main modelfor industrial city with ideal supportingenvironment.

This event, the 3rd Asia Pacific NGVAssociation’s International Conference &Exhibition, would prove to be a growthengine of great potential for NGV industry in the Asia-Pacific region. “Andthrough networking between the citiesof the world community, a successfulbusiness page would be created basedon a innovative vision presentation offuture substantiality and informationexchange of new NGV technology,”stated Mayor Kim.

He concluded, “We look forward tomeeting you in Donghae city, Korea,during ANGVA 2009 event on 27-29October 2009.”

The 2nd event, NGV 2012 conferenceand exhibition, of the InternationalAssociation for NGVs (IANGV), will beheld in Chuncheon city -the city ofleisure, the city where the headquarterof Asian NGV Communications isbased. Famous for its lakes, Dak-galbidish, small islands, and various sportactivities, the city is also well-known forits clean environment. In its venture tobecome the NGV-supply model city ofthe nation, Chuncheon carries on various NGV/biogas projects and hoststhe NGV 2012.

We kindly invite you to visit us at NGV2008 in Rio de Janeiro, at stand M2 forANGVA2009 and L6 for NGV2012.

June 2008 19

Korean market overview

Bifuel boat industry to enter KoreaFour times fuel cost reductions! NGVI Inc. introduced a bi-fuel (gasoline/CNG) boat during the DreamWater Leisure Event held on April 17th,2008. The NG costs for this convertedboat engine, developed by NGVI, is fourtimes less than when gasoline is used asfuel. This development was performedby NGVI and the Chuncheon CityAdministration in preparation for the13th International Conference &Exhibition to be held in Chuncheon,Republic of Korea in 2012. The city officials believe building a refueling facilityfor marine applications will be a greatstart to establish a local ‘boat market’.

NGV growth and pleasant airenvironmentGyeongju City invested about 5,200 MKorean Won to replace 216 regularvehicles with NGVs by 2016. Before2006, the Gyeongju government madea decision to replace 30 city buses and6 garbage trucks with CNG buses andtrucks, hoping to lower air pollutioncaused by harmful diesel emissions. By2007, the number of converted vehicleswas 66 units consisting of 59 citybuses, 2 City Administration buses, and5 garbage trucks. Their next target is toconvert 83 more city buses and 31more garbage trucks for a total of 114. Replacement of diesel and gasolinevehicles with NGVs is the main strategyto achieve pleasant air quality. NGbuses do not release harmful smokecompared to diesel ones, and these NGbuses have 70 % lower emissions andare quieter as well (2~3 dB difference).

Non-pipeline NG demandincreasing annuallyThe Korea Gas Corporation has 4 LNGterminals and NG pipelines across thewhole country. Even though natural gasis supplied through the gas grid,KOGAS also supplies NG to remotepipeline districts using tank lorries. Itwas noticed that non-pipeline demandwas also increased since 2005. Salesrecords as shown in the table havedoubled since 2005.

Bifuel CNG/gasoline boat, re-engineered by NGVI, Korea

Year Consumers Tons of supplied NG

2005 15 35,5732006 22 53,4322007 23 66,9532008 28 77,041

Total 232,999

June 200822

Last April 2008, the ANGVA NGVSchool held its 10th version of its eventin China- Bangladesh FriendshipConference Centre in Dhaka city on 30 April, 2008. The event was attended by participantsand speakers from Korea andBangladesh.

Participants from Korea include Dr.Sung Joon Kim, the Dean of NGVSchool, and Woon Ok Lee, the Directorof the Ministry of Environment, as wellas other representative environmentrelated offices and gas companies.Attendees from Bangladesh consist ofBangladesh Natural Gas VehiclesAssociation (bangva) President andSecretary General, G M Siraj andKhandaker Atiqur Rahman, engineersfrom various Transport Departmentsand gas related authorities, CNGfuelling stations, conversion workshopsand university teachers.

Several topics were presented duringthe event, which include internal combustion engines for CNG vehicles,conversion and safety measures, refuelling station, standards, andKorean strategies for promotion of NGVrelated activities. During the closing session, certificateswere distributed among participants.For more information about this programme, please visitwww.ngvschool.org

babangvngvaa

10th ANGVA NGV School in Bangladesh

Bangva Secretary General K. A. Rahman with NGV School delegates

June 2008 23

Demonstration test ofHD-LNG truck in JapanBy: Hiroshi Kujirai, The Japan GasAssociation

1. Outline The Japan Gas Association (JGA) hasbeen working to develop a practicalvehicle that uses LNG aiming toimprove and extend NG use inlarge-sized vehicles also extendingtraveling distances.

The heavy-duty LNG truck is developedand tested under the “Project toPromote Development of Next-Generation Low Emission Vehicles”commissioned by the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport.

Development targets® Producing prototype LNG truckequipped with new fuel supply system® Investigation of the technical guideline for LNG vehicle ® Confirming the validity of the technical guideline on fleet test

Outline of vehicle underdevelopment® Equipped with the same engine asthe heavy-duty CNG truck ® Vehicle dimension : 12 mL x2.5 mW® GVW:25 tonnes® Maximum load capacity : 13 tonnes® Travel distance per fill (targeted) :over 1,000 km when used in highways® Fuel supply system in vehicle:® LNG tank capacity : 340L x 2 (total680L)® External pressurising system to holdtank pressure

2. Running test on public roadsThe running tests of LNG truck wereconducted on public roads betweenDecember 2007 and March 2008 covering a total of more than 10,000 km.A traveling distance of 1,000km onexpressway for one fill-up can beachieved in case of half loaded vehicleand summer tires.

The running tests confirmed that theperformance of the vehicle and fuelsupply system were just as planned.

There are also plans for a second seriesof running tests on public roads to confirm durability and reliability.

LNG truck involved in the test

June 200824

NGV population in Armeniacontinues to increase By: Gayane Dallakyan, Director of NGV Armenia

Today, the share of NGVs in Armenian vehicle fleet, of allfuels, is 29%. The share of NG trucks in the country’s totaltruck fleet is 40%, while the share of NG buses in the busfleet is 60%, and 25% of all LDVs are powered by CNG.Taking into account that total human population in the country is 3.2 M and the number of vehicles per 1,000 population is about 100, we can say that Armenia has a goodNGV rate.

Currently, there are 214 CNG refuelling stations in the country,of which 9 of those are public stations.

What are the reasons for continued increase in NGV population in Armenia?• The main reason of vehicle conversion to NGVs is the CNGprice advantage in comparison to other vehicle fuels.• The improvement of gas distribution system and the growthin refueling station network also promote the increase of NGVpopulation. About 95% of the country is facilitated with gasrefueling stations with sufficient capacity and reasonable allocation. It is a profitable business for private sector. Of the 206 refueling stations 197 are private. • There is no strong restriction on conversion of vehicles oron construction of NG refueling stations. • In 2007, the new Iran-Armenia gas pipeline was constructed and opened. It offers more security of gas supplyto customers as the country now has two different sources ofgas - from Russia and from Iran. Continued increase of the number of NGVs is beneficial forArmenia, since the country does not have its own fuelresources and the resources/supply from near the two of borders in the country are being blocked by Azerbaijan andTurkey. Additionally, the diversification of motor fuel alsoenhances energy security for the country. Despite of the advantages of using CNG as motor fuel, thereare concerns in several areas such as safety issue within thevehicle conversion and refuelling sectors. Below are details ofthe concerns.

June 2008 25

• Lack of sufficient regulation and legislation;• Lack of appropriate control in vehicle conversion process;• Lack of safety inspection on NGVs;• Unsatisfactory status of safety in CNG stations whereasthe necessary fire safety and explosion hazard measures areoften not taken during refuelling process.

Urban traffic congestion, vehicle emission that creates air pollution and its corresponding greenhouse gas, all of thesebecame a serious problem for the Republic of Armenia, especially for Yerevan, the capital city. Continuous increase inthe number of vehicles puts serious pressure. The economicgrowth in the country may lead to a rapid increase in vehiclepopulation, which is typical for all developing countries.Today, the creation of a sustainable transport system andencouragement of usage of alternative motor fuels are a critical issue for the Government.

Taxis and cars are lining in a CNG station in Armenia

June 200826

A giant leap in IranBy: Alireza Rahnama, IFCO

The Iranian FuelConservation Organization(IFCO), an organization thatmanages the country’s fuelconsumption in different sectors, includes development of CNG infrastructures and NGVspromotion as one of its mainmissions. Its sister organisation, Gas-KhodroIran, has run a CNG nationalproject since January 2008.

CNG stationsIran pipeline networks cover560 cities and 3,226 villages.Coupled with a huge NGreserve, rapid growth in IranNGV business is guaranteed.Currently, 402 CNG stationsare available in 182 cities,while another 758 areplanned to be built. Thisnumber is already surpassingthe government target tohave about 1,000 CNG

stations during the current Iranian year ended on 20March 2009. Iran parliament approved thatall CNG stations equipmentexpenditure of almost US$300,000/station incurred asfrom March 2006 on will becompensated by the government”. The construction cost of the station and the cost of theland are not covered by thisfunding. From that time, theprivate sector has showninterest in investing in CNG

station business. Up to now,22 CNG stations have beenconstructed under thisscheme by the private sectorand 173 more stations arebeing or will be constructed.According to the 13th articleof the national budget, aftergasoline rationing quota andnew regulations in June2007, private sectors canconstruct CNG stations in 12cities only.

Conversion workshopsThe government policy toswitch traditionally fuelledvehicels to NGVs involvedthree-step strategy thatincludes the conversion ofgasoline vehicles. During thefirst year of the implementationfrom 20 March 2003- 20March 2004, IFCO promotedthe conversion of 28,111NGVs. Also 59,385 vehicleswere converted in the second financial year, whilefor the 2006-2007 period,

111,403 vehicles were converted. In the 4th year inMarch 2007- March 2008,IFCO and Gas-Khodro Iranfinanced the conversion of139,063 vehicles to NGVs.Presently over 217 conversion centers are qualified to do the conversion in 72 cities countrywide. In previousyears, the governmentoffered subsidy to cover 90%of conversion costs includingits equipment. After gasolinequota was issued, a hugedemand occurred, and, thus,only public vehicles wereconverted by these workshops. Now, Samand,Peugeot 405, Peugeot (RD),Pride (KIA), Peykan, Peykanpick-up and Mazda 1600pick-up are being convertedin retrofit centres.

Manufacturing OEMNGVsTo create the necessary

By: Alireza Rahmana, IFCO

June 2008 27

infrastructure for manufacturingbi-fuel vehicles in the production line and to produce OEM NGVs thatmeet the associated homologations and stan-dards, the governmentadministration assists IranKhodro and Saipa Group—the two biggest car manu-facturers in country—in producing CNG vehicles bycompensating almost allCNG components and cylinders costs in the

previous years.Consequently, the prices ofbi-fuel OEM vehicles werevery close to the gasolineones. By March 2008, carmanufacturers producedabout 400,000 NGVs.

Additionally, IFCO will financethe production of 6,000 CNGbuses. These buses will bemade in IKD within 4 years.In this project, Iranian government offers US$12,000 subsidy/bus.

One of CNG buses made in Iran

June 200828

The exponential growth of CNG/NGV inPakistan over past few years has manycontributing factors, including, but notlimited to, one of the largest pipelinedistribution network of natural gas inAsia, strong government endorsementand extensive involvement of privateinvestors and small & medium businesses for the development of CNGrefuelling & conversion stations acrossthe country.

As per the CNG Policy 1992, The Oil &Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA),Government of Pakistan had issued6,115 CNG provisional licenses1 to private & corporate investors for opening of CNG refuelling stations. Out of 6,115 provisional license holders,only 1,923 managed to set up and runthe refuelling facilities across the country, as of January 20082.

Due to the sharply increased consumption of natural gas in all sectors over the years, a disturbingdemand & supply gap was observed

during last winter. As a temporary measure, the then CaretakerGovernment of Pakistan effectivelybanned the setting up of new stations,even those planned by the provisional

license holders. A new directive waslater issued allowing only the provisionallicense holders with considerable on-site progress to go ahead and setup the refuelling facilities.

Current situation and future outlook

CNG/NGV refuelling stations in Pakistan

Esam the author (left) with Khattak sons and Angelo Maggioni

June 2008 29

The newly elected Government ofPakistan is expected to review the policy matters addressing future growthof CNG in the new context of the gassupply situation, growing demand ofCNG and sky-rocketing petroleumcosts. Here are the top reasons weconsider developing CNG sector shouldremain a top priority of the Government:

Pakistan is a front runner in Eco-friendlyAlternative Fuel sectorWith approximately 1.65 million NGVs3

plying the roads, Pakistan is one of thetop-3 consumers of CNG globally.Pakistan produces approximately 3,876mcf of NG/day and possesses anexcellent distribution infrastructurerequired to maximize the use of CNG4.

Tremendous economic and environmental benefits make CNG afirst priority for the People of PakistanOver the years, growth of CNG sectorhas provided tremendous economicand environmental benefits to the common people of Pakistan. At abouthalf the cost of petrol, CNG providesreal savings and economy to the middleand lower class with reduced transportation costs. The environmentalbenefits through NGV development

transform Pakistan into a role modeleven for developed countries.

CNG sector has attracted US$1.1 billion worth of investment in Pakistanwith tremendous growth in past fiveyears and is providing more than30,000 jobs. Starting out with just 423refuelling stations in 2003, the numberhas increased sharply to reach 1,923stations by January 2008.

There is a growing demand of newCNG refuelling stations Even though over 1.65 million CNGcars are plying the roads in Pakistan,this number represents only 18% of thetotal number of vehicles registered inPakistan. With this exponential increasein number of CNG vehicles, there is agrowing need of new CNG stations invarious parts of the country. Whilst larger towns and cities have unprecedented number of CNG stations, mainly due to lack of planningand adequate placement policy, thereare quite a few areas that are still lacking refuelling facilities.Consequently, complaints like longqueues at many CNG refuelling stationsand decrease in quality and quantity ofthe compressed gas are frequently

noted in many cities.

Through proper planning and placement of new CNG station according to the demand of CNG, theCNG sector can grow further and bringmore economic and environmental benefits to the masses.

By: Esam Khattak, Director SupportServices, Khattak Sons (Pvt.) Limited(KSL), www.khattaksons.com

Company Overview: KSL is the largestand most experienced CNG technologysolution provider with over 600 refuelling stations installed acrossPakistan over past five years. Featuringcomplete CNG station equipmentdesigned and developed under oneroof by Safe CNG Technology, Italy(www.safe-ita.com), KSL is eager toprovide complete technical & engineering services to its valued clientsthrough its largest distribution and professional support network acrossPakistan.

Sources:1. Oil & Gas Regulatory Authority2, 3. Asian NGV Communications April 20084. Dawn News

June 200830

Malaysia: 200 CNG stations by end2008 or 600 stations by 2013?In 2007, the government ofMalaysia requestedPetronas, the state Oil & Gascompany, to install 200 CNGstations across the nation byend of 2008. In 2006, it wasreported that Petronas’ original plan was to operateall of these stations by 2010.

By September last year, only60 CNG stations were operated in Malaysia. InMarch this year, theDomestic Trade andConsumer Affairs MinisterDatuk Shahrir Samad questioned the country’sNGV plan during an interviewwith Bernama News. He alsoindicated that NGV sectorshould be adopted as (oneof) the core business(es) ofthe country. Additionally, theSarawak Commercial Vehicle

Licensing Board (CVLB)expects that Petronas willexpand it NG fuelling stationnetwork to Sarawak Statesoon.

On the other hand, GlobalCNG Sdn Bhd, a privatecompany, approached thegovernment in 2004, aimingto get a permission to installCNG refuelling stations in thecountry. It had presented itscase to Deputy PrimeMinister Datuk Seri NajibRazak. The government wasinterested in the proposaland has requested the firmto negotiate with Petronas interms of resources. In Marchthis year, Datuk ShahrirAbdul Samad had commented that if Petronasfailed to build sufficient CNGstations by year-end, it

should allow other companies to build them.The company has held talks

with Petronas since last yearand waits for an approvalfrom Petronas side to start

Malaysia could have 1M NGVs by 2015

June 2008 31

building the fuelling facilities.Global CNG claimed to havealready secured sufficientfunding to construct 600CNG refuelling stations within(the expected) a five-yearperiod, across the nation.The project would be splitinto two phases, in which300 stations that are worthRM 1 B could be installedduring the first phase, in thefirst two years of the project.Each station will cost aroundRM 3 M.

During the first phase, thosestations will be built alongthe highways including theirexit towns and small townsthat are 60 km apart.Related facilities will also beinstalled in existing and newstations.

The government is expectedto continue and enhance itssupport for transformation ofpublic and private LDVs andHDVs to NG powered ones.With a network of well-spread 300 vehicle

conversion centres and certain conversion subsidies,we might see Malaysia operating over 1M NGVs by2015. On the private sector side,General Motors South-EastAsian Operations Ltdplanned to introduce its CNGvehicle models in this marketas soon as an adequateinfrastructure and other support mechanisms are inplace.On the other hand, RainbowCNG company has workedon a trial project with NGVMotori to convert a dieseltruck to NGV in Johor Bahruin April 2008. The truck, aHino P11C with 320 HPTurbo, is the first to be converted of the 3,000 vehicle fleet owned by TNEngineering. The convertedtruck is running smoothly.

There are 5 CNG stations inJohor Bahru whereas 2 morestations are expected to beopened in TN Engineeringpremises, soon.

June 200832

Last April, a CNG/NGV forum was held in Jakarta, gatheringabout 120 delegates mostly from the government side andseveral speakers from public and private sectors fromIndonesia, North America, Europe and other Asian countries,as well as the Asia-Pacific NGV Association. Mr DannyPraditya from PT CNG stated that CNG adoption in transportsector will surely be very interesting for Indonesia as the government cannot afford to spend US$ 30 million/day on oilsubsidy.

BusesJakarta now has 7 busway corridors, a special lane forTransJakarta public buses. Over 70% of the 329 buses areoperated along these busways. Corridor 1 is currentlyassigned for diesel buses only. However, this 91 diesel busfleet, which is expected to grow to 131 units, is scheduled tobe replaced by CNG buses in due time. The current 238CNG buses operated in busways 2-7 are anticipated toexpand to reach a fleet of 437 buses. The 30 units of CNGarticulate buses for corridor 5 are to be operated soon.Corridors 8-10 are due for operation in 2009 and will be designated for NG buses as well.

Taxi businessParticipating in the government endorsed programme of“Langit Biru” (Blue Sky), Silver Taxi and PT Citra Nusantara

Gemilang (PT CNG) collaborate to build CNG fuelling stations.Both companies has inked an agreement in which PT CNGwill take care of the gas supply and the provision of two CNGstations in Surabaya, plus the conversion of 507 taxis ofSilver Taxi. It is expected that by mid July 2008, all taxis ofSilver Taxis will be powered by CNG.

Silver Taxi is the second largest taxi operator in Surabayawhich also operates in Sidoarjo. The company decided toswitch all of its fleet to NG as, amongst other, its fuel cost

Two more special CNG bus lanesfor Jakarta in 2009

Two CNG stations will be built in Surabaya

June 2008 33

has increased from 21% of its gross revenue in 2005 to 35%in 2007-2008. Funding and attractive payment scheme forpurchase of CNG conversion kits and cylinders is offered byPT CNG and Bank Rakyat Indonesia.

CNG tuk-tuksWithin the bajaj business, passenger prefers CNG bajajs/tuk-tuks which have a better appearance than diesel bajajs. A CNG bajaj driver in Jakarta said that he can charge 10%-20% more on passenger fare compared to when he used adiesel one. However, owners of bajajs are reluctant to replacetheir vehicles with CNGVs due to the higher investment costof Rp 15-25 M/bajaj. This attitude may change should thegovernment (or private sector) offer funding, should maintenance training be provided and spare parts readilyavailable.

507 units Silver Taxis will be converted to NGVs soon

June 200834

As Thailand oil importsaccount for 2/3 of the country’s entire demand, theEnergy Minister is looking fora way to ease the impact ofoil price crisis by counting onalternative energy under the15-year master plan. Despiteof cut in duty on diesel, mostmajor diesel and gasolineretailers claimed that they areoperating at a loss due tothe high oil prices.

The government expects toreplace 20% of oil consumption with CNG by2011 compared to the 5% ofthe replacement at the present level. Public sector inThailand is working hard toraise NG use in transportsector. Energy Minister andthe state Oil & Gas companyPTT are setting targets torapidly add NGVs and refuelling station population.

The target for 2012 wasannounced recently; NGVpopulation is to be multiplied by 4.5 times fromthe current number while theNG station population will bemultiplied by 4 times.

The current 73,000 units ofNGV fleet will be multipliedby 4.5 times to reach328,000 units by 2012. It isexpected about 100,000NGVs will ply in Thailand byyear end. It is a sensible and

attainable target consideringthat Thailand has addedapproximately 17,000 NGVsin four months period only,from December 2007 to earlyMay 2008.

Not only LDVs but also moreand more HDVs and off-roadvehicles (such as ships) willuse NG as fuel in the immediate future. About 12cargo ships are planned tobe equipped with CNGengines by the secondsemester of this year, another 12 units will beadded at a later date. Fortyboats taxis will be switchedto CNG dedicated or diesel-CNG dual fuel (DDF)ones as well. There is alsointerest from fishing boatowners in switching theirfleet to DDF powered ones,with a trial project to be car-ried out in June-December2008. Due to rising oil price, Inter-provincial bus operatorTransport Co has suffered alost of 140M THB since lastOctober 2007 opposite tothe 2006-2007 profit of300M THB. Consequently,the firm decided to startusing 100 NG buses soon,this year, especially considering that operatingcost may increase by 25%due to high oil price.

The authority also issuedseveral incentives and mandates, such as the permission for NG trailers tooperate 24 hours across the

nation. New registered taxismust be equipped with NGengine. Tax holidays forimports of NGV and itsequipment are offered (seemore at Asian NGVCommunications editionDecember 2007). (Only) TheMass Transportation Servicereceived a special tax reduction for the importationof 11 passenger vansCompletely Knocked Down(CKD) with a deduction from30% to 0% until December2012, while for the CompleteBuild-up Unit (CBU) version,the reduction was given fromthe previous 40% to 22%which applies until December2008.

Reduced excise tax for various OEM and retrofittedNGVs and lower road tax forall types of NGVs are alsooffered. The newest incentiveannounced by the government is the 25%income tax deduction for anyfirm or personnel who convert their vehicles toNGVs.

The number of NG stationswhich was 188 units by earlyMay 2008 would be doubledby the end of this year andfinally will be multiplied by 4times, arriving at 725 stationswithin four years from now.Reduced import duties -resulting in 1% duty- on refuelling equipmentis introduced, with an exception of duty for compressor at 3%.

Thailand to multiply NGVs andfuelling units by over 4 times by 2012

June 2008 35

Following the 10-days demonstrationproject “Libreng Sakay” (Free Ride) witheleven CNG buses along the Batangas-Cubao and Alguna-Alabang-Fairview routes lastMarch, President Arroyo has orderedthe Department of Transport andCommunication (DOTC) to allot P1 billion from the Special Vehicle PollutionControl Program to fund environmentallysustainable transport projects. Arroyoexpects that more “green” vehiclessuch as those powered by CNG andLPG will be adopted after the funding isbeing allotted.

Adoption of alternative fuels is veryimportant for a country such asPhilippines where over 90% of its oilsupply depends on foreign countries. Itmakes Philippines vulnerable to oilprices as long as they import it in ahuge amount. As the “price takers”,local pump prices in this country simplyfollow international trends (with its risingoil prices). Thus, CNG use to replace oilin transport sector is a sensible move,especially considering the local supplyof natural gas which requires no foreignexchange cost.

In its 7-years NGV Programme forPublic Transport (NGVPPT), a pilot project on CNG buses operation isbeing held to check the economic viability of using CNG for public transport. Mario Marasigan, theDepartment of Energy’s Director forEnergy Utilization Management Bureaustated that the government is expectingto see 2,000 CNG buses in the countrywithin these seven years (by 2010).The short-term target to have 200 CNGbuses is coming on its way. About 185buses are already allotted to accreditedfirms: 40 units from KL CNG BusTransport Corp., 80 units from HMTransport Inc., 20 units each fromRRGC Transport and Pascual Liner Inc.,10 units each from Greenstar ExpressInc. and CNG Vehicles Corp., and 5units from BBL Transport System Inc.KL CNG Buses -which joined theLibreng Sakay project- has purchased 12 buses from China at P5M each. Currently, there are alreadyabout 22 CNG buses in the country.The number is expected to grow to 70units by 2009.

At P14.52 per litre equivalent diesel,CNG is about 50% cheaper than diesel.At the moment, CNG is extracted fromMalampaya gas fields in offshorePalawan and transported by pipeline toa mother station in Tabangao, Tabangaswhere it is compressed. Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corp. welcomes any group interested in building the 100-km gas pipeline. This greater gas pipeline infrastructureis necessary to allow Shell to expand itsCNG station network. PTT fromThailand and Synergy of China haveexpressed their interest in the pipelineproject.

One billion pesos forgreen vehicles project

June 200838

In Buenos Aires, PVR Technologiesrecently launched its revolutionaryiMotion, fifth-generation equipment of“Multipoint Gas Injection ElectronicSystem”, made in Argentina for globalmarkets. iMotion is a system leader in the marketof conversions of high-end cars andautomotive technology.

During the launch, a video of iMotionperformance, power test bench, and awide range of vehicles—such as ToyotaCorrola, Citroën C3 and VW Suran--equipped with the innovative systemwas exhibited. In Argentina, PVR is the first companyto fully develop its own system, with itsown engineering applied to softwareusing high technology. Its digital signalprocessor for both industrial and militarypurposes coupled with real time fastdata processing, allow communicationwith gasoline ECU “just in time”, thusobtaining a smoother control of the gassystem.

iMotion, the 5th generation of gasinjection system

The software allows installers to usediagnostic and storing techniques of different configurations that may be alsoutilised in vehicles with similar features. iMotion has the capacity to collect datain real time from the gas system andgives the installer the possibility of relying on Technical Assistance shouldany problem occurs in the performanceor installation. By e-mailing such graphic information

generated by the system itself to PVRTechnologies’ technical support, clientswill receive the solution on-line.

“The advantages of the system aremany, above all in relation to safety,ecology and the performance of vehicles running on NGV or LPG”, saidGuillermo Pasquali, PVR Chairman,highlighted the state-of-the art characteristic of the equipment.

June 2008 39

Notes: lease refer to "NGV statistics" at page 40 for the "update dates"

Country's share in world's NGV population

Country

Pakistan 1.650.000 18,92% 1.923 15,25%India* 821.872 9,42% 325 2,58%Iran 730.107 8,37% 402 3,19%China* 336.062 3,85% 561 4,45%Bangladesh 180.000 2,06% 229 1,82%Armenia 101.352 1,16% 214 1,70%Russia* 95.000 1,09% 222 1,76%Egypt* 87.733 1,01% 115 0,91%Thailand 72.919 0,84% 188 1,49%Uzbekistan 47.000 0,54% 43 0,34%Japan 34.203 0,39% 327 2,59%Malaysia 28.405 0,33% 60 0,48%Korea 15.523 0,18% 121 0,96%Myanmar (Burma)* 10.900 0,12% 20 0,16%Tajikistan 10.600 0,12% 53 0,42%Kyrgyzstan* 6.000 0,07% 6 0,05%Georgia 3.000 0,03% 4 0,03%Turkey 2.567 0,03% 6 0,05%Indonesia 2.453 0,03% 9 0,07%Australia 2.453 0,03% 146 1,16%Singapore 1.102 0,01% 1 0,01%United Arab Emirates 305 0,003% 2 0,02%New Zealand 283 0,003% 14 0,11%Philippines 36 0,000% 3 0,02%Taiwan 4 0,000% 1 0,01%Total Asia 4.239.879 48,61% 4.995 39,61%World 8.721.920 100% 12.611 100%

% of the global refuelling stations

Refuelling stations

%of the global

NGV fleets

Natural Gas Vehicles

TotalTotal