16 Nv4ay 1975D, |Volume 188, No. 4189

LETTERS Could Pterosaurs Fly?: C. H. Greenewalt; D. A. Lawson; Sea-Floor Exploration:G. G. Shor, Jr.; DOD Sponsored Research: W. E. Spicer; R. N. Anthony;S. A. Glantz and N. V. Albers; Cabbage Cigarettes?: J. F. Morton.

EDITORIAL The Shaming of Science ....................... ....

ARTICLES Scientific Freedom and Responsibility: J. T Edsall. . .. . .. . ..

Social Indicators: E. B. Sheldon and R. Parke............................The Comparative Analysis of Learning: M. E. Bitterman .....................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

Deep Sea Recovery: From Mohole to Glomar Explorer ..... .. ................................ 710

Privacy: Congressional Efforts Are Coming to Fruition ................................. 713

Stamp Out Food Faddism ..... ...................................................... 714

NIH: Reunion Held to Boost Morale and Gain Political Visibility ......................... 715

Schmidt Talks About What Is Good and Not So Good About Federal Support ofBiomedical Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

Embryo Development: Debate over Aggregation Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

Ferm ilab Flexes Its M uscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

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RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Semiconductors: Epitaxial Growth of Laser Diodes ................

Weisskopf on the Frontiers and Limits of Science ......................

Ribosomes, reviewed by S. R. Fahnestock; The Significance of Zoochromes,M. Fingerman; Temperature and Life, K. Bowler; Nonequilibrium StatisticalThermodynamics, E. Gross and L. Schwartz; Books Received ...........

REPORTS Geomagnetic Variations in the Eastern United States: Evidence for aHighly Conducting Lower Crust?: R. N. Edwards and J. P. Greenhouse............

Aerosols and Polar Temperature Changes: R. A. Reck ..... . . .................... ..........Uniflagellate Spermatozoa in Nemertoderma (Turbellaria) and Their

Phylogenetic Significance: S. Tyler and R. M. Rieger.......................Human Lymphocytes: Similarity of B and T Cell Surface Morphology:

E. L. Alexander and B. Wetzel. . .................................Polyzonimine: A Novel Terpenoid Insect Repellent Produced by a Milliped:

J. Smolanoffet al..................................................Lung Cancer Induced in Hamsters by Low Doses of Alpha Radiation from

Polonium-2 10:J. B. Little, A. R. Kennedy, R. B. McGandv.................. . ...Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: An Accidental Poisoning Episode in Horse Arenas:

C. D. Carter et al.. . ........................................Mechanism of Insulin-Induced Paralysis of Muscles from Potassium-Depleted

Rats: 1. Kao and A. M. Gordon... . ......................................

TH M. DAVISARO H. GOODENOUGH-OLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY(E)E.amEB ensonmon E. fBisq ueDICAL SCIENCES 0(N)bert AustrianGhard J Johns

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FREDERICK-MOSTELLER WILLIAM T. GOLDN WILLIAM D. CAREYCHAUNCEY STARR Treasurer EeuieOicr

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (G)0 ANTHROPOLOGY (H)IHansi Laufer MRuth -L BunzelJane C. Kaltenbach Phille Nash4.

AGRICULTURE (0) INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P)Paul-E. Waggoner Jordan D, LewisJ. LarenceAppleRobert L Stern

ATMOSPHERICAND HYDROSPHERIC GENERAL (X)

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AmrianAsocatonf~teAdvancement. of' Science wasfondd in 11848 and- incorp~orated in 1874. Iitsh ewt falitate cooperat amprove the effective-s of science in the: promotion of human welfare, and to increase public understa:nding and appreciation ofjidmportance and0promise of the-methodis of science in hurman pgress Pomaster. SndFormd003579 toENCE. 1515 Massachkusetts Avenue,NW, W*shington, D.C.200005.

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COVER

Midnight encounter? The photograph,taken at night on sandy terrain near LakePlacid, Florida, shows the typical paralleltracks of the milliped Narceus gordanus,with a conspicuous bend where the ani-mal changed direction after having metand presumably repelled the attack ofa small vertebrate whose tracks arealso visible. Millipeds are protected bynoxious secretions from their defensiveglands. A novel nitrogen-containing ter-pene has been isolated from the glands ofone species. See page 734. [Thomas Eis-ner, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork]

16 May 1975, Volume 188, Number 4189

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the presentation

and discussion of important issues related to the advance-ment of science, including the presentation of minority orconflicting points of view, rather than by publishing onlymaterial on which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-including editori-als, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed andreflect the individual views of the authors and not officialpoints of view adopted by the AAAS or the institutionswith which the authors are affiliated.

Editorial Board1975

H. S. GUTOWSKY DONAILD LINDSLEYN. BRUCE HANNAY RUTH PATRICKDONALI) KENNEDY RAYMOND H. THOMPSONDANIEt E. KOSHLAND, JR.

1976ALFREI) E. BROWN FRANK PRESSJAMES F. CROW FRANK W. PUTNAMHANS LANDSBERG MAXINE SINGEREDWARD NEN' ARTHUR M. SQUIRES

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Research News: Al EN L. HAMMOND, WILLIAM D.METz, THOMAS H. MAUGH 1I, JEAN L. MARX, ARTHUR L.ROBINSON, GINA BARI KOLATA, FANNIE GROOM

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SCIENCE

The Shaming of ScienceWhat shall we make of the congressional furor over biological and social sci-

ence research? According to Miles' law, where you stand depends on where yousit. If one is a social scientist, one sees Congress at its worst, meddling in mat-ters it doesn't comprehend while Rome burns. If one is less involved, one mayput it down to a tiresome political overreaction to far-out research projects. Theserious question is whether we are seeing the beginning of something muchdeeper: a loss of nerve where science and technology are concerned.

It is unlikely that anybody knows the answer. But the scientific communityought not to merely sit back and take a bad rap. If open season is being declaredon long-accepted processes for determining scientific merit and social value inthe funding of research, a very great deal is at stake. Summary judgments mayspread to science as a whole because of dissatisfaction with a few fields.

For three decades, politics and science in this country have struggled to cometo terms. Neither can do without the other, and neither can afford to undermineconfidence in the other.

Both government and science can absorb criticism. Government has reaped abumper harvest of it. Science and technology have been called to account forgoing too far or falling too short. So be it. Criticism reinforces accountability ina society based on rights and responsibilities.

Science and politics have enough trouble finding common ground without re-moving the quality of respect from the relationship. While only a small part ofthe research enterprise has been called into question, the continued parading ofresearch projects in the streets to a drumfire of ridicule and intimidation canvery quickly bring an end to respect and replace it with a quarrel. That is a highprice for a nation which came to believe in science as a discovery process and anedge of light in a troubled world.

Congressional oversight of science is not at issue. But ambushing one re-search project after another is not what we expect of oversight. One cannot be-lieve that Congress is about to fit social science research for a straitjacket; it willnot come to that. But a smog of uncertainty hangs over the administration of re-search. The danger is that first-rate biological and social science research willcarry unacceptable risks for good investigators, and that funds will be spentonly where they can be spent safely, well out of the range of political guns.There is no satisfaction in that sort of cease-tire.The shaming of science has gone far enough. There is plenty of work for legis-

lative oversight. Neither the Executive Branch nor Congress has established anenduring policy relative to long-term investment in basic science. The equities inthe peer review system are fair game for legislative scrutiny. Examination of thequestion of trading off incentives for private sector innovation against directfunding of R & D is overdue. The decline in research and development invest-ment in the United States, relative to that of competing nations merits morethan hand-wringing.We should keep some sense of perspective. Over the years, Congress has done

much to advance the sciences and to be an action-forcing influence on a reluc-tant Executive Branch. At its best, legislative oversight earns high marks.

It comes down to a matter of asking the right questions instead of the wrongones about science and public policy. If the rules of political oversight are rea-sonable, science and government can reinforce each other. But if oversight isemployed only to discredit scientific motive and responsibility, it will be a coldwinter. WILLIAM D. CAREY