ED 152'405

TITLEINSTITUTION

REPORT JOPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE PROS

Epps PRICE'DESCRIPTORS

ABSTRACT

DOC88212 815081

PS 009 823

Voluntary Product Standard PS 72-76: Toy BafetNational Bureau of Standards (DOC), Washington,D.C.ANSI/VPS-PS-72-76Jan 7735p.'Superintendent of Documents, U. S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 '(Stock No.003- 003 - 01702 -7, s1.40y

OF-$0.83 HC-82.06, Plus Postage.Children; *Consumer Protection; Federal Government;*Safety; *Standards; *Testing; *Toys

The purpose of this voluntary product standard is to'establish nationally recognized safety requirements and test methodsfor toys intended for use by children in age groups through 14 years.The standard relates to possible hazards that may not be readilyrecognized and which may be encountered inenormal use cr afterreasonably foreseeable abuse. InclUded are requireients concerningmaterial quality; flammability; toxicology; packaging film; stringsand elastics; electrical/thersal energy; Aplusive noise; edges;hazardous points; projections;; wheels, tires, and- axles; foldingmechanises and hinges; holes, clearances`,, and protection ofnechamiess; stability of ride-cn toys and seats; overloadrequirements-for ride-on toys and seats; tipping of stationarylfloortoys; confined spaces; small objects; Simulated protective devicessuch-as helmets, hats,.and'goggles; projectiles; and labeling,literature and narking. Inspection and test procedures cover testingfor hazardoui substance content, preconditioning' cf toys, to simulateshipping and storage, normal use testing, abuse testing impacttests, bite tests, torque tests for removal cf components, tensiontest for removal of components, compression test, tests for tireresoval and snap-in wheel and axle assemblies rescval, flexure ,test,test for mouth actuated toys, and impact test,for toys that cover theface. Information regarding anthropometric data, packaging andshipping, and availability of documents referenced in the standard iscontained in appendices A through C. A table to serve as a guide tothe requirements contained in this standard as applicable to various

,toy categories is provided in appendix E. (Author/SB)

**,***********************************************************4****-* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be sade *

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U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION & WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO-DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSO4OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE-SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

C

VoluntaryProduct

Standard

PS 72-76s

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards

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o NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of StandaAls' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is tostrengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To thisend, the Bureau conducts research and provides (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) Scientific andtechnological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro-mote public safety The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institutefor Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and_ heOffice of Experimental Technology Incentives Program.

THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist-ent system of physical measurement, coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations, and furnishes essen-tialservices leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,mid commerce The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Servicts, and the following center and divisions:

Applied Mathematics Electricity Mechanics Heat Optical Physics Center for Radiation Research Lab-oratory Astrophysics' Cryogenics' Electromagnetics2 Time and Frequency'.

THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measure-ment, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational insti-tutions, and Government, provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies, and develdps, produces, anddistributes standard reference materials The Institute consists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, the Office of Airand SMater Measurement, and the following divisions: / , ' '

Analytical Chemistry Polymers Metallurgy Inorganic Materials Reattor Ridiation Physical Chemistry.

THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services developing and promoting the use of avail.-

able technology, copperates with public and private organizations in developing techilolOgiAl standards, codes, and test meth-ods, and provides technical advice services, and information to Government agencies and the public. The Institute consists ofthe following divisionsiand centers:. . ..

Standards Application and Analysis = Electronic Technology Cen:er for Consumer Product Technology: ProductSystems Analysis, Product Engineenng ' Center for BUilding Technology Structures, Materials, and Safety; Building

1nvironment, Technical Evaluation and Application Center for Fire Research Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering.

E INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE$ AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services,designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effectiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection,

acquisition, and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment. and serves as the principal focus wthin the qec-utive 'branch or the d'evelopment of Federal,standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and cinputerlanguages. The Institute consist of the following divisions:

Computer Services Systems and Software Computer Systems Engineering Information Technology.

THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LNCENTIVES PROGRAM see' ks to affect public policy and process'to facilitate technological change to the priy,ate sector by examining and experimenting with Government policies and prac-tices'in order to identify and remove Government-related barriers and to correct inherent market imperfections that impede

,..... the innovation process.

THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific informa-tion generated within NBS, promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of in-formation analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System, provides appropriate services

4. to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consisd'of the e

following organizational units:.

'Office of Standard Reference Data -. Office of Information Activities Office of Technical Publications. LibraryOffice of International Standards - Office of International Relations.

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1 Headquarters aid Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted, mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

Located at Bouhler,,Cblorado $0302.

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U.S10EPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita .M. Kreps, ..ScretaryNATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Er st Ambler, Acting Director

Voluntary Product Standard

IPS 72 -76

Toy Safety

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Approved by the American National Standaikls Institute onMarch 8, 1977, as American National Standard ANSI/VPS PS 72-76

Abstract

The purpose of this Voluntary Product Standard is to establish nationally recognizedsafety requirements, for toy.4 intended for use by hihlren in age groups through 14 years.The standard relates to possible hazards that may n4t be readily recognized by the public,and which may be encountered In the normal use for which a toy is intended, or afterreasdnably foreseeable abuse. Requirements are included fur niaterial quality.: flammabil,ity: toxicology ; packaging film: strings and elasti-r: electrical/thermal energy ; impulsivenoise; edges; hazardous points. projections : mhtels, tires, and Axles; folding mechamismsand hinges: holes, clearances, and priltetion of mechanisms:. stability of ride-on toys andseats: overload requirements for ride-on toys and seats: tipping of stationary floor toys;confined spaces; small objects; simulated protective devices, such as helmets, hats, andgoggles; projectiles ; and labeling, lite'rature, and marking.

Key words: Cautionary labeling for toys: hazardous ,pharacteristics of toys; safety, toy ;,toy safety: use and reasonably foreseeable abuse testing for toys.

'-Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S. Prod. Stand. 72-76,30 pages (Jan. 1977)

CODEN: XN-PSAX

For yale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S. Government Pnntipg OfficeWashington, D.0 20402 - Price 51 40

...Stock No 003-003-01702-7

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Errata No. 2 to'AccOmpany Voluntary Product Standard PS 7.2 -76,

"Toy Safety"

On gage s, section,4.7 Electrical/thermal energy, on second line

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change 15 volt to 115 volt ...

USCOMM-NBS -DC

National Bureau of StandardsU.S. Department of CommerceWashington, D.C. 20234

Errata to Accompany Voluntary Product Standard Pg 72-76,

"Toy Safety

On page 19, section 5.10. Compression test, first sentence of

k second paragraph shOuld read as follows:

The loading device shall be a rigid metal disk

1.125 + 0:015 inch in diameter and 0.375 inch in

thickness.

USCOMM-NBS -DC

National Bureau of StandardsU.S. Department of Commerce.Washington, D.C. 20234

VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARDSVoluntary Product Standard.s are developed under procedures published bythe 1.)epartmentof Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of (he Code\ of Federal Regulations. The purpose of the

'stamfards is to nationally recognized requirement,- for products, and td provide all',cOncei-ned interests with a basis for common understanding- of tlw characteristics Of the prod- ."ucts. The National Bureau of Standards administers the Voluntary Product StandarcA pro-graln as a supplement' to the activities of the private sector standardizing organizations.

Establishment of a VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD

The role of the National Bureau of Standal ds in the establishment -of a Voluntary ProductStandard ,is to (1) act as an unbiased coordinator in the dexelopment of Hie standard, (2) pro:vide editorial assistance -m the preparation of the standard, ( 3) supply such assistance and-reyiew as is required to assure the teclmical soundness of tlw standard, (4) -seek sat 44actoryadjustMent of valid points.of disagreement, (5 ) determine the compliance with the criteria ofthe Department's procedures, (6) provide secret alial functions for each committee appointedunder the Department's procedures, and (7) publish the standard. as a public document.

,,Producers, (listribiloys, usersonsumers, and other interested groups contrpite to theestablishment of a rollintary aroduct Standard by (1) initiating and participating in thedevelopment of the standard

-;-)(-2) providing technical or other related counsel as appropriate

relating to the standard, (3) promoting the use of and support for the standard, and (4)assisting in keeping the standard current with respect to ;advancing technology and market-ing practices.

)Use of a VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD

The use of-a Voluntary Product Standard i voluntary; the, National Bureau of Standardshas no regulatory power in the enforcement of the provisions_ of the standards. However,since the standards represent a consensus of all interested groups, their provisions are likely tobecome establiAied as trade customs. In addition, w hen a standard is made a part of a le5a1

document, such ly a sales contract or code, compliance with the standard is enforceable.e

The benefits derived from Voluntary Product Standard,y are in direct proportion to their gen-eral recognition and actual use. P ncei's and distributors whose prmlucts Meet the require-ments of a Voluntary Product St( inlaid may lefer to the standard in advert ising and on labelsto promote greater public under./ tamling of or confidence in their products. Purchasers mayorder products conforming to tie requirements of the standards.

For copies of the Voluntary Pfroduct Standards procedures or for more information concern-ing the development and use of these standards, you may write to: Standards DevelopmentServices Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.('. 20234.

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Contents

Purpose

2. 'Scopeqg

3. Definitions /4., Requirements --- -

Page

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44.1. General 4.2. Material quality . ,44.3. Flammability _a 44.4. Toxicology ...

4.5 Packaging filmr 4

54.6. Strings and elastics .. 54.7. Elect rical/t hernial energy ' :- 54.8. Impulsive noise ,_ 54.9. Edges 54.10. Hazardous points 7 ,4.11. Project ions 74.12. Wheels, tires. zip(' axles 74.13. Fselding mechanisms and hinges 84.14. Holes, clearances, and protection of mechanisms .... 84.15. Stability of rule-on toys and seats 114.16. Overload requirements fill' ride-on toys 'end seats L ........./ 124.17. Tipping of stationary floor toys 134.18. Confined spaces 13

19. Small objects 134.110: Simulated protective devices, such as helmets, hats and goggles 14'4.21. Projectiles 144.22. Labeling, literature, and narking 14

5. Inspection an Test Procedures 155.1. General ' -,.._ 15-5.2. Testingsfor hazardous substance content ' 155.3.. Preconditioning of toys to simulate sippicg and storage 165.4. Normal use testing 165.5. Abuse testing 175.6. Impact tests 175.7 Bite test . 18

'5.8. Torque tests for removal of components ' 185.9. Tension test for removal of components, 185.10. Compression test , 19.5.11 Tests for tire removal and snap -in wheel and axle

assemblies 'removal ' ,- 165.12. Flexure test 205 13. Test for mouth actuated toys N. 205 14.' Impact test for toys that cover the face 20

6. Ident i ficat ion . 20

7. Effective Date , . 21

History of Project 21,8....

9. Standing Committee , 21.

Appendix A: Percentile Chartsfor' Measurements of Boys and Girls 21Appendix B:- Packaging ansl shipping 25Appendix C: Source Materials 25Appendix I): Metric Equivalents 26Appendix E:' Guide to Standard by Toy Categories.

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Voluntary Product Standard PS 72-76

Toy Safety

EffEtctive September 22,, 1976 (See section 7.)

(This Standard, which was initiated by the Toy Manufacturers of America, is being developed under. the Procedures for the Development of Voluntary Products Standards of the T.S. Department of

Commerce.)

1. PURPOSE

The purpose of this Voluntary Product Stand-ard is to establish nationally recognized safetyrequirements for toys. Although this Standardwill not eliminate the need for the exercise of-parental responsibility in selecting toys appro-priate to the age of the child, or parental super-vision in situations where children of various agesmay have access to the same toys, its applicationwill minimize accidents in the normal iyttendeduse and in reasonably foreseeable abuser of thetoys covered by the Standard.

2. SCOPE(This standard relate to possible hazards that

may not- be readily recognized by the public,, andwhich may be encountered in the normal use forwhich a toy is intended, or after reasonably fore-seeable abuse. It does not purport to-cover everyconceivable hazard of a particular toy The Stand-ard -does not covtr product performance or qualityexcept as related to safety. Except for the labelingrequirements pointing out the functional hazardsand the age range for which the toy is intended,the Standard has no requirements- for thoseaspects of a toy that present an inherent andrecognized hazard as part of the function of thetoy. Such an example is a sharp point necessaryfor the function of a needle. The needle is aninherent hazard that is well understood by the

.purchaser of a toy sewing kit, and this hazard is, communicated to the user as part of the normal

educational process.

On the other hand, while a tricycle has inherenthazards associated with its use (for example, fall-ing off onto the sidewalk), the possible hazardsassociated with its construction (sharp edges, ex-

'posed mechanisms, etc.) will be minimized by theapplication of this Standard?

This Standard covers requirements and testmetho4 for toys intended for use by children in

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age groups through 14-years. Different age limitsfor various requirements will be found in thisStandard. These limits reflect the nature of theHazards and the expected mental aiid/or physicalability of the child to cope with the hazards.

Articles not covered by this Standard are:

BicyclesSling shots and sharp-pointed dartsCrayons, paints, chalks, and other similar art

materialsPlayground EquipmentB-B guns'"KitesHobby and craft items in which the finished

item is not primarily of play valueModel kits ?n which the finished item is not

primarily of play valucSporting goods, camping goods, athletic

equipment, musical instruments, and,furni-ture; however, toys which are their counter-parts. are covered. (It is recognized thatthert: often is a fine line betty n, forexahple, a musical instrument or a sport-ing,item and its toy counterpart. The inten-tion of the producer or distributor, as wellas normal use and reasonably foreseeable

iabuse, determines Whether the item is a toycounterpart or not).

Powered models of aircraft,trockets, boatsand land vehicles; however, toys which aretheir counterparts are covered

information regarding anthropometric data,packaging and shipping, and the availability ofdocuments referenced in the Standard is con-tained 'in appendices A through C. A table toserve as a guide to the requirements contained inthis Standard as applicable to various toy cate-gories is provided i i appendix E.

Note: As an aid in correlating U.S. customaryunits to metric unitr ean version factors forunits in this Standard are given in ap-pendix D.

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1. AccesSibleiAccessible refers to any por-tion of a toy that can be contacted by it probe ofthe length and diameter as specified in table 1.

TABLE 1. Di MC7180718 of probes for defining accessibility

Child age group Insertion length Diameterof &probe of probe

months inches inchesIS or less 2 3/16Oler 18 but not over 60 2-1/2 1/4Over 60 but not over 168 3 1/4

3.2. BurrA burr is a roughness that-may befound at an edge or joint of a toy or componentif the material is not cleanly severed of finished.

3.3. Curled edgeA curled edge is one inwhich the port ion of the sheet adjacent to the edgeis bent into an arc and forms an angle of less than90° the base sheet, as shown in figure 1.

3.4. Discharge mechanismA discharge.mechanism is an inanimate system for releasing'and propelling a projectile.

3.5. Edge, hazardousA hazardous edl<ge isdefined as an edge that can cut a child's skinduring normal use or reasonably foreseeable abuseof a toy. Such an edge is subjectively judgedas hazardous if it appears sharp to the casualobserver.2

3.6. ElasticAn elastic material is definedas one which will, essebtiallytinstantaneously re-cover its former size and shape after being elon-gated at least 10 percent at a testing speed of notless than 20 inches per minute.

I This definition may be superseded by a definition which maybe promulgated t)) the U 8- Consumer Product Safety Commis-sion C,P8C) Meanwhile, the suggested articulated probedescribed In the proposed rules of the PSC which were pub-lished in the Federal Register on Januar) 7, 1975. (pages1489 and 1491) could serve as a means to determine accessi-bility In addition to the method defined in 31. Information onthe articulated probe is available from Underwriters' Labora-tories Inc , 1285 Walt Whitman Road, Alrelville, New York11746

=This subjecthe definition nil be superseded 1)) a test methodwhich may be contained in a regulation covering hazardousedges %Idyll In.I3 he promulgated I)) the Consumer ProductSafet3 Commission as a Inandator3 test method Until an)4nandntor) regulation becomes effective, there are two sug-gested methods t),) %hich hazardous edges could be detected(1) the test, method In section 1500 47 of part, 1500 of Title 16of the Code of Federal Regulations proposed I)) the ConsumerProduct Safet) Commission was published in the FederalRegister on Januar) 7, 1975, or 1,2) the hazardous edge testerdeveloped by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc Information onthe availability of the first test device can he obtained from AleOffice of the Secretari, Consumer Product Safety COMM1750 K Street, NW . Washington, it C 20207 information onJim second test device ,ca n be obtained from Underwriters'Laboratories. Electrical Standards Department, 1285 WaltWhitman Road. Melville, New York 11746 Neither of thememethods are curfently required by this Standard,

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FIGURE 1. Curled edge.

3.7. FeatheringFeathering is a beveling ofan edge (or decrease in thickness moving towardthe edge) caused during shearing or cutting ofmaterial. i

3.8. FrashglFlash is excess material whichescapes between the mating parts of a moldassembly.

3.9. Folding .mechanismsFolding mechan-isms are those having an assembly of hinged,pivoted, or sliding members that can produce acrushing, scissoring, pinching, or shearing actionduring the operation of the mechanisms.

3.10. HazardA hazard is defined as anycharacteristic of a toy that presents an unreason-able risk of injury or illness during - normal use oras a result of reasonably foreseeable abuse.

3.11. Hemmed edgeA hemmed edge is onein which the portion of the sheet adjacent to theedge is folded back on the sheet itself through anangle of approximately 180°, so that the portionof the sheet adjacent to the edge is approximatelyparallel to the main sheet, as shown in figure 2.

FIGURE 2. Hemmed edge..

3.12. Hinge line' clearanceThe hinge lineclearance is the clearance between the stationaryportion of the toy and the movable portion along,or adjacent to, 'a line projected through the axisof rotation. Dimension A in figure 3 illustrgitesthe hinge line clearance, using a box with a lidas an example.

3.13, Impulsive noiseAn impulsive noise isone in which the variations in noise level involvemaxima at intervals of greater than 1 second.

A = HINGE CLEARANCE AT HINGE LINE

' FIGURE 3. Changing clearance at hinge line

3.147 Lap jointA lap joint is one in whichan edge overlaps a parallel surface but is notnecessarily mechanically attached to it at allpoints long the length. Typical lap joints areshown in figure 4.

FIGURE 4. Typical lap jointg.

3.15. Normal useNormal use of a toy isdefined as those play modes which conform to theinstructions that accompany the toy, which havebeen established by tradition or custom, or whichare evident from an examination of thertoy..

3.16. Point, hazardousA hazardous pointis one that can puncture or lacerate a child's skinduring normal use or reasonably foreseeableabuse. Such a point is subjectively judged as haz-ardous if it appears sharp to the casual observer.'

s This subjective definition-1'1mM superseded by it test methodwhich may be contained in a regulation covering hazardouspoints which may be promulgated by the Consumer ProductSafety Commission as a mandator) test method. Until anymandatory regulation becomes effective, hazardous points couldbe determined by" the test method in section 1500 4S of part1500 of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations proposed bythe Consumer Product Safety Commission which N as publishedin the Federal Register on January 7, 1975 Information on theavail Laity' of this test device can he obtained from the officeof Hit Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1750 KStref I. NW Washington DC 20207

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3.17. Projectile' A projectile is an objectpropelled by means of a discharge mechanism that

capable of storing and releasing energy underthe control of the operator. Included in this defi-nition are unrestrained objects and objects NN hichare restrained atthe end Of a string, such as thosefrom pop-guns.

3.18. Projection, hazardousA hazardousprojection is one that, because of its material andconfiguration, appears to the casual observer topresent a puncture hazard if a child should fallonto it.'

3.19 Protective cap or coverA protectivecap or cover is a component that is attached to apotentially hazardous edge or projection to reducethe possibility of injury.

3.20. Protective tipA protective tip is acompthient that is attached to the impacting endof a ,prgjectile to minimize injury if it shouldimpact on the body. A protective tip may performother functions such as the prevention of damageto the projectile on striking a target, providinga me hs of attaching the projectile to the targetas in be case of suotton cups, or the prevention ofdam e to inanimate objects.

/3.21. Reasonably foreseeable abuseRea-

sonahly foreseeable abuse is defined as conditionsto which a child may subject a toy that are notnormal use conditions and that are likely to beperformed. Examples of abuse would result from(1) curiosity, such as deliberate disassembly, (2)lack f physical coordination or manual dexterity,such s dropping, and (3) use for a purpose forwhich the toy is not intended,-such as use of atoy fOotball helmet as if it were a real protectivedevice.

3.22, RigidFor the purposes of this Stand-ard, rigid refers to any material that has aYouug's modulus in tension of greater than190,000 psi.

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3.2whicis bet

and5:

I. Rolled edgeA rolled edge is one inthe portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge

t into an arc and forms an angle between 90°20° with the main sheet, as shown in figure

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Tlvmfiulgated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Com-definition may be superseded by a definition which may

he prmisiom.

Tiffs definition, even though it is subjective, serves to alertprodui-erm, distributors, and others interested in to) safety of thepossible dangers of projections Hazardous projections can resultfrom the usage of a to) or the position of the to) Some projec-ti ins itterve a function, sucfi as actuatIpg levers ; other projectionsStine; no purpose (i.e , are toinfunctional) except for beingdecorative

FIGURE 5 Rolled edge.

3.24. ToyFor the purposes of this Stand-ard, the term toy is defined as any object desig-nated, manufactured, or marketed as a plaN t lungfor children thiough the age of 11 dears includingminiature imitations (intended basically for plause) of objects intended primarily for a specificfunctional use.

4. REQUIREMENTS

4.1. GeneralTovs represented as complyingwith this Voluntar Product Standard shall meetall ;11)1)11(10de requirements specified heiem. Thetoys shall conform to requirements of the Stand-ard after normal use 111(1 reasonabl foreseeableabuse testing, a), specified in the applicable parh-graphs of section 5. Any mandatory regulationspromulgated by the Consumer Product SafetyCommissionm

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shall supersesle any applicable re-quire ents n section 1. Later issues of publica-tions referenced in this Standard may he usedproviding the requirements are applicable 111(1consistent w ith the issue designated. All publi-cations referenced in this Standard, are listed inappendix (' along w its information on how theymay be- obtained.)

4.2. Material qualityToys shall be con-structed of new material, of reprocessed material(such as reprocessed plastic, foam scrap, fibrousscrap from textile producers, and fabric trim-mings from garment manufa4...ture) that has beenso retimed that the level of contamination fromhazardous (as described in -1.-1.1) s,ubst amps doesnot exceed that found in new material.

4.3 Flammability 'Textile fabrics includingnon-wovens used in toys or as components of toysslrtll eomply the requirements islued underthe Flammable Fabrics Act as amended onAugust 23, 1934, ( see lenleN and Regulationsrnder the Flom wohle Fithr;c.s. let published by'the Consuniey hoduct Safety ('onunkison) ; themethod of test hall he in accordance %%itli Com-mercial Standard ('S 191-53, P/ommobi7itg ofClothing Textil(,. Materials other than textilematerials which are part of the toy shall not 1wflammable' as defined under Title 16, Oak ofFederal Regulations, tiect ion 1:m0.3(c) (6) issuedunder the Federal Hazardous SubstanQes -Act.

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4.4. Toxicology

4.4.1. Hazardous substancesToys or -ma-terials used in toys shall conform to the FederalHazardous Substances Act and to the regulationspromulgated under that Act. Exemptions to thisAct for certain types of toys are given m Title 16,Code of Federal Hegulat ions, Section 1500.85. Theregulation, define limits for toxic, corrosive, irri-tant, sensitizing, pressure generating, and radio-act ke matends. Testing for hazardous substancecontent is given in 5.2.

4..2. Food and cosmetics--Food, simulatedfood such as doll food, and toys 'thick are in-tended to be' used in conjunction with food or inthe preparation of fotl.such as toy cooking uten-sils, and toy products intended to simidate cos-metics, shall conform to the Requirements of theFederal Food. Drug. and Cosmetic Act.

4.4.3. Handling and- packaging of foodAll food products supplied with toys shall behandled :aid packaged in compliance with Title21, ('ode of Federal Regulations, Section 128,

hich is concerned %%ith sanitation practices in themanufacture, processing, packaging, or holdingof Inunan oods.

4.4.4. Paints or other similar surface coat-ing materialsPaints and other similar surfacecoating materials applied to toys shall complywith the lead content requirement of Title 16,Code of ,Federal Regulations, Sectio'n 1500.17(a) (6) issued under the Federal Hazardous Sub-sonees Act. In zuldu ion, surface coat ings shall notcontain intentnnudly added ingredients, such aspigments or dyes, which are based on compoundsof antimony, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, selen-ium, or water soluble barium.

4.4.5. LiquiaLiquids contained in toysshall conform to the requirements of the FederalIhriardous Substances Act. Any aqueous liquidshall conform to the bacteriological fluidity re-quirements of the 1;.S. Public Health Service forpotable water. The requirements'under the Fed-eral Hazardous Substances Act are given in Part15(1(1 of Title 16, Code of Federal -Regulations,and the bacteriological quality requirements aregiven in the Public Health Nerice DrinkingWater Standardy, 1962.

4.4.6. Stuffed toysLoose fillers or stuffedtoys shall be free of objectionable matter originat-ing from insect, bird, rodent, or other animal in-festation and of contaminants such as splintersand metal chips to the extent possible in goodmanufacturing practice. The test 1110110(1S NNII1C11

shall be used to determine objectionable material

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are in Chapter 44, Extraneous Materials Isolationof Official .Methods of Analysis of the Associationof Official Analytical Chemists, twelfth edition,1975.

4.5. Packaging filmThis requirement isintended to minimize4he possibility of asphyxia-tion hazards that miglit be caused by thin packag-ing films. Flexible plastic film bags and flexibleplastic sheets used as packaging materials forshelf packages or used 'with toys sli<lll be at least0.00150 inch in nominal thickness but the actualthickness shall tukver be less than 0.00125 inch.Thickness shall be determined in accordance withMethod C of American Society for Testing :CudMaterials (ASTM) 374-68, Standard .11(thodof Test for ThickneN.s of SOW Electrical Insula-tion. This requirement does not apply to thefollowing:

a. Bags which have an opening perimeter less. than 14 inches after the perimeter has been

stretched to its fullest extent.,

b. Bags which have an opening perimeter of 14inches or greater, after the perimeter hasbeen stretched to its fullest extent, in whichthe combined 4ength and fully extendedopening perimeter is less than 23 inches.

c.' Shrink film of less than 0.00450 inch nominalthickness which is in the forms of an over-wrap that would normally be destroyedwhen the package is opened by a consumer.

4.6. Strings and elasticsThese requirementsare intended to niinimize hazards that mightbe caused by flexible strings and ela'stii.s. Theterm "string' shall include monofihn»ents, plasticand textile tapes, and chains, as well as thosefibrous materials commonly called string.

4.6.1. Crib and playpen toysFlexiblestrings attached at one end to a toy intended foruse in cribs or pl pens shall be less than 12inches in length. I a string is attached to forma loop, then th'e pe meter of the loop shall be lessthan 14 inches.

4.6.2. Pull topFlexible strings greaterthan 12 inches long for pull toys intended forchildren :36 months old or less shall not be pro-vided with beads or other attachments that couldtangle to form a loop.

4.6.3. Self-retract-iv pull stringsStringsused in string-actuated mechanisms for toys in-tended for use by children 18 months of age orless, except monofilament-type strings 1/16 inch

5

or less in diameter, shall not retract when a weightof pounds is attached to the fully extendedstring, with the string Nertical and the toy heldfirmly in the most favorable position for retrac-tion. NIonolilament-type strings 1/16 inch or lessin diameter shall not retract under a load of 1pound, \\ lien tested in the manner described above.

4.6.4. ElasticsAn accessible unaflixed por-tion of elastic in toys intended for children 36months old or less shall not extend t6 more than12 inches under a load of 5 pounds.

4.6.5. Strings and lines for flying devicesKite St rings and tan( 1 lines over 6 feet longattached to flying c evico intended for use asplaythings shall have an electric resistivity ofmore than 10- olim centimeters \\ hen tested at arelative humidity of not less than 45 percent and

,awtemperature of not greater than 75° F whenmeasured by a high voltage, resistance breakdownmet er.

4.7. Electrical/thermal energy Toys oper-,/ating from nominal 15 volt branch circuits shallconform to Tit le 16, Code of Federal Regulations,Part 1505, issued under the Federal hazardousSubstances Act.

4.8. Impulsive noiseToys shall not produceimpulsiTiAlnoises with a instantaneous overallsound pretsure lev.el exec di i-,

( iy 38 decibels (re 20micro-nem,ons per qua e nn ter) when measuredat any position 5 cen inict rs from the surfaceof the toy. The sound s shall be determinedby using the equipment described in Title 16, Codeof liederal Regulations, Section 15,00.47. Whendetermining sound levels, both the toy and the testequipment shall be at least 1 meter film' any wall,veiling, or other large obstruction. The soundlevels, as specified herein shall not be Pxceededafter tine, toy is tested in accordance .with the re-quirements of 5.4 through 5.10.

Note.: This requirement does not apply to capsas described In Section 1500.18(a) (5) ofTitle 16, -Code of Federal Regulations,issued under the Federal Hazardous Sub-stances Act. Mandatory requirements forthese caps are given under Section 1500.86(a) (6) of 'ride 16, Code of Federal Regu-lations.

4.9. EdgesThe requirements are intendedto minimize hazards from edges. For those toyswhich are designed and specifically labeled forpermanent assembly by an adult, the-,e require-ments are-concernea with the toy after assembly.If a hazardous edge, such as a metal edge of lessthan 0.020 inch in thickness, is unprotected on anunassembled toy designed for addlt assembly, the

outside of the package shall carry caution-ing the purchaser to exercise care in unpackingand-assembly, according to the requirements of4.2.,1.1. For those toys intended for assembly anddisassembly in play by a child, these requirementsapply to all parts that twist be handled duringassembly and disassembly aid with the toy afterassembly. Hazardous edges shall not be producedwhen the toy is tested according to 5.4 through5.10.

4.9.1. Functional sharp edgesToys inwhich a potentially hazardous sharp edge is anecessary part of the function of the toy shallcarry cautionary labeling as specified in 4.22.1.1,if the toy is intended for use lfy children from 48months to 96 months. Toys intended for childrenaged less than 48 months shall not have accessiblehazardous functional sharp edges.

4.9.2. Molded toysThe accessible edges,corners, or Mold parting areas of molded toysshall 'be free of hazardous edges produved by burrsand flash or so protected that hazardous edges arenot exposed.

4.9.3. Metal toysMetal parts less thm 0.020inch thick shall have the edges protected as de-scribed. in 4.9.4. below, if the edges are accessibleor become accessible as a result of normal use orreeasonably foreseeable abuse. Metal edges of 0.020inch or greater shall be free of hazardous burrsand feathering, or so protected that hazardousedgits are not exposed: If accessible holes or slotsin sheet metal of, less than 0.020 inch thicknessadmit a rod.of 1/2-inch diameter, to a depth ofgreater than 0.030 inch, then the edges shall beprotected in accordance with this requirement(Additional size requirements for holes are givenin 4.14.2.)

4.9A. Protection of metal edgesAccessibleedges of metal less than 0.020 inch thick exceptthose covered by 4.9.4.1, shall be protected py

hemmed, rolled, or curled edges, or shall becovered with a devIce or finish. If caps, sleeves,or other deyices, are used, they shall be subjectedto the compression test in 5.10, regardless ofwhether or not they :ire accessible, to fiat-surfacecontact during the appropriate impact test (s)7described under 5.6. Hemmed edges shall be closedto a gap of 0.03 inch or less and the cut edgeshall not present hazards from feathering. Gapson rolled or curled edges shall not exceed 0.060inch between the bare edge .and the base sheet.The gap restrktion shall not apply to .curled

,,,t_edges if the curled portion of the sheet describes'an lire of greater than 360° as shown in figure 6.

However, the gap at the point at which the curlededge has established a 360° arc shall not admit

'6

a I/4-inch-diameter piobe when applied (1) witha force as measured by a compression gage of2 pounds or. (2) with a' force equivalent to the --

NA eight of the toy, parallel with the main sheet.

!AP LESS THAI 1/4is

FIGURE 6. Curled edge greater than 360..

4.9.4.1. Exemptions for 4.9.4. Exempted arealuminum, copper, and lead foils. The edges atthe ends of tubes, or the edges at the ends offormed sheet metal profiles, such as those at t'heends of a curled edge as Shown in figure 7(a), shallbe exempt if the aperture will not admit a 1/4-inch-diameter rod and is free of hazardous burrs andfeathering. Also exempted are (1) leaf springsand (2) unprotected edges less that.; 3/8 inch inlength at the end, of a o

ermed profile similar to

tat shown in figure 7 ) provided that the leafsprings and unprotected edges are-free of hazard,ous burrs and feathering.6 - ,"

DOES NOTADMIT'

1/4 in NOD

ROLLED EDGES

FLATTENED ROLLEDEDGES

LESS THAN 3/S is

(s) END' OF CURLED EDGE (I) EDGE ON END OF STRUT

FtautiE 7. Examples al exempted edges.

4.9.5. Lap jointsIf the gap between the ,sheet metal edge and the underlying surface in alap joint:exceeds 0.030 inch, the exposed sheetmetal edge shall be protected as described in4.9.4. 'Me accessible surfaces shall be free of haz-ardous burrs and feathering.

The exemptions given in this paragraph are commonyvon-s,truetions which are not now Judged to be hazardous How er,in the event that CPSC islitie, a mandatory test method forsharp edges, these exempted edges would be required t? meetthe requirements of CPSC.

13

4.9.6. Exposed bolts or threaded rodsIfthe ends of bolts or, threaded .rods are accessible,then the thread 811411 be free of exposed, hazard-ous, sharp edges and bugs, or the ends shall becovered by smooth finish caps so that hazardoussharp edges and burrs will not be exposed: Anycaps which are used shall be subjected to thecompression test in 5.10, regardless of whether or

( not the cap is accessible to flat-surface contact'during the appropriate impact' test (s) -describedunder 5.6.

4.19.--Hazardous PointsThese requirements.are intended to eliminate unexpected hazardsfrom sharp points that may occur because of thecon ation of the toy, the assembly devices andfasteners such as wires, pins, nails, and staplesthat are improperly fastened; poorly shearedsheet metal; burrs on screws; and splintery wood.It is possible that hazardous sharp points couldbe -produced or revealed in normal use or rea-sonably' foreseeable abuse by the exposure ofparts which were designed to be structurally pro-tected. Examples would include the exposure ofwire ends and pins or of fasteners through frac-ture of plastics or deterioration of wood. Hazard-ous points shall not be developed or become ac-cessible after the toy has been tested in accord-ance with 5.4 through 5.10.

4.10.1. Nonfunctional pointsToys shall nothave accessible potentially hazardous points unlessthe points are necessary for the function of thetoy (see 4.10.2).

4.10.2. Fdnctional pointsToys in which 'anaccessible potentially hazardous point is a neces-sary part of the function of tile toy, such as aneedle in a sewing kit, shall carry cautionarylabeling as specified in 4.22.1.1 if the toy isintended for children from 48 to 96 months old.Toys intended for children less than 48 monthsold shall not have accessible hazardous functionalpoints.

4.10.3. Wires or rodsWires or rods used inthe interior of dolls or stuffed toys shall have theirends finished to avoid hazardous points and burrs,shall be turned back, or shall be covered withsmoothly finished protective caps or covers, if theycan become accessible after use or reasonably fore-seeablesbuse.

441.4. Wires or rods used as flexible skele-tons Metal wires or other metal materials.usedfor stiffening or for rettution of form in toysshall not fracture to produce an accessible point,edge, or projection hazard when tested accordingto 5.12, if the component can be bent through a60° arc by the applicable maximum force.

_/

7

The maximum force (when epplied perpendicu-larly to the major axis of the component at apoint 2 ± OM inches from the intersection of thecomponent with the main body of the toy or atthe end of the component if the component is lessthan 2 inches long) shall be as follows (within atolerante of 0.5.pound) :

10 poundstoys intended for- use by children18.monthsin age or less

15' poundstoys intended for use by childrenover 18 but not over 96 months ofage

4./0.5 WoodThe accessible surfaces andedges of wood, used 'in toys shall be free fromsplinters.

o4.10.6. Nails and fastenersNails and fast-

eners shall not present a point, edge, ingestion, orprojection hazard. The points of nails or fastenersshall not protrude so as to be accessible. Addi-tional requirements for nails and fasteners used asaxles are given in 4.12.

4.11. ProjectionsThis requirement is in-tended to minimize possible puncture hazards thatmight be caused if a child should fall on rigidprojections such as unprotected ends of axles,actuating leverN, and decorative features. This re-,quirement relates to potentially hazardous pro-jections in toys intended for use by children aged96 months or less. Hazardous projections shall notbe exposed after tl e toy has been tested accordingto 5.4 throu

4.11.1. Protection of rigid proejections--Thetoy shall be examined in all natural (unsup-ported) angles of repose. If a projection appearsto constitute a potential puncture hazard, thenthe projection shall be protected by suitable,means, such as by turning back the end of a wire,or by affixing a smoothly finished protective, capor cover which effectively increases the surfacearea for potential' contact with the body.

4.12 Wheels, tires, and axlesThese re-quirements are intended to eliminate the possi-bility of ingestion hazards (as described in 4.19)that might be caused by small wheels or tires thatseparate during normal use or reasonably foresee-able abuse, and laceration or puncture hazardsfrom projecting axles, either on the toy or onwheel assemblies that may be removed from thetoy during abuse. The requirements in table 2shall apply to transportation wheels'on both pre-assembled and knocked-down toys intended forchildren aged 96 months or less, except for in-gestion hazards from small wheels and axles

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TABLE 2. Wheel, tire, and axle requirements and tests

Wheel, tire, oraxle type

If the age of child and if pulling wheel,for which toy is tire, or axle offintended is (in results in this hazard :months)

Then : Test is°

Requirement,is

1. Tires affixedto wheels*

18 or less Tire is ingestion-hazard

Tires shall withstand a 5.11.1pull force of at least 10pounds

No ingestion hazard No pull -force requirementfrom tire for tire ; however, if

tire cannot withstand apull force,of at least 10pounds, and if remain-ing hub falls within thelimits of an ingestionhazard, the hub shallmeet the requirementsspecified in (2) or (3)below

Over 18, but not Tire is ingestionover 36 ° hazard

Tires shell withstand a 5.11.1pull force of at least 15pounds

No, ingestion hazardfrom tire

No pull-force requiremtntJr tire ; however, if

/tire cannot withstand apull force of at ieast 15pounds, and if remain-ing hub falls within thelimits of an ingestionhazikrd, the hub shallmeet the requirementsspecified in {2) or (3)below

Over 36 Not applicable None

2. Wheels freeto rotate onaxle

(a) Wheels %inch or lessin diameter

18 or less

N.

Ingestion, laceration,or,puncture

.*41

`Wheels shall withstand apull force of 10 pounds

None

5.9

Over 18, but not Laceration or pundture Wheels shall withstand a 5,9over 96 - pull force of 15 pounds

Over 18, but not Ingestionover 36

(b) Wheels lip to but not over Laceration or puncture Wheels shall withstand a 5.9greater than % 96 pull force of 15 poundsin in diameter

Up to but not over Ingestion36 -

See footnoteo at end of table

t;

'.

TABLE 2. Wheel. tire, and axle requirements and tests Continued

Wheel, tire, oraxle type _

If the age of child and if pulling wheel, Then :for which toy is tire, or axle offintended is (in results in this hazardmonths) ,:, 9 Requirement is

...

Test is°

3. Wheels not free 18 or lessto rotate onaxles '

(a) Wheels ifichor less indiameter

Ingestion, laceration,or puncture

.5

Wheels shall withstand a 5.8torsional force of 3 then 5.9inch-pounds, then a pullforce of 10 pounds

Over 18, but notover 36

ingest ion, laceration,or puncture

Wheels shall withstand a s 5.8torsidnal force of 4 then 5.9inch-pounds, then a pullforce of 15 pounds

Over 36, but not Laceration or puncture Wheels shall withstand a 5.8over 96 torsional force of 4 then 5.9

inch-pounds, then a pullforce of 15 pounds

(b) Wheels greaterthan %inch indiameter

Upt.O.but not over Laceration or puncture Wheels shall withstand a : 5.896 r torsional force of 4 then 5.9

inch-pounds, then a pullforce of 15 pounds,

UPto but not over Ingestion36

4. "Snap-in" wheel Up to but not over Not applicableand axle 96assembly

(aj Capable of beinggrasped by childwith at leastthe thumb andforefinger orteeth

If axle can be removed 5.11.2by a 15-pound force then 5.11.3when assembly is testedaccording to 5.11.2,there shall be no punc-ture hazard due to

etwheel which slidesalong axle

If axle cannot be removedby a 15 pound farce,then there are no re-quirements

5.11.2

(b) Not capable of Up to but not over Not applicablebeing grasped 96by childwith at leastthe thumb andforefinger orteeth

If axle can be removed by 5.11.2a 10-pound force *hen then 5.11.8assembly is tested ac-cording to 5.11.2, thereshall be no puncturehazard due to wheelwhich slides along axle

If axle cannot be removed 5.11.2by a 10-pound force,then there are no re-quirements

Wheels to which tires are affixed shall also be tested in accordance with (2). (3), or (4) 44 appropriate.b In addition to the tests listed below. the wheels, tires, or axles shall be subjected to all applicable use and .abuse tests listed to

5.4 through 5.10 for example, wheeled toys which could permit a child under the age of 36 months to insert a wheel into his mouthcould be subjected to the bite test in 5.7

10

-4.14.3.2. Chains or belts for ride-on toysPower transmission chains and belts in ride-onpIrs intended for children through the age, of 120months shall be shielded.'

4.14.4. InacceSsibilitir of meehanismsCloa(vork, battery-operated, inertial, or otherpower-driven mechanisms in toys intended forchildren of age 60 months or less shall be locatedor shielded so that ,a 1/4-inch-diameter rod 3 incheslong cannot contact parts of the mechanism thateou d present pinch or laceration hazards. Wheremechanisms' are located near openings having aminimum di ension over 1/4 inch but not over 1inch the foll wing shall apply in addition to theabove requir meet : there shall be no pinch orlaceration hizard in any direction within 11/2inches of the inside periphery of the opening(this requirement is intended to provide forcertain cases where mechanisms might be con-tacted by .a child's finger bent at a joint but notby a straight 3-inch rod). If an opening is inmaterials of such thickness that a child cannotbend his finger in the opening, this additionalrequirement shall not apply. (For circular holes,also see the requirement under 4.14.2.)

4.14.5. Winding keysThis requirement is toavoid pinching or laceration of fingers by entrap-ment between the key and the body of the toy. Itapplies to toys intended for children aged 364months or less that use winding keys which rotateas the mechanism unwinds. This requirement

.applies to keys with flat plates attached to thestem, and which

doesfrom a rigid surface;

the requirement does not apply to those circularknobs to which the torque is applied. If theclearance between the flukes of the -key and thebody of the toy will admit a 1/4-itch diameter rod,it shall also admit a 1/2 -inch diameter rod at allpositions of the key. For keys covered by thisrequirement, there shall be no oilvening in theflukes of the key which can admit a 3/16-inch-diameter rod.

4.14.6. Coil springsThese requirements areintended to prevent the pinching or crushing offingers or toes by toys containing springs. Coilsprings (either compression or extension) thatform part'of a component that carries the weightof a child shall be shielded so as to prevent accessduring use or reasonably foreseeable abuse unless:

7 This subjective requirement will be replaced by a requirementbased on any requirements for protective guards covering bicyclechains promulgated by the Consum Product Safety Commission(CPSC) Proposed regulations wtte published in the nderalRegister on January 7, 1975, (pages 103-1495) An amend-ment to this Standard containing requirements on guards forchains and belts will be initiated in the event that CPSC pub-lishes mandatory requirements'for protective guards.

4

(a) a 1/8-inch-diameter rod cannot be freelyinserted, or

(b) a 1/4-inch-diameter rod can be freely in-,serted, '

between the adjacent coils at all points in the,action c cle' when the spring is subjectea first toa weight of 3 pounds and then to a weight of 70pounds.

4.15. Stability of ride-on toys and seatsThese requirements are intended to minimize un-expected hazards that could be caused by a toythat, can easily tip. It takes into account die useof the child's legs as stabilizing means, andrecognizes that a child instinctively leans ro com-pensate for inclined' positions. The requirementsin 4.15.1 and 4.15.2 shall apply to the followingclasses of toys intended for use by children aged-60 months odess: ride-on toys with three or moreload bearing wheels, such as tricycles and wagons;ride-on action type toys such as hobby horses: andstationary toys with seats, such as play furniture.Ride-on toys, of spherical, cylindrical, or rathershape which dp not normally have a stable baseare not covered,by these requirements. Toys withseats less than 12 inches vertically above theground shall be excluded from the stability testif the feet are not restrained by an enclosingstructure. The toy shall conform to these require-ments after the toy is tested according to 5.4through 5.10.

4.15:1. Sideways stability requirementThese requirement's recognize two types of pos-sible stability hazards: those associated with ride-on toys or seats where the feet can provide stabili-zation, and those 'situations where the feet arerestricted by'an enclosing structure.

4.15.1.1. Sideways stability, feet availablefor stabilizationThere shall be fr sidewaysstability test for those ride-on toys or seats inwhich the height of the seat from the ground isone-third, or, less than one-third, of the heightshown in table 3 at the lowest age of the agerange for which the ride-on toy or seat is intended,'and where the legs of the child are unrestricted intheir sideways motion and thus are available forstabilization. (The values shown in table 3 repre-sent the lower of the following two nurribers: cbers: 1)

The action cycle refers to the following sequence spring atrest, the action of the spring when loaded the action of thespring wilt!' unloaded, and finally the action of the spring whichoccurs before It comes to rest again.

111

the 10th percentile group Re:yarding to appendixA of boys at each age from 2 up to and including5 years, and (2) the 10th percentile group ac-cording to appendix A of girls At each age. from2 up to and including 5 years). For those ride-ontoys or seats in which the height of the seat fromthe ground is greater than one-third of the heightshown in table 3 at the lowest age of the age range

for which the rule-oiS toy or seat is intended, andwhere the legs of the child are unrestricted in theirsideways motion and thus, are available for stAbili-zation, the toy shall not tip when tested as fol-lows:

(a) Place the toy across the slope of a smoothsurface inclined 10° to the horizontal.

(b) Ttira the steering mechanism, if any, toposition where the toy is Most likely to tip.

(c) Chock wheels to restrict rolling but allowcasters to assume their natural positionbefore chocks are applied.

(d) Apply to the seat a static load equal tothe weight shown in table 4 at/he highestage of the age range for which the toy isintended. (The values shoWn in table 4represent the greater of the following twonumbers: (1) the 97th percentile groupaccording to appendix A of boys at eachage from 2 up to and including 5 years,and (2) the filth percentile group accord-ing to appendix A of girls at each agefrom 2 up to and including 5 years). Theload 'shall be applied so that its center ofgravity lies in the true vertical 6 inchesabove the center of the seat [while the toyis on the 10° incline as-specified in 4.15.1.1.(a)], In the case of wagons the load is tobe applied on the rearmost -one -third of thewagon bed.

4.15.1.2.. Sideways stability, feet unavail-able for stabilizationIf the sideways motionof the feet and/or legs is restricted, such as by theenclosed sides of a toy automobile, then the ride-on

12

toy or seat shall not tip when 'tested as specifiedin 4.15.1.1; except that the surface shall be in-clined 15° to the horizontal.

4.15.2. Fore and aft stabilityThis require-ment relates to the stability of the ride-on toy orseat in the front and back direction with respectto the rider, sq that the rider cannot easily usethe legs for stabilization. All ride-on toys or seatsfalling within the scope of 4.15 shall not tip for-ward or backward when the toy, which shall beloaded with a simulated child's weight, is testedboth facing down and up the slope using the testmethod specified in 4.15.1.4, except that the sur-face shall be inclined 15° to the horizontal. Theload shall be applied in the leastfavorable posi-tion on the seat for each direction.

4.16. Overload requirements for ride-ontoys and seatsThis requirement, is intendedto minimize unexpected hazards that could becaused by a toy that is not capable of acceptingan overload. All ride-on toys, toys intended foruse as seats, or toys designed to support all or partof the weight of a child shall support a load ap-plied to the seat, or to other such intended load-bearing components, without collapsing to pro-duce a' hazardous condition. (Examples of haz-ardous conditions if collapse occurs would in-clude: exposure of hazardous edges or points,projections, crushing or pinching 'hazards, andpower-driven mechanisms). This load shall bethree times the weight shown in table 4 at thehighest age of the age range for which the toy

intended. The toy shall conform to this re-quirement after being _tested according to .5.4through 5.10.

TABLE 4.' Weight of 97th percentile children (adaptedfrom appendix .4 by taking value of 97tA per-

, cAtile boys or 97th percentile girls, whicheveris higher

Age (in years) Weight (in pounds)

2 353 424, 495 536 577 668 779 90

10 10111 11512 128

-13 14314' 157

The weight of a 97th percentile 14-year old Is not availablefrom the charts In appendix A. For purposes of this standard.the weight of a 97th percentile 14-venr old is 14 pounds morethan the weight of a 97th percentile 13 -year old The figure of14 pounds is the average of the three previous increases In Urtable.

19

4.17. Tipping of stationary floor toysThisrequirement is intended to minimize hazards thatmight be caused by a toy that tips when a door,drawer, or other movable port ion is extended toits fullest travel. Stationary floor toys of greaterthan 30 inches in height and weigh ink more than10 pounds shall not tip when placed On a 10° in-chne with all movable portions extended to theirfullest travel and facing in the direction of thedownslope side. The toy shall conform to thisrequirement after it is tested according to 5.4through 5.10:

4.18 Confined spaces' The purpose of theserequirements is to minimize the possible entrap-ment of children inloys that form enclosures, suchas toy storage chests or toy refrigerators, and toavoid possible suffocation in head-enclosing toyssuch as space helmets. Toys shall meet the' require-ments in 4.18.1 through 4.18.3 after the toys aretested according to 5.4 through 5.10.

4.18.1 Ventilations Any toy having a door,or lid, which encloses a continuous volume greaterthan 1.1 cubic feet, and in which all internaldimensions are 6 inches or more, shall provide anunobstructed ventilation area of greater than atotal of 2 square inches over 2 or more separateopenings situated at least 6 inches apart when.thA,tor is placed on the floor in any position and adja-cent to two vertical plane surfaces meeting at a90° angle, so as to simulate the corner of aroom. If a permanent partition or bars (two ormore) which effectively limit the continuous spaceby making the smallest internal dimension lessthan 6 inches are used to subdivide a continuousspace, the ventilation area shall not be required.

4.18.2. Closures 9Closures (such as lids,covers, and doors) to enclosures falling withinthe scope of 4.18.1 shall not be fitted with auto-matic locking devices. Closures shall be of a typewhich can be opened with a force of 10 poundsor less when tested as follows:

With the closure in a closed position, apply theforce in an outward direction to the inside ofthe closure perpendictilar to the plane of theclostire and anywhere within 1 inch from thegeometric center of Hit closure. The force meas-urements shall be made by metns of a forcegage with a calibrated accuracy within -± 0.3pound when measuring a force of 10 pounds.The dial of the gage shall he graduated NVitliits finest division not exceeding 0.2 pound, andthe full scale range shall not exceed 30 pounds

The Consumer Product Safety Commission proposed redula-Dons on ventilation and closures for To Chests and SimilarChildren's Articiem in the Federal Register on April 27, 1973Any mandatory regulations, issued by the Commission 1%111 super-*de the ventilation and closures requirements in this Standard

4.18.3. Toys that enclose the headToysthat enclose the head such as space helmets, whichare made of impermkble materials shall Rtovidemeans for breathing by the incorporation.-of twounobstructeie nventilatio areas,each of which is atleAst 1 square inch, situated at least 6 inches apart.

4.19., Small objects"These requirementsare intended to minimize hazards Horn ingestionor inhalat i ii ofsmall objects, such as small toys,components .of toys, or pieces that break off or areremoved from toys. The toy shall conform to therequirements of 4.19.1 through ,419.3 after testingaccording to 5.4 through 5.10.

4.19.1. SizeToys, removable or liberatedcomponents, or fragments of toys intended foruse by children aged 36 months or less shall be ofsuch a size while in an uncompressed state thatthey will not fit within the limits of a truncatedright cylinder as shown in figure 9. Highly porousmaterials, such as cheesecloth, string, and pom-poms', ape exempt from this requirement.

FIGURE 9 Truncated right cylinder.(Dimensions In inches)

4.19.2. Removal of partsEyes, squeakers,knobs, or other components which are on toys in-tended for children aged 36 months or less and

in The Consumer Product Safety Commission proposed regula-tions On 11.1Y,Irds due to small parts in the Pellet (Ii Register onJanuary 22. 1973 Any inandaton regulations issued by theCommission v111 supersede the smell objects requirements In thisStandard

13

4. U

which can fit within the length of the, truncatedright cylinder described in 4.19.1 shall either he seattached that they cannot be gripped by at leastthe thumb and forefinger or the teeth of shall protbe removed when subjected to the appropriate useand abuse tests described in section 5..For special

iz requirements for certain kinds of wheels, see 4.12.

4.19.3. Mouth-actuated toysThisment relates to toys such as noisemakers tha areintended to be repeatedly actuated by blowing or/sucking, and does not apply to, certKii types ofinflatable toys which are intended for continuoususe in the inflated form. Mouth-actuated toys thatcontain loose objects, such as spheres in a whistle,or inserts, such as reeds in a noisemaker, shallnot release an object which will fit within a trun-cated right cylinder as shown in figure 9 whenair is alternately' blown and sucked rapidlythrough the mouthpiece, acchrding to the proce-dure described in 5.13. If the air outlet is capableof being inserted into or covered by the mouth,then the procedure of 5.13 shall also be appliedto the outlet.

C20., Simulated protective devices, such ashelmets, hats, and gogglesThese requirementsare intended to minimize hazards that might becaused. for example, by goggles or space helmetsif the material from Which they are constructedfails; or by toys that simulate protective devices,'such as football helmets and pads, if the weareruses the article as a real protective device ratherthan as a toy, The toy shall conform to the re-quirements in 4.20.1 through 4.20.3 after testingaccording to, 5.4 through 5.10.

4.20.1. Eye protectionToys that cover theface, such as goggles, space helmets, or faceshields, shall be constructed of. impact resistantmaterial that will not fail under normal use orreasonably foreseeable ,abuse so as to generatesharp edges, points, or small pieces that couldenter the eye. Toys shall be tested for complianceaccording, to 5.14. Nonrigid costume masks areexempt from this requirement.

4.20.2. Interior finishThe interiors .of toysthat cover the face shall be free' of hazardousedges, points, and projections.

4.20.3. Simulated protective devicesToysthat simulate safety protective devices, such asfootball helmets, and pads and baseball caps, shallbe clearly marked in accordance with 4.22.1.1 towarn the purchaser that they are not safety pro-tective devices. Also, the packages in which thesetoys tome shah be marked in accordance with4.22.1.1. The rtwking on the toy shall withstand

normal use, and reasonably foreseeable abuse, andshall be of the same size as required fof thepackage.

4,21. ProjectilesThese requirements rejateto certain, but not all, potentia4 unexpected laza.rds that might be caused by projectiles and bythe firing of improvised projectiles. Certain well-

/recognized'hazards-4-110.- are inherent in suchtraditional toys as slingshots' and darts are hotcovered, by this requirement. The discharge mech-anism as ell as the projectile shah, conform tothe requirements in 4.21.1 and 4.21.2 after testing

-according to 5.4 through 5.10.

4.21.1. Thee integrity of- protective tipsProtective tips of projectiles shah w ithstand thetorque and tension tests in 5.8 and 5.9, and shall'riot produce or reveal hazardous points or edgeswhen fired into a solid object, according to thetest procedures described in 5.6.5.

4.21.2. Discharge mechanisms Dischargemechanisms shall be unable to discharge hazarc?-ou improvised projectiles such as pencils or peb-bles without modificatTon by the user.

4.22. Labeling, literature, and marking

4.22.1 Federal Government requirements 11Toys falling within the requirements of ,theFederal Hazardous Substances Act shall conformto the labeling requirements of Title 16, Codeof Federal Regulatiois, Section 1500.83, or tosubsequent regulations issued under the Act. Ex-amples are chemistry sets, Section 1500.83 (a) 23,and toys containing mineral oil, Section 1500.83(a) 32. '

G

4.22.1.1 Toys requiring cautionary labelingCertain toys or packages are required to carrycautionary labeling in order to comply with thisStandard. The packages of the toys fallingwithinthe requriements of 4.9,'4.9.17 4.10.2, 1,2(13, and4.22.2.1, shall be labeled with the word "caution"and a statement of the 'hazard on the principaldisplay panel. In addition, the toys falling underthe requirements of 4.20.3 and 4,22'1.2.1 shall them-selves be labeled with the ward "caution" and astatement of the diazarhe principal displaypanel is defined as that part of a package whichis most likely to be displayed;-presented, _shown,or examined under normal and customary con-ditions of display for retail sale. The label shall-

II There are also numerous State and local government require-ments that must be considered. Requirements for Federal pre-emption of State and local labeling Is given In .SectIon 1500 7 ofPart 1500 of Title 16. Code of Federal Regulation's Mandatorylabeling requirements for electrically opefated toes are given insection 1505.3 of Title 16, Code of Fedtral Regulations.

14

21

be printed in a contrasting color and shall bedistinctively apart from other wording or de-signs. The word "caution" on both package andproduct shall be clearly legible and discernibleand in capital letters; each of the capital letters,shall be not less than %6-inch high. The, state-'Cent describing the hazard shall be in letters notless than ii6-inch high. In the case of a by itempacked as a'premium in or on a package contain'ing other items, any cautionary statementsbe pare of tile statement dAcribing 'the toy, and

,the cautionary statements shall be on the toypackage rather than on the larger package (for.

.0exam'ple, cereal Package),

4.22.2 Flotation toysA hazard that needsto be considered is the possible assumption thatflotation toys are lifesaving devices. The require-ment in 4.22.2.1 applies to toys designed for waterrecreational use, as distinct from flotation toysused in the bathtub, btit excludes boats designedfor children to ride in.

4.22.2.1. Labeling requirement Flotationtoys designed for recreational use find their pack-ages shall be clearly labeled in accordance with4.22.1.1 so that the purchaser is informed thatthey are not lifesaving devices and that. theyshould be-used in water only under parental su-pervision. The labeling, or marking on the toyshall read "Caution, this is not a lifesaving de-vice," and shall resist normal use and reasonablyforeseeable abuse, and shall conform to the samesize requirements as that for the package. Noadvertising copy origraphigshall imply that thechild will be safe W t h slich a toy if left unsuper-vised.

4.22.3. Age gra ing--Toy packages containingtoys' which are aff cted by or subject to any, ofthe requirenents of this Standard shall be labeled'to indicate the mi imum- age for intended use. Ifthe toy or toy p kage is not age labeled in aclear and conspic ous manner or, based on suchfactors as marketi g practices and the 'customarypatterns of usa of the toy by children, is in-appropriately ag labeled, the toy shall be sub-jected to the mo t stringent applicable re ire'bents within this Standard (two examples: 1) atensile force of 5 pounds shall be required in-stead-of 10 poun s, in the case of 5.9 if no maxi-mum age of int nded use is specified ; (2) the"highest age of he age range" in 4.16 would be14 years, the maXimum age addressed in the Scopeof the Standard).

I4.22.4. DecePtive use of promotional state-

ments and other materialsPackages, litera-ture, and point-of-sale presentations shall not usewords, statements, or other graphic material that

is inconsistent in any way with cautionary label-ing, age grading, or instructions for use of thetoy.

4.22.5. Instructional literature Informa-tion and instructions provided with the toy,whether on the package or in leaflet form, shallbe eal to read and understand by persons of the,age level for which the instructions were intended.

4.22.6, Qroducers 'markingsEither a prin-cipal compeinent of a toy or the package of a toyshall be marked with the name and address ofgabthe producer or utor. In the case of toyssold in bulk, such as

rjacks or marbles, only, the

container need be marked. All of thesgMarkingsshall be legible and so positioned as Co be easilyseen by the customer, and shall resist normal useconditions. Toys may carry a code which willenable the producer to identify model changesexcept for toys comprising many loose compo-nents in which case the container may be socoded.

S. PECTION AND TEST PROCEDURES

5.1. GeneralThe inspection and test proce-dures contained herein are to be used to determinethe conformance of products to the requirementsof this Voluntary PrMuct Standard. All types oftoys covered this Standaird must undergo thenormal use and abuse tests as outlined in 5.4through 5 . The remaining tests in section' 5apply to ypes of toys as specified within therequirements of section 4., The relevant tests fora type of toy can be done in any order: All toysshall be preconditioned according to 5,3 prior totesting. Each test may be conducted on a differenttoy unless ,otherwise specified. The tests can be,considered as qualification tests and not necessar-ily as quality control tests. These tests shall alsobe conducted when .there is a design or materialchange in the toy. Each producer or distributorwho represents his products as conforming to thisStandard may utilize statistically based samplingplans which are appropriate, but shall keep suchessential records as are necessary to documentwith a high degree of assurance his claiin that allof the requirements of this Standard have beenmet. Any test method which are made mandatoryby the Consumer Product Safety Commissionshall supersede. any applicable test methods insection 5.

15

5.2. Testing for hazardous substance. con-tentThe applicable secAns of Title 16, Codeof Federal Regulations, issued under the Federal'Hazardous Substances Act ,to be used in deter-mining the presence of hazardous substances aregiven in table 5. The references,in table 5 referto the Regulations issued on September 27, 1973.

J

TABLE 5. Determination of hazardous aub8 lance content

Hazardous' substance Test methoda

Tate substance 17003 ( 915. 150(13 c )2 and1500 4(1

Corrosive substance 1500.3 (b)7, 1.00,3 (c) 3 a lid1500.41

Irritant substance 1500.3 ( 9 )8, 1500.3 ( c) 4, 1500.41and 1;0043

strong sensitizer 1501)3( 9 )9, 1500 31c)5, and1500 13

Pressure generating sub- 1500 3 (c) 7stance

Radioactive substance 1500 3 9111 and 1500 31c1S41/

The latest issue of the Regulations ':;hall be usedto determine compliance of the toy pith the e-quirements of tins Standard. The requirementsof the Federal Hazardous Substances Act aremandatory by law.

5.3. Preconditioning of toys to simulateshipping and storageThis procedure, which isdesigned to simulate temperature changes thatcan be encountered in shipment and storage oftoys or components, shall be used prior to thetests described in 5.4 through 5.14. Toys madeentirely from textile fibers and flexible foams andcombinations thereof or metal shall be exemptfrom this requirement. The toy shall be left in.a cold cabinet at 0 ± 5 °Fr for at least 4 hours,shall then be equilibrated to room temperature,transferred to an oven at 130 ± 5 °F for at least4 hours, and again equilibrated to room tempera-ture. This process shall be repeated for a secondCycle. Toys shall be preconditioned in the stateof assembly in which they are shipped, but shallnot be preconditioned in the shipping containeror packing. Under referee conditions, "equili-brated to room temperattire" shall mean subject-inf the toy to a temperature of 73 -± 3 °F at are ative humidity of 20 to 70 percent for a mini-mum of 4 hours. Any relevant test of an indi-vidual toy shall commence within 5 minutes afterthe toy has been removed frbm the,precondition-ing atmosphere.

5.4. Normal use testingThese' tests are in-tended to simulate normal use conditions so as toassure that hazards are not .generated throughnormal wear and deterioration. The object ofthese tests shall be to simulate the normal playmode of the toy, and,the tests are, therefore, un-related to the reasonably foreseeable abuse tests

iof 5.5 through 5.14. The tests are intended touncover hazards, rather than to demonstrate thereliability of the toy. The fact that a mechanismor material of a toy fails during testing is onlyrelevant if the failure creates a potential hazard.Toys preconditioned in accordance with 5.3 shallbe subjected to appropriate tests to simulate the

16

expected mode of use of the particular toy. Forexample, fevers, wheels, catches, triggers, strings,wires, chains, and so on, that are intended to be,atnated by a child shall be repeatedly operated."Spring or power-operated devices shall be sin i-larly tested. The tests shall be carried out in anexpected use environment. For example, toys; in-tended for use in the bathtub shall be tested insoapy water, and toys intended for use in the,sandbox shall be exposed to sand during testing.It is recognized that no specific requirements aredefined here; it would not be possible in view ofthe wide range of toys covered by this Standard.However,' the manufacturer or distributor mustdo enough testing to satisfy himself that normaluse during the estimated lifetime of the toy isbeing simulated. The toy shall be inspected aftersuch tests, and hazards such as points, sharpedges, and release of small parts shall be,evalu-ated according to the relevant requirements undersection 4.

5.4.1. Washable toys Toys described as"machine washable" on the toy, package, or in-structions shall be subjected to six machine wash-ing and tumble drying cycles, as described in5.4.1.1, unless a different drying method is speci-fied by the toy manufacturer byes means of apermanent label. They shall then be inspected forcompliance with this standard.

5.4.1.1. Conditions for machine washing andtumble dryingThe washing procedure shall "bein accordance with the American Association ofTextile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) TestMethod 135-1973, Dimensional Changes in Auto-matic Home Laundering of Durable Press Wovenor Knit Fabrics in AATCC publication, Techni-cal Manual of the American Association' of Tex.tiles Chemists and Colorists. The toy, plus adummy load of cloths sufficient to bring the totaldry weight to 4 pounds, is washed in an automaticwashing machine, using a 12yninute cycle at

" It is recognised that "repeatedly operated" is subjective.Good Housekeeping Institute has put together and used a tahle(shown helow) of required actuation or cycles hawed on the timeneceloom to complete an individual cycle The user of this Stand-ard may want to use this Wile for normal use testing of toyscontaining mechanisms. motors, gear trains, linkages, levers,knobs, ke3m, locks or switches which are battery or hand operated,or In which actuation is initiated or sustained by human effort

Cycle or actuation time can he established with n stopwatchFrom the tahle below, the user can select the required numberof times the sample must be cycled. This number of actuationshould he performed In a fashion, that will closely simulate thenormal use of the toy.

Time to complete Required actuationebuodlication cycle or actuation or cycles

SlowModerateFastVerj fast

more than one minute15 seconds to one minute

second's to 15 secondsless than 3 seconds

50100200500

"Normal" setting under Machine Wash Condition ; 5.6.2. Drop test, toys for children aged overIII of the A ATCC Test Method. The toy and :18 but not over 36 months--Except for the toysdummy load shall then be tumble dried in an emend under 5.0.4.1, toys having a \ \ eight of lessautomatic clothes dryer, at the "Normal" setting than 4 ± -0.01 pounds shall be subject to thisunder Tumble Dry Condition B of the AATCC test. The toy shall be dropped four t lines from aTest Method, operating the dryer until the load height of 3 feet ± 0.5 inch onto the impactis dry. medium described in 5.6.1. The toy shall be

I dropped in random orientation. After each drop,the' test sample shall be allowed to come to rest

5.5. Abuse testingThe tests described in 5.6 and shall be examined and evaluated before con-through 5.14 are to simulate the exposure of a toy ! tinning,to mechanical damage through dropping, thrdw-ing, and other act Mns likely to be performed 'y achild, which are characterized as reasonably f re.,seeable Anse. After testing, the toy shal beexamined for mechanical hazards, such as j!anions sharp edges and points, and ingeSticitthazards, such as, small liberated comPoents,chips, or fragments according to the particularage grading requirement for each hazard, asdescribed in section 4. Toys shall he precondi-tioned prior to testing for reasonably foreseeableabuse in accordance with the requirements ofsection 5.3. Toys reasonably intended to be as-sembled by an adult and not intended to be Sakenapart by a child shall be tested only in the as- 5.6.4.' Impact test for toys exempt fromsembled or reassembled state if the shelf package drop tests-7and the assembly instructions prominently indi-cate that the article is to be assembled only by anadult. Individual parts of toys that are intendedto he assembled'bv children shall be tested as wellas the fully assembled toy : however, the assembledtoy shall be made of components which have notbeen subjected to the abuse testing.

5.6.3. Drop test, toys for children aged over36 but not over 96 monthsExcept for the toyscovered finder 5.0 4.1., toys having a weight of lessthan 10 ± 0.01 pounds shall be subject to thistest. The toy shall be dropped four times from,height of 3 feet ± 0.5 inch onto the impact.medium described under 5.6.1. The toy shall bedropped in random orientation. After each drop,the test sample shall be_allowed to come to restand shall be examined and evaluated before con-tinuing.

5.6. Impact testsThese tests are intendedto simulate situations in which possible damagecan occur to a toy by reason of it falling from acrib, a table or counter, top, or other impactsituations which may occur as,a result of reason-ably foreseeable abuse. After undergoing the ap-propriate test, the toy shall be examined for pos-sible hazards, such as points, edges, or ingestibleobjects, in accordance with the relevant require-ment of section 4.

5:6.1. Drop test, toys for children aged 18months or lessExcept for the toys, coveredunder 5.0.4.1, toys having a weight of less than3 ± 0.01 pounds shah] be subject to this test.The toy shall be dropped 10 times from a heightof 4.5 feet (± 0.5 inch) onto an impact area.The toy shall be dropped in random orientation.After each drop, the test sample shall be allowedto come to rest and shall be examined and eval-uated before continuing. The impact medium shallconsist of a 1/8-inch nominal thickness of type IVvinyl-asbestos tile, as specified in Federal Speci-fication SS-T-312.1 over at least a 2.52Inch thick-ness of concrete. The impact area shall be at least:3 square feet.

5.6.4.1. Tipover test for large bullpt toysA toy that has (1) a projected base area of 400or more square inches, and/or (2) a volume ofmore than 3 cubic feet calculated by the majordimensions without regard to minor appendages,shall be tested for impact by tipping it over threetimes by pushing the sample slowly past its centerof balance onto the impact medium described in5.6.1. The base area for toys having permanentlyattached legs shall be measured by calculating thearea enclosed by straight lines connecting theoutermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.

5.6.5. Impact test for projectilesProjec-tiles, as defined in 3.17, shall be propelled bytheir discharge Mechanism three times into a con-crete block wall (or equivalent surface) locatedat a distance 1 foot plus the length of the pro-jectile from the front end of the launcher. Thedischarge mechanism shall be aimed perpendicu-lar to the wall.

5.6.6. Tumble test for wheeled toys' Wheeled toys \Neighing more than 3 pounds but

not more than 10 pounds shall be tumbled downa flight of 6 steps with risers not less than 7inches high (see fig. 10). The treads may be wood,cement, or metal. The toy shall be caused to falldown the steps two times in each of four atti-tudes: tumbling forwardly end-over-end, andtumbling rearwardly end-over-end from each side.The toy shall be pushed slowly over the edge ofthe top step in the appropriate attitude, and re-

17

2,1

leased as soon as it begins to fall of its ownweight. The test shall be considered complete foran attitude even if the toy does not reach thebottom of the flight of steps.

OIMENSIONS

"A" SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN 3 ft

"B" SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN 7 in

"C" SHALL BE NOT MORE THAN 9 in

FIGURE 10. Illustration of step construction.

5.7. Bite testAny toy (or component or any-accessible pcirtion thereof) intended for childrenunder the age of 36 months that has an externaldimension of 1.25 inches 0.05 inch or less and adesign configuration that 'would permit a childto insert a portion into the Inouth in any orienta-tion up to a biting thickness of 1.25 inches ± 0.05inch, for a penetration of at least 0.25 inch, shallbe subjected to this bite test. The test load usedin the bite test shall be 25 pounds in the ease oftogs intended for use by children 18 month or lessin age and 50 pounds in the case of toys intendedfor use,by children over 18 but not over 36 monthsof age. The test article shall be placed in thecontact mechanism in any reasonable position fora penetration of 0.25 to 0.5 inch, which positionutilizes less than 180° of the arc of the contactmechanism, and the test load within ± 0.5 poundshall be evenly applied within 5 seconds. This loadshall be maintained for an ackditional 10 seconds.The contact mechanism shall be two metal stripsor plates, each measuring 0.25 ± 0.002 inch highand each having a contact edge radius of 0,NQ'

0.002 inch for at least a 150° cross-secliOnallarc." The loading device shall be a scale-or forcegage having an accuracy of 0.5`pound.

5.8. Torque tests for removal of compon-entsAny .toy with a projection, part, or as-

.,Is Information on a contact mechanisin which could he used

for the bite text IN available from the Office of the Secretary,Consumer Product Safety Commission. 1750 K Street, NWWashington, D.C. 20207.

18

sembly that a child can grasp with at least thethumb and forefinger or the teeth shall beitubjectto this torque test. The torque required to gmulatethe normal and reasonably foreseeable abuse ofthe toy shall be as follows (with a tolerance of±- 0.2 inch:pound) :

2 inch-pounds

3 inch-pounds

-I- inch-pounds

toys intended for use bychildren 18 months in age orlesstoys intended for use bychildren over 18 but not over36 months of agetoys intended for use bychildren over 36 but not over96 months of age

The loading device used in the test shall be atorque gauge, torque wrench, or other appropriatedevice having an accuracy of ± 0.2 inch-pound.A clamp capable of holding the test componentfirmly and transmitting'a torsional force shall beused. With the toy rigidly fastened in any real'sonable test position, the clamp is fastened to thetest object or component. The torque shall beapplied evenly within a period of 5 seconds in aclockwise direction until either (1) a rotation of180° from the original position has beenattained or (2) the required torque is extended.The maximum rotation or required torque shallbe maintained for an additional 10 seconds. Thetorque shall then be removed and the test com-ponent permitted to return to a relaxed condition.This procedure shall then be repeated in a coun-terclockwise, direction.

5.8.1. Toys with rotating componentsPro-jections, parts, or assemblies that are rigidlymounted on an accessible rod or shaft designedto rotate along with the projections, parts, orassemblies shall be tested in accordance with 5.8with the rod or shaft clamped to prevent rotation.

5.9. Tension tesi*r removal of componentsAny projection of a toy that the child can graspwith at least the thumb and forefinger or the teethshall be subject to this test. This test shall beconducted on the same toy that has been subjectedto the torque test described in paragraph 5.8. Thetension required to simulate the normal and rea-sonably foreseeable abuse of the toy shall be asfollows (with a tolerance of 0.5 pound) :

10 pounds toys intended for use by children18 months in age or less

15 pounds toys intended for use by childrenover 18 but not over 36 monthsof age

15 pounds toys intended for use by childrenover 36 but not over 96 monthsof age

A clamp capable of applying a tensioniload to thetest component shall be used. The loal.kig deviceshall be a self-indicating gage or other appro-priate means having an accuracy of ± 0.5 pound.With the test sample fastened in a convenientpositi ,-an appropriate clamp shall be attachedto th t object or component. The requiredtensile rcerce shall be evenly applied, within aperiod of 5 seconds, parallel to the Major axis ofthe test component and maintained for an addi-tional 10 seconds. The tension clamp shall thenbe removed and a second clamp suitable for apply-- ing a tension load perpendicularly to the major,axis of the test component shall be attached to thetest object or component. The required tensile /force shall be evenly applied, within a period of 5 .-/seconds, perpendicularly to the major axis of thetest component and maintained for an additional10 seconds.

5.11.1 Removal of tiresThe Toy shall beclamped so that' the wheel axle is vertical. Awire hook shaped as shown in figure 11 shall bepositioned on the lower tire and attached to adead weight of 10 ±0.5 pounds if the tire is on, atoy intended for childrkkaged1.8 months or less,or to a dead weight of 15 0.5 pounds if the tireis on a toy intended for children aged over 18months but not over 36 months. The load shall be,applied gradually over a period of 5 seconds andinaintaineror 10 seconds.

5.9.1. Tension test on stuffed toys and bean-bagsA stuffed toy or beanbag constructed ofpliable materials having seams such as fabrics)shall have the seams subjec to the force re-quired in 5.9 applied in any d tin.

5.10. Compression testAny area on the-surface of a toy that is accessible to a child andinaccessible to flat-surface contact during the im-pact test shall be subject to this test.'The compres-sion required to simulate the normal and reason-ably foreseeable abuse of the toy shall be asfollows (with a tolerance of ± 0.5 pound) :

20 pounds

25 pounds

de" pounds

toys intended for use by children18 months in age or lesstoys intended for use by childrenover 18 but not over 36 monthsof agetoys intended for use by childrenover 36 but not over 96 monthsof age

The loading device shall be a rigid metal disk11.25 ± 0.015 cinch in diameter and 0.375 inch inthickness. The perimeter of the disk shall berounded to a radius of 1/32 inch to eliminateirregular edges. The disk shall be attached to anappropriate compression scale having an accuracyof ± 0.5 pound. The disk shall be positioned sothat th'es contact surface is parallel to the surfaceunder test. The required force shall be evenlyapplied within 5 seconds through the disk. Thisload shall be maintaineid for an additional _10seconds. During the test the toy is to rest on a flat,hard surface in any convenient position.

5.11. Tests' for tire removal and snap-inwheel and axle assemblies removalThesetests relate to the requirements of 4.12.

/LENGTH TO BE ADJUSTED TO TIRE SIZE

HUBINCLUDED ANGLE 75°

TIRE

WIRE DIAMETER

1/18 In. (N-pound Wad)1/8 In (15pound load)

TO LOAD

FIGURE 11. °Hook for tire removal.

5.11.2. Toys assembled with "snap-in" axlesA 15 ± 0,5 pound dead weight shall be appliedperpendicUlarly to the axle and in the least favor-able direction, adjacent to a bearing ..but betweenthe two bearings), for 10 seconds, using a hookand string for' attaclNetit to the toy. The toyshall be held horizontally lila, test-convenient fix-ture, and the load shall be applied gradually overa 5-second period and then shall be maintained for10 seconds. If the axle cannot be hooked asdescribed above, the toy shall be held horizontally,and a 10' ± 0.5 pound dead weight shall, be at-tached to, one wheel by means of a hook or clampthat acts perpendicular to the axle in the leastfavorable direction. The load shall be appliedgradually over a 5-second period and then bemaintained for 10 seconds.

"5.11.3. ,Compression test for "snap-in" wheeland axle assembliesThis test is for determiningcompliance to 4.12 if the axle and wheel is re-moved by the procedure described in 5.11.2. Thewheel and axle assembly shall be positioned withthe axle vertical over a hole in a rigid plate, asshown in figure 12. The hole shall be large enoughin.diameter to permit the axle to pass through. Aload of 20 ± 0.5 pounds is applied to the upperwheel, using a suitable circular adaptor to preventinterference with the axle. The load shall be ap-

A.

plied gradually over a 5-second period and thenshall be maintained for 10 seconds. When apply-ing the 16a0..the upper wheel shall be guided, ifnecessary, in order to maintain the axle in averticle position but shall not be restrained frommoving downward. those cases where the axleis forced through either wheel, the axle shall notform a hazardous point or projection.

LOAD APPLIED TO A

r''.1 CIRCULAR ADAPTOR

141111mirme

WHEEL AND AXLEASSEMBLY

RIGID PLATE

FIGURE 12. Compression test for wheel membltes.

5.12. Flexure testThis test is for determin-ing compliance to 4.10.4, Wires or rods used asflexible skeletons. The toy shall be secured in avise equipped with 'vise shields that are fabricatedfrom 13-gage thick cold-rolled steel or othersimilar material and that have a 0.375-inch insideradius as shown in figure 1:3. The component shallthen be bent through a 60° arc by a force appliedperpendicularly to the major axis of the com-

6.*3/1" INSIDE RADIUS ROLLEDEDGE 13 GA. COLD ROLLED STEEL

1I VISE JAW VISE 1AW

4" MINIMUM WIDTH

FloultE 13. Vise shields for bending test.

20

ponent at a point 2 0.05 inches from theintersection of the component with the main bodyof the by or applied at the end of the componentif the component is less than 2 inches long. Thecomponent shall then be bent in the reversedirection through a 120° arc. This process shallbe repeated for 30 cycles at a rate of one cycle per2 seconds with a 60-second rest period occurringafter each 10 cycles. Two 120° arc bends shallconstitute one cycle.

5.13. Test for mouth actuated toysApiston pump capable of discharging and taking inmore than 18o cubic inches of air in less than 3seconds shall be connected to the. mouthpiece ofthe toy. A relief valve shall be so arranged, thatthe pump will not generate 'a positive or tfggativepressure of more than 2 psige The toy shall besubjected to 10 alternating blowing and-suckingcycles of at least 18 cubic inches of air, includingthat volume which may be discharged through therelief valve. Any objects released as a result ofthis test shall be inspected for conformance with4.19.1. If the air outlet of the toy is accessible asdescribed in 4.19.3, then the above procedure shallalso be applied to the outlet.

5.14. Impact test for toys that cover. thefaceThe toy shall, be held firmly in a suitableclamp with that portion covering the eyes in ahorizontal plane. Drop a 5/8-inch-diameter steelball weighing 0.56 ounce (with a tolerance of+ 0.03, 0 ounce) from a height of 50 inchesupon the horizontal upper surfifee of the toy inthe area that would cover the eyesin normal use.The ball may be guided, but not restricted, in itsfall by being dropped through a perforated tubeextending to within approximately 4 inches ofthe toy. The toy will be considered to have failedif the material cracks`throtY.,11 its entire thicknessor if any material visible to the naked eye becomesdetached.

6. IDENTIFICATION

In order that purchasers may identify productsconforming to all requirements of this VoluntaryProduct Standard, producers, importers, and dis-tributors may include a statement of compliancein conjunction with their name and address onproduct labels, invoices, sales liteflature, and thelike. The following statement is suggested whensufficient spa6e is available

4

This toy conforms to all of the requirementsestablished in Voluntary Product Standard PS.,72-76, (a safety standard), developed co-operatively with the industry and published bythe National Bureau of Standards under theProcedures for the Development of VoluntaryProduct Standards of the U.S., Department of

2i

Commerce. Full responsibility for the conform-ance of this product to the Standard is assumedby (name and address of producer, importer, ordistributor),

The following abbreviated statement is sug-gested when available space on label'S is insufficientfor the full 'statement :

Conforms to safety requirements of PS 72-76,(Name and address of producer, importer, ordistributor).

7. EFFECTIVE DATE

The effective date of this Standard is Septem:ber 22, 1976. As of the effective date, reference toPS 72-76 may be made in contracts, codes, adver-tising, invoices, product labels, and the like, butno product may be advertised or represented inany manner \\Inch would imply qlf tend to implyapproval or endorsement of that product by theNational Bureau of Standards, the Department ofCommerce, or by the Federal Government.

8. HISTORY OF PROJECT

In November 1972 the initial draft of the toysafety standard was submitted 'to the NationalBureau of Standards by the Toy Manufacturersof America for development as a VoluntaryProduct Standard. A revised draft was sent inAugust 1973 to numerous producers, distributors,consumers, and others in order that they couldcomment on the draft. Based on the commentsreceived by the National Bureau of St andiwtts?t hedraft \vas revised. In October 1974 the proposedstandard was submitted to the Standard.ReviewCommittee. This 15-person committee, composedof five toy producers, five distributors (which in-cluded one importer), and five consumer geoups,held a meeting in January1975 at which the com-mittee recommended a nu hber of changes. Theproposed standard, dated .Tune 17, 1975, was re-submitted for committee review in June 1975.The committee recommended that the standard becirculated for acceptance to producers, distribu-tors, consumers, and others to determine its ac-ceptability. The standard, designated TS 215b,dated August 29, 1975, was circulated for accept-ance in November 1975. A meeting was held bythe Standard Review Committee in June 1976to consider the comments and objections receivedby the National Bureau of Standards during thecirculation to determine the standard's accepta-bility. Editorial changes to the standard weremade based on the recommendations of the com-mittee. PS 72-76, Toy Safety. was approved forpublication on September 16, 1976, and becameeffective September 22, 1976.

Technical Standards Coordinator:Charles W. Devereux, II

Standards Development Ser\ ices SectionNational Bureau of StandardsWashington, D.C. 20234

9. STANDING COMMITTEE

A StandinNommittee has been ttppointed toassist in keepiag this Voluntary Product Standardup to date. The names of the members of the com-mittee are ,availahle from the Standards Develop-ment Sgrvices Section, National Bureau of Stand-ards, 'Washington, D.C. 20234, which serves as thesecretariat for the committee.

APPENDIX A

Percentile Charts for MeaSurements ofBoys and Girls

The follow ing charts provide for boys and ,ffirlsstandards of reference for body weight and re-cumbent length at ages between 2 and 6 years andfor weight and standing height from 6 to 13 years.They are based upon repeated measurements atselected ages of a group of more than 100 whiteboys and more than 100 white girls of NorthEuropean ancestry living under normal conditionsof health and home life in Boston, Mass. Thedistribution of the measurements obtained fromthese children at each age is expressed in per-centiles, each percentile giving a value whichrepresents -a particular position in the normalrange of occurrences. The number of the percentilerefers to the position which a measurement of thegiven value would hold in any typical series of

_100 children. Thus, the 10th percentile gives thevalue for the tenth in any hundred; that is, ninechildren of the same sex and age would be ex-pected to te smaller in the measurement underconsideration while 90 would be expected to belarger than the figure given. Similarly the 90thpercentile would indicate that 89 children mightbe expected to he smaller than the: figure givenwhile 10 would he larger. The 50th percentile,represents the median or mid-position in the cus-tomay range. here, the 10th and 90th percentilesare represented in heavy lines to show the limitswithin which most children remain. The lighterlines in the graphs divide the distribution intosegments for ready recognition and descriptionof individual differences as well as of the "regu:larity" of progress. The 3rd and 97th percentilesrepresent unusual though not necessarily abnor-mal,findings.

In line with common usage in the United States,the charts are ruled on a scale ill pounds to repre-sent \\ eight They ''are ruled, however, in centi- .meters to represent length undvr 6 years and

21 ,

26

4r

height thereafter, because this scale facilitatesaccuracy in measuring and recording and centi-meter rules and tapes are readily available. Forthe convenience of those preferring them, scalesfor kilograms and inches ar,e placed outside of theprincipal scales and paralleling them. Therefore,if weights are taken in kilograms and lengths andheights in inches, they may be plotted directlywithout conversion by placing a ruler at the ap-propriate points on the outeP scales of the chart.

...

r

A

/

To determine the percentile position of anymeasurement at a given age, the vertical age lineis located and a dot is placed where this intersectsthe horizontal line representing the value obtainedfrom the measurement. Vertical lines give age by2-month intervals and horizontal lines by 2-poundand 2-centimete intervals. This permits by inter-polation accurate placement for age to 1/2 monthand for measurements to 1/2 pound or 0.5 centi-meter.

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APPENDIX B

Packaging and Shipping

B.1 PackagingPackages that are intendedto be opened by adult purchifsers should he soconstructed as to avoid hazards duting the open-ing process from metal fasteners, particularlystaples, and should not contain common pins usedto positionrhe toy within the package.

B.2. Slipping Packaged and unpackagedtoys can booikubjected to a wide variety of testsdesigned to \hest the ability of toys to withstandthe destructive forces encountered in the distri-bution cycle. The tests most widely used includedrop, vibration, compression, and incline impact.For many toys, especmlly those that are of lightweight and constructed of resilient materials. suchas dolls and stuffed toys, limited testing ma!' besufficient. Others, however, such as large plasticor heavy metal toys, be damaged durisg ship-ment and should be subjected to appropriate tests.Guidance for useful tests can be obtained fromthe following American Society for Testing andMaterials (AST:11) sources (all of these areavail:0)1e from the American Society for Testingand Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia,Pa., 19103):

ASTM D 775 Drop Test for ShippingContainers

ASTM D 880 Incline Impact Test forShipping Containers

ASTM D 642 Compres%ion Test for Ship-ping Containers

ASTM D 999 Vibration Test for .S'hippingContainers

APPENDIX C

Source Materials41,

This appendix lists publications that are referredto in this Standard.

. Office of the Federal Register General Services'Administration. Code of Federal Regulations.,Title 16Commercial Practices: Parts 1500 and1.505. Single copies available free of charge fromthe Bureau of Compliance. Consumer PioductSafety Comm,ission, Washington, D.C., 20207.

Consumer Product Safety Commission. Rulesand _Regulations T'niler the Flammable FabricsAct. Available free of charge from the Bureau ofEducation and Information, Consumer ProductSafety Commission, Washington, D.C. 20207.

Federal '1' rade Commission. Rules and Regula-lotion. 1 rider the Flo oi mold e Fab rieN Act. Avail-able' from the Office al Public' Information, Fed-eral Trade Cwninission, Washington, D.C. 20580.Free of charge.

U.S. Food and Drug A(fministration. Requiremr of the Fe decal Food. Drug, and CosmeticAct, re% iced 1970. .Available as TIE 20.4015.2,from the Superintendent: of D6cuments, U.S.Go% ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C.20102. Price. $0.35.

Office of the Federal,Register, General ServicesAdministnition. Code of Federal Regulations.Title .21Food and hw N.. Ports 121) -129. revisedas of Jantia.ry 1, 1972. Available from the Super-intendent Of Document's, U.S. Government Print-ing Office, Washington, D.C. 0402. Price: $1.50.

U.S. Public Health Service. Public Healths, Drinking W ote r Standards, revised 1962.

ai }ably from the Su wrintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Pr wing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402. Price: $0.

Association of Official Analytical Chemists.offic:,t/ cthod of Analysis of the Association ofofficial :Inalytical Chemists. Available from theAssocktion of Official Analytical Chemists, Box540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington,D.C. 20044. Price: $40.

Arne-Tic:in Society for listing and Materials.,N'ttriubtrd Met/1(48 of Test for Thickness of SolidElectrical In.sulation: D 374-68. Available fromthe American Society for Testing and Materials,1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103. Price:$1.75.

American Association of Textile Chemists andColorists. Technical ,11 of the!American As-sociatioe of Textile Chemists and Colorists.A va ilabiet from the National Headquarters,American Association of Textile Chemists andColorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research TrianglePark, North Carolina 27709. Price: $15.

U,S. General Services Administration. Tile,Floor; Asphalt. Rubber. Vinyl. Vinyl-Asbestos,Federal Specification SST:312A, June 2, 1966.Available from Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402. Price:$0.05.

National Archives and Records Services, U.S.General Services Administration, Federal Regis-

25

32

ter. Availabiii from Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402. Price:-.$0.75 an issue, or $5 a moifth,or /5 a year.

DepartMentA,W Commerce. Comm ercialStandard CS 191-53, Flammability of ClothingTextiles. Available from Standards DevelopmentServices Section, National Bureau of Standards!Washington, D.C. 26234. Free of charge.

APPENDIX D

Metric Equivalents

The conversion factors and units contained inthis appendix are in accordance with the Inter-national System of Units sated SI forSystem International d'Uni es). The SI was de-fined and given official status, y the 11th GeneralConference on Weights and Measures which metin Paris in October 1960. For -assistance in con-verting U.S. customary units to SI units, leeASTM PS,' 380, ASTif Standard Metric PracticeGuide, available from the American Society forTesting and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Phila-

delphia, Pa. 19103. The conversion factors for the- ''units found in this'Standard are as follows:

--4,;4 inch = 25.4inillimeters. '1 foot = 0.3048 meter

sq_uare inch = 6.4516 square centimetJs171nince (mass) 28.349 5 grams1 pound ( mass).,---- 0.453 6 kilogram1 pound (force) = 4.448 newtons1 pound per square inch = 6.894 8 X 103

pascals (N/m!)1 inch-pound (torque) = 0.1130 newton meter1 fluid ounce = 29.573 5 milliliters1 cubic inch = 16.3871 cubic centimeters1 cubic foot = 0.0283 cubic metertc (t1 32)/1.8where: tc = temperature in degrees Celsius

)tp = temperature in degrees Farenheit

APPENDIX E

Guide to Standard by Toy Categories

The following table identifies those parts of theStandard that are of particular importance tospecific toy categories. This is for convenienceonly and it must not be assumed that the rest ofthe Standard can be ignored, particularly sinceieach category contains a wide variety of toy typesand constructions.

2633

l - . 44 .1 . e ... 11 pi 1 nem

inha

lsel

34

0 . e n ..-"E

t

pi 34 5140

1111

1:11

1

INC

.. OE

M.

14

. - ss 34 minS .'i es ; s4 34 M

.2 0 a. I. 3 s4 34

re'

:01 .. 3 ia

legi

ne. ).

/ . o 11 `i" ..e...

:" Il

1U. .. F: A

e 2 7 A o .: 2 .. ... 34 . ;.0 P-r.

tiii-

-E4.

"2qm

e A

57-III el $ a - si al .

I' - e " CP 1 " - .

F. - A i ? 11..i

1.".

" ). .F. - i --. vi " .- - 0 0 c. " c 21

1111

111 I .eimin

rs

f. .0 F. ... 1 I )4 g

r - ii .# fig;

)4 ..

72

-..-

; ..-

. -3

0... az

a..

..i i

...

.... t 1

.2

1 nill$4 . a clo

. 1,1a )4

----

.,

o 9 ...,

toquIrosests of

Stawilosi

...4

.2 .

Materials %wary

4.3. nemosluty

.... 7

...4.6.

Psokagia6 fits

4.6. Stamp,

elas

tics

4.7.

A1 otts1441/714,4m41

4.6.

Aem

etle

al4'

9°lig

"4.10.

P.4

445

4.11

.m

ot .4

4105

1148

11)4

3..

4.12

.Moors, lallel146

PS

34$4

3434

4.13

. Pen

h* s

a461

1611

111.

6 Wass

oimmoimmmmmm

mm ,

-,

4.14. Doles.

cum

essa

irmse

44-

ties of otobsotoso

..

$431

44.1S. Stability of rile -es toys

s.

4.16. Overload requirements for

ride-om ter) and seats

mm

"4.17. Tipping of stationery floor

toys

ml me

re

4.16. Confined\spaces

'

314

314

314

$431

44.16. Snell objects

3434

4.20. Simulated protective devices

4.21. Projectiles

3434

PI34

34)3

43

..34

3434

4.22. Labeling. literature.

narking (except for 4.22.2)

)4.22.2.

Plata-too toys

34 3

4--.

..---...

.S.2.

Haz

ardo

us s

ubst

ance

con

tent

-mm

mm

mm

mm

mmemsemmmmade

S.3rS.10.0se 4 abuse testing

.A

I

mmm

S.4.1.1tashable

toys

,/

A'

445.6.4.1. Tipmer test for large

bulky toys

_S.6.S. Projectiles (impact test)

ms

S.6.6. %heeled toys (impact test)

3434

1$4

$4SM

.Wheels. tires, and axles

stvs

S.12. Wire bending test

,...

,

ps

5.13. Test format)* actuated toys

ps

ps

5.14

. im

pact

tes; (Mod soslostas

toys

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