Volunteer Marine Rescue
TDM MF1007B first aid 1 Apply First Aid Session 4 Burns. Inhalation Injuries. Heat & Cold.
Bites & Stings. Poisons. Burns The severity of a burn depends upon:
Burns are a type of soft tissue injury caused primarily by heat. Burns also can occur when the body is exposed to certain chemicals, electricity extreme cold or solar and other forms of radiation. The severity of a burn depends upon: The temperature of the object or gas causing the burn. The length of exposure to the source. The location of the burn. The extent of the burn. The persons age and medical condition. Burns Types of Burns Burns are classified by the source, such as heat, cold, chemicals, electricity or radiation. They are also classified by depth. The deeper the burn the more severe it is. The three depth classifications are: Superficial (first degree). Partial thickness (second degree). Full thickness (third degree). Burns First Degree A superficial burn involves only the top layer of skin. It is usually red anddry, and the burn is usually painful. The area may swell. Most sunburns are superficial burns. They generally heal in five to six days without scarring. Burns Second Degree A partial thickness burn involves both the epidermis and the dermis. The injury is red and blisters may open and weep clear fluid making the skin appear wet. These burns are usually painful and the area often swells. They usually heal in three to four weeks and some scarring may occur. Burns Third Degree A full thickness burn destroys both layers of the skin as well as any or all of the underlying structures fat, muscles, bones, blood vessels and nerves. Due to nerve damage there is very little pain. These burns may take many months to heal and generally leave scar tissue. Burns The rule of 9s Adult Child Burns Care for Burns Cool the burned area Cover the burned area
Prevent infection Minimise shock Call an ambulance for serious burns Burns NO Adhesive Dressings Ointments, Oils or Fat. DO NOT
Break Blisters or remove loose skin. Remove material, Bitumen, Toffee, Melted Synthetic Fabric. Apply Ice Directly to Burns. Inhalation and Chemical Burns
Signs and Symptoms Pain Obvious Signs Of Burns Singed Hair Respiratory Distress Loss Of Consciousness Signs Of Shock Inhalation of Fumes Inhalation of fumes may cause death through the lack of oxygen or toxic effects on the lungs, which can cause respiratory arrest. These fumes may come from some of the following: Solvents Petroleum products Smoke Toxic gases and fumes Carbon monoxide Inhalation of Fumes Symptoms and Signs Breathing difficulties.
Burns or stains around the mouth or nose. Skin colour pale, cyanotic or turning cherry pink Listlessness Disorientation Confusion Symptoms and signs of shock Collapse Heat and Cold The Bodys Reaction Radiated Heat Skin Surface
Blood Vessels Hypothermia is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY
What is Hypothermia Hypothermia occurs when the body is unable to generate enough heat to replace that being lost to the environment and the core temperature drops below 350 C. Hypothermia is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY Normal Body Temperature
Hypothermia The effects of Hypothermia 37o 26o 35o 33o 30o Normal Body Temperature Hypothermia Develops Cardiac Malfunction Unconscious Irreversible Hypothermia Signs and Symptoms Pale Skin Cold to Touch Shivering
Loss of Muscle Coordination Slurring of Speech Behavioural Changes Slow Pulse / Respiration Loss of Consciousness 37o 26o 35o 33o 30o Hypothermia Risk Factors
Factors that may increase a persons susceptibility to hypothermia include: Infancy Old age Heart problems Circulatory system disorders A thin body or low body fat Hunger Fatigue Alcohol Cigarette smoking Drugs Dehydration Physical exertion. These first aid tips apply to all stages of hypothermia:
First aid for all cases of hypothermia These first aid tips apply to all stages of hypothermia: Dont massage or rub the person. Move the person out of the cold. Remove wet clothing. Try to warm the person. Share body heat. Dont give alcohol. Do not leave the person alone. Continually monitor breathing. Dont assume the person is dead. Seek medical aid. Call 000 Simple ways to prevent hypothermia include:
Prevention Exposure to cold conditions, even for a short time, can be dangerous if you are not prepared. Shivering and feeling cold or numb are warning signs that the body is losing too much heat. Simple ways to prevent hypothermia include: Avoid prolonged exposure to cold weather. Be alert to weather conditions Use a weatherproof outer layer to stay dry. Drink plenty of fluids. Eat regularly. Take regular breaks to reduce the risk of physical fatigue. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes and caffeine. Survival Times - Persons of Average Build
Hypothermia 37o 26o 35o 33o 30o Survival Times - Persons of Average Build Water Temperature Survival Time 0 Deg C 45 minutes 9.5 deg C 2 to 3 hours 11 deg C 4 hours 14 deg C 6 hours 18 deg C 10 hours Heat Escape Lessening Posture Hyperthermia 44o Unconsciousness ( Coma / Death). 43o
Serious Cardiac Condition Begins Heat Stroke Begins (Body stops Sweating). Heat Exhaustion Begins (Body heats faster than it cools). Hyperthermic Condition Begins Your Body is a Good Regulator of Heat
Hyperthermia Your Body is a Good Regulator of Heat Your body reacts to heat by circulating blood and raising your skin's temperature. The excess heat is then released through the skin by sweating. Physical activity can limit the amount of blood that flows to the skin to release heat. Sweating can also maintain a stable body temperature if the humidity level is low enough to permit evaporation and if the fluids and salts you lose are adequately replaced. When your body cannot release heat, it stores it. This raises your core temperature and heart rate putting your health at risk. The Rising Temperatures
Hyperthermia The Rising Temperatures As temperatures rise, so does the stress on your body. Two critical actions can help you battle the heat. Acclimatising to the heat. Consumption of water. These two actions can help the most. Interfering with the Regulator
Hyperthermia Interfering with the Regulator Many factors can cause unbalances in your bodys ability to handle heat. Age Weight Fitness Medical condition Diet Hyperthermia Summer Heat
Heat stress is a serious hazard in the workplace as well as at home. Excessive heat can place an abnormal stress on your body. When your body temperature rises even a few degrees above normal(which is about 37.1 degrees Celsius) you can experience muscle cramps become weak disoriented dangerously ill Six Factors of Heat Stress
Hyperthermia Six Factors of Heat Stress Temperature Humidity Movement of Air or lack of air movement The radiant temperature of the surroundings Clothing Physical activity Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble
Hyperthermia Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble Heat Stress will reduce your work capacity and efficiency Signs of heat stress include: Tiredness Irritability Inattention Muscular cramps. Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble
Hyperthermia Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble If you are: Overweight Physically unfit Suffer from heart conditions Drink too much alcohol Are not used summer temperatures You may be at greater risk of heat stress and should seek and follow medical advice. Hyperthermia Heat Cramps- Beware
May occur after prolonged exposure to heat They are the painful intermittent spasms of the abdomen and other voluntary muscles Heat Cramps usually occur after heavy sweating and may begin towards the end of the workday Hyperthermia Heat Cramps- First Aid
First aid for heat cramps will vary. The best care is: Rest Move to a cool environment Drink plenty of water- No soft drinks, Soda Water, or Alcohol. Electrolyte fluids such as Gatorade may also be used. Heat Exhaustion Time Running Out
May result from physical exertion in hot environments. Symptoms may include: Profuse sweating Weakness Paleness of the skin Rapid pulse Dizziness Nausea Headache Vomiting Unconsciousness. The skin is cool and clammy with sweat. Body temperature may be normal or subnormal. Heat Exhaustion What Happens
Heat exhaustion develops when a person fails to replace fluids and salt that are lost through sweating. You may start to experience extreme weakness, fatigue, giddiness, nausea or a headache as heat exhaustion progresses. Heat Exhaustion First Aid Rest in the shade or cool place.
Drink plenty of water (preferred) or electrolyte fluids. Loosen clothing to allow the body to cool. Use cool wet rags too aid cooling. Heat Stroke Youre Out of Time
This is a serious medical condition that urgently requires medical attention. Sweating is diminished or absent, which makes the skin hot and dry. Body temperature is very high (410 C. and rising). Heat Stroke Signs and Symptoms Convulsions or Coma. Mental confusion
Delirium Chills Dizziness Loss of consciousness Convulsions or Coma. A body temperature of C or higher. Hot, dry skin that may be red, mottled or bluish. A strong fast pulse. Heat Stroke Rapid Response
If you suspect someone is suffering from heat stroke, call an ambulance immediately Their condition will rapidly deteriorate You must provide care immediately Call 000 Heat Stroke This is a Medical Emergency!! First Aid
Brain damage and death are possible Until medical help arrives, move the victim from the heat and into a cool place Call 000 Heat Stroke First Aid You must use extreme caution when soaking clothing or applying water to a victim.Shock may occur if done to quickly or with water too cool. Soak his or her clothes with water and use a fan or ice packs. Douse the body continuously with a cool liquid and summon medical aid immediately. Heat Stress Index The heat index table was developed by the US Weather Service. Apparent Temperature (Humiture)
Heat Stress Index Danger Category Apparent Temperature (Humiture) Heat Syndrome IV Extreme Danger > 550 Heatstroke or Sunstroke imminent. III Danger Sunstroke, Heat Cramps & Heat Exhaustion likely. Heatstroke possible with prolonged exposure & physical activity. II Extreme Caution Sunstroke, Heat Cramps & Heat Exhaustion likely with prolonged exposure & physical activity. I Caution Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure & physical activity. NOTE: When the air temperature is above 26.5 degrees C. and the relative humidity is above 40% the temperature the body experiences is greater than the air temperature. Heat Stress Index Bites & Stings Snake Bite (Land & Sea). Marine Stingers
Spiders, Scorpion, Centipede & Ants Bush Ticks Bees & Wasps. Bites & Stings Pressure Immobilisation Snakes (Land & Sea).
Box Jelly Fish Also requires Vinegar application Cone Shell Funnel Web Spider Blue Ringed Octopus All Bites that cause an allergic reaction. Pressure Bandage Do not remove the bandage once applied Remember
D.R.S.A.B.C.D. Rest and reassure person Apply pressure bandage From bite to toes or fingers Then up to groin or armpit. Remember Do not wash the bittenarea Do not remove the bandage Do not elevate the limb Do not walk, run to get help Do not remove the bandage once applied Cold Pack Pain Relief Use Ice Packs or Cold Water for 20 to 30 Minutes
(No Pressure Bandage) Pain Relief Use Ice Packs or Cold Water for 20 to 30 Minutes These require Pressure Immobilisation Bandages Casualty should test the temperature before application
These Require HOT water treatment REMEMBER Casualty should test the temperature before application Treatment for ticks Remove a tick by twisting with tweezers.
If the person is allergic, Apply pressure immobilisation bandage Seek medical care without delay Poisons Poisons Enter the Body Via The Mouth The Lungs Injection
Absorption Poisons How Poisons Act Poisons Attack the Central Nervous System
Poisons can act by Displacing Oxygen Poisons damage Internal Organs Poisons can Damage Cells Poisons Types of Poisons Household Poisons Poisonous Plants
Food Poisoning Alcohol Poisoning Industrial poisoning Drugs Poisons may be inhaled from:
Inhaled Poisons Poisons may be inhaled from: Dust Fumes Mists Vapours Gases Smoke Aerosols Poisons Ingested Poisons If it Burns Going Down
It will Burn Coming Up. Instead give small amounts of Milk
Poisons Corrosive & Petroleum Based Do Not induce vomiting as corrosive substances could burn the oesophagus, throat and mouth. Instead give small amounts of Milk DO NOTinduce vomiting Seek Medical Aid Poisons Information Centre
National Phone: