w and z bosons and the 3 neutrino families sedat altinpinar

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W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

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Page 1: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families

Sedat Altinpinar

Page 2: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Theorie/Prediction of Neutrinos

-Prediction of “a“ Neutrino Pauli, ß-decay

eepn

Page 3: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Experimental Discovery of the Neutrinos

Cross Section for Neutrino reactions

• Cowan and Reines 1959

24310 cm

Page 4: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Discovery of the µ Neutrino

• Until the end of the '50s : Only one Generation of Neutrinos

• Bruno Pontecorvo (1913-1993): Why doesn't annihilate the Neutrino and Antineutrino which at the µ- Decay arise?

• The solution could be that the Neutrinos are different

e

Page 5: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

The first HE Neutrino Experiment

• Melvin Schwartz (*1932) was researching about Neutrinos• He was interested in the ratio

e

e

For the case, there is only one type of Neutrinos,the ratio should be 10-4

• This value could already at that time be excluded (< 10-8 )

• Schwartz had the same idea like Pontecorvo

Page 6: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Spark Chamber

• The neutrinos react with the Neutrons of the Aluminium

• The arrised charged particles leave tracks of ionised Neons.

• A Scintillator is triggering the High Voltage

• The tracks are visible as a row of sparks

)(

epn

pn

The Brookhaven Experiment at 1960

Page 7: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Distinction between e- und µ-

CharakteristicTrack

e- loose more energy

µ- are radiating less due to theirhigher mass

Page 8: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Result

• 1014 Neutrinos traversed the detector

• 29 Neutrino reactions were measured

• All produced are Muons

•If there would exist only one generation of Neutrinos there should arrise in equal amount electrons and muons

e

Page 9: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Discovery of the Tau Neutrino

• Discovery of the Tau Lepton 1975

• Postulation of the Tau Neutrino

• Discovery of the Tau Neutrino in 2000 with DONUT (Direct Observation of NU Tau) at Fermilab

Page 10: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Why is it so difficult to discover the ?

• Neutrinos appear through their charged Lepton partner

• Lifetime of τ is 300 fs

• 's are rare: From 1013 Neutrinos only 103 have reacted, 4 from them were

pn

Page 11: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar
Page 12: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Results from DONUT

• Es wurden 4 Tau Neutrinos nachgewiesen!

Page 13: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Prediction of W Z Bosons

Glashow-Weinberg-Salam Modell: Electroweak force is mediated by the

W+, W-, Z0 bosons.

Prediction of mass

Page 14: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Discovery at CERN

Page 15: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

W+ /W- /Z0: Where and how shall one search?

Measurements with charged and neutral currents (i.e. Muon decay, Neutrino scattering) ergeben Abschätzungen für die Massen für das W± bzw. Z0:

MW ≈ 80GeV und MZ ≈ 90GeV

In particle collisions it can be produced new particles up to a mass of M =

Production in e+ e- - collisions? (LEP in Planning)

but: e+ + e- → Z0 → ... ✔aber: e+ + e- → W+ + W- → ... ✘

(Schwerpunktsenergie von ≈ 160GeV notwendig)

s

Page 16: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Am CERN bereits vorhanden: Protonenbeschleuniger SPS mit fixem Target

Protonen werden dort auf eine Energie von EP ≈ 300 GeV beschleunigt ≈ 25 GeV

Neue Idee: Protonen und Antiprotonen aufeinander schießenVorteile:

• Antiquark als Valenzquark im Antiproton vorhanden• Nur ein Beschleunigungsring nötig

Problem: Woher Antiprotonen?

Erzeugung durch Beschuss eines Targets mit Protonen:sehr ineffizient! ( N anti-P ≈ 10-6 ∙ N P)

s

Page 17: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Daher: Notwendigkeit der Speicherung der Antiprotonen um sie zu sammeln

neues Problem: Antiprotonen sind „heiß“ (haben große Impulsverteilung)

Idee von Simon van der Meer:stochastische Kühlung

Page 18: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Stochastic Cooling

Pickup

Kicker

---- ----

++++++++-

Ein Teilchen, das nicht auf der Sollbahn liegt,

influenziert auf dem Pickup ein Signal

Dieses Signal wird im Kicker zur Korrektur der

Teilchenbahn verwandt

S.v.d.Meer, 1972

Page 19: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar
Page 20: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Principle of stochastic cooling

Page 21: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar
Page 22: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Nachweis von W±→e±+ νe

•Das W zerfällt in zwei Teilchen, ein hochenergetisches e±(oderMyon) und ein Neutrino. Zerfall back to back im Schwerpunktssystem des W.

•Da das Neutrino nicht detektiert wird, benutzt man “missing pT” (Impuls!) alsSignatur.

Der fehlendeTransversalimpuls ist betragsmäßig gleich dem des e±

und hat das umgekehrte Vorzeichen =>Man muß den (transversal-) Impuls/Energie allerTeilchen bestimmen

•Zerfälle des W in du,...quark treten häufiger auf, sind aber schwer vom QCD Untergrund zu trennen.

Page 23: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Der UA1 Detektor

Page 24: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Zentraldetektor

Page 25: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar
Page 26: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Elektromagmetisches Kalorimeter

Page 27: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Hadronen Kalorimeter

Page 28: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Magnets

Page 29: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Myonen Kammern•zwei Ebenen aus je vier Lagen Driftröhren

Page 30: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

eW

Page 31: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

ET>15GeV (1,5 * 106events)

Isolierte e-Spur im DC mit pT> 7GeV (Faktor100 weniger)

Energiedeposition in Hardronen Kalorimeter>600MeV (346 events)

Ereignisse ohne Jets(55 events)

Ereignisse in der Mitte des Detektors(43 events)

43 events wurden von Hand angeschaut und für gut befunden

Page 32: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Missing energy

Page 33: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Bestimmung der Masse des W

Messung des Transversalimpulses und Transversalenergie

)cos1(22veT

eTT ppm

Events per [GeV]

2Wm

][GeVpT

Jakobi Peak

Page 34: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Transversale Masse

Page 35: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Nachweis von Z0→e++ e-

•Suche nach isolierten e±Spuren: hohe Energie im e/m Kalorimeter (>25GeV) und nur wenig Energie im Hadronen Kalorimeter (<800MeV)

•Ausschluss aller events, wenn alle überigenTeichlenzusammen pT>3GeV

•4 events nach den cuts

Gleiches Schema für µ+µ-liefert insgesamt neun events

Page 36: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Nachweis von Z0→e++ e-

Page 37: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Energy Deposition

Page 38: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Invariante Masse des Z

Bestimmung der Masse des Z zu:mZ = (93,9±2,9) GeV/c2

Page 39: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Precision Studies at LEP

Page 40: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

What happens in e- e+collisions

• Zu vermessen:– Form der Resonanz – Zerfallsraten für verschiedene

Endzustände

• Was sind nun die möglichen Zerfallskanäle?

• Z “Weglänge” 2 x 10-18 m

Page 41: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Z Decay Channels:

Z -> e+e- (Bhabha-Scattering)

Z -> m+m-

Z -> t+t-

Z ->

Z -> Quark Anti-Quark

Page 42: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

e+e- : Bhabha_Scattering

Page 43: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

m+m- : Muon Produktion

Page 44: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

t+t- : Tau Production

Page 45: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

t+t- : Tau Production

Pions,Kaons

+

u

dW-

W+

-

+

Z

e+

e-

Page 46: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Quark-Pair Production

Page 47: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Quark-Pair Production

10-15 m

Page 48: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

How can we see Neutrinos if they are invisible

total

Hadrons

total

e

ZHadrons M

2

12

The Production Probability for Hadrons =

Hadrons

lll

HadronsZ

ll

leptonhadtotal

RRM

RN

N

312

3

2

= Resonance Width

=2 (from Theory)

Relative Number (Ratio) of leptonic zu hadronic Events

Page 49: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

-> “Counting Experiment” •Count hadronic Events

•Count leptonic Events

0083.09835.2 N

Page 50: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Precise Measurements

00023.023192.0sin

037.0544.41

/0024.04944.2

/0021.01871.91

2

0

2

2

W

had

Z

Z

nb

cGeV

cGeVM

2

22

222

1sin

sin

Z

WW

W

M

M

eg

...and other observables consistent with the Standard Model

Page 51: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

What for are these precise measurements

Example : Prediction of the Top-Quark Mass

For this we consider again the reaction e+e- -> Hadrons...

e+

e-Quark

Z

Anti-Quark

This is a Quantum - Process

Experimentel precisely

measured…

Page 52: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Reminding Some Quantum Mechanics The Double Gap - Experiment

Photon - orElektron Source

A1

A2

Inte

rfere

nce-S

tructu

re in

Inte

nsity

Dis

tribu

tion

QM gives Probability Distribution for Aufprallort :

P = | A1 + A2 |2 = |A1|2 + |A2|2 + 2ReA1*A2

Interference!!

Consider all possible ways, |sum their Amplitudes|2

Page 53: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

That's Why...

e+

e-Quark

ZAnti-Quark e+

e-

Z

Quark

Anti-Quark

Top

Anti-top

Z+

A1 A2

e+

e-Quark

Z

Anti-Quark

Higgs

A3

+ + ...

E2 m2 + p2

Sum all possible

Ways, to come to the same final state

Page 54: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

HiggsHiggstoptop

hadtot

mmfAmmfA

AAAAAA

AAAAA

AAAP

log)(

Re2...

...Re2

...

32

2

2*1

2

1

2

3

2

2

2

1

2*1

2

3

2

2

2

1

2

321

If Measurement precision is high -> sensitivity to these Terms -> sensitivity to Top- and even Higgs-Mass

So...

Page 55: W and Z Bosons and the 3 Neutrino Families Sedat Altinpinar

Mtop = 173.2 +/- 4.5 GeV/c2

Mhiggs = 77 +69 -39 GeV/c2

Direct Discovery at Fermilab :

Mtop = 174.3 +/- 5.1 GeV/c2

RESULT: