w-band radiometer system with switching front-end for multi-load calibration.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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© Fraunhofer IAF IGARSS 2011
IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, session TH4.T03.2 July, 28th 2011
W-BAND RADIOMETER SYSTEM WITH SWITCHING FRONT-END FOR MULTI-LOAD CALIBRATION
E. Weissbrodt, I. Kallfass, A. Hülsmann, A. Tessmann, A. Leuther, H. Massler, O. Ambacher
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid-State Physics (IAF)
D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Outline
motivation
radiometer architecture
packaging and modules
MMIC technology
millimeter-wave circuits
multi-load calibration
outlook
IAF
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MotivationCompact Internal Calibration
external hot-cold calibrationmicrowave black body (absorber)reflectors to cold sky (cosmic backgroundradiation) or liquid nitrogen
internal calibration methodsnoise diodes (ENR)matched (ambient) loadsactive loads
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W-Band Direct Detection Radiometer Architecture
IAF
LNA LNA LNA
20dB 20dB 20dB
SP5T switchBP detector
Video
OpAmp
TTL+0,4V
-1V
switch voltage control
SP5T
50 Ω
switch analogsub.
OpAmp
CLK1kHz
noise + record
noise + 50Ω record DC
OpAmp
millimeter wave direct detection radiometer chain
discrete modules with Fraunhofer IAF 100nm mHEMT technology60 dB small-signal gainanalog read-out and control electronics for Dicke-operation
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PackagingSplit Block Waveguide Modules
in-house CAD-design and millinggold-plated brass split blockWR-10 waveguide
wedge-bonded 25 μm gold wires50 μm quartz substratesEM-simulated microstrip-to-waveguide transitions
IAF
IAF
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mHEMT TechnologyHigh Frequency – Ultra Low Noise
parameters 100 nm
In content (%) 65
RC (Ωmm) 0.07
RS (Ωmm) 0.23
Rg (Ω/mm) 400
ID,max (mA/mm) 900
VBD (V) 4
Gm,max(mS/mm)
1300
fT (GHz) 220
fmax (GHz) 300
InGaAs channels with high indium content on 4 inch GaAs wafersmetamorphic HEMT technology (mHEMT), 100 nm, 50 nm, 35 nmmetamorphic buffer layer to adapt lattice constant
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MMIC TechnologyPassive Structures
SiNNiCrOH
MMESA
GATE
SUBSTRATE
Au
METG
SiN
MET1 MET1
microstrip technologygrounded coplanar technologytwo metalization layers250 nm CVD SiN passivation
2.7 μm Au air bridge technology225 pF/mm2 MIM capacitors50 Ω/ NiCr resistorsfull-wafer backside process
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Millimeter-Wave CircuitsLow-Noise Amplifier
0
1
2
3
4
5
80 85 90 95 1000
5
10
15
20
25
gain
[dB
]
Frequency [GHz]
gain
NF
NF
[dB]
reactively matched
cascode mHEMTs
gate width 4 × 15 μm
chip-size 0.75 × 1.5 mm2
gain > 20 dB (75 - 105 GHz)
noise figure 2 dB @ T = 293 K(noise temperature 170 K)
power consumption 48 mW(Vd = 1.6 V, Id = 30 mA)
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Millimeter-Wave CircuitsSingle-Pole-Five-Throw Switch
1-dB bandwidth > 31 GHz
Open: S1X = SX1 > -4.3 dB
Close: S1X = SX1 < -24 dB
SXX < -10 dB
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Multi-Load CalibrationSwitching Front-End
compact dimensions and lightweight, no mechanics
fast switching, moderate insertion loss
multiple external reference loads and/or multiple input channels
Integrated 50 Ω load, active loads will be integrated in subsequent designs and reduce interface losses
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Multi-Load Calibrationvs. External Calibration
external calibration:mature processwell known referencesantenna is inside the calibration loop
moving parts and mechanical wearorbital manoeuverslimited speed of calibrationheavy and bulky systems
internal multiload calibration:upcoming technologymultiple references possible withoutadditional effortactive loads can be monolithicallyintegrated in front-endlightweight and fast switchingreduced calibration time
increased front-end lossesantenna needs to be calibratedseparatelytemperature monitoring necessary
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Mechanical Scanning SystemCassegrain Antenna
commercial antenna tracking system60cm Cassegrain antennaintegrated webcam for optical referencemechanical scan in azimuth and elevation
2.6 rpm max. (azimuth)15.5°/sec max. (elevation)positioning accuracy ±0.04°
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Passive Millimeter-Wave ImageCompared to Optical Image
IAF
IAF
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Outlook
packaging of active loads to connect to
the switching front-end module
switching front-end with integrated
active loads
digitalization of read-out electronics
for micro-controlled implementation
of calibration algorithms
example
IAF
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this work was supported bythe German Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg)the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics (WTD81)
we express our gratitude toMichael Schlechtweg for his continuous supportHelmut Essen and our colleagues at Fraunhofer FHR for valuablediscussions and provision of antenna hardwareour colleagues at IAF for their excellent contribution during epitaxialgrowth and wafer processing
Thank You for Your Attention
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Backup Slides
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Backup SlidesHighly Integrated Compact Radiometer Module
SMA, detector video signal
SMA, detector reference signal
SMB, switch controlWR-10 input
SMB, switch controlinternal matched load
SMB, DC supply 5 V
WR-10 input flange
single-chip radiometer MMIC50 dB small-signal gainintegrated diode detectorintegrated SPDTinternal matched load
IAF
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Backup SlidesParticipation in ESA Projects
54 GHz Radiometer With Digital Backend22336/09/NL/ELCloud Radar Critical Microwave Technology13521/99/NL/PB
LNAs for mmWaves
ITT AO/1-5619/08/NL/GLCCalibration Loads for Radiometers4000101234/10/NL/CLCDirect Detection RadiometersITT AO/1-6606/10/NL/GLC
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Backup SlidesHot-Cold Calibration
examples of earth observation missions and their calibration methods:Oceansat-1 (MSMR): external blackbody / cold skyAqua (HSB): external blackbody / cold skySMOS (MIRAS): internal noise diode / cold sky
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Backup SlidesStatus of IAF mHEMT Technology
transit frequencies
100 nm
50 nm
35 nm
20 nm
fT = 220 GHz
fT = 515 GHz
fT = 375 GHz
fT = 660 GHz
Status:
35 nm mHEMT
fT > 500 GHz
fmax > 900 GHz
Target:
⇒ 20 nm mHEMT fmax > 1.3 THz