w eve eng101 causaltechniques readingdiscussion, apostrophes commas semi colons ss15

8/20/2019 W EVE Eng101 CausalTechniques ReadingDiscussion, Apostrophes Commas Semi Colons SS15

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Eng 101 SS15Apostrophes, commas, semicolons, colons

Causal techniques & reading discussions


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Eng101_SS15Apostrophes


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Apostrophe

Only 2 uses

1. ownership

2. omission


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Apostrophe

-

Ownership

Use possessive nouns to show that

someone owns something

◦ That is the nose of Mary.

◦ That is Mary’s nose.

◦

Those are the toes of Gary.◦ Those are Gary’s toes.


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Apostrophe

-

Ownership

Use posessive nouns to show that

someone owns something

◦ Moses’ tablets

◦ Achilles’ heel

◦

Jesus’ parables or Jesus’s parables


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Apostrophe

-

Ownership

If 2 people own the same thing, use anapostrophe s for only the second

person◦ The marriage of Jim and Mimi

◦ Jim and Mimi’s marriage

◦ The father of Kate and Meg ◦ Kate and Meg’s father


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Apostrophe - Ownership

If 2 people do not own the same thing,

use an apostrophe s for both people

◦ The toes of Jim and Mimi

◦ Jim’s and Mimi’s toes

◦

The teeth of Kate and Meg ◦ Kate’s and Meg’s teeth


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Apostrophe - Ownership

If the noun is already plural (boys) just

add an apostrophe

◦ One boy and one car

◦ The boy’s car

◦

Two boys and two cars◦ The boys’ cars


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Apostrophe - Omission

Use an apostrophe to indicate missing

letters or numbers

◦ 10 o’clock

◦ ‘93

◦

Let’s◦ It’s


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Use an apostrophe to indicate missingletters or numbers

◦ Both boy’s and girl’s are invited to tryout for the swim team.

◦ Tomato’s are for sale.

◦ I grew up in the 1990’s.◦ There are three 9’s on this page.


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The rule about letters and

apostrophes...

◦ Mississippi is spelled with four s’s , fourI’s, and two p’s.


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Commas


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Commas

6 basic rules

1. Separate items in lists of 3+2. Before a coordinating conjunction

3. Around information that is not

essential to the meaning of thesentence (this covers 9 rules)

4. Between consecutive adjectives

5. Omissions6. Conventions


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Commas

1. Separate items in lists of 3+

Please buy eggs milk bread and cereal atthe store.

*MLA uses the Oxford comma (APA &

AP do not)I like playing tennis rollerblading and

trying to beat my dad at putt-putt.


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Commas

2. Before a coordinating conjunction

My sister’s name is Lily and my brother’sname is Lucus.

I rushed home and I finished my homework

before soccer practice.I am very good in Spanish, and in French.


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Commas3. Around information that is not essential to

the meaning of the sentence (this covers 9

rules) After conjunctive adverbs

After introductory phrases & clauses

Before and/or after an interjection

Before and/or after Latin abbreviations (e.g.) Before and after parenthetical expressions

When adjectives come after a noun

With titles when they come after person’s

name Before and after appositives

Around a direct address


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Commas3. Around information that is not essential

to the meaning of the sentence (thiscovers 8 rules)

I didn’t study very much; nevertheless I madea good grade.

Since my mother forgot to pack me a dessertI ate your cookie.

Laney ran fast and got home before hermother.

My English teacher kind of heart and generous of spirit will surely give me an Aif I learn all these comma rules.


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Commas



I’ve told you twice boys and girls to do

your homework.Wow what a beautiful dress.

I love sports e.g. baseball basketball and

football.They usually cost if you get a good deal

about $200.


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Commas



Arith Metic Ph.D. is my math teacher.

Katie Stevens the best ballerina in the performance shone as the star of the

evening.


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Commas4. Between consecutive adjectives

It was a dark cold dreary night.

*the and test

I bought some expensive and stylish andwhite tennis shoes.

I bought some expensive, stylish white shoes.*use a comma when you could switch theorder of the adjectives and the sentencestill sound okay

I wore tennis blue shoes.I wore blue tennis shoes.

*Do NOT put a comma before the noun.

I ate a beautiful, ripe, delicious, firm, apple.


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Commas

5. Omissions

I ordered chicken; Amanda fish.

Tonight I will study math; tomorrowSpanish.


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Commas

6. Conventions

Between cities and states In numbers over 999 (not in

addresses)

Direct quotations (he/she said) Dates

After greetings and before closings in

friendly letters


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The Good Doctor...Today, more and more Americans attempt to

find a good night’s sleep in a pill bottle. In

fact, the CDC reports that nine millionAmericans rely on prescriptions, similar toAmbien or Lunesta, to find a good night’ssleep. WebMD lists sleep-driving as a side-effect of prescription sleep aids. The warning,

appearing on the Benadryl bottle, indicatesthat users should not operate heavymachinery; however, people drive aroundtown asleep while influenced by these drugs!If sleep-driving was not scary enough, the

British Medical Journal published a studyshowing individuals who utilize prescriptionsleep aids tend to have a higher death rate;in fact, the death rate is four times higherthan people who do not use sleep aids!


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; :


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Semicolon use between two

complete sentences that are closely

related My family is Jewish. We celebrate Chanukah

but not Christmas.

My family is Jewish; we celebrate Chanukahbut not Christmas.

I like pie; however, I like pizza more.

My family is Jewish; not Christian.


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Semicolon use between two

complete sentences that are closely

related My dad is a coach at the university. We get free tickets to any

sports event we want to see.

My dad is a coach at the university. We have some cousins who

live in Texas.

I have three dogs, and two of them are golden retrievers.

I have three dogs; and two of them are golden retrievers.

NEVER USE A SEMICOLON WITH A COORDINATINGCONJUNCTION!!!


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Semicolon use in lists already

containing internal punctuation We saw Meg, captain of the basketball team, Avery,

captain of the tennis team, Ryan, captain of the crew, and Archer, captain of the volleyball team.

We saw Meg, captain of the basketball team; Avery,captain of the tennis team; Ryan, captain of the crew; and

Archer, captain of the volleyball team.

He ate a baked potato with sour cream, cheese, andbacon; a steak with A-1 steak sauce, caramelized onions,and mushrooms; and ice cream with whipped cream, fudge,and jimmies.


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containing internal punctuation

He ate a baked potato with sour cream, cheese, andbacon, a steak with A-1 steak sauce, caramelizedonions, and mushrooms, and ice cream with whippedcream, fudge, and jimmies.

He ate a baked potato with sour cream, cheese, andbacon; a steak with A-1 steak sauce, caramelizedonions, and mushrooms; and ice cream with whipped

cream, fudge, and jimmies.


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containing internal punctuation

I love the words brouhaha, googaloo, andflabbergasted, the names Vanessa, Charlotte, andCassandra, the states Idaho, and Illinois, but not thefoods anchovies, olives, and eggplant.

I love the words brouhaha, googaloo, andflabbergasted; the names Vanessa, Charlotte, andCassandra; the states Idaho, and Illinois; but not the

foods anchovies, olives, and eggplant.


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Colon

A complete sentence ALWAYS

comes before After the colon is either another

complete sentence...

This sentence is grammatically correct: Iwonder if wolves actually wolf down their pizzas the way I wolf down mine.

or a list.

I want to travel to the following countries:Brazil, Peru, Greece, Russia, and Australia.


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Colon (Good or Bad)

A complete sentence ALWAYS

comes before These are the ingredients: flour, eggs, sugar,

milk, and chocolate.

There’s only one sport for me: alligatorwrestling.

I want to see the new ninja movie: and thenew Spider-Man movie, too.

Colon Disclaimer

kinda


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Colon Disclaimer...kindaif the first word after a colon begins a

complete sentence, that word can be

capitalized or lowercase. Both are correct. I’m sure you know the old saying about

apples: an apple a day keeps the doctor

away.

I’m sure you know the old saying about

apples: An apple a day keeps the doctoraway.


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Causal Techniques


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What are the elements of a

Causal essay? Purpose

Patterns

Reasoning Errors

Ethics

Thesis and details


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Purpose Cause

◦ Probes the reasons why actions, events,attitudes, and conditions exist

Effect

◦ Examines consequences of causes

Explain historical events, naturalhappenings, actions and attitudes ofindividuals and groups

Help readers anticipate theconsequences of personal actions,natural phenomena, or governmentpolicies


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Patterns Single cause produces several effects

Might discuss cause then effects oreffects then cause

I. Poor language skills

II. Body

A. Can’t keep up with required

reading

B. Can’t take adequate notes

C. Can’t write competent papers


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Patterns Several causes produce one effect

◦ Might discuss effect then causes or causesthen effect

I. Decrease in U.S. zinc production

II. BodyA. produced more cheaply abroad

B. replaced on cars by plastics, lighter

metalsC. cannot be recycled


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Patterns Causal Chain

◦

Each event is effect of preceding one and thecause of the following one

◦ Help explain how devices function and howsome social changes proceed

◦ Similar to process analyses which is

concerned with HOW events occur...causal isconcerned with WHY events occur

II. Body

A. sleep late

B. miss breakfastC. become hungry and distracted

D. perform poorly on exam

Patterns


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Patterns Multiple Cause-Multiple Effect

◦ Sequence of causes and effects is too complex to fit

image of chain◦ Present causes then effects or effects then causes

Topic: accident

II. Body

A. causes of the accident1. driver ran stop sign

2. Bushes and unlit headlights impairedvision

3. Wet pavement caused skidding

B. Effects of the accident

1. missed the movie

2. Unnerved so missed classes next day

3. Other driver lost license

R i E


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Reasoning Errors

Ignoring multiple causes

An effect rarely stems from a singlecause

Mistaking chronology for causation

Don’t assume that just because oneevent followed another that the firstnecessarily caused the other(chronology)

Confusing causes and effects Pam and Paul married because they fell

in love; in reality it was an economicnecessity, and love came later.

Ethi


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EthicsForcing a particular outcome by uncovering only

certain causes

Report blaming poor instruction for highstudent failure rate neglects oversized classes,socioeconomics

Carefully weighed importance of chosen causes

If a few, but not most, of the classes in theproblem school system are oversized, thenreport shouldn’t stress their significance

Discuss every important effect (even one thatdamages point)

Report emphasizing the beneficial effects of jogging must discuss potential for energy

Consequences of people acting upon essay

Call to action

Th i & D t il


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Thesis & DetailsThesis statement

Identifies the event to be explained oreffects to be considered

Explains importance of understandingthe causes or effects

Offers a summary of the major causesor effects

Details

Not just a bare-bones discussion ofcauses and effects or a list

Vivid description used


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Eng101SP15

Reading discussion


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Freewriting

Given a topic

Write for given time

Do not stop writing…if you get

stuck, pick a word and just keep writing it until your next thought

comes through

F iti


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Freewriting• In what ways can causal essays impact

readers?

Write the question.

Answer the question. How does it line up with one of the readings? Why?


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Break into three groups


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Discuss each of the following for your

assigned story. Make sure you can identify

these elements well enough to repeat this

information in your next group.

• Purpose

• Patterns

• Reasoning Errors

• Ethics

• Thesis & Details

Ji sa !


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Meet in the following groups. Share your

knowledge of your previously assignedelement with the group. The purpose is

for all group members to fully

understand all of the elements in eachof the readings.

Jigsaw!


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Causal Analysis

• Choose ONE of the readings• Write a 3-4 page essay discussing the

effectiveness of the author’s causationtechniques◦

Writing process; MLA format◦ Introduction

◦ Body paragraphs

◦ Conclusion

◦ Grammar & mechanics

•

(optional) Rough draft conferences – Thursday3/19

• Peer review rough drafts – Tuesday 3/24

• Final copy due – Thursday 3/26


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For Monday...

Rough draft #3 Causal Analysis

w eve eng101 causaltechniques readingdiscussion, apostrophes commas semi colons ss15

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