w - scertscert.kerala.gov.in/images/2015/teachertext/fullbook/class4/evs_4.pdf · Ãm≥tu¿uv iv...
TRANSCRIPT
]cn-k-c-]-T\w
tIc-f-k¿°m¿hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v
Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2015
Ãm≥tU¿Uv IV
So®¿ sSIvÃv
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inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
hn-izw-`-c≥. sI.-B¿.ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub-‰v, Be-∏pg
cmtPjvIpam¿ Sn.Pn.bp.-]n. -kvIqƒ, sX°n¬ shÃvImk-d-tKmUv
iin-Ip-am¿ ]n.hn.F.F¬.-]n.- kvIqƒ, amØq¿ shÃv (_w•mhv kvIqƒ)
]me-°mSv
APnXv]kmZv F≥.-B¿.lnµp F¬.]n. kvIqƒ, ap√t»cn, Xriq¿
Plmw-Ko¿ I_o¿ Sn.]n.^mdqJv tImtfPv F¬.-]n.-F-kv, tImgn-t°mSv
_nPp -amXypPn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, ISp-ß-]pcw, ae-∏pdw
Cuk.-hn.-sI.F.Fw.-F¬.-]n.-F-kv. ho´n-°m-Sv, ]md¬, s]cn-¥¬aÆ.
ioPnXv AtimIvKh. F¬.-]n.-Pn.- kvIqƒ, F≥.- ]-d-hq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw
hnZ-Kv[¿
tUm. tKm]-Ip-am¿ kn.Ncn-X-hn-`mKw ta[m-hn, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtfPv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. kmK¿ -F-kv.Akn. -s]m-^-k¿, Kh. hna≥kv tImtfPv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
B¿´nÃv
io. kt¥mjv shfn-b-∂q¿
A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿
tUm. NnXm hnP-b≥dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.
]cn-k-c-]-T\w So®¿ sSIvÃv
kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)
hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012
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]nb A[ym-]-I-tc,
KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym- -ymkw Ip´n-bpsS `c-W-L-S-\m-Z-Ø-amb Ah-Im-i-amWv. 2013˛setIcf ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cnjvIc-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \memw ¢mknse ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpwSo®¿ sSIvÃp-Ifpw 2015˛16 A[-y-b-\h¿jw ]cn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏m-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]cn-kc]T-\-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ ssIh-cn-t°≠ ]T-\-t\- -߃ IrX-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah 12bqWn-‰p-I-fn-embn hn\-y-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. F√m Ip´n-Ifpw ]T-\-t\- -߃ ssIh-cn®p F∂v Dd∏phcp-Øp-I, ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ 5E L -߃ ]men-°pI, ]T\hn -h-߃ Is≠Øn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, ]T\w Imc-y-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, Btcm-K-y˛I-e -Im-bnI˛]hrØn]cn-Nb LS-I-߃ kzm- m-hn-I-ambn DZvK-Yn®v ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw sNbvXp \S-∏m-°p-I, PohnXss\]pWo hnIm-k-Øn\p ]c-am-h[n kµ¿ -߃ Hcp-°p-I, \nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج \SØn Ip´n-Isf ]T-\-ap-t∂-‰-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-I, HmtcmIp´n-bp-sSbpw ]T\\ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]mtZ-inIkaq-l-Øns‚ ]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°pI F∂o e£-y-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv ]cn-kc]T\ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-hpw So®¿ sSIvÃpwXbm-dm-°n-bn- p-≈-Xv.
Hmtcm ]T-\-t\- hpw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ ]cn-k-c-]T\X¥-߃, ]Inbm_‘nX coXn-bn¬ inip-ku-lr-Z-]-c-am-bmWv So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\hpw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°≠ ]In-b, Bh-i-y-amb ]T\kmaKn-Iƒ, Bi-b-ß-fpsS tImUo-I-c-Ww, So®¿Adn-tb≠ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃, hne-bn-cp-ج C\w F∂nh IrX-y-ambn kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. Btcm-K-y -I-e -Im-bnI˛]hrØn]cn-Nb LSI-߃ Ign-bp-∂X ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬kzm- m-hn-I-ambn DZvK-Yn-®n- p-≠v. \nc-¥-c- hn-e-bn-cp-ج kµ¿ -߃, coXn-Iƒ, Sqfp-IƒF∂nh \n¿ZnjvS ÿm\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p∂p. sF.kn.-Sn.- km-[-y-X-Iƒ, Ah]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ kµ¿ -߃, ]In-b F∂n-hbpw Dƒs°m-≈n®n- p-≠v.
Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]_-e-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw e£-y-an- p-sIm≠v Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw h¿°vjo-‰p-Ifp-≠v. Ah bYmkµ¿ -ß-fn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°p \¬Ip-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.h¿°vjo-‰p-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®p thWw \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\vkvtIm¿ \¬Im≥.
Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Hcp bqWn-‰nse ]T-\-t\- -߃ FX-amXw ssIh-cn®p F∂p kzbwhne-bn-cp-Øm\pw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, ]T-\-Øn¬ apt∂-dp-∂-Xn\p Ip´nsb klm-bn-°m\pw e£-y-an- p-sIm≠v "Ip´n-bpsS kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج' Sqƒ tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂p.Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-sebpw ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®- -tijw F√m Ip´nIfpw kzbwhne-bn-cp-ج Sqƒ ]qcn-∏n®p \¬Ip-Ibpw So®¿ AXp hne-bn-cpØn Bh-i-y-amb XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬IpIbpw thWw. So®-dpsS k¿Km-fl-IX Gsd Bh-i-y-ap≈ H∂mWv]cn-kc]T\ ¢mkv. ¢mkp-Iƒ ]Inbm_‘n-Xhpw ]cn-kckulr-Z-]-c-hp-am°n ]T\wIqSp-X¬ k¿Km-fl-I-am-°p-a-t√m.
kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,
tUm. F-kv. cho-µ≥\mb¿Ub-d-IvS¿,
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
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So®¿ sSIvÃv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ
\memw ¢mkv ]cn-k-c-]-T\ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ 12 bqWn-‰pI-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. H∂mw `mKØv Bdpw, c≠mw `mKØv Bdpw. Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-tebpw ]T-\-t\-´-߃ ap≥\n-dp-Øn-bmWv ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-
s‚bpw Dt±iyw, ]Inb, Bh-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ, tImUo-I-cn-t°≠ Bi-b-߃,hne-bn-cp-ج C\w F∂nh \¬Ip-hm≥ ]c-am-h[n i≤n-®n- p-≠v. ]In-bm-[n-jvTnXkao-]\w kzoI-cn®v ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ apt∂-dp-tºmƒ Hmtcm Ip´n°pw XmXv]-cy-]q¿∆w CS-s]-Sm\pw Adnhv \n¿an-°p-hm\pw kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج \SØn apt∂-dm\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-a-t√m. ]Xn- m-[-\-cmb Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]tXyI ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpwkqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. Ign-bp-∂X kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥
kqN-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Ah ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ km[y-X-IƒIs≠Øn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
t]mP-IvSv, N¿®, ]co-£-W-߃, \n¿Ωm-W-߃, Iem-Im-bnI ]hrØn]cn-N-b -]-
h¿Ø-\-߃, ]T-\-bm-X, o¬Uv Sn∏v, hmXn¬∏pd]T\w F∂n-ßs\ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv DƒsIm-≈n-®n- p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw n∂ \ne-hmcw ]cn-K-Wn®p sIm≠pw, A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T\ kma-Kn-Iƒ, sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Iƒ, hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bpw, 5E L´-߃ ]men®pw]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw sNbvXv \n¿∆-ln-°p-a-t√m. AXn-\p≈ klm-bIkqN-I-߃ \n¿±njvS ÿm\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
Ah Xmsg ]d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w So®¿ Adn-bm≥
h¿°v jo‰v Ip´n-bpsS kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج
F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fnepw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ Nne h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. Ah AXmXv ]h¿Ø\ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬Øs∂ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ a‰v h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ So®¿ Xbm-dm°n \¬Ip-a-t√m.
Ip´n-bpsS t\m v_p°v (Fs‚ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-Iw), ¢mkv ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]Inb,hnh-c-ß-fpsS XXvkabw tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج, Bi-b-ß-fpsS tImUo-I-cWw F∂n-h-bpsS t\¿km£yambn- mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tcJ-s]-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ "Fs‚ ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-'Øn-ep-s≠∂v Dd∏v
hcp-Ø-Ww. ]T\]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج, t]m¿´v t^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج,bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج F∂o aq∂v taJ-e-I-fn-em-bmWv \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج\n¿tZ-in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv Ip‰-a‰ coXn-bn¬ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ ]tXyIw i≤n-°p-a-t√m. Hmtcm bqWn‰ns‚bpw Ah-km\w Ip´n°v Hcp kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج Sqƒ\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. AXv, Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-sebpw ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ign-bp-tºmƒ HmtcmIp´nbpw hy‡nKXambn ]qcn∏n°p-Ibpw So®¿ hne-bn-cpØn ]cn-l-cW]h¿Ø-\-
߃ \¬In AXmXp bqWn-‰nse ]T-\-t\- -߃ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ssIh-cn®p F∂vDd-∏m-°p-at√m.
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D≈-S°w
`mKw- 1
1. s]mXpkao-]\w ................................................................. 7
2. hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]\w .................................................. 38
3. ]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w ...................................................... 61
4. kvIow Hm^v h¿°v ............................................................ 72
5. ]T-\-t\- -߃ ..................................................................... 73
`mKw- 2
bqWn-‰n-eqsS
1. hbepw h\hpw ..................................................................
2. Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥ ....................................................
3. kzmX-¥y-Øn-tebv°v .......................................................
4. ]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw ..........................................
5. Ie-I-fpsS \mSv ...................................................................
6. am\-tØbv°v ......................................................................
7. I√m-bv.. Im‰mbv .................................................................
8. hmbn°mw hcbv°mw .......................................................
9. C¥y-bn-eqsS.......................................................................
10. ssIsb-Øm-Zq-cØv IsÆØm ZqcØv ...........................
11. Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬ ................................................
12. \mSns\ Adn-bm≥ .............................................................
1.1 BapJw
s]mXp-hmb Pohn-X-Kp-W-ta-∑-sIm≠v C¥y°p apgp-h≥ amXr-I-bmb kwÿm-
\-amWv tIc-fw. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hym]\w, s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-KsØ
anIhv F∂nh-bmWv ][m-\-ambpw tIcf-Øns‚ Cu t\´-Øn\p Imc-Ww. kaq-
l-Ønse F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I--sfbpw hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn-se-Øn-°phm≥ Ign-s™-
¶nepw F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \¬IpI F∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse
hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb sh√p-hn-fnbm-Wv. 1986 se tZiob
hnZ-ym-`ymk \bsØØpS¿∂v KpW-ta∑ e£ywh®p≈ hym-]-I-amb ASn-ÿm\-
ku-I-c-y-hn-I-k-\hpw A[-ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e-\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∂n- p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w
]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb inip-tI-µo-Ir-Xhpw ]h¿Ø\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw ]In-bm-_-‘n-X-
hp-am°n Imtem-Nn-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ßfpw D≠mbn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn
Adn-hns\ \n¿an-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv ¢mkv-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \S-t°-≠-sX∂ Xncn-®-dn-
hp-≠mbn. C]-Imcw Ip´nsb hnZ-ym- -ymk]In-b-bpsS tIµ-ÿm-\Øp \n¿Øp∂-
Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
PohnXØns‚ kakvX- ta-J-e-Ifpw A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. t_m[-
\-imkvXw, ]T-\-a\»mkvXw F∂n-h-bnse ]pXnb Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]mtbm-
KnIm\p- -h-ßfpw Iptd°qSn sa®-s∏- -co-Xn-bn¬ ]T-\-km-aKnIfpsS \n¿am-Whpw
]T-\m-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS hn\n-a-bhpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \sΩ ]m]vX-
cm-°p-∂p. F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\]ptcm-KXn \mw e£ywhbv°p∂p.
""hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ap≈, hy-X-y-kvX-amb imco-
cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fp≈ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-
°m\pw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. enwKw,
PmXn, `mj, kwkvIm-cw, aXw, AwK-ssh-I-e-y-߃ apX-em-b-h-bn¬\n∂v DS-se-
Sp-°p∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m≥ \b-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw amXw t]mcm, ssiih-
L´w apX-¬-Xs∂ tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-e-£-y-ßfpw A[-ym-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw Xnc-s™-
Sp-°p-Ibpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-Ibpw th≠-Xp-≠v'' (F≥.-kn.-F^v. 2005, ]pdw˛27).
$ hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ßfnep-≈-h¿.
$ imco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam _u≤n-I-tam Bbn hy-X-y-kvX-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-
≈h¿.
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tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2013
s]mXpkao-]\w
8
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Cßs\- F√m hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´-h¿°v ]T-\-t\´w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-
]-In-b-bpsS F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kq£vahpw imkvXo-b-hp-amb \ne-
]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww \ΩpsS Ft∏mgsØbpw ImgvN-∏mSv F∂v
F≥.-- kn-. F^v. kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]mT-y-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw \S-
Øn-s-°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw kwhn-[m-\sØ ]h¿Ø\-\nc-Xam°pIbpw sNbvXm¬
amXta Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m\mIq F∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p. Cu ImgvN-∏m-
Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ct∏mƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZ-ym-`ymk
]In-b-bn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]-´p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw
Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]T-\˛K-th-j-W-ßfpw kzmw-io-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv CXp \S-Øp-
∂-Xv. icn-bn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ icn-bn-te°v F∂ imkvXobkao-]-\-amWv ChnsS
kzo-Icn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.
1.2 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]k‡n
Ign™ A©p-h¿jØn-\n-S-bn¬ hnZ-ym-`-ymkcwKØv \ho-\-amb Ht´sd Bi-b-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. C¥-y-bn-em-Is´, 2009 se hnZ-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imi
\nbaw ]m_-e-y-Øn¬h∂-tXmsS KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-
Im-i-ambn amdn-°-gn™p. Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnX hnZ-ym-ebw (Right based Educational
Institution) F∂ e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kaKamb kvIqƒhn-I-k\ ]cn-t]£yw
\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb A¥¿tZ-iob \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ FØn-t°-≠-
Xp-≠v. A¥¿tZ-iob\ne-hmcw F∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-
a√, Hcp ]tX-yI L´w ]n∂n-Sp∂ Ip´n temI-sØ-hn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw B¿Pn-
t°≠ Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw BIØpI-bmWv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ anI® ]T-\ -t_m-[\amXr-I-Iƒ tIc-f-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`y-
am-t°-≠-Xps≠∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p.
9
s]mXpkao-]\w
hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi\nb-a-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn, hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ \nb-a-߃ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WØn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv Bh-
iy-am-Wv.
hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009
skIvj≥ ˛ 29 (A[ymbw 5)
]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-]-Sn-I-ahpw
(1) ]mY-anI hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج
\S-]-Sn-I-ahpw kap-Nn-X-k¿°m-cn-\m¬ hn⁄m-]\w hgn \n¿tZ-in-°-
s∏-Sp∂ Hcp A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øm¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-tS-
≠-XmWv.
(2) A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w 1˛mw D]-h-Ip∏v ]Im-c-ap≈ ]mTy-]-≤-
Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-]-Sn-I-ahpw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-
bp-∂h ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv :-˛
(a) `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-amb aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A\p-tbm-
PyX.
(b) Ip´n-bpsS k¿h- ap-J-amb hf¿®.
(c) Ip´n-bpsS Adnhpw Ignhpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw ItaW h¿[n-∏n-
°¬.
(d) imco-cn -Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS kºq¿W
hnIk\w.
(e) Ip´n°v kulr-Z-]-c-am-bXpw Ip´nsb tIµo-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xp-amb
coXn-bn¬ ]h¿Ø-\hpw I≠p]n-Sn-Øhpw ]cy-th-£-Whpw
aptJ-\-bp≈ ]T\w.
(f) t_m[-\-am-[yaw ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-´p-≈n-S-tØmfw Ip´n-bpsS
amXr-`m-j-bn-embncnt°-≠-Xm-sW-∂-Xv.
(g) `bw, am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-°-ap-≠m-°p∂ kml-N-cyw, DXvIWvT
F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Ip´nsb hnap-‡-am-°epw kzX-¥-ambn A`n-
]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ip´nsb klm-bn-°-epw.
(h) Adnhv Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw AXv ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ Ip´n-
bpsS Ign-hn-s‚ ka-Khpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج.
10
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ Ip´nIfpsS
AhImiw - tIcf N´ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw 2011
A°m-Z-anI A[n-ImctIµw
1. 29 ˛mw hIp∏ns‚ BhiyØnte°v kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW
]cnioe\ Iu¨kn¬ (SCERT) Bbncn°pw A°mZanI A[nImctIµw.
2. (1) ˛mw D]N´Øn≥ Iogn¬ hn⁄m]\w sNbvXn´p≈ A°mZanI
A[nImctIµw Icn°pehpw aqey\n¿Wb \S]SnIaßfpw
Xbmdm°ptºmƒ Cu BIvSnse 29˛mw hIp∏ns‚ (2) ˛mw D]hIp∏ns‚
D]Jfiw (a) apX¬ (f) hscbp≈ hyhÿIƒ°v tZmj-IcamImØhn[w.
(a) ]kIvXhpw ]mbm\pkrXhpamb kne_kn\pw ]mT]pkvXI߃°pw
ASnÿm\ PohnXss\]pWn ]I¿∂p \¬Ip∂Xn\mhiyamb
]T\kmaKnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ ]T\kmaKnIƒ°pw cq]w
\¬IpIbpw;
(b) H∂papX¬ F´phscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Hmtcm hnjbØn\pw
Bhiyamb an\naw ]T\^ew \n¿Wbnt°≠Xpw Ip´nIƒ°pth≠n
anIhpkqNI߃ hnIkn∏n°p∂tXmsSm∏w Ip´nIfpsS
]T\^eØn\p th≠nbp≈ A[ym]IcpsS DØchmZnØ
am\Zfi߃°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;
(c) ]T\˛t_m[\ eØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ C≥ k¿hokv A[ym]I
]cnioe\ kmaKnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pIbpw;
(d) 1995 ˛ se sshIeyap≈ hy‡nIƒ (XpeymhImi߃,
AhImißfpsS kwc£Whpw ]q¿W ]¶mfnØhpw) BIvSns‚
hyhÿIƒ A\pkcn®v sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ°v hnZym`ymkw
\¬Ip∂Xn\p th≠n A[ym]I¿°v ]o ˛ k¿hokv, C≥ ˛ k¿hokv
]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;
(e) \nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-
iy-amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw;
(f) \b]cn]mSnIƒ, t]mKmapIƒ, Icn°pew, Ip´nIfpsS t_m[\^ew
F∂nhsb°pdn®v KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw AXv
IΩoj≥ sNøpIbpw.
hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ \nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb
hne-bn-cp-ج `c-W-L-S\m_m[y-X-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-IbmWv. CXv Dd∏phcp-
Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu- ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn-emWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WsØ \mw ho£n-t°-≠-Xv.
11
s]mXpkao-]\w
tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn- (2013) bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v ]cn-
tim-[n-°mw.
1. ]TnXmhn¬ tIµoIrXamb ]Inbm_‘nXhpw ]h¿Øt\m∑pJhpw
aqeym[njvTnXhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn.
2. _u≤nIXeØnepw ]InbmXeØnepw at\m`mhXeØnepw aqeyßfpsS
XeØnepw ]TnXmhv FØnt®tc≠ ]T\t\´ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p.
3. ⁄m\-\n¿anXn F∂ XmØznIamb ASnØdbn¬\n∂psIm≠p≈
]mTy]≤Xn.
4. hn\n-ab]In-b-bn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂Xpw bp‡-hp-amb ]T-\-X-¥-߃ kzoI-
cn-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥yw A[ym-]-I¿°p \¬Ip-∂p.
5. ]T-\-t\-´w, D≈-S°kz`m-hw, ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hyXykvX \ne-hmcw F∂nh
Xncn-®-dn™v hnhn[ ]T\˛t_m[\ coXn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ hg°w.
Is≠-ج ]T\w, Bi-b-k-ºm-Z\coXn, BK-a-\-Nn¥mcoXn, Nn¥-sb-°p-
dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hf¿Ø¬, kl-I-c-W-]-T\w, kl-h¿ØnX-
]-T-\w, ]Xn-^-e-\-Nn¥ hf¿Ø¬, hy‡n-]-c-ambpw kwL-]-c-ambpw Ah-
k-c-߃ \¬I¬ apX-em-bh ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
6. kuP-\yhpw km¿h-Xn-I-hp-amb hnZym-`ym-kw F∂-Xp-t]mse F√m Ip´n-I-
fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏m-°pI-sb-∂-Xn\p ]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
7. ]o˛ss]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk-°-≠dn hsc ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- ka-K-
amb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn.
8. Hmtcm ¢mknepw hnhn-[ -hn-j-b-ß-fnse D≈-S°w tZiobXe-Ønse D≈-
S°tØmSv GIo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]mT-]p-kvXI߃ Xbm-
dm-°p∂p.
9. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-se-∂Xpt]mse H∂v, c≠v ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v amXr-`mj (]cn-
k-c-]-T\w DZvK-Yn®v), KWnXw, Cw•ojv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
߃ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
10. H∂p apX¬ \mep hscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Cw•ojv aoUnbw
]mT]pkvXIßfpw Xbmdm°p-∂p.
11. tijvT`mj F∂ \nebnepw amXr`mj F∂ \nebnepw aebmf
`mjm]T\Øn\v ]tXyI ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.
12. ]o-˛ss]adn hnZym`ymkØn\mbn GIoIrX]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcn®v
Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØns‚ mKam°n amt‰≠XmsW∂v \n¿-tZin°p∂p.
13. hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy (sF.kn.Sn.) Hcp ]tXyI ]mTyhnjbw
F∂Xnep]cn ]mTyhnjbßfpsS hn\nabw ^e]Zam°p∂Xnte°p≈
Hcp D]m[nbmbn D]tbmKnt°≠XmWv.
12
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
14. ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v hyXy-kvXhpw \qX-\-hp-amb ]T-
\-X-¥-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hne-
bn-cp-ج ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-SpØn \S-∏n-em-°p∂p.
15. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-Khpw \nc¥c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)
Dd∏phcp-Øp∂p.
16. BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnZym`ymkw, IemhnZym`ymkw, ]hr-Øn-]cn-Nb]-T\w
F∂nh \n¿_‘nX ]mTyhnjbßfm°n ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
17. lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-X-e-Øn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ Xbm-dm-
°p∂p.
18. tZiobhnZym- ym-k-\nb-a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnXhnZym- ymk-
Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
19. A[-ym-]-Is\ Hcp kl-c-£m-I¿Øm-hns‚ (Mentor) Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn
Ip´n°v kvIqfn-\-IØpw ¢mkvap-dn-bnepw th≠p∂ Icp-Xepw XWepw A\p-
`-hn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂p.
20. A[ym-]-I¿ ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI\nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°v (Code of Professional
Ethics for School Teachers) Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
21. 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]T\ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (21st Century Learning Skills) B¿Pn-°p-
∂ -X-c-Øn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-am-b-Xv.
22. am\p-jnIaqey-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-
am-b-Xv.
23. Ah-k-c-Xp-ey-Xbpw ka-Xzhpw (Equity and Equality) e`n-°p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-
\-\p-kr-X-am-b-Xv.
]T-\sØ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-°n, ]Tn-Xm-°-fp-sS _u-≤n-Ihpw am-\-kn-I--hpw ]-h¿-Ø-
\-]-c-hpam-bp≈ k-a-K hn-Im-kw e-£-y-am°p∂ a-kv-Xn-jv-I˛lr-Z-b˛l-kv-Xka-
\-zn-X-am-b ]mT-y-]-≤-XnbmWv (Curriculum for the harmony of Head, Heart and
Hand) \mw hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv.
F¶n¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]\w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww? AXns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-
Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?
1.3 ]mTy-]-≤Xnkao-]\w
⁄mt\-µn-b-ßfneqsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m-\p≈ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Ign-
hp-I-tfmsS-bmWv Ip´n P\n-°p-∂-Xv. temIsØ ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-°m-
Wm\pw a\-n-em-°m\pw CS-]-g-Im-\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ km[y-X-I-fmWv hnZym-
e-b-Ønse Hu]-Nm-cnI]T\w hgn Ip´n°v e`n-°p∂Xv.
13
s]mXpkao-]\w
Xs‚ ap∂n-ep≈ ]iv\-k-µ¿`-ß-
fn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-
W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv
]T\w \S-°p-∂-Xv.
]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-ab-k-ao-]-\-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn-
°Ww?
$ ]h¿Ø--\m-[n-jvTnXw
$ ]In-bm-_-‘nXw
$ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂Xv.
$ ]T-\-t\-´-߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\v ]cym-]vX-am-b-Xv.
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-kulr-Z-]-c-am-bXv.
$ hnIm-k-ta-JeIsf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-
∂-Xv.
$ ]Tn -Xm-hns‚ ]Ir-X-Øn\p
tbmPn-®Xv.
$ ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w hne-bn -cp -
Øepw HØp-tN¿∂p t]mIp-
∂Xv.
⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-
amb ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-
bpsS B[m-cw. ]Tn -Xm -hns‚
B¿PnXamb Adn-hn-s\bpw Bi-b-
]-cn-k-c-sØbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v
^e-]-Z-amb ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃
Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzm`m-hn-I-ambn
Adnhv \n¿an-s®-Sp-°m≥ km[n°pw
F∂-XmWv Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn -s‚
]tXy-I-X.
]T\m-\p- -h-߃
hyXykvX PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬
\n∂p - h -cp∂ ]Tn -Xm -°-fpsS
Ip´n-Iƒ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿am-W-]-In-b-
bn¬ A[-ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-
°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ip´n-I-fpsS Adn-hns\
i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym-]r-
X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿an-°p-
I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. X߃ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-
Xns\ ]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-
°m≥ th≠ tNmZ-y-߃ tNmZn-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf
A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hscm‰ icn-bp-
Øcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-
fn¬\n∂v kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bm≥
t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I. CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv
hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-°p-∂,
sNdpsX-¶nepw ][m-\-amb Nph-Sp-I-fmWv. _p≤n-
]q¿h-I-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Y-h-Ømb Hcp
t_m[t\m]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.
]e-t∏mgpw Xß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn -\m-\p-`-h-ß-
fn¬\nt∂m am[-y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬\nt∂m Ip´n-I-
fpsS a\-n¬ Nne Bi-b-߃ cq]-s∏- n- p-≠m-hmw.
]t£, So®¿ ]Xo-£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah
]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-
™-Xns‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xns‚bpw CS-
bv°p≈ CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. kvIqfn\p ]pdØv ho´ntem kaq-l-
Øntem hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ichn-cp-Xp-I-fpsS
cq]-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw Adnhv
krjvSn-°-s∏-SpI. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ F√m Adn-hp-
Ifpw _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-S-Ww. Adnhpw kwth-Z-\-
£a-X-bp-ap≈ Hc[ym]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-
Xnbm-bn-cn-°pw. Ip´n-I-fpsS hnIm-k-km-[-y-X-Iƒ
km£m¬°-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ \¬In-b-pw tNm-Z-y-߃ tNmZn®pw Ahsc
\bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-bpw.
At\-z-jWw, ]c-y-th-£-Ww, tNmZ-yw-tNmZn-°¬,
Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m-¥-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°pw Bi-
b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]-mSp-I-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn-
te°pw \bn-°p∂ ]tbm-Khpw Nn¥bpw˛Ch-
sbms° kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ens‚ `mK-am-Wv.
kvIqfp-Iƒ, tNmZ-y-߃ tNmZn-°m\pw At\-z-jn-
°m\pw X¿°n-°m\pw a\\w sNøm\pw k¶-ev]-
\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb Bi-b߃
D≠m-°m\pw Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°Ww.
(F≥.-kn.-F-^v. 2005, ]pdw ˛ 41, 42)
14
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, Ign-hv, Xm¬∏cyw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-am-W-t√m. Cu sshhn-
[ysØ Dƒs°m-≠v, hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-sØbpw _lp-apJ_p≤n-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-
®p-sIm≠v ]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ Hcp-°pI F∂-XmWv ][m\w.
]T-\m-¥-co£w
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏-cy-hpw hnIm-khpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]T-\-
]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w ¢mkvapdn Iao-I-cn-°Ww. ]T-
\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ hnZym¿Yn-tI-µo-IrXam-h-Ww. AXn\p klm-b-I-am-Ipw-hn[ap≈
]T-\m-¥-co-£-amWv k÷-am-t°-≠Xv.
]T-\-]-Inb
$ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw Ah-cpsS ap≥ A\p-`-h-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv
⁄m\\n¿amWw (Knowledge construction) \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
$ hy‡n-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-lnIXe-Øn-ep-w ⁄m\\n¿am-Ww \S-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ hnhn[ ]T-\-ssi-en-Iƒ (Learning styles), ]T-\-th-Kw (Learning pace) F∂nh
]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v hnhn[ Cµn-bm-\p-`-h-߃ (Multi sensory experiences)
\¬Ip-∂Xp hgn ]T\w ^e-]-Z-am-Ip∂p.
$ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw kwhm-Zm-fl-I-hp-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]T\w IqSp-X¬
^e-]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.
$ ]mTy-h-kvXpX Xm¬∏-cy-P\Ihpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-am-°p-∂Xphgn ]T-\w
IqSpX¬ e-]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.
$ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ NmIn-I-ambn (Spiralling) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xphgn ]T\w
IqSp-X¬ e-]-Z-am-Ip∂p.
$ ]T\]h¿Ø-\-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hg°w (Flexibility), A\p-cq-]o-I-
cW km[yX (Adaptations) F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p∂XneqsS hyXykvX
]T\mhiyap≈-h-scbpw A`n-cp-Nn-bp≈-h-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.
$ aXn-bmb ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw e`n-°p-tºmƒ amXta ]T\-
t\´w (Learning outcome) Dd-∏m-°m-\m-Iq.
$ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw DZvK-Yn-Xambn \S-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnXamb D≈-S°w (Content), ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\m-h-iy-߃
F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v -tbm-Py-amb ]T-\ -t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X¥-ßfpw
]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ F√m-h¿°pw ]T-\-t\´w (Learning outcome) ssIh-
cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
$ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw ka-K-hn-I-k\w e£yw h®m-bn-cn-°Ww ]T-\-]Inb
\n›-bn-t°-≠-Xv.
15
s]mXpkao-]\w
1.4 ]T\-t\- -߃ (Learning Outcomes)
hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v \¬Ip∂ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS e-ambn
Adnhv, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃ F∂nh Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
CXn¬ NneXv lkz-Im-e-bf-hn¬ B¿Pn-°p-∂Xpw NneXv Zo¿L-Imew sIm≠v
B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-th≠ am‰-ßsf ap≥Iq´n \n›-
bn-°m≥ \ap°p km[n-°pw. ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]oIcn-°p-tºmƒ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-
Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ Ip´n ssIh-cn-t°≠ e£y-ß-fmbn \mw IW-°m-°p-
∂-h-bmWv ]T-\-t\-´-߃. GXm\pw ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS tiWn-bn-eqsS
Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\-´-߃ hnI-kn®v Hcp ¢mkns‚ HSp-hn¬
t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymkIme-Øns‚ \n›nXL -ß-fn-ep≈
]T\-t\-´-ß-fmbn CXv hnImkw ]m]n-°p-∂p. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS ]tXy-IX
Ah \nco-£Whnt[-bhpw (Observable) Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw (Measurable)
Bbn-cn-°psa∂-XmWv. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-\pw
¢mkn-\pw L´-Øn\pw HSp-hn¬ Ip´n t\tS≠ Adn-hv, tijn-Iƒ, aqey-߃,
at\m-`-mh-߃ F∂nh t\Sn-bn-´pt≠m F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ]mTy-
]≤Xn-bpsS ^e-]-Z-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w
Dd∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ \ap°p km[n-°-Ww.
]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cßs\ kwK-ln-°mw:
$ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ]Tn -Xmhv B¿Pn-t°≠ Adnhv
(knowledge), tijn-Iƒ (Skills), at\m-`m-h-߃ (Attitudes), aqey-߃
(Values) F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmhpw ]T-\-t\-´-߃.
$ ]T-\-t\-´-߃ \nco-£n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw.
$ lkzhpw Zo¿L-hp-amb Ime-b-f-hn¬ t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\-´-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
1.5 ]T-\-hn-`-h-ßfpw ]T-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw
]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fmWv ]T\-
hn-`-h-߃. ]T-\-]-In-b-bpsS ]cn-]q¿W-Xbv°v ]T-\-hn-`-h-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Øntb aXn-bm-Iq.
$ sse_dn $ Unkvtπ t_m¿Up-Iƒ
$ em_v (`mj, KWnXw, imkv-Xw) $ Iw]yq-´¿ em_v
$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ $ aƒ´n-ao-Unb D]-I-c-W-߃
$
CXn\p ]pdta Ip´n-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \nc-h[n thZn-Ifpw hnZym-
e-b-ß-fn-ep-≠t√m. Chbpw ]T-\t\-´-߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
16
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ _me-k`
$ taf-Iƒ
$ Akwªn
$ ¢∫p-Iƒ
$ N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ
$ ]T-\-bm-X-Iƒ
$ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)
$
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]cn-]q¿WhnIm-k-Øn\v CØcw LS-I-߃ AXy¥m-t]-£n-X-
ßfmWv.
1.6 Iem-]-T\hpw ]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw
Iem-]-T\w
k¿Km-fl-IX, \nco-£-W-]m-S-hw, hy-Xn-cn‡_p≤n XpS-ßn-bh Ip´n-I-fn¬
hf¿Øm≥ Iem-]-T\w AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ]pXnb ]mT-y-]-≤Xnkao-]-\-Øn¬
s]mXphnj-b-߃s°m∏w ]m[m-\yw \¬In-bmWv Iem-]-T-\-sØbpw IW-°m-
°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Iem-]-T-\-Øn\v kwKo-Xw, \rØw, NnX-cN\,
inev]-c-N-\, \mS-Iw, kn\na F∂o C\-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ip´n-I-
fpsS CØcw taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ Xncn®-dn-bm\pw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. Iem-]-T\Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb e£y-߃:
$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Iem-hm-k-\-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-
°p-I.
$ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ie-Isf Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-bpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v Ah
A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-sfm-cp-°p-I.
$ hnhn[ Ie-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bnse kuµ-cym-fl-IX Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂-Xn\pw.
$ Ie-I-fpsS Bkzm-ZyX Dƒs°m≠v kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am\-hn-I-amb
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn[yw Xncn-®-dn™v kmwkvIm-cnImh-t_m[w hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\v.
$ Ie-bpsS Du¿Papƒs°m≠v \ho-\-ß-fmb Nn¥-I-fn -te¿s∏-Sm\pw
kmaqlnI]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\pw.
$ Iesb D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn a‰p hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\w ^e-]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$ _lp-ap-J --_p-≤n-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
17
s]mXpkao-]\w
$ hn`n-∂-ti-jn-bp≈ hnZym¿Yn-Isf ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ X¬∏-c-cm-°p-∂-
Xn-\v.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
]hr-Øn-]-T\w
sshIm-cnIhpw ssh⁄m-\nIhpamb taJ-e-I-fpsS ka\-z-bhpw hnIm-khpw km[y-
am-°p∂-Xn\v ]hr-Øn-]-cn-NbhnZym-`ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
Hmtcm ]hrØn]T\ ¢mkn-s‚bpw ASn-Ød am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\-am-bn-cn-°-
Ww. F√m ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Ign-hp-Isf cmjvS-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-XmWv am\-h-tijn hnI-k\w sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
sXmgn-en-t\mSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈Xpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hsc BZ-cn-°p∂Xpw
kmaqlnIt_m[-ap≈ ]p-Xnb Hcp sXmgn¬kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm°n
]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂Xpw ]hrØn]T\-Øns‚ kp]-[m\
e£yßfm-Wv.
$ am\-h-tijnhnI-k\w
$ tZio-b-]p-tcm-KXn
$ sXmgn¬k∂-≤X
$ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KsØ kzmi-bXzw
$ k¥p-en-X -hy-‡nXzhnI-k\w
$ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Ø¬
Iem-]-T-\-Øn\pw ]hrØn-]-T-\-Øn\pw ]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-thWw ]mTy-
]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNtø-≠-Xv. Ch-bpsS X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-
s\m∏w hyXy-kvX -hn-jb-ß-fp-ambn DZvK-Yn®pw hn\n-abw sNtø-≠Xv Bh-iy-
am-Wv.
1.7 BtcmKy˛Imbn-I-hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw
imco-cnI˛am\-knIhnIm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bp-sSbpw ASn-Ød cq]s∏-Sp∂ L -
amWv ss]a-dn-X-ew. AXn-\m¬ Cu L´-Øn¬ apgp-h≥ Ip´n-I-ƒ°pw Btcm-K-y-
˛Im-bnIhnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-߃ e`-y-am-Ip∂psh∂v Dd∏phcp-tØ-≠-Xp-
≠v. Ip´n-bpsS BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnI-k-\-L-´-ßsf imkvXo-b-ambn t]mjn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-io-e-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw
sNøpI F∂-XmWv B-tcmKy˛Imbn-I-]T-\-Øns‚ kp]-[m\ e£yw. Btcm-
Ky-˛-Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-t\msSm∏w hyXy-
kvX -hn-j-bß-fp-ambn DZvK-Yn®pw hn\n-abw \St°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
Btcm-Ky-˛Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ ][m\ Dt±-iy-߃ Ch-bm-Wv:
18
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ hnhn[ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ DNn-X-amb coXnbn¬ ico-csØ Nen-∏n-°m\p≈ tijn-
Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-I.
$ ico-c-N-e\w \nb-¥n-°p∂ hnhn[ L´-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw ico-csØ
k¿Km-fl-I-amb Ne-\-߃°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ kmaq-lnI- DØchmZn-Ø-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw P\m-[n-]Xy-
]-c-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ ]men-°p-Ibpw Bk-z-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
$ Ip´n-bpsS k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnImkw Dd∏phcp-Øp-I.
1.8 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw (Inclusive Education)
hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ anI® ]I-S\w ImgvN-h-bv°p∂ Xß-fpsS kl-
]m-Tn-°v Xma-kn-°m≥ hoSn-√, ]mX-tbm-csØ ss]∏n-\n-S-bn¬ hen®p
sI´nb jo‰mWv Ahs‚ hoSv F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Ip´n-Iƒ°nS-bn¬
henb N¿®mhnj-b-ambn. hnj-a-߃ ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-hbv-°p-∂-Xn-
eqsS ]cn-lmcw D≠m-hn√ F∂p a\-n-em-°nb Ip´n-Iƒ A[ym-]-
I-cpsS klm-btØmsS kam-l-cn® XpI D]-tbm-Kn®v Iq´p-Im-c\v
hoSv \n¿an®p \¬In amXr-I-bm-bn.
(Hcp hnZym-ebm-\p-`-hw)
¢mkvapdn-bn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂, Bscbpw ]pd-¥-≈mØ Hcp
]T-\m-¥-co£w kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-ambpw c≠p
hn`m-K-°m¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-\bpw klm-bhpw i≤bpw \¬In \oXn-]q¿h-
amb KpW-ta∑m hnZym- ymkw (Equitable Quality Education) Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.
Bsc-√m-amWv khn-ti-j-i-≤bpw ]T-\-k-lm-bhpw ]cn-c-£bpw Bh-iy-ap-
≈-h¿?
(F)kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]pd¥≈s∏´-h-cpsS
Ip´nIƒ.
$ -ISpØ ZmcnZyw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿, BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ, ]´n-I-PmXn
]´n-I-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿, A\y-tZ-iØp\n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-b-h¿, ÿnc-ambn
Xma-k-ku-Icyw C√m-Ø hn`m-K-°m¿, ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnth-N\w A\p-`-
hn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂n-ßs\ H´\-h[n t]¿ C°q-´Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw hyXy-kvXX-I-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-
am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CØcw Ip´n-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-
]\w. hnZym-e-b-Ønse Iq´mb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS CØ-c-°m-cpsS ]bm-k-
߃ \ap°v ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.
(_n) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂ -Ip-´n-Iƒ.
19
s]mXpkao-]\w
imco-cn-I-hpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw ]T-\-]-bmkw
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]tXyI ]T-\m-h-iy-ßfp≠v (Special Educational
Needs). tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, ImgvNm ]cn-an-Xn, _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn, Ne\]c-amb
]cn-an-Xn, ]T-\-ssh-I-eyw, Hm´n-kw, skdn-_¬ ]m¬kn, _lp-ap-J-ssh-I-ey-
߃, sshIm-cnI Ak-¥p-enXmhÿbnep≈ Ip´n-Iƒ, i≤m-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn
D≈-h¿ F∂n-hsc√mw CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
Ch¿°p-th≠n ]mTy-]--≤-XnbpsS hn\n-a-bØn¬ \mw Fs¥-√mw A\p-h¿Øn-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v?
$ ]T-\m-h-iy-߃, A`n-cpNn F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-
X-W-w.
$ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw e`y-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ ]mTm-kq-X-W-
Øn¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw.
$ hyXykvX ]T-\-th-K-w, ]T-\-ssien F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v _lp Cµn-
bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w (Multisensory Approach) \S-∏n-em-°¬.
$ ]cn-lm-c-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ (Remedial Practices), t]mj-W-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ (En-
richment Practices) F∂nh Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn Bkq-
XWw sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°-¬.
$ hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-ج km[y-X-Iƒ Ab-thmsS (Flexibility) ]mh¿Øn-I-am-
°¬.
$ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw a‰p hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw klmbw Dd-∏m-°¬.
$ Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-c-£- F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS \nc-¥-c-
]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°¬.
Cu c≠p taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-I-sf- Iq-SmsX khn-tij i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw
th≠-h-cmWv h¿[n® A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ignhpap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ (Gifted Children).
Cßs\ F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w kvIqƒ
]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-sfbpw imkvXo-b-ambn Iao-I-cn-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v.
20
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
1.9 hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy ˛ km[-yX
hnhc ssIam-‰-Øn\v At\Iw kwhn-[m-\-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠-t√m. Cu Iq´-Øn¬
Gsd ]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb H∂mWv sF.kn.-Sn.bpsS D]-tbm-Kw. Ip´n-Iƒ ]e-X-c-
Øn¬ CXns‚ kt¶-X-߃ Gdnbpw Ipd™pw Adn-bp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Cu Adn-
hns\ ¢mkvdqw ]T-\-Øn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]T\w Bbm-k-c-ln-
Xhpw BÀm-Z-I-c-hp-ambn am‰m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.
Bh-i-y-IX
]mT--y-]-≤Xnhn\n-a-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v -DNnXamb sF.kn.Sn. kma-Kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-
Ø-Ww. A®Sn® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fmb Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbn√mbva, i_vZ-
߃ tIƒ∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ XpS-ßn-bh sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
SpØn adn-I-S-°m-\m-hpw. sF.kn.-Sn-.bpsS Bh-i-y-IX GtXXv kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ thW-
sa∂pw AsX-ß-s\ -]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw \n¿Wbn-°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿
]m]vX-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
A\p-tbm-P-yX
Ip´n-bpsS k¿K-ti-jn-sbbpw _p≤n-bpsS _lp-X-e-ß-sfbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p∂ hn[-
Øn-ep≈ sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-I-fm-Wv th≠-Xv. Pn⁄m-kbpw DtZ-z-Khpw-hgn ]T\-
hn-j-b-Øn-ep≈ Xm¬∏-c-yw \ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww sF.kn.Sn. D]-tbmKw.
F∂m¬ Cµnb]cn-anXn A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu km[-yX Iptd°qSn ]tbm-
P\w sNøpw. i_vZw-sIm≠pw ImgvN-sIm≠pw Imc-y-߃ IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-h-th-Zy-
am-°m≥ sF.kn.Sn. ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. hy-X-ykvX ]T-\-ssienIƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-
sIm-≠p≈ ]T\m-\p-`-h-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw CXp klm-b-I-am-Wv.
hnizm-k-yX
kma-Kn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Kh¨sa‚ v Un]m¿´vsa‚ v
ssk‰pIƒ, hnZ-ym-`-ymk sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ, tkmj-y¬
s\‰vh¿°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßfpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX Dd-∏m-°n-
thWw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥. ¢mkvdqw hn\n-a-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kma-Kn-I-fpsS
]mtbm-Kn-IX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ≠-Xp-≠v. CØcw kma-Kn-Iƒ, Ah ]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-Xn\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ F∂nh Ffp-∏-Øn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Ip´n-bpsS
]mbw, am\-knI\ne F∂nhbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°Ww.
21
s]mXpkao-]\w
1.10 aqe-y-߃, at\m-`m-h-߃, ]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh
hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ taJ-e-Iƒ
]Tn-Xm-hn¬ am\-hnIaqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw `c-W-L-S\maqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-
t_m[w krjvSn-°pI, kmaq-lnIPohnXw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-
°pI, kmaq-lnI]Xn-_-≤X hf¿ØpI XpS-ßnbh ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]Ya
]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ch hf¿Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ta-J-eIfpsS
hni-Zmwi߃ \¬Ip∂p
P\m-[n-]-Xyt_m[w
hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w Xnc-s™Sp-°p-tºmƒ P\m-[n-]-X-ysØ kw_-
‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-X-W-
Ønepw hn\n-ab]In-b-bnepw P\m-[n-]-Xykao-]-\-ap-≠m-h-Ww. P\m-[n-]-Xy]c-
amb ¢mkv, kvIqƒ CS-߃ (P\m-[n-]XythZn-Iƒ) F∂n-h-bn-eqsS P\m-[n-]Xy]c-
amb PohnXkao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpIsb∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£-y-amWv.
`cWLS\maqe-y-߃
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ aqe-y-ßfpw e£-y-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-
bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S-\maqey߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ hnZ-ym¿Yn-
Isf ]m]vX-cm-°p∂ D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-b]In-bbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ i≤n-
°-Ww.
atX-X-c-Xz at\m-`mhw
atX-X-cXz at\m- mhw hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ D≈-S-°-Øn¬ tN¿°p-
Ibpw AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ hn\n-a-b-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.
kln-jvWpX
hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-sc-t∏mepw kln-jvWp-XtbmsS ImWpI F∂ -X-Øzw ]mT-y-
]≤Xn e£-y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Inbm-flI ˛ k¿Km-flI Nn¥
hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ k¿Km-flIhpw Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb Nn¥bpw At\-z-j-Whpw
hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]T\X¥-ß-fnepw
k¿Km-fl-I-amb At\z-j-W-߃°p≈ km[-yXbp≠m-hWw; _lp-apJ_p≤n-
bpsS (Multiple Intelligence) Xe-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
kwkvIr-Xn-tbmSpw ss]Xr-I-tØm-Sp-ap≈ BZ-chv
\ΩpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrItØmSpw Ncn-X-tØmSpw BZ-c-]q¿h-amb at\m-
`mhw kr„n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv.
22
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
ka-Xzw F∂ Bibw
hnhn[ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw ]T\]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw XpeyX, ka-`m-h\ F∂nh
Dd∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.
t\Xr-]m-Shw
]pXnb kl-km-_vZ-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sm\pw km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-X-Ip∂ t\Xm-°sf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]-c-ym-]vX-amb ]T\X¥-
߃ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ¢mkvdqw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw
]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw t\Xr-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-c-y-
߃ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ ]iv\-ßfpw ]Xn-_-‘-
ßfpw ^e-]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb A\p-Iq-e-hpw A\p-Kp-W-hp-
amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-te°p \bn-°p∂ Ign-hp-I-fmWv PohnXss\]p-Wn-Iƒ. kzbw
Adn-b¬, kl- m-hw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jn, hy‡ym¥-c-_-‘w, k¿Km-fl-I-Nn¥,
hna¿i-\m-flI-Nn-¥, Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°¬, ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Ww, sshIm-cnI k¥p-
e-\w, ]ncn-ap-dp°w ssIImcyw sN-ø¬ F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-
Iƒ. Ip´n-I-fpsS kml-Nc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cu taJ-e-I-fnse LS-I-
߃ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-XsØ Bflhni-zm-k-tØm-
sS- kao]n°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw CØcw ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ klm-bn-
°p∂p.
]uc-[¿aw
cmjvS-Øn\v P\-ß-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse ]uc≥am¿°v cmjvS-tØmSpw Nne [¿a-
ßfpw I¿Ø-h-y-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠v. cmjvS-hn-I-k\w a\p-j-y-tijnhnI-k-
\-ambn ImWp∂ C∂sØ Ime-L-´-Øn¬, ]uc-t_m-[-ap≈ P\-Xsb krjvSn-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wt√m hnZ-ym -` -ym -k-Øns‚ ][m\ [¿aw. Hcp kz-X¥
kaqlkrjvSn-tbm-sSm∏w A®-S-°t_m-[hpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øt_m[-hp-ap≈ Hcp
kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-°mbn ]uc≥amsc Xbm-dm-t°-≠Xv hnZ-ym-`-ymkhy-h-ÿ-
bpsS e£-y-am-Wv.
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃
a\p-j-y-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ A¥-tmsS Pohn-°m-\p≈ hy-‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-
fmWv a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃. sFI-y-cmjvSk`-bpsS a\p-j-ym-h-Imi]J-ym-]-\-Øn-
eqsS km¿h-Xn-I Aw-Ko-Imcw e`n® a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃°v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-
c-W-Ønepw hn\n-ab]In-b-bnepw ]m[m-\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
23
s]mXpkao-]\w
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃
Ip´n-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw
\ΩpsS IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p.
]IrXn ˛ ]Ir-Xn-hn-`h kwc-£-Ww, ]cn-kcipNn-X-zw
]Ir-Xn-sbbpw ]IrXnhn`hkwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ss]adn ¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hy-‡n-ip-Nn-Xzwt]mse
][m-\-amWv ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-X-z-sa∂pw ipNn-X-z-t_m[w ]uc-[¿aØns‚ ASn-ÿm\
LS-I-ßfnsem∂msW∂pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Ir-Xnbpw
]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw a\p-j-ys‚ Bh-i-y-߃°p amX-ap≈Xs√∂pw ]Ir-Xn-bpsS
k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ am‰w Zqchym-]-I-amb ]X-ym-Lm-X-߃°p Imc-W-am-
hp-sa-∂p-ap≈ at\m- mhw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ hf¿Ø-Ww. ]IrXnhn -h-kw-c-£-Whpw
]cn-kcipNn-X-zhpw Hcp aqeyhy-h-ÿbpw at\m-`m-hhpam°nam‰p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-
߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°-Ww.
kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
hy-‡n-X-e-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Spw ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-tfmSpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw
kulm¿Z-]-c-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ignhpw aqe-y-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-
I-bmWv kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. kwL¿j-ßfpw kwL¿j-
߃°v hgn-sX-fn-°p∂ kml-N-c-y-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw im¥n-bp-sSbpw kulr-
Z-Øns‚bpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚bpw km[y-X-Iƒ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bnse hnhn[ hnjb-
ta-J-e-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv kam-[m-\-hn-Z-ym- -ym-k-Øn\v A\n-
hm-c-y-amWv.
\nbakm£-cX
\nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Adnhpw Aht-_m-[hpw Hcp P\m-[n-]-XycmP-y-Ønse
]uc-∑m¿°v A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. \nbakm£-cX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]mT-
`m-K-߃ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv Im-e-L´Øns‚ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
\nb-a-k-lm-b-th-Zn, \nba¢∫p-Iƒ, \nb-a¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ, \nb-a-t_m-[-h-¬°-cWw
F∂n-ßs\ hy-X-y-kvX -]-h¿Ø\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-XWw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ Adn-hv
hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßfpw Inan-\¬ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
Zn\w]Xn-sb-t∂mWw h¿[n°p-∂p-≠v. Ip´n-Isf CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
AI‰n\n¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ t_m[-h¬°-cWw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
C‚¿s\‰v, tkmj-y¬ s\‰vh¿°nMv ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛sabn¬ XpS-ßnb-h-
24
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
bpsSsbms° D]-tbm-KsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hy-‡hpw IrX-y-hp-amb [mc-Wbpw
Adnhpw ]I¿∂p \¬I-Ww. ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-߃°p≈ in£sb kw_-
‘n®pw C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-K-Ønse [m¿an-I-Xsb°pdn®pw t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-
∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
am[-ya Ah-t_m[w
]X˛Zri-y-am-[-y-a-߃°v hf-sc-b-[nIw ]m[m-\-y-ap≈ kaq-l-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.
Zri-y-am-[-y-a-߃°v Ip´n-I-fn¬ henb kzm-[o-\-ap-≠v. am[-y-a- Ah-t_m[w D≠m-
°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-߃ ]mTy-]-≤Xn D≈-S°taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
kpÿn-c -hn-I-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv
`qan a\p-j-y\p amXw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-X-s√-∂p-≈- ]m-cnÿnXnIm-h-t_m[w ]mTy-
]-≤Xn ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v. ]mcn-ÿnXnIamb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf kw_-‘n-
®pw ]cn-ÿnXnØI¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-hp∂ a\p-j-ys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf kw_-
‘n®pw ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-I-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v Fßs\ c£-s∏-Sp-
Øpsa∂Xn-s\-°p-dn-®pap≈ Xncn-®-dnhv C°m-eØv ][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw
hnI-k-\hpw Fßs\ tbmPn-∏n-®p-t]mImw F∂ At\-z-j-Whpw kpÿn-c-hn-I-
k-\sØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw At\-z-j-W-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤Xn
Db¿Øn∏nSn-t°-≠XmWv. ka-K-amb ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I-sb-
∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.
IuamchnZ-ym-`-ymkw
inip-a-\-»m-kvX-⁄-cpsSbpw Btcm-Ky]h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿am-cp-sSbpw
A[-ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw kwbp‡ ]cn-i-a-ß-fn-eqsS Iuam-c-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k-Øn-\mh-i-y-
amb D≈S°taJ-e-Iƒ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ km[-yX
]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Btcm-Kyw, ip-Nn-Xzw F∂nh kw_-‘-
amb kwi-b-ß-sfbpw Ah-y-‡-X-I-sfbpw imkvXo-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv
A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw ˛ Zqj-y-^-e-߃
D]-t`mKkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Zqjy- eßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ss]adn
¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂
\ne-bn-ep≈ \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw D]-t`m-IvXr\nb-a-ßfpw hnj-b-_-‘n-X-
ambn IS-∂p-h-c-Ww.
el-cn-hn-cp≤ at\m-`mhw
aZ-yw, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ, ]pI-bn-e, a‰p elcn]Zm¿Y-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw
Btcm-Ky-w XI¿°p-∂p-sh∂ Xncn-®-dnhv \ap-°p-≠m-hWw. `mhn-X-e-ap-dsb Ch-
25
s]mXpkao-]\w
bpsS Zqjn-X-h-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂p kwc-£n-t°≠-XmWv. CXn-\mbn elcn D]-
tbm-K-Øns‚ imco-cnI ˛ am\-knImLmX-ßfpw A]-I-S-ßfpw hy-‡-am-°p∂
NnX-߃, eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ, Zriy-߃ F∂nh D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bpsS ]cn-K-W-
\bn¬ htc-≠-Xm-Wv. elcnhncp≤ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-hWw Ch-
bpsSsb√mw ASn-ÿm\e£-yw.
enwK-\oXn
]mT-y-]-≤Xn enwKka-X-zhpw enwK\oXnbpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww. B¨-˛-s]¨
hnth-N\w ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cm≥ ]mSn-√. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfnse NnX-
ß-fn¬t∏mepw enwK\oXn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fp-≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ enwK-\oXn Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv A[ym-]-I-cpsS
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øam-Wv.
anX-h-y-b-ioew
ss]a-dn-Xew apX¬ Xs∂ anX-h-y-b-io-e-Øns‚ _me-]m-T-߃ Ip´n-I-fn¬ k∂n-
th-in-∏n-°-Ww. anX-hybioe-Øns‚ ]k-‡nbpw ]m[m-\-yhpw hy-‡-am-°mw.
anX-h-y-b-ioew ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv.
tdmUv kpc£
tdmUn¬ ]men-t°≠ \nb-a-߃, tdmU-]-I-S-߃ Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ ]mtbm-KnI
\n¿tZ-i-߃, ]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw tdmUv kpc-£-bpsS LS-I-ß-fm-
Wv. tdmUv F∂Xv Hcp s]mXpCS-am-sW∂pw \ap-°p-≈-Xp-t]mse a‰p-≈-h¿°pw
tdmUv D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ kz-mX-¥-y-ap-s≠-∂p-ap≈ ]uc-t_m[w ]I¿∂p \¬tI-
≠-Xm-Wv. tdmUv kpc-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw ]m[m-\yw
\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS kzm-`m-hn-I-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-
°n-bp≈ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°]c-
amb Bi-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw ]T-\-]-h¿Ø\-߃ Iao-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw
aXn-bmb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ]T-\˛-t_m-[\ ]In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip-tºmƒ CØcw Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ Adnhv, ss\]p-Wn, at\m-
`mhw F∂n-hbv°v Du∂¬ thWw. Cu e£-y-߃ t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-´pt≠m
F∂v \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج ]In-bbn-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw IgnbWw. hnhn[
¢∫v ]h¿Ø-\-߃, SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC, hnZ-ymcwKw Iem-km-
lnXythZn, Km‘n-Z¿i≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-߃ aqe-y-߃, at\m-`m-h-߃,
]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh hf¿Øm-\p≈ thZn-Ifm-IWw.
26
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
1.11 Ah-Imim[njvTnX hnZym- ymkw (Right based Education)
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ \n¿Wbn-°p-Ibpw temI-hym-]-I-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xn\v bp\kvtIm ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CtX XpS¿∂v hnhn[
cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ht´sd \nb-a-
\n¿am-W-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ tZiobhnZym-`ymkmh-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009
\S-∏m-°n-bXv Hcp kp]-[m\ \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-°m-°mw. Ip´n-I-fpsS F√m-
hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw apXn¿∂-h-cmb \ΩpsS
IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah ][m-
\-ambpw aq∂p taJ-e-I-fn-embn -Xn-cn-°m-\m-hpw.
$ ]¶m-fnØw (Participation)
$ e`yX (Provision)
$ kwc-£Ww (Protection)
X\n°v e`y-amb Ah-Im-ißsf°p-dn®v Ip´n- Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?
]¶m-fnØw
$ Ip´n-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m Xocp-am-\-ß-fnepw Fs‚ A`n-]mbw Bcm-
bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ Xm¬∏-cy-Øn\v apJy-]-cn-K-W\ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn™v \¬Ip∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
]¶mfnbmIm≥ F\n°v Ah-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m\pw Ign-bp∂
hg-°-ap≈ ]T-\-]-In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Im-≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ A`n-]m-b-߃°v am\y-amb ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ F\n°pw Iq´p-Im¿°pw ¢mkn¬ \S-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-amb
]¶m-fnØw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ F\n-°-h-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
e`yX
$ aXn-bmb hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈hcpw Adn-hp-Iƒ Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]pXp-
°p-∂h-cp-amb A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\w F\n°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw ]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ imco-cn-I˛am\-knI hf¿®sb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂Xn\v tbmPn® ¢mkvdqw
A¥-co£w F\n-°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
27
s]mXpkao-]\w
$ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°m-h-iy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ bYm-k-abw Hcp-°n-
Ø-cm≥ Fs‚ A[ym-]-I¿°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Iem- -Im-bnI ]cn-t]m-j-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw
F\n°v In´p∂p-≠v.
B¿.-Sn.-C. (2009) Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p
$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v 200 ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-kßfpw
800 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`nt°≠-Xp-≠v.
$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v 220 ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-
kßfpw 1000 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
kwc-£Ww
$ hnZym-e-b-Øntem ]pdtØm bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw Rm≥ A\p-`-hn-°p-
∂n-√.
$ Fs∂ Hcp Xc-Ønepw Bcpw Ah-K-Wn-°p∂n-√.
$ imco-cn-I-am-tbm am\-kn-I-amtbm Bbn Bcpw Fs∂ ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.
$ \n¿`-b-ambn A[ym-]-I-tcmSv CS-s]-Sm≥ F\n°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Ip´n-bm-sW-¶nepw F\n°v kzIm-cy-X-bp-≠v F∂v F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-
∂p-≠v.
$ hnZym-e-b-Ønepw ho´nepw Rm≥ G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v F\n°v
Dd-∏p-≠v.
tIc-f- kw-ÿm\ _memh-Imi kwc-£W IΩo-j≥
2002 sabv amk-Øn¬ IqSnb sFIycm-jvS-k-`-bpsS, Ip´n-Iƒ°p
th≠n-bp≈ ]tXyI ktΩ-f\w "Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Hcp temIw' F∂ io¿j-I-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb tcJ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xns‚
shfn-®-Øn¬ tIµ-k¿°m¿ \n¿an® 2005 se _mem-h-Imi kwc-
£W IΩo-j≥ BIvSpw 2012 se tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-
ImiN´-ßfpw ]Imcw tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-Imikwc-£W
IΩo-j≥ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ auen-Im-h-
Im-i-ßfpw _mem-h-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-I-bmWv IΩo-js‚
ZuXyw.
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v
X\n°v Fs¥ms° sNøm≥ km[n®n´p-≠v? C\nbpw Xm≥ Fs¥ms° sNtø-
≠-Xp≠v F∂v Hmtcm A[ym-]-I\pw A[ym-]n-Ibpw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
28
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
1.12 sa‚dnMv
tZio-b-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw A[-ym-]-Is\/A[-ym-]n-Isb sa‚¿ (Mentor)
Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. ka-K- kvIqƒ hnI-k-\-]-cn-t]-£-y-Øn¬ sa‚dnßn-\v -
henb ]kIvXnbpw ]m[m-\-yhp-ap-≠v.
hnZ-ym-`-ymk]In-b-bnse apJ-y-L-S-I-amb So®¿˛Ip´n _‘-Øn¬ C∂v ImX-
emb am‰w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. hn⁄m-\w- hn-X-cWw sNøp∂ Bfm-b√; Ip´n-Iƒ°v
hn⁄m\w t\Sm-\p≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ah-k-c-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n°p-∂ hy‡n-
bm-bmWv So®¿ ]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv.
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ as‰mcp hoSp-X-s∂-bmWv hnZ-ym-ebw. A[ym-]-IcmIs´, ho´p-Imcpw.
Ip´n-Iƒ°v ho´n¬\n∂p e`n-t°≠ kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w,
AwKo-Imcw F∂nh Gdnbpw Ipd™pamWv e`n-°p-∂Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv- Hmtcm
A[-ym-]-I\pw A[-ym-]-nIbv°pw D≠m-h-Ww. CXp Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm
Ip´n°pw th≠ coXn-bn¬ Ch sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv Ah-
cpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. At∏m-gmWv kvIqƒ hoSm-Ip-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hy‡n]chpw IpSpw-_-]c-hp-amb ]-›m-Øew a\-n-em-°p-
∂-Xn\v Xmsg -]-d-bp-∂h A[ym-]-I¿ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ Krl-k-µ¿i-\w
$ c£n-Xm-°-fp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
$ Ip´n-sb \nc-¥-c-ambn \nco-£n--°¬
$
$
Aßs\ Ip´n°v kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W-\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w, AwKo-Imcw XpS-
ßnbh \¬In Hcp kl-c-£n-Xm-hmbpw ]T-\-t\-´-߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
klm-bn-bmbpw amdp-tºm-gmWv ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øns‚ A[-ym-]nI/A[-ym-]-I-
\mbn \mw amdp∂-Xv.
sa‚-dnßn-eqsS hgn-Im-´¬, D]-tZ-iw, ]n¥pW, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ Ah-kcw
XpS-ßn-bh Ip´n-Iƒ°p e`n°p-∂p. A\p-`-h-ÿ-\mb ap≥Kman F∂ \ne-bnepw
A\p-I-c-Wo-b-\mb amXrI F∂ \ne-bn-ep-amWv sa‚¿ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-
≠-Xv. t_m[-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßfpw Iu¨kenßp-sa√mw CXns‚
`mK-am-Wv. hnZym¿Yn-bn¬ Hfn-™pInS°p∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm≠phcm≥
Hcp \√ sa‚¿°p Ign-bpw.
29
s]mXpkao-]\w
sa‚-dnßneqsS;
$ A[ym-]-I\pw hnZym¿Yn°pw anI® hnZym-`ymk A\p-`-h-߃ e`n-°p-∂p.
$ A[ym-]-I-s‚bpw hnZym¿Yn-bp-sSbpw Adn-hns‚ taJe hnI-kn-°p-∂p.
$ hnZym¿Yn-bpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw hy‡n-Xzhn-Im-khpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Iq´mb Nn¥bpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°epw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
$ c£n-Xm-°fpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡-am-hp-I-bpw Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-
\n-esb kw_-‘n®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ Ie˛BtcmKy˛Imbn-I˛]hr-Øn-]-T\ taJ-e-I-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Øhpw
hne-bn-cp-Øepw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-Xm¬∏-c-y-sØbpw hy-‡n-X-z-hn-I-mk-sØbpw Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-]-In-b-sbbpw \nc-¥c aqe-y-\n¿W-b-]-In-bsbbpw
klm-bn-°p∂ ]In-b-bmbn sa‚dnMv hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sa‚dnMv A\p-`-h-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´- Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ k©n-Xtc-J-bn¬ tN¿°Ww.
kvIqfnse apgp-h≥ A[-ym-]-I-scbpw sa‚¿am¿ Bbpw F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw sa‚n
Bbpw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠m-hWw sa‚dnMv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. ¢mknse F√m Ip´n-
I-sfbpw sNdnb Kq∏p-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm Kq∏ns‚bpw ]ptcm-KXn
Dd-∏m-°m-\p-X-Ip∂Xn\v ]kvXpX ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[-ym-]-Isc Kq∏ns‚
Npa-Xetb¬∏n-°m≥ Btem-Nn-°m-hp-∂-XpamWv.
1.13 A[ym-]-I¿ sXmgn¬]-c-ambn ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI \nb-a-kw-lnX
(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)
1. hnZym¿Yn-I-tfm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-߃
1.1 F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-tfmsS s]cp-am-dp∂p.
$ F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw ka-`m-h-\-tbmsS s]cp-am-dpI.
$ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\
\¬IpI.
$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Bfl-hn-izm-kw, Xm¬∏-cyw, ]Xymi F∂nh P\n-∏n-
°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hWw s]cp-am-‰w.
1.2 PmXn, aXw, h¿Kw, h¿Ww, kmº-ØnI\ne-, mj, enwKw, P∑-ÿew F∂o
]cn-K-W-\-I-fn-√msX, \oXn, ]£-]m-X-cm-lnXyw F∂o aqey-ßsf _lp-am-
\n-°p∂p.
$ A[ym-]-I¿°v P\m-[n-]XyXØz-ß-fn-epw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kmaq-
lnI\oXn-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizmkw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°pw ]I-cp∂-p.
30
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ A[ym-]IcpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnizm-k-߃, c-W-L-S\mXØz-߃°v
FXn-cm-bn-cp∂-m¬ AXv kvIqƒ kwhn-[m-\sØ Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n°pw.
1.3 hnZym¿Yn-bpsS imco-cn-I-hpw _u≤n-I-hpw sshImcn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]chpw
kmaq-ln-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hnIm-k-Øn\v A¥-co-£-sam-cp-°p∂-p.
$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb tijn-Iƒ AXns‚ ]q¿WXbnte°p
hnI-kn-°p∂ Ime-amWv kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Im-ew.
$ _u≤nI afi-e-Øn-\p-amXw hnImkw \¬I-em-h-cpXv hnZym-`ymkw.
$ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-k-am-bn-cn-°Ww hnZym-`ymke£yw.
1.4 kvIqƒ Pohn-XØ-ns‚ F√m Xe-Ønepw hnZym¿Yn-bpsS hy‡nXzw am\n-°-
s∏Sp∂p.
$ a\p-jy≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-°p≈ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-
ßfpw A¥pw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ A[ym-]IcpsS `mKØp\n∂p≈ ]Xn-Iq-e-amb A`n-]mb]I-S-\w
hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Bflm-`n-am-\sØ apdn-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T-\sØ _m[n-
°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
$ kvIqfns‚ F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw kPo-h-amb
]¶m-fnØw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.
$ sFIy-cm-jvS-k` AwKo-I-cn-®Xpw C¥y-IqSn H∏ph®-Xp-amb Ip´n-I-fpsS
Ah-Imi]Jym]-\hpw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£W IΩo-j≥
dnt∏m¿´pw A[ym-]-I¿ a\-n-em°n ]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A®-S°w ]men-°p∂--Xn-\p-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nb-
am-hen Ip´n-I-fpsS a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-߃ \ntj-[n-°p--∂Xm-
h-cp-Xv.
1.5 Ip´n-IfpsS B¥cn-I-ti-jn-Ifpw ]Xn-`bpw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ Bkq-
Xn-Xhpw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v cq]w \¬I-Ww.
$ tIh-e-amb A°m-Z-anIt\´-߃°v D]-cn-bmbn Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw
tijnbpw ]Xn-`bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I F∂Xv A[ym-]IcpsS ][m-\- ISa-
bmWvv.
$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ D≠m-I-Ww.
1.6 `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂
hn[-Øn-em-hWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw.
$ P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX-¥yw F∂o `c-W-
L-S\m aqey-߃ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ][m\s∏´ B¥-cn-I-
[mc-bm-h-Ww.
$ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS IS-a-Isf°pdn®v ]d-bp∂ B¿´n-°nƒ 51
F a\-nem°p-Ibpw AXnse F apX¬ sI hsc-bp≈ Jfi-߃
Dƒs°m≠v ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
31
s]mXpkao-]\w
1.7 hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ A\pk-cn®v A[ym-]n-I-bpsS/ A[ym-]-Is‚
A[ym-]-\-coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂p.
$ \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-bpsS ]Ir-Xw,
B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\-coXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-K-Wn®v
t_m[\-X-¥-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-jvI-cWw \n-c-¥cw \S-tØ-≠-
Xp-≠v.
1.8 Ip´n-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS cl-ky-kz-`mhw
kq£n-°p-Ibpw B hnh-c-߃ \nb-a-]-c-ambn ssIam-dm-hp∂h-¿°p-amXw
ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂-p.
$ Hcp Iu¨k-e¿ IqSn-bmb A[ym-]n-I/A[ym-]-I\v Ip´n-bpsS hy‡n-
]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-sf√mw Adnbmw.
$ Cu hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-bpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n hnth-I-]q¿hw amXta D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.
1.9 Ip´n-Isf b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, D¬°WvTmIpe-cm-°p-I, imco-cn-I-ambn in£n-°pI,
am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Hgn™p
\n¬°p∂-p.
$ Ip´nsb ssewKnI]oU-\-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]oU-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah-
K-W-\-bn¬\n∂pw Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-
ZnØw A[ym-]I¿°p≠v.
$ in£ sa®-s∏´ ]T-\-Øn-te°p \bn°pw F∂ sX‰n≤mcW Xncp-Ø-
s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ip´n°p e`n-°p∂ \nb-a-]-cn-c-£sb°pdn®pw
A[ym-]-I¿ Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.
1.10 GXp hnt[-\-bpap≈ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw Ip´nsb kwc-£n-°p∂p.
$ ssewKnINqj-Ww imco-cn-I--amb BLm-X-߃ amX-a√, hf-sc-°mew
Xßn-\n¬°p∂ am\-kn-Im-Lm-XhpwIqSn Ip´n°p≠m-°p∂p.
$ _lp-am-\-s∏´ C¥y≥ kp]ow-tIm-S-Xnbpw F≥.-kn.]n. Bdpw tPmen
ÿe-ß-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-°p∂ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc
\¬In-bn-´p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-߃ A[ym]-I¿ ]men-t°-≠-XmWv.
2. c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw kaq-l-tØm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-߃
2.1 amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw c£-mI¿Øm-°-tfmSpw hn\-b-]q¿h-ap≈ _‘w ÿm]n-
°p∂p.
$ Ip´nsb IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp--∂Xn\v Ah-cpsS c£-mI¿Øm-°-fp-ambpw
kplr-Øp-°-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I¿ \√ _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-
am-Wv.
32
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ A[ym-]Icpw c£m-I¿Øm-°-fp-am-bp≈ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb _‘w
Ip´nsb A[ym-]Icp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n°pw.
$ `qcn-]£w c£n-Xm-°fpw Xß-fpsS Ip´n-I-fpsS kvIqfn-\-I-Øpw -]p-d-
Øp-ap≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂v Adn-bm≥
Xm¬∏cy-ap-≈-h-cmWv.
$ hf¿®-bpsS L´-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°p kw`-hn-°p∂ ]ng-hp-IƒIqSn t\´-
ß-tfm-sSm∏w c£n-Xm-°-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p--∂Xv henb Zpc-¥-߃
Hgn-hm-°p∂--Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
2.2 Ip´n-I-fpsS A¥-ns\ l\n-°p∂ GXp ]hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°pI.
$ a‰p≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬h®v Bflm-`n-am-\sØ CSn-®p-XmgvØn
kwkm-cn-°p∂-Xv Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ AXp-t]mseØs∂ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-am-\-sØbpw tNmZyw
sNøcpXv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fpsS amXw ]›m-Ø-esØ (Pm-Xn,
aXw, kmº-Øn-Iw, ....) ]pIgvØn∏d-bp-∂Xv a‰p≈ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hntZzjw
P\n-∏n°pw.
2.3 Ip´n-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\-
t_m[w hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p∂p.
$ At\Iw kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw `mj-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-
k-ß-fp-sSbpw \mSmWv C¥y. CXv Hmtcm ¢mknepw ]Xn-^-en-°pw.
$ F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu \m\m-Xz-Ønepw GIXzw cq]w-sIm-≠n-´p-≠v.
$ ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ kln-jvWp-Xbpw F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-
\n°m-\p≈ a\pw thWw.
$ Cu XØzw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-
amb iaw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
2.4 hnhn[ P\-hn- m-K-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hntZz-jhpw iXp-Xbpw hf¿Øp∂ XcØn-
ep≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hgn-hm-°Ww.
$ F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw `mj-I-tfmSpw Xpey-_-lp-am\w
hf¿Øp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv ¢mkn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv.
$ tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød BZyw C¥y-°m-c≥, ]ns∂ amXw
Hcp hn`m-K-Ønse AwKw F∂ [mcWbmWv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn kvIqƒ / ¢mkv D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.
$ ImenI-amb kmaqlnI - cmjvSob Imcy-߃ N¿®-sN-øp-tºmgpw A[ym-
]-I≥/A[ym-]nI GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]£Øp \n∂v kwkm-cn-°-cp-Xv.
33
s]mXpkao-]\w
3. A[ym-]\w F∂ sXmgn-ent\mSpw kl-]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hmZn-
Ø߃.
3.1 sXmgn¬sshZKv[yw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂X-n\v \nc-¥-cw ]cn-i-an-°p∂-p.
$ Hcp hnZym¿Ynsb \nc-¥c]Tn-Xmhm-°m≥ ian-°p∂ A[ym-]-I\pw
Aßs\ BtI-≠-Xp-≠v,
$ \nc-¥cw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw
A[ym-]\coXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv tiJ-cn-°m\pw ]tbm-K-Øn¬
hcp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.
$ GsX√mw Xe-ß-fn-¬\n∂v X\n°v ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ e`n°pw F∂v
At\z-jn-°pIsb∂Xv A[ym-]-Is‚ IS-a-bm-Wv.
3.2 kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿ XΩnepw a‰p-≈-h¿ XΩn-ep-ap-≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb Bi-b-
hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS ]pXn-sbm-cp kwcw`w krjvSn-°p∂-p.
$ A°m-Z-an-I-amb DW-¿hv P\n-∏n-°p∂--Xpw F√m A[ym-]-I¿°pw Xß-
fp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂Xp-amb Hcp ss\Xn-IX kvIqfn¬
krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ Cß-s\-sbm-cp-W¿hv D≠m-°p∂--Xn\v Bkq-Xn-Xhpw ^e-]-Z-hp-amb
kl-I-cWw F√m A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww.
$ kvIqfnse ]iv\߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p--∂Xn¬ F√m A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw
Inbm-fl-I-amb \n¿tZi-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D≠m-I-Ww.
$ A[ym-]Isc amXa√, kvIqƒ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ F√m hn`m-
K-sØbpw CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ A[ym-]-I\v
Ign-b-Ww.
3.3 kl-]-h¿Ø-I-tcmSv A¥-tm-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp-∂p.
$ kvIqfnse F√m A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymktbmKy-Xtbm
Ah¿ GXp hn`m-K-Ønse Ip´n-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-sht∂m ]cnKWn-
°msX A¥-tm-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-d-Ww.
3.4 A[ym-]-I¿ kzIm-cySyqj≥ FSp-°p-Itbm a‰p kzIm-cy hnZym- ymk]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-I≥ kzImcySyqj≥ FSp-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ ]h¿-Ø-\-
ßsf ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂-p.
$ kz¥w ]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je anI-®-Xm-°m-\p≈ kabw Ah¿°v \jvS-am-
Ip∂-p.
34
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ kz¥w hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzIm-cySyqj≥ \¬Ip-tºmƒ AXv kvIqfnse
ss\XnIXØz-߃°pXs∂ hnLm-XamI-Ø° s]cp-am-‰-߃°p
ImcW-am-bn-Øo-cpw.
3.5 Xs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v Adn-bm-hp-
-∂Xn-\m¬ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ kΩm-\-ßtfm a‰p klm-b-ßtfm
kzoI-cn-°p∂n√.
$ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-߃ ]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v \¬I-
s∏-Sp∂ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ kΩm-\-߃ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬\nt∂m
c£m-I¿Øm-°-fn¬\nt∂m kzoI-cn-°-cp-Xv.
3.6 kl]h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-scbpw D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw A\m-h-iy-
amb Btcm-]-W-߃ D-∂bn-°p-∂n-√.
$ ]c-kv]cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn`m-KobkwL-߃ A[ym-]-I¿°n-S-bn¬
A`n-Im-ay-a-√.
$ kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn sXfn-hp-I-fn-√mØ Btcm-]-W-߃ D∂-
bn-°-cpXv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp kl-]-h¿Ø-Is‚/kl-]-h¿Ø-I-bpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v
Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰v ImWp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv ko\n-b¿ A[ym-]-I-cpsS
i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
3.7 kl-]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sStbm hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sStbm c£n-Xm-°-fp-sStbm
ap∂n¬h®v Hcp kl-]-h¿Ø-Is\ A[n-t£-]n®v kwkm-cn-°p∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-Isc-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ßfmb A`n-]m-b-߃ D≠mImw.
F∂m¬ AXv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ coXn am\y-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ kl-]-h¿Ø-Is‚ A[ym-]\coXnsb A]-l-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬
kwkm-cn-°-cpXv.
3.8 kl-]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS A[ym-]-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Isf am\n-°p-∂p.
$ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ anIhp ]pe¿Øp--∂h-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf «mLn-°p-
Ibpw AØcw anIhv B¿Pn-°m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. F∂m¬
AXp XnI®pw A‘-amb A\p-I-c-W-am-I-cp-Xv.
3.9 kl-]-h¿ØI-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ kzImcyhnh-c-߃ cl-ky-ambn kq£n-
°pIbpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amXw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p.
$ GsX-¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂, kl-]-h¿Ø-Isc-
°p-dn-®p≈ hy‡n]c-amb hnh-c-߃ clkykz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬
Ah \nb-a-]-c-amb Imcy-߃°p amXta shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.
35
s]mXpkao-]\w
1.14 So®nMv am\-z¬
ssZ\w-Zn\ ]mTm-kqXW tcJ-bmWv So®nMv am\z¬. ]T-\-t\-´-ßsf e£y-am°n
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw So®¿sS-IvÃnepw \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xs‚
¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ°v tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ hg-°-tØmsS, am‰-߃ hcp-Ønbpw
Iq´n-t®¿Øpw ]Inbm t]Pv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bmWp th≠-Xv.
]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏wXs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈
Bkq-X-W-amWv ]In-bm-t]-Pn¬ Fgp-tX-≠-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS e`n-
°p∂ hnh-c-ß-ƒ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pnep≠mbn-cn-°-Ww.
IrXyhpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-amb Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-hWw So®nMv am\z¬. Cßs\ Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw \S-∏n-
em-°nb ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßsf
(ssZ\w-Zn\ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn-ep≈) ASn-ÿm-\-am°n So®¿ Hcp eLp-hmb
]Xn-^-e-\-°p-dn∏v (Reflection Note) Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw SRG/Subject Council
F∂n-h-bn¬ N¿®sN-øp-Ibpw thWw. Cu Ipdn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-
°Ww So®-¿ XpS¿∂p≈ Bkq-X-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.
So®nMv am\z-ens‚ t^m¿am‰v NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
36
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
So®nMv am\-z¬
]mT-Øns‚ t]cv :
XnøXn :
]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw :
Xow :
]T-\-t\- -߃ :
Bi-b-߃ :
tijn-Iƒ :
`mjmhkvXp-X-Iƒ (`mj-bv°p -am-Xw) :
hy-h-lmccq]-߃ (`mj-bv°p- am-Xw) :
aqe-y-߃, at\m- m-h-߃ :
]T\kma-Kn-Iƒ :
]Xo-£nX D¬∏-∂-߃ :
]Inbm t]Pv hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pv
]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw (hne-bn-cp-ج hnh-c-ß-fmWv
AS-ßnb ]Inb ChnsS Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.)
slUvankvSkv/slUvam-ÃdpsS H∏v A[ym-]-I≥/A[-ym-]nIbpsS H∏v
37
s]mXpkao-]\w
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]Xn- -e-\m-flINn¥ (Reflections)
Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ, Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ
(]T\]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج ]In-b-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬)
$
$
$
$
XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ˛ kqN\
$
$
$
$
]Xn- -e-\m-flI Ipdn∏v (Reflection note) F¥n\v?
$ ]Xn-hmc SRG, k_vP‰v Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂-Xn-\v.
$ XpS¿ Bkq-X-W-Øn\v Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂-Xn-\v.
$ tSanse kn. C. tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-\v.
38
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]T\w (Learning) F∂Xv Ip´nIfn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \nc-¥-c-ambpw \S-°p∂
Hcp ]In-b-bm-Wv. ]T\w Imcy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬, A\p-`-h-߃ Dt±-iym-[n-
jvTn-X-hpw ]T-\-t\-´-߃ tIµo-I-cn-®p-am-IWw. Ip´n- t\-tS≠ tijn-Isfbpw
[mc-W-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]-I\v hy‡-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww.
Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v D≠mth≠ ]T\t\ -߃ (Learning outcomes)
ap≥Iq´n I≠p-sIm≠v ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw sNø-Ww. Cu ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ Pohn-X-k-µ¿`-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
C]-Imcw t\Snb tijn-I-fpw [mc-W-Ifpw ]T-\-t\-´-߃ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v FX-
amXw ]cym-]vX-amWv? ]T-\-t\-´-߃ ssIh-cn-°m≥ C\nbpw tijn-°p-∂-h¿
Bsc√mw? \¬tI≠p∂ XpSc\p-`-h-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-IWw? Ah Fßs\
\¬Ipw? C]-Im-c-ap≈ Nn¥-I-fmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚ `mK-ambn A[ym-]-I-cn¬
D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.
Hcp ]mT-`m-K-Øns‚/bqWn-‰ns‚ hn\n-a-b-Øn-\p-tijw "Fs¥ms° ]Tn®p' F∂v
hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ ]Inbsb ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-ج (Assessment of learning)
F∂p ]d-bmw. ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hv, ]T-\-
\n-e-hmcw F∂n-h-bmWv ChnsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXp hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚
Hcp Xew amXta BIp-∂p-≈q.
F∂m¬ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mWv IqSp-X¬
]mapJyw I¬∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]T\w \S-°p∂ thf-bn¬ AXns‚ Imcy-£-a-X-
bv°p-th≠n A[ym-]-It\m kl-]m-Tn-Itfm \S-Øp∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb CS-s]-S-ep-
Iƒ D≠m-Imw. ]T-\-Ønt\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw oUv_m°v \¬Iepw
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ as‰m-cp -X-e-am-Wv. CXns\ ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-ج
(Assessment for learning) F∂p ]d-bmw. CXv ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n \nc-
¥cw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xpw ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-tØmSv Cg-tN¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-Xp-amWv.
CtXm-sSm∏w ]T-\-Øn-eqsS t\Snb Bi-b-ßsfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw kzbw
hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw am‰-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂
Hcp Xncp-ج ]In-bbpw D≠v. CXns\ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-embn Icp-Xmw.
C]-Imcw kzbw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsSbpw ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
CXns\ hne-bn-cp-جXs∂- ]-T\w (Assessment as learning) F∂p ]d-bmw.
123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678
hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]\w
39
s]mXpkao-]\w
]T\w IqSpX¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa¶n¬ "]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-
bn-cp-ج', "hne-bn-cp-جXs∂ ]T\w' F∂n-h-bv°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI-
≠-Xp-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ ]T\w ^e-]-Z-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ hne-bn-cp-ج ]In-b-
Iƒ°p ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ kao-]-\-amWv \Ωƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v
A\p-Kp-W-amb Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]-\hpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-
\m¬ ]T-\-t\-´-ß-ƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]-\-amWv (Out-
come focused assessment approach) kzoIcn-t°-≠-Xv. ]T-\-t\-´-߃°v
Du∂¬ \¬In cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ "kPoh-
]¶m-fnØw' Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. hna¿i-\m-flINn¥, bp‡nNn¥, ]T-\-Øns‚ ]Xn-
-e-\hpw ]I-S-\hpw, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-amb Adnhv XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-t\- -߃°v
Du∂¬ \¬In-bp≈ ]T-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.
\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)
\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn--cp-ج coXn-bmWv \mw kzoI-cn-®ncn°p-∂-Xv.
Ip´n-bn¬ A\pkyq-X-ambn \S°p∂ Hcp ]In-b-bm-Wv ]T\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ tijn-Ifpw [mc-W-Ifpw FX-tØmfw t\Sn F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ hne-
bn-cp-ج ]In-bbpw \nc-¥-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ka-K-amb hne-bn-cp-ج F∂-
Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-bpsS ssh⁄m-\n-I-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hpw sshIm-
cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnse hne-bn-cp-ØemWv.
tKUnMv coXn
\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v tKUnMv coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xv. 1 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mp-I-fnse tKUnßn\v s]mXp-hmbn A©v t]mbn‚ v
tKUnMv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A©v t]mbn‚ v tK-Unßns‚ tKUv t]mbn‚ v iX-
am-\hpw tKUpw NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.
tKUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am\w tKUv
75 - 100 A
60 - 74 B
45 - 59 C
33 - 44 D
33 ¬ Xmsg E
hne-bn-cp-ج ]In-b-bpsS XpS¿®bpw ka-K-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n ][m-
\-ambpw c≠v taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
40
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
CCE taJ-e-Iƒ
1. ssh⁄m-\nItaJe
2. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cn-ItaJ-e
Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hnImkw kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-ج
Ip´n ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p∂ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp∂p. `mjmhnj-b-߃, imkvXhnj-b-߃ (ASn -ÿm-\ -imkvXw,
KWnXimkvXw, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw), Iem-]T\w, ]hrØn]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛-
Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬s∏Sp-Ømw.
Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-t\-´-߃ Is≠Øn Ah FX-tØmfw
t\Sm≥ km[n®p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \S-tØ-≠Xv. ChnsS c≠p Xc-Øn-
ep≈ hne--bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.
1. \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-ج (CE)
2. tSw hne-bn-cp-ج (TE)
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج ( ( ( ( (CE)))))
1 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mp-I-fn¬ mjm-hn-j-b-ßfpsS -]-T\ØneqsS At\-I-ti-jn-I-
fpsS B¿P\w \S-t°≠Xp≠v. CXn¬ Bi-b-߃, hkvXp-X-Iƒ, hnhn[ hn⁄m-
\-ta-J-e-Iƒ, k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\-Iƒ XpSßn sshhn-[y-am¿∂ D≈-S-°-hp-ap-≠v. Ch
Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v mjm-ti-jn-Isf \n¿W-bn-°pI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. tI´pw hmbn®pw
Imcy-߃ Kln-°p-I, ]d™pw Fgp-Xnbpw AXv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I, k¿Km-flI
cN\-Iƒ \S-ØpI XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ mjm-]T\hp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv hf¿Øn-
sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ tIhetijn-I-fmtbm hn⁄m-\kºmZ-\-amtbm mjm-
]-T-\sØ th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.
1, 2 ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Xoap-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv `mj, (ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv,
CXc-`m-j-Iƒ), ]cn-k-c-]-T-\w, KWnXw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fnse ]h¿Ø-\-߃
Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu ¢mkp-I-fnse D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bmbn
]kvXpX Xoans\ \ap°v \nP-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hmNn-Ihpw enJn-X-hp-amb tijn-I-
fpsS hnIm-k-Øn¬ ]mY-an-I-L-´-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-I-fm-I-bm¬ ih-Ww,
`mj-Ww, en]n-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, D®m-c-W-hy-‡-X-
tbm-sS-bp≈ hmb-\, icn-bmb Bte-J-\-I-aw, cN-\-bnse hf¿® F∂nh mjm-
ti-jn-I-fpsS ]mY-anIL´ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
imkvX-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-L- -Ønepw Ip´n- B¿Pn® Bib
[mc-W-Iƒ, ssIh-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
41
s]mXpkao-]\w
ChnsS aq∂p coXn-bn-ep≈ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂Xv.
$ ]T\]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
$ t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج
$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج (Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-s‚bpw ka-K-amb hne-bn-cp-
ج)
Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ ]T\]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
]T-\-]-In-b-bpsS mK-ambn tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n A[ym-]-I≥ hnhn-
[-ß-fmb ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm ]h¿-Ø\w \S∏m°p-
tºmgpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fn-Øw, ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]I-S-\-Øn-
setbm Ah-X-c-W-Øn-setbm anI-hv, ]In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn Fgp-Xm\pw Ipdn--∏p-
Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m-\p-ap≈ A`n-cp-Nn, Ip´n-Iƒ°v \n¿ZnjvS tijn-Iƒ FX-amXw
B¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ iahpw
So®-dpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠mhWw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, ]T-\-]-In-b-bnse
]TnXm-hns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v s]mXp-hmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn°mw F∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1. ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw (]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X,
hy‡n-KX ]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-∂-Xnse anI-hv, Kq∏nse CS-s]-S¬,
Bi-b-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°¬....)
2. Bib[mcW
3. tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬
4. ]I-S\w/Ah-X-cWw
5. tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/Xbmdm°¬
]Inb hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN--Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw'
F∂ kqNIw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ G‰hpw anI® ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-
≈-h¿, anI® ]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, icm-icn ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, C\nbpw sa®-s∏-
tS-≠-h¿ F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ/ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
So®nMv am\z-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. Hcp tSan-\p-≈n¬ F√m
]Tn-Xm-°-sfbpw Hmtcm kqN-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \SØn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
CXv F]-Im-c-am-Im-sa∂v KWn-X-Ønse Hcp ]h¿Ø\ØneqsS ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
42
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI H‰kwJy-I-fpsS FÆsØ
AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°pw F∂ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p-
≈-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. (DZm: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 4 x 4 = 16).
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج, ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNø¬, ]c-kv]c
_‘w Is≠-ج, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬ F∂o tijn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw e£y-
an-Sp-∂p.
CXn-\mbn So®¿ Hcp ]iv\w sImSp-°p-∂p.
Hcp Ip´n Xos∏´n ASp-°n-h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp ]tXyI coXn-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw
apI-fn--esØ hcn-bn¬ H∂v, AXn\v Xmsg hcn-bn¬ 3, AXn\p XmgsØ hcn-
bn¬ 5 F∂n-ß-s\.
Cßs\ 10 hcn hbv°m≥ FX Xos∏-´n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mIpw? Cßs\ 30 hcn
hbv°m≥ FX Xos∏-´n th≠nhcp-sa∂v Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ¢mkvdqw ]Inb ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
10 hcnhbv°m≥ FX Xos∏´n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mIpw F∂ tNmZy-amWv BZyw
]cn-K-Wn-°p-I.
Ip´n Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ ian-°p-∂p.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100
GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
30 hcn-bn¬ FX-sb∂v CXpt]mse I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-amtWm?
hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ]cn-tim-
[n-°m≥ Hcp ]´n-I-bn¬ hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
F¶n¬ ]´nI Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww?
Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hy‡n-KX-ambn ]´nI D≠m-°p-∂p. Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ¢mkn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°p tijw s]mXp-hmb ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
43
s]mXpkao-]\w
]´nI
hcn hcn-bnse FÆw BsI FÆw
1 1 1
2 3 4
3 5 9
4 7 16
5 9 25
6 11 36
So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p:
hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?
hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿°mbn So®¿ Nne tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p:
hcn H∂m-Ip-tºmƒ FX Xos∏´n?
hcn c≠m-Ip-tºmƒ FX Xos∏´n?
hcnbpw Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Dt≠m?
................................................................ ?
................................................................ ? F∂n-ßs\
Is≠-Ønb Imcyw t\m´v_p-°n¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p. Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ]c-kv]cw
hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
¢mkn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
N¿®bv°p tijw ho≠pw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-∂p.
hcn-bpsS FÆsØ AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®m¬
BsI Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆw In´pw.
XpS¿∂v So®¿ Hcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p: 1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS
XpI ImWm≥ F¥mWv Ffp∏hgn?
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. Kq∏n¬ N¿®. - ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-ج ˛
sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-c-Ww.
N¿®bv°p tijw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-X¬.
44
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI ImWm≥ H‰kwJy-I-fpsS
FÆsØ AXpsIm≠pXs∂ KpWn-®m¬ aXn.
Cu ]T-\-]-In-bbnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ hnhn[ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw
˛ ]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-SptØm?
˛ hy‡nK-X-ambn sNøm≥ ian-®n-´pt≠m?
˛ Kq∏n¬ ^e-]-Z-ambn CS-s]-´n-´pt≠m?
˛ Bi-b-߃ ]¶p-h-®n-´pt≠m?
$ Bi-b-[m-cW
˛ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn D≠m-tI≠ Bi-b-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-™n-´pt≠m?
-˛ ho≠pw ]h¿Ø-\tam ^oUv_mt°m \¬tI≠n h∂n-´pt≠m?
$ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬
˛ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ t\Sm≥ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-
™n-´pt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-®n-´pt≠m?
˛ hcn-Ifpw Xos∏- n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?
A[nI tNmZy-ßfpw So®-dpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂n- pt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´pt≠m? a‰p-
≈-h-cpsS klmbw th≠nht∂m?
$ ]I-S\w/ Ah-X-cWw
˛ hy‡n-KX ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p tijhpw Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\-Øn\p tijhpw
Is≠-Ønb Imcyw Ah-Xcn∏n-°m≥ ian-®n-´pt≠m?
˛ \nK-a\w bp‡n-]q¿hw ka¿Yn-°m≥ Ign-™n-´pt≠m?
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/ Xbm-dm-°¬
-˛ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-
Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m?
-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p a\-n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ BtWm?
-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI icn-bmbn Xbm-dm-°nbn´pt≠m?
-˛ hy‡n-K-Xambpw Kq∏v N¿®bv°p tijhpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°p tij-hp-
ap≈ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fpt≠m?
Ipdn∏v : Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Cu kqN-I߃ D]tbm-Kn®v F√m Ip´n-I-
sfbpw hne-bn-cpØn tKUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√. Cu kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-
45
s]mXpkao-]\w
ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp tSanse samØw ]I-S-\-sØ-bmWv hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. CXn-
\mbn So®-dpsS hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn¬ Nne Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. tSans‚
HSp-hn¬ Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬In-bmWv ]In-b-bpsS
tKUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ sXfn-hmbn Ip´n-bpsS t\m´v_p°nse tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn `mj-bn¬ ]T-\-]-Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-
≠Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
`mj-bn¬ D≈-S-°-]-c-amb Bibw e`n-°p∂p F∂-Xp-t]mse ][m-\-amWv hyh-
lm-c-cq-]-kw-_-‘n-bmb Adnhpw `mjm-ti-jn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-
Ip∂p F∂-Xpw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ kqN-I-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fß-s\-bmWv
]T-\-]-Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv?
$ ]¶m-fnØw
]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw, Kq∏v ]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-
fn-Øw, hyXykvX `mjm-]-T-\-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-eqsS (sse_-dn, Assk≥sa‚ v
]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ ...) Adnhv \n¿an-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn F∂n-h-sbms° CXn¬
]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
$ Bib[mcW
`mj-bnse D≈-S-°-]-c-amb [mc-W, hyh-lm-c-cq-]-Øns‚ LS-\, KpW-\n-e-
hmc kqNI-߃, `mjm-]-c-amb anIhv F∂n-h-bn¬ ]Tn-Xmhv FhnsS
\n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv A[ym-]nI ChnsS hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
$ tijn-Iƒ
ih-Ww, `mjWw, hmb-\, teJ-\w, k¿Km-fl-IX XpS-ßnb tijotaJ-e-
I-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØn oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p. ChnsS
hnhn[ mjm hyh-lmctaJ-e-Iƒ, mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F∂n-
h-bn¬ Ip´n-bpsS ]I-S\w IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
$ ]IS\w/Ah-X-cWw
`mj-bn¬ Bi-b-]-I-S-\-Øn\v hyXykvX hgn-I-fp-≠-t√m. Ip´n-bpsS cN-\m-
ti-jn-t]m-se-Øs∂ ][m-\-amWv a‰p `mjm-]-I-S-\-ßfpw (]mcm-b-Ww,
Bem-]-\w, A`n-\-bw, NnXw-h-c, `mj-Ww) ˛ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, kv]jvSX
F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-K-Wn-®m-bn-cn°pw ChnsS A[ym-]nI ^oUv_m°v
\¬tI-≠Xv.
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/Xbm-dm-°¬
]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
\S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p a\-n-em-Ip∂ coXn-
bn¬ BtWm? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m? hy‡n-K-Xambn
46
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
cN\ \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m? ¢mkv N¿®bv°p tijw Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´pt≠m? sX‰n-√msX cN\ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? F∂-
sXms°bmWv A[ym-]nI hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°, Hcp tSw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚
ka-K-]p-tcm-KXn I≠psIm≠p thWw ]T-\-]-Inb hne-bn-cpØn A[ym-
]nI tKUv sNtø-≠-Xv.
Cu kqN-I-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-]-In-b-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw ]k-‡-am-Wv.
Hcp tSanse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse \n¿ZnjvS ]T-\-t\-´-߃ Dd-∏m-°p∂ F√m
]T-\-]Inbbn-sebpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]I-S-\sØ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v hne-bn-cpØmw;
A\n-hm-cy-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-ens‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-t]-Pn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I-bp-am-hmw.
$ `mjbnse Hcp ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kq£va-]-Inb t\m°q. (hnh-cWw
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]T-\-]-Inb)
$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]qt¥m-´-Øns‚ hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
]In-bm-L- -߃
$ e`n® A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw (t\c-\p-`-hw, Zriyw) B¿PnX Adn-hn-s‚bpw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ/Hgn-hm-°¬
\SØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Kq∏ns‚ Ah-X-c-Ww.
$ D≈-S-°w, LS-\, `mjm-]-tbmKw F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-
N¿®.
$ hnh-c-W-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-kq-N-I߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ sa®-s∏-SpØn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°¬.
CXns\ FUn-‰nMv ]In-b°v hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmtgm?
Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ ]In-bm-L-´-߃ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?
$ hy‡n-KX cN\
$ Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°¬ ˛ N¿®
$ Kq∏p-¬∏∂w Xbm-dm-°¬ (F√m-hcpw N¿®-sNbvXv Hcp D¬∏∂w Xbm-dm-
°¬).
$ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb hnh-cWw ]Z¿in-∏n-°¬.
$ So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cWw.
47
s]mXpkao-]\w
$ icm-i-cn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Hcp D¬∏∂w ]cn-K-Wn®v IrXy-amb tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p∂p. (Bi-b-X-ew, hmIy-L-S-\, ]Zw, A£-cw, Nn”w)
$ N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
Cu ]h¿Ø-\sØ hnhn[ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ ]¶m-fnØw ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epS\of-ap≈ ]¶m-fn-Øw.
$ Bi-b-[m-cW ˛ ]qt¥m-´-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Bi-b-߃,
hnhc-W-Øns‚ LS\, kqN-I-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw
kw_-‘n® Adn-hv.
$ tijn-Iƒ ˛ `mj-Ww, hmb-\, teJ-\w... XpS-ßn-bhbn¬ Ip´n-bpsS
Ign-hv.
$ ]I-S\w ˛ hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\ -Kq-∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºm-gpw
Kq∏hXc-W-th-f-bnepw.
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج ˛ hy‡n-KX cN-\, Kq∏nse sa®-s∏-SpØepIƒ, ]h¿Ø-
\-ØnepS-\ofw \S-Ønb tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج F∂nh ]cn-K-
Wn®v Cu ]h¿Ø-\sØ hne-bn-cpØn A\n-hm-cy-Xbv°-
\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-en¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m.
]T\]Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃ i≤n-®-t√m.
tSan-s\m-Sp-hn¬ ]T\]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ A[ym-
]n-Ibv°v (i) Xs‚ So®nMv am\z-¬ (ii) Ip´n-I-fpsS t\m´v]p-kvXIw F∂nh B[m-
c-am°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(1) So®nMv am\z-ense hni-Zmw-i-߃
]T-\]h¿Ø-\-߃ kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nc-¥c
hne-bn-cp-ج imkvXo-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pambn So®nMv am\z-¬ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv. So®nMv am\z-ep-I-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(i) ]T-\-t\-´-߃
(ii) Bib߃/[mc-W-Iƒ
(iii) tijn-Iƒ
(iv) aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃
(v) ]T\kma-Kn-Iƒ
(vi) ]Xo-£n-°p∂ D¬∏-∂-߃
(vii) kabw
48
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
(viii) ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw AS-ßnb ]Inbm t]Ppw hne-bn-cp-
ج hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hne-bn-cp-ج t]Ppw.
(ix) hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pnse hnh-c-߃ ASn-ÿm\-am-°n-bp≈ dn^vf-Ivj≥
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.
am\z-en¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw Dƒt®¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-
XWw, hne-bn-cp-ج kµ¿`-߃, X¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ F∂nh D≠m-I-Ww.
(2) hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb t\m´v_p°v kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-߃
ssh⁄m-\nItaJ-e-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ASn-ÿm-\am-t°≠ ][m-\ -tc-J-
bmWv ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ t\m´v_p°v. ]T-\-]-In-b-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v t\m´v-_p°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ k¿Km-
fl-I-X, Nn¥m]In-b-Iƒ, `mjmss\]pWn F∂nh t\m´v_p°n¬ ]Xn-^-en-
°pw. ]mT-`mKw hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\p kzoI-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ X¥-߃, Ah-
bpsS ]q¿Øo-I -c -W-Øn\v ]Tn -Xmhv \S -Øp∂ aps∂m-cp -°-߃,
]h¿Ø\ßfpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ XpSßn F√m hnh-c-ßfpw
t\m´v_p°n¬ D≠m-I-Ww. ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ D¬∏-∂-߃ kw_-
‘n® hni-Zmw-i-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw t\m´v_p°n¬Øs∂-bm-Wv.
ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn t\ -߃ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-
i-ßfpw ssIØm-ßpw A[ym-]nI \¬I-Ww. bqWn‰v Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ B
bqWn‰nse ]T-\-t\´-߃ ]Tn-Xmhv t\Sn-bn-´pt≠m F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Hcp tcJ-bmbn t\m´v-_p-°p-Iƒ ]cn-W-an-°-Ww.
Bi-b-hy-‡-X-bp-≈Xpw kµ¿ -߃°pw Bi-b-߃°pw tbm-Py-amb ]cm-a¿i-
߃ D≈Xpw kz¥w Nn¥-Iƒ kzmwio-I-cn -°p-∂-Xpw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-
∂XpamhWw t\m´v_p-°v. Imcy-߃ X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww.
t\m´v_p°n\v ka-K-Xbpw XpS¿®bpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج
]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIptºmƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ F√m D¬∏-∂-ßfpw
t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. ]T-\sØ kw_-‘n®v Ip´n-
°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw A[ym-]n-Ibv°pw ^oUv_m°v \¬IpI F∂ [¿a-amWv
t]m¿´vt^mfntbm \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXp ]T-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw.
t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬
$ t\m´v_p°v
$ a‰p cN-\Iƒ (hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb cN-\)
$ a‰v ]T-\-sØ-fn-hp-Iƒ (NnX-߃, tiJ-c-߃, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃)
49
s]mXpkao-]\w
$ ]T-\-sØ-fn-hpIƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kqN-I-߃
$ k¿Km-flI krjvSn-Iƒ
$ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Spw.
t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Øen\v Xmsg sImSpØ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ Bibhy‡-X
$ [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw
$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]-I¸\
$ ]q¿WX
$ X\na
t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
]h¿Ø\w : ]T-t\m-]-I-cW \n¿amWw
Ggmw ¢mknse imkvX-hn-j-b-Ønse "]Im-i-hn-kva-b-߃' F∂ ]mT-`m-K-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏´v Bh¿Ø\ ]Xn-]-X\w F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ tNm°p-
s]-´nbpw IÆmSn°jW-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n Hcp-]-I-cWw \n¿an-°p-∂p.
tNm°p-s]- n--bn¬ kam-¥-c-ambn c≠p hiØpw IÆmSn H´n-®p-hbv-°p-∂p. tNm°p-
s]-´n-bn¬ Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-ap-≠m°n B hiØv H´n-®p-h-bv°p∂ IÆmSn
°jW-Øn¬ \n∂v ck-]mfn A¬∏w \o°w sNø-Ww. tNm°p-s]-´n-bn¬ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp hkvXp h®v tNm°p-s]-´n-bnse Zzmc-Øn-eqsS AI-tØ°p t\m°n-
bm¬ A\-¥amb FÆw ]Xn-_nw_w ImWmw. t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hnebn-cp-Ø-
en-\p≈ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]h¿Ø\w Fßs\ hnebn-cpØmw F∂p
]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
(1) Bi-b-hy-‡X
an\p-k-ap≈ ]X-ew ]Im-isØ \∂mbn ]Xn-]-Xn-∏n°p∂p F∂pw ]Imiw
Bh¿Øn®v ]Xn-]-Xn-°p-∂Xp-aq-e-amWv At\Iw ]Xn-_nw-_-߃ D≠m-hp-∂Xv
F∂p-apff Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb Hcp D]-I-c-W-amWv CXv F∂v
Ip´n a\-n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
(2) [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw
IÆmSn°jW-߃ A`n-ap-J-ambn hbvt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, kam-¥-c-ambn Iao-
I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, IÆmSn°jWw H´n® Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-an-´v,
IÆm-Sn-bnse ck-]mfn \o°w sNbvXv, Cu `mK-Øp-IqSn AI-tØ°p t\m°p-
tºm-gm-Wv ]Xn-_nw-_-߃ IqSp-X¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp--∂Xv XpS-ßnb [mc-W-Iƒ
Ip´n°v Dt≠m F∂-dn-bm≥ Ip´n-bp-ambn N¿® \S-tØ≠n hcpw.
50
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
(3) DNnX-amb cq]-L-S\
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv Cu kqNIw D]--tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cpØp-tºmƒ apJy-
ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
$ tNm°ps]´ntbm a‰v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-°tfm Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv.
$ D]-tbm-Kn® IÆmSn°jW-ß-fpsS hep∏w.
$ GXp hi-ß-fn-emWv IÆmSn°jW-߃ H´n-®Xv?
$ ]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-tS≠ hkvXp Fhn-sS-bmWv h®-Xv?
(4) ]q¿WX
D]-I-cWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n-´pt≠m, At\Iw ]Xn-_nw-_-߃ ImWm≥ Ign-™n-
´pt≠m XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]q¿WX hne-bn-cp-
Ømw.
(5) X\na
D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ `wKn, ]Xn-_nw_w D≠m-t°-≠- hkvXp-hns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v
(DZm: ]q°ƒ, sNdn-b -]m-h-Iƒ, sse‰v, ....), hrØn, CuSv XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬
X\na ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
D¬∏∂sØ (t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm) hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]T-\]-In-b-bpsS
`mK-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ D¬∏-∂-߃ AXXp-k-a-bØv hne-bn-cpØn So®n-Mvam-\z-
ens‚ ]XnIcW -t]-Pntem ]tXyI Ipdn-∏p-I-fmtbm tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°mw.
tSan-sem-cn-°¬ apgp-h≥ D¬∏∂-ß-sfbpw ka-K-am-bn- I≠psIm≠v kqN-I-Øn\v
A\p-k-cn®v t]mbn‚ v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]T\]In-b-bp-sSbpw t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm--bp-sSbpw tKUv IW-°m-°p∂ coXn
tSan-\¬ BbmWv tKUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ coXnimkvXw ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج, t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bnse
Hmtcm kqN-Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn "G‰hpw sa®w/sa®-s∏-´Xv/icm-icn/
C\nbpw sa®-s∏-tS-≠Xv'' F∂v td‰v sNbvXv bYm-Iaw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\
t]mbn‚ v IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
5 kqN-I-ßfpw ]cnK-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\
t]mbn‚ v \¬In-bm¬ ]c-am-h[n 20 t]mbn‚ v F∂p IW-°m-°mw.
tKUnMv am\-Zfiw A\p-k-cn®p Xbm-dm-°nb NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ sdUn-
sd-°-W¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v t]mbn‚ v tKUm°n am‰mw.
51
s]mXpkao-]\w
t]mbn‚ v tKUv
15 - 20 A
12 - 14 B
9 - 11 C
7 - 8 D
Below 7 E
Hcp tSanse ]In-bsbbpw t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm C\-ß-sfbpw ka-K-ambn I≠p-
sIm-≠p-thWw Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw t]mbn‚ v \¬In tKUn-te°p amt‰-≠-Xv.
$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج
Hcp bqWn-‰n¬ hnhn[ ]T-\-t\-´-߃°p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-
tØmsSbmWv hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv. CXn\v Hcp ka-K-kz-`m-h-ap-≠v. Hcp bqWn-
‰nse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu ka-KXmt_m[-sØ-
bmWv (apgp-h≥ ]T-\-t\-´-ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v) hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. hmNn-I-amb
hne-bn-cp-ج, Iznkv t]mKmw, Hm∏¨_p°v hne-bn-cp-ج, tNmZy-߃ Xbm-
dm-°epw DØ-c-kq-NnI Is≠-Ø-epw, ]pXnb cN-\-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-ج XpS-ßn-
bh bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\p ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \n›nX bqWn-‰nse ]T\-
t\-´-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ip´n FhnsS \n¬°p∂p F∂p Xncn®dnbm≥ klm-b-
I-amb td‰n-Mv kvsI-bn¬, sN°v enÃv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-ج ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-tØm-sSm∏w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn \S-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t]mbn‚ v \¬In tKUv
B°n tSans‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ \n›nX t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Hcp
tSan¬ H∂n-e-[nIw bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-ج D≠mIpw F∂XpsIm≠v bqWn‰v
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpsS icm-icnbmWv tSans‚ HSp-hn¬ tN¿t°-≠-Xv. CXn-\p-]-
tbm-Kn® Sqfns‚ kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kqN-I-߃ So®¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Iem-]-T-\w, ]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky-˛Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-
߃°pw ]In-b, t]m¿´vt^mfntbm, bqWn‰v Xew F∂n-h-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-ج
\SØn tKUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
CE tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-s‚-bpw ]T\]In-b, t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-
ج F∂nhbn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw tKUv IW-°m-°n-b-Xn\p tijw A, B, C, D,
E tKUp-Iƒ°v bYm-Iaw 5/4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ t]mbn‚ v \¬I-Ww. Cßs\
e`n-°p∂ BsI tKUv t]mbn‚ns‚ icm-icn IW-°m°n CE tKUv Is≠Ømw.
52
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
DZmlc-W-ambn Hcp Ip´n°v ae-bm-f-Øn\v ]T\]In-b, t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn-
‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bpsS tKUv bYm-Iaw A, B, B BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´.
F¶n¬ BsI e`n® tKUv t]mbn‚ v 5 + 4 + 4 = 13 BWv. icm-icn = 13 / 3 = 4.33
BWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ip´n-bpsS tKUv B BWv.
tSw hne-bn-cp-ج (TE)
1 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mp-I-fn¬ `mjm-hn-j-b-߃°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ bqWn-
‰p-I-fnse ]T-\-t\-´-߃ Bkv]-Z-am°n hyh-lm-c-cq-]-߃, `mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ,
`mjm-tijn-Iƒ F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®m-hWw tSw hne-bn-cp-ج. D≈-
S° taJ-e-Iƒ°pw tijn-Iƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ tNmZy-
am-Xr-I-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. imkvX-hn-j-b-߃°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂
bqWn-‰p-I-fnse D≈-S°taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv tSw hne-bn-cp-ج
\S-tØ-≠-Xv. ]T\t\´-߃°v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Bi-b-ßfpw
tijn-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ tNmZy-߃ CXn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°mw.
Hmtcm bqWn‰v/Bi-b-ta-Jebv°pw hnhn[ Xe-Øn-ep≈ Nn¥m-ti-jn-Iƒ°v
icn-bmb shbn-t‰Pv \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tNmZy-߃ Dƒs∏- n- p-s≠∂v
Dd∏phcpØn thWw tNmZy-t]-∏¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. tNmZy-߃°-\p-tbm-Py-amb
kqN-I-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n- hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-
°pIbpw thWw. Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn\pw th≠n Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ kqN-I-ßsf
ASnÿm\-s∏-SpØn t]mbn‚ v \¬Ip-I-bpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Hmh-dmƒ tKUv Is≠-
Øp-Ibpw thWw.
Iem-]-T-\w, ]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛ImbnI -hn-Zym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-ßsf
kw_-‘n®v tSan\¬ hne--bn-cp-ج ]I-S-\-hn-e-bn-cp-Øem-bmWv (Performance
Assessment) \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ amXr-I-Iƒ AXXp hnj-b-ß-fpsS
lm‚ v_p-°n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Iem-]-T-\w, ]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛-Im-bnI
hnZym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-߃°pw Cu coXn-bn¬ tKUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ tSan-\¬ tImUo-I-cWw
(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc
1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-
cp-ج, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-ج F∂nh ]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F1 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F
1 t^m¿am‰v A\p-
_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh tKUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xv. F1 t^m¿am‰n¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw kn.C., Sn.C. hni-Zmw-i-߃ aq∂v
53
s]mXpkao-]\w
tSap-I-fn--teXpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Htc t^m¿am-
‰n¬ H∂n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´n-bpsS sa®-s∏-S¬ Iam-\p-K-X-ambn kw -
hn-°p-∂pt≠m? Bscm-s°-bmWv ]n∂m°w t]mIp-∂Xv? XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃
a\-n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
(2) ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsc
5 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-
cp-ج, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-ج F∂nh ]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F2 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F
2 t^m¿am‰v A\p-
_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh tKUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-ج
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-esbt∏mseØs∂ ][m-\-amWv kmaq-lnI -ssh-Im-cnI taJ-
e-bnsebpw hne-bn-cp-ج. Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning to live to-
gether, Learning to be F∂nh-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-I-fmWv ChnsS ]cn-
K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-
s∏-SpØn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.
1 Bibhn\n-ab tijn (Communication skills)
2 hy‡y-¥c ss\]pWn (Interpersonal skills)
3 kl-`mhw (Empathy)
4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with emotions)
5 am\-knI kΩ¿Z-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with Stress)
6 ]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn (Problem solving skill)
7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ (Decision making)
8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ (Critical thinking)
9 k¿Km-flItijn (Creative thinking skill)
10 kzbmh-t_m[w (Self-awareness)
ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-]-I¿
Xs∂ Ch-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. AXXv hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]Inbm
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ChnsS
]In-bm-tijn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w aqey-߃/at\m- m-h-߃ F∂nh cq]-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xpambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-جIqSn \S-°-Ww.
54
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂
KpW]-c-amb C\-߃ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWv th-≠-Xv. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-
hn-s‚bpw KpW]c-amb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t]m’m-ln∏n°s∏-tS-≠Xp≠v.
hne-bn-cp-ج ˛hm¿jnI tImUo-I-cWw
(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc
1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t^m¿am‰v (F1)
se kn.C., Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ hm¿jn-I-ambn tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F3
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. CXn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C.
tKUp-Iƒ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F3 ImWp-I). tSan-\¬
Bbn e`n-°p∂ kn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ip´n°p
e`n® G‰hpw anI® tKUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ tKUv.
CXv F3 t^m¿am-‰n¬ ]tXy-I-ambn hrØ-Øn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. tKUv
Fs¥∂v kqNn-∏n-°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ip´n°p e`n® tKUmWv
Sn.C. tKUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-
‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc
]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-´n√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.
(2) ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsc
5 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ AXXv hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-
]-I¿ \¬Ip∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ kn.C., Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ (F2 t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bXv) hm¿jn-I-ambn tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F4 D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
CXn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ tSan-
\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F4ImWp-I). tSan-\¬ Bbn e`n-°p∂
kn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ip´n°p e`n® G‰hpw anI®
tKUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ tKUv. CXv F4 t^m¿am-
‰n¬ ]tXy-I-ambn he-bØn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. tKUv Fs¥∂p kqNn-∏n-
°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ip´n°p e`n® tKUmWv
Sn.C. tKUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-
‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc
55
s]mXpkao-]\w
]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-´n√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.
C]-Imcw ssh⁄m-\nI Xe-Øn-sebpw kmaq-ln-I˛-ssh-Im-cnI Xe-Øn-sebpw
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-t\-´-߃ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S]Sn-
Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥-c-ambpw ka-K-X-
tbm-sSbpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iq´mb ia-߃ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-
X-am-Wv. Ah km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ¢Ã¿Xe IqSn-t®-cep-I-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-
ج IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p≈ hnhn[ t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬Ip-∂p.
56
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
hne-bn-cp-ج H‰- t\m-´-Øn¬....
hne-bn-cp-ج
kao-]\w : ]T-\-t\- -߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ kao-]\w
\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)
ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-Je kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe
1 Bibhn\n-abtijn(Communication skill)
2 hy‡y-¥c ss\]pWn(Interpersonal skill)
3 kl-`mhw (Empathy)4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-S¬(Coping with emotions)
5 am\-knIkΩ¿Z-ß-fp-ambns]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬(Coping with Stress)
6 ]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn(Problem solving skill)
7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬(Decision making)
8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥(Critical thinking)
9 k¿Km-flItijn(Creative thinking skill)
10 kzbmh-t_m[w
(Self-awareness)
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج tSw hne-bn-cp-ج
$ ]T\]In-bhne-bn-cp-ج
$ t]m¿´vt^m-fntbmhne-bn-cp-ج
$ bqWn-‰vXehne-bn-cp-ج
$ Bi-b-߃,]In-b-IƒapX-em-b-h.
57
s]
mXpk
ao-]\
wA\p-_‘w
hnZym¿Yn-bpsS t]cv
Ad-_n/
58
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
2) CE, TE F∂nh Hmtcm tSanepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ hnj-b-_-‘nX
tImUo-I-cW t^m¿am‰v ( F2) -˛ ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsctSw : 1/2/3
hnjbw : ..................................................... ¢mkv ........................................Unhn-j≥ ...............................
\º¿ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS t]cv CE C\-߃
]I
nb
t]m¿
vt^
mfntb
m
bqW
n‰v
hne
-b
ncpØ
¬
BsI
CE
tKU
v
TEtKU
v
dnam
¿Ivk
v
F2
59
s]mXpkao-]\w
¢mk
v
60
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
¢mk
v
]cn-k-csØ-°p-dn-®v, ]cn-k-c-Øn-eqsS ]cn-k-c-Øn-\p-th≠n ]Tn-°p-∂-XmWv ]cn-
k-c-]T\w. (EVS is the study of environment, through environment, for environment)
"]cn-k-c-sØ-°p-dn®v' F∂Xv ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ D≈-S-°sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]Ir-Xn-ZØ]cn-kcw (Np‰p-]m-Sv, kk-y-߃, P¥p-°ƒ, \Zn-Iƒ kuc-bp-Yw, Imem-
h-ÿ....) a\p-j-y-\n¿ΩnX ]cn-kcw (tdmUp-Iƒ, D]-I-c-W-߃, hml-\-߃....)
kmaq-ly ]cn-kcw (BNm-c-߃, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, hnizm-k-߃, BtLm-j-
߃, ]mtZ-inI Ncn-Xw ......)- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bmWv ]cn-kc ]T-\-Øns‚ D≈-S°w
F∂v kmam-\-y-ambn hnh-£n-°mw. "]cn-k-c-Øn-eq-sS'-sb-∂Xv ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øns‚
]In-b-sbbmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \nco-£n-°¬, h¿§o-I-cn-°¬, A]-K-Yn®v \nK-
a -\ -Øn -se -ج, eLp -] -co -£-W-ß-fn -te¿s∏-S¬ XpSßn \nc -h[n
]In-bm-ti-jn-I-fpsS hnI-k\w ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS km[-y-am-I-Ww. Cu e£yw
ap≥\n¿Øn ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ 5E L´ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]T-\-]-In-b-bmWv
kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-k-c-]-T\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬
ta¬kq-Nn-∏n® ]In-bm-ti-jn-I-fpsS kzm-`m-hn-I-amb hnIk\w km[-y-am-Ipw.
(]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Ønse ]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ]n∂oSv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v).
"]cn-k-c-Øn-\p-th≠n' F∂Xv Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-tS≠ aqe-y-߃ at\m- m-h-߃
F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®mWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS ]cn-k-cw, Ahn-SsØ kk--y-P-
¥p-Pm-e-߃, hn -h-߃ F∂nh \in®p t]mIm-sXbpw aen-\-s∏-Sm-sXbpw kq£n-
°p-hm≥ \nc-¥cw i≤n-°p∂ Hcp ]cn-k-c-ku-lrZ at\m-`mhw Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-
s∏-S-Ww. ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ Cu aq∂v hnime e£-y-߃ ap≥\n¿ØnbmhWw
Hmtcm ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-¢mkpw apt∂-td-≠-Xv.
a\p-jy≥ C∂p-hsc t\Snb A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv imkvXw F∂p
]dbmw. Hcp hy‡n-°p-≠m-hp∂ A\p-`hw AtX kml-N-cy-Øn¬ a‰p hy‡n-
Iƒ°pw D≠m-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah imkvX-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. CØcw
A\p-`-h-ßsf ap≥ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. ImgvN,
tIƒhn, cpNn, kv]¿iw, K‘w F∂n-h-bn-eqsSbmWv Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ \ap°v A\p-
`-h-th-Zy-am-hp-∂Xv. ap∂dnhpI-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ icn-bmbn \S-Øp∂ hni-
I-e\w ]pXnb Adn-hns‚ \n¿an-Xn-bn-te°v \sΩ \bn-°pw. \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂
Hmtcm Adnhpw ASpØ At\z-j-W-Øn-te-°p≈ hmXn-ep-I-fm-Wv. bp‡amb
tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-Ibpw ]k‡amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°pIbpw ka-K-amb
hni-I-e\w \SØp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Imcy-Im-cW hnNmcw ^e-]m-]vXn-bn-
-se-Øp-∂p. CXmWv imkvX-]-T\coXn. Cu coXn kzmb-Ø-am-°nb kaq-l-Øn¬
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
62
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A_-≤-[m-c-W-Ifpw \ne-\n¬°n-√. B kaqlw Nqj-W-
Øn\pw X´n-∏p-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-hp-I-bp-an-√. AXn-\m¬ imkvXw i‡-amb
Hcp c£m-I-hNw IqSn-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvX -ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]tbm-Kn-°-
s∏-tS≠ H∂mWv imkvX-Øns‚ coXn. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Du¿P-sØ-°p-dn®pw
]Zm¿Y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-sam-s°-bp≈ hnh-c-- ti-J-cWw amX-ambn
imkvX]T\w HXpßcpXv. AXn-\p-a--∏pdw imkvX-]-T-\-Øn\v hnim-e-amb e£y-
߃ D≠v.
]cn-kc ]T-\-Øn¬ imkvX-]-T-\hpw kmaqlyimkvX]T-\hpw DuSpw ]mhpw
t]mse ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-Ihpw imkvXo-b-hp-amb kao-]-\-Øn¬
A[njvTnXambn Np‰p-]m-Sns\ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p≈ Ignhv hnI-kn-
∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v amXta a\p-jy\v apt∂m´v t]m-Im≥ Ign-bp-Ibp≈p.
kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ^e-]-Z-ambn CS]-s∏-´p-sIm≠v amXta al-Ømb
\msfsb krjn-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. kaq-l-Øn¬ Xs‚ ÿm\-sa-s¥∂v Xncn-
®-dn-bp-Ibpw a\pjy≥ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬
Fs¥ms° am‰-߃ D≠m°n F∂v Xncn-®dnbpIbpw thWw. a\p-jy\pw a\p-
jy\pw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw kaqlhpw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw ]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-
epw D≈ ]mc-kv]cyw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\p≈ Ahkcw ]cn-kc ]T-\-Øn-eqsS
e`y-am-°-Ww.
]cn-kc]-T\ e£y-߃
$ IuXp-Iw, Pn⁄m-k, \nco-£-W-]m-Shw F∂nh ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°pI.
$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf imkvXo-b-ambn hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ign-bpI.
$ sa®-s∏-S-en-\p-th≠n ]cn-i-an-°pI.
$ imkvX--Øns‚ coXn kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
$ \nc¥-c-amb At\z-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw e`n® hnh-c--߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
\nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ ]IrXn ]Xn-`m-k-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøpI.
$ A‘-hnizmk-ß-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm-°pI.
$ imkvX-Øns‚ Zpcp-]-tbmKw XS-bpI.
$ imkvXob ho£Ww cq]s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ ]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ at\m-`mhw hf¿ØpI.
$ ]Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hnth-I-]q¿ham-°pI.
$ ]Ir-Xn-bnse ]c-kv]-cm-i-bXzw Xncn-®-dn-bpI.
$ kzmb-Ø-am-°nb Adnhv Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \∑bv-°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pI.
63
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
$ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w F∂ Bibw hym]n-∏n-°pI.
$ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-hp-ambn ]T-\sØ _‘-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzhpw kmaq-lnI-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ]men®p-sIm≠v -imco-cn-I-˛am-\-
knI˛km-aq-lnI BtcmKyw ssIh-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°pI.
$ am\-hn-I-X-bn¬ Du∂n-bp≈ imkvXm-h-t_m[w hf¿ØpI.
$ imkvX-Øns‚ t\´-ß-fn¬ A`n-am--\n-°pI.
$ \mSns‚ t\´-ß-fn¬ A`n-am-\n-°p-I, ]¶m-fn-I-fm-IpI
$ imkvX-t\-´-߃ kmaq-ly-\-∑-bv°mbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ imkvX-Øn-\p-w kmaq-lnI \∑bv°pw th≠n PohnXw ka¿∏n-®-h-tcmSv BZ-
chv ]pe¿ØpI.
imkvX-]-T-\-Øns‚bpw ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øns‚bpw apJ-y-e-£yw "imkvX-km-£cX'
(Scientific Literacy) hnI-kn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. imkvX-km-£-cX C\n-∏-d-bp∂
taJ-e-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
1. hn⁄m-\- ta-Je (Knowledge domain)
2. ]In-bm-ti-jn- ta-Je (Process skill domain)
3. ]tbm-K- ta-Je (Application domain)
4. at\m-`mh taJe (Attitudinal domain)
5. k¿Km-flI taJe (Creativity domain)
hn⁄m-\-ta-Je (Knowledge domain)
kmaq-lnI Np‰p-]mS,v ]]-©-]-Xn-`m-k-߃, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, Ah-bpsS
hniZoI-c-W-߃ kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw s]mXp \nb-a-ßfpw
AhbpsS \nd-th-‰epw XpS-ßnb hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb [mcW
e`n°m≥ ]cn-ÿnXn ]T\w klm-b-I-am-I-Ww.
]co-£-W-\n-co-£-W-߃, N¿®, kwhm-Zw, t]mPIv‰v ]h¿Ø-\w, d^d≥kv
XpSßnbh-bn-eqsS Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ [mcW hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°mw.
]InbmtaJe (Process domain)
Hcp ]tXyI ^ew ]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v AYhm ]tXyI e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-
th≠n sNøp∂ \S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpsS tiWn-bmWv ]Inb (Process). Bi-b-
ßfpw sXfnhp-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw Ah tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a\-
Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]In-b-bpsS `mK-amb tijn-I-fmWv ]In-bm-ti-jn-
Iƒ (Process skills).
Nne ][m\ ]In-bm-tijn-Iƒ
64
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ \nco-£n°¬
$ ZØ-߃ tiJ-cn-°epw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øepw
$ h¿Ko-I-cn°¬
$ Af-°epw Nm¿´m-°epw
$ ZØ߃ hymJym-\n-°epw hni-I-e\wsNøepw
$ ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏-S¬
$ Nc-߃ (Variables) Xncn-®-dn-bepw \nb-¥n-°epw
$ tNmZyw Db¿Ø¬
$ kmam-\y-hXv°-cWw
$ ]iv\-]-cn-lmcw Is≠-ج
$ XmXv°m-enI \nK-a-\w (Hypothesis) cq]-hXv°-cn-°epw AXp ]cn-tim-[n-°epw
$ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-ج
$ Xocp-am-\-saSp°¬
$ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sNø¬
$ ]h-Nn-°epw A\p-am-\n-°epw
$ D]-I-c-W-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬
k¿Km-fl-I-ta-Je (Creativity domain)
Ip´n-bpsS k¿Km-flI Nn¥-tbbpw `mh-\-tbbpw hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ kao-]-\-
amWv \mw Ah-ew-_n-t°-≠-Xv. \S∂p]Xn™ hgn-Øm-c-bn¬ \n∂p amdn \S-
°m≥, hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ Nn¥n-°m≥ Ip´n°p Ign-tb-≠--Xp≠v.
Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Nne tijn-Iƒ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.
$ at\m-Nn-X-߃ cq]-hXv°-cn-°¬ (Visualizing), ]co-£-W-߃ cq]-I-ev]-\-
sN-ø¬
$ hkvXp-°-sfbpw Bi-b-ß-sfbpw ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ _‘n-∏n°¬
$ hkvXp-°ƒ°v km[m-c-W-a-√mØ/ _Z¬ D]-tbm-K-߃ Is≠-ج
$ ]iv\-߃°pw ]tlfnIIƒ°pw (Puzzles) DØcw Is≠-ج
$ `a-I-ev]-\-Iƒ cq]-h-XvI-cn-°¬ (Fantasizing)
$ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw b¥-ßfpw Unssk≥ sNø¬
$ kz]v\w ImW¬ (Dreaming)
$ thdn´ Nn¥-Iƒ
at\m- m-h-ta-Je (Attitudinal domain)
]cn-k-c-]-T\Øns‚ ][m-\-e-£y-ß-fn-sem∂v at\m-`m-h-ß-fnepw aqey-t_m[-\-
65
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
Ønepw htc≠ A`n-e-j-Wob am‰-am-Wv. Bi-bßfpw ]In-bm-ti-jn-I-fp-sams°
kzm-b-Ø-am-°n-bm¬ t]mepw Pohn-X-ho-£-W-Ønepw kmaq-lnI sshb-‡nI
]iv\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw th≠X am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ ]cn-k-c-
]-T\w sIm≠v \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bm-\m-hp-I-bn-
√. AXn-\m¬ at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃, Xncp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ XpS-ßnb taJ-e-
Ifnse tijohn-I-k\w kw_-‘n® ]iv\sØ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w IqSpX¬ Bg-
Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n®p \ne-]m-sS-Sp-t°-≠--Xp-≠v.
Cu taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sm-hp∂ LS-I-߃:
$ imkvXo-b-amb Adn-hn-t\mSpw imkvX-hn-Zym-`ym-k-tØmSpw IqSp-X¬ aa-Xm-
]-c-amb \ne-]mSv D≠m-I¬.
$ kz¥w Ign-hn-ep≈ hnizmkw
$ am\p-jn-I-hnImcßsf a\-kn-em-°m\pw hne-a-Xn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv
$ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfmSpw Nn¥I-tfmSpw IqSp-X¬ kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-
≠m-bn-cn-°¬
$ kz¥w hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-߃ krjvSn-]-c-ambn ]I-Sn-∏n-°¬
$ sshb-‡n-I-aq-ey--ß-fn¬ Imcy-Im-c-W-t_m-[-tØmsS Nn¥n®p Xocp-am-\-sa-
Sp-°¬
DZvt_m-[-\-ß-fn-eqsS hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ H∂√ at\m- m-h-ta-J-e-bnse tijn-
Iƒ. kaq-l-hp-am-bn, ]tXyIn®v kl-]m-Tn-I-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I-cp-ambpw CS-]-g-
In-s°m≠v G¿s∏-Sp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡-amb e£y-t_m-[-tØmsS
A[ym]I¿ Iao-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ ]T-\-˛-t_m-[\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw
kzmbØ-am-t°-≠-h-bmWv Cu aqey-߃. t]mPIvSv ]h¿Ø-\-߃ CXn-
s\mcpZml-c-W-am-Wv. C∂phsc Ah-KWn°s∏-´p-t]m∂ imkvXob at\m-`mhw
XpS¿aqey\n¿Wb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-am-Xta Cu taJ-e-
bnse ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw IqSp-X¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw km[n-°p-I-bp≈q.
]tbm-K taJe (Application domain)
\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ip´n B¿Pn® Bi-b-ßfpw
]In-b-Ifpw aqey-ß-fp-sa√mw \nc¿Y-I-am-sW-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. AXp-t]m-se-
Xs∂ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ \n∂v A\y-amb ip≤-im-kvX-X-Xz-߃°pw Bi-b-
߃°pw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ henb ]k‡n D≠m-sb-∂p-h-cn-√. at\m-`m-h-ta-J-
e-t]mse Xs∂ ]cn-k-c-]-T\-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-X-e-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ FX
]k‡n Df-f-Xm-sW-¶nepw ]cn-k-c--kw-_-‘-amb hnh-c-߃ Pohn-X-K-‘n-bpw
PohnX_‘nbpw Bbn-s√-¶n¬ Ip´nsb kw_-‘n®v Ah A]-k-‡-amtb A\p-
-h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.
66
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]tbm-K-ta-J-e-bpsS Nne LS-I-߃ Ch-bmWv:
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-߃ ssZ\w-Zn\
Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°p-I.
$ kzmb-Ø-am-°p∂ Bi-b-ßfpw tijn-Ifpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-
bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ ho´nse D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-
°¬.
$ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v kzoIm-cy-amb
]In-b-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ج.
$ ]cn-ÿnXn-kw-_-‘-amb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Ignhv
$ Blm-cw, Btcm-Kyw, Pohn-X-ssien XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ hy‡n-]-c-ambn
imkvXob Xocp-am-\-saSp-°¬.
$ a‰p hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn Adnhv _‘-s∏-Sp-ج
]cn-kc]T\Øns‚ coXn
imkvX- km-aq-lyimkvX ]T\w Ip´n-bpsS ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®m¬ amXta
Dt±-in® e£y-w ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hq. ]cn-kc-]-T\w ]In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-
Ww. ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I, e`n®
hnhc-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I, \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-I, FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-
a\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I, ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°pI XpS-ßnb tijn-
Iƒ hnIkn°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ \S-°-Ww.
IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw kq£va-X-tbm-sSbpw ]co-£-W-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw
sNøp∂--Xn\pw ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw D]-I-c-W-߃ ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kq£va-
X--tbm-sS-bp≈ ]IrXn \nco-£-W-Øn\pw [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ß-ƒ ]cn-kc-]-T-\-
Øns‚ `mK-ambn e`n-°-Ww. Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS D]-
tbmKw ]c--am-h[n km[y--am-°-Ww. \nXy-Po-hnXkµ¿`-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-kc]-T\w. AXv Hcn-°epw ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ HXpßn \n¬°p∂
H∂-√. AXn-\m¬ hmXn¬∏pd]T-\-߃°pw ]m[m\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. ]co-
£-Ww, \nco-£-Ww, ZØ-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww, ZØ-ß-fpsS hymJym-\w, D]-I-c-
W-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw, \n¿am-Ww, sa®-s∏-Sp-ج, cq]-I-ev]\ sNø¬, Xmc-
Xayw sNø¬, h¿Ko-I-cn-°¬, Adn-hns‚ ]tbm-Kw, ]h-N-\w, Af-°¬, k¿Km-
fl-I-c-N\ \S-ج, `a-I-ev]-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°¬, ]co-£Ww Bkq-XWw
sNø¬, A]-K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-ج, s]mXp-XØzw cq]o-I-cn-°¬, tNmZy-
߃ D∂-bn-°¬ XpS-ßnb ]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-
amb sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
67
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
]T-\-]-Inb
]cn-kc-]-T\w ]In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amhWw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ tIhew ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ sNbvXp t]mh¬ amX-am-h-cp-Xv. Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw Hcp e£y-ap-
≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. B e£y-Øn¬ Ip´n FØn F∂v Dd∏p hcp--Øp-Ibpw thWw.
]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-Ibpw tImUo-I-cWw \S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ
Dt±--in® ^e-]m]vXn ssIh-∂p-sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. Hcp ]T-\-]-Inb ]q¿Øn-bm-
hp-tºmƒ Xm≥ F¥mWv t\Sn-b-sX∂v Ip´n°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. XpS¿]-
T-\-Øn\v CXv Ahs\ ]m]vX-\m°pw.
]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv \nK-
a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sXfn-hp-I-sfbpw cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ \nK-a-\-ß-sfbpw hna¿i-
\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]n∂n´ hgn-I-sfbpw sNbvX ]h¿Ø-\-ß-
sfbpw ho≠pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmƒ ]ni-Ip-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Xncn-
®-dn-bm\pw Xncp-Øm\pw Ah-kcw e`n-°pw. Db¿∂ _u≤nI A®S°-tØmsS
hna¿i\hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xn--\p-ti-j-amWv e`n® Bi-b-ßsf X≈p-Itbm sIm≈p-
Itbm sNtø≠Xv. XnI®pw P\m-[n-]-Xyco-Xn-bn¬ \S-°p-∂Xpw kzX-¥-ambpw
\n¿`-b-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-hp-∂-Xp-amb ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ amXsa CXv km[y-am-hq.
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS CS-s]-S-en¬\nt∂m Iq´p-Im-cp-am-bp≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ \nt∂m \nco-
£-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sStbm ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmtgm Hs°-bmhmw
Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ip´n°v hnhn-[-ß-fmb A\p-`-h-߃
e`n-°-Ww.
]co-£-W-aqe
At\z-j-Wm-flI ]T-\-Øn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰mØXmWv ]co-£-Ww. ]iv\
]cnlcWØn-\m-h-iy-amb ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏-S¬, ]co-£Ww kz¥-ambn
Bkq-XWw sNø¬, D]-I-c-W-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬ XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ
Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnIknt°≠Xp-≠v. ]co-£-W- -\n-co-£-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnƒ Ip´n \nc-
¥cw G¿s∏Sp∂XneqsS amXsa CXp km[y-am-Iq.
temh¿ ss]adn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Ws®e-hp≈ emt_m-d-´dn kwhn-[m-\-Øn\p
]Icw sNehp Ipd-s™mcp _Z¬ kwhn-[m\w F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-
XmWv DNn-Xw. eLp-]-co-£-W-߃°mbn Hcp kb≥kv tIm¿W¿ Hcp-°mw.
Ipd™ hnebv°p e`n-°p∂Xpw hne-bn-√m-ØXpw Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p-∂-
Xp-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p Xs∂ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w ^e-]-Z-am-
°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿°p Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-¢m-nse kb≥kv tIm¿W¿
Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww?
68
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ffp∏w sXc-s™-Sp-°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw Ign-bp∂
coXn-bn¬ ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ ]tXyIw k÷-am-°nb Hcn-Stam, Hcp tai-tbm,
Hc-e-am-ctbm BImw. kb≥kv tIm¿W¿.
$ ¢mkp-ap-dn-bn¬ Ip´n-Ifpw A[ym-]-I\pw tN¿∂v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-tXm tiJ-cn-
°p-∂tXm Bb D]-I-c-W-ßtfm hkvXp-°tfm Bbn-cn-°Ww AhnsS k÷o-
I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
$ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ°v kz¥-ambn ]co-£Ww Bkq-
XWw sNøm-\m-h-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ AhnsS Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ sl¿t_-dn-bw (C-e-B¬_w) ]e-Xcw hnØp-Iƒ, ]£n-Øq-h-ep-Iƒ XpS-
ßnb Ip´n-I-fpsS tiJcW-ßfpw AhnsS ]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.
$ imkvX-⁄≥am-cpsS NnX-߃, Poh-N-cn-X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂nh ]Z¿in-
∏n-°mw.
$ IuXp-I-I-chpw Ip´n-I-fpsS Pn⁄mk DW¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb ]co-£-W-
߃°mh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw k-÷-am-°-Ww.
$ kb≥kv tIm¿W¿ Ft∏mgpw ASp°pw Nn´bpw hrØn-bp-apffXmbn kq£n-
°-Ww.
$ ]co-£-W-߃ A[ym-]-I¿ ImWn®p sImSp-°p-I-b√ th≠Xv; Ip´n-Iƒ
kzbw Ah sNbvXp t\m°-s´.
]T-\-hn- -h-߃
]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-°pI amX-amWv ]mT-]p-kvXIw
sNøp∂Xv. ]T\ ]In-b, ]T\ coXn F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T\
]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°p \bn-°p∂ ]T\ kµ¿`-߃ Hcp-°p-I-bp-amWv ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Øn\v \n¿hln-°m-\p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ hnh-c-߃
IqSn tNcp-tºm-gmWv ]mT-]p-kvXIw kaKamIp-∂-Xv.
]cn-k-c-]-T-Øn\v a‰p hmb-\m-km-a-Kn-I-fpsS ]m[m\yw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xt√?
]T-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\pw a‰pw Fs¥√mw kma-Kn-Iƒ ]tbm-
P-\-s∏-SpØmw?
$ d^-d≥kv KŸ-߃
$ imkvX-am-kn-I-Iƒ
$ _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
$ hm¿Øm t_m¿Up-Iƒ
$ eLp-te-J-Iƒ
Ct°m ¢∫v
¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn Ip´n \n¿an-°p∂ D]-I-
69
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
c-W-߃, t_m[--h-Xv°-ctWm]m-[n-Iƒ, skan-\m¿ t]∏-dp-Iƒ, t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿ v,
]co-£-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp thZn-bmbn kvIqƒ
kb≥kv ¢∫v amd-Ww. Ip´n-I-fn¬ imkvX˛km-aq-ly-imkvX A-`n-cpNn hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ i‡-amb Hcp-]m-[n-bmbn ]cn-ÿnXn-¢-_ns\ am‰nsbSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ Xs∂ ¢_v ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n°p-Ibpw Hcp h¿j-tØ-°p≈
]h¿Ø-\-]-≤Xn Bkq-XWw sNøp-Ibpw thWw. h¿jm-h-km\w Ip´n-I-fpsS
D¬∏-∂-߃ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp -]-Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw. ]cn-kc-]-T-
\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Zn\m-N-c-W-߃, ]tXy-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn-ep≈ hnZ-Kv[-¢m-kp-
Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ XpSßn [mcmfw km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn¢-∫n\v ap∂n-ep-≠v.
So®¿ sSIvÃv
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-X-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-bXpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
]h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xn\v Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-∂Xpw IqSp-
X¬ hnh-c-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ A[ym-]n-Isb t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw A[ym-]n-Ibv°v
Bh-iy-amb- A[n-I-hn-hcw \¬Ip-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°Ww So®¿ sSIvÃv. ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-߃, IqSp-X¬ ]h¿Ø-\-߃, hne-bn-cp-ج amXr-I-
Iƒ, hn\n-ab X¥-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ A[ym-]n-Ibv°vv IqSp-X¬ Dƒ°mgvN \¬tI-
≠-Xp-≠v F∂-XmWv So®¿ sSIvÃns‚ ]k-‡n. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-
I-߃ So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
BapJw
Hmtcm bqWn-‰n\pw BapJw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. B ]mT-`mKw e£yw hbv°p∂
][m-\m-i-b-߃, Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-t°≠ ]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ, D≠m-th≠ aqey-
ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw, hnj-b-Øns‚ kmaqly ]m[m\yw F∂nh Bap-J-Øn¬
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]mT-`m-K-Øn-te-°p≈ hmXn-ep-I-fmWv Bap-Jw.
bqWn‰v s^bnw
][m\ Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv Hmtcm bqWn‰v s^bnapw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-
´p-≈-Xv. bqWn‰v s^bn-an\v aq∂v `mK-ß-fp-≠v. ]T\t\´-߃ ssIh-cn-°-W--sa-
¶n¬ GsX√mw Bi-b-߃ Ip´n a\-n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v, GsX√mw ]In-bm-ti-
jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fmWv BZy-`m-K-Øp-≈-Xv.
ASpØ`mKØv ]T\]h¿Ø\ß-fmWv kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xv. Ah-km\- m-KØv B
bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ip´n t\tS≠ ][m\ ]T\t\ -߃ BWv \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm
bqWn-‰n\pw Bh-iy-amb GI-tZi kabw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-eq-
sSbpw IS∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-tS≠ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw
bqWn-‰vs^-bn-an¬ ]tXyIw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
70
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
bqWn-‰n-te°v
samUyq-fp-I-fmbn Xncn-®mWv Cu mKw Iao-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv. ]mT- m-KsØ ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ ]mT-`m-
KØns‚ Ia-a-\p-k-cn®v kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb
Nne ]h¿Ø-\-߃, Ifn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-
bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS kqN-\bpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-km\w \¬Inb XpS¿]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Ah-km-\-tØ°v
am‰n-h-bv°msX AXXp ka-b-ß-fn¬ sNbvXp t]mh-Ww. Hcp bqWn-‰nse ]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-hp--tºm-tg°pw kam-¥-c-ambn XpS¿]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]q¿Øn-
bm-bn-cn-°pw.
hne-bn-cp-ج
]T\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ^e-]-Z-ambn \n¿hln-°p-∂-Xn¬ hne-bn-cpØen\p≈
]m[m\yw FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. Hmtcm bqWn-‰pambpw _‘-s∏´v Ip´n-
bpsS ]T-\-t\-´-߃ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eq-sS-bmWv
CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v klm-b-I-amb h¿°vjo-‰p-Ifpw
kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج D]m-[n-Ifpw ]c-kv]c hne-bn-cp-ج D]m-[n-Ifpw Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. IqSp-X-embn th≠Xv So®¿ kzbw Xøm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. So®¿
sSIvÃn¬ \¬Inb A[nI ]h¿Ø-\߃, ]mT`mK-Øns‚ Ah-km\w \¬Inb
XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-߃, A[n-I-hm-b\bv°v XpS-ßnbh tSw aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn¬
]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xn-√.
]cn-k-c-]-T\ -]m-T-]p-kvXIw
]T\w km[y--am-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. A[ym--]n-
Ibv°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw a‰pw ]mT-]p-kvXIw klm-b-I-am-hp-sa-¶nepw AXv apJy-
ambpw e£yw hbv°p-∂Xv Ip´n-Isf-bm-Wv. ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-
∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-kc]m-T-]p-kvX--I-߃. Ip´n°v kzbw Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂Xpw A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amb [mcm-
fw ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn´p-≠v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃
IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ ss]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk°‚dn hsc imkvX˛km-aq-ly-imkvXm-i-b-ß-
fpsS XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m-≠mWv kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°n-bXv.
$ Hmtcm ]mT-`m-K-ß-fnepw km[y-amb CS-ß-fn¬ kmaq-ly-]-iv\-߃ D∂--bn-
°p-∂p-≠v.
$ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-a-t\m-`m-hhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ioe-ßfpw hf¿Øp-∂-
Xn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
$ Hmtcm ]mT-`m--K-Øn\pw kzX-¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂p. Bh-iy-
amb N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-ج km[y-X-Ifpw ]h¿Ø\ \n¿tZ-i-
71
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
ßfpw tImUo-I-c-Whpw ]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
$ XXvkab hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v Bh-iy-amb tNmZy-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ Hmtcm ]mT-`m-K-tØmSv tN¿∂pw ]k-‡-amb A[n-I-hn-h-c-߃ tN¿Øn-´p-
≠v. Iq-Sp-X¬ At\z-jn-°m\pw Adn-bm\pw Nne km[y-X-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
$ ^o¬Uv Sn∏v, t]mP-IvSv XpSßnb hyXykvX ]T-\-X-¥-߃ ]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-km\w Ip´n-bpsS ][m-\ -]-T-\-t\-´-߃ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-
≠v. Nne hne-bn-cp-ج ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-
߃ \n¿tZ-in-®n-´p-≠v.
$ hne-bn-cp-ج ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \¬Inb "aƒ´n-∏nƒ tNmbvkv' tNmZy-߃
Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]tbm-K-X-e-Øn¬ D≈-h-bm-Wv, tIhew Hm¿a]-cn-tim-[\
e£yw h®n-´p-≈-X-√.
$ Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw
imkvX]pkvX--I-Øn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. F¶nepw Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\tØm-sSm-
∏hpw ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ ][m\ hnh-c-ß-fpsS
\n¿tZiw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
$ Ip´n°v t\cn´v a\-…n-em-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap≈ imkvXm-i-b-߃°v IqSp-X¬
hy‡X hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v sF.kn.Sn km[yX ]c-am-h[n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p. Edubuntu - school resource - ¬ D≈ hn`-h-ß-fpsS kqN\ Hmtcm ]mT-
`m-K-tØmSv tN¿∂pw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
$ Ip´n-I-fn¬ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬
t_m[-]q¿∆-amb N¿®-Iƒ \St°≠Xp≠v. CXn-\p-X-Ip∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
tNmZy-ßfpw ]mT-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb ]cn-io-e-\-߃,
\n¿tZi-߃ F∂n-hbpw ]mT-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
]mT]pkvX-I-Øn-s‚ icn-bmb hn\n-tbmKw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sshhn-[y-am¿∂
]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw ]mtZ-inI km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw klm-[ym-]-I-cpsS kl-I-cWw tXSp-Ibpw a‰v km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-
Ibpw sNøp-tºm-gmWv ]T\ t_m[\]h¿Ø-\-߃ km¿Y-I-am-hp-∂-Xv.
72
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
\º¿ tSw bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv amkw BsI
aWn-°q¿
1 hbepw h\hpw Pq¨ 13
2 Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥ Pq¨ 12
Pqsse
3 kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v Pqsse 11
BKÃv
4. ]£nIfpsS IuXp-I-temIw BKÃv 9
5 Ie-I-fpsS \mSv sk]vXw-_¿ 10
6 am\-tØbv°v sk]vXw-_¿
HIvtSm-_¿ 10
7 I√m-bv... Im‰m-bv... HIvtSm-_¿ 14
\hw-_¿
8 hmbn-°mw... hcbv°mw \hw-_¿ 10
Unkw-_¿
9 C¥y-bn-eqsS P\p-hcn 14
10 IsÆ-Øm-Zq-cØv ssIsb-Øm-Zq-cØv P\p-hcn 9
s^_p-hcn
11 Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬ s^_p-hcn 8
12 \mSns\ Adn-bm≥ am¿®v 8
H∂
mw tSw
c≠
mw tSw
aq∂
mw tSw
\nc-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿Wbw, tSw -aq-ey-\n¿Wbw
kvIow Hm^v h¿°v
73
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
]T-\-t\-´-߃
1. hbepw h\hpw
$ Pohn-Isf Ic-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h, Pe-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h, Ic-bnepw Pe-
Ønepw Pohn-°p-∂-h F∂n-ßs\ ]´n-I-s∏-SpØp-∂p.
$ Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS imco-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn\v Fßs\ A\p-
tbm-Py-am-sW∂v Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-Isf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Pohn-IfpsS ]c-kv]c_‘w Is≠Øn ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
$ Poh-\p≈ LS-I-ßfpw Poh-\n-√mØ LS-I-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw _‘s∏-´n-cn-
°p∂p F∂v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Xs‚ ]tZ-isØ Bhmkhyh-ÿIsf Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ h\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ kzm`m-hnI hmk-ÿ-e-߃ XI¿°p∂ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Is≠Øn
]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
$ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.
2. Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
$ kk-y-ß-fpsS thcp-]-S-eØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn \mcpthcp ]Sew,
Xmbvthcp]Sew F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
$ Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\-ymkw \nco-£n®v PmenImkncm-hn-\ymkw, kam-¥ckncm-
hn-\-ymkw F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kk-y-ß-fpsS Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\-ym-khpw thcp-]-S-ehpw
\nco-£n®v ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ GI_oP-]-X-k-k-y-߃°pw Zzn-_oP]X-k-k-y-߃°pw \n¿h-N-\-߃
\¬Ip-∂p.
$ Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\ymkw, thcp-]-Sew, _oP-]-X-ß-fpsS FÆw F∂nh
XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ kw_-‘n®v eLp-t]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ \n¿h-ln®v dnt∏m¿´v
Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
3. kzmX-¥y-Øn-tebv°v
$ kzm-X-¥-y-Øn\v apºp≈ `mc-X-Øns‚ Zpc-h-ÿ-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Km‘n-PnbpsS al-Ømb kz-`mhkhn--ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]kvXm-hn-
°p-∂p.
74
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ C¥-y≥ kzm-X¥ykacNcn-X-Ønse ][m\kw`-h-߃ Is≠Øn ]d-bp-
∂p.
$ C¥-y≥ kzm-X-¥y-k-a-csØ ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ _n´ojp-Im¿ \S-Ønb Iqc-X-
Isf∏‰n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ D∏pkXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ "Izn‰v C¥y' ka-c-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw Xncn-®-dn™v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
4. ]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
$ Np‰p-ap≈ ]£n-Isf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ IqSp-Iƒ, hmkÿew, BIrXn F∂n-h-bn¬ ]£n-Iƒ sshhn[yw ]pe¿Øp-
∂p-sh∂v Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ k©m-c-co-Xn, Blm-ckºm-Z\-co-Xn F∂n-h-bv°-\p-k-cn-®v ]£n-I-fpsS imco-
cnI ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]£n\nco-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ ]£n-I-fpsS ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
$ hf¿Øp ]£n-Isf sIm≠p≈ ]tbm-P-\-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
5. Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
$ tIc-f-Ønse Iem-cq-]-߃ Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ tIc-f-Ønse BtLm-j-ßsf°pdn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n AhX-cn-∏n-
°p∂p.
$ Iebpw BtLm-j-ßfpw tIc-fob kwkvIm-csØ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂p- F∂vv
Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.
$ tIc-f-Ønse kwKoX]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v efn-X-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \mS≥ Ifn-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb Ifn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿an-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
6. am\-tØbv°v
$ `aWw, ]cn-Ia-Ww F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ `a-W-Øns‚ e-am-bmWv Zn\-cm-X-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂v hni-Zo-Icn°p∂p.
$ `qan Hcp ]cn-Ia-W-Øns\Sp-°p∂ ka-b-amWv Hcp h¿jw F∂v ]kvXm-hn-
°p∂p.
$ Nµs‚ hr≤n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p, ]h-Nn-°p-∂p.
$ Aam-hm-kn, ]u¿Wan F∂nh F¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Kl߃, D]-K-l-߃ F∂nh Fs¥∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ IrXna D]-K-l-ß-sf-∏‰n efn-X-ambn \n¿hNn°p-∂p.
75
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
7. I√mbv... Im‰mbv...
$ Jc-hkvXp°fpsS s]mXpkz`m-h-߃ ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
$ Zmh-I-ß-fpsS ]tXy-IXIƒ Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ hmX-I-ß-fpsS ]tXy-IXIƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.
$ PeØn\v aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fp-s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]kvXm-hn°p∂p.
$ Pe-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-am-‰-߃ eLp-]-co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS hniZo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Jcw, Zmh-Iw, hmXIw F∂o aq∂v Ah-ÿ-Ifn-ep≈ hkvXp-°-fpsS s]mXp-
kz-`m-h-߃ eLp-]-co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
$ Np‰p-ap≈ hkvXp-°-fpsS s]mXp-kz- m-h-߃ tImUo-I-cn®v ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.
8. hmbn°mw hcbv°mw
$ kqNnI ASn-ÿm\s∏SpØn tI-c-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ `q]-S-Øn¬ Zn°pIƒ -IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ kz¥w ¢mkv apdnbp-sSbpw hnZym-e-b-Øns‚bpw cq]-tcJ Zni- ]m-en®v Xbm-
dm-°p-∂p.
$ hS-°p-t\m°nb¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v Zn°p-Iƒ Is≠Øp-∂p.
$ `q]-Sßfn¬ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v ][m\ hn`-h-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
$ tIc-f-Øns‚bpw kz¥w Pn√-bp-sSbpw `q]-S-Øn¬ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
hn`-h-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]©m-bØv `q]Sw hmbn®v ]©m-b-Ønse hn`-h-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Pn√m `q]-S-Øn¬ hn`-h-߃ NnXoI-cn-°p-∂p.
9. C¥y-bn-eqsS...
$ sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS \mSmWv C¥y-sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ C¥y-bnse 29 kwÿm-\-ßfpw 6 tIµ-`-cW ]tZ-i-ßfpw Hcp cmPy Xe-
ÿm\ ]tZ-ihpw Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Ønepw X\Xv Iem-cq-]-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-
I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \nc-h-[n- `m-j-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ Ds≠∂v Is≠Øn
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ sshhn-[y-߃ Ds≠-¶nepw \Ωƒ C¥y-°m-cm-sW-∂ t_m[w P\n-∏n-°p∂
\nc-h[n s]mXpLS-I-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
10. IsÆØm ZqcØv ssIsbØm ZqcØv
$ ]g-b-Ime hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
76
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ hnhchn\n-abcwKsØ Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿® Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ B[p-\nI hnhchn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ßsf∏‰n Ipdn∏pIƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ hnhn[ hm¿Ømam[y-a-ßsf Ah-bpsS kz`m-hw A-\p-k-cn®v Xcw Xncn-°p-
∂p.
11. Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
$ A]-I-S-ap-≠m-Im-≥ km[y-X-bp≈ kµ¿`-߃ Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-bpsS ]m[m\yw Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm A]-I-S-Øn\pw Gs¥√mw ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-Iƒ \¬I-W-sa∂v hni-Zo-
I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ]Y-a-ip-iqj Fs¥∂v \n¿hNn-°p-∂p.
$ ]Yaipiq-j-s∏´n (^Ãv FbvUv t_mIvkv) Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw th≠-hn[w
]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
12. \mSns\ Adn-bm≥
$ \ΩpsS \mSn\v Hcp Ncn-X-ap-s≠∂p Is≠-Øp-∂p. FgpXp∂p.
$ Ncn-XsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kvamc-I-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v hni-
Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ \ΩpsS \mSn\v ]e am‰-ßfpw D≠m-bn-´ps≠∂p a\-n-em°n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-
∂p.
$ \m´nse P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambmWv ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-bsX∂v
Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \mSn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb `cWkwhn-[m-\-ap-s≠∂pw. P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃
\nd-th-‰p-∂Xv `c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-sW∂pw Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ Xt±-i- kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv Kma-∏©m-bØv, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n,
tIm¿]td-j≥ F∂nh F∂pw Kma-∏-©m-bØv, tªm°v ]©m-b-Øv, Pn√m-
]-©m-b-Øv F∂Xv XnXe ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m-\amsW∂pw hni-Zo-I--cn-
°p-∂p.
$ s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ßsf°pdn®pw Ah \¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ßsf-°pdn®pw hni-Zo-
I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Fs‚ ]tZiw C\nbpw hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn\v Xm≥ ]¶mfn-bm-th-≠-
Xp-≠v F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
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Pohtem-IsØ sshhn -[yw˛Bhm-k-hy -hÿ,Bhmk-hy-hÿbnse sshhn[yw, Poho-bhpw APo-ho-b-hp-amb LS-I-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w, Pohn-I-fpsS A\p-Iq-e-\-߃, Bhmkhy-h-ÿ-bpsS \ne-\n-¬∏ns\ kzm-[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃, ]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£W ]h¿Ø-\-߃ XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xv. Xs‚]cn-k-csØ sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ Pohn-Isf \nco-£n-°m\pw ]tXyI hmkÿe-ß-fn¬ hkn-°p-∂-Xn\vAh-bpsS ico-c-L-S\ F]-Imcw A\p-Iq-e-\-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-߃Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. NnXwhc, amXrI \n¿an-°¬, Hdn-Kman F∂o ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn -°p-∂p. Bhmkhy-hÿ \ne-\n-∂m¬amXta X\n°pw kl-Po-hn-Iƒ°pw kakvX Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibp≈psh∂v Xncn-®-dn™v AXn\p klm-b-I-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp ]cn-k-c-ku-lrZ at\m- mhw Hmtcm Ip´n-bnepw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥Cu bqWn-‰n-eq-sS km[n-°Ww.
hbepw h\hpw
1
BapJw
78 ]
cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
Bi-b-߃/ [mc-W-Iƒ/]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-bIƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
$ \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ Ipfw, hb¬ XpS-ßn-
bhbn¬ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Pohn-I-fp-≠v.
$ Ic-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂ Pohn-I-fp≠v.
$ sh≈-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-I-fp-≠v.
$ sh≈-Ønepw Ic-bnepw Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-I-
fp≠v.
$ Pe-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂hbv°v Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn\v
A\p-tbm-Py-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.
$ Pe-Ønepw Ic-bnepw Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-Iƒ°v
AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.
$ Hcp Pohn°v AXns‚ hmk-ÿ-eØv
Pohn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ A\p-Iq-e-\-߃
D≠m-bn-cn°pw.
$ NnX-hm-b\
$ \nco-£Ww
$ ^o¬Uv Sn∏v
$ \nco-£Ww
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬
$ ^o¬Uv Sn∏v
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ \nco-£Ww
$ sF.kn.Sn. km[yX
$ N¿®
$ NnX\nco-£-Ww
$ \nco-£Ww
$ N¿®
$ Pohn-Isf Ic-bn¬ Pohn-°p-
∂h, Pe-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h,
Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw Pohn-°p-
∂-h F∂n-ßs\ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
$ Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS imco-cnI khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn\v
F]-Imcw A\p -tbm -Py -am -
sW∂v Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-
∂p.
$ Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw Pohn-
°p∂ Pohn-Isf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂p.
bqWn‰v s^bnw aWn-°q¿ : 13
79
hb
epw h
\h
pw
Bi-b-߃/ [mc-W-Iƒ/]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-bIƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
$ Htc hmk-ÿ-eØv Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-Iƒ
]ckv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Pohn-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v Poh-\n-√mØ LS-
I-ßfpw AXym-h-iy-amWv (aÆv, Pew-, hmbp,
]Im-iw).
$ Hcp ]tX-yI ]tZ-isØ, ]c-kv]cw Bi-bn-
°p∂ Poho-bhpw APo-ho-b-hp-amb LS-I-
߃ Dƒs∏-´-XmWv Bhmkhy-h-ÿ.
$ \ap-°p Np‰pw sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \nc-h[n
kzm`m-hnI hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fp-≠v.
$ a\p-jys‚ hnth-N\cln-X-amb CSs]-S-ep-Iƒ
kzm`m-hnI hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fpsS \mi-Øn\v Imc-
W-am-Ip-∂p.
$ henb Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-sem-∂mWv h\w.
$ h\w Poh-Pm-e-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-am-Wv.
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \ne-\n-¬∏n\v h\w Bh-iy-am-
Wv.
$ a\p-j-ys‚bpw Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-
\n¬∏n\v Bhmkhy-h-kvYIƒ kwc-£n-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.
$ \nco-£n°Ww
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ APo-hob LS-I-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ hmb-\-°p-dn∏v
$ N¿®
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ t]mÿ cN\ ˛ NnX-hm-b-\
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ N¿®
$ NnXhni-I-e\w
$ N¿®
$ \nco-£Ww
$ ^o¬Uv Sn∏v
$ Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw Pohn-°p∂
Pohn-I-fpsS imco-cnI khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ Ah-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn\v A\p-tbm-
Py-am-sW∂p Is≠Øn ]kvXm-hn-
°p∂p.
$ Pohn-IfpsS ]c-kv]c_‘w Is≠-
Øn ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
$ Poh-\p≈ LS-I-ßfpw Poh-\n-√mØ
LS-I-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw _‘s∏-´n-cn-
°p∂p F∂v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-
Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Xs‚ ]tZ-isØ kzm`m-hnI hmk-
ÿ-e-߃ Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ kzm`m-hnI hmk-ÿ-e-ßsf XI¿-
°p∂ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S -ep -Iƒ
Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ h\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ]cn -ÿnXnkwc -£W ]h¿Ø
\ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.
aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃
$ Pohn-I-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn-ep≈ sshhn[yw BkzZn-°p-∂p.
$ hmk-ÿ-e-hpw Pohn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-s≠-∂pw AhbpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Bh-
iy-am-sW∂pw Xncn-®-dn™v AØcw hmk-ÿe߃ kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ ]cn-k-c-ku-lr-Z-a-t\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
80
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Pohn-Iƒ hy-X-ykvX hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn-emWv Pohn-°p-∂-sX∂ Bibw Ip´n-I-fn¬
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. Ip´n-Iƒ NnXw \nco-£n-°p-Ibpw ]mT- m-KsØ
kw`m-jWw hmbn-°p--Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ipf-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Pohn-Iƒ GsXm-s°-bm-
sW∂v Ip´n-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. NnXw \nco-£n®pw N¿®sNbvXpw Ic-bn¬ Pohn-
°p∂ Pohn-Isfbpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v So®¿ \bn-°p∂ s]mXpN¿®.
$ AÆm\v Pe-Øn¬ Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-sX-¥p-sIm-≠mWv?
$ sh≈-Øn¬ k©-cn-°m≥ klm-b-I--amb Fs¥ms° ]tX-y-I-X-I-fmWv a’y-
Øn-\p-≈Xv?
$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Xh-fbv°v Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv?
AÆm≥, Xh-f, a¬kyw F∂n-hpsS imco-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ sF.kn.-Sn.- klmb-
tØmsS \nco-£n®v Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
So®-dpsS tImUo-I-cWw
sh≈-Øn¬ Pohn-°p--∂-hbv°pw Ic-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-hbv°pw sh≈-Ønepw Ic-bnepw
Pohn-°p-∂-hbv°pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb imco-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-Ifp≠v.
ta\n]d-®n¬
Ip´n-Iƒ a’-yw, Xh-f, AÆm≥ F∂n-ßs\ IYm-]m-X-ß-fmbn ta\n]d-®n¬ a’cw
\SØmw. ta\n]d-®n-en¬ Fs¥ms° Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw?
$ Blm-c-coXn
$ k©mcw
$ iz-k\w
$
at‰-sXms° Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn®v ta\n]d-®n-em-Imw?
$ apb¬
$ \o¿t°men
$ R≠v
$
ta\n]d-®n-en-\p-tijw Pohn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-a-t√m.
a’-ysØ \nco-£n°mw
PeØn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\v klmbI--ambn a’y-Øn-\p≈ imco-cnI khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ \nco-£n®v FgpX-m\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. km[-y-am-hp-sa-¶n¬ •mkv Pmdn¬
¢mkn¬ a’-ysØ sIm≠p -h∂v \nco -£n -°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
bqWn-‰n-te°v
AÆm≥, Xh-f, a’ywF∂n-h-bpsS imco-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏-SpØnbIpdn-∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
81
hbepw h\hpw
IÆv(eye)
ta¬®n-d-Ip-Iƒ(spiny dorsal fin and soft dorsal fin)
hm¨n-dIv(caudal fin)
hmbv(mouth)
hi-ß-fnse NndIv(pectoral fin)
Iogv®n-d-Ip-Iƒ(pelvic fin and anal fin)
sNIn-f-aqSn(gill cover)
i¬°-߃(scales)
AtI-z-dn-b-Ønse a’-yw, sF.kn.Sn. km[y-X-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
\nco-£WkqN-I-߃
$ a’-y-Øns‚ BIrXn
$ Nnd-Ip-Iƒ
$ k©mcw
kqN-I-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ i≤n-°p-at√m.
hcbv°mw
a’y-Øns‚, Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu NnXw Ip´n-Iƒ°p \¬Imw.
a’ysØ \nco-£n®-tijw Ip´n-Iƒ hy-‡n-K-X-ambn a’-y-Øns‚ NnXw hc®v
\ndw \¬Ip-Ibpw ssIamdn ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-s´. F√m-hcpw hc®
NnX-߃ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn ]Z¿in-∏n-°mw. NnXw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw t]m¿´v
t^mfn-tbm-bn¬ kq£n-°mw.
a’-y-Øn\v PePohn-X-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Fs¥ms° khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ds≠∂v
¢mkv N¿®-bn-eqsS tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ tXmWn-bp-tSXpt]mse c≠-‰hpw Iq¿Ø ico-cm-Ir-Xn.
$ Pe-Øn¬ Xpg-bp-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Nnd-Ip-Iƒ.
$ iIp-e-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v izkn-°p-∂p.
$ sh≈-Øn¬ sX∂n-\o-ßm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ hgp-h-gp-∏p≈ ico-cw.
$ \nc-bmbn Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ i¬°-߃.
82
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ _mly-I¿W-߃, IgpØv F∂n-h-bn-√. Pe-Øn¬ XS--an-√msX \oßm≥ CXp
klm-bn-°pw.
CØcw khn--ti-j-X-Iƒ i≤-bn¬s∏-SpØn ]mT-`m-KsØ A\q-Iqe\w F∂
\n¿hN\w Ah-X-cn-∏n°mw.
hne-bn-cpØmw
$ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v (a’yØn\v Pe-Po-hnX-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ).
$ a’-y-Øns‚ NnXw (`mK-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√).
IS-emkv sIms≠mcp ao≥
Ip´n-I-fpsS Iem-hmk-\sbbpw ]hrØn]cn-Nb ss\]p-Wn-sbbpw D≈-S°[mc-
W-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. NnX-Øn¬ \¬In-
bn-cn-°p∂ IS-emkvao≥ \n¿amWcoXn \nco-£n®v So®¿ ¢mkn¬ "sUtam¨kvtS‰v'
sNøp-∂p. Hdn-Kman hnZ-Kv[-cpsS tkh\w, sF.kn-.Sn. F∂nh ]tbm-P\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
CXns‚ \n¿amWcoXn hy‡-am-°p∂ hoUntbm ¢mkn¬ ImWn-°mw. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw
]Inb ]men-®p-sIm≠v IS-emkv ao≥ \n¿an-°p-∂p-sh∂v So®¿ Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww.-
A-\p-cq-]o-I-cWw Bh-i-y-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠ ]n¥pW \¬Im≥ i≤n-°pa-
t√m. \n¿an® IS-emkvao≥ D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬ Hcp ]Z¿i\w \S-Ømw.
hmk-ÿew
Ipfw, hb¬ F∂n-hbpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-k-chpw \nco-£n®v Ahn-sS-bp≈ kk-y-ß-
sfbpw P¥p-°sfbpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\-w Du∂¬ \¬Ip-
∂-Xv. So®-dp-sStbm apXn¿∂-h-cp-sStbm klm-b-tØmsS amXw \nco-£Ww \S-
83
hbepw h\hpw
Øm≥ ]tX-yIw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. Fs¥ms° \nco-£n°Ww F∂-Xn¬ ¢mkn¬
N¿® \S-°-Ww. kvIqfnse Ct°m-]m¿°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-a-t√m.
$ Ipf-Ønepw ]cn-k-c-Øp-ap≈ kk-y-߃.
$ Ipf-Ønepw ]cn-k-c-Øp-ap≈ P¥p-°ƒ.
$
t]c-dn-bm-Ø-h-bpsS NnX-߃ hc®v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ipdn®phbv°-Ww. ¢mkv N¿®-
bn-eqsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw. sF.kn.Sn, NnX-߃, hmb-\-aqe F∂nh ]tbm-P-
\-s∏-SpØn IqSp-X¬ Pohn-Isf Is≠-Øm\pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-ff Ah-kcw So®¿
\¬tI≠-Xm-Wv.
]´n-I-s∏-SpØmw
ta¬ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb kk-y-ß-fp-sSbpw P¥p-°-fpsSbpw hnh-c-߃
Dƒs∏-SpØn, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI hy-‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-
bm-°p-∂p. ]c-kv]cw ssIamdn ]cn-tim-[n® tijw kwL-am-bn-cp∂v ]´nI hn]p-eo-
I-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm kwLhpw ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-tijw Hmtcm
kwL-Øns‚bpw Ah-X-cWw Iq´n-t®¿Øv ¢mkv ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-°Ww. hn]p-eoI-
cn® ]´nI ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Ibpw
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-
Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-s≠∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-
Ibpw sNø-Ww.
Pe-k-k-y-߃
Bº¬, Xmac F∂nh ]Z¿in-∏n®v Ah-
bpsS A\pIqe-\-߃ N¿® sNøpI.
A\p-Iq-e-\-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ sh≈-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw No™p
t]mIp-∂n-√.
$ X≠nepw Ce-bnepw hmbp Ad-Iƒ.
$ Ce-Iƒ Ptem -] -cn -X -e -Øn¬
s]mßn°nS-°p∂p.
$ Ce-bn¬ sagpIp t]mep≈ Bh-cWw.
Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw
Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw k©cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Fs¥ms° khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Ba,
Xhf F∂n-h-bv-°p-≈-sX∂ [mcW Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-
\w. Ba, Xhf F∂nh sh≈-Øn¬ Xpg-bp∂ NnX-߃, hoUntbm F∂nh \nco-
£n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]cn-kc\S-Ø-Øn-eq-sSbpw \nco-£-W-
Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-°m-w. Ct°m-]m¿°v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. \nco-£-W-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
Xøm-dm-°n-b-tijw s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS Ipdn∏v hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I. XpS¿∂v So®¿
\nco£n® kk-yß-fpsSt]cp-Iƒ, \nco-£n® P¥p-°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ, Ic-bn¬Pohn -°p -∂h, Pe-Øn¬Pohn°p∂h tImUo-I-cn®]´nI.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
Pe-k-k-y-߃
B^n-°≥ ]mb¬, Ipf-hm-g, Atkmf,
]mb¬ (Spirogyra) F∂nh Pekk-y-
ß-fm-Wv. Chbv°v Ptem-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬
s]mßn -°n -S -°m -\p≈ Ign -hp≠v.
Chbv°v aÆn¬ thcp-d-bv°p-∂n√.
84
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
th¿j≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Pohn-Iƒ ˛ A\p-Iq-e-\-߃
Ba-bp-sSbpw Xh-f-bp-sSbpw A\p-Iq-e-\-߃ N¿® sNbvX-tijw Ic-bnepw Pe-
Babpw Xh-fbpw
Ba-bpsS Imep-Iƒ sh≈-Øn¬ A\m-
bmkw Xpg-™p-\o-ßp-∂-Xn\v Ignbpw
hn[w Xpg-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂p. Chbv°v Pem-i-b-Øns‚
ASn-Ø-´n -te°v apßm\pw Db¿∂p-
hcm\pw Ign-bpw. izkn-°m-sX Gsd
t\cw sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ \n¬°m≥
Babv°v Ign-hp≠v.
_e-ta-dnb ]n≥Im-ep-Iƒ sIm≠v Pe-
Øn¬ thK-Øn¬ Xpg-bm≥ Xh-fbv°v
Ignbpw. N¿a-_-‘n-X-amb hnc-ep-Iƒ
CXn\v IqSp-X¬ klm-b-I-am-Ipw. Xz°v
D]-tbm-Kn®v Xhf Pe-Ønse hmbp
izkn-°p-∂p. sh≈-Ønse Ipd™
]Im-i-Ønepw Xh-fbv°v \∂mbn
ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
A\p-Iq-e--\-߃
FÆ-a-b-ap≈ Xqh-epIƒ.
sh≈Øn¬\n∂pw sNfn-bn¬\n∂pw Cc-tX-Sm≥ Ign-bp∂
sIm°p-Iƒ.
N¿a_‘nX-amb hnc-epIƒ.
Pek©m-c-Øn-\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb BIrXn.
Xpg-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ \o≠ hm¬.
sh≈-Øn¬ Xpg™v k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v hg-°-ap≈ ico-cw.
Dc-nse i¬°-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ic-bn¬ k©-cn-°p-∂p.
Pohn-Iƒ
Xmdmhv
apXe
\o¿t°men
Ønepw k©-cn-°p∂ a‰p Pohn-I-fpsS A\p-Iq-e-\-߃ Is≠Øn FgpXm\mbn
]mT-`m-KØv \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww.
Hmtcm Pohn°pw AXv Pohn-°p∂ ]cn-k-c-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb A\p-Iq-e-\
-ßfp≠v.
D`bPohn-Iƒ
PeØnepw Ic-bn-ep-ambn PohnXNIw
]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ Pohn-bmWv Xh-f. Pe-
Øn¬ Xz°v D]-tbm-Kn®pw Ic-bn¬ aq°v
hgnbpw iz-kn-°p-∂p. A]q¿h-ambn amXw
sh≈-Øn-en-d-ßp∂ ]e-bn\w Xh-f-I-fp-
≠v. hr£-ß-fnepw amf-ß-fnepw aÆn-\-
Sn-bnepw F√m-amWv Ch-bpsS hmkw. acp-
`q-an-I-fnepw Nne-bn\w Xh-f-I-sf- Im-Wmw.
B^n-°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ I≠p-h-cp∂
tKmen-bmØv Xh-f-I-fmWv G‰hpw hep∏w
IqSnb C\w. Xh-f-sb-t∏mse D`-b-Po-hn-
hn- m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv kme-am-≠-dp-
Iƒ, \yq´p-Iƒ, knko-en-b-\p-Iƒ F∂n-
h. sh≈-Ønepw Ic-bn-ep-ambn PohnX
NIw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ Pohn-Isf D`-b-
Po-hn-Iƒ F∂p]d-bp-∂p.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
]cp-¥v, sIm°v, AÆm≥, acw-sImØn XpS-ßnb Pohn-Iƒ°v Fs¥√mw A\p-Iq-e-
\-߃ D≠v F∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. sF.kn.-Sn. km[yX D]tbm-Kn-°-Ww.
85
hbepw h\hpw
So®¿ th¿j-\mbn Xmsg-\¬Inb ]´nI D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
tIa\mcv?
A\p-Iq-e--\-߃
hf™v aq¿®-bp≈ sIm°p-Iƒ, Ccsb tIm¿Øp ]nSn-
°p-∂-Xn\v Iq¿Øp hf™v aq¿®-tb-dnb \J-߃.
\of-ta-dnb Imep-Iƒ, \ofw IqSnb IgpØv, \o≠v Iq¿Ø
sIm°p-Iƒ.
aq¿®tbdnb \J-߃ ac-ß-fn¬ ]nSn®p Ib-dm≥ klm-
bn-°p∂p. iXp-Po-hn-Iƒ°v s]s´∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-
bmØ \ndw.
acØn¬ Ib-dm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ \J-ß-tfmSp
IqSnb ]mZ-߃, _e-ta-dnb sIm°v Cc-tX-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-
b-I-am-Wv.
Pohn-Iƒ
]cp¥v
sIm°v
AÆm≥
acw-sImØn
Pohn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-X-zhpw Pohn-Ifpw APo-hobLS-I-ßfpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘hpw Ip´n-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. B¬ap-Ø-
»nbpw aÆpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-Øn-eqsS PohobLS-I-ßfpw APo-hobLS-I-
ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c_‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®bv°v XpS-°-an-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ B¬-a-c-Øn¬ hkn-°p∂ Pohn-Iƒ GsXms°?
$ aÆn¬ Bsc√mw hkn-°p-∂p≠v?
aÆn¬ hkn-°p-∂h ac-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂h
]cnk-c\S-ØØn-eqsS Is≠-Ønb Imc-y-߃ IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn ]´nI hy-‡n-K-X-
ambn ]qcn-∏n-°-s´. ]´nI-bn¬ kk-y-߃ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Dd∏phcp-ØWw.
hy-‡n-K-X-ambn Xbm-dm-°nb ]´nI ssIamdn ]cn-tim-[n®tijw kwL-am-bn-cp∂v
hn]p-eo-I-cn®v ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS tImUo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
thWw.
Pohn-Iƒ°v B¬acw sIm≠p≈ ]tbm-
P-\-߃ N¿®sNbvXv ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
aÆn¬ hkn-°p-∂h, ac-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂h ]´n-I,tImUo-I-cn® hnh-c-߃,]cn -k-c -]p -kvX-I -ØnseIpdn-∏p-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
86
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ ip≤-hmbp
$ Blmcw
$ kwc-£Ww
$ hmk-ÿew
B¬acw Pohn-Iƒ°p \¬Ip∂ ]tbm-P-\-ß-fn-eqsS kk-y-߃ Pohn-Iƒ°v
\¬Ip∂ ]tbm-P--\-߃ kmam-\-y-h¬°-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-at√m. CXn-eqsS Pohn-Iƒ°v
kk-y-ß-fn-√msX Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂ [mc-W-bn-te°v Ip´n-Isf \bn-°mw.
N¿®m kqN-I-ß-fn-eqsS APo-hobLS-I-߃ F∂ Bi-b-Ønte°pw Ip´n-Isf
FØn-°Ww.
$ kk-y-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v Poh-\n-√mØ Fs¥ms° LS-I-ß-fmWv Bhiyw?
$ a‰p Pohn-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v Poh-\n-√mØ Fs¥ms° LS-I-ß-fmWv Bhiyw?
XpS¿∂v hmbp, Pew, aÆv, kqc-y-]-Imiw XpS-ßnb APo-hobLS-I-߃ Pohn-I-
fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p F∂v N¿®-sN-ømw. APo-hobLS-I-
ß-fpsS ]m[m-\yw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tNmZ-y-ß-fm-Imw.
$ hmbp-hn-√msX \ap°pw a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°pw Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bptam?
$ kqc-y-]-Imiw e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬ F¥p kw`-hn°pw?
$ Pe-an-√mØ Ahÿ Nn¥n-°m≥ Ign-bptam?
Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v APo-hobLS-I-߃ Fßs\ klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂
[mcW Cu N¿®-bn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tImUo-I-cn® hnh-c-߃ Ipdn-
∏p-I-fmbn ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Øn´p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-a-t√m.
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°mtam
Hcp Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Poho-b-L-S-I-ßfpw APo-ho-b-L-S-I-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw Bi-
bn -°p∂p F∂pw Hcp LS-I-Øns‚ \miw a‰p -≈-hbv°v tZmj-I-c -ambn
_m[n°psa∂p≈ Bibw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
]´nI hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Bi-b-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-
b-Ww.
$ Poho-b-L-S-I-߃ APo-ho-b-L-S-I-ßsf Bi-bn-°p-∂p.
$ Poho-b-L-S-I-߃ ]c-kv]cw Bi-bn-°p-∂p.
$ Hcp APo-hobLSIw as‰mcp APo-hobLS-I-Øns‚ X\n-a- \n-e-\n¬°p-∂-Xn\v
Bh-iy-am-Wv.
ap≥ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂ [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
Ønse ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-Xzw kw_‘n® ]´nI
Ip´n-Iƒ hy-‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p∂p. kwL-
am-bn-cp∂v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
]c-kv]-cm-i-b-Xzwkw_-‘n®]q¿Øo-I-cn®]´nI.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
87
hbepw h\hpw
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°mtam (Sn._n.)
Xma-c Pew, hmbp, aÆv F∂nh Xma-c-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. Xh-f,
jUv]-Z-߃, \o¿t°men XpS-ßnb Pohn-Iƒ Xma-csb Xm¬°m-enI
hmk-ÿ-e-am-°p-∂p. tX\o-®, h≠v F∂n-hbv°v Blmcw \¬Ip-∂p.
]md ]md-bn¬ sNdpkky-߃ ]‰n-∏n-Sn®p hf-cp-∂p. R≠v, Xh-f, Rhp-Wn,
Ba, sslU XpS-ßnb Pohn-Iƒ°v Xm¬°m-enI hmk-ÿew \¬Ip-
∂p. ]md Ime-I-a-Øn¬ aÆmbn amdp∂p. ]md-s°-´p-I-fpsS hnS-hp-I-
fn¬ Pew kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hmbp kky-߃ hmbp-hn¬ HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv Ipd-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-
°p-∂p. kqcy-]-Im-i-Øn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ NqSv, Im‰p-≠m-Im≥ Imc-W-
am-Ip-∂p. F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-\n¬∏n\v hmbp Bh-iy-am-Wv.
Nen-°p∂ hmbp taL-ßsf Ic-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂p. CXv agbv°v Imc-W-
am-Ip-∂p.
Xhf hmbp, Pew, kqcy-]-Imiw, aÆv XpS-ßnb APo-hob-L-S-I-߃ Bh-
iy-am-Wv. k©m-c-Øn\pw Cc-tX-S-en\pw Pehpw aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
Poho-b-L-S-I-ß-fmb jUv]-Z-ßsf Blm-c-Øn-\m-i-bn-°p-∂p. ]mºp-
Iƒ, ]cp-¥v, sIm°v F∂n-hbv°v Blm-c-am-Ip-∂p.
\o¿t°men k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cc-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]m¿∏n-S-Øn\pw hmbp, sh≈w,
]Imiw, aÆv F∂nh Bh-iy-am-Wv. Xhf, sNdp-Po-hn-Iƒ F∂n-hsb
Blm-c-Øn-\mbn Bi-bn-°p-∂p. ]cp-¥v, Iocn, aqß F∂n-hbv°v Blm-
c-am-Ip∂p.
]Imiw kky-߃ Blmcw \n¿an-°p-∂Xv kqcy-]-Imiw D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv. F√m
Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-\n¬∏n\v kqcy-]-Imiw Bh-iy-am-Wv. ImgvN
e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v ˛ apJy-ambpw Cc-]n-Sn-°¬, Ne\w, ]P-\-\w.
Ba hmbp, Pew, aÆv, ]Imiw F∂nh Poh¬]-h¿Ø-\-߃°pw k©m-c-
Øn\pw Bh-iy-am-Wv. sNdpPohn-Isfbpw kky-ß-sfbpw Blmc-
am°p∂p. Ba-bpsS arXm-h-in-jvS-߃ aÆn\v ssPhmwiw \¬Ip-∂p.
ta¬aÆv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn°p-∂p.
aÆv P¥p°fpsS hnk¿Py-߃, kkym-h-in-jvS߃ F∂nh ta¬aÆv cq]-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. ]md -s]m-Sn™v aÆp-≠m-Ip-∂p. sh≈w,
hmbp F∂nh ta¬aÆns‚ LS\ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. agbpw Pe-]-hm-lhpw
Im‰pw ]md-s]m-Sn™v aÆp-≠m-Im≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ kky-
ßfpw aÆn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. aÆn¬ [mcmfw Pohn-Iƒ hkn-°p-∂p.
aÆn¬ sh≈w \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw tiJ-cn-°s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
h≈n-∏-S¿∏v hf¿®-bv°mbn ac-ßsfbpw Ip‰n-s®-Sn-I-sfbpw Bi-bn-°p-∂p. aÆv, Pew,
hmbp, ]Imiw XpS-ßnb APo-ho-b-L-S-I-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
]cm-KWw, hnØp-hn-X-cWw F∂n-hbv°v Pohn-I-sfbpw APo-ho-b-L-S-I-
ß-sfbpw Bi-bn-°p-∂p. Pohn-Iƒ°v Blm-chpw hmk-ÿ-ehpw \¬Ip-
∂p. Nne- ]mWn-Ifpw jUv]-Z-ßfpw `£n°p-∂p. Ce-Ifpw a‰v Ah-in-
jvS-ßfpw aÆn\v ^e-]pjvSn \¬Ip-∂p.
88
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS X\-Xmb \ne-\n¬∏n\v Pohob-L-S-I-ßfpw APo-ho-b-L-S-I-ßfpw
LS-\-bn¬ am‰-an-√msX \ne-\n¬t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.
]´n-I-bpsS hni-I-e\ N¿®-bn-eqsS Hcp Np‰p-]m-Snse PohobLS-I-ßfpw APo-
hobLS-Ißfpw ]c-kv]cw Bi-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v [mcW Dd-∏n®tijw Bhmk
hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \n¿h-N\w So®¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
h\w F∂ [\w
NnXw \nco-£n®v AXn¬ ImWp∂ Pohn-Isf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. NnX\nco-£-W-
Øn-\mbn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tNmZ-y-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
$ GsXms° ]£n-I-sf-bmWv NnX-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv?
$ ac-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ Ahbv°v F¥p kw`-hn°pw?
XpS-ßnb tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS h\-Øns‚ ]m[m-\-yhpw
at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw Ip´n-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-
bp-a-t√m. h\yPohn-I-fpsS NnX]Z¿i-\hpw tiJ-
c-Whpw Cu `mKØv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
h\w \ap°pw a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°pw Fß-s\-sb√mw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂ [mcW
cq]s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. ap≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p e`n® hnh-c-ßfn¬\n∂v ImSns‚
]tbm-P-\-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ Ipdn-°-s´. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ N¿®mkqN-I-ß-fm-hmw.
$ GsX√mw Poh-Pme-ßfpsS hmk-ÿ-eamWv h\w?
$ h\-Ønse Acp-hn-Iƒ Pohn-Iƒ°v Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p?
$ Acp-hn-Iƒ D¬`-hn-°m≥ h\w Fßs\ klm-bn°p-∂p?
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Bi-b-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ h\-Øn-\p-≈n¬\n∂v Acp-hn-Iƒ cq]wsIm≈p-∂p.
$ sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS hmkÿ-e-amWv h\w.
$ h\w ag- e`n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ ip≤hmbp e`-y-am-°p-∂p.
$ Ipfn¿a \¬Ip-∂p.
$ h\-Øn¬ hoWp-In-S-°p∂ Ce-Ifpw Np≈n-°-ºp-Ifpw a‰p Pohm-h-in-jvS-ßfpw
ag-sh-≈-Øn¬ IpXn-cp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v kvt]m©v cq]-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
CXn¬ ag-sh≈w kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu sh≈w sNdnb sNdnb \o¿®m-ep-I-
fmbn amdp-∂p. CØcw At\Iw sNdp-\o¿®m-ep-Iƒ tN¿∂v sNdnb Acp-hn-I-
fmbpw amdp-∂p.
sshhn-[-y-am¿∂Xpw ]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-Xp-amb Bhmkhy-h-ÿ-bmWv h\-sa∂pw h\w
kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv `qan-bnse Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Bh-i-y-am-sW∂pap≈ [mcW
cq]-s∏-S-Ww.
Bhmkhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ
h\w t]mse, Ip´n-I-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ Bhm-k-h-y-h-ÿ-Iƒ hy-‡n-K-X-ambn tcJ-
NnX-߃,Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ,tiJ-cWw.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
89
hbepw h\hpw
s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. ]cn-kc\SØw, sF.kn.Sn, NnX-߃ XpS-ßn-bh ChnsS ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v hy-X-ykvX Bhmkhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
]mT-`m-KØp \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ NnXw \nco-£n®v s]mXpN¿® \S-Øp-∂p.
$ Ip∂n¬ GsXms° Pohn-I-fmWv hkn-°p∂Xv?
$ Ip∂n-Sn-°p∂Xns‚ ^e-ambn Fs¥ms° tZmj-ß-fmWv D≠m-Ip-∂Xv?
$ hb-en¬ GsXms° Pohn-I-ƒ hkn-°p∂p?
$ Ip∂n-Sn® aÆv hb-en¬ \nt£-]n-°p-∂Xp sIm≠v Fs¥ms° tZmj-߃D≠mIpw?
tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS Ip∂ns‚bpw hb-ens‚bpw ]cn-ÿnXn]m[m-\yhpw Ip∂n-Sn-°nepwhb¬\nI-Øepw hcp-Øp∂ ]cn-ÿnXn]iv\-ßfpw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
a\p-j-ys‚ as‰-s¥-√mw -]-h¿-Ø\ßfmWv Bhmkhy-h-ÿ-bpsS \mi-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xv?
]X-hm¿Ø-I-fn-eq-sSbpw So®¿ \S-Øp∂ s]mXpN¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw hoUntbm ]Z¿i-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tImUo-I-c-Ww \SØm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ h\-\-io-I-cWw
$ AW-s°-´ns‚ \n¿amWw
$ Aan-X-amb IoS-\m-in\n]tbmKw
$ aW¬hm-c¬
$ πmÃnIvamen-\-y-߃ \nt£-]n-°¬
$
Bhmkhy-h-ÿsb XI¿°p∂ a\p-j-ys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ sIm≠p-≠m-Ip-∂-tZm-j-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Pohn-IfpsS hmk-ÿew \jvS-am-Ip∂p.
$ Pohn-Iƒ°v hwi-\miw kw`-hn-°p∂p.
$ aÆv, Pew, hmbp F∂nh aen-\-s∏-Sp∂p.
$ PetkmX-p-Iƒ hc-fp-∂p.
km\n-tamfpw Iq´p-Imcpw]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ip´n-Isf ]tNm-Zn-∏n--°m-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. NnX-hm-b-\-bv°mbn Xsg-∏-d-bp∂ tNmZ-y-ß-fm-Imw.
$ NnX-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ F¥mWv sNøp-∂Xv?
$ AXp-sIm-≠p≈ KpW-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
]cn-ÿnXnsb kwc-£n-°m≥ \ap°v Fs¥√mw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX∂v hy-‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-°-s´. ]h¿Ø-\-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb tijw¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. ¢mkvXe tImUo-I-cWw \S-Ømw.
$ hy-£ssØ \S¬$ Huj[tØm´\n¿amWw
$ Ct°m]m¿°v
$ ]qt¥m´\n¿amWw
$ ]cn-ÿnXnt_m[-h¬°-cWw ˛ \mS-Io-I-c-Ww, t]mÿ cN\
$ πmÃnIv hkvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°¬ (t]∏¿_mKp-Iƒ, ajn-t]-∏-dp-Iƒ)
$ eLpteJ-Iƒ
Bhm-k-h-y-hÿ ˛ kµ¿i-\-°p-dn∏v,hy-X-ykvX Bhmkhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ]´nI, Ip´n-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£W ]h¿Ø-\-߃.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
90
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ta¬aÆv
Pemwiwta¬aÆns‚ X\na\ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.
Pemw-iw, hmbp,]Imiw F∂nh
aÆnse Pohn-I-fpsS\ne-\n¬∏n\vBh-iy-am-Wv.
ssPhm-h-in-jvS-߃ ebn®ptN¿∂n- p-≠v.
]md-s]m-Sn™vaÆp-≠m-Ip-∂p-.
hmbp ta¬aÆns\ KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈-Xm-°p-∂p.
KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ta¬aÆn¬ kky-߃
\∂mbn hf-cp-∂p.
kky-ssh-hn[ywP¥p-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v
Bh-iy-am-Wv.
kky-ß-fpsShnØp-hn-X-c-W-Øn\v P¥p-°ƒklm-bn-°p-∂p.
hmbp, PewF∂nh hgn
hnØp-hn-X-cWw\S-°p-∂p-≠v.
hmbp, PewF∂nh ]md -s]m-Sn-bp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-
am-Ip-∂p.
]md-s]m-Sn™vaÆp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\vkky-߃ klm-
bn-°p-∂p.
kky-߃ \∂mbn hf-cp∂ aÆn¬ ssPhm-h-in-jvS-߃ IqSp-XemWv.
NnX¬, aÆn-c, Ddpºv XpS-ßnb Pohn-Ifpw kq£vaPohn-Ifpw ssPh-L-S-I-
ßsf ta¬a-Æn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-∂p.
kky-ß-fpsShf¿®bv°v aÆn¬hmbp, Pemwiw
F∂nh Bh-iy-am-Wv.
Pohob-L-S-I-ßfpw
APo-hobLS-I-ßfpw
h¿°vjo‰v - 1
$ Poho-b-L-S-I-ßfpw APo-ho-b-L-S-I-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-I.
Poho-b-L-S-I-ßfpw BPo-ho-b-L-S-I-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]cmi-b-Xzw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\mWv
Cu h¿°vjo‰v. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn Cu h¿°vjo‰v \¬I-Ww.
91
hbepw h\hpw
Poho-b-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw BPo-ho-b-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-s®-gp-Xp-I.
Poho-b-L-S-I-߃ APo-ho-b-L-S-I-߃
GsX-¶nepw c≠p LS-I-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c_‘w FgpXp-I.
hc®ptN¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-a-t√m.
h¿°vjo‰v - 2
aÆv
Pew
]p¨mSn
hmbp
kqcy≥
]mºv
Xhf
]p√v
]cp¥v
hmbp
acw
92
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\º¿
1. Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ Pohn-Isf Ic-bn¬ Pohn--°p∂h, Pe-Øn¬
Pohn-°p∂h F∂n-ßs\ ]´n-I--s∏SpØp∂-Xn-\v.
2. a’yØns‚ imco-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Pe-PohnXØn\vFßs\ A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v tcJ-s∏SpØp∂-Xn-\v.
3. sh≈-Ønepw Ic-bnepw Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Fs¥√mw]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv Xh-fbv-°p-≈Xv F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
4. Pohn-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-cm-i-bXzw DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-am-°m≥.
5. Poho-b-L-S-I-߃ APo-ho-b-L-S-I-ßsf Fßs\ Bi-bn-°p∂p F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
6. Np‰p-ap≈ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Isf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
7. Ip∂n-Sn®v hb¬ \nI-Øp-∂-Xp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]cn-ÿnXn]iv\-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
8. h\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
9. a\p-jys‚ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \mi-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip∂p F∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
10. ]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
93
hbepw h\hpw
So®nMv am\-z¬
bqWn‰v 1 hbepw h\hpw
]T-\-t\- -߃
$ Pohn-Isf Ic-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂h, Pe-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h, Ic-bnepw Pe-
Ønepw Pohn-°p-∂h F∂n-ßs\ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS imco-cnI khnt-i-j-X-Iƒ Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn\v Fßs\ A\p-
tbm-Py-am-sW∂p Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Bi-b-߃
$ \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ Ipfw, hb¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Pohn-
I-fp-≠v.
$ Ic-bn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-I-fp-≠v.
$ sh≈-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-I-fp-≠v.
$ sh≈-Ønepw Ic-bnepw Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-I-fp-≠v.
$ Pe-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Pohn-Iƒ°v Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb khn-ti-
j-X-I-fp-≠v.
$ a’y-Øn\v Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.
Bh-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ
$ Ct°m-]m¿°v/]cn-k-c-Øp≈ Ipfw.
$ sF.kn.-Sn. Hcp Ipf-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Pe-Po-hn-I-sf \nco-£n-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ hoUn-tbm.
$ a’y-Øns‚ imco-cnIk-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-Ip∂ NnX-߃. (sF.kn.-
Sn. CtaPv)
$ Hdn-Kman ˛ IS-em-kp-sIm≠v a’ysØ \n¿an-°m\mh-iy-amb t]∏¿,
Itbm¨kv F∂n-h.
$ R≠v, Rhp-Wn, \o¿t°m-en, a’yw-, sh≈-Øn¬ ]m‰, Xh-f, Ba, Xmdmhv
F∂n-h-bpsS t]sc-gp-Xnb If¿ NnX-߃, apb¬, Fen, Iocn, AÆm≥,
Hm¥v, ]√n, ssa\ F∂n-h-bpsS sF.kn.-Sn. Cta-Pp-Iƒ.
$ •mkvPmdnse a’yw.
94
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kabw : 4 aWn-°q¿
]Inb hne-bn-cp-ج
tNmZn°q, Is≠Øq
So®¿ ]cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp Pohn-bpsS t]cv Ip´n-Iƒ ImWmsX
Ipdn®ph-bv°p-∂p. Ip´n-I-tfmSv Ah-bp-sS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tNmZn-
°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. tNmZy-߃°v So®¿ AsX / A√ F∂
DØcw amXta \¬Iq. ]c-am-h[n A©v tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS Pohn-
bpsS t]cv Is≠-Ønb Ip´n hnP-bn-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Isf A©wK
kwL-ß-fm°n a’cw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p.
A\p-I-cn°mw
Ip´n-Iƒ Ah¿°n-jvS-ap≈ Pohn-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ FgpXn Hcp
s]´n-bn¬ CSp-∂p. a‰p kwL-Ønse Hcmƒ h∂v Hcp Pohn-bpsS
t]sc-SpØv B Pohn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ (i_vZw, k©mc
coXn, Blm-c-coXn, cq]w.....) A\p-I-cn-°p∂p. B Ip´n-bpsS kwLw
Pohnsb Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. Xncn-®-dn™ kwL-Øn\v t]mbn‚ v.
ta\n-]-d-®n¬
]mT- m-KsØ kw`m-j-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n AÆm≥, Xhf
F∂o IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ta\n]d®n¬ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
DZm: AÆm≥ : F\n°v GXp ac-Ønepw HmSn-°-b-dm≥ Ign-bpw.
Xhf : F\n°v Ic-bnepw sh≈-Ønepw Pohn-°m≥ Ignbpw.
AÆm≥ :
IqSp-X¬ ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Pohn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-SpØn ta\n-]-d-®n¬ XpS-
cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Pohn-I-fpsS hmk-ÿesØ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
IqSp-X¬ Pohn-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ tN¿Øv ]´nI hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂p.
CXn-\mbn So®¿ sF.kn.-Sn. klm-b-Øm¬ Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw
ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Pohn-I-fpsS NnX-߃ ImWn-°p∂p.
Nne Pohn-Iƒ Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw k©cn-°p-∂nt√? Ah
GsXm-s°-bmWv?
Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw k©-cn-°p∂ Pohn-I-fpsS ]´nI Xbm-dm-
°p--∂p.
Pe-Po-hn-bmb a’y-Øn‚ ]tXy-IX F¥mWv? a’y-Øns‚
icoc-`m-K-߃ hy‡-am-°p∂ NnXw hc-bv°p∂p. (hy‡n-K-Xw)
NnXw IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n a’y-Øns‚ NnXw
Ic-bn¬ hkn-°p-∂h Pe-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂h
95
hbepw h\hpw
sF.kn.-Sn. klm-b-tØmsS ImWn-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ NnXw \ndw
sIm-SpØv at\m-l-c-am-°p-∂p. NnX-߃ Nm¿´n¬ H´n®v ]Z¿in-
∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ Hcp ]T-\]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
a’y-Øn\v sh≈-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw A\p-Iqe
khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv D≈Xv?
Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-I-ev]\ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
•mkvPmdn¬ a’ysØ ¢mkn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v \nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-
k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ kwL-ambn \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
N¿®mkqN-I-߃ Nm¿´n¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ a’yw apt∂m´pw ]nd-tIm´pw hi-ß-fnte°pw k©-cn-°p-
∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv?
$ Pe-Ønse hmbp Fßs\ izkn-°m≥ Ign-bpw?
\nco-£-W- -ehpw \nK-a-\hpw hy‡n-]c-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sNbvXv Kq∏ns‚ \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. Kq∏p-
Iƒ Ah-cpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw a’yw \o¥p-Ibpw sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂v izmkw
kzoIcn°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hoUntbm ImWn-°p-∂p.
tImUo-I-cWw
$ ico-cm-IrXn, hm¬®n-d-Iv, hi-ß-fnse Nnd-Ip-Iƒ F∂nh
Pe-Øn¬ \o¥m≥ klm-bn°p∂p
$ hm¬®nd-Iv, ta¬®n-d-Iv, hi-ß-fnse Nnd-Ip-Iƒ F∂nh
Xpg-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Pe-Øn¬ sh´n-Øn-cn-bp-hm\pw
apt∂m´pw ]nt∂m´pw k©-cn-°m\pw Nnd-Ip-Iƒ klm-
bn-°p-∂p.
$ t_m´ns‚ BIrXn, ico-c-Øns‚ hgp-h-gp∏v F∂nh
sh≈-Øn¬ thK-Øn¬ \oßp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p.
tImUo-I-cWw Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXp∂p.
IS-em-kv-sIm-s≠mcp ao≥
So®¿ ¢mkn¬ IS-em-kvao≥ \n¿amW L´-߃ Ia-ambn
t_m¿Un¬ hc-bv°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v IS-em-kp-]-tbm-Kn®v ao≥ \n¿an-
°p∂ L´-߃ Hmtcm-∂mbn ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw
a’ysØ \n¿an®v \ndwsIm-SpØv at\m-l-c-am-°p∂p. ¢mkn¬
]Z¿i\w Hcp-°p-∂p.
h¿°vjo‰v 3 \¬In hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
96
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
NnX-߃ \nco-£n-°q.
Cu Pohn-I-fpsS ]tXy-IX F¥mWv?
Pe-Po-hn-X-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Fs¥√mw khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Ch-bv°p-≈Xv?
a’ysØ Ic-bnen´m¬ Poh≥ t]m-Ip-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?
1. `£Ww e`n-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v.
2. Ic-bn¬ k©-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v.
3. A¥-co-£-hmbp izkn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v.
4. Ic-bn¬ NqSv IqSp-X-em-b-Xp-sIm≠v.
icn-b-√mØ ]kvXm-h\ GXv?
1. Xh-fbv°v Ic-bnepw Pe-Ønepw Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
2. Xh-f-bpsS ]n≥Im-ep-Iƒ°p \ofw IqSp-X-ep-≠v.
3. Xh-fbv°v sNhn-°p-S-bp-≠v.
4. Xh-f -ap-´-bn-Sp∂ Pohn-bm-Wv.
XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w
^o¬UvSn∏v
Ipfw, hb¬ F∂n-hbpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-k-chpw \nco-£n®v Ahn-sS-bp≈ P¥p-
°-sfbpw kky-ß-sfbpw ]´nIs∏Sp-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ah-bpsS imco-cnI khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ \nco-£n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
dn^vfIvj≥ t\m´v
h¿°vjo‰v - 3
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kkytemIsØ sshhn[yw Ce-I-fn¬, thcp-]-S-e-ß-fn¬, _oP-]-X-ß-fn¬ Fß-s\-sb∂v kmam-\y-[m-cW\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\ym-k-w, thcp-]-S-e-Øns‚ kz`m-h-w,_oP]X-ß-fpsS FÆ-w F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c_‘-sØ kw_-‘n® [mcW ssIh-cn-°m≥ CubqWn‰v klm-b-I-am-hpw. AXn-\m¬ Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\ymkw t\m°n GXp-X-c-Øn-ep≈ thcp-]-S-e-am-sW-∂pw FX _oP-]-X-߃ Ds≠∂pw ]h-Nn-°m≥Ip´nsb ]m]vX-\m-°Ww. kky-ßsf \nco-£n-°m-\pwImbn-I- m-K-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw\nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\pw ]h-Nn-°m\pw D≈ ]In-bm-ti-jn-I-fpsS hnI-k-\hpw Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂p. lcn-Xm- -amb tIc-f-Øns‚ ]Ir-Xn- wKn BkzZn®pPohn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Snse kky-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \nco-£n-°m\pw ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßsf]cn-an-X-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn imkvXob \nK-a-\-߃cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnIkn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ ian-°p-at√m.
Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
2
BapJw
98 ]
cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
-aq-ey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw : $ kky-tem-IsØ sshhn[yw BkzZn-°p∂p. $ ]cn-kckulr-Z-a-t\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp∂p.
bqWn‰v s^bnw aWn-°q¿ : 13
$ \nco-£Ww.
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ NnXw \nco-£n-°¬
$ NnXw hc-bv°¬
$ eLp]co-£Ww
$ \nco-£Ww
$ NnXw-hcbv°¬
$ eLp t]mPIvSv
$ ]b¿hn-Øv, s\√v, IS-e, \ne-°-S-e,
Xn\ F∂n-h- ap-f-∏n-°¬. hf¿®m-L-´-
߃ \nco-£n-°¬.
BZyw hnØn\v ]pd-tØ°v hcp-∂XvthcmtWm CebmtWm (_oP-aq-ew,_oP-io¿jw) F∂p Is≠-ج.
t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v Fgp-X¬.
$ kk-y-ß-fpsS thcp-]-S-eØns‚
khn -ti-j-X -Iƒ Is≠Øn
\mcpthcp]Sew, Xmbvthcp]Sew
F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p, ]´n-I-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\-ymkw \nco-
£n®v PmenImkncm-hn-\-ymkw,
kam-¥ckncm-hn-\-ymkw F∂n-
ßs\ XcwXncn®v ]´n -I-s∏-Sp -
Øp∂p.
$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kk-y-ß-fpsS Ce-
I-fnse kncm-hn-\-ym-khpw thcp-]-
S-ehpw \nco-£n®v ]c-kv]-c-_‘w
Is≠Øn∏d-bp-∂p.
$ GI_oP-] - X -k-k-y -߃°pw
Zzn_oP]X-k-ky-߃°pw \n¿h-
N-\-߃ \¬Ip-∂p.
$ Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\ymkw, thcp]S-ew, _oP-]-X-ß-fpsS FÆwF∂nh XΩn -ep≈ _‘sØkw_-‘n®v eLp-t]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ
\n¿h-ln®v dnt∏m¿ v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ kk-y-ß-fpsS thcp]S-e-Øn\v sshhn-[yap≠v.
$ Xmbvthcp]Sew, \mcpthcp]Sew F∂n-ßs\
c≠p Xcw thcp]S-e-ßfp≠v.
$ kk-y-ß-fpsS Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\-ym-k-Øn-ep-
ap≠v sshhn-[yw.
$ PmenImkncm -hn -\ -ymkw, kam -¥-c -kncm -
hn\ymkw F∂n-ßs\ c≠pXcw kncm-hn-\-ym-k-
ß-fp-≠v.
$ Pmen-I-mkn-cm-hn-\-ym-k-ap≈ kk-y-ß-fpsS thcp-
]-Sew Xmbvthcp]S-e-am-Wv.
$ kam-¥-c-kn-cm-hn-\-ym-k-ap≈ kk-y-߃°v
\mcpthcp]S-e-amWv D≈-Xv.
$ kk-y-ß-fpsS thcp]S-ehpw Ce-I-fnse kncm-
hn-\-ym-khpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v.
$ hnØn-\p-f-fn¬ Hcp- _o-P-]Xw amX-ap≈ kky-
ß-fmWv GI-_o-P-]-X-k-k-y-߃. (s\√v,
tKmXºv, sXßv XpS-ßn-bh.)
$ hnØn-\p-≈n¬ c≠p _oP-]-X-ß-fp≈ kk-y-
ß-fmWv Zzn-_o-P-]-X-k-k-y-߃. (Iip-h-≠n,
hmf≥]pfn, \ne-°-Se.)
Bi-b-߃/ [mc-W-Iƒ/]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-bIƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
99
Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
bqWn-‰n-te°v
NnX-hm-b\
hnhn-[-Xcw kky-ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-
k-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-amWv NnX-hm-b-\-bn-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. hyXykvX kky-
߃ Ip´n-Iƒ \nco-£n-®n-´p-≠m-hpw. ChnsS thcp-I-fpsS sshhn[yw \nco-£n-°p-∂-
Xn-\mWv Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. \nco-£-W-tØm-sSm∏w So®¿ ¢mkn¬ s]mXpN¿®
\bn-°-Ww.
N¿®mkqN\-Iƒ
$ ]®-°-dn-ssØ-I-fp-sSbpw apØ-ß-bp-sSbpw thcp-Iƒ XΩn¬ _n_ojv Fs¥√mw
hyXym-k-߃ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn--°pw?
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-X-s´.
apØ-ßbpsS thcp-]-Sew ]tXy-I-ambn \nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww
(\mcpthcp ]S-e-ap≈ a‰v kky-ß-fp-amImw). NnX-ßtfm sF.kn.Sn. km[y-X-Itfm
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. apØ-ß-bpsS thcn\v a‰p -sN-Sn-I-fpsS thcp-I-fp-am-bp≈ hyXymkw
Ip´n-Iƒ Ipdn-°-s´. tiJ-cn® thcp-Iƒ \nco-£n®v hyXykvX khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ipdn-
°s´. thcp-I-fpsS khn-ti-jX Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ssIamdn N¿®sNø-s´. Hmtcm Iq´-Øn-
s‚bpw s]mXpkz`m-h-߃ Fgp-Xm\pw NnXw hc-bv°m\pw Ah-kcw \¬IWw.
]cn-kc\SØw
hyXykvXXcw kky-߃ tiJ-cn -
°m\pw Ah-bpsS thcp-]-Sew \nco-£n-
°m\pap≈ kwL-]-h¿Ø-\-am-bmWv
CXv \¬tI-≠-Xv. \mcpthcp-]-S-e-ap≈
kky-ßfpw Xmbvthcp-]-S-e-ap≈ kky-
ßfpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂p≠v F∂v So®¿ Dd∏phcp-Ø-Ww. tiJ-cn® thcp-Iƒ \nco-
£n®v hyXykvX Iq´-ß-fm-°-Ww. Hmtcm Iq´-Øn-s‚bpw khn-ti--j-X-Iƒ hy‡n-K-
X-ambn Ipdn-°-s´.
ankv\bpsS \nco-£-W-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v hy‡n-K-X-ambn Xbm-dm-°m≥ Hmtcm Ip´n-sbbpw k÷am-°p-∂-
Xn-\mWv Cu ]mT-`mKw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ \nco-£n® thcp-]-S-e-Øns‚
s]mXp-kz-`m-h-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n®v \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ Ah-kcw
\¬IWw. XpS¿∂v "ankv\-bpsS \nco-£-W-°p-dn-∏p'-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv kz¥w
\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v ssIamdn hmbn®v hne-
bn-cp-Øm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v
So®¿ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn tImUo-I-
cn-°-Ww.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse \nco-
£W°pdn-∏p-Iƒ˛\m-cp-th-cp-]-
S-ew, Xmbvthcp-]-S-ew, khn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ, NnX-߃.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v ˛ ]c-am-h[n
s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ipdn-®n-
´p-≠v. ASp°pw Nn -tbmSpw -IqSn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
100
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ Xmbvthcp-]-S-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
$ \mcp-th-cp-]-S-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
Xmbvthcp-]-Sew, \mcp-th-cp-]-SewNnX-hm-b-\/ \nco-£Ww
Xmbvthcp-]-S-ehpw \mcp-th-cp-]-S-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßsf kw_-‘n®v [mcW
]_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w.
N¿®mkqN-\I-ƒ
$ NnXw H∂nse thcp-]-S-e-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse henb ][m-\-thcv \n߃ \nco£n®
thcp-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cpt∂m?
$ Xmbvthcp]SeØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
N¿® So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
NnXw c≠nse thcp-]-S-e-Ønse thcp-Iƒ ˛ NnXw H∂n-te-Xn¬\n∂p hep-∏w,
BIr-Xn, hf¿∂ndßp∂ ÿm\w F∂n-h-bn¬ Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p
F∂pw tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
\mcp-th-cp-]-Sew ]mT]pkvX-I-Ønse
hni-Zo-I-cWw. \mcp-th-cp-]-S-e-ap≈
henb kky-ßsf IqSn Ip´n ]cnNb-
s∏-SWw. AXn-\mbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
Ønse NnX-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-
s°m≠v N¿®\bn°-Ww. sXßv, Ihp-ßv, apf F∂n-h-bpsS thcp]S-e-߃ \nco-
£n®v s]mXpkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn-∏m-°-Ww. thcp-]-S-e-sØ-°p-dn®v
IqSp-X¬ Adn-bm≥ A\p-_‘w 1 t\m°p-I.
\ap°v \nco-£n°mw
kky-ß-fpsS Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ sshhn[yw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ e£yan´p-
sIm-≠mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ce-I-fpsS tiJ-cWw ˛ kwL-]-
h¿Ø\w
hy-XykvX sNSn-I-fpsS Ce-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v
¢mkn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-s´. Hmtcm Cebpw
hy‡n-K-X-ambn \nco-£n®v kncm-hn-\ym-
k-Ønse ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. ]c-am-h[n Ce-Iƒ \nco-£n-®p-sh∂v So®¿
Dd∏phcp-Ø-Ww.
Ce-I-fpsS cq]-am-XrI ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬
CeI-fnse hnhn-[-Xcw kncm-hn-\ymkw
hc-bv°m-\pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw Xncn-
®-dnbm-\pw Dt±-in-®mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse \nco-
£W°pdn-∏v Xmbvthcp-]-S-ew,
\mcp-th-cp-]-S-ew˛ F∂n-h-bpsS
hyXym-k-߃, hc® NnX-
߃.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse \nco-
£W°pdn∏v ˛Ip-´n-Iƒ \nco-
£n® kmay-ßfpw hyXymk-
ß-fpw.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
XmcXay°pdn∏v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
101
Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
NnX-Ønse IpØp-Iƒ hc®v tbmPn-∏n®v Hmtcm Ip´nbpw NnXw ]q¿Øn-bm-°s´.
NnXw aq∂nsebpw \men-sebpw cq]-am--Xr-I-bnse Ce-I-fnse Rc-ºp-IfpsS
hyXymkw \nco-£n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. So®¿ ¢mkn¬ c≠p-Xcw kncm-hn-\ym-k-
ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ t_m¿Un¬ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v F∂v Dd∏phcp-Ø-Ww.
Ce-Iƒ Iodn-sb-Sp-°¬
hnhn-[-Xcw CeIƒ \of-Øn¬ Iodn-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ kncm-hn-\ym-k hyXymksØ°p-
dn®v [mcW sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
N¿®mkqN-\Iƒ
$ amhn-e, πmhne F∂nh AK- m-K-Øp-\n∂p Xmtgm- v, s]m´n-t∏m-ImsX \of-Øn¬
Iodn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?
$ sXtßm-e, apf-bpsS Ce F∂nh \of-Øn¬ Iodn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?
$ \of-Øn¬ s]m´n-t∏m-ImsX Iodn-
sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂ Ce-Ifp-
sSbpw Ign-bm-Ø- Ce-Ifp-sSbpw
knc-Iƒ Hcp-t]m-se-bmtWm?
So®¿ N¿® tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ hni-Zo-I-cWw
tImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
PmenImkncm-hn-\ym-khpw kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ym-khpw
PmenImkncm-hn-\ym-khpw kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ym-khpw Ah XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-khpw
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
N¿®mkqN\-I-ƒ
$ NnXw A©nse Ce-bn¬ Hcp ][m\ knc -Im-Wp-∂n-t√, AXn¬\n∂p [mcmfw
sNdnb knc-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´v ImW-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?
Pmen-Im-kn-cm-hn-\ymkw
$ NnXw Bdn¬ Ce-bnse knc-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p ImW-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?
$ NnXw Bdnse Ce-bnse knc-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv NnXw A©n-te-Xn¬\n∂p
hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv?
Pmen-Im-kn-cm-hn-\ymkw ˛ khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ, kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ymkw˛k-hn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ, Ah XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-
k-߃ F∂nh ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
hni-Zo-I-cWw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn
tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
kncm-hn-\ym-k-Ønse sshhn-[y-߃ Adn-bm≥ A\p-_‘w 2 t\m°p-I.
]cn-kc]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-∏p-
Iƒ˛Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\ymkw,
Xcw-Xn-cn-®p≈ ]´nI.
kncm-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ NnX-߃.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Xmc-
Xay°pdn∏v˛Pm-en-Im-kn-cm-hn-\ym-
kw, kam-¥-c-kn-cm-hn-\ymkw˛
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Ah XΩn-
ep≈ hyXym-kw.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
102
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kncm-hn-\ym-khpwthcp-]-S-ehpw
kky-ß-fnse kncm-hn-\ym-khpw thcp-]-
S-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øp-∂-
Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. tiJ-cn® sNSn-
I-fnse kncm-hn-\ym-khpw thcp-]-S-ehpw
hy‡n-K-X-ambn \nco-£n-°-s´. Is≠-
Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ _‘w aqt∂m \mtem
Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. XpS¿∂v N¿®.
N¿®mkqN-\Iƒ
$ PmenImkncm-hn-\ym-k-ap≈ kky-ß-
fn¬ GXp-Xcw thcp-]-S-e-amWv ImWp-
∂Xv?
$ kam-¥ckncm-hn-\ym-k-ap≈ kky-ß-
fn¬ GXp--Xcw thcp-]-S-e-amWv ImWp-∂Xv?
Hcp s\∑-Wn-bpsS Bfl-IY
hnØp-ap-f-bv°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ Xncn-®-dnbm\pw kmt¶-XnI]Z-߃
]cnNb-s∏Sm\pw D≈-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
s\∑-Wn-bpsS Bfl-IY ˛ Bfl-I-Y-bpsS Bflmwiw ]Xn-^-en-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬
So®¿ BJym\w \S-Ø-Ww. XpS¿∂v Ht∂m ct≠m Ip´n-Iƒ s\∑-Wn-bpsS Bfl-
IY Dds° hmbn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. XpS¿∂v hy‡n-KXhmb\, s\¬hnØn¬
\n∂pw s\¬s®Sn hf-cp-∂Xpw B s\¬s®-Sn-bn¬\n∂v ]pXnb hnØp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-
Sp-∂Xpw Ip´n-Iƒ a\-n-em°-s´.
as‰mcp hnØns‚ (DZm-l-cWw : ]b¿hnØv/\ne-°-S-e) Bfl-IY Fgp-Xm-\p≈
]h¿Ø\w \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
hnØv apf-bv°p-∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ L -߃
t]mPIvSv Bkq-XWw : hnØp apf-bv°p-∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ L´-߃ t\cn´v \nco-
£n-°m-\pw dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°m\pw eLp-t]m-PIvSv \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-\mbn,
s\√v, ISp-Iv, ]b¿, tNmfw, Xn-\, \ne-°-Se F∂o hnØp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°mw. Ah
apf-∏n®v Hmtcm Znh-khpw Ah-bv°p-≠m-hp∂ am‰-߃ \nco-£n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°-
Ww. NnX-߃ hc-bv-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.
t]mPIvSv \n¿h-lWw (t]mPIvSv L´-߃ A\p-_‘w 4 t\m°p-I)
e£yw :hnØp-Iƒ apfbv-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ \nco-£n®v
GI-_oP]Xkky-ß-sf-bpw, Zzn_o-P-]-X-k-ky-ß-sfbpw h¿Ko-I-cn-°¬.
kma-Kn-Iƒ : hmh-´-ap≈ Ip∏n, sh≈-t]-∏¿, ]™n/\\® IS-em-kv, hnhn-[-
Xcw apf-bv°p∂ hnØp-Iƒ.
kncm-hn-\y-mkhpw thcp-]-S-
ehpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]´n-I.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥Ce-I-fnse lcn-XIw \o°w sNømw
Ben-s‚tbm amhn-s‚tbm CeIƒ
Ipd-®p -Zn -hkw sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n
hbv°pI. H∂n-S-hn´ Znh-k-ß-fn¬
sh≈w am‰n -s°m -≠n -cn -°-Ww.
hnc¬sIm≠v sas√ XShn ]®-\ndw
\o°w sNøpI. hfsc IrXy-ambn Ce-
bpsS kncm-hn-\ym-kw ImWp-∂-Xp-hsc
]®-\ndw \o°w sNøpI. Pemwiw
\o°w sNbvXv "Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-
\ymkw' B¬_-am°n am‰p-I.
103
Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
]h¿Ø-\-Iaw : hmh- -ap≈ Ip∏n-bn¬ sh≈-t]-∏¿ Hcp hfbw t]mse Npcp´n
Cd°nhbv°p-I. Cd-°nh® sh≈t]∏¿ Ip∏n-bpsS hi-ß-fn-te°v tN¿∂ncn-
°-Ø-°-hn[w t]∏¿ tdmfn-\p-≈n¬ \\™ ]™n-tbm \\™ IS-em-kpI-
j-W-ßtfm \ndbv-°pI. thKØn¬ apf-bv°p∂ hnhn-[-Xcw hnØpIƒ (]b¿,
ISp-Iv, s\√v, Xn\ F∂n-h) GXm\pw aWn-°q¿ sh≈-Øn¬ IpXn¿Ø-tijw
Ip∏n-°pw tdmƒt]-∏-dn\pw CS-bn¬ hnX-dpI. Ip∏n shfn®w/kqcy-]-Imiw
t\cnb tXmXn¬ e`n-°-Ø-°-hÆw P\-en-\-cn-In¬ hbv°p-I. Ddptºm a‰p
IoS-ßtfm Ib-dm-Xn-cn-°m≥ sh≈w \nd® Hcp tπ‰n¬ Ip∏n hbv°p-I-bpw
hmbv`mKw sNdnb IÆnIƒ D≈ hesIm≠v aqSp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
Znh-khpw Ip∏n-°p-≈nse ]™n/IS-emkv Ij-W-߃ t\cnb
tXmXn¬ \\®p sImSp-°p-I.
Hmtcm Znh-khpw hnØn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ c≠m-gvN- XpS¿®-
bmbn \nco£n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Hmtcm C\w hnØn\pw Hmtcm Ip∏n D]-tbm-Kn®pw CXp \n¿h-ln-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ ]tXyIw \nco-£n-°p-I.
1. hnØn¬\n∂v BZyw apf®p ]pdØphcp-∂Xv F¥v?
2. BZyw ]pdØph∂ `mKw F¥m-bn-Øo-cp∂p?
3. thcv GXp Zni-bn-te°v (apI-fn-tem´v/Xmtgm-´v) hf-cp∂p?
4. Imfiw apf®p h∂Xv Ft∏mƒ?
5. Imfiw GXp Zni-bn-te°p hf-cp∂p?
6. F√m sNSn-I-fnepw I´n-bp≈ c≠v Ce-Iƒ t]mep≈ `mK-߃ I≠pthm?
7. I´n-bp≈ Ce-Iƒ t]mep≈ `mK-߃ sNSn hf-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hf¿∂pthm,
AtXm timjn-®pthm?
N¿®mkqN-\Iƒ
$ apf-bv°p∂ hnØn¬\n∂v BZyw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv kky-Øns‚ GXp- m-K-amWv?
$ apf-bv°p∂ hnØn¬\n∂v BZyw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ `mKw F¥m-bn-Øo-cp∂p?
(_oP-aqew ˛ ]mT-`m-KsØ hni-Zo-I-cWw)
$ _oPaqew hf¿∂n-d-ßn-b-Xn\ptijw apf-®p-h-cp∂ `mK-at√ sNSn-bpsS Imfi-
ambn amdn-bXv? (_oP-io¿jw ˛ ]mT-`m-KsØ hni-Zo-I-cWw)
$ _oP-aq-e-Øn\pw _oP-io¿j-Øn\pw apf-®p-h-cm≥ Bh-iy-amb Blmcw FhnsS-
\n-∂mWv e`n-®Xv?
$ _oP-aq-ehpw _oP-io¿jhpw IqSmsX NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ `mK-taXv?
$ apf-bv°p∂ ]b¿hn-Øn¬ _oP-io¿j-Øn¬ I´n-bp≈ Ce-Iƒt]mse ImWp∂
`mK-ta-XmWv? (_oP-]-X-߃ ˛ ]m-T-`m-KsØ hni-Zo-I-c-Ww.)
$ hnØv apf-bv°m≥ Bh-iy-amb Blmcw Fhn-sS-bmWv kw`-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?
$ sNSn hf-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v _oP-]Xw Npcpßn hep∏w Ipd-bp-∂Xv F¥p-
sIm≠mWv?
104
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ kz¥-ambn Blmcw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xp-hsc sNSn-Iƒ°v hf-cm-\p≈ Blmcw FhnsS-
\n∂mWv e`n-°p-∂Xv?
$ ]b¿a-Wn-bn-te-Xp-t]mse s\≥a-Wn-bn¬ c≠p _oP-]-X-߃ ImWp-∂pt≠m?
(GI-_o-P-]Xk-ky-߃˛Zzn_o-P]X-k-ky-߃˛]mT- m-KsØ tImUoIcWw.)
_oP-]-X-ß-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-bm≥ A\p-_‘w 3 t\m°p-I.
XpS¿∂v t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°¬.
Cu amXrI kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v LS\
Xe-s° v
BapJw :
]iv\w :
Dulw :
kma-Kn-Iƒ :
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw :
A]-K-Y\w :
Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ :
\nK-a\w :
t]mPIvSv Ah-XcWw.
Xe-s°´v : BI¿j-I-am-I-Ww. ]T-\-hn-j-b-Øns‚ kqN\ D≠m-h-Ww.
BapJw : t]mPIvSv sNøm≥ D≠mb t]cW (kml-N-cyw) BZy-sa-gp-X-Ww.
t]mPIvSv Fs¥∂pw AXns‚ ]k‡n F¥m-sW∂pw a‰pw kqNn-∏n-°-Ww, ]cn-
an-Xn-Ifpw kqNn-∏n-°mw.
e£yw : ]Tn-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ ]iv\w Npcp°n GXm\pw hmIy-ß-fn¬ Fgp-X-Ww
(A°-an-s´-gp-Xp-∂Xv \∂v).
]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ : Hmtcm t]mP-IvSn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh.
]T-\-coXn : DNn-X-amb ]T-\-coXn (\nco-£-Ww. ....), th≠ hnh-c-߃ th≠X
Af-hn¬ tiJ-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃/ZØ-߃ : hnh-c-ß-fpsS Iao-I-c-Ww, ]´n-I-Iƒ, Km^p-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-b-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Aßs\ hnh-c-߃ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-Ipw.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
t]mPIvSv ˛ kqN-I-߃
$ t]mPIvS v Ub-dn -bnse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.
$ ]In-b-bnse ]¶m-fn-Øw.
$ t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´ns‚
ka-K-X.
$ t]mPIvS v Ah-X -c -W-
Ønse anI-hv.
t]mP-ISv Ub-dn-bnse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ, Hmtcm Znh-k-sØbpw
\nco-£-W-߃, NnX-߃,
t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
105
Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
A]-K-Y\w : hnh-c-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w Is≠-Øm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pamWv
A]-K-Y\w. Cu `mKØv hnh-c-߃ Nn´-bmbn tcJ-s∏-SpØn bp‡n-]q¿hw hni-I-
e\w sNø-Ww.
\nK-a\w : hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ ^e-ambn FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-a-\-߃ hy‡-ambn
FgpXpI.
\n¿tZ-i-߃ : ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbp≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃ Ds≠-¶n¬ Ahsb ]‰nbpw
kqNn-∏n-°mw.
t]mPIvSv 2 (kwLt]mP-IvSv)
]iv\w : kky-ß-fpsS Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\ym-khpw thcp-]-S-ehpw _oP-]-X-
ß-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬ _‘-apt≠m?
t]mPIvSv Bkq-XWw
So®-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Xmsg -]-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°-Ww.
$ GsXms° kky-ßsf \nco-£n-°Ww?
$ Xmbvthcp-]-S-e-ap≈ kky-ß-fn¬ GXp-Xcw kncm-hn-\ym-k-amWv ImWp-∂Xv?
$ kam-¥-c-kn-cm-hn-\ym-k-ap≈ kky-ß-fn¬ hnØn¬ FX _oP-]-X-߃ ImW-
s∏-Sp∂p?
$ Zzn_o-P-]-X-ap≈ kky-ß-fn¬ GXp-Xcw thcp-]-S-e-amWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
$ GI-_o-P-]Xkky-ß-fn¬ GXp-Xcw thcp-]-S-e-amWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?
$ kky-ß-fpsS thcp--]-S-ehpw kncm-hn-\ym-khpw _oP-]-X-ßfpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬
Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?
Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\p≈ \n¿tZiw \¬I-Ww.
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃ Fßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øpw? ]´nI cq]o-I-c-Ww.
Ia \nco-£n® thcp-]-Sew kncm-hn-\ymkw _oP-]-X-ß-fpsS FÆw
\w kkyw Xmbv \mcp PmenI kam-¥cw 1 2
thcv thcv
1
2
3
t]mPIvSv \n¿h-lWw ˛ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
Hmtcm Kq∏pw ]c-am-h[n kky-ßsf \nco-£n®v thcp-]-S-ew, kncm-hn-\ym-kw, _oP-
]-X-ß-fpsS FÆw F∂nh Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´. ¢mkn¬ Hmtcm
Kq∏pw Ah-cpsS ]´nI tImUo-I-cn-°-s´. Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn \nK-a-\-
߃ cq]o-I-cn-°-s´. ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.
XpS¿∂v t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°¬ (dnt∏m¿´ns‚ LS\ ]men-°pI).
t]mP-IvSv dnt∏m¿´v Ah-X-cWw
Hmtcm Kq∏pw ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn t]mPIvSv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
106
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
DZm-l
-c-W
-߃
]pfn
kh
n-ti
-jX
DZm-l
-c-W
-߃
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßsf Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn, Bib`q]Sw ]q¿Øn-bm-
°p-I.
Bi-b-`q-]Sw
s\√v amhv sXßv ]pfn GI-_o-P-]Xkky-߃
kk-y-߃ Iipamhv apf
Zzn-_oP]X-k-k-y-߃
kam-¥ckncm-hn-\-ymkw
Pmen-Im-kn-cm-hn-\-ymkw
h¿°vjo‰v
Zzn-_oP]X-k-k-y-߃
kk-y-߃
khn-ti
-jX
khn-ti
-jX
kam-¥ckncm-hn-\-ymkw
kh
n-ti
-jX
107
Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
A\p-_‘w 1
thcp-Iƒ ]q¿W-tXm-Xn¬ cq]-s∏-SmØ kk-y-hn- m-K-ß-fn¬ \mcp-th-cp-]-S-ew, Xmbv
thcp-]-Sew F∂n-ßs\ h¿Ko-I-cn-°m≥ km[-y-a-√. hni-Z-hn-h-c-߃ Xmsg
tN¿°p∂p.
kky-tem-IsØ ][m-\-ambpw A©p hn`mK-ß-fmbn -Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
(1) BƒsK
(2) _tbm-ss^-‰p-Iƒ
(3) sSdn-tUm-ss^-‰p-Iƒ
(4) Pnwt\m-kvt]-ap-Iƒ
(5) B≥Pntbmkvt]ap-Iƒ
F∂n-h-bmWv A©v hn`m-K-߃.
(1) B¬sK (Algae)
Cu kky-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ kky-i-cocw "Xmekv' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-b-h-ß-fmbn
cq]-s∏-SmØ tImi-k-aq-l-am-bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv thcv, Imfiw,
Ce F∂n-ßs\ Ah-b-h-߃ cq]-s∏-´n-´n-√. DZm: kvss]tdm-ssK-d
(2) _tbm-ss^-‰p-Iƒ
ico-c- m-K-߃ ]q¿W-ambpw cq]-s∏-SmØ ico-c-L-S-\-bmWv D≈Xv (Thalloid plantbody). F¶nepw thcp-t]m-ep≈ mKhpw (root like part) Imfiw t]mep≈ mKhpw
(stem like part) ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. thcp-t]m-ep≈ mKsØ "rhizoid' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
DZm: tamkv, am¿°m≥jy, kv^mKv\w XpS-ßn-b-h.
(3) sSdn-tUm-ss^-‰p-Iƒ
kwh-l-\-Ie-I-fmb (Vascular bundles - xylem, phloem) Bb sskew, ^vtfmbw
F∂nh BZy-ambn cq]-s∏- Xv sSdn-tUm-ss -‰p-I-fn-em-Wv. ]q¿W-am-bn cq]w- ]m]n®
thcv, Imfiw, Ce F∂nh BZyambn D≠m-bXv Ch-bn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ hfsc
hn]p-e-amb Hcp thcp-]-Sew (root system) Ch-bn¬ D≠m-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂
Ch-bpsS thcp-Isf "rhizoid' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®p. DZm: ]∂¬s®-Sn-Iƒ, Atkmf,
skem-Pn-\√ XpS-ßn-b-h.
(4) Pnwt\mkvt]w
]q¿W-amb thcp-]-Sew cq]-s∏-´Xv Ch-bn-em-Wv. CØcw kky-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-
ambpw Xmbvthcp-]-S-e-am-Wp-≈-Xv. DZm: sskI-kv, ss]\-kv XpS-ßn-b-h.
(5) B≥Pn-tbmkvt]w
G‰hpw Db¿∂-X-e-Øn-ep≈ kky-ß-fmWv B≥Pn-tbm-kvt]-ap-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬
c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ thcp]-S-e-am-Wp-≈-Xv. \mcp-th-cp-]-S-ehpw Xmbvthcp-]-S-e-hpw.
DZm: sXßv, amhv, πmhv, ]pfn, Ihpßv apX-emb-h.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
108
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
hnhn[ Xcw kam-¥-c-kn-cm-hn-\-ymk߃
1. Pinnate or Unicostate
Hcp ][m-\- kn-c. CXn¬\n∂p ]m¿iz-kn-c-Iƒ kam-¥-c-ambn Ce-bpsS hi-
ß-fn-tet°m AK-`m-K-tØt°m hf-cp-∂p.
DZm: hmg, C©n, a™ƒ
2. Palmate type
Ce-sR-´ns‚ AK-`m-KØp \n∂v XpS-ßp∂ Iptd-b-[nIw knc-Iƒ kam-¥-c-
ambn Ce-bpsS hi-ß-fn-te°p hf-cp-∂p. DZm:- ]-\-Iƒ
F∂m¬ Nne kk-y-ß-fn¬ Ce-sR´ns‚ AK-`m-KØp \n∂v XpS-ßp∂
kncIƒ Ce-bpsS AK-`m-K-tØ°v kam-¥-c-ambn hf-cp-∂p. DZm: s\√v, apf
hnhn-[-Xcw Pmen-Im-kncmhn\-ymkw
1. Pinnate or Unicostale
Hcp ][m\ knc AXn¬\n∂p hi-ß-fn-tet°m Ce-bpsS AK-ßfntet°m
hf-cp∂ ]m¿izknc-Iƒ. Cu ]m¿i-z-kn-c-Isf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v
F√m-h-i-tØ-°p-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ sNdnb knc-Iƒ. DZm: amhv, t]c, B¬acw
2. Palmate or Multicostale
Ce-s™-´ns‚ apI-fn¬ \n∂v XpSßn F√m mK-tØ°pw hym-]n®p ImW-s∏-
Sp∂ Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam ][m\ knc-Iƒ. CØcw kncm-hn-\-ymkw ][m\-
ambpw c≠p coXn-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
a. divergent
][m\ knc-Iƒ Ce-bpsS hi-ß-fn-te°v imJ-I-fmbn ]ncn™v ImW-s∏-
Sp∂p. DZm: sNº-c-Øn, Bh-W°v
b. Convergent
][m-\-knc Ce-bpsS A‰-tØ°v FØp-tºmƒ imJ-I-fmbn ]ncn-bp-∂p.
DZm: Kmºp.
A\p-_‘w 2 So®¿ Adn-bm≥
109
Ce-bv°p-ap≠v ]d-bm≥
_oP-k-¶-e-\hpw `qW-hf¿®bpw _oP-]-X-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw
kky-ßfn¬ ]cm-K-W-Øns‚ e-ambn ]cm-K-tc-Wp-°ƒ ]cm-K-Wÿ-eØv FØp-
∂p. ]cm-K-tc-Wp-hns‚ P\-td-‰ohv \yq¢n-b-kn¬ \n∂pw c≠v ]pw_o-P-߃ D≠m-
Ip-∂p. Cu c≠v ]pw_o-P-ßfpw ]cm-K-tc-Wp-hns‚ ]cm-K-\m-fn-bn-te°v FØp-
∂p. ]cm-K-\mfn P\n-Z-fin-te°p hf¿∂n-d-ßp-∂p. ]pw_o-P-߃ ]cm-K-\mfnbn-
eqsS `qW-k-©n-bn¬ FØp-∂p. Hcp ]pw_o-PsØ ssk\¿PnUv (Synergid) Afi-
Øn\v ASpØv FØn-°p-∂p. Cu ]pw_oPw Afi-hp-ambn kwtbm-Pn®v
kn‡mfiw (zygote) D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu ]Inbsb knwKan F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXns\
_oP-k-¶-e-\-Øns‚ BZy ]In-b-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.
c≠m-asØ ]pw_o-Pw `qW-k-©n-°p-≈nse sk°-≠dn \yq¢n-b-kp-ambn kwtbm-
Pn-®v ss]adn F≥tUmkvt]w \yq¢n-bkmbn (PEN) amdp-∂p. Cu ]In-bsb
Sn∏nƒ yqj≥ (Triple fusion) F∂p- ]-d-bp-∂p. PEN XpS¿®-bmbn hn -Pn®v F≥tUm-
kvt]-ambn amdp-∂p. B≥Pn-tbmkvt]w kky-ß-fn¬ _oP-k-¶-e-\-Øn¬ c≠p
]In-b-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. knwK-anbpw Sn∏nƒ ^yqj-\pw. AXn-\m¬
B≥Pntbmkvt]w kky-ß-fnse _oP-k¶-e-\sØ Cc´_oP-k-¶-e\w (Doublefertilisation) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Cc´_oP-k-¶-e-\-Øn-\p-tijw kn‡mfiw hn`Pn®v
`qW-ambpw PEN hn`-Pn®v F≥tUmkvt]w Bbpw amdp-∂p.
kn‡mfiw hf¿∂v `qW-ambn amdp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb Blmcw F≥tUm-
kvt]-an¬ \n∂mWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ `qW-h-f¿®bv°v apºv F≥tUmkvt]w
cq]o-I-c-W-amWv \S-°p-∂-Xv.
`qW-h-f¿®
F≥tUmkvt]w cq]o-I-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°-gn-™m¬ `qW-h-f¿® Bcw-`n-°p-
∂p. GI-_oP]X-k-ky-ß-fnepw Zzn_oP]Xkky-ß-fnepw `qW-h-f¿®-bn¬
F≥tUmkvt]w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. Zzn_oP]X-k-ky-߃ `qW-
h-f¿®-bv°mbn apgp-h≥ F≥tUmkvt]apw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ `qWw hf¿∂v
ssXs®-Sn-bmbn amdm≥ Bh-iy-amb Blmcw F≥tUmkvt]ane√ kw`-cn-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. ]Icw `qW-Øn-eq-≠m-Ip∂ c≠v _oP]Xßfn-emWv kq£n-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu _oP-]-X-ß-fnse kw`r-Xm-lmcw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv hnØn-\p-≈nse `qWw
hf¿∂v ssXs®-Sn-bmbn amdp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v CØcw kky-ß-fn¬ _oP-]-X-
ßsf BZy-Ce F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.
GI-_oP]Xkky-ß-fn¬ `qW-h-f¿®-bpsS ka-bØv apgph≥ F≥tUmkvt]apw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ hnØns‚ `qcn-`m-Khpw F≥tUmkvt]w kw`-cn-®n-
cn-°p-∂p. GI-_o-P-]-X-k-ky-ß-fn¬ _oP-]Xw Ipd®v Blmcw amXw kq£n-
°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hcp _oP-]Xw amXta ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q.
A\p-_‘w 3 So®¿ Adn-bm≥
110
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
t]mPIvSv L´-߃
]iv\w A\p-`-h-s∏-S¬ (hnjbw Is≠-ج)
N¿®
]iv\-\n¿h-N\w (e£yw \n¿W-bn-°¬)
Dulw (]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ)
Bkq-XWw
\n¿h-lWw
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS Iao-I-cWw
A]-K-Y\w
\nK-a\ cq]o-I-cWw
t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°epw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°epw
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\w.
1 \mcp-th-cp-]-S-e-Øns‚bpw Xmbvthcp]S-e-Øns‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥.
2. kk-yßsf Ah-bpsS thcp]S-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥.
3. Ce-I-fnse kncmhn-\-ymkw \nco-£n®v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
4. kam-¥-c-kn-cm-hn-\-ym-khpw Pmen-Im-kn-cm-hn-\-ym-khpw D≈kkyßsf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥.
5. Hcp kk-y-Øns‚ Ce \nco-£n®v B kk-y-Øns‚ thcp-]-S-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
6. GI-_o-P-]-X-k-k-y-ß-fp-sSbpw Zzn-_o-P-]-X-k-k-y-ß-fp-sSbpwkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
7. GI-_o-P-]-X-k-k-y-߃°pw Zzn-_o-P-]-X-k-k-y-߃°pw DZmlc-W-߃ \¬Im≥.
8. eLp-t]m-P-IvSn-eq-sS Ce-I-fnse kncm-hn-\-ymkw, thcp-]-S-ew,_oP-]-X-ß-fpsS FÆw F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm≥.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
A\p-_‘w 4 So®¿ Adn-bm≥
d -d≥kv
$ _me-ssI-cfn hn⁄m-\-tImiw ˛ tIcf kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
$ kky-tem-IsØ hnti-j-߃ ˛ tUm. F. cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv
$ kky-tem-IsØ AZv`p-X-temIw ˛ kn.cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS kb≥kv t]mP-IvSp-Iƒ ˛ s]m^. Fkv. inh-Zmkv
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Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬\n∂v Km‘nPn C¥y-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-bXp apX¬ kzmX-¥y-]m]vXn-h-sc-bp≈ kw`h_lp-e-ambNcn-Xmw-i-߃ Cu bqWn-‰n¬ N¿®-sN-øp∂p. kzmX-¥y-Øn\papºp≈ Zpc-h-ÿ-Isfbpw _n´o -jp-Im¿ C¥y≥kzmX¥y-kac t]mcm-´-ßsf ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ kzoI-cn®coXnI-sfbpw bqWn-‰n-eqsS hn\n-abw sNøm≥ e£y-an-Sp-∂p._n´ojv Iqc-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc Alnw-k-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambkXy-Kl ka-c-Øn-eqsS C¥y≥ P\-Xsb H‰-s°-´mbnAWn\n-c-Ønb Km‘n-Pn-bpsS t]mcm- -ß-fpw Pohn-Xhpw DZm-Ø-amb t\Xr]mS-h-hpw Chn-sS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.
Izn‰v- -C-¥ym-Zn-\w, kzmX-¥y-Zn-\w, Km‘n-P-b¥n F∂o Zn\m-N-c-W-ß-fpsS mK-am-bn. C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ønse ][m\kw -h-ßfpw a‰pw Hm¿°m\pw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-®n- p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
Ip´n-I-fn¬ kzmX-¥y- ka-c-tk-\m-\n-I-tfm-Sp≈ BZ-chvhf¿tØ≠-Xp-≠v. At\Iw Bfp-I-fpsS XymK-Øns‚ e-amWv\man∂v A\p- -hn-°p∂ kzmX-¥y-sa∂v Ah¿ Xncn-®-dn-bWw.kzmX-¥y-w ImØp-kq-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. Cu bqWn-‰nse ]h¿Ø-\-߃ AXn\pklm-b-I-am-Ipw. C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-kac Ncn-X-Øn-te-°p≈hmXn¬ Xpd-°p-I-bmWv ChnsS sNøp-∂-Xv.
kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
3
BapJw
112 ]cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
3. kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
$ hm¿Øm sImfm-jp-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-Ww.
$ Ipdn∏phmb\
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ ]´nI hn]p-eo-I-cn-°¬
apZm-hm-Iy-߃ hni-I-e\w sNø¬
$ NnX-hm-b\
$ Ipdn∏phmb\
$ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬
$ ICT
$ Ipdn∏phmb\
$ NnX-hm-b\
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw ˛ A`n-apJw
$ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Km-\-߃ tiJ-cn-°¬
$ Ipdn∏v
$ ICT
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
kzmX-¥y-Øn\p apºp≈ C¥y≥ P\X henb
ZpcnX ߃ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂p.
$ temI-sa-ºmSpw BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚
DS-a-bmWv \ΩpsS cmjvS-]n-Xmhv. Alnw-k-bn-eq-
∂nb kXy-Klw Km‘nPnbpsS ka-c-co-Xn-bm-Wv.
$ Nºm-c≥ kacw, tJUm ka-cw, Alva-Zm-_mZv
XpWn-an¬ kacw, \n-l-I-cWkacw F∂nh
Km‘nPn t\XrXzw \¬Inb BZy-Ime ka-c-ß-
fm-Wv.
$ C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a -csØ ASn -®-a¿Øm≥
_n´ojp-Im¿ Iqc-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
$ kzmX¥yka-c-Øn\v henb Bthiw ]I¿∂
H∂mWv D∏pkXy-Klw. Cu kacw tIc-f-Øn-
te°pw hym]n-®p. kzmX¥yk-a-c-Km-\-߃ ka-
cØn\v Bthiw ]I¿∂p.
$ `mc-XsØ kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°p \bn® ][m\
kac-amWv Izn‰n¥ymkacw .
$ kzmX-¥y-Øn\p apºp≈
`mc-X-Øns‚ Zpc-h-ÿ-Iƒ
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS al-Ømb
kz`mhkhn -ti -j -X -Iƒ
Xncn-®-dn™v ]kvXm-hn-°p-
∂p.
$ C-¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-ac
Ncn-X-Ønse ][m\ kw`-
h-߃ Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ C¥y≥ kzmX¥yka-
csØ ASn -® -a¿Øm≥
_n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-Ønb Iqc-
X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ D ∏ p k X y K - l - Ø n s ‚
]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v hni-
Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Izn‰ vC¥ym ka-c -Øns‚
]m[m\yw Xncn -® -dn™v
Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃$ tZi-kvt\lw, tZim-`n-am\w F∂nh hf-cp-∂p.$ tZiobNn”-ßsf BZ-cn-°p-∂p.$ `mc-Xo-b-s\∂Xn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p.$ kzmX-¥y-k-ac tk\m-\n-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Pohn-X-aq-ey-ßfpw BZ-c-thmsS Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
113
kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
bqWn-‰n-te°v
Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬\n-∂p Km‘n-Pn -bpsS Xncn -®p -h-chv ]Xn-]m-Zn -°p∂
hoUntbmIƒ, hnh-cW`mK-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ]mT-`m-K-tØ°p ]th-in°mw.
]mT-`m-KsØ NnX\nco-£-W-Øn\v tijw eLpN¿®-.
$ BcmWv NnX-Øn¬?
$ FhnsS\n∂mWv At±lw hcp-∂Xv?
$ Bfp-Iƒ F¥n-\mWv At±-lsØ ImØn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
XpS¿∂v Km‘nPn-bpsS hchv ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ]mT`mKw Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´.
t\ctØ ]Z¿in-∏n® hoUntbm ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn eLpN¿® \S-Øp-∂p.
$ Km‘nPnbpsS C¥y-bn-te°p≈
Xncn-®p-h-chns‚ Dt±-iy-sa-¥m-bn-
cp∂p?
$ BcmWv A∂v \ΩpsS \mSv `cn-®n-
cp-∂Xv?
$ Fs¥ms° Iqc-X-I-fmWv C¥y-
°m¿ A∂v A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂Xv?
]mT-`m-KsØ sImfm-jv, hnhctiJ-cW km[y-X-Iƒ F∂nh Cu L´-Øn¬
D]tbmK-s∏-Sp-ØWw. s]mXp-N¿®bv°pw tImUo-I-c-W-Øn\pw tijw _n´ojv
`c-W-Im-esØ Zpc-h-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®v
Ipdn∏v hy‡n-K-X-ambn Xbm-dm-°mw.
kwL-Øn-¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v sa®-s∏-Sp-
Ømw. ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn tImUo-I-
cn-°-Ww.
kXy-Klw
_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS Iqc-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc Km‘nPn Fß-s\-bmWv ]Xn-I-cn-®n- p-≠mhpI?
eLp N¿®-bm-Imw. XpS¿∂v ]mT-`mK hmb-\-bv°p-tijw kXy-Klw F∂ ka-c-apd
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Km‘nPnbpsS Bfl-I-Y-bn¬\n∂v At±-l-Øns‚ kz`mh khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ shfn-hm-°p∂ kw`h]c-º-c-I-fn¬ NneXv (tIs´-gp-Øv, amwk-`-£-Ww)
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw N¿®-bv°p-tijw Km‘nPnbpsS PohnXho£-W-sØ-
°p-dn®v [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. CXp-ambn _‘s∏-SpØnthWw
At±-l-Øns‚ kzmX-¥y-kac t]mcm-´-co-Xn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥.
Km‘nPn-bpsS BZy-Ime
ka-c-߃_n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv I¿j-Icpw
sXmgn -em -fn -Ifpw t\cn -´ n -cp∂
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
Km‘nPn Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ \n∂v
C¥y-bn¬ Xncn-s®ØnbXns‚ Hm¿a-
bv°m-bmWv P\p -hcn 9 `mc -Xob
]hmkn Zn\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂Xv.
_n´ojv `c-W-Im-esØ Zpc-h-
ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Ipdn∏v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
$ Nºm-c≥
$ tJUm
$ AlvaZm_mZv XpWn-an¬
114
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
NqjW߃ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂pw, AXn-s\-Xnsc Km‘nPn \S-Ønb ka-c-߃
GsXm-s°-bm-sW-∂pap≈ [mcW Ip´n-I-fn¬ FØn-°m-\p-≈-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w.
]mT-`mKw hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p. kwL-Øn¬
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
ka-c-߃ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
Nºm-c≥ kXy-Klw $ I¿j-I-cpsS Zpcn -X -߃ ]cn -l-cn -°m≥
Ign-™p.
$ Km‘nPnbpsS C¥y-bnse BZysØ kXy-Kl
kac]co-£Ww.
$ I¿j-I-cpsS hnj-a-X-Iƒ Ipd™p.
tJUm kacw $ I¿jI¿°pta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n® \nIpXn
Cfhv sNøm≥.
$ Km‘nPnbpsS kXyKlw.
$ \nIpXn Cfhp sNbvXv \¬In.
XpWn-an¬ kacw $ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqenh¿[-\-hn-\mbn.
$ kXyKlkacw
$ ka-c-Øns‚ ^e-ambn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v
h¿[n® Iqen e`n-®p.
_n´ojv IqcX\nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb \nc-h[n Bfp-Isf \njvTp-c-ambn sIme-s∏-Sp-Øn ih-∏-d-ºm°n
am‰nb ssaXm-\-Øn¬ Hcp a\p-jy-Po-hn-sb-¶nepw Ah-ti-jn-®n-´n-s√∂v Dd-∏p-hcp-
Øp∂ _n´ojv ]´m-f-°m-cpsS IqcX a\pjy a\-m-£nsb sR´n-°p-∂-XmWv.
\ΩpsS kzmX-¥y-k-acNcn-X-Ønse
IdpØ A[ym-b-amb Pmen-b≥hm-em-
_mKv kw`hw AXy¥w lrZbkv]¿in-
bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°Ww. sF.kn.Sn.
km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ Ah-X-c-W-tijw So®¿ Nne
tNmZy-߃ D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
$ F¥n-\m-Wv _n´ojp-Im¿ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿°v t\sc shSn-
bp-Xn¿ØXv?
$ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿°v c£-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂Xv
F¥psIm≠mWv?
XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn®v \nco-£-W߃ Ipdn-°-s´, Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°s´.
Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv kw`-h-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ipdn∏v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
115
kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
\n-l-I-cWkacw
Alnw-k-bn-eq-∂nb tZi-kvt\lw hf¿Øm-\p-]-I-cn® ka-c-ap-d-bmbn \n-l-I-
cWka-csØ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØWw. \n-l-I-cWkacw Db¿Ønb
Bib-߃ NnX-hm-b-\, hnhc-ti-J-
cWw F∂n-h-bneqsS tImUo-I-cn-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-
I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-
ØWw.
kacw tIc-f-Ønepw
Km‘nPnbpsS tIcfkµ¿i\ hnh-c-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v Km‘nPn tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-
Ønb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kqN-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-tijw tIc-f-Ønse \n-l-I-
cW ka-c-sØ-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW \¬tI≠-Xm-Wv. sF.kn.-Sn. hnhctiJ-c-
Ww, ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ, NnX-߃, NcnX]pkvX-I-߃ F∂n-hbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp-∂-XmWv.
D∏pw Hcp ka-cm-bp[w
]mT-`mKw hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-®-
tijw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tNmZy-ßfmhmw.
$ D∏v Fß-s\-bmWv D≠m-°p-∂Xv?
$ D∏n-s√-¶n¬ F¥p kw`-hn°pw?
$ _n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv \nIpXn
\¬ImsX D∏v Ipdp-°n-bm¬ F¥m-
bn-cp∂p in£?
s]mXp-N¿®bv°v tijw Ip´n-I-ƒ \nco-£-W-ßfpw DØ-c-ßfpw Ipdn-°s´. XpS¿∂v
Zfin-bmX F∂ ]mT-`mKw So®¿ sshIm-cn-I-X -tNm¿∂pt]mImsX Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°Ww.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥1919 G]n¬ 6 \v Hcp l¿Øm-¬ \S-Øm≥ Km‘nPn Blzm\w sNbvXp. apsºßpw
C√mØ Bth-i-tØmsS P\-߃ ]Xn-I-cn-®p. Cu P\-Iob]t£m`w ASn-®-
a¿Øm≥ _n´o-jp-Im¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ]tXy-In®v ]©m-_n¬. 1919 G]n¬ 13 \v
P\-Iob t\Xm-°-fmb tUm.ssk- q-±o≥ In®vep-hn-s‚bpw tUm. kXy-]m-en-s‚bpw
Ad-Ãn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n-°m≥ ]©m-_nse Aar-Xvk-dn¬ Pmen-b≥hmem-_mKv ssaXm-
\Øv P\-߃ HØp-Iq-Sn. Cu Bƒ°q-´-Øn\v t\tc shSn-hbv-°m≥ ]©m_v
Kh¿Wdmb P\-d¬ ssa°nƒ H Ub¿ DØ-c-hn-´p. shSn-bp-≠-Iƒ Xocp-∂Xp
hsc ]´mfta[m-hn-bmb P\-d¬ Ubdpw Iq´cpw shSn-h-®p. Cu Iq´s°mebv°v
tijhpw ]©m-_n-ep-S-\ofw ]´m-f-\n-baw G¿s∏-SpØn. Cu a\p-jy-°p-cp-Xn°v
DØ-c-hn´ ssa°nƒ H Ub-dns\ 1940 am¿®v 13 \v e≠-\nse ImIvè lmfn¬
sN∂v shSnh®v sIm∂ tZi-kvt\-ln-bmWv D±w-knMv. Ct±lw dmw apl-ΩZv knMv
BkmZv F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-´p.
\n-l-I-cW ka-c-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ Ipdn∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
k¿°m¿ hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fpw,
\nba\n¿amWk`-Ifpw tImS-Xn-Ifpw
_ln-jvI-cn-°m\pw hntZ-i-h-kvX-߃
Dt]-£n-°m\pw JmZnhkvX-ßfpw
ssIØ-dn-Ifpw kzbw \n¿an-®v D]-tbm-Kn-
°m\pw P\-ß-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏- p. k¿°m¿
DtZym-K-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ cmPn, \nIpXn \ntj-
[n-°¬, aZy-h¿P\w, Abn-tØm-®mS\w
XpSßnb _lp-P\ \nb-a-ew-L-\-ßfpw
CXns‚ `mK-ambn \S-∏n-em-°n.
116
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
N¿®bv-°mbn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ kqN-\I-ƒ \¬Imw:
$ Km‘n-Pn- Ftßm-´mWv ]pd-s∏-´Xv?
$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS e£yw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
$ D∏v i‡n-bpsS ]Xo-I-am-bXv Fßs\bmWv?
s]mXp-N¿®bv°v tijw Zfin-bmX kw_-‘n®v Ip´n-Iƒ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-
∂p. XpS¿∂v "hcnI hcnI kl-Ptc' F∂ tZi-`-‡n-Km\w Ip´n-Iƒ kwL-ambn
CuWw \¬In Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. D∏pkXy-K-l-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ sI. tIf-∏≥,
Sn.sI. am[-h≥, apl-ΩZv A_vZpdlvam≥, sI.]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m≥, F.sI. tKm]m-
e≥, Ip´n-am-fp-A-Ω XpS-ßnbhsc NnX-ß-fp-sSbpw A[nIhnh-c-ß-fp-sSbpw klm-
b-tØm-sS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. tIc-f-Ønse kzmX¥yka-c-tk-\m-\n-I-fpsS NnX-
ßfpw hnh-c-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v ]Xn∏v \n¿an-°Ww.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
hcnI hcnI kl-Ptc
kl-\-k-a-c-k-a-b-ambv
Ic-fp-d®p ssIIƒ tIm¿Øp
Im¬\-Sbv°v t]mI \mw.
I¨Xp-d∂p t\m°p-hn≥
ssIIƒ tIm¿Øn-d-ßp-hn≥
I]-S-Ip-Sn-e-`-c-W-Iq-Sao
£Ww XI¿° \mw ˛ hcnI.....
_n´s\ hnc-´p-hn≥
N´-sams° am‰p-hn≥
ZpjvS-\oXn hnjvS-]Øn ˛
sem´pta \ne-®nSm ˛ hcnI.....
hnP-b-sa-¶n¬ hnP-bhpw
ac-W-sa-¶n¬ ac-Whpw
`b-hn-lo-\-a-Jn-e-P-\hp˛
amK-ln-®n-d-ßWw ˛ hcnI.....
FX\mf-Sn-a-bmbv InS ˛
°Ww kJm-°tf!
]pX-]u-X-sc-¶nepw
kzX-¥-cmbv htc-≠tbm? ˛ hcnI.....
KX-`bw Ncn° \mw
Kcp-U-Xp-ey-th-K-cmbv
kl-K-an-°, kl-K-an°
kl-K-an° [octc! ˛ hcnI.....
_n´-\p≈ ZwjvS-ta‰p
`mc-Xmw_ tIgpao
a´nepw aSn-®n-cn°
tbmKytam kJm-°tf ˛ hcnI.....
Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\n∂p
t\Xr-P-\-X-sbm-s°bpw
t]mbn-Sp∂p tPen¬\Ω ˛
fns∏mgpw shfn-°p-Xm≥ ˛ hcnI.....
FX-t]¿ cW-Øn-em≠p
arXyp-th-dn-Sp-∂p, \mw
XX-sN∂p kXy-bp≤ ˛
an£Ww Pbn-°Ww ˛ hcnI.....
shSn-I-f-Sn--IfnSnI-sfms°
h∂p taØp sIm≈p-In¬
s]mSn-Xp-S®p Nncn-Nn-cn®p
amdp-Im´n \n¬°Ww ˛ hcnI.....
\Ωsf ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p ˛
tPen-em-°p-sa-¶ntem
\∑ sNbvXXn∂p \Ωƒ
\µn-hm°p sNm√Ww ˛ hcnI.....
sshk-dmbv h∂p-\n∂p
henb tXm°p shbv°nepw
ssha-\-ky-sa-∂ntb
hncn™p s\™p Im´Ww ˛ hcnI.....
117
kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
kam-\-amb tZi-`‡nKm\-߃, kzmX-
¥y-k-acKoX-߃ F∂nh tiJ-cn-
°m\pw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m\pw
i≤n-°p-at√m.
kzmX¥yka-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v tIc-
f-Øn¬ \S∂ a‰p ka-c-߃ GsX-√m-
sa∂v Ip´n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏SpØp-a-t√m.
Izn‰v-˛C¥y
]mT-`mKw Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn®tijw Xmsg-∏-dbp∂ hni-I-e\t®mZy-ß-fmImw.
"]h¿Øn-°pI As√-¶n¬ acn-°p-I' F∂ apZm-hmIyw apt∂m-´p-h-bv°m≥ Imc-W-
sa-¥mWv?
Izn‰v ˛ C¥ymka-c-Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-sa¥v?
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Pohn-X-sØ-
°p-dn®pw Alnw-k-bne[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-c-t]m-cm- -sØ-°p-dn®pw Cu bqWn-‰n¬ N¿®
sNbvX Imcy-߃ tImUo-I-cn®v sIm≠v Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]k‡n shfn-hm-°p∂
Xc-Øn¬ temI AlnwkmZn\w F∂ `mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kzmX¥y-
Øn\pth≠n [oc-amb t]mcm-´-߃ \S-Ønb Ht∂m ct≠m t\Xm-°-fpsS PohnX
kµ¿`-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®psIm≠v a‰p t\Xm-°-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. tIc-f-
Øn-sebpw C¥y-bnsebpw kzmX¥y-k-acNcn-Xw, t\Xm-°ƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn
Hcp kzmX-¥y-∏-Xn∏pw Cu bqWn-‰ns‚ `mK-ambn \n¿ant°-≠-Xm-Wv.
emØn-bn-√, tXm°p-an√ ˛
sb¶nepw Ic-ß-fn¬
c‡-ap≈ \mƒhsc
\ap°p bp≤-am-SWw ˛ hcnI.....
NØp-NØp \nXy-tP-en˛
se¥n-\m-Wn-cn-∏Xn ˛
ßpØaw acn-®p-t]mIn ˛
seXbpw kzX-¥cmw ˛ hcnI.....
XX tXm°p-Ip-¥-ao´n ˛
sbm∂p-an-√-sb-¶nepw
iXp-tXm‰p a≠n-Sp∂˛
sXX-sb-X-b-¤pXw ˛ hcnI.....
Xob¿ ]pe-b-cm-Zn-bmb
km[p-P-\-Xsb∫em¬
Xobn-en´p hm´n-Sp∂
ZpjvS-tcm-sS-Xn¿°Ww ˛ hcnI.....
I≈p-hn‰p Imip-t\Sn
I∏-en¬ IS-Øpao ˛
sIm≈-sbms° \n¿Ø-Ww,
\ap°p t]mIWw £Ww ˛ hcnI.....
D∏p\mw Ipdp-°Ww
Bcp-h-s∂-Xn¿°nepw
A¬∏hpw sImSp-Øn-SmsX
tIm]n-bmsX \n¬°-Ww, ˛ hcnI.....
]≠p h≠n-bn-e-S®p
sIm∂ c‡-sams° a¬a¬˛
ap≠n-ep-≠q, I≠n-Sm≥
\ap°p IÆp sI´p-t]mbv ˛ hcnI.....
Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ ]kn≤ ˛
t\∏m-fmWp tIcfw
C£n-Xn-bnepw \Ωƒ
Kp¿°-cm-W-tXm¿°Ww ˛ hcnI.....
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
$ ae-_m¿ Iem]w
$ ssh°w kXyKlw
$ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-Klw
$ ]g»nbp≤w
118
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Km‘n-Pn-sb-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬
Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse Km‘nPn
\nbahnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p tijw h°o¬tPmen-bpsS `mK-ambn Z£n-Wm-
^n-°-bn-se-Øn. AhnsS C¥y-°m¿ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ hwiob A\o-Xnbpw
Zb-\o-bm-h-ÿbpw I≠v At±lw ZpxJn®p. Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse Nne
tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Gjy-°m¿°pw B^n-°-°m¿°pw cmXn 9 aWn°v tijw
]pd-Øn-d-ßmt\m s]mXp-h-gn-bn-eqsS \S-°mt\m A\p-hmZw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-
√. CXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ t]mcm -Øn-eqsS Km‘nPn s]s´∂v Ah-cpsS t\Xm-
hm-bn. Cu \o≠ ka-c-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv At±lw kXyhpw Alnw-kbpw
B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ kXy-KlcoXn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.
Nn¥bpw ]tbm-Khpw hnizm-khpw ]hr-Ønbpw XΩnepw th¿Xn-cn-hn-√ -
F-∂-Xv At±-l-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-bm-Wv. kXyhpw Alnw-kbpw At±-
l-Øns‚ henb ]`m-j-W-߃°v th≠n amX-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXv
ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]ISambn-cp-∂p. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-hp-
ambn Xs‚ Pohn-XsØ XmcXay-s∏-Sp-Ønb C¥y-bnse BZysØ t\Xm-
hmWv Km‘n-Pn.
Nºm-c≥ kacw
1917 ¬ BWv Nºm-c≥ kacw \S-°p-∂-Xv. Nºm-c-\nse \oe-tØm-´-ß-
fnse I¿j-Isc bqtdm-∏p-Im-cmb tXm´-ap-S-a-Iƒ Gsd tZmln-®n-cp-∂p.
`qan-bpsS 3/20 mKØv \oew Irjn sNø-W-sa∂pw tXm´-ap-S-a-Iƒ \n›-bn-
°p∂ hnebv°v \oew hn¬°-W-sa∂pw I¿j-Isc \n¿_-‘n-®p. Km‘n-
Pn-bpsS CS-s]-S¬ I¿j-I¿ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂ Zpcn-X-߃ Ipd-®p. Km‘nPn
C¥ybnse Xs‚ BZysØ ]uc\nb-a-ew-L\ka-c-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®p.
Alva-Zm-_mZv XpWn-an¬ kacw
1918¬ Alva-Zm-_m-Znse an√p-S-a-Ifpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-
Øn¬ Km‘nPn CS-s]-´p. 35 iX-am\w thX\h¿[-\hv Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥
Km‘nPn \n¿tZin®p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ka-csØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ acWw
hsc-bp≈ \ncm-lm-c-k-acw At±lw Bcw-`n-®p. CXv an√p-S-a-Isf kΩ¿Z-
Øn-em-°p-Ibpw \memw Znhkw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v 35 iX-am\w thX-\ -h-
¿[-\hv \¬Im≥ kΩXn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
119
kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
tJUm kacw
1918 ¬ KpP-dm-Ønse tJUm Pn√-bn¬ Irjn \in-®p. F∂m¬ `q\nIp-Xn-
bn¬ Cfhv \¬ImsX apgph≥ XpIbpw AS-bv°-W-sa∂v Kh¨sa‚ v \n¿_-
‘n-®p. \nIp-Xn-bn-fhv \¬Ip-∂Xphsc \nIpXn \¬I-cp-sX∂v Km‘nPn
I¿j-I-tcmSv \n¿tZ-in-®p. XpS¿∂p-≠mb ka-c-Øn¬ \nIpXn \¬Im≥
Ign-hp≈ I¿j-I-cn¬ \nt∂ AXv hkq-em-°mhq F∂ Kh¨sa‚ v DØc-
hn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v kacw ]n≥h-en-®p. C°m-e-sØ A\p-bm-bn-I-fn¬ ][m-
\n-bmbncp∂p k¿Zm¿ h√-`v`mbn ]t´¬.
Ip‰-k-ΩXw
Hcp kvt\ln-X\v taml≥Zmkv Ipd®p ]Ww sImSp-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p
-h-gn-sbm∂pw ImWm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v tPyjvTs‚ hf-bn¬\n∂v Hcp IjWw
apdn-s®-SpØv hn‰p. B ]Ww sIm≠v ISw ho´n. ]t£, a\-n\v kam-[m-
\-an-√m-Xmbn. Xm≥ sNbvXp-t]mb ]m]w A—-t\mSv G‰p-]-d-b-W-sa∂v
taml≥Zm-kn\v tXm∂n.
Zbm-ep-hmb ]nXmhv Im_m-Km‘n Ip´n-Isf km[m-cW in£n-°m-dn-√.
Xm≥ sNbvX sX‰n-s\-∏‰n tIƒ°p-tºmƒ A—≥ FX-amXw thZ-\n°pw.
F¶nepw Ip‰w G‰p-]-d-bm≥ Xs∂ Km‘n Xocp-am-\n-®p. A—-t\mSv kwK-
Xn-Iƒ t\cn-´p-]-d-bm-\p≈ ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-√.
HSp-hn¬ taml≥Zmkv apdn-bn¬t]m-bn-cp∂v Hcp IS-em-sk-SpØv Xs‚ a\-
n¬ tXm∂nb Imcy-߃ Ipdn®p, Xm≥ sNbvXp-t]mb sX‰n¬ ]›m-Ø-
]n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw A—≥ am∏p \¬I-W-sa∂pw FgpXn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-
tºm-tg°pw IÆpIƒ \nd-s™m-gp-In. IS-em-kns‚ ]e `mKØpw
IÆo¿Øp≈n-Iƒ hoWp \\-™ncp∂p.
A—≥ kpJ-an-√msX InS-°p-I-bm-Wv. Km‘n Ip‰-k-Ω-X-sa-gp-Xnb IS-emkv
A—s‚ ssIbn¬sImSp-Øp. At∏mƒ Ip´n-bpsS ssI hndbv°p-∂p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. A—≥ InS-∂p-sIm-≠pXs∂ IØphm-bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Ipd-®p-
`mKw hmbn®p Ign™v At±lw Fgp-t∂-‰n-cp-∂p. IØp XpS¿∂p -hm-bn-®p.
]nXm-hns‚ IÆp-Iƒ \nd™p. IÆo¿ IS-em-kn¬ C‰p-ho-Wp-sIm-≠n-cp-
∂p. HSp-hn¬ A—≥ aIs\ H∂p t\m°n. B IS-emkv Xp≠pXp≠mbn
Iodn-°-f-™p. ho≠pw InS-°-bn-te°v Nm™p. B IÆp-I-fn¬ \n∂p
_mjv]w [mc-[m-c-bmbn Hgp-In. sIm®p-Km-‘n°v t\m°n-\n¬°m≥ Ign-
™n√. B _me≥ hmhn´p Ic-™p. Aßs\ IÆo¿sIm≠v B ]m]-
`mcw Igp-In-°f-™p.
120
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp
1869 \hw-_¿ 14 \v Ae-l-_m-Zn¬ P\n-®p. Ph-l-dns‚ ]mY-anI hnZym- ymkw ho´n¬
h®p-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. Cw•≠p-Im-cmb A[ym-]-I¿ ho´n¬ h∂p ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. tIw_n-Pn¬ \n∂v D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n. Km‘n-Pnsb ]cnNb-s∏-´-
Xp-ap-X¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ASpØ A\p-bm-bn- B-bn. 1919 apX¬ cmjvSob]h¿Ø-\-
Øn¬ apgp-Inb Ph-l¿ 1921 \pw 1945 \pw CS-bn¬ ]e L´-ß-fn-embn HºXph¿jw
Pbn-en-em-bn-cp-∂p. Pbn¬hmkw Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m-\p-amWv At±lw D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Ncn-Xw, kmln-Xyw, imkvXw, XØz-Nn¥ XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ph-
l¿emen-\p≈ AKm-[-amb Adnhv ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-Iƒ.
hniz-N-cn-Xm-h-tem-I-\w, C¥ysb Is≠-ج (Bfl-IY) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv At±-
l-Øns‚ ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ. Ph-l¿em¬ C¥y-bnse km[m-cWP\-ß-fpsS PohnXw
]Tn-°m-\mbn cmPy-Øns‚ ]e`mK-ß-fnepw k©-cn-°p-Ibpw I¿j-Ikacßfn¬
t\cn´p ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1947 BKÃv 14 A¿[cm-Xn-bn¬ C¥y-bpsS kzm-
X¥y]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-bXv s\lvdp-hm-Wv. 1964 sabv 27 \v A¥y-izm-kw -h-en°pw
hsc At±lw ][m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. s\lvdp-hns‚ P∑-Zn-\-amb \hw-_¿ 14 \mw
inip-Zn-\-ambn BtLm-jn-°p-∂p.
k¿Zm¿ h√-`v`mbn ]t´¬
C¥ybpsS Dcp°pa\p-jy≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ k¿Zm¿ h√-`v`mbn ]t´¬ 1875 HIvtSm-
_-¿ 31 \mWv P\n-®-Xv. Km‘nPn t\XrXzw \¬Inb tJUm-bnse I¿jIka-c-Ønepw
Alva-Zm-_m-Znse XpWn-an¬ sXmgnemfnka-c-Ønepw At±lw t\Xr-\n-c-bn¬ kPoh
]¶-p-h-ln-®p. 1924 apX¬ 28 hsc AlvaZm-_mZv ap\n-kn-∏¬ sNb¿am-\mbn ]h¿Øn-
®p. _¿tZm-fn-bn¬ \S∂ I¿jIka-c-Øns‚ t\Xr-ÿm-\w Gs‰-SpØ h√-`v`mbn
]t´¬ ]I-Sn-∏n® ss[cyhpw t\Xr-ti-jnbpw AwKo-I-cn®v Km‘nPn At±-l-Øn\v
"k¿Zm¿' F∂ ÿm\-t∏cv \¬In. 1942 ¬ Izn‰v C¥ym ka-ccwKØv AdÃv sNø-
s∏´ At±lw 1945 PqWn-emWv Pbn¬tam-Nn-X-\m-b-Xv. 1946 ¬ CS-°me Kh¨sa‚n¬
B`y-¥-c-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp∂p. k¿Zm¿ h√-`v`mbn ]t´¬ A™q-dn-tesd \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf
C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-. kzX¥ C¥y-bpsS ]Ya
a¥n-k-`-bn¬ D]-]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]t´¬. 1980 Unkw-_¿ 15 \v At±lw
A¥cn®p.
kp`mjv Nµ-t_mkv
kzmX¥yka-c-Øns‚ hoc\mb-I-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmb kp`mjv Nµ-t_mkv 1897 P\phcn
23 \v I´-°n¬ P\n-®p. sF. kn. Fkv. ]mkmb kp`mjv Nµ-t_m-kn\v _n´o-jp-Im-
cpsS Iogn¬ tPmen sNøm≥ H´pw Xm¬∏-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. cmPy-Øns‚ tamN-\-
Øn\v th≠n kzbw A¿∏n-°m-\mWv At±lw Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. 1921 ¬ shbn¬kv cmP-
Ip-am-cs‚ kµ¿i-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®v I¬°Ø-bn¬ \S∂ ]I-S-\-ß-fpsS kwLm-
S-I-cn-sem-cmƒ kp`m-jvN-µ-t_mkv BWv. 1921 Unkw-_-dn¬ kn. B¿. Zmkpw kp`mjpw
Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-´p. 1941 ¬ C¥y hnSp-∂Xv hsc 20 h¿jw 11 XhW At±lw AdÃv
sNø-s∏-´p. 1938 ¬ tIm¨Kkv ]kn-U‚mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv B ÿm\w
cmPn-h®v t^m¿th¿Uv tªm°v F∂ ]pXnb ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn-®p. c≠mw temI bp≤w
XpSßn A[n-I-Imew Ignbpw apºv kp`m-jns\ XS-hn-em-°n. 1941 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ t]meo-
kns‚ IÆp-sh-´n®v C¥y-bn¬\n∂p c£-s∏´v Im_qƒ hgn _¿en-\nse-Øn. P¿Ω\n
121
kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn® C¥y≥ hwi-Psc tN¿Øv C¥y≥ eoPn-b≥ F∂ ssk\nI
LS-I-Øn\v cq]w \¬In. ]n∂oSv C¥y≥ C≥Un-s]≥U≥kv eoKn-s‚bpw sF.F≥.F
bpsSbpw t\XrXzw kp`mjv Gs‰-Sp-Øp. _n -t\mSv bp≤w ]Jym-]n®v C¥ysb tamNn-
∏n-°pI F∂ e£yw h®psIm≠v INA C¥y-bn-te°v am¿®v sNbvXp.
tKm]meIrjvW- tKm-Jse
C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-ac tk\m-\nbpw sk¿h‚ vkv Hm^v C¥y skmssk-‰n-bpsS
ÿm]-I\pw C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-knse anX-hmZn t\Xm-°-fn¬ Hcm-fp-am-bn-
cp∂p tKmJ-se. 1866 sabv 9 \v alm-cm-jvS-bn¬ P\n-®p. _wKmƒ hn`-P-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-
bp≈ C¥y≥ ]Xn-tj[w _n´o-jp-Imsc Adn-bn-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn°-s∏- -h-cn¬ At±lw
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. PmXnkº-Zmbw, AbnØw XpS-ßn-b-h-bvs°-Xnsc At±lw t]mcm-Sn-.
1915 s^_p-hcn 19 \v At±lw A¥-cn-®p.
_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Iv
"kzmXI¥yw Fs‚ P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv' F∂p ]Jym-]n® C¥y≥ kzmX¥y ka-c-
tk-\m-\n-bm-Wv temIam\y F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Iv. 1853 Pqsse 23
\mWv P\n-®-Xv. admØ, tIkcn F∂o ]X-ß-fn-eqsS At±lw hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øns\-
Xn-sc-bp≈ teJ-\-߃ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w kzmX¥y ka-c-cw-KØv
]h¿Øn-®ncp∂ emem ePv]Xv dmbv, _n]n≥ Nµ-]m¬ F∂n-h¿ _m¬, em¬, ]m¬
F∂o t]cp-Ifn¬ C¥y≥ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. 1920 BKÃv 1 \v _me-Kw-Km-
[-c-Xn-e-Iv A¥-cn-®p.
`KXvknMv
1907 sk]v‰w-_¿ 28 \v ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]©m-_nse em¬∏q¿ Pn√-bnse _¶ F∂
Kma-Øn¬ P\n-®p. hnZym¿Yn-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒXs∂- cm-jvSob]iv\-ß-fn¬ Xm¬∏cyw
ImWn-®n-cp-∂p. ]pkvX-I-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ÿncw Iq´p-Im¿. GXp ka-
bØpw ssIbn¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw D≠m-hp-w. k©-cn-°p∂ sse_dn F∂mWv kl-
]-h¿Ø-I¿ KXv knßn-s\ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1925 ¬ KXvknMv ap≥ssI FSpØv
cq]w \¬Inb kwL-S-\-bmWv "]©m_v \u Phm≥ `mcXv k`'. Akw-ªn-bn¬
t_mw_v F-dn™ tIkn¬ `KXv knMv, cmPvKp-cp, kpJvtZhv F∂n-h¿ Dƒs∏sS
GXm\pw hnπ-h-Im-cn-Isf ]Xn-tN¿Øp. emtlm¿ KqVm-tem-N\ tIkv F∂ Hcp
tIkv sI´n-®-a®v aq∂p t]tcbpw h[-in-£bv°v hn[n-®p. 1931 am¿®v 23 \v emtlm¿
sk≥S¬ Pbn-en¬ h®v aqh-tcbpw Xq°n-te-‰n. ac-W-Øn-te°v ]p©n-cn-tbm-sS-bmWv
B [oc-tbm-≤mhv \S∂p\oßn-b-Xv.
ktcm-Pn\n \mbnUp
]ikvX Ih-bnXn kzmX¥yka-c-t∏m-cmfn F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ]kn-≤-bmb ktcmPn\n
\mbnUp 1879 s^_p-hcn 19 \v sslZ-cm-_m-Zn¬ P\n-®p. kvXoI-fpsS t£aØn\mbn
]h¿Øn® Ah¿ ]e h\nXm]ÿm-\-ß-fnepw kPo-h-ambn ]¶p-sIm-≠p. 1925 ¬
C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-kns‚ C¥y-°m-cn-bmb ]Ya h\nXm[y-£-bm-bn.
kzX¥ C¥y-bnse BZysØ h\nXmKh¿Wdpw IqSn-bmWv ktcm-Pn\n \mbn-Up.
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS hnizkvXtkh-I-bm-bn-cp∂ Ah¿ D∏p kXy-K-l-Ønepw Izn‰v C¥ym
ka-c-Ønepw ]s¶-SpØv AdÃv hcn-®p. A\p-Kr-loX Ih-bnXn Bbn-cp∂ ktcmPn\n
\mbnUp Gjy-bnse hm\-ºmSn F∂pw C¥y-bpsS ]q¶p-bn¬ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p.
1949 am¿®n¬ eJvt\mbn¬ A¥-cn-®p.
122
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Jm≥ A_vZp¬ Km^¿ Jm≥
AXn¿ØnKm‘n F∂-dn-b-s∏-´ A_vZp¬ Km^¿ Jm≥ 1890 ¬ P\n-®p. C¥y≥ ]´m-f-
Øn¬ tPmen e`n -s®-¶nepw AXp-t]-£n®v Jnem-^Øv ]ÿm-\-Øn--eqsS
kzmX¥yka-c-Øns‚ ap∂-Wn-bn-te°p h∂p. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ASpØ ]h¿Ø-I--
\m-bn-cp∂ Km^¿ Jm≥ ]e-X-hW AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw in£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. 1930 ¬ At±lw "JpZmbv JnZva-XvKm¿' F∂ kwL-S-\bv°v cq]w \¬In.
sNa∂ Ip∏m-b-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS bqWn-t^mw. AXp-sIm≠v ""sN¶p-∏m-b-°m-cpsS
tk\'' sb∂mWv Ah-c-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. 1930 ¬ s]j-hm¿ ]hn-iy-bn¬ Izn‰v C¥ym-
k-acw \bn-®Xpw Km^¿ Jm≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. 1942 ¬ At±-lsØ AdÃv sNbvXv aq∂v
h¿jsØ XS-hn\v in£n-®p. 1988 P\p-hcn 20 \v At±lw A¥-cn-®p.
tUm. cmtP-µ-]-kmZv
DØc _nlm-dnse kc¨ Pn-√-bn¬ 1884 Unkw-_¿ 3 \v P\n-®p. 1916 ¬ tIm¨K-kn-
eqsS ka-c-cw-K-tØ°v ]th-in-®p. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS hnizkvX injy-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ cmtP-
µ-]-kmZv Nºmc≥ kacw, \n-l-I-cW ]t£m`w F∂n-h-bn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-
Sp-Øp. 1934 ¬ _nlm-dn¬ D≠mb `qI-º-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p≈ Zpcn-Xm-izmk ]h¿Ø-\-
߃°v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv cmtPµ]km-ZmWv. B h¿jw Xs∂ C¥y≥ \mj-
W¬ tIm¨Kkns‚ ]kn-U‚m-bn. 1946 ¬ cq]o-I-cn® CS-°me Kh¨sa‚n¬ £y-
h-Ip∏v a¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kzX¥`mc-X-Øns‚ BZysØ cmjvS-]-Xn-bmb tUmIvS¿
cmtPµ]km-Zn\v 1962 ¬ "`mc-X-cXv\' \¬In BZcn-®p. efnXPohnXw \bn-®n-cp∂
At±lw 1963 s^_p-hcn 28 \v A¥-cn-®p.
A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv
tZiob ]ÿm-\-Ønse kap-∂X t\Xmhpw kzX-¥-`m-c-X-Ønse BZysØ
hnZym`ymk hIp∏pa¥n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv 1888 \hw-_¿ 11 \v
sa°-bn¬ P\n®p. amX-m]n-Xm-°ƒ At±-l-Øn\v \¬Inb t]cv ss^tdmkv _IvXv
F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. samln-bp-±o≥ Al-ΩZv F∂ Hma-\-t∏-cmWv Ip´nsb hnfn-°m≥ Ah¿
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv F∂Xv At±lw ]n¬°m-eØv kzoIcn®
Xm¬°m-enI \maamWv. sNdp-]m-b-Øn¬Øs∂ tZiob]ÿ-m\-ß-fn-te°v BI¿jn-
°-s∏´ At±lw 1905 se _wKmƒ hn`-P-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \S∂ ]t£m-`-ß-fn¬
kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. "P\-cmKv-˛C˛Aemw' F∂ ]X-Øns‚ ]Xm-[n]ÿm\w
Gs‰-SpØ A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv Ipd-®p-Im-e-Øn\v tijw "kXy-Øns‚ Pnlz'
F∂¿Yw hcp∂ "eo km≥˛D∂v kntZm' F∂ ]Xw kz¥-ambn Bcw-`n-®p. 1912 ¬
k¿°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Bi-b-߃ ]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v Cu hmcnI
\ntcm-[n-®p. AXn-s\--Øp-S¿∂v "A¬_-emKv' F∂ t]cn¬ as‰mcp hmcnI Bcw-`n-®p.
Cu hmcn-Ibpw Kh¨sa‚ v \ntcm-[n-®p. \n-lI-cW ]ÿm-\-Ønepw Jnem-^Øv
]ÿm-\-Ønepw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-SpØ At±lw ]e-X-hW Pbn¬in£
A\p`hn®p. 1947 BK-Ãn¬ s\lvdp a¥n-k-`-bn¬ hnZym-`ymk a¥n-bmbn Npa-X-e-
tb‰ A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv acWw hsc B Npa-X-e-bn¬ XpS¿∂p. 1958 s^_phcn
22 \v A¥-cn-®p.
123
kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\w.
1. kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-apºp≈ `mc-XØns‚ Zpc-h-ÿ-Iƒ Xncn-®-
dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
2. \ΩpsS cmjvS-]n-Xmhv alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS al-Ømb kz-`mh
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
3. \n-lI-c-W-k-a-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°m≥.
4. D∏pkX-y-K-l-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
5. C¥-y≥ kzm-X-¥yka-c-N-cn-X-Ønse Nne ][m-\-kw-`-h-߃
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
6. Izn‰v C¥ym ka-c-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw hy-‡-am-°p∂ Ipdn∏v Xbm-
dm-°m≥.
7. tZi-`-‡n-Km-\-߃ Be-]n-°m≥.
8. tIc-f-Ønse kzm-X-¥-y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-Isf°pdn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m≥.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
\S∂ Ia-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI
$ Izn‰v C¥ymkacw.
$ Nºm-c≥ kacw.
$ alm-flm-Km‘n Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬\n∂v C¥-y-bn¬ aSßn
FØp-∂p.
$ D∏pkX-yKlw.
$ `mcXw kz-X-¥-bmbn.
$ Pmen-b≥ hmem_mKv kw`-hw.
h¿°vjo‰v - 1
124
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
d -d≥kv
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS alm-flm-Km‘n˛Pn. Ia-e-Ω, tIcf kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
$ kzmX¥y ka-c-N-cnXw Ip´n-Iƒ°v -˛ kwÿm\ _mekmlnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
$ B[p-\nI C¥y ˛ _n]n≥ Nµ
$ C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacw ˛ _n]n≥ Nµ
$ Ipkr-Xn-°-fn-I-fneqsS C¥y Is≠-ج ˛ hn°n Bcy, F≥.-_n.Sn
$ \Ωƒ C¥y-°m¿ ˛ salvdp sP. hmSn-b, F≥.-_n.Sn
$ B[p-\nI C¥y ˛ ]n. th-Wp, Imen-°‰v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n sk≥S¬ tIm˛-Hm-∏-td-‰ohv
tÃmgvkv enan-‰Uv
$ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp ˛ Xmcm Aen skbv^v, F≥.-_n.Sn
$ Fs‚ kXym-t\z-jW ]co-£-W-߃ ˛Km-‘n-Pn, \h-Po-h≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
alm-flm-Km--‘n
_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Iv
`K-XvknMv
ktcm-Pn\n \mbnUp
k¿Zm¿ h√`v`mbn
]t´¬
Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp
kp`mjv Nµ-t_mkv
Jm≥ A_vZp¬ Km^¿
Jm≥
kzm-X-¥-y-k-a-c-Øn¬ [oct\Xr-Xzw. C¥-y-bpsS BZy][m-\-a¥n. "C¥-ysb Is≠-ج' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hv.
C¥-y-bpsS Dcp-°p-a-\p-j-y≥. \m´p-cm-P-y-ßsf C¥-y≥bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v t\Xr-Xzw \¬In.
C¥-y≥ \mjW¬ B¿an-bpsS t\Xr-Xzw hln-®p.t\XmPn F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
"kzm-X-¥yw Fs‚ P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv' F∂p ]J-ym-]n-®p.
`mc-X-Øn-\p-th≠n ac-W-Øn-te°v ]p©n-cn-tbmsS \S-∂SpØ [occ‡-km£n. ]©m-_nse em¬]q¿ Pn√-bn¬ P\n-®p.
Gj-y-bnse hm\-ºmSn F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. kzX¥ C¥y-bnse BZysØ h\nXm Kh¿W¿.
Fs‚ Pohn-X-amWv Fs‚ ktµiw F∂p ]J-ym-]n®p.
"AXn¿Øn-Km‘n' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. Jnem-^Øv ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ kPoh t\Xr-Xzw.
hc®p tbmPn-∏n°mw
h¿°vjo‰v - 2
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]Ir-Xn°v CX-tbsd `wKn \¬Ip-∂Xv Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS sshhn-[y-am-Wv. AXn-te-‰hpw IuXp-I-I-c-amWv]£n-tem-IsØ sshhn-[yw. ]e-Xcw ]£n-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS IqSp-Iƒ, IqSp-\n¿am-Ww, Blm-c-co-Xn, imco-cnI ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, k©m-c-coXn F∂n-h-bnse sshhn-[y߃, \mw hf¿Øp∂ ]£n-Iƒ, ]£n-IsfsIm≠p≈ ]tbm-P-\-߃, ]£n-I-fpsS ]mcn-ÿn-XnI ]m[m-\yw, ]£n-\n-co-£Ww F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® ]mY-anI Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \nco-£n°¬, h¿Ko-Icn°¬, A]-K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-ج F∂o ]InbmtijnIƒ-°mWv ChnsS Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. ]e-bn\w ]£n-Isf \nco-£n°m\pw ]£n-tem-IsØ IuXp-I-߃Bkz-Zn-°m\pw Aßs\ \ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sns\ at\m-l-c-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]£n-I-fpsS ]¶v Xncn-®-dnbm\pwAhbpsS ]mcn-ÿn-XnI ]m[m-\yw kw_-‘n® ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw Ip´n-Isf ]m]vX-cm-°m≥ CubqWn-‰nse ]h¿Ø-\-ßfneqsS ian°pa-t√m.
]£n-I-fpsSIuXpItemIw
4
BapJw
126 ]cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃
$ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS at\mlmcnX \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]£n-Iƒ Ah-bp-tS-Xmb ]¶p hln-°p-∂p.
$ ]£n-Isf kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv ]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwXp-e-\-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ \nco-£n°¬
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ d^-d≥kv
$ sF.kn.-Sn.
$ NnX-hm-b\
$ \nco-£Ww
$ NnX-\o-co-£Ww, N¿®
$ \nco-£W°pdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬
$ N¿®
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
$ \ap°p Np‰pw ]e-X-c -Øn-ep≈ ]£n-
Ifp≠v.
$ ]£n-I-fpsS IqSp-Iƒ sshhn-[y-ap-≈-h-
bmW.v
$ Blmckºm-Z -\w, BhmktIµw,
k©mcw F∂n-hbv°v A\p-k-cn® imco-cnI
]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]£n-Iƒ°p-≠v.
$ Blm-c -Øn\pw hnt\m -Z -Øn -\p -ambn
]£nIsf hf¿Øm-dp-≠v.
$ ]£ntemIsØ sshhn[yw Bkz-Zn-°m≥
Ign-bpw.
$ ]£n-I-fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn]m[m\yw Xncn-®-
dn-bp-∂p.
$ Np‰p-ap≈ ]£n-IfpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p.
$ IqSp-Iƒ, hmkÿew, BIrXn F∂n-h-bn¬
]£n-Iƒ sshhn[yw ]pe¿Øp-∂p-sh∂v
Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ k©m-c-co-Xn, Blm-ckºm-Z\-co-Xn F∂n-h-
bv°-\p-k-cn-®v ]£n-I-fpsS imco-cnI ]tXy-
I-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]£n\nco -£W ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
G¿s∏Sp∂p.
$ ]£n-I -fpsS ]m[m\yw Xncn -® -dn™v
]kvXmhn-°p-∂p.
$ hf¿Øp]£n-Isf sIm≠p≈ ]tbm-P-\-
߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
127
]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
]£n-tem-IsØ sshhn-[y-Øn-te°pw \ndw, hep-∏w, i_vZw, a‰p imco-cnI khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-te°pw i≤-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\mWv Cu -]-h¿Ø\w. Ip´n-Iƒ
]£n-Isf°p-dn®v ]eXpw \nco-£n-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw. B ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]d-™p-sIm≠v
Hcp Ifn-bm-bmtem?
]dbq ]dbq Rm\mcv?
Ip´n-Isf c≠p kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-I. Hmtcm kwLhpw AXnse FÆ-Øn-\-\p-
k-cn®v ]£n-I-fpsS t]cv Fgp-X-s´. XpS¿∂v Ah-bpsS Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw aq∂p
khntij-X-Iƒ hoXw ]d-bp-∂p.
DZm:
1. Ipbn¬
$ BWn\pw s]Æn\pw ]tXyI \nd-am-Wv.
$ ]£n-Iƒ°n-S-bnse ]m´p-Im-c≥.
$ kz¥-ambn IqSp-≠m-°n-√.
2. abn¬
$ ]£n-tem-IsØ \rØ-°m-c≥.
$ ag-Im-Wp-tºmƒ Rm≥ \rØ-amSpw.
$ Fs‚ hmense Xqh-ep-Iƒ at\m-l-c-am-Wv.
]£n-bpsS t]cv at‰ kwLw Duln®p ]d-b-Ww. A\p-I-cn-°m\pw khn-tijXIƒ
]d-bm-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw Kq∏p-Iƒ°v amdn amdn \¬I-Ww. Hmtcm-∂n\pw sX‰msX
DØcw In´p∂ Kq∏n\v t]mbn‚ v. CXp-t]mse Hcp Kq∏v a‰p ]£n-I-fpsS khn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. ]£n GsX∂v at‰ Kq∏v Is≠-Øn-∏-d-bp-∂p. Ifn XpS-cp-∂p.
]£n-Iƒ˛khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
]£n-I-fpsS s]mXpkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ]mT`mKsØ BapJ
]h¿Ø\w. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]£n-bpsS Hmtcm khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]d-b-s´. So®¿
t_m¿Un¬ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°Ww.
$ ico-c-Øn¬ Xqh-ep-Iƒ D≠v.
$ ap -bn-Sp∂p
$ sIm°p-≠v
$ Nnd-Ip-Iƒ D≠v.
bqWn-‰n-te°v
]£n-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
˛ Ipdn∏v
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
128
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]d-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿
]d-°m≥ Ig-n-bp-∂Xv ]£n-I-fpsS -]-tXy-I-X-bm-sW-¶nepw ]d-°m≥ Ign-bmØ
Nne ]£n-I-fp-ap-≠v. H´I∏£n, Fap, s]≥Kzn≥, Inhn F∂nh ]d-°m≥ IgnbmØ
]£n-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bmtam?
]mT-`m-KsØ Hmtcm NnX-Øn\p Xmsg AXXp ]£n-sb Xncn-®-dn™v t]sc-gp-X-
s´. IqSp-X¬ ]£n-I-fpsS t]cv Ip´n-Iƒ Kq∏pIfn¬ Is≠-Øn-∏-d-bs´.
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-tijw ]£n-I-fpsS hn]p-e-amb Hcp ]´nI NnX-k-ln-X-ap-≈Xv
Xbmdm°n hn⁄m-\-tI-µ-Øn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ i≤n-°p-a-t√m.
1. Ipf-s°m°v (Indian Pond- Heron)
2. Imen-ap≠n ((Cattle Egret)
3. s]cp-ap≠n (Large Egret)
4. Nn∂-ap≠n (Little Egret)
5. sNdnb \o¿°m° (Little Cormorant)
6. tNc-t°mgn (Oriental Darter)
7. sh≈n Fdn-b≥ (Black Winged Kite)
8. N°n-∏-cp¥v (Pariah Kite)
9. IrjvW-∏-cp¥v (Brahminy Kite)
10. Icn-X∏n (Eurasian Marsh-Harrier)
11. Ipf-t°mgn (White-breasted Water hen)
12. \oe-t°mgn (Purple Swamphen)
13. ]hn-g-t°mgn (Black Winged Stilt)
14. a™-°ÆnXnØncn (Yellow-WattledLapwing)
15. sN¶-Æn -Xn -Øncn (Red-WattledLapwing)
16. \mS≥ Xma-c-t°mgn (Bronze WingedJacana)
17. \o¿°mS (Common Sandpiper)
18. Xhn-´p-X-e-b≥ IS¬°m° (Brownheaded Gull)
19. sNdnb IS¬°m° (Black-headedGull)
20. XØ-®n-∂≥ (Vernal Hanging Parrot)
21. henb then-ØØ (Blue tailedBee-eater)
22. Acn-]mhv (Spotted Dove)
23. Icn-Bf (Whiskered Tern)
24. tamXn-c XØ (Rose-ringed Parakeet)
25. ]q¥Ø (Plum-Headed Parakeet)
26. t]°p-bn¬ (Common Hawk Cuckoo)
27. Icn-¶p-bn¬ (Asian Koel)
28. sNtºmØv (Crow Phesant)
29. sh≈n-aqß (Barn Owl)
30. sNº≥ \Øv (Spotted Owlet)
31. ]\-¶q-f≥ (Asian Palm Swift)
32. ]\-¶m° (Indian Roller)
33. ao≥sIm-Øn-®m-Ø≥ (s]m≥am≥)(White Throated King fisher)
34. sNdn-b-ao≥sImØn (Common Kingfisher)
35. ]p≈n-ao≥sImØn (Pied King fisher)
36. \m´p-acwsImØn (Malabar GoldenBacked Wood Pecker)
37. Im°-Ø-ºp-cm´n (B\-dm-©n) (KingCrow)
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
129
]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
ae-ap-g-°n-th-gm-º¬ (Great Indian Horn bill)
thgm-º¬ AS-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv IuXpIw \nd™ ImgvN-bm-Wv. IqSns‚
hmbv`mKw AS-®p-h-®p-sIm≠v sIm°v amXw ]pd-tØ°n-´mWv
s]¨]-£n-bpsS Ccn∏v. AS-bn-cn -∏p-Imew Xocp-∂-Xp-hsc
s]¨]£n ]pdØp t]mImdn-√. B¨]-£n- sXm-≠-bnepw
sIm°nepw \ndsb ]g-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-\-SpØp h∂n-cn-°pw. ]g߃
Hmtcm-∂mbn AΩ-∏-£n°v \¬Ipw.
IqsSm-cp-°p-∂-h¿
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse NnX-߃, Hgn™ ]£n-°q-Sp-Iƒ, amXr-I-Iƒ, hoUn-tbm-,
NnX-߃ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v ]£n-°q-Sp-I-fpsS sshhn-[yhpw ]tbm-P-\hpw \nco-
£n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
XpS¿∂v ]£n-Iƒ IqsSm-cp-°p∂ CS-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ N¿®. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hy‡n-
K-X-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. ¢mkn¬ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ ac-s∏m-Øn¬
$ aÆn¬/amf-Øn¬
$ ac-®n-√-I-fn¬
$ sI´n-S-ß-fn¬
XpS¿∂v h¿°vjo‰v \¬Ip-∂p. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw h¿°vjo‰v hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-
bm-°p-∂p. ssIamdn hmbn®v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. So®¿ hne-bn-cp-ج \S-Ø-Ww.
h¿°vjo‰v
$ GXm\pw ]£n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hmbn-°q.
Im°, ssa\, Aº-e-]m-hv, s]m≥am≥, acw-sIm-Øn, Aßm-Sn-°p-cp-hn.
Cu ]£n-I-fpsS IqSp\n¿amWw Fßs\sb∂v \n߃ \nco-£n-®n-´pt≠m?
IqSp-\n¿am-W-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®v Chsb Xcw-Xn-cn-®ncn-°p∂
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°mtam?
ac-s∏m-Øn¬ ac-°-ºn¬
IqSp-≠m-°p-∂h IqSp-≠m-°p-∂h
$ $ s]m≥am≥ $ Aßm-Sn-°p-cphn
$ ]´n-I-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]£n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.
130
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ ]£n-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xnb
NnX-߃.
$ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb
h¿°vjo‰v.
$ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn -bm≥
Ignbp∂ Hcp tZim-S-\-°n-fn-bmWv a™-°nfn
(Oriole). \ΩpsS \m´n¬°m-Wp∂ a™-°-
dp-∏≥ F∂ ]£n-°v a-™-°n-fn-tbmSv cq]-
km-Zriyap≠v. CXv tZim-S\w sNøp-∂n-√. Xe-
bnse Idp-∏p-\ndw i≤n-®m¬ tZim-S-I-cmb
a™-°n-fn-Ifn¬\n∂v Chsb Xncn-®-dn-bmw.
tZim-S\-∏-£n-I-fn¬ ]i-kvX≥ B¿´n-IvtS¨
F∂ IS¬∏-£n-bm-Wv. DØ-c-[p-h-Øn¬ \n∂v
Z£nW[phØn-te°p≈ bmX-bn¬ 17600
Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-amWv Ch¿ ]n∂n-Sp-∂-Xv. G‰hpw
Zqcw tZim-S\w \S-Øp∂ ]£n-hn-`m-K-amWv
B¿´nIvtS¨. hgn-sX-‰m-sX-bp≈ Ch-cpsS
IrXy-amb bmX AXn-i-b-Icw Xs∂. ]I¬
kqcy-s\bpw cmXn-bn¬ \£-X-°q-´-ß-sfbpw
Znim\n¿W-b-Øn\v Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-
≠tX.
\mI-tam-l≥, hm¬Ip-ep-°n-∏-£n-Iƒ, aW¬∏p-
≈p-Iƒ, a™-°nfn F∂nh \ΩpsS cmPy-Øp-
Xs∂ tZim-S\w \S-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
Iq´-tØmsS hkn-°p-∂-h¿
G‰hpw henb ]£n-°qSv GXm-sW-∂-dn-bmtam? Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ ImWp∂
hoh¿ ]£n-I-fmWv G‰hpw henb IqsSm-cp-°p-∂-h¿. DW-ßnb ]p√pw \mcp-
Ifpw Ifn-aÆpw Ce-Ifpw sIm≠v \n¿an-°p∂ Cu IqSp-Iƒ°v \√ mc-ap-≠m-Ipw.
Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn\pw ]tXyIw Ad-I-fp≈ Ch-bpsS Iq´n¬ \qtdmfw IpSpw-_-
߃°v Htc-k-abw Xma-kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-atX! Cu IqSp-Iƒ Zo¿L-Imew \ne-
\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
hncp-∂p-Im¿
tZimS\∏£n-Isf Ipdn®v Ip´n-I-
ƒ°v [mcW e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-`m-
KsØ tNmZy-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-
SpØn ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ø-Ww.
a™-°n-fn-bpsS NnXtam sF.kn.-
Sn. CtatPm D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Zo¿L-\m-fsØ \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsS
amXta tZimS\°nfn-Isf a\-n-
em-°m≥ Ign-bq.
tZim -S\∏£n-Isf Ipdn -®p≈
N¿®. So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
tZim-S\∏£n-Iƒ
`£Ww, ]P-\\w ]Xn-Iq-e-Im-
em-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v c£-t\-S¬
F∂n-h-bv°mbn Nne-bn\w ]£n-
Iƒ Iq´-tØmsS Hcp ÿeØp-
\n∂p Zqc-tZ-i-tØ°pw AhnsS
\n∂v Xncn®pw k©-cn -°pw.
CØcw ]£n-I -fmWv tZim -
S\∏£n-Iƒ.
k©-cn°mw, Cc-]n-Sn°mw
k©m-c-co-Xn, Blm-c-coXn F∂n-
hbv°v A\p-Iq-e-amb imco-cnI ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F√m ]£n-Iƒ°p-ap-s≠∂ [m-cW
cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bncn-°p∂ ]£n-
I-fpsS NnX-߃ Hmtcm-∂mbn Xncn-®-dn™v t]scgpXn AXns‚ k©m-c-w, Blmc-
k-ºm-Z-\w F∂n-hbv°v klm-b-I-amb imco-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øn Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°-s´.
131
]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
NnXw 1. aW¬t°mgn
2. tX≥Ipcphn
3. Im´p-Xm-dmhv
4. h¿W-s°m°v
5. Xma-c-t°mgn
6. XØ
N¿®mkqN\-Iƒ
$ aW¬t°m-gn-bpsS sIm°ns‚ ]tXy-IX F¥m-Wv? CXns‚ Np≠p-Iƒ Blm-
c-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\v Fß-s\ -k-lm-b-I-amWv?
$ \ofw IqSnb ]q°-fn¬ \n∂p-t]mepw tX≥Ipcphn°v tX≥ Ign-°m≥ km[n-°p-
∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?
$ Im´p-Xm-dm-hns‚ ico-cm-IrXn \nco-£n-®pthm? hmbp-hn¬°qSn thK-Øn¬ \oßp-
∂-Xn\v ChbpsS icocw Fßs\ klm-b-I-amhp∂p? Ccp-h-i-hp-ap≈ Nnd-Ip-
Iƒ F¥n-\mWv D]-I-cn-°p-∂Xv?
$ sh≈-Øn¬\n∂v a’yw ]nSn-°p-∂-Xn\v h¿W-s°m-°ns‚ Np≠p-Iƒ Fß-s\-
klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p?
$ sh≈-Øn¬ Xmgv∂pt]m-ImsX Xmacbne-I-fn¬ Nhn-´n-\-S-°m≥ Xma-c-t°m-gn-
bpsS hnc-ep-Iƒ Fßs\ klm-bn°p∂Xv?
$ ac-°-ºn¬ hogmsX ]nSn-®n-cn-°m≥ XØ-bpsS hnc-ep-Iƒ Fßs\ klmbn-
°p∂p?
Hmtcm ]£n-sbbpw \nco-£n®v (NnXw) ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ FgpX-s´ (hy‡n-K-
Xw). XpS¿∂v kwL]h¿Ø\w.
Kq∏p-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm N¿®m-kq-N-\bpambn
_‘-s∏´ tImUo-I-c-Ww \S-Øp-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
Hmtcm N¿®m-kq-N-\bpw ]tXyIsaSp-ØmWv N¿®-sN-tø-≠Xv.
BZyw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn NnX\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm°s´. ]n∂oSv Kq∏n¬
N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. Kq∏p-N¿® -\-S-°p-tºmƒ So®¿ IqSp-X¬ NnX-߃ \¬Ip-∂p
(DZm:˛ tX≥Ip-cp-hn-bpsS Xs∂ ]e-Xcw NnX-߃).
]Inb
$ ]n∂oSv NnX-ß-fp-sS \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Hcp t^m¿am-‰n¬ tImUo-I-cn-s®-gp-Xm≥
\n¿tZ-in°mw.
$ t^m¿am-‰n¬ hy‡n-K-X-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-
°p∂p. (]c-kv]-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج)
$ XpS¿∂v 6 ]£n-I-fpsS t]cn¬ 6 Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Hmtcm Kq∏pw N¿®-sNbvXv dnt∏m¿´v sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm Kq∏pw Ah-c-h-cpsS ]£n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Imcy-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ So®¿ th¿j≥ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXp-∂p.
132
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
NnX \nco-£-W-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ t^m¿am-‰n¬ tImUo-I-cn-s®-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n°q.
]£n-Ifpw Ah-bpsS A\p-Iq-e-\-ßfpw]£n-Iƒ imco-cnI ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ A\p-Iq-e-\-߃
aW¬t°mgn
Sand Piper
\o≠p-h-f™ sIm°p-Iƒ. $ Pem-i-b-Xo-c-ß-fnse aW¬, sNfn
F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v amf-ß-fn¬ HmSn-
sbmfn-°p∂ sNdpPohn-I-sf-t∏mepw
sIm°v D]-tbm-Kn®v sImØn-sbSp-
°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
tX≥Ipcphn
Humming bird
sNdnb Ipg¬ BIr-Xn-bn¬
\o≠p hf™ sIm°v.
$ ]q°-fn¬\n∂v tX≥IpSn -°m≥
A\ptbm-Py-amb sIm°v.
$ hmbp -hn¬ ]d-∂p -\n¬°m≥ Ign -
bp-∂p.
Im´p-Xm-dmhv
Wild duck
]d-°p-∂-Xn\\ptbm-Py-amb
ico-cm-IrXn.
\o≠p]-c∂ Nnd-Ip-Iƒ.
$ Ccp-h-ihpap≈ Iq¿Ø ico-cm-IrXn
hmbp-hn-eqsS thK-Øn¬ \oßm≥
klm-bn-°pw.
$ Ccp-h-i-ß-fnsebpw Nnd-Ip-Iƒ hmbp-
hn¬ Db¿∂p ]d-°m≥ klm-bn -
°p∂p.
$ ]d-°p-tºmƒ amXw hncn-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ Nnd-Ip-Iƒ.
$ ]d -°p -tºmƒ Imep -Iƒ aS°n
HXp°nhbv-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
h¿W-s°m°v
Pelican
\o≠p- h-enb sIm°p-Iƒ $ sh≈-Øns‚ Bg-Øn¬\n-∂p-t]mepw
ao≥ ]nSn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ sIm°ns‚ \of -°q -Sp -X¬ Xe-
sh≈Øn¬ ap°m-sX-Xs∂ ao≥ ]nSn-
°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
Xmact°mgnBronze WingedJacana
\o≠hncepIƒ (G‰-hpw
\ofw IqSnb hnc-ep-I-fp≈
]£n).
$ Pe-\n-c-∏nse Xma-c-bn-e-I-fn¬ Nhn´n
\S-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
tamXnc XØRose RingedParakect
ap∂n-te-°pw ]n∂n-te°pw
hnc-ep-Iƒ. Iq¿Øphf™
\J-߃.
$ hncepIƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øv ac-s°m-ºp-
Ifn¬ _e-ambn ]nSn-®n-cn-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂p.
hf™ \J-߃ Ncn-™- Iºnepw
hogmsX ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-
∂p. XØbv°v ac°ºp-I-fn¬ Xqßn-
°nS°m≥ hsc CXp-aqew Ign-bpw.
\nK-a\w: ]£n-Iƒ°v Cc-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A\p-tbm-Pyamb
imco-cnI ]tXy-I-X-Ifp≠v.
133
]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
hc-®p-tbm-Pn-∏n°mw
]£n-I-fpsS Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-co-Xn°v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn Np≠pw Imep-Ifpw FX-
amXw A\p-Iq-e-\-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-
`mKsØ NnX-߃ \nco-£n®v Htc ]£n-bpsS Np≠pw Imepw Xncn-®-dn™v hc®p
tbmPn-∏n-°-s´. Hmtcm ]£n-bpsSbpw
Np≠pw Imep-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
Is≠Øn AXv Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\v
Fßs\ klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ¢mkn¬
s]mXp-N¿®-bv°v tijw tImUo-I-cn®v
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿°Ww.
]£n-Ifpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw
temI-Øns‚ F√m `mK-Øp-ap≈ Pohnhn`m-K-amWv ]£n-Iƒ. ssPh-ssh-hn-[yw
sIm≠v -k-º-∂-amb tIc-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw C\w ]£n-I-fp≠v. \ΩpsS ssPh-ssh-
hn[yw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Cu ]£n-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. ]£n-I-
fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn]m[m\yw \nco-£n®v Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw IqSp-X¬ [mc-W-Iƒ
ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-amWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
So®¿ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fpsS hoUntbm _n‰p-Itfm NnX-ßtfm ]Z¿in-∏n-
°p-∂p. CXn¬ c≠p ][m\ kµ¿`-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
hnØp-hn-X-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hoUn-tbm-¢n-∏p-Iƒ, NnX-߃ (sF.kn.-Sn.) BZyw
]Z¿in-∏n-®-Xn-\p-tijw Kq∏v N¿®.
$ hc®p tbmPn-∏n® NnX-߃.
$ Np≠v-˛-Im¬ _‘w Blmc-
kºm-Z-\-Øn\v F]-Imcw
A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p ˛
Ipdn∏v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
hnØphnXcWw
$ Im° -˛ -am-ß, Iip-h≠n (at‰-sX-
¶nepw ]g-߃) sImØns°m-≠p-
t]mIp∂ kµ¿`w.
$ XØ, then-Ø-Ø XpSßnb ]£n-
Iƒ ]g-߃ sImØn-Øn-∂p-∂Xpw
sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kµ¿`-
߃.
IoS-\n-b¥Ww
$ Im°-غp-cm´nt]mse vssfIm®¿
hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ ]£n-Iƒ IoS-
ßsf ]nSn-°p∂ kµ¿`߃.
$ aqß, ]cp¥v XpS-ßnb ]£n-Iƒ
Fensb dm©nsbSp-°p∂ kµ¿`w
(IrjvW∏cp-¥v, sNº-cp-¥v, N°n-
∏cp¥v, aqß, sh≈n-aq-ß).
hnØphnX-c-Ww ˛ N¿®mkqN\-Iƒ
$ GsX√mw ]£n-IsfbmWv \n߃ I-≠Xv?
$ ChnsS ]£n-Iƒ F¥mWv sNøp-∂Xv?
$ CØcw GsX√mw kµ¿`-߃ \n߃ I≠n-´p≠v?
$ ]£nIƒ sNøp∂ Cu tkh\w ]Ir-Xn°v Fßs\bmWv KpW-I-c-am-hp-∂Xv?
$ \nß-fpsS ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ \n߃ \Sm-sX -ap-f®ph-∂ t]c, Iip-am-hv, πmhv, No\n-
ap-fIv XpSßn GsX-¶nepw kky-ß-fpt≠m?
134
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ \ap°p Np‰pw ImWp∂ F√m kky-ßfpw \mw \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-®h-bmtWm? Ah-
bn¬ ]eXpw Fßs\bmbn-cn°pw AhnsS apf-®p-h-∂Xv?
$ h\-ß-fpsS kzm`mhnIX \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ ]£n-Iƒ Fßs\ klm-bn-°p∂p?
$ N¿®m-kq-N-\Iƒ Nm¿´v/_n._n. FgpXn ]Z¿in-∏n-®tijw ˛ Kq∏v N¿®bv°v
A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.
$ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ So®¿ Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
$ Kq∏p-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ][m\ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ So®¿ Nm¿´v sNøp-∂p.
C]-Imcw Bbmtem?
$ hnØp-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøm≥ ]£n-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]e CS-Ømbn ]e kky-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn apf-®p-h-cp-
∂-Xn¬ ]£n-I-ƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ kky-ssh-hn[yw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ ]£n-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
IoS\nb-¥-Ww N¿®mkqN\-Iƒ
$ Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑m-cmb GsX√mw ]£n-IsfbmWv \n߃ I≠Xv?
$ IoS-ßsf Xn∂p -\-in-∏n-°p∂ GsX√mw ]£n-I-fp-≠v?
$ CØcw GsX√mw kµ¿`-߃ \n߃ I≠n-´p≠v?
$ ]£n-I-fpsS Cu Blm-c-coXn \ap°v Fß-s\-bmWv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
$ N¿®mkqN-\I-ƒ (Nm¿´v/_n._n.) FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n® tijw Kq∏v N¿®bv°v
A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.
$ N¿®m-thf-bn¬ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ So®¿ Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ N¿®m-kq-N-\Ifpw Ah-cpsS Kq∏ns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]cn-k-c-]p-kvXI-
Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
$ Kq∏p-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]k-‡-amb Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ So®¿ Nm¿´vv sNøp-∂p.
So®-dpsS tImUo-I-cWw
$ Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑m-cmb ]£n-Iƒ (aqß, ]cp¥v...) Fen-I-sf -Xn∂p \in-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ IoS-ßsf Blm-c-am-°p∂ \nc-h[n ]£n-I-fp-≠v.
$ CØcw ]£n-Iƒ I¿j-Is‚ D‰anX-ß-fm-Wv.
"]£n-Ifpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw' F∂ ]mT-`m-KØv ]£n-I-fpsS tkh-\-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ
Iq´n-t®¿Øv Fgp-Xp-∂p.
135
]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
$ So®¿ c≠v tImUo-I-cW Nm¿´p-Ifpw
ho≠pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ s]mXp-N¿®
$ ]£n-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ Ipdhp hcp-
Ibpw hwiw \in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ AXv ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb Fßs\
_m[n°pw?
$ \nK-a-\-߃ So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-s®-gp-
Xp-∂p.
$ Ip´n -Iƒ ]cn -k-c -]p -kvX-I-Øn¬
FgpXp-∂p.
So®-dpsS tImUo-I-cWw
$ ]£n-Iƒ ]cn -ÿn -XnbpsS \ne -
\n¬∏n\v hen-b- kw-`m-h-\Iƒ \¬Ip-
∂p.
$ h\w, Imhp-Iƒ, Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-
h-bpsS kz`m-hnI \ne-\n¬∏n\v ]£n-
Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv (Bhmkhyh-ÿ-
Iƒ).
$ Fen-Iƒ, IoS-߃ F∂n-hsb \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]£n-Iƒ°v henb ]¶p-≠v.
$ ]£n-Isf kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.
(]£n-I-fpsS sshhn[yw \ne-\n¬t°-≠Xv ]Ir-Xn-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv).
$ "Aßm-Sn-°p-cp-hn-Iƒ°v h\w hIp∏v IqsSm-cp-°p∂p' F∂ hm¿Øm-i-Iew Ip´n-
Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ So®¿ ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ Bcm-bp-∂p.
$ Hcp s]mXp-N¿®-bn-te°v Ip´n-Isf \bn-°p-∂p.
N¿®mkqN\-I-ƒ
$ Aßm-Sn-°p-cp-hn-Isf (House sparrow) Fhn-sS-sb-√m-amWv ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv?
$ Ct∏mƒ ]e Aßm-Sn-I-fnepw CØcw Ipcp-hn-Isf ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√.
$ Ch-bpsS FÆ-Øn¬ henb Ipdhp h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cn°pw Imc-W-߃?
$
]£n-I-fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn
]m[m\yw ˛ Ipdn∏v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
Aßm-Sn-°p-cp-hn-Iƒ°v h\w
hIp∏v IqsSm-cp-°p-∂p
]e- ]-£n-I-fp-sSbpw FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-
h-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Nne ]£n-I-fpsS
hwiw Xs∂ \in-®p-I-gn-™p. \ΩpsS
]tZ-iØv hwi-\m-i-`o-jWn t\cn-Sp∂
]£n-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-bv°p≈
Imc-W-߃ Is≠-Øm\p-am -Wv Cu
]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
]£n-I-fpsS \mi-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-am-Ip∂
a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒs°Xnsc ]Xn-
I-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]£n-kw-c-£W ]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw Ip´n-
I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-S-Ww.
136
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]k-‡-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ t_m¿Un¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p.
$ AßmSn°pcp-hn-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ Ipdhp h∂n-´p-≠v.
$ Aßm-Sn-°p-cp-hn-I-fpsS FÆw Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\v ]e -Im-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øm≥
Ignbpw.
$ HmSpta¬°q-cIƒ amdn tIm¨Io‰v
sI´n-S-߃ h∂-Xp-aqew Ahbv°v IqsSm-
cp-°m≥ ÿew e`n-°m-Xm-bn.
$ B[p-\nI `£y-kw-kvI-cWcoXn-Iƒ
\ne-hn¬ h∂Xpaqew [m\y -߃
tNm¿∂v e`n-°m-Xm-bn.
$ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ tISm-Im-Xn-cn-°m\pw \ndw \¬Im\pw a‰p-ambn tN¿°p∂ A\y-
h-kvXp-°ƒ Ch-bpsS \mi-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn.
$ kzm`m-hnI hmk-ÿe-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂- h≥tXmXn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXnaen-\o-I-
cWw Aßm-Sn-°p-cp-hn-I-fpsS hwi-h¿[-\-hns\ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-®p.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ Aßm-Sn-°p-cp-hn-Isf \nco-£n®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
(Assk≥-sa‚ v)
]£n-Isf \nco-£n-°p-tºmƒ
]£n-tem-IsØ sshhn[yw IqSp-X¬ ASp-Ø-dn-bm\pw Ip´n-I-fpsS \nco-£-W-tijn
hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw ]£n-\n-co-£Ww klm-bn-°pw. ]£n-\n-co-£W Xbm-sd-Sp-∏p-
Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
$ kµ¿in-t°≠ ÿew, kabw.
$ \nco-£Wkma-Kn-Iƒ
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ kmaKnIƒ
(t\m´v_p-°v, s]≥kn¬).
$ hnZ-Kv[-cpsS klmbhpw D]-tZ-ihpw.
\nco-£W°pdn-∏n-\mbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ amXrI D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm ]£nsb kw_-‘n®pw ]tXyIw Ipdn∏v D≠m-°-Ww.
imcocnI ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ \nco-£n®v kq£va-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. \nco-£W-
°pdn∏p-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ s]Xp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
\mw hf¿Øp∂ ]£n-Iƒ
$ ]mT-`m-KsØ NnX-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
$ NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]£n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.
$ CXp-t]mse \mw hf¿Øp∂ a‰p ]£n-Iƒ GsX√mamWv?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-KX-ambn ]´n-I Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]´nI hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Aßm-Sn -°p -cp -hn -Iƒ ˛
N¿®°pdn∏v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]£n\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
137
]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
$ CØcw ]£n-Isf \mw hf¿Øp-∂Xv Fs¥√mw Bh-iy-߃°mWv?
$ Ip´nIƒ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Ae-¶m-c-Øn\pw hnt\m-Z-Øn\pw.
$ ap´bpw amwkhpw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v
$ hcp-am\w
$ Ae-¶m-c-Øn\pw hnt\m-Z-Øn-\p-ambn hf¿Øp-∂-h-sbbpw ap´bv°pw amwkØn-
\p-ambn hf¿Øp-∂hsbbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Xcw-Xn-cn-s®-gp-Xp-∂p.
$ ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dn- hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ ]£n-I-fpsS NnX-]-Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]£n-I-fpsS ]tbm-P-\-
߃ ˛ Ipdn∏v
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
h¿°vjo‰v - 1
NnX-߃ \nco-£n-°q.
^m¬°¨
]£n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.
CXn¬ Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑m-cmb ]£n-Iƒ GsX√mamWv?
$
$
Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑m-cmb ]£n-Iƒ°v \n߃ Is≠-Ønb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Fs¥√mamWv?
138
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
h¿°vjo‰v - 2
Cu ]£n-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-XIƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
$
D]-tbm-K-߃°\p-k-cn®v Chsb GsX√mw hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn°mw?
$
$
Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw IqSp-X¬ ]£n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.
Xmsg \¬In-b ]£n-I-fpsS NnX߃ \nco-£n-°q.
139
]£n-I-fpsS IuXp-I-temIw
NnX-w \nco-£n-®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°mtam?
]£n-bpsS t]cv ............................................
imco-cnI ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
$ sIm°v
$ ImepIƒ
$ \ndw
$ hm¬
(sF.kn.-Sn. klm-b-tØmsS If¿NnXw \¬Ip-a-t√m).
h¿°vjo‰v - 3
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\º¿
1. \ΩpsS ]tZ-iØv ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ]£n-Isf Xncn-®-dn™v
t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bm≥.
2. ]cn-Nn-X-amb ]£n-I-fpsS IqSp\n¿am-W-coXn hy‡-am°m≥.
3. IqSp\n¿am-W-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®v ]£n-IsfXcw-Xn-cn-°m≥.
4. k©m-c-co-Xn°pw Blmckºm-Z-\-co-Xn°pw A\p-k-cn®v]£n-Iƒ°p≈ imco-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
5. ]cp -¥v, tX≥Ip-cp -hn, Xmdm -h v , XØ, Xma-ct°mgn,aW¬t°m-gn, s]en-°≥ F∂o ]£n-I-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏vXbm-dm-°m≥.
6. ]£n-I-fpsS sIm°pw ImepIfpw Blmckºm-Z-\-Øn\vFßs\ A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
7. ]£n-I-fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn]m[m\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
8. Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑m-cmb ]£n-I-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥.
9. hf¿Øp]£n-IfpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥.
10. hf¿Øp]£n-I-fpsS ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°m≥.
11. ]£n-Isf \nco-£n®v eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
d -d≥kv
$ ]£n \nco-£Ww ˛ Pam¬ Bd, F≥.-_n.‰n
$ Nnd-Ip≈ Nßm-Xn-am¿, hn.Fw. cmP-tam-l≥, a\p ]n. amen-`m-Kw.
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Hmtcm tZi-Øn\pw AXnt‚Xmb kmwkvIm-cnI˛ssh⁄m-\nI ]mc-º-c-y-ap-≠v. AØcw ]mc-º-cy hn⁄m-\-[m-c-IƒC∂v AXn-thKw hnkvar-Xn-bn-em-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p. tIcfkwkvIm-c-Øn-\p≈ sshhn-[-yhpw kº-∂-X-bp-amWv Imem-Xo-X-ambn C∂pw AXns\ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚F√m taJ-e-Ifnepw a\p-jytNX-\bv-°p-≠m-bn-´p≈ al-Ømb t\´ß-fpsS BIØpI-bmWv kwkvIm-cw. CXv P\-ß-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bneqsS amXw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ H∂m-Wv. Aßs\ kº-∂-amb tIcf kmwkvIm-cnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-߃ NcnX]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp-t°-≠Xp≠v. IebpwBtLm-j-ßfpw tIc-fob kwkvIm-csØ ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw tIc-f-Ønse Iem-cq-]-߃Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS BtLm-j-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Cu bqWn‰v D]-I-cn-°pw.tIc-f-Øns‚ al-Ømb kwKoX]mc-º-c-y-sØ-°p-dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v Adnhp \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw A\yw\n∂p t]mIp∂\mS≥Ifn-Iƒ, \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ alXz-am¿∂ kwkvIm-chpw]mc-º-cyhpw Xncn-®-dn™v AXn¬ A`n-am-\n-°m-\p≈BZy Nph-Sp-I-fmbn Cu bqWn-‰nse ]h¿Ø\߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
5
BapJw
142 ]cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
5. Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
$ h≈w-Ifn ˛ hoUntbm
$ NnX-߃
$ B¬_-߃
$ hmb\°pdn-∏p-Iƒ
$ sF.kn.Sn km[yX
$ \n¿amW]h¿Ø\w
$ ]´nI
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
Ie-IfpsS \mSv
$ tIc-f-Øn¬ hnhn[ BtLm-j-ß-fp-≠v.
˛ HmWw tIc-f-Øns‚ tZio-bm-tLm-j-am-Wv.
$ tIc-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw Iem-cq-]-ß-fp-≠v.
˛ Ie-Iƒ HØptN-c -en -s‚bpw kvt\l-
Øns‚bpw ktµ-i-amWv \¬Ip∂-Xv.
$ Iebpw BtLm-jhpw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]Xn-
^e\-ß-fm-Wv.
$ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ \mS≥Ifn-I-fp≠.v
$ tIc-f-Ønse Iem-cq-]-߃ Is≠Øn
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ tIc-f-Ønse BtLm-j-ßsf°pdn®v
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂p.
$ Iebpw BtLm-j-ßfpw tIc-fob
kwkvIm-csØ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p-
sh∂v Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \mS≥]m´p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.
$ tIc-f-Øns‚ kwKoX]mc-º-cy-sØ-
°pdn®v efn-X-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \mS≥Ifn-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
Bh-iy-amb Ifn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿an-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
aqey-߃ / at\m-`m-h-߃
$ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrIw Xncn-®-dn™v AXn¬ A`n-am-\n-°p-∂p.
$ Ie-Iƒ \∑-bp-sSbpw HØp-tN-c-ens‚bpw kvt\l-Øns‚bpw thZn-I-fm-Wv.
143
Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
$ ]q°fa’cw
$ HmWkZy
$ hSwhen
$ XpºnXp≈¬
$
$
bqWn-‰n-te°v
]cn-N-b-ap≈ BtLm-j-ß-fn¬\n∂v D’-h-ß-fnte°pw a‰v BtLm-j-ß-fn-te°pw
Ip´n-IfpsS i≤ BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂,
HmWm-tLm-j-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]´nI-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
]mT-`mKw hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.
XpS¿∂v So®¿ hni-I-e\ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ \neo-\-bpsS kvIqfnse t]mse \nß-fpsS kvIqfnepw
HmWm-tLmjw \S-°m-dnt√?
$ Fs¥√mw Hcp-°-߃ \SØm-dp≠v?
$ Fs¥√mw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn∏n°m-dp≠v?
hy-‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-°s´, Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. So®¿ tImUo-
I-cn-°-Ww.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w : Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ HmWm-tLm-j-hpambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp-°-߃,
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ.
Hcp-a-bpsS HmWw
HmWw kar-≤n-bpsS Ime-am-Wv. ^e-]pjv]kar-≤-amb Ime-ambXn-\m¬ hk-
t¥m¬k-h-Øns‚ ]XoXnIqSn AXv Df-hm-°pw. kwL-Im-eØpw a‰pw Z£n-tW-
¥y apgp-h≥ HmWw BtLmjn-®n-cp-∂p. HmW∏q°-f-an-S¬, aÆp sIm≠v Xr°m-
°-c-b-∏s\ \n¿an-°¬, HmW-∏p-Sh kΩm-\n-°¬, HmW-kZy, HmW-°-fn--Iƒ F∂nh
sIm≠v k-º∂amWv HmWm-tLm-jw.
HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sFXnlyw ]mT`mKw hmbn®v kzmwio-I-cn-°m≥ Ah-kcw
\¬I-Ww. HmWw Iq´mbvabpsS BtLmj-am-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v N¿®
\SØmw. XpS¿∂v Cu ]-h¿Ø-\-߃ F]-Imcw Iq-´mbva h¿[n∏n°p∂p F∂
coXn-bn¬ N¿®sNø-Ww.
$ HmW-°m-esØ ]qtiJ-cWw
$ ]qhn-fn-
$ ]q°-f-an-S¬
$ HmW-∏m-´p-Iƒ
$ HmW-°-fn-Iƒ
$ HmWkZy
XpSßn HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m
Imc-y-߃°pw Hcp Iq´mbva IqSntb Xocq
F∂ \nK-a\-Øn¬ FØn-°p-at√m. ]cn-
kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tImUo-I-cWw
FgpXnsb∂v Dd∏phcp-ØWw.
]cn -kc]pkvX -I -ØnseIpdn -∏p -Iƒ˛H -c p - a -bpsSHmWw.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
144
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
HmW-°fn-Iƒ HmW-°-e-Iƒ
kvXoIƒ ]pcp-j-∑m¿
ssIsIm-´n-°fn HmW-Ø√v HmW-Ømdv
Du™m-em´w Ic-Sn-bm´w HmtW-i-z-c≥ (HmWs∏m´≥)
Xpºn-Xp-≈¬ ]pen-°fn HmW-Øp-≈¬ (the≥Xp-≈≥)
h´-°fn Xe-bm´w
\mS≥IfnIƒ
Hmtcm ]tZ-iØpw Ime-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p∂ \mS≥I-fn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
\nb-a-߃ ]men®v Ifn-°m\pw Ifn-bp-ambn _‘s∏´ Ifn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿an-
°m\pamWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
etlmdnIfn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ifn-∏n-°p-∂p. tijw N¿®.
$ Hcp Ifn Ifn-°p-tºmƒ Fs¥√mw i≤n°Ww?
$ Hmtcm Ifn°pw IrX-y-amb \nb-a-ß-fn-t√?
$ etlmdnIfn-bpsS \nb-a-߃ Fs¥m-s°-
bmWv?
So®¿ N¿® tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
F√m Ifn-Iƒ°pw \n›n-X-amb \nb-a-ßfp≠.v
\nb-a-߃ ]men®v GsXm-cmƒ°pw Ifn-°m≥
Ign-bWw.
$ Ip´n-I-tfmSv Ah-¿°dn-bm-hp∂ \mS≥Ifn-I-sf-°p-dn®v tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ t_m¿Un¬ ]´n-I-bm°n Fgp-Xq.
$ Hmtcm Ifn-bp-tSbpw -\n-b-a-ß-fpsS Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. Hcp
kwLw Hcp Ifn F∂ coXn-bn¬, hnhn[ Kq∏p-Iƒ°v Ifnbpw \nb-a-ßfpw
FgpXn Xbm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZiw \¬Ip∂p.
$ hy‡n-KXcN\, kwL-Øn¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
$ kwL-ß-fpsS Ah-X-cWw, Ifn-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬.
$ Ifn-∏Xn-∏ns‚ ]Im-i\w.
]pXp-Xmbn Hcp Ifnbpw AXns‚ \nb-a-
ßfpw Xbm-dm-°¬.
etlm-dn-Ifn]mtZ-in-I-ambn Cu Ifn ]e
t]cnepw ]e coXn-bnepw Ifn-
°p-∂p-≠mImw. DZm. Nnt√dv
Ifn. Cu Ifn-bpsS \nb-a-
ßfnepw ]mtZ-inI hyXym-k-
ap-≠v.
Ifn-Iƒ ˛ Ifn-\n-b-a-߃Ipdn-∏v, Ifn-∏-Xn-∏v, ]pXnbIfnbpw AXns‚ \nb-aßfpwhne-bn-cp-ج C\w
145
Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
\ap°v Hcp ]pXnb Ifn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw, \nb-a-߃ ]men®v Ifn-°mw.
XW-te-In.....-Nn-dIp hncn®v
Ip´n-Iƒ c≠p kwL-am-Ip-∂p. H∂p acw, at‰Xv ]£n. kwL-߃ apJm-apJw
\n¬°p-∂p. ackwL-°m¿ Hmtcm AwK-Øn\pw Hcp ac-Øns‚ t]cp \¬I-
Ww. AXp-t]mse ]£nkwLhpw ]£nIfpsS t]cv \¬I-Ww. ac-ß-fp-sSbpw
]£n-I-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ømw. ]£n-I-fpsS t\Xmhv
ackwL-Ønse Hcm-fpsS IÆv s]mØp-∂p. At∏mƒ ac-kwLw FXn¿kwL-
Ønse Hcp ]£n-bpsS t]cv tN¿Øv ]m´p]mSp-∂p.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn
""Nnd-Ip-Iƒ hoin hoin
IXn-cp-Iƒ sImØn-sb-Sp-°m≥
XØ-s∏Æn-ßp-h-∂m¬
kt¥mjw..............''
]£n-kw-L-Ønse XØ F∂ t]cp-Im-c≥ h∂v ac-kw-L-Ønse IÆv
s]mØnb Bsf sXm´v XncnsI Xs‚ ÿm\-tØ°v hcp-∂p. At∏mƒ
]£nkwL-°m¿ ]mSp-∂p:
""XW-teIn XW-teIn
sXmt´ms\ tXSn tXSn
ht∂mfq hr£®ßmXo''
]m´p tI´m-ep-S≥ hr£®ßmXn Xs∂ sXm´-bm-fns\ Is≠-Øm≥ hcp-∂p.
Is≠-Øn-bm¬ Ah¿°v 1 t]mbn‚ v. Is≠-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ FXn¿ kwL-
Øn\v 1 t]mbn‚.v ackwL t\Xmhv, ]£nkwL-Ønse Hcm-fpsS IÆv
s]mØn Ifn XpScp-∂p. hnhn[ ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw ac-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ, Ah-
bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh tN¿Øv ]m´p-I-fp-≠m°n Ifn Bh¿Øn-°pI.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
Ifn-I-fn-eqsS Ip´n-I-fn¬ Imbn-I-hn-
Imkw, ssh⁄m-\nI hnImkw, aqey-
ß-fpsSbpw at\m-`m -h-ß-fp -sSbpw
hnImkw F∂nh km[y-am-Ipw. Ifn-
\nb-a-߃ ]men-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \nb-a-
߃ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-`m-
hw, kwL-t_m-[w, kl-I-cWat\m-
`mhw F∂n-h-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb
am‰-ap-≠m-Ipw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ ]cn-
k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ IfnIƒ IqSp-X-embn
Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw.
\mS≥Ifn-Iƒ\mS≥Pohn-X-Øns‚ \m\m-cw-K-ßfp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv\mS≥Ifn -Iƒ. a\-n\vDt∑jhpw BÀm-Z-hpw ]Zm\wsNøp∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w _p≤n-]-c-amb hnIm-k-Øn\pw Ahhgn-sbm-cp-°pw. ss\]p-Wn-°-fn-Iƒ, `mK-y-°-fn-Iƒ, Btbm-[-\°fnIƒ F∂n -ßs\
\mS≥Ifn-Iƒ ]e-Xp-≠v.
146
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Ifn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿an°mw
\mS≥Ifn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøp∂p.
So®¿ Hme-∏¥v/Hme-∏o∏n/Hme-hm®v \n¿an®p ImWn-°p∂p.
$ \mS≥Ifn-Iƒ°mbn GsX√mw D]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°pI?
$ Ah D≠m-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv?
$ Hme D]-tbm-Kn®v Fs¥√mw \n¿an°mw?
$ IS-emkv D]-tbm-Kn®v Fs¥√mw \n¿an°mw?
hy-‡n-K-X \n¿am-W-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬IpI. kwL-Øn¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
s]mXphmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI.
]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`-y-amb hnZ-Kv[-cpsS
tkh\w Cu ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m. ICT, Video clip F∂n-
hbpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØmw.
\n¿an® hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ]Z¿i-\hpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°pat√m.
\neo-\-bpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v
\neo-\-bpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v hy-‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°-s´. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ I≠ Hcp
D’-h-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-hm≥ ]d-bp-∂p. hy-‡n-K-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°s´ kwL-Øn¬ ssIamdn sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-
tijw D’-h-∏-Xn∏v Xøm-d-°-s´. ]Xn∏v BI¿j-I-am-°m≥ D’-h-Nn-X-ßfpw Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
D’-h-I-e-≠¿
\m´nse a‰v BtLm-j-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]tX-y-I-X-Ifpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp D’h
Ie-≠¿ \n¿an-°m≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p. hy-‡n-K-X cN-\bv°v tijw kwL-Øn¬
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. s]mXp Ah-X-c-W-Øn\p tijw So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Iem-cq-]-߃
\neo-\-bpsS Ub-dn-bpsS XpS¿® hy-‡n-
K-X-ambn hmbn-°s´. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-I-tfmSv
]cn-Nn-X-amb Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ
Fgp-Xm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p. t_m¿Un¬
tImUo-I-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
XpS¿∂v ]mT- m-KØp \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Xp≈¬, IY-I-fn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn, tIm¬°fn
XpS-ßnb Iem-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]mT-`m-KØv \¬Inb hnh-c-߃
hmbn®v kzmwio-I-cn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. bqWn-‰ns‚ Ah-km\w \¬In-bn-
´p≈ "Iem-cq]ßfpsS apJw-aqSn \n¿amWw' F∂ XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w ChnsS \¬tI-
≠-Xm-Wv.
\mS≥Ifn-bp -ambn _‘-s∏ v \n¿an® D]-I-c-W-߃.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ.Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
147
Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
]mtZ-inI Iem-cq-]-߃
Ip´nI-tfmSv AhcpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ Iem-
cq-]-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-
sfbpw ]‰n Fgp-Xm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p.
]c-kv]cw ssIamdn sa®-s∏-SpØn
s]mXp-hmbn Ah--X-cn-∏n-°p-I. So®¿
tImUo-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. tImUo-I-cn® hnh-c-߃ ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬
tN¿sØ∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-at√m.
tIc-fob Iemcq-]-߃
tIc-f-Ønse a‰p Iem-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-bmWv
Cu ]h¿Ø\w. ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 53 se NnX\nco-£-W-Øn-\ptijw Iem-cq-
]-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. A\p-_‘w 1 se hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØnb
So®¿ th¿j≥ Xbm-dm°n Cu L´-Øn¬ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv. XpS¿∂v NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°mw. ]Xn∏v ˛ "tIc-fob
Iem-cq-]-߃.'
NnX- in¬∏ ]Z¿i\w
Ie-I-fnse ][m\ hn`m-K-ß-fmb NnX-I-e-sbbpw in¬∏-I-e-tbbpw Ipdn-®p≈
hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬Im-≥ Dt±-in-®mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
¢mkn¬ Hcp NnX]Z¿i\w \S-Øp-I. XpS¿∂v Hcp s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS NnXIe,
in¬∏Ie F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW Ip´n-I-fn¬ FØn-°p-a-t√m. sF.kn.Sn
km[-y-X-Ifpw Cu L´-Øn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-w. ]ikvX NnX-Im-c≥∑m-cpsS
NnX-ß-fpsS ]I¿∏p-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Hcp ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°mw.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
cmPm-c-hn-h¿Ω1848 G]n¬ 29 \v Infn-am-\q-cn¬ P\n-®p. `mc-Xob sFXn-l-y-ß-fpsS \nd-®m¿ØmWv
chn-h¿Ω®nX-߃. kvXoIsf at\m-l-c-ambn NnXo-I-cn® NnX-Im-c-\mWv At±-lw.
tZhotZh-∑msc a\p-jycq]-Øn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v XpS-°-an´ hy-IvvXnbmWv cmPm-
chn-h¿Ω. 1904 ¬ "ssIk¿ sF˛lnµv' tKmƒUv saU¬ \¬In _n´ojv cmPmhv
At±lsØ BZcn-®p. 1906 ¬ A-¥-cn-®p.
in¬∏hnZyin¬∏-I-ebn¬ tIcfØn\v
X\Xv ]mc-º-c-y-ap≠v. I√nepw
ac -Ønepw a\p -j-ys‚
IchncpXv ]h¿Øn-®-Xns‚
e£W-߃ ]mNo\ t£X-
ß-fnepw sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw
ImWmw.
NnX-Ie
tIc-f-Øns‚ NnX-I-ebv°pw hfsc ]g-°-
ap-≠v. Npa¿NnX-I-e-bm-Wv tIcf NnX-I-
e-bnse G‰hpamZysØ amXr-I-. AXyp-÷-ze
h¿W®nX-߃ Akm-[mcW hep-∏-Øn¬
A\m-bm-k-ambn, Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v
hc-s®-Sp-°p∂ Iem-kº-Zm-b-amWv If-sa-gp-Øv.
]tZ-inI Iem-cq -]-߃,Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
148
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
tIc-fobkwKoXw
tIc-f-Øns‚ al-Ømb kwKoX]mc-º-c-y-sØ--°p-dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v Adnhp \¬Ip-∂-
Xn-\mWv Cu `mKw.
Ip´n-I-tfmSv Ah¿°n-jvS-ap≈ kwKo-X-cq]w GsX∂v tNmZn-°p-∂p. ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
Ht∂m ct≠m t]¿°v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. imkvXobkwKoXw,
efn-X-Km-\w, am∏n-f-∏m´v F∂nh Ip´n-Isf tIƒ∏n-°p-a-t√m. sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ
ChnsS ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v eLpN¿®-bn-eqsS Cc-bn-Ω≥Xºn,
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ F∂n-hsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
Ccbn-Ω≥Xºn
tIc-f-Øns‚ kwKoXcwKsØ Hcp D÷-zeXmc-amWv Cc-bn-Ω≥Xºn(1782˛1886).
At±lw kzmXnXncp-\m-fns‚ kaImen-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. IoNIh[w, DØ-cmkz-bwhcw,
Z£-bmKw F∂o aq∂v B´°-Y-Iƒ cNn®n-´p≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ "Hma-\-Øn-¶ƒ°n-
Smthm' F∂ Xmcm´p]m´v AXn]i-kvX-amWv. Cu Km\w At±lsØ `mh-Km-\- c-
N-bn-Xm-°-fn¬ AK-KW-y-\m°n am‰n. (A\p-_‘w 1 t\m°p-I).
kzmXnXncp-\mƒ
tIcfkwKoXNcn-X-Øn¬ A\p-]aamb ÿm\-amWv kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-\p-≈-Xv. At±l-
Øns‚ c-W-Imew tIcfkwKo-X-Øns‚ hk-¥-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. "K¿`ioam≥' F∂v
hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ At±lw ae-bm-fw, lnµn, kwkvIr-Xw, Xan-gv, sXep-¶v, I∂U
F∂o `mj-I-fn¬ 500 ¬ ]cw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®p. kwKo-X-Øns‚ F√m kmt¶-Xn-
Imwi-ß-fnepw XnI™ ]mfin-X-y-ap≈ GI alm-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ.
\mS≥]m´p-Iƒ
KmaoWkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ssNX\yw Ie¿∂ P\-IobKm\-ß-fmWv \mS≥]m´p-Iƒ.
Hmebp-sSbpw \mcm-b-Øns‚bpw klm-b-an-√msX Np≠p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Np≠pIfn-
te°v Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ]I¿∂p h∂-h-bmWv \mS≥]m´p-Iƒ. Chsb∏‰n Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Ah-t_m[w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Cu ]h¿Ø\w D]-I-cn-°pw.
So®¿ ]mT-`m-KsØ Rm‰p-]m´v ]mSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hy-‡n-K-X-ambpw kwL-
ambpw ¢mkv samØ-ambpw Ah-X-cWw
\SØmw. XpS¿∂v CXp-t]m-ep≈ a‰p ]m´p-
Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw
\¬Imw. Ah tiJ-cn®v ]Xn∏pw Xbm-dm-
°mw. sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Cu ]h¿Ø-
\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-at√m.
Ip∏-bn¬ Ipºfw aqØv InS-∂t∏mIq´m≥ X∂n-√-Ωmbn\√cn tNmdp-ap-dn-bn-en-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]p√-cn-t®mdp X∂-Ωmbn\√S hdp-ØXv ]d-Øn-en-cn-°ptºm]p√-S- Xs∂∂Ωmbn
Ing-°p Zn°nse sNs¥-ßn¬ Icn°vs]m¥nb t\cØvapcn-°n≥ ssXtø \n∂psS-tNm´n¬apdp-°n-Øp-∏n-b-Xm-cmWv ? (2)
aeapI-fnse Indp-°≥ Im‰n\vIen-bn-f-Inb t\cØvap√ ho´nse apØ-»n-Ø-t≈sS]√v sImgn-®-Xm-cm-Wv? (2)
CS-h-∏m-Xn°v Icn-ap-In-ep-IƒCfn®p Im´W ImeØv]Sn-°-se-Ønb ]mW-s\-t∏mseDSp°v sIm´-W-Xm-cmWv? (2)
149
Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
hS-°≥]m´p-Iƒ
Xt®mfn HtX-\≥, Btcm-a¬ tNI-h¿ XpS-ßnb hoc-\m-b-I≥amsc ]cm-a¿in-
°p∂ hS-°≥]m´p-Iƒ \mtSmSn Km\-km-ln-X-y-Øn¬ apJyÿm\w hln-°p-
∂-h-bmWv. acp-a-°-Ømb kº-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-®n-cp∂ c≠v hy-X-ykvX
IpSpw-_-ßsf tIµo-I-cn®v cNn-°-s∏´hbmWv hS-°≥]m´p-Iƒ. DÆn-bm¿®-
bp-sSbpw acp-a-I-\mb Btcm-a-ep-Æn-bp-sSbpw [oc-km-lkIrX-y-ß-fmWv H∂m-
asØ hn`m-Kw. Xt®mfn HtX-\≥ F∂ hoc]pcp-js‚ [oc-km-l-k-ß-fmWv
c≠m-asØ hn`m-Kw. hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-sf-t∏mseØs∂ Hcp hn`mKw sX°≥]m´p-
I-fp-ap-≠v. -Ip-™men ac°m¿, ]g-»n-cmPm XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS hocIY-Iƒ ]cm-
a¿in-°p∂ ]m´p-I-fp-ap-≠v.
am∏n-f-∏m´v
ae-_m-dnse apkvenw kap-Zm-b-°m¿ ]c-ºcmKX-ambn ]mSn-h-cp∂ ]m´p-I-fm-
Wv am∏nf-∏m- p-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ ]m´p-Iƒ C°q-
´-Øn-ep-≠v. DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse apkven߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ ]tX-yI ae-
bmf`mj- (Ad-_n-ae-bm-fw) bn-emWv Cu ]m´p-Iƒ an°-Xpw. Ad_n]Z-ß-fpw
t]¿j-y≥, DdpZp]Z-ßfpw Cu ]m´p-I-fn¬ [mcmfw ImWmw. CXn\p ]pdta
I∂U, lnµn, Xangv XpS-ßnb ]Z-ßfpw am∏n-f-∏m-´n¬ ImWmdp-≠v. tIc-f-
Ønse \mtSm-Sn-∏m´v coXnbpw Ad-_n-∏m-´p-I-fpsS coXn-Ifpw IqSn-°-e¿∂
ssien-bnemWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ Be-]n-°p-∂-Xv. \mS≥ hrØ-߃°v ]pdta
Ad_nhrØ-ßfpw XangvhrØßfpw am∏n-f-∏m-´n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. I∏∏m-
´v, ]S-∏m-´v, IØp]m´v, Ie-ym-W-∏m-´v, sIp-]m-´v, ]£n∏m-´v, I®-h-S-∏m-´v F∂n-
ßs\ hnhn[ hn`mK-߃ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fnep≠v. tambn≥Ip´n sshZ-y-cmWv
am∏n-f-∏m´v cN-bn-Xm-°-fn¬- G‰hpw ]kn-≤≥.
Hma-\-Øn-¶ƒ°n-Smthm ˛ \√tIma-f-Øm-a-c-∏qthm]qhn¬ \nd™ a[pthm ˛ \√]q¿tWµp Xs‚ \nemthm]pØ≥ ]hn-g-s°m--Sntbm ˛ sNdpXØ-Iƒ sIm©pw samgntbmNm©m-Sn-bmSpw abntem ˛ arZp]©aw ]mSpw IpbntemXp≈p-an-f-am≥ InSmthm ˛ tim`sIm≈p-s∂m-c-∂-s°m-SntbmCui-z-c≥ X∂ \n[ntbm ˛ ]c˛tai-z-cn-tb¥pw Infntbm]mcn-Pm-X-Øn≥ Xfntcm ˛ Fs‚
`mK-y-Zp-a-Øn≥ ^etamhm’-e-y-c-Xv\sØ hbv]m≥-˛aahmt®mcp Im©-\-s®t∏mZrjvSn°p ht®m-c-artXm ˛Iqcn˛cp´Øp h® hnft°mIo¿Øn-e-X-bv°p≈ hntØm˛ F∂pwtISp-h-cm-Xp≈ aptØmB¿Øn Xnancw If-hm≥ ˛ D≈am¿ØmfitZh]`tbmkq‡n-bn¬ I≠ s]mcptfm ˛ AXn˛kq£vaamw hoWm-c-htamhºn® kt¥m-j-h√n ˛ Xs‚sImº-Xn¬ ]qØ ]qh-√n.
A\p-_‘w 1
150
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
1. NmI-ym-¿IqØvv
IqØv XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ angmhv sIm´pw. \rØhpw hnt\m-Zhpw IqØn-
ep≠v. NmI-ym¿ cwK-Øp-h∂v cwK-h-µ\w Ign-™m¬ Nmcn F∂p t]cp≈ \rØw
XpS-ßpw. ]n∂oSv KZ-y-]-Z-y-߃ sNm√n A¿Yw ]d-bpw. kZ-n-ep≈ GsXm-cm-sfbpw
]cn-lmk IYm-]m-X-am°n h¿Wn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ kzm-X-¥yw NmI-ym¿°v
D≠v. Acn-®m¥v, Ip¶paw, Icn F∂nh apJ-Ø-Wn-bpw. Hcp ImXn¬ Ipfi-e-hpw
at‰ ImXn¬ sh‰n-e, sX®n-∏qhv F∂nhbpw [cn°pw. hkvXw sRmdn-™p-Sp-°pw.
ssIbn¬ IS-Ihpw D≠m-Ipw. Xe-bn¬ Nph∏p XpWn, IpSp-a, ]oen-∏-´w, hmkp-
Iobw F∂o Ae-¶m-c߃ thWw.
2. am¿KwIfn
InkvX-ym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ hnt\m-Z-Ie. am¿ tXmam«ol-bpsS
Ncn-X-amWv am¿Kw-I-fn∏m-´v. \ne-hn-f°v sImfp-Øn-h®v AXn-\p-Np‰pw ]¥≠p
kvXoIƒ/]pcp-j≥am¿ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ssIkvX-hth-j-Øn¬ ]mSn Nph-Sph®v
\S-Øp∂ Ifn. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Ifn-bn¬ Btbm-[\apd-Ifpw D≠m-Ipw.
3. IqSn-bm´w
tIc-f-Øns‚ ]c-º-cm-KX \mS-Im-`n-\bcq]-amWv IqSn-bm-´w. NmI-ym¿ ]pcp-j-th-
jhpw \ß-ym¿ kvXoth-jhpw sI´p-∂p. \mSyw, \rØw, kwKoXw F∂n-h-bpsS
ktΩ-f-\-amWv Cu Iem-cq]w. Ac-ßØv \ne-hn-f°pw Xnc-»o-e-bp-ap≠m-hpw. H∂n-
e-[nIw \S≥am¿ cwKØp hcp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw CXn\v IqSn-bm´w F∂ t]cp
e`n-®-Xv.
4. Z vap v
CkvemwaX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ Iem-cq-]amWv Z^vap-´v. Hcp `mKw
amXw Imf-tØm¬ s]mXn™ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-amWv Z^v. CXn¬ Xmfw ]nSn-®mWv
Z^vap´v \S-Øp-∂-Xv. ]tØmfw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]c-º-cm-KX apkvenw thj-Øn¬ h´-
Øn¬ Z^vap-´ns‚ Xmf-Øn-s\mØv Nph-Sp-hbv°pw. Ad-_n-ss_-Øp-Itfm Ad-_n-
a-e-bmfkmln-Xy-Ønse Km\-ßtfm ]mSn-bmWv Z^vap´v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
5. sXøw
"ssZhw' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ X¬`-h-cq-]-amWv sXøw. hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ Imhp-I-
fn¬ tZh-]o-Xn-°mbn \S-Øp∂ A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bm-WnXv. sXøw, Xnd, tImew
F∂nh Htc Bi-bsØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]tXy-I-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ DSp-Øp-sI-´v,
]e-Xcw ame-Iƒ, Imen¬ Nne-ºv, ico-c--Ønepw apJØpw Acn-amhpw ajnbpw
Nm¥pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ tImse-gpØv F∂nh sXø-t°m-e-ßsf BI¿j-I-am-°p∂
thj-hn-[m-\-ß-fm-Wv. Hmtcm aq¿Øn-bpsS k¶-¬∏-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ thjw sI´n
sXø-t°m-e-°m-c≥ t£X-ap-‰-sØ-Øn-bm¬ Xmf-hm-Z-y-ß-ƒ°\pk-cn®v Nph-Sp-h®v
\rØw sNøpw. Dd-™p-Xp-≈p∂ sXøw, hmtfm iqetam ssIbn-te¥n ]e A`-ym-
k-ap-d-Ifpw ]Z¿in-∏n°pw. AXn-\p-tijw `‡-P-\-߃°v Acp-f-∏m-Smbn NS-ßp-
Iƒ Ah-km-\n-°pw.
A\p-_‘w 2
151
Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
6. IpΩm´n
]me-°m-Sv, Xriq¿, hb-\mSv Pn√-I-fn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ Iem]I-S\w. Xriq-cn¬
CXv Hcp hnt\mZIe-sb-¶n¬ a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amWv. icocw apgp-h≥
]¿∏-S-I-∏p√v (IpΩm-´n-∏p-√v) sI´n-h®v, apJm-h-cWw AWn™v Ip´n-Ifpw bphm-
°fpw Xmf-Øn-s\mØv \rØw Nhn-´p∂ Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. ImXn¬ hgp-X-\ß Xq°n
IpΩm-´n-t°mepw ]nSn®v lmkyIYm-]m-X-ambn Hcp Ing-hnbpw Ifn-°msc A\p-K-an-
°p-∂p. IpΩm- n-∏m´pw ]mSn HmW-Ø-∏s\ kzo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ BtLm-j-am-bmWv Xriq-
cn¬ Cu Ifn \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
7. H∏\
apkveoß-fpsS ]c-º-cm-KX Iem-cq-]-amWv H∏-\. hnhm-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v am∏nf
hoSp-I-fn-em-WnXv Actßdp∂-Xv. A^v\ F∂ Ad-_n-∏-Z-amWv ]n∂oSv H∏-\-bmbn
amdn-b-Xv. Hcp Zriy˛imhy Ie-bmbn H∏-\sb kmam-\-y-ambn hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.
kvXoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j≥am¿°pw ]tX-yI H∏-\-bp-≠v. Ie-ym-W-Øn\v h[p-hns\
Ae-¶-cn®v ]¥-en-te°v B\-bn-®n-cpØn Np‰pw \n∂psIm≠pw Ccp∂psIm≠pw
Hcp kwLw kvXoIƒ ]mSn-°-fn-°p-∂-XmWv kvXoI-fpsS H∏-\. hc≥ h[p-hns‚
ho´n-te°v t]mIp-tºmgpw aWn-b-d-bn¬ h®pw Iq´p-Im¿ Ahs\ ]mSn- Ifn-bm-
°pIbpw ]pI-gvØp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv ]pcp-j≥am-cpsS H∏-\ (h´-
∏m- v).
8. tamln-\n-bm´w
tIc-f-Øn¬ ]pcm-X\Imew apX¬ \ne-\n∂pt]mcp∂ X\Xv emky-\rØcq-]-amWv
tamln-\n-bm´w. \h-c-k-ß-fnse irwKmcamWv tamln-\n-bm-´-Øn¬ IqSp-X-embn
BhnjvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kzmXnXncp-\m-ƒ cNn® ]Z-ßfpw h¿W-ß-fpw Xn√m-\-I-
fp-amWv C∂pw tamln-\n-bm´thZn-bn¬ IqSp-X-embpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
9. ]S-bWn
a[yXncp-hnXmwIqdn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ ]mNo-\-I-e. ]S-b-Wn-bpsS BZy NSßv I®-
sI-´m-Wv. sabvhg-°w kn≤n-®hcpw ]mc-º-c-y-h-gn°v A`-ymkw kn≤n-®-h-cp-amWv
]S-b-Wn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-dp-≈Xv. Nne ]S-b-Wn-Iƒ°v ]tX-yI hXm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-
≠v. ]S-b-Wn°v X∏v ][m\ hmZ-yw. ]S-b-Wn-I-fn¬ Bfp-Isf ckn-∏n-°p∂ \nc-
h[n cwK-ß-fp≠v. ]S-b-Wn°v hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-ap-≠∂p ]d-bmw.
152
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
hc®v tbmPn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmsX thdn´p \n¬°p∂ Ie-Iƒ GsX√mw? Ah-sb-
°pdn®v eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ Hgn™ If-ß-fn¬ FgpXq. hc®p tbmPn-∏n-°p-I.
hc®p tbmPn-∏n°mw
HmWw
Xp≈¬
am¿Kw-Ifn
tIm¬°fn
sXøw
Xncp-hm-Xnc
Z vap v
H∏\
Ip©≥\ºym¿ XpS°w Ipdn-® -I-e.
kaq-l-Ønse Xn∑-Isf \¿a-ckw Ie¿Øn
hna¿in-°p-∂p.
tIc-f-Øns‚ tZiob D¬k-hw. Nnß-am-k-
Ønse Xncp -thmWw \mfn¬ ][m\
BtLmjw.
h -Øn¬ Nph-Sp-hbv-°p∂ kwL-Ie. ]m´ns‚
Xmf-Øn¬ tImep-Iƒ XΩn-e-Sn-°p∂p.
tIc-fobthj-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ Zi-]pjv]w
NqSnbpw ssIsIm´n ]m´p-]m-Snbpw Ifn-°p∂p.
aW-hm-´n-bp-sSbpw tXmgn-am-cp-sSbpw thjw [cn-
°p∂p.
h¿°vjo‰v ˛1
153
Ie-I-fpsS \mSv
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\º¿
1. tIc-f-Ønse Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥.
2. tIc-f-Ønse Iem-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-IƒXbmdm°p-∂-Xn-\v.
3. tIc-f-Ønse BtLm-j-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°nAh-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v.
4 Ie-I-fp-sSbpw BtLm-j-ß-fp-sSbpw ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
5 \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥.
6 kwKo-X-cw-KØv tIc-f-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cyhpw kw`m-h-\bpwhy‡-am-°m≥.
7 \mS≥Ifn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
8 Hme-sIm≠pw a‰pw Nne \mS≥ Ifn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
9 Ie-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-߃, B`-c-W-߃,apJw-aq-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS amXr-I-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
1. tIc-f-kw-kvImcw ˛ F. io[-ctat\m≥.
2. tIcfNcn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛ kptc-µ≥ No°n-temSv.
3. t^mIvtem¿ \nL≠p tUm. Fw.hn.hnjvWp\ºq-Xncn, tIcf mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq v.
4. tIcfw Pn√-I-fn-eqsS ˛ tUm. sI.kn. IrjvW-Ip-am¿.
d -d≥kv
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BImi°mgvN-Iƒ F∂pw \sΩ hnkva-bn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. IuXp-
I-c-amb Nne BImi°mgvN-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]IrXn]Xn-`m-k-ßsf°pdn-®p-amWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. \£-X߃, Kl-߃, D]-K-l-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®pw `qan,Nµ≥ F∂n-h-bpsS `a-Ww, ]cn-I-aWw F∂n-h-aqeap≠mhp∂]u¿W-an, Aam-hm-kn, Nµs‚ hr≤n XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-amWv ChnsS N¿®sNøp-∂-Xv. a\p-jys‚ Nµ-bm-Xbpw C¥y-bpsS A`n-am-\-amb "Nmµ-bm≥' ZuXyhpw IqSn ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
IrXna D]-K-l-ß-fpsS hnt£-]Ww, AhsIm≠v a\p-jy-cm-in-°p≈ ]tbm-P\w F∂n-h-bpsS kmam\yN¿®bpw Cu bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒs]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \nco-£n-°Ww-, A]-K-Yn®p \nK-a-\-Øn-se-ج, ]h-Nn-°¬, ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-S¬F∂o ]Inbmtijn-I-fpsS hnI-k-\hpw e£y-an-Sp-∂p. BIm-i-hn-kva-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®v \ne-hn-ep≈ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-I-fpwA‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw am‰n imkvXo-b-amb at\m- mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ign-b-Ww.
a\p-jys‚ \nc-¥c At\-z-j-W-ß-fpsS ^e-am-bmWv ]Ir-Xn-bnse hnkva-b-ßfpw Ahbv°v ]n∂nse imkvXhpw \ap°vap∂n¬ A\m-hr-X-am-b-Xv. Cu taJ-e-bnse XpSct\-z-j-W-ß-fn-te°v Ip´nsb \bn-°m\pw ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°m\pw Cu bqWn-‰ns‚hn\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS km[n-°-Ww.
am\-tØbv°v
6
BapJw
$ Ipdn∏v
$ eLp ]co-£Ww
$ hmb-\m-°p-dn-∏v, sF.kn.‰n
$ Ipdn∏v
$ eLp-]-co-£-Ww.
$ BImi \nco-£Ww
$ hmb-\m-°p-dn∏v, ]u¿W-an, Aam-hmkn
F∂n-h-bv°n-S-bnse Zn\-ßfpsS FÆw.
$ Ie-≠¿ hmb\, NnX-ti-J-cWw
$ eLp-te-J-Iƒ, ]X-I-´nw-Kvkv, F∂nh
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ N¿®
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
$ Nµ≥ Hcp tKmf-am-Wv. AXn\v kzbw
]Im-in-°m≥ Ign-bn-√, kqcy≥ Hcp \£-
X-am-Wv.
$ `qan kzbw Idßp -Ibpw (`a -Ww)
kqcys\ Np‰n-°-d-ßp-Ibpw (]cn-I-a-Ww)
sNøp-∂p.
$ Hcp `a-W-Øn-s\-Sp-°p∂ ka-b-amWv Hcp
Znh-kw.
$ `qan Hcp ]cn-I-a-W-Øn-s\-Sp-°p∂ ka-b-
amWv Hcp h¿jw.
$ Nµ-°-e-bpsS hf¿®.
$ Aam-hm-kn, ]u¿Æan F∂n-h XΩn-ep≈
hyXymkw.
$ "Nmµ-bm≥' C¥y-bpsS _ln-cm-Imi
ZuXyw.
$ `a-W-Øns‚ ^e-am-bmWv Zn\-cm-X-
߃ D≠m-hp-∂-Xv F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-
∂p.
$ `qan Hcp ]cn-Ia-W-Øns\Sp-°p∂ ka-
b-amWv Hcp h¿jw F∂v ]kvXm-hn-°p-
∂p.
$ Nµs‚ hr≤n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p ]h-
Nn-°p-∂p.
$ Aam-hm-kn, ]u¿Æan F∂nh F¥p-
sIm-s≠∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ IrXna D]-K-l-ß-ƒ efn-X-ambn \n¿h-
Nn-°p-∂p. hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂p.
$ `a-Ww, ]cn-I-aWw F∂nh hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂p.
$ Kl-߃, D]- K -l-߃ F∂nh
Fs¥∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
aqey-߃ / at\m`mh-߃$ C¥y-bpsS _ln-cm-Imi t\´-ß-fn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p.
$ _ln-cm-Imi imkvX-Øn¬ XmXv]cyw ImWn-°p-∂p.
155
am\-tØ
bv°
v
156
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Bap-J-]-h¿Ø\w
cmXn-Ime BImiIuXp-Ißfn-te°v Ip´n-bpsS i≤£Wn-°p-∂-Xn\v BapJ NnXw
]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-at√m. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ tNmZ-y-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
$ \n߃°v \nemhv CjvS-at√?
$ F¥mWv \nemhv?
XpS¿∂v NnX-hm-b\ ˛ IhnXmiI-ew ˛ hmb\ ˛ hy‡n-KXw
$ So®¿ \bn-°p∂ s]mXpN¿®
$ Aºnfnama-t\mSv amfp F¥mWv ]d-bp-∂Xv?
$ \nemhv ˛ ]mT-`mKw (hy‡n-K-X-hm-b\)
N¿®m-kq-N-\Iƒ
$ Nµ≥ kzbw ]Im-in-°p-∂p-t≠m?
$ Nµ\v ]Imiw e`n-°p-∂Xv Fß-
s\-bmWv?
$ Fß-s\-bmWv \nemhv D≠m-Ip-
∂Xv?
$ kqcy≥ Nµ-\n¬\n∂v Fßs\
hyXym-k-s∏´n-cn-°p∂p?
\£Xw ˛ sF.kn.Sn. km[-yX D]-tbm-Kn®v (Application Science- K-Star). So®dpsS
tImUo-I-cWw.
Klhpw D]-K-lhpw
Kl-߃, D]-Kl-߃ F∂nh F¥m-
sW∂ [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v, Kl-
߃, D]-K-l-߃ F∂o Bib߃
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥, kqc-y≥, `qan, Nµ≥ F∂n-h-b-S-ßnb ]h¿Ø\amXrI D]-tbm-
Kn-°mw. ]Icw tSm¿®v, t•m_v, ]¥v F∂n-hbpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
]ImitkmX-ns\ (_ƒ_v/tSm¿®v) kqc-y-\m°n \n¿Øn-s°m≠v kqcy\pNp‰p-
ap≈ `qan-bpsS ]cn-I-aWw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.
N¿®mkqNI߃
$ `qan Bsc-bmWv Np‰n k©-cn-°p-
∂Xv? kqc-y\v kzbw ]Im-in-°m-\p≈
Ign-hpt≠m?
$ kzbw ]Im-in-°p∂ BImi tKmf-
߃ F¥v t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p?
bqWn-‰n-te°v
So®¿ Adn-bm≥][m-\-ambpw kqcy]Imiw, \£-X-
ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ ]Im-iw F∂nh
Nµ≥ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. Nµ-\n¬
\n∂v `qan-bn-tes°-Øp∂ Cu ]Im-
i-amWv \ne-mhv . Pz-en-°p∂ BIm-i-
tKm-f-ß-fmWv \£-X-߃. kqc-y≥
Hcp \£-X-am-Wv.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ˛\nem-hv, BImitKmf-
߃, \£-X-߃, kqc-y≥
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn -kc]pk vX -I -Ønse
Ipdn∏v \£X-߃ Kl-
߃
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
157
am\-tØbv°v
$ \£-X-ßsf Np‰p∂ kzbw ]Im-in-°mØ tKmf-߃ F¥p t]cn-emWv Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
So®-dpsS tImUo-I-cWw.
]Iepw cmXnbpw
So®-¿ \bn-°p∂ N¿®.
N¿®m-kq-N-\I-ƒ
kqcy-s‚ ]Imiw ]Xn-°p∂ `qan-bpsS `mKØv F¥mWv ImWp-∂Xv?
kqc-ys‚ ]Imiw ]Xn-°mØ `qan-bpsS adp`mKØv F¥mWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
]Imiw ]Xn-°mØ kabw F¥p t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
Ip´n-I-fpsS ap∂-dnhv (]I¬, cmXn) Dd-∏n-°p-∂p.
`a-Ww, Hcp Znhkw ˛ 24 aWn-°q¿ ˛ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hni-Zo-I-cWw.
]cn-I-aWw ˛ Hcp h¿jw ˛ 365¼ Znhkw -˛ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hni-Zo-I-cWw.
`qan-bpsS `aWw, ]cn-I-aWw
`qan-bpsS `a-Ww, ]cn-I-aWw F∂o Bi-b-߃ t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Hcp eLp
]co-£-Ww \SØmw.
kma-Kn-Iƒ : kqcy≥, `qan, Nµ≥ F∂n-h-bpsS cq]-߃ AS-ßnb ]h¿Ø-\-
amXrI, ]¥v ˛ tSm¿®v / t•m_v ˛ tSm¿®v.
]co-£WIaw
$ ]ImitkmX-mbn tSm¿®ns\ kqc-y-s\∂ coXn-bn¬ ]Im-in-∏n-®phbv-°pI.
$ t•m_n¬ shfn®w hog-Ø-°-hn[w Iao-I-cn-°pI.
$ t•m_ns\ he-Øp-\n∂pw CS-tØm´v Xncn-°p-I.
Nµs‚ `aWw ˛ ]cn-I-aWw
Nµs‚ `a-Whpw ]cn-I-a-Whpw Hcp
eLp]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°mw. kma-Kn-Iƒ ˛ tSm¿®v, t•m_v,
]¥v, kqc-y≥, qan, Nµ≥ F∂n-h-bpsS
]h¿Ø\amXr-I.
\n¿h-lWIaw
tSm¿®ns\ kqc-y-s\-∂ -co-Xn-bn¬ ]ImitkmX-mbn \n¿Øn-s°m≠v t•m_v
`qan-bmbn Iao-I-cn-°p-I. Nµ-s\∂ coXn-bn¬ ]¥v D]-tbm-Kn®v AXns‚ kzbw
`a-Whpw qan°p Np‰p-ap≈ ]cn-I-a-Whpw (he-Øp-\n∂v CS-tØm- v) ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿in-
∏n-°p-I.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-∏p-
Iƒ ˛ `qan-bpsS `aWw Hcp
Znhkw 24 aWn-°q¿, `qan--bpsS
]cn-I-aWw 365 ¼ Znh-kw. Hcp
h¿jw F∂o Bi-b-߃
Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
158
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
N¿®mkqN-\I-ƒ
$ Nµ≥ Bsc-bm-Wv Np‰n k©-cn-°p-∂Xv?
$ Nµ≥ `qansb ]cn-I-aWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\nsS kqcys\ Np‰n k©-cn-°p-∂pt≠m?
So®-dpsS tImUo-I-cWw.
D]-K-l-߃ ˛ Kl-ß-sf -Np‰n k©-
cn-°p∂ BImitKmf-߃ ˛ ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Ønse hni-Zo-I-cWw Nµ≥ ˛
`qan-bpsS D]-K-lw.
D]-K-l-߃ ˛ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hni-Zo-I-c-Ww.
hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
Nµ≥ ˛ `qan-bpsS D]-Klw
aq∂v Ip´n-Isf kqcy≥, `qan, Nµ≥
F∂n-h-bpsS ]Xo-I-ß-fm°n `qan,
Nµ≥ F∂n-h-bpsS `a-Ww, ]cn-I-aWw
¢mkn¬ "tdmƒtπ' Bbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
tijw Xmsg -]-d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃ Hmtcm-∂mbn D∂-bn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw
DØ-c-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ A`n-\-b-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ kqcy≥, `qan, Nµ≥ F∂nh t\¿tcJ-bn¬ h-∂pthm?
$ kqcy\pw, `qan-bpw, Nµ\pw t\¿tc-J-bn¬ hcp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS ÿm\-Iaw
F√m-bvt∏mgpw Hcp-t]m-se-bmtWm?
$ kqc-y≥ ˛ Nµ≥ ˛ `qan, F∂ Ia-Øn¬ Ch t\¿tc-J-bn¬ hcp-∂pt≠m?
$ kqcy-\pw, `qanbpw Nµ\pw t\¿tc-J-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ, Nµ-\n¬ kqcy-]-
Imiw ]Xn-°p-∂-`mKw F√m-bvt∏mgpw `qan°v A`n-ap-J-ambn hcp-∂pt≠m?
NnXw hcbv°mw
Aam-hmknZnh-kw kqcy≥, Nµ≥, `qan F∂n-h-bpsS ÿm\w Ia-s∏-SpØn NnXw
hc-bv°p-I. kqcy-]-Imiw ]Xn-°mØ Nµ-s‚bpw qan-bp-sSbpw mKw sjbvUv sNbvXv
ImWn-°p-I. XpS¿∂v ]u¿Wan Znhkw kqcy≥, `qan, Nµ≥ F∂nh-bpsS ÿm\w
I-a-s∏-SpØn NnXw hc-bv°pI. kqcy-]-Imiw ]Xn-°mØ Nµ-s‚bpw qan-bp-sSbpw
`mKw sjbvUv sNbvXv ImWn-°p-I.
So®-dpsS tImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
tØ-≠h (]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse NnXw
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn).
$ Aam-hmkn ˛ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hni-Zo-I-cWw
$ ]u¿Wan ˛ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hni-Zo-I-cWw
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-∏p-
Iƒ ˛D-]-K-l-߃, Nµ≥ ˛
`qan-bpsS D]-K-lw.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-∏p-
Iƒ. Aam-hm-kn, ]u¿Wan
F∂o ]Xn-`m-k-߃ Fßs\
D≠m-Ip∂p ˛ Ipdn-∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-∏p-
Iƒ ˛ Aam-hmkn, ]u¿Wan
NnX-߃.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
159
am\-tØbv°v
Nµ°e hf-cp∂p
IdpØhmhn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Nµs‚ hr≤n t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
\nco-£Ww ˛ hy‡n-KXambn \nco-£n-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]´nI D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Nµs\ \nco-£n-°¬, tcJ-s∏-Sp-
ج, cq]w hc-bv°¬/]´n-Ibpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse NnX-ßfpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv
Nµ-\n-co-£-W-Ønse Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]co-£Ww
kma-Kn-Iƒ ˛ ka-N-Xp -cm -Ir-Xn -bn -ep≈ Hcp
Im¿Uvt_m¿Uv s]´n, sS∂n-
kv_mƒ/sNdp -\m -c -ß, Nc-S v ,
tSm¿®v/IÆm-Sn.
]h¿Ø\Iaw ˛ kaNXp-c-s∏-´n-bpsS \mep
hiØpw 3 sk‚oao‰¿ hym-k-ap≈ 3 Zzm-c-߃
hoXw D≠m-°p-I.
$ s]´n-bpsS a[-y-`m-KØv hc-Ø-°-hn[w GI-
tZiw 3 sk‚oao‰¿ hep-∏-ap≈ ]¥v/sNdp-
\m-cß sI´n-Øq-°p-I.
$ s]´n-bpsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp Zzm-c-Øn-eqsS ]¥v/sNdp-\m-c-ß-bn-te°v tSm¿t®m
IÆm-Sntbm D]-tbm-Kn®v ]Imiw ]Xn-∏n-°p-I.
$ ]¥ns‚ FX- mKØp ]Imiw e`n-°p∂psh∂v a‰p≈ Hmtcm Zzm-c-Øn¬ IqSnbpw
\nco-£n-°pI.
$ ]¥n¬ ]Imiw ]Xn-°p∂ mKw GXv BIr-Xn-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Hmtcm
Xh-Wbpw t]∏-dn¬ hc-bv°p-I.
$ ]Imiw ]¥n¬ ]Xn-∏n-°p∂ Zzmcw am‰n \nco-£Ww Bh¿Øn-°p-I.
kqcy]Imiw hy-X-ykvX Zni-I-fn¬\n∂p Nµ-\n¬ ]Xn-°p-tºmƒ `qan-bn-ep≈
\ap°v Nµ≥ F]-Imcw Zri-y-am-Ip∂psh∂v CXn¬\n∂p a\-n-em°mw.
kaNXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ s]´n-°p-]-Icw, hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ hkvXp-°ƒ (_°‰v
apXem-b-h) D]-tbm-Kn®v ]co-£n®p t\m°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ie-≠¿
Ie-≠¿ ]cn-tim-[n®v ASp-Ø-SpØ c≠p shfpØhmhp-Iƒ°n-S-bnse Znh-k-߃
FÆnØn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Hcp Idp-Ø-hm-hn-\p-tijw ASpØ
shfp-Ø-hm-hp-hscbp≈ Znh-k-߃
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse tcJ-
s∏-Sp-ج. ]u¿Wan, Aam-
hmkn CS-th-f-I-fnse Znh-k-
ß-fpsS FÆw.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
160
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Nµs‚ Acn-In-te°v
Nµs‚ D]-cn-X-e-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
Nµs\ kw_-‘n®v ]mY-anI[mcW e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw A[n-I-hn-h-c-ti-J-cWØn\pw
th≠n-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
$ kqcy-]-Imiw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ Nµs‚ D]-cn-Xew IÆm-Sn-t]mse an\p-k-ap-
≈-XmtWm? A√ F-¶n¬ ImcWw?
$ Nµs‚ D]-cn-X-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Fs¥-¶nepw Adn-hp-Iƒ \ap°v e`n-®n-´pt≠m?
$ Nµ-\n¬ Cd-ßnb BZysØ hy‡n BcmWv?
$ Ntµm-]-cn-X-e-Ønse hkvXp-°ƒ \ap°v e`n-®n-´pt≠m?
$ C¥y-bpsS Nµ-]-cy-th£-WZuXyw GXp t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p?
$ Nµ-bm≥ 1 s‚ ]m[m\yw F¥mWv?
¢mkn¬ Hmtcm tNmZyhpw N¿®sNbvXv Bi-b-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Iznkv a’cw
]mT-`mKw hmbn-®- tijw Iznkv a’-c-
Øn-\p≈ tNmZy-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn
Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. A[n-I-hn-h-c-߃ tiJ-
cn-°mw. Kq∏p-I-fn¬ ]c-am-h[n tNmZy-
߃ Iq´n-t®¿Øv IrXy-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
XpS¿∂v Iznkv a’-c-am-Imw.
IrXna D]-K-l-߃
IrXna D]-K-l-߃, Ah-bpsS ]tbm-
P-\-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW
ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
So®¿ \bn-°p∂ s]mXp-N¿®.
N¿®m-kq-N-\Iƒ
$ IrXna D]-K-l-߃ D]-K-l-ßfn¬\n∂v Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?
$ IrXna D]-K-l-߃ _ln-cm-Im-iØv FØn-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?
$ C¥y- hn-t£-]n® ][m\ IrXna
D]-K-l-߃ GsX√mw?
Hmtcm kqN-Ihpw N¿®-sNbvX DØ-c-
߃ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Fgp-Xp-∂p. IrXna
D]-K-l-ßfpsS NnX-ßfpw t]cpw
tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
a\p-jys‚ BZysØ Nµ-bm-
Xsb°pdn-®p≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-
I-Ønse Ipdn-∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
C¥y-bpsS _ln-cm-ImiZuXy-ß-fpsS NnX-
ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp -Øn-bp≈
]Z¿i\w.
Iznkv a’-c-Ønse tNmZy-߃, DØ-c-߃,
Iznkv a’-c-Ønse ]¶m-fn-Øw,
tImUo-I-cn® Bi-b-߃.
IrXna D]-K-l-߃, ]tbm-
P-\-߃, _ln-cm-Im-i-bm-
XnI¿, bmXm-t]-S-I-߃,
tdm°-‰p -Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
NnX߃ ˛ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
161
am\-tØbv°v
h¿°vjo‰v
]Z-]iv\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°q...
he-tØm v
1. `qan-bpsS D]-Klw.
4. C¥y-bpsS BZysØ IrXna D]-Klw.
6. cmhpw ]Iepw D≠m-Im≥ ImcWw
Xmtgm´v
2. tIc-f-Ønse tdm°‰v hnt£-]WtIµw.
3. `qan-bpsS ASp-Øp≈ \£Xw.
5. kqcy\pw kqcys\ Np‰p∂ Kl-ß-fpw D]-K-l-ßfpw tN¿∂-Xv.
7. D]-K-l- hn-t£-]W hml\w.
8. `a-W-tØm-sSm∏w `qan kqcys\ hewh-bv°p-∂Xv.
9. Nµs\ Xosc ImWmØ Znhkw.
1 2
3
4
5 8 9
7
6
Xp
º
h¿°vjo‰v - 1
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\º¿
1. \nemhv Fßs\ D≠m-Ip∂p F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
2. Aam-hm-kn, ]u¿Wan F∂nh F¥psIms≠∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
3. Nµs‚ hr≤n hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
4. Nmµ-amkw hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥.
5. Klhpw D]-K-lhpw Fs¥∂v \n¿h-Nn-°m≥.
6. cmXnbpw ]Iepw D≠m-Ip-∂-sXß-s\sb∂v eLp-]-co-£W-ß-fn-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
7. ]cn-I-aWw Fs¥∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
8. Hcp h¿jw Fßs\ IW-°m°nbncn-°p-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-°m≥.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
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Pohtem-IsØ sshhn-[y-ß-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ uXn-I-tem-
IsØ IuXp-I-ß-fn-te-°pIqSn Ip´n-Isf sIm≠p-t]m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. \nco-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS, ]co-£-W-ßfn-eqsS, \n¿am-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS imkvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ hen-sbm-cp -tem-I-tØ°v Ip´n-Iƒ IS°p-I-bm-Wv. kzX-¥-ambn ]co-£-W-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm\pw \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-cm\pwklm-bI-amb coXn-bn-emWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Iao-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv. Jcw, Zmh-Iw, hmX-Iw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hkvXp-°-fpsS s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-Isf kw_-‘n®vIp´n-Iƒ°v [mcW e`n-°-Ww. \nco-£Ww, h¿Ko-I-cWw,A]-K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-ج, ]h-Nn-°¬, eLp-]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-S¬ F∂o ]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ°mWvDu∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Zhy-tem-IsØ sshhn[yw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS APohob temIsØAZv p-X-ß-fpsS BZy]mT-߃ Ip´n Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p-sh∂vDd-∏m-°p-a-t√m. Pe-Øn\v aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fp-s≠∂pw Ah-ÿm-am‰w ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS sXfn-bn--°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pwIp´n-Iƒ Adnb-Ww. H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw eLp-]-co-£-W-߃sNøm\pw hnhn[ \n¿am-W-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øm\pwHt´sd Ah-k-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Ah ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
I√mbv... Im‰m-bv...
7
BapJw
$ eLp]co-£-W-߃
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ eLp]co-£-W-߃
$ eLp]co-£-W-߃
$ eLp-]-co-£-W-߃
$ N¿®
$ hmbp-hnse Pe-_mjv]w
Is≠Øp-∂p.
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ XcwXncn-°¬
$ ]´nI A]-K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-
ج.
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
Zhy-߃
$ Zmh-I-Øn\v ÿnXnsNøm≥ ÿew Bh-iy-
ap≠v.
$ Zmh-I-Øn\v ÿnXnsNøp∂ ]mX-Øns‚
BIrXn-bm-Wv.
$ Hgp-Ip∂ sh≈-Øn\v i‡n-bp-≠v.
$ hnhn-[-Xcw Zmh-I-ß-fp-≠v.
$ Jc-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v \n›nX BIr-Xn-bp-≠v,
`mc-ap-≠v.
$ Jc-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v ÿnXn sNøm≥ ÿew Bh-
iy-am-Wv.
$ hmX-I-߃°v \n›nX BIr-Xn-bn√.
$ hmX-I-߃°v `mc-ap≠v.
$ hmX-I-߃°v ÿnXnsNøm≥ ÿew Bh-iy-
ap≠v.
$ Nen-°p∂ hmbp-hn\v i‡n-bp-≠v.
$ Pe-Øns‚ aq∂-h-ÿ-Iƒ.
$ Pe-Øns‚ Ahÿmam‰w.
$ Zhy-Øns‚ hnhn[ Ah-ÿ-Iƒ.
$ Jc-hkvXp°fpsS s]mXpkz`m-h-߃
]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
$ Zmh-I -ß-fpsS ]tXy -IXIƒ
Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ hmX-I-ß-fpsS ]tXy-IXIƒ Xncn-®-
dn™v ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.
$ PeØn\v aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fp-s≠∂p
Xncn-®-dn™v ]kvXm-hn°p∂p.
$ Pe-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-am-‰-߃ eLp-]-
co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS hniZo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Jcw, Zmh-Iw, hmXIw F∂o aq∂v
Ah-ÿ-Ifn -ep≈ hkvXp -°-fpsS
s]mXp-kz-`m-h-߃ eLp-]-co-£-W-ß-
fn-eqsS sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
$ Np‰p-ap≈ hkvXp-°-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-
h-߃ tImUo-I-cn®v ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
aqey-߃ / at\m`mh-߃
$ Np‰p-ap≈ AtN-X\hkvXp-°-fpsS kq£va-X-e-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v sshhn[yw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p.
163
I√
mbv... I
m‰m-bv...
164
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
bqWn-‰n-te°v
Aa-en-s‚bpw Iq´p-Im-cpsSbpw kw`m-jWw˛hkvXp-°ƒ°v ÿnXn-sN-øm≥ ÿew
Bh-iy-am-sW∂ Bi-b-Øn-eqsS hkvXp-°--fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ß-fn-te°v \bn-°p-
∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w e£y-an-Sp-
∂-Xv. kw`m-jWw hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-
°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-I. sh≈w Ihn-
s™m-gp-Im-\p≈ ImcWw Is≠-Øp-∂-
Xn-\p≈ ]co-£-W-Øn-te°p \bn-°-Ww.
]co-£Ww
So®¿ ]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
I∏v _°-‰nse sh≈-Øn-te°p XmgvØn-b-t∏mƒ sh≈w Ihn-s™m-gp-Im≥ F¥m-
bn-cn°pw Imc-Ww?
]co-£Ww˛cq]-I-ev]\
Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
Fs¥ms° kma-Kn-Iƒ thWw?
Fßs\ ]co-£Ww sNøWw?
So®¿ ta¬∏d™ Hmtcm tNmZy-hpw Ia-ambn D∂-bn®v ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ tcJ-s∏-
SpØn ]co-£-W-Øns‚ cq]-I-ev]\ (design) Xbm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p.
$ ]co-£-W-Øns‚ Xe-s°´v
$ e£yw
$ kma-Kn-Iƒ
$ ]h¿Ø\Iaw
kwL-ambn Xncn-°p∂p (5 AwK-߃). Hmtcm kwLhpw ]co-£-W-Øns‚ cq]-
Iev]\ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p, Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p, So®¿ CS-s] v cq]-I-ev]\ IrXy-am-°p∂p.
]co-£Ww˛\n¿h-lWw
_°-‰v, sh≈w, I∏v, Ccp-ºpIjWw, CjvSn-I, I√v F∂o kma-Kn-Iƒ s]mXp-hmbn
Iao-I-cn-®n´v Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw ]co-£Ww \n¿hln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬In-
bm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw. Hmtcm Kq∏pw Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\nK-a-\-߃ So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Hmtcm hkvXp-hn\pw ÿnXnsNøm≥ ÿew Bh-iy-am-Wv.
$ IqSp-X¬ hep-∏-ap≈ hkvXp-°ƒ°v ÿnXnsNøm≥ IqSp-X¬ ÿew Bh-iy-
amWv.
Hmtcm kwL-Øn\pw ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZiw \¬I-Ww. Kq∏p-I-fpsS
Ah-X-c-Ww, sa®-s∏-Sp-ج. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v FgpXn F∂v Dd-∏m-
°-Ww.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
hym]vXw F∂ Bibhpw Zhyw
F∂ ]Zhpw ChnsS ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠-
Xn-√.
165
I√mbv... Im‰m-bv...
]co-£Ww ˛ hne-bn-cp-جkqN-I-߃
$ cq]-I-ev]-\-bnse anI-hv.
$ Bh-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-
∂-Xn\pw Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ anIhv.
$ ]In-b-bnse ]¶m-fnØw (\nco-£Ww, ZØ-߃ tiJ-cn-°¬, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج,
hni-I-e-\w).
$ ]co-£-W-°p-dn-∏ns‚ anI-hv.
BIrXn D≈-hbpw C√m-Ø-hbpw
]mT- m-KsØ ]co-£Ww hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøp-∂p (BZy ]co-£Ww sNbvX ]Inb
]men-°p-I). XpS¿∂v s]mXp N¿®.
$ Ip∏n-bn-ep≈ sh≈-Øns‚ BIrXn F¥mWv?
$ I∏nse sh≈-Øns‚ BIr-Xntbm?
$ sh≈-Øns‚ BIr-Xn-bn¬ F¥p am‰-amWv D≠m-bXv?
$ F¥mWv CXns‚ ImcWw?
$
Hmtcm Kq∏pw ]co-£Ww \n¿h-ln®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]co-£W°pdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
CtX ]co-£Ww I√v, ac-°´ XpS-ßnb JchkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Bh¿Øn®v
sNøp-∂p. Nne hni-I-e\t®mZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ Ip∏n-bn-te°v sh≈w Hgn-°m≥ Ign-bp-at√m. F∂m¬ It√m?
$ Ip∏n-bpsS hmbv-h-´-tØ-°mƒ hen-b-I√v Ip∏n-bn-te°v CSm≥ Ign-bptam? F¥p-
sIm≠v?
$ I√v hnhn[ BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]mX-Øn¬ h®-t∏mgpw BIr-Xn-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw
am‰w kw`-hnt®m?
Hmtcm tNmZyhpw Hs∂m-∂mbn FSpØv So®¿ N¿® tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
sh≈-Øn\v \n›n-X-amb BIr-Xn-
bn√. AXv Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]mX-
Øns‚ BIrXn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
I√n\v BIr-Xnbpw hep∏hpap≠v.
`mc-w Af°mw
]mT`mKsØ ]co-£Ww hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNbvXp-t\m-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v s]mXp-N¿®-
bn-eqsS F√m hkvXp-°ƒ°pw `mc-ap≠v F∂ \nK-a\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf FØn-°p-
at√m.
]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v ˛ ]cn-k-c-
]p-kvX-I-Ønse tcJ-
s ∏ - S p - Ø - e p - I ƒ ,
N¿®m°p-dn∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]co-£-W-Øns‚ cq]-I-ev]\
Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw
\nK-a-\-ßfpw
]co-£-W-°p-dn∏vhne-bn-cp-ج C\w
166
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
i‡n-am≥
Hgp-Ip∂ Pe-Øn\v i‡nbp≠v F∂v
sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv
Cu ]h¿Ø\w. PesshZyp-X-\n-e-b-ß-
fpsS NnX-߃ ImWn-®p-sIm≠v Pe-
Øn¬\n∂v sshZypXn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v N¿® sNøp-∂p.
(]T\-bm-X-bpsS mK-ambn Pe-ssh-ZypX
\ne-b-Øn-te-°p≈ kµ¿i\w \S-Øm-
a-t√m). XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]co-
£Ww sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp PeNIw
\n¿an-°mw.
]co-£Ww \n¿h-ln®v ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v
Xøm-dm-°-Ww. Hgp-Ip∂ Pe-Øn\v i‡n-
bp≠v F∂p \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww.
\ndw sImSp°mw
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-
K-X-ambn sNø-s´. kwL-Øn¬ ssIamdn
sa®-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°s´. XpS¿∂v
s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS Pehpw Pe-Øns‚
Iq´p-Imcpw Zmh-I-ß-fm-sW∂ \nK-a-\-
Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf FØn-°p-a-t√m. XpS¿∂v a‰p Zmh-I-߃ ]´n-I-s∏Sp-Øp∂p tImUo-
I-cn-°p-∂p. Zmh-I-ß-fpsS s]mXp-kz- m-h-߃ N¿®-bn-eqsS tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ip´n-
I-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnsb∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw.
amdp∂ Ahÿ
Pe-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-am-‰-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w.
]mT- m-KsØ ]co-£Ww hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNø-s´. Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ipdn-°-s´. kwL-
Øn¬ ssIamdn sa®-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. XpS¿∂v s]mXpN¿®.
$ ]mX-Øns‚ ASn-h-iØv sh≈-Øp-≈n-Iƒ ImWp-∂n-t√?
$ FhnsS\n∂mWv sh≈-Øp-≈n-Iƒ h∂Xv?
$
$
]mT-`m-KsØ NnXw \nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-kcw
\¬Ip-∂p. N¿®-bn-eqsS Pew Jcw, Zmh-Iw,
hmXIw F∂o aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ ImW-
s∏Sp∂p F∂ \nK-a -\ -Øn¬ Ip´n -Iƒ
FØWw.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥hrØm-Ir-Xnbn¬ apdn-s®-SpØ d∫¿
sNcp∏ns‚ `mKw, Ifn-∏m-´-ß-fpsS
NIw, πmÃnIv ]mXw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
GsX-¶nepw H∂ns‚ hi-ß-fn¬ Xpey
AI-e-Øn¬ πmÃnIv kv]qWp-Iƒ
Dd∏n®v PeNIw \n¿an°mw. a‰p coXn-
Ifpw Is≠-Øp-a-t√m.
Pe-N-Iw, ]co-£-W-°p-
dn∏v, cq]o-I-cn® \nK-a-\-
߃, Ipdn-∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p -kvX-I-Ønse
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Zmh-
I-ß-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-߃,
s]mXpkz`m-h-߃.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
sh≈w (Ip´n-°-hn-X)
sh≈w Rms\mcp Zmh-I-amtW
\nßsS Zmlw Xo¿°pw Rm≥
XWpØp Rm\-ssß-kmIpw
sFkm-sW-∂psS Jccq]w
NqtS-‰m¬ Rm≥ \ocmhn
\ocm-hn-sb≥ hmXIcq]w
167
I√mbv... Im‰m-bv...
So®¿ Adn-bm≥\ocmhn XWpØv Pe-ambn amdp∂
kµ¿`-߃
$ Blmcw ]mIw-sN-øp-tºmƒ AS-®p-
h® ]mX-Øn¬ \ocmhn X´n Pe-
Øp≈n-bmbn amdp-∂p.
$ sFkv h® •mkn-\p- ]p-dØv sh≈-
Øp-≈n-Iƒ D≠m-Ip∂p.
Pe-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-am-‰-߃,
Imc-W-߃, sh≈-Øp-≈n-
bpsS Ahÿmam‰-߃.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]co-£-W-°p-dn-∏v, \nK-a-\-߃
Ipdn∏v.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥sFkvIjW-߃ tπ‰ns\ XWp-∏n-
°p-∂p. `c-Wn-bnse \ocmhn tπ‰n\-Sn-
bn¬ X´n XWpØ Pe-I-W-ß-fmbn
Xmtg°v ]Xn-°p-∂p. `utam-]-cn-X-e-
Øn¬ \n∂pb-cp∂ \ocmhn A¥-co-£-
-Ønse XWpØ hmbp-]-X-e-Øn¬
X´n L\o-`-hn®v ag-bmbn `qan-bn-te°p
]Xn-°p-∂p.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂
sh≈-Øp-≈n-bpsS Ah-ÿm-am-‰-߃
¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn N¿®sNø-Ww.
Pe-Øns‚ Ah-ÿmam‰w, AXns‚
ImcWw F∂nh Sn._nbnse NnXo-I-c-
W-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS N¿®-sN-ø-
Ww. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ kqcy-]-Im-i-Øns‚
klm-b-Øm¬ sh≈w → NqSm-Ip∂p →\ocmhn → XWp-°p∂p → taL-ß-fm-Ip∂p → XWp-°p∂p → ag-bm-Ip-∂p F∂
coXn-bn¬ So®¿ tImUo-I-cn°-Ww.
hmbp-hnepw Pew
hmbp-hnse Pe-_mjv]w XWpØv Pe-
am-Ip∂p F∂ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-
Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-®n-´p-≈Xpt]mse ]co-£Ww sNbvXpt\m°m≥ Ah-kcw Hcp-°-
Ww. •mkn\p ]pdØv sh≈-Øp-≈n-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv D≠m-bXv F∂v tImUo-I-
cn-°Ww.
ag-s]-øn°mw
XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Imw.
Bh-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ:
$ •mkv`-cWn $ sFkvIjW-߃
$ Xnf-®-sh≈w $ ]c-∂- ]mXw
sNtø≠ hn[w:
•mkv`c-Wn-bn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Xnf® sh≈w Hgn°p-I. `c-Wn-
bpsS hmbv`mKw Hcp tπ‰v sIm≠v aqSp-I. C\n sFkvIjW߃
tπ‰n\v apI-fn¬ hbv°p-I. Ct∏mƒ tπ‰n-\-Sn-bn¬ F¥mWv ImWp-
∂Xv? \nco-£n-°q.
\nco-£-W^ew
tπ‰n\v ASn-bn¬ sNdnb Pe-I-W-߃
]‰n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. Cu Pe-I-W-
߃ kmh-[m\w NqSp-sh-≈-Øn-te°v
hogp-tºmƒ `c-Wn-°p-≈n¬ ag-s]-øp-∂-
Xmbn tXm∂pw.
168
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]®-sh≈w NqSpsh≈w Ad-°-s∏mSn
So®¿ Adn-bm≥sFkv-I-´-bpsS ta¬ \q¬ h®v AXn-\p-ta¬ D∏v hnX-
dp-I. A¬∏-k-abw Ign-™m¬ sFkvI´ \qep--]-tbm-
Kn®v Db¿Øn FSp-°m≥ km[n-°pw. D∏n-´-t∏mƒ
sFkns‚ Zh-Wm¶w (Dcp-I¬ \ne) Xmgv∂v sFkv
Dcp-Ip-∂p. ]n∂oSv ho≠pw Dd-bp∂p. AXn-\n-Sbn¬
\q¬ sFkvI´-bv°p-≈n¬ IpSpßpw.
I√ns‚ Iq´p-Im¿
Jchpw Zmh-Ihpw XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu
]h¿Ø\w. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p. kwL-
Øn¬ ssIamdn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kwL-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw So®¿
t_m¿Un¬ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tImUo-I-cn® hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-
I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-
h-cp-Ø-Ww.
hmbp-hns‚ hnti-j-߃
hmbp-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]Xn- -en-
°p∂ \n¿amW]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wn-h.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse \n¿tZ-i-߃°-\p-k-cn®v \n¿amW]h¿Ø\߃ Ip´n-Iƒ
kzbw sNø-s´. _eq¨t_m´v, _eq¨, tdm°‰v F∂nh-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-
Jcw, ZmhIw ˛
kmayhyXymk ]´nI
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
FÆ-bn-en´ sFkv
(XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Imw)
Hcp ]mX-Øn¬ Ipd®v shfn-s®-Æ, \nd-ap≈ asÆÆ F∂nh FSp-°pI. AXn-
te°v Hcp sFkv I´ CSp-I. \nco-£n-°p-I.
sFkv DcpIm≥
F√m ]mX-ß-fn-te°pw Hmtcm sFkvI´ Htc kabw CSp-I. \nco-£n-°p-I. GXv
]mX-Ønse sFkmWv BZyw Dcp-In-Øo-cp-∂Xv? Is≠-Øq.
sFkv amPnIv
Hcp ]mX-Øn¬ Ipd®v sh≈-sa-SpØv AXn-te°v Hcp sFkv I´ CSp-I. Cu ]mX-
Øn\v kao]w \q¬, Ce-IvSnIv hb¿, I√v, D∏v, ªo®nMv ]uU¿ F∂n-ßs\ ]e
hkvXp-°ƒ hbv°p-I. ssIsIm≠v sFkvI´-bn¬ sXmSmsX sFkvI´ Db¿Øn-
sb-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°ptam? Is≠-Øm≥ Ah-kcw \¬IpI.
169
I√mbv... Im‰m-bv...
Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb hgn-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ
X\nsb Is≠-Ø-s´. ICT km[y-X-Iƒ
Cu L´-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
tijw s]mXpN¿®-bn -eqsS ]mT-
`mKØv \¬In-bn-´p≈ tNmZy-ß-fpsS
DØc߃ Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-
Øn¬ Ipdn-°s´.
]e BIrXn
hmbp-hn\v \n›nX BIr-Xn-bn√ F∂v Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu
]h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]co£Ww hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøp-∂p. ]co-£-
W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v hni-I-e-\-t®m-Zy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\ kw -hn-°p-
∂Xv?
$ ]e BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ _eq-Wp-I-fn¬
hmbp \nd-®-t∏mƒ Fs¥ms° am‰-
ß-fmWv I≠Xv?
$ hmbp-hn\v \n›nX BIr-Xn-bpt≠m?
Hmtcm tNmZyhpw Hs∂m-∂mbn FSpØv N¿®sNø-Ww.
Ip´n-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´. hmbp-hn\v \n›nX
BIr-Xn-bn√ F∂ \nK-a\w tImUo-I-cn®p \¬I-Ww.
Nne _eq¨ Ifn-Iƒ
(XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Imw).
$ _eq¨ DuXnho¿∏n-®-tijw AXn¬ Hcp sam´p-
kqNn Xd-bv°pI.
$ ho¿∏n® _eq-Wn¬ sktemtS∏v H´n®v AXn-
te°v sam´p-kqNn Cd-°n-h-bv°pI.
$
$
Hfn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmcv?
BZy]co-£-W-Øn¬ ]co-£Ww cq]-
I¬∏\ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v
Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-`hw
e`n-®p-h-t√m. ]co-£Ww \SØn ]co-£-
W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xn\v Ip´n-Isf IqSp-X¬ im‡o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv en\-bpsS
So®¿ Adn-bm≥$_eq¨ t_m´ns‚ sh≈-Øn¬ apßn-bn-
cn-°p∂ kvtSmbpsS A‰w \qep-sIm≠v
sI´n hmbp- ]pd-tØ°p t]mIp-∂Xns‚
thKw Ipd-®m¬ t_m´v IqSp-X¬ Zqcw
k©-cn-°pw. henb _eq¨ D]-tbm-Kn-
®mepw t_m´v IqSp-X¬ Zqcw k©-cn-°pw.
$ \ofw IqSnb kvtSm, \ofw Ipd™
kvtSm, \ofw IqSnb _eq¨ F∂nh D]-
tbm-Kn®v _eq¨ tdm°-‰v \n¿an-°m≥
\n¿tZin-°mw.
]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ ˛ hmbp-hn\v \n›nX
BIr-Xn-bn-√.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v,
\nK-a-\-߃
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
170
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]co-£Ww hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNbvXv Sn._nbn¬
\¬In-bn-´p≈ ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v ]q¿Ønbm-°-s´. N¿®-bn-eqsS hmbp-hn\v ÿnXn-
sN-øm≥ ÿew Bh-iy-amWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf FØn-°m≥ i≤n-°pat√m.
aW-sa-Øp-tºmƒ
ap√-∏q-hn-s‚bpw sk‚n-s‚bpw aWw Adn-
bp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂ N¿® \bn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p-th≠n ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-®-
Xp-t]mse •mkn-te°v Nµ-\-Øn-cn-bpsS
]pI tiJ-cn-°-Ww. ]pI-bn¬\n∂v Nµ-\-
Øn-cn-bpsS kpK‘w A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. hmbphns‚ hym]\kz`mhw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
]h¿Ø\-am-WnXv. kwL-ambn Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNøm-hp-∂-XmWv. hmbp hym]n-
°p-∂p-sh∂ \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn®p F∂v Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
F\n°pw `mc-apt≠
hmbphn\pw `mc-ap≠v F∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. ]h¿Ø-\-
߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøs´. Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.
s]mXp-N¿®-bn-eqsS hmbp-hn\v `mc-ap≠v F∂ tImUo-I-cWw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
(Ipdn∏v: Fb¿t_mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ Cu ]co-£Ww IqSp-X¬ anI-®-Xm-°mw).
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
hmbp-hns‚ hym]-\-kz-`mhw sIm≠mWv K‘-a-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv, hmbp-hn\v `mc-
ap≠v F∂o \nK-a-\-߃, ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn∏v.
Im‰ns‚ i‡n
Im‰ns‚ i‡n t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Hme, ISemkv F∂nh
D]-tbm-Kn®v Im‰mSn \n¿an-®-Xn-\p-tijw hmbp-hn¬ Id-°n--t\m-°p-I. XpS¿∂v N¿®.
$ Im‰mSn Id-ßp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?
$
Im‰ns‚ i‡n-sIm-≠mWv Im‰mSn Id-ßp-∂-Xv F∂v tImUo-Icn°Ww. XpS¿∂v
Im‰ns‚ i‡nsb \mw Fß-s\-sbms° ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂v Ip´n-Isf
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-at√m. CXn-\mbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ Im‰mSn∏mSw,
]mbv°-∏¬ F∂n-h-bpsS NnX-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏SpØn Im‰ns‚ i‡n-sb-°p-
dn®v N¿®sNø-Ww.
Im‰m-Sn-∏mSw, ICT km[yX-Iƒ F∂nh ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hmbp,
\ocmhn apX-em-bh hmX-I-ß-fmsW∂ Bibw tImUo-I-cn®v \¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v
hmX-I-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ N¿®sNøWw. hmX-I-Øn\v BIr-Xn-bn-√. hym]n-
°m≥ Ign-bpw, ÿnXnsNøm≥ ÿew Bh-iy-am-Wv, hmX-I-Øn\v i‡n-bp≠v F∂o
Bi-b-߃ tImUo-I-cn®p \¬I-Ww.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥hmbp-hns‚ X∑m-X-Iƒ Nen-°p∂p.
Nµ-\-Øn-cn-bpsS aWw Xcp∂ X∑m-
X-Ifpw Nen-°p-∂p. Ch ]c-kv]cw
hym]n®v AI-se-bp≈ Bfns‚ aq°n-
se-Øp-tºm-gmWv K‘w Adn-bp-∂Xv.
171
I√mbv... Im‰m-bv...
kndn-©v tXm°v
Bh-iy-ap≈ km[-\-߃
10 ml, 3 ml F∂o Af-hp-I-fp≈ c≠v
kndn-©v, ssk°n-fns‚ hm¬hv ‰yq_v.
\n¿an-°p∂ hn[w
sNdnb kndn -©ns‚ ]nè
DucnsbSpØv hmjtdmSv tN¿∂p≈
`mKw apdns®-Sp-°pI (_p≈-‰m-°m≥).
hm¬hv ‰yq_v sIm≠v c≠p kndn-©n-
s‚bpw kqNn LSn-∏n-°p∂ mK-߃
XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-I. henb kndn-
©ns‚ ]nkv-‰¨ ]nd-tIm´v hen®v
"_p≈‰v' sNdnb kndn-©n¬ Ib‰n
hbv°p-I. C\n henb kndn-©ns‚
]nè Aa¿Ønt\m°q.
]mbv°-∏¬
_e-ap≈ IS-em-kp-I-∏-en¬ sNdnb
Cu¿°n¬ LSn-∏n®v Hcp IS-emkv,
]mb-t]mse I∏-ens‚ \Sp-hn¬
IpØn-h-bv°p-I. Cu ]mbv-°-∏¬ sh≈-
Øn¬ h®v t\m°q Im‰v Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬
kvtSmsIm≠v DuXn-bmepw aXn.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ hmX-I-Øns‚
s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm°mw
Jcw, Zmh-Iw, hmXIw F∂n-h-bpsS s]mXpkz`m-h-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv
Cu ]h¿Ø\w. ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p∂p. kwL-Øn¬ ssIamdn sa®-
s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°s´. So®¿th¿js‚ klm-b-tØmsS tImUo-I-cWw \SØn
hkvXp-°-fpsS s]mXpkz`m-h-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°-s´.
172
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
s]mXp-kz- m-h-߃
hkvXp-°ƒ `mc-w BIr-Xn- ÿnXn-sN-øm≥ Ahÿ
ÿew
shfn-s®Æ ü x ü ZmhIw
tai ü ü ü Jcw
hmbp ü x ü hmXIw
\ocmhn ü x ü hmXIw
]m¬ ü x ü ZmhIw
sFkv ü ü ü Jcw
]c-am-h[n hkvXp-°-fpsS t]sc-gpXn ]´nI hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
]q¿Øn-bm-°nb ]´nI
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
d -d≥kv
1. ho´n¬ Hcp et_m-d-´dn ˛ ]n. Sn. tXmakv, ssIcfn Nn¬U≥kv _p°v SÃv
2. imkvX-I-fn-Iƒ ˛ s]m^. Fkv. inh-Zmkv, ssIcfn Nn¬U≥kv _p°v SÃv
3. imkvX-]-T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛s]m^. Fkv. inh-Zmkv
4. kºq¿W imkvX]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ A\nXm s_∂‰v
5. kb≥kv BIvSn-hn-‰n-Iƒ ˛ s]m^.Fkv. inh-Zmkv
6. hmbphnti-j-߃ ˛ s]m^.Fkv. inh-Zmkv
7. sNømw ckn°mw ˛ s]m^.Fkv. inh-Zmkv
8. Ip™p Ifn-∏m-´-߃˛ Ac-hnµv Kp]vX, \mj-W¬ _p°v SÃv
173
I√mbv... Im‰m-bv...
t_m´n-ep-I-fn¬ D≈ hkvXp-°ƒ i≤n-°q....
asÆÆ s]tSmƒ sk‚ v ]p¬ssØew
t_m´n¬ Hmtcm-∂mbn Xpd-°p-I. A¬∏w Zqsc \n∂p Xs∂ AXn-ep≈ hkvXp
F¥m-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-I.
$ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw Ip´n-Iƒ hkvXp-°sf Xncn-®-dn™Xv?
$ Cu hkvXp-°ƒ GXv Ah-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-XmWv? Ch-bpsS GXv kz`m-h-amWv
Chsb Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-®Xv? ChnsS F¥v Ah-ÿm-am-‰-
amWv kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv?
$ hmbp-hns‚ GsX-¶nepw kz`mhw hkvXp-°sf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-b-I-am-
bn-´p-≠m-Iptam? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
$ aWw Xncn-®-dn™v
$ Zmh-Im-hÿ
$ ZmhIw hmX-Im-h-ÿ-bnte°p amdp-∂p.
$ hmbp-hns‚ hym]\kz`mhw
h¿°vjo‰v - 1
174
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
h¿°vjo‰v - 2
NnX-߃ \nco-£n-°q...
GXp NnX-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse ^W¬ Ccn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw ZmhIw thK-
Øn¬ hogp-hm≥ \√Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\º¿
1. eLp]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS Jc-h-kvXp-°-fpsS s]mXp khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
2. eLp]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Zmh-I-߃°v ]tXyI BIr-Xn-bn√ F∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
3. eLp-]-co-£-W-Øn-eqsS A¥-co£hmbp-hn¬ Pe-_m-jv]-ap-s≠∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥.
4. hmbp-hn\v `mc-ap-s≠∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥.
5. hmbp-hn\v ÿnXnsNøm≥ ÿew Bh-iy-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥
6. eLp]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS hmX-I-ß-fpsS hym]-\-kz-`mhwsXfn-bn-°m≥.
7. eLp]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS Pew aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂p F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
8. Hgp-Ip∂ sh≈w, Nen-°p-∂- hm-bp F∂n-hbv°v _ew]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂v eLp-]-co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsShniZo-I-cn-°m≥.
9. ]Zm¿Yß-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
DØ-c-kq-NnI
ImcWw hmbp-hn\v ÿnXn-sN-
øm≥ ÿew Bh-iy-am-Wv. hmbp
]pd-tØ°v t]mbm¬ amXta
AhnsS ZmhIw \nd-bp-I-bp-≈q.
B[p\n-I -tem-IØv `q]-S-]-T\w Hgn®pIqSm-\m-hmØH∂mWv. q]S]T-\-Øn-te°v hgn-Xp-d-°-emWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn-eqsS e£-y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. aq∂mw ¢mkn¬ Ip´n tIcf`q]Sw ]cn-N-b-s∏- n- p≠v Cu bqWn-‰n¬ q]-S-hmb-\bv°vA\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb kqNnI, Nn”-߃, Znim-Nn-”wF∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. `q]-S-߃ icn-bmbn hmbn-°m≥ Ip´n Ignhp t\S-Ww. AXp-t]mse `q]SNnXo-I-c-W-Øns‚ BZ-y-]-Sn-bmbn efn-X-amb `qtc-J-Iƒ ˛ ¢mkv,kvIqƒ, hoSv F∂n-h-bpsS cq]-tcJ hcbv°m\p≈ tijnbpwB¿Pn -°-Ww. Np‰p -]m -Sp -Iƒ \nco -£n®v Ip´n°vÿm\sØ°p-dn®v [mcW D≠m-°m≥ Ign-bWw.AXn\v hi-߃ (CSXv, he-Xv, ap≥, ]n≥, apIƒ, Xmsg),Zn°p-Iƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®v [mcW t\SWw.hnkvXrX-amb Hcp ]tZ-isØ sNdn-sbmcp IS-em-kn¬NnXo -I -cn -°m≥ Ign -bp -sa -∂-Xn¬ hnkvabwsIm≈p∂hcmbn Ah¿ amd-Ww. AXn-\p≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-°p-Ibpw thWw.
Ifn-Ifpw a’-c-ß-fpw sNdnb ]T\bmX-Ifpw, \n¿amW]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw At\-z-j-W-ßfpw Dƒs∏SpØn hfscXm¬∏-c-y-]q¿hw Cu bqWn-‰nse ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ip´nsb klm-bn-°pa-t√m.
BapJw
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hmbn°mw hcbv°mw
8
176 ]cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
`q-]Shmb\ ˛
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬
kqNnI ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
$ s]mXp-hmb Nn”-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.
$ `q]-S-Øns‚ cq]-tc-J-bn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°¬.
$ Znim-Nn-”sØ°p-dn®v [mcW t\S¬.
$ ¢mkvdqans‚ tcJm-NnXw hc-bv°¬.
$ hi-߃, Zn°p-Iƒ [mc-W-t\-S¬.
hS°pt\m°n-b¥w ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
$ hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkvdqw
tcJm-Nn-XsØ IrXy-X-s∏-Sp-ج.
$ `q]-S-hm-b\
A]-K-Yn®v DØcw Is≠-ج.
kz¥w kvIqfns‚ tcJm -NnXw
hcbv°¬.
$ `q]-S-hm-b\
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ hn`-h-߃ NnXo-I-cn-°¬
$ kz¥w Pn√bpsS tcJm-Nn-X-Øn¬ hn`-h-
߃ NnXo-I-cn-°¬.
$ kqNnI ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn tIcfØns‚
`q]Sw hmbn-°p-∂p.
$ `q]-S-Øn¬ Zn°p-Iƒ IrXy-ambn AS-bm-f-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ kz¥w ¢mkvapdn-bp-sS-bpw hnZym-e-b-Øn-
s‚bpw cq]-tcJ Zni-]m-en®v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v Zn°p-Iƒ
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ `q]-S-ßfn¬ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v ][m-\-
hn-`-h-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw kz¥w Pn√-bp-sSbpw `q]-S-
Øn¬ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hn -h-߃ AS-
bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]©-mbØv `q]Sw hmbn®v ]©m-b-Ønse
hn`-h-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
$ Pn√m q]-S-Øn¬ hn -h-߃ NnXo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ tIcf`q]Sw
$ kqNnI ( Index)
$ ¢mkvdqw ˛ tcJm-NnXw
$ Zn°p-I-fpsS IrXyX
$ kvIqƒ tImºu≠v ˛
tcJm-NnXw
$ ]©m-bØv `q]Sw
$ Pn√m `q]Sw
aqey-߃, at\m`mh-߃$ Xs‚ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p.
$ hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp ]tZ-isØ sNdn-sbmcp Im≥hmkn (IS-em-kv) te°v HXp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xn¬ hnkvabw sIm≈p-∂p.
Bi-b-߃ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
177
hmbn°mw hcbv°mw
Zni t\m°mw, NmSn-Øn-cnbmw
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Zni t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ck-I-c-amb Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-am-bn-´mWv Cu
Ifn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. So®¿ Xd-bn¬ ct≠m aqt∂m hc-Iƒ hc-bv°p-∂p. ]c-
kv]cw sXmSmsX Ip´n-Iƒ Cu hc-bn¬ \n¬°m≥ \n¿tZin-°p-∂p. C\n So®¿ Hcp
Zni-bpsS (hS-°v) t]cv ]d-bp-∂p. At∏mƒ hc-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Hcp sÃ∏v
h®v B Zni-bn-te°v Xncn-b-Ww. Cßs\ Zni-Iƒ amdnamdn So®¿ ]d-b-Ww. AX-\p-
k-cn®v Ip´n-Iƒ AXXv Zni-bn-te°p NmSn-Øn-cn-b-Ww. Zni sX‰n®v NmSp-∂-h¿
Ifn°p ]pd-Øv.
BapJ ]h¿Ø\w
`q]-S-hm-b-\-bpsS ]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
bqWn-‰nse BapJNnXw Ip´n-Iƒ \nco-£n-°s´. XpS¿∂v Hcp eLpN¿®.
N¿®mkqN-\Iƒ
$ `q]-S-Øn¬\n∂v k©m-cn°v Fs¥√mw Imc-y-߃ Adn-bm≥ Ignbpw?
$ F¥n\m-bn-cn°pw k©mcn Cu `q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv?
-˛ Zni Adn-bp∂-Xn\v.
˛ hgn Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
˛ Zqcw Adn-bp∂-Xn\v.
˛ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-µ-߃ Is≠-ج.
˛ X\n°v t]mtI≠ ÿe-tØ°v ChnsS\n∂v Ftßm´mWv
t]mtI-≠Xv F∂p Is≠-Øm≥.
So®¿ `q]-S-hm-b-\-bpsS ]m[m-\yw tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
`q]Sw hmbn°mw
kqNnI ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn tIc-f-Øns‚
`q]Sw hmbn®v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-
Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
tIc-f`q-]-SsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Cu tNmZ-y-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.
$ \nß-fpsS kz¥w Pn√ GXv?
$ tIc-f -Øn¬ FX Xpd-ap -J-߃ D≠v?
GsXms°?
$ sdbn¬∏m-X-Iƒ C√mØ Pn√-Iƒ GsX√mw?
$ Xoc-tZ-i-ap≈ Pn√-Iƒ GsX√mw?
`q]-S-Øn¬\n∂p IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ hmbn®v tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-
°pI.
bqWn-‰n-te°v
`q]-S-hm-b-\-bpSsS Bh-
iy-I-X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb
Ipdn-∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-
߃, tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ Ipdn∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
178
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kqNnI
`q]-SØns‚ ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bmWv kqNn-I. kqNn-I-Iƒ hmbn-°m\pw
hc-bv°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bWw.
tIc-f-Ønse Nne Pn√-I-fn¬ hnam-\-Øm-h-f-߃ D≠v F∂v Fß-s\-bm-Wv \n߃
Is≠-Øn-bXv? F∂ tNmZy-tØmsS Hcp N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw. F√m Ip´n-IfpsSbpw
]¶m-fnØw Dd∏m-°m≥ ]‰nb tNmZy--߃ So®¿ \¬I-Ww.
s]mXp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn® Nn”-ß-fpw hc-I-fpw \nd-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v `q]-S-Øn¬
tdmUp-Iƒ, sdbn¬∏mX-Iƒ, ]pg-Iƒ, hnam-\-Øm-h-f-߃, AXn-cp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. CXn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw
`q]-S-Øn-sem-cn-SØv ]´n-I-bmbn sImSp-°m-dp-≠v. CXmWv kqNnI F∂ [mcW
cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. F¶n¬ ]mT-`mKØp \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ -Nn-”-߃ Hmtcm∂pw
F¥ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p F∂p Is≠Øn tIc-f-Øns‚ q]-S-Øn¬ icn-bmb ÿm\-
ß-fn¬ hc®ptN¿°q. Ip´n-Iƒ hy-‡n-K-X-ambn s]≥kn¬ sIm≠v hc®ptN¿°p-
∂p. So®¿ Bh-i-y-sa-¶n¬ klm-bItNmZ-y-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ tIc-f-Øn¬ GsX√mw Pn√-I-fn¬ (ÿe-ß-fn¬) hnt\m-Z-k-©mctIµ-ß-fp≠v?
Kq∏n¬ hne-bn-cpØn s]≥kn¬ sIm≠p-Xs∂ am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-∂p.
Kq∏v Ah-X-c-Ww. sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
$ Bh-i-y-sa-¶n¬ So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Nn”-߃ F∂ ]mT-`m-K-sØ ]´nI
IqSp-X¬ Nn”-ß-fpw kqN-\-Ifpw
tN¿Øp hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ ]h¿Ø\w
\¬I-Ww.
¢mkvapdn hcbv°mw
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS kz¥w ¢mkvapdn-bpsS cq]-tcJ Zni-]m-en®v Xbm-dm-°m≥
Hmtcm Ip´n-°pw Igntb-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Ønse \n¿tZ-i-߃ A\p-k-cn®v
hc-bv°-s´. a‰p-≈-h¿ \nco-£n-°-s´.
Ip´n-Iƒ°v So®¿ Cu \n¿tZ-i-߃
\¬IWw.
$ Hcp ÿesØ NnXo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Zn°p-Iƒ ]men-®p-thWw hc-bv°m≥.
$ Znim-Nn”w Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
XpS¿∂v \mev Ip´n-Ifpw hc® NnX-߃ s]mXp-hmbn ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Zni ]men®v hc-bvt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX F¥mWv?
$ Hcp ¢mkns‚/ÿe-Øns‚ tcJm-NnXw Bcp -h-c-®mepw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-tI-≠-
Xnt√? AXn-\mbn Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃ i≤n-°Ww?
kqNnI D]-tbm-Kn®v tIc-
f-Øns‚ `q]-S-Øn¬ AS-
bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ hnh-
c-߃.
kqNnI Iq´n-t®¿Øv Xbm-
dm-°nb ]´n-I.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥hy-X-ykvX coXn-I-fn¬ Znim Nn”-߃
hc-bv°m-w.
CXn\v hy-X-ykvX q]-S-߃, A‰vekp-
Iƒ, sF.kn.Sn. F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Ømw.
179
hmbn°mw hcbv°mw
XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ F√m-hcpw ¢mkvapdn NnXo-I-cn-°-s´. Ct∏mƒ tcJm-Nn-X-߃
Hcpt]mse-bm-bXv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv? So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ Zni ]men®v hc-bv°-Ww.
$ t]∏-dn\v apIƒ`mKØv hS°pZn°v hcp∂ coXn-bn-emWv tcJm-NnXw hc-bvt°-
≠-Xv.
$ sX°v, Ing-°v, ]Sn-™mdv Zn°p-Ifpw icn-
bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. F√m-hcpw
hc® NnX-߃ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn
]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.
hi-߃ Adnbmw
hi-߃, Zn°p-Ifpambn _‘--s∏-SpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-
\-am-WnXv. ÿm\\n¿W-b-Øn\pw `q]SNnXo-I-c-W-Øn\pw Cu Adnhv AX-ym-h-iy-
-am-Wv. Cu ]h¿Ø\w Hcp Ifn-bn-eqsS Bcw-`n-°mw.
A, B F∂n-ßs\ Ip´n-Isf c≠p Kq∏p-I-fm-°p-∂p. A Kq∏nse Hcp Ip´n-bpsS IÆv
_n Kq∏nse Ip´n-Iƒ sI´p-∂p. XpS¿∂v _n Kq∏nse Ip´n-Iƒ Hcp \mWbw ¢mknse
Xd-bn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw hbv°p-∂p. F Kq∏nse Hcp Ip´n he-tØm´v, CS-tØm´v,
apt∂m´v, ]nt∂m´v F∂o \mev \n¿tZ-i-߃ amXw \¬Ins°m≠v G‰hpw Ipd™
ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \mWbw FSp-∏n-®m¬ B Sow hnP-bn®p. XpS¿∂v at‰ Kq∏n-s\-
s-°m≠v \mWbw FSp-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v ]mT-`m-KsØ NnX-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS
Ip´n Fß-s\-bmWv Xs‚ CS-Xp- mKw hS-°pZn°msW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-b-sX∂v
Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
DZbkqc-ys\ t\m°n\n¬°p∂ Hcm-fpsS ap≥hiw Ing°v, ]n≥hiw ]Sn-™mdv,
CS-Xp-hiw hS°v, heXphiw sX°v˛F∂ Bibcq]o-I-cWw \S-Ø-Ww.
]mT-`m-K-Ønse NnX-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Zn°p-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
XpS¿∂v ]mT-Øns‚ BZy-`m-KØp\¬In-bn´p≈ tIcfØns‚ `q]-S-Øn¬ Zn°p-
Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hy-X-ykvX kml-N-c-y-ßfn¬ \ap°v Zn°v Fßs\ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-
bpw F∂ N¿® \S-Ø-Ww.
$ cmXn
$ ag-°mdp aqSnb kabw.
$ \´p®
Cu N¿®-bpsS `mK-ambn hS-°pt\m°nb¥w ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. ]mT-`mKw Snhy
hmbn-°-s´. hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w sIm≠p≈ ]tbm-P-\-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-
X-s´. ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v sNøm-hp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃
$ ¢mkn\p \Sp-hn¬ IrX-y-amb Zni AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ج.
¢mkvapdn-bpsS tcJm-Nn-
Xw.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
180
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ kvIqfns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fnse Zn°p-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.
$ InW¿, sImSn-a-cw, ]mN-I-∏p-c, Hm^okv C-h-bpsS Zni, ÿm\w F∂nh Is≠-
ج.
kvIqfns‚ tcJm-NnXw
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS kvIqfns‚ cq]-tcJ Zni ]men®v Xbm-dm-°m≥ e£y-an-Sp-
∂p. ]mT- m-KsØ kvIqƒ tImºu-≠ns‚ tcJm-NnXw \nco-£n®v Ip´n-Iƒ DØc߃
Is≠-Ø-s´. kam-\-amb A[nI tNmZ-y-߃ So®¿ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
DZm. Ifn-ÿ-e-Øns‚ ]Sn-™m-dmtWm Ing-°mtWm tÃPv?
XpS¿∂v Ip´n -Iƒ kz¥w kvIqfns‚
tcJmNnXw hc-bv°-s´. tcJm-NnXw hc-
bv°p-∂-Xns‚ L´-߃ Ia-ambn ]men-°-
s∏-Sp-∂psh∂v So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
CXn-\mbn
$ Zn°p-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ج, sI´n-S-߃, InW¿, ]mN-I-∏p-c, sImSn-a-cw, Hm^okv
F∂n-h-bpsS ÿm\w Is≠-ج, kqNnI Xbm-dm-°¬, AXn-cp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
ج.
F∂nh Fß-s\-sb∂p Xocp-am-\n®v kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn™v kvIqfns‚ tcJm-NnXw
hc-bv°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p. So®¿ hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. XpS¿∂v Hmtcm
Ip´nbpw kvIqfns‚ cq]-tcJ hc-bv°-s´.
k\-ens‚ ]©m-bØv
kqNn-Ibpw Zn°pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Hcp
`q]Sw hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Ip´n Xs‚
]©m-bØv `q]-S-Øn¬ ]©m-b-Ønse ][m\ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ tijn t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv Chn-sS- H-cp-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]pg-Iƒ, tXmSp-Iƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ, XSm-I-߃, Imb-ep-Iƒ
ÿm]-\-߃ XpS-ßnbh Hcp ]tZ-isØ s]s´∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p-X-Ip∂ AS-bm-
fß-fmWv F∂ [mcW Dcp-Øn-cn-b-Ww. Ch Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ][m\ hn`-h-ß-
fmWv F∂pw Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.
Ip´n-Isf A©wK Kq∏p-I-fm-°p-∂p.
Kq∏p-I-tfmSv GXm\pw tNmZ-y-߃ tNmZn-®p-sIm≠v ]mT-`m-K-tØ°p ]th-in-°m-
hp∂XmWv.
$ B ]©m-b-Øn¬ GsX√mw h¿Up-I-fn-eq-sS-bWv ]pg IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂Xv?
$ Xangv\mSp-ambn AXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ hm¿Uv GsX√mw?
\µ-\ -bpsS kvIqfns‚
tcJm-Nn-X-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ tNmZy-ßfpw Ah-
bpsS DØ-c-ßfpw.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
kvIqfns‚ cq] -tc -J,
kwL-Øn¬ hc-® -X v ,
kz¥-ambn hc-®-Xv.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
181
hmbn°mw hcbv°mw
Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Hmtcm hm¿Uns‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ø-s´.
XpS¿∂v kz¥w ]©m-b-Øns‚ `q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.
F¬.-Fkv.-Pn. F∂ sh_vssk‰v, ]©m-bØv Hm^okv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v q]Sw
e -y-am-Ipw.
Fs‚ Pn√
kz¥w Pn√sb ]tX-y-I-am-sb-SpØv (hep-Xm°n hc®v) AXn¬ Pn√bpsS ]tX-y-I-
X-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ tijn t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
$ kz¥w Pn√-bpsS Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ enÃv sNø-s´.
$ t]cv
$ B-ÿm\w
$ AXn-cp-Iƒ (Ab¬ Pn√-Iƒ), Zn°v
$ hnt\m-Z-k-©mctIµ-߃
$ \Zn-Iƒ, Imb-ep-Iƒ, XSm-I-߃
$ ][m\ ÿe-߃
$ ][m\ ÿm]-\-߃
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p klm-b-Iambn `q]-S-߃, A‰ve-kp-Iƒ, Cb¿_p°p-Iƒ,
sF.kn.Sn. F∂nh Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`-y-am-°-Ww.
$ Google earth D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥w Pn√ Iº-yq- -dn¬ ImWn-°p-I. XpS¿∂v tIcf`q]-
S-Øn¬\n∂p kz¥w Pn√-bpsS cq]-tcJ hep-Xm°n ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hc-
bv°p-∂p.
kz¥w Pn√-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, ÿm\w IrX-y-s∏-SpØn Pn√mcq]-tc-J-bn¬ NnXo-
I-cn-°p-∂p. kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. sa®-s∏-SpØn
t]m¿´vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ kq£n-°p-∂p.
Ip´n-bpsS kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v d^-
d≥kmbn sF.kn.Sn. klm-b-tØmsS Pn√m
`q]Sw e`-y-am-°-Ww.
]cn -kc]-T -\ -]p -k vX -I -
Øn¬ hc®ptN¿Ø
"Fs‚ Pn√'.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
182
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
B\d Kma-∏-©m-b-Øns‚ tcJm-Nn-Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®t√m? a‰p Nne khn-ti-
j-X-IƒIqSn i≤n-°q.
$ ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-tØ°v Ncn-™mWv `qan-bpsS InS-∏v.
$ \Zn Hgp-Ip-∂Xv ]Sn-™m-tdm-´m-Wv.
$ H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v hm¿Up-Iƒ Db¿∂ mK-am-Wv. G‰hpw Db¿∂ mKw H∂mw
hm¿UmWv.
s\¬hb-ep-I-fn¬ sh≈-sa-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw s\¬°rjn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
B\d Kma-∏-©m-bØv Xocp-am-\n-®p. CXns‚ `mK-ambn \Zn-bn¬ Hcp sN°v
Umw \n¿an-°pw. sNdn-b I-\m-ep-I-fn-eqsS sh≈w Xncn®phnSpw.
$ IqSp-X¬ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v sh≈w FØn-°m≥ sN°vUmw GXp hm¿Un-
embn \Zn-bn¬ \n¿an-°p-∂-XmWv \√Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
$ 1, 2, 7 hm¿Up-I-fn¬ \ne-hn¬ s\¬°rjn D≠v. CXn\v F¥m-bn-cn°pw
ImcWw? sh≈w [mcmfw Bh-iy-ap≈ Irjn-bm-Wt√m s\¬°rjn.
$ Cu ]©m-b-Øn¬ Hcp sl¬Øv sk‚¿ ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ GXp
hm¿Un¬ ÿm]n-°Ww F∂mWv \n߃ ]dbp-∂Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
B\d Kma-∏-©m-bØv
h¿°vjo‰v
183
hmbn°mw hcbv°mw
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\w.
1. tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw ]cntim[n®v sdbn¬∏m-X, hnam-\-Øm-h-
fw, Xpd-ap-Jw, \Zn, hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-µw, Xe-ÿm-\w, Pn√m
Bÿm-\w, ]£n-k-t¶-X-߃ XpS-ßn-hb Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
2. Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v `q]-S-Øn¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
3. Zn°p-Iƒ ]men®v ¢mkvap-dn-bpsS tcJm-NnXw hc-bv°p-∂-Xn-\v.
4. hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v Zn°p-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
5. Fs‚ hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ tcJm-NnXw Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v.
6. Fs‚ ]©m-b-Øns‚ tcJm-NnXw ]cn-tim-[n®v khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
7. Fs‚ Pn√-bpsS tcJm-Nn-X-Øn¬ Ab¬Pn-√-Iƒ, Pn√m Bÿm-
\w, hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-µ-߃, \Zn-Iƒ F∂nh AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥.
8. tIc-fØns‚ `q]-S-Øn¬ Fs‚ Pn√ Xncn-®-dn™v AS-bm-f-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
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sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS \mSmWv C¥y-. C¥y-bn¬ 29kwÿm-\-ßfpw 6 tIµ- -cW ]tZ-i-ßfpw Hcp cmPy-X-e-ÿm-\]tZi-hpap≠v. Hmtcm kwÿm-\-ØnepwX\Xv Iem-cq-]-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-ßfpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-s≠∂pw hnhn[ mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p∂ Bfp-IƒC¥y-bn¬ Ds≠∂p-ap≈ Bi-b-߃ Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsShn\n-abw sNøp∂p. sshhn-[y-߃ Ds≠¶nepw \ΩƒC¥y°m-cm-sW-∂p≈ t_m[w P\n-∏n-°p∂ \nc-h[ns]mXp-L-S-I-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pwChnsS Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p. q]Shmb-\-bn-eq-sSbpw hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw C¥y-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mY-anI[mcW Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-SpØp∂ Xc-Øn¬ CuA≤ym-b-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hn\n-abw sNøp-at√m.C¥y-bpsS "\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GIXzw' F∂ Bi-bØns‚ ]mY-anI]mT-߃ Ip´n B¿Pn-°p-∂p-sh∂pwDd∏p hcp-Øp-at√m.
C¥y-bn-eqsS...
9
BapJw
NnX-hm-b\
NnX-߃ Xncn-®-dn-b¬
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
`q]Shmb\
kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-X¬
kwÿm-\-߃ ˛ `mj ˛ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
\ndw sImSp°mw
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬
NnXhmb\
N¿®
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
$ sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS \mSmWv C¥y.
$ thjw
$ `mj
$ `q]-IrXn
$ C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-≠v.
$ 29 kwÿm-\-߃
$ tIµ`cW ]tZ-i-߃
$ tZiob Xe-ÿm\w
$ `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]wsIm≠p.
$ Hmtcm kwÿm-\Øpw X\Xv Iem-cq-]-߃
\ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
$ tZiobt_m[w hf¿Øp∂ s]mXpLS-I-߃
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS \mSmWv C¥y-
sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ C¥y-bnse 29 kwÿm-\-ßfpw
6 tIµ-`-cW]tZ-i-ß-fpw Hcp
cmPyXe-ÿm\ ]tZ -ihpw
Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øpw X\Xp
Iem-cq-]-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-
sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[ `mj-Iƒ
Ds≠∂v Is≠Øn ]d-bp-∂p.
$ sshhn-[y-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw \Ωƒ
C¥y-°m-cm-sW-∂p≈ t_m[w
P\n-∏n-°p∂ \nc-h[n s]mXpLS-
I-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p.
aqey-߃ / at\m-`m-h-߃
kz¥w cmPy-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am\ t_m[w Df-hm-Ip-∂p.
185
C¥
y-bn-e
qsS
186
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
bqWn-‰n-te°v
C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS t]cpw Ah-bpsS Nne khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Hcp Ihn-X-
bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv (Ihn-X-bpsS ]q¿Wcq]w A\p-_‘w 1 Bbn \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v).
hnime`qan
]mT-`m-KsØ IhnX kwL-ß-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. XpS¿∂v
N¿® \S-Øp-∂p.
$ Cu IhnX F¥n-s\-∏-‰n-bmWv ]d-bp-∂Xv?
$ Fs¥-√m-amWv Ihn-X-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?
$ GsX√mw kwÿm-\-߃?
$
$
Ip´n-Iƒ°v C¥y--bpsS q]-S-hm-b-\bv°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. Is≠-Ønb kwÿm-
\-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
Xncn-®-dnbmw
kwL-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Imw. kwL-
߃ ]mT-`m-KØv \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
tNmZy-߃ Hmtcm-∂mbn FSpØv q]Sw
]cn-tim-[n®v kwÿm-\-߃ Is≠Øn
Fgp-Xp-∂p. kwL-߃ ssIamdn ]cn-tim-[n-°-s´. So®¿ t_m¿Un¬ s]mXp-hmbn
tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
Bg-Øn-ep≈ hmb-\-bv°mbn ]mT-`m-KØp \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-tfm-sSm∏w
A[nI tNmZy-ßfpw tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v So®¿ th¿js‚ Ah-X-c-W-
Øn-eqsS tImUo-I-cWw \S-Ømw.
IqSp-X¬ Adnbmw
C¥y-bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Øm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
]m-T-]p-kvX-IØn¬ sImSp-Øn- p≈ \mev
kwÿm-\-ßsf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃
hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°s´. hnh-c-߃
Ipdn®p hbv°s´. ]c-kv]cw ssIamdn
sa®-s∏-SpØn tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]mT-`m-KØp \¬Inb ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°s´. C¥y-
bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnh-c-W߃ So®¿th¿j\n-eqsS tImUo-I-cn°p-
I. So®¿ th¿j≥ Xbmdm°p∂-Xn-\mbn A\p-_‘w 2 D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØWw.
kwÿm-\-߃°p ]pdta Bdv tIµ`cW-]-tZ-i-ßfpw Hcp tZiobXe-ÿm-
\]tZihpw Ds≠∂ [mcW Ip-´nbn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-ØWw.
kwÿm-\-ß-fpw Ah-bpsS
Nne khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
hn]q-en-I-cn®v ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb
]´n-I.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
187
C¥y-bn-eqsS
`mj-Iƒ ]e-sX-¶nepw
kwÿm-\-ß-fnse `mj-Iƒ ]cn -N-b-s∏-Sp -Øm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am -WnXv.
\¬Inbn´p≈ `mj-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-
®-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. XpS¿∂v N¿®-bn-eqsS
C¥y-bn¬ hyXykvX mj-Iƒ Ds≠∂v
So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
AXn\p-tijw ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn
]qcn -∏n -°-s´. hnh-ctiJ-c-W-Øn\v
klm-b-I--amb Cb¿_p-°p-Iƒ, B\p-Im-
enI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃, sF.-kn.Sn.
km[y-X-Iƒ F∂nh e`y-am-°m≥ i≤n-
°p-a-t√m.
So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
A\p-_‘w 2 D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-ØWw.
]mT-`m-KsØ ]q¿Øo-I-cn®
]´n-I.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥tijvT`mj
1500 apX¬ 2000 h¿jwhsc ]g°ap≈
`mjIƒ°mWv tijvT`mjm ]Zhn
\¬Ip∂Xv. C¥ybn¬ 6 `mjIƒ-
°mWv tijvT`mjm ]Zhn e`n®n-
´p≈Xv. Xangv, kwkvIrXw, I∂U,
sXep¶v, aebmfw, HUnb F∂nh-
bmWv tijvT`mjIƒ
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
C¥ybn¬ G‰hpa[nIw Bfp-Iƒ
kwkmcn°p∂ 10 `mjIƒ
1. lnµn ˛ 422 Zie£w
2. _wKmfn ˛ 83 Zie£w
3. sXep¶v ˛ 74 Zie£w
4. admØn ˛ 72 Zie£w
5. Xangv ˛ 61 Zie£w
6. DdpZp ˛ 52 Zie£w
7. KpPdmØn ˛ 46 Zie£w
8. I∂U ˛ 38 Zie£w
9. HUnb ˛ 33 Zie£w
10. aebmfw ˛ 33 Zie£w
Ie-Iƒ
C¥y-bnse hnhn[ Iem-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv.
]mT-`m-K-Øp≈ hyXykvX Iem-cq-]-
ßfpsS NnX-߃ \nco-£n-°-s´. C¥y-
bnse hyXykvX kwÿm-\-ß-fnse
][m\ Iem-cq-]-߃ hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww,
sF.kn.Sn , N¿® F∂nh-bn -eqsS
Is≠Ø-s´. XpS¿∂v ]´nI ]qcn-∏n°s´. hnhctiJ-c-W-Øn-\mbn A\p-_‘w 2
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØWw.
hn]q-eo-I-cn®v ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb
]´n-I. (kwÿm-\-߃, Iem-
cq-]-߃).hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
HutZymKnI`mjIƒ
`cWLS\bpsS 343(1) hIp∏v ]Imcw
lnµnbpw Cw•ojpw HutZymKnI
Bhiy߃°mbn D]tbmKn°msa∂v
hyhÿbp≠v. `cWLS\bpsS 8˛mw
]´nIbnse 345˛mw hIp∏v A\pkcn®v
\nehn¬ lnµn, aebmfw, _wKmfn,
Akmaokv, Xangv, sXep¶v, admØn,
HUnb, ]©m_n, kwkvIrXw, kn‘n,
KpPdmØn, Imivaocn, DdpZp, I∂U,
sIm¶Wn, aWn∏qcn, t\∏mfn, t[mKn,
t_mtUm, k¥men, ssaYnen F∂o 22
`mjIƒ°mWv HutZymKnI`mj
Ifmbn AwKoImcw e`n®n´p≈X.v
188
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
sshhn-[y-߃°n-S-bnepw `mc-Xo-b-cmb \sΩ H∂n-∏n-°p-∂Xv Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-
cn°pw?
N¿®-bn-eqsS tZiobNn”-ß-fn-te°v \bn-°Ww.
tZio-b-Km\w
tZio-b-Km\w Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wt√m.
Ah-tcmSv Be-]n-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏Smw.
XpS¿∂v N¿®-bmImw.
$ Be]n-°m≥ FSp-°p∂ kabw?
$ cNn-®Xv Bcv?
$
Hcp tZi-Øns‚ Ncn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw XymKhpw t\´-ßfpw ]pI-gvØp∂
cN-\-bmWv tZio-b-Km-\w. 1911 Unkw-_¿ 27 \v C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-
kns‚ I¬°Ø ktΩ-f-\-Øn-emWv c_o-µ-\mY SmtKm¿ cNn® P\-K-W-a\
BZy-ambn Be-]n-®-Xv. i¶-cm-`-cWcmK-Øn¬ cmwknwKv Tm°q¿ BWv tZio-
b-Km-\-Øn\v kwKoXw \¬In-b-Xv. 1950 P\p-hcn 24 \mWv C¥y≥ ]m¿e-
sa‚n¬ BZy-ambn tZio-b-Km\w Be-]n-®-Xv.
tZiobKoXw
tZiobKoXmem-]-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Imw. XpS¿∂v N¿®-bm-Imw.
$ cNn-®-Xmcv?
$
N¿®bv°v klm-b-I-ambn A\p-_‘w 3 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tZiobKoXw ]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-ØWw. Cu ]h¿Ø-\sØ XpS¿∂v hnhn[ tZi`‡n-Km-\-ßfpw Ip´n-
Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm\mbn A\p-_‘w 3 ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
_¶nw Nµ Nm‰¿Pn-bpsS "B\-µ-aTw' F∂ t\mh-ense htµ-am-Xcw F∂
Km\-Øns‚ BZy-`m-K-amWv \ΩpsS tZiobKoXw. 1896 se C¥y≥ \mjW¬
tIm¨K-kns‚ ktΩ-f-\-Øn-emWv htµ-am-Xcw BZy-ambn Be-]n-®Xv.
tZiob]XmI
tZiob]XmI F√m-h¿°pw kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-W-t√m. ]Xm-I-sb-°p-dn®v hy‡n-K-X-ambn
hmbn-°s´. XpS¿∂v eLpN¿®-bmImw
$ \nd-߃
$ Iaw
$ D]-tbm-Kn°p-tºmƒ i-≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃.
AXn-\p-tijw tZiob]Xm-I-bpsS amXrI \n¿an-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. \n¿an®
]XmI-Iƒ tZio-b-Zn-\-ß-fmb kzmX-¥y-Zn\w, Km‘n-P-b¥n, dn]-ªnIv Zn\w F∂n-
hbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
189
C¥y-bn-eqsS
C¥y°v Hcp ]XmI F∂ Bibw 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ XpS°Øn¬Øs∂i‡n ]m]n®ncp∂p. kptcµ _m\¿Pn 1906 HmKÃv 7 \v I¬°Øbn¬Db¿Ønb ]XmIbmWv C¥ybpsS tZiob]XmIbmbn IW°m°s∏Sp∂Xv.B‘°mc\mb ]nwKfn sh¶ø cq]I¬∏\sNbvX sImSnbmWv sNdp
cq]am‰tØmsS \mw tZiob]XmIbmbn kzoIcn®Xv.
tZio-b-apZ
\mW-b-ß-fnepw a‰p-ambn tZiobapZ Ip´n-Iƒ I≠n-cn-°p-a-t√m.
tZiobapZ-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-c-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p∂p.
$ Fhn-sS-\n-∂mWv tZio-b-apZ kzoI-cn-®-Xv?
$ Fs¥√mw cq]-ß-fmWv tZiobapZ-bn-ep-≈Xv?
$
N¿®-bn-eqsS tZio-b-ap-Z-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥
i≤n-°p-a-t√m. A[nIhnh-c-߃°mbn Cb¿_p-°p-Iƒ, sF.-kn.Sn. km[y-X-Iƒ
F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v IqSp-X¬ tZiobNn”-ß-sf-°p-dn-
®p≈ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp Npa¿]-XnI Xbm-dm-°m\pw
XpS¿]h¿Ø\w \¬IWw.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
\mW-b-hy-hÿC¥y-bpsS tZiob\mWbw cq]-bm-Wv. CXns‚ hnX-c-Wm-h-Imiw `mc-
Xob dnk¿hv _m¶n-\mWv.
tZiob]£nabn-¬ BWv \ΩpsS tZiob]£n. Xe-bn¬ hni-dn-t]m-ep≈ Xqh¬°n-
co-Shpw h¿W-∏-In-´m¿∂ XqhepIfpw ]®-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ hmepw Xnf-
ßp∂ \oe-°-gpØpw amdn-Shpw D≈Xv B¨a-bn-en-\m-Wv.
tZiob\Znlnam-e-b-Ønse KwtKm-Xn-bn¬\n∂v D¤-hn®v 2510 ¬∏cw Intem-ao-‰¿
HgpIn _wKm-ƒ Dƒ°-S--en¬ ]Xn-°p∂ KwK-bmWv C¥y-bpsS tZiob
\Zn.
tZiob Pe-PohnKwKm tUmƒ^n≥ BWv \ΩpsS tZiob Pe-Po-hn. 2010 emWv tZiob
Pe-Po-hn-bmbn KwKm tUmƒ^ns\ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. ISpØ hwi-\mi
`ojWn t\cn-Sp∂ Ch KwK, _“-]pX \Zn-I-fn-emWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv.
tZiobhnt\mZwtlm°n- BWv \ΩpsS tZiobhnt\m-Zw. C¥y-bpsS anI® tlm°n
Xmc-amb [ym≥N-µns‚ P∑-Zn-\-amb BKÃv 29 tZiob ImbnIZn\-
ambn \mw BN-cn-°p∂p.
190
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Fs‚ cmPyw
Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øn-eqsS Ip´n B¿Pn® hnh-c-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu
]h¿Ø-\w. hy‡n-K-X-amtbm kwL-amtbm Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNømw. C-¥y-bnse
hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw tIµ-`-c-W-]-tZ-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]c-am-h[n hnh-c-
߃ (`m-j, thjw, kwkvIm-cw, ImgvN-Iƒ,...) tiJ-cn®v Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn-
s‚bpw Im¿Up-Iƒ \n¿an-°-s´. Im¿Up-Iƒ at\m-l-c-am-°m≥ NnX-ßfpw \nd-ßfpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°mat√m. Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v "Fs‚ cmPyw' F∂ B¬_w \n¿an-°Ww.
tZiob]pjv]wXma-c-bmWv \ΩpsS tZiob]pjv]w. CuPn-]vXns‚ tZiob]pjv]hpw
Xma-c-bm-Wv.
tZiobhr£w"B¬' BWv \ΩpsS tZiobhr£w.
tZiobarKw_wKmƒ ISp-h-bmWv \ΩpsS tZiobarKw. a™bn¬ IdpØ tcma
h¿W-ßfp-ap≈ ico-c-ap≈ Ch C¥y-bn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ImWp∂
ISp-h-bn\am-Wv.
tZiob^ew]g-ß-fpsS cmPm-hmb amß- BWv \ΩpsS tZiob^ew. A™q-dn-e-
[nIw amhn-\-߃ C¥ybnep-≠v. ]mIn-ÿm-s‚ tZiob^ehpw amß-
bm-Wv.
tZiob ss]XrIarKwB\- BWv C¥y-bpsS tZiob ss]XrIarKw. 2010 emWv B\sb
tZiob ss]XrIarK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv.
iI-h¿jwC¥y-bpsS HutZym-KnI knhn¬ Ie-≠-dmWv iI-h¿jw. mc-X-k¿°m-
cns‚ Ie-≠¿ ]cn-jvIcW kan-Xn-bpsS ip]m¿i-]-Im-c-amWv iI-
h¿j Ie-≠¿ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv.
191
C¥y-bn-eqsS
A\p-_‘w 1C¥ysb Adnbmw
`mc-X-sa-s∂≥ cmPysØ
kwÿm-\-߃ ]d-™oSmwhS°v PΩp Imivaocvk©m-cn-I-fpsS kz]v\-anXvsXt° A‰w Xan-gv\mSvs]m¶¬ D’h \mSmWv
Ing-°p-`mKw Acp-Wm-N¬Nph∂ ae-bpsS kwÿm\wKm‘n P\n-s®mcp KpP-dmØv]Sn-™m-d-‰-Øm-Wt√m
a[y-`mKw a[y-]-tZivsh≈-°-Sp-h-I-fn-hn-Sp≠v
G‰hpw hen-sbmcp kwÿm\wYm¿ acp-hp-s≈mcp cmP-ÿm≥
lcn-bpsS tZiw lcn-bm\Ipcp-t£-XØn≥-\m-SmWvC¥ym-tK‰pw sNt¶m-´bpw
U¬ln cmPy Xe-ÿm\w
kph¿W-t£Xw ]©m-_n¬`Im-\w-Kepw Chn-St√m.XpSp-Xp-Sp-sØmcp B∏nƒt]m¬lnam-N¬]tZiv hnS-cp∂p.
KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS XocØv
DØ-cm-©epap≠t√m.s\lvdp P\n-®Xpw XmPva-lepwDØ¿]-tZ-in-em-Wt√m.
hn⁄m-\-Øn≥ shfn®w XqInb\f-µ-bp-s≈mcp _olmdv.
h\hpw J\nbpw Ds≈mcp \mSvQm¿J-fim-sW-∂-dn-bnt√.
aZ¿sX-tc-kbpw SmtKmdpw]›na _wKm-fn¬ \n∂pw.kn°nw Fs∂mcp kwÿm-\ØvIm©≥PwK sImSp-ap-Snbpw.
tXbne \nd-s™mcp \mSmWvBm-sa∂p hnfn-°p∂p.[oc-∑m-cpsS \mSmWv\mK∑m-cpsS \mKm-em‚ v.
Ing-°p-Zn°pw cXv\w
aWn-∏q-sc-s∂mcp kwÿm\w.
]qØp-e™ apf¶mSvantkm-dm-sa-s∂mcp apf-\mSv
s]cp-ag s]øpw aukn‚wtaL-ap-Wcpw taLm-eb-bn¬.Xn]p-c-bn¬ sN∂m¬ ImWm-\mbv\o¿ al-se-s∂mcp sIm´mcw
sImWm¿°n-ep-s≈mcp kqcy-t£-Xhpw
HUokn\rØhpw HUo-j-bn¬.h\hpw aebpw ka-X-ehpw\nd™ `qan OØokvKUv.
Ad-_n-°-S-en≥ XocØvalm-\-Kcw alm-cmjvS.at\m-l-c-am-sbmcp IS¬Øocw
sNdp-Xm-bp-s≈mcp tKmh-bnepw.
kz¿WJ\n-bpsS kw-ÿm\wI¿Wm-S-I-sb-∂m-W-Xn≥ t]cv.]kn-≤-am-sbmcp Nm¿an-\mdpwIp®p-∏p-Unbpw B‘-bnev.
]pXp-Xmbn hs∂mcp kwÿm\wsXe-¶m-\-sb∂p hnfn-°p∂p.Ie-Iƒ Xnßnb Ifn-hoSvkky-iym-af tIc-fhpw.
kwÿm-\-߃ I≠nt√?\n߃ kwÿm-\-ß-f-dn-™n-t√?
apwss_ \K-c-k-ao-]ØvZma\pw Znbpw InS°p∂p.Xmgvhc°p∂p-Iƒ \nd-™-XmWvZmZm \K¿ lthen.
Ccpkwÿm\ Xe-ÿm\w
NWvUo-K-Um-sW-∂-dn-bnt√?_wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ `mKsØZzo]-k-aqlw B≥U-am≥.
amln, bm\w Imc-bv°¬ Cht]m≠n-t®-cnbn-em-Wt√m.
Ad-_n-°-Sen≥ aWn-apØv]hn-g-∏p-‰n≥ e£-Zzo]v.
tIµ-`-cW]tZ-i-ambChcpw IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ\ΩpsS cmPyw kº∂w.
192
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kwÿm\w Xe-ÿm\w `mj Iem-kw-kvImcw a‰p ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
Acp-Wm-N¬]tZiv
Akmw
B‘]-tZiv
DØ-¿-]-tZiv
DØ-cm-Jfiv
HUoj
I¿Wm-SIw
C‰m-\-K¿
Znkv]-q¿
sslZ-cm-_mZv
eJvt\m
sUdm-Uq¨
`ph-t\-iz¿
_wK-fqcp
Cw•ojv(HutZym-KnIw)\njn, U^vf,
anPn
Akm-aokv
sXep¶v
lnµn
lnµn
HUnb
I∂U
]pXp-h-’-csØ kzoI-cn-°m≥ _nlp BtLm-jn-°p∂p.
_nlp Ak-ans‚ tZio-tbm-’-h-amWv.
Ip®p-∏p-Sn, s_mΩem´wF∂n-h -bmWv ][m\Iem-cq-]-߃.
IYIv DØ¿]tZ-ins‚kz¥w \rØ-I-e-bmWv.BtLm-j-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v "IPmdn ' F∂\rØ-cq-]hpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp≠v.
hk-¥-]-©-an, ImseIu∆, tlmfn F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ BtLm-j-߃.
HUo -j-bpsS X\Xv\rØcq]-amWv HUo-kn.
b£-Km-\w, s_mΩ-em´wXpSßn \nc-h[n Iem-cq-]-߃ I¿Wm-S -IØn-ep≠v. I¿Wm-SIkwKo-XØns‚ BNm-cy-∑m-cn¬Hcm-fmb ]pc-µc-ZmkvChn-sS-bmWv P\n-®-Xv.
C¥y -bnse G‰hpw henb_p≤hnlmc-tIµw Chn-sS-bmW.vssPhsshhn-[yØns‚ Ie-h-d -bmb Cu kwÿm-\-Øp [mcmfwh\-ß-fp≠v. Ic-Iu-iehnZy°pwAcp-Wm-N¬]tZiv ]kn≤amWv.
Imin -cwK \mj-W¬ ]m¿°vChnsSbmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv.C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn FÆ Is≠-Øn-bXv Chn-sS-bm-Wv (UnKv t_mbvJ\nIƒ). h\-k-º-Øn\pw XSn hyh-km-b-Øn\pw ChnSw ]kn≤-am-Wv.
hnim-J-]-´Ww Xpd-ap-Jw, iol-cn-tIm-´, \mKm¿Pp\kmK¿ AW-s°´v F∂nh B‘]tZ-ins‚][m\ BI¿jWß-fm-Wv.
te mI m -¤ p - X -ß - f n - se m -∂ mbXmPval¬ -ChnsS ÿnXnsNøp∂p. Imin, a[p-c, tIZm¿\mYv,_Z-co -\mYv , Uqƒ sh≈-®m´w,_\mdkv, BKtIm´ F∂nhDØ¿]tZins‚ BI¿j-Wo-b-X-I-fm-Wv.
"lcn-Zzm¿Ipw`-ta-f-'bpsS \mSm-WnXv.ss\\n-‰mƒ XSm-Iw, IAS A°m-ZanF∂nh Chn-sSbm-Wv. lname-b-Ønse Dbcw IqSnb an° sImSp-ap-Sn-Ifpw D-Ø-cm-J-fin-em-Wv.
sImWm¿°v kqcy -t£-Xw,]qcnPK∂m-Y-t£-Xw, ]mc-Zzo]vXpd-apJw F∂nh ChnsS ÿnXn-sNøp∂p. IS¬Øo-c-ß-fm¬ kar≤-amWv HUoj. C¥y-bnse G‰hpwhenb Imb-emb "Nn¬°' ChnsSbmWv.
C¥y-bnse GI kz¿W-J-\n-bmbtImem¿ kz¿W-J-\n, ]´p-\q¬D¬∏m-Z-\-tI-µ-߃, C¥y-bnseG‰hpw henb sIm´m -c -ambssakq¿ sIm´mcw, hrµm -h≥]qt¥m´w F∂nh ChnsSbmWv.
A\p-_‘w 2
193
C¥y-bn-eqsS
tIcfw
KpP-dmØv
tKmh
OØo-kvKUv
PΩp˛Iivao¿
Xan-gv\mSv
Xncph\¥]pcw
Km‘n-\-K¿
]\mPn
dmbv]q¿
io\-K¿, PΩp
sNss∂
ae-bmfw
KpP-dmØn
sIm¶nWn
lnµn,OØokvKUn
Iivao-cn,DdpZp
Xangv
IY-I-fn, tamln-\n-bm-´w,Xp-≈¬ F∂nh ]i-kvX-amb tIc-fob Iem-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv. HmW-amWvtIc-f-Øns‚ tZio-tbm-’-hw.
"K¿_' \rØ-amWv X\Xv\rØ-cq -]w. DXm¨F∂ ]´w ]d-∏n-°¬Chn -SsØ ][m\hnt\m-Z-am-Wv.
tKmh≥ Im¿Wn -h¬ChnSsØ ][m\BtLm-j-am-Wv.
tlmfn, ltcen F∂n-h-bmWv apJy BtLm-j-߃. D’-h-tØmS\p-_-‘n®v \S-Øp∂ apf-hSn \rØw ]kn -≤-amW.v
l^n-k, _®, \m‹, d^vF∂nh Imivaocn \rØ-cq-]-ß-fmWv.
Xan -g v\m -Sns‚ X\Xv\rØ-cq]amWv `c-X-\m-Syw.
]me-°mSv tIm´, t_°¬ tIm´,FSbv°¬ Kpl, tImhfw _o®v,t^m¿´vsIm®n, a´m -t©cn kn\-tKmKv, aq∂m¿, cmP-a-e, s]cn-bm¿h\y-Pohnkt¶-Xw, sske‚v-hmentZio-tbm-Zym-\w XpS-ßnbh tIc-f-Øns‚ BI¿j-Wo-b-XIfm-Wv.Imbepw ISepw ]pg-Ifpw \nd™lcn-Xm``qan-bmWv tIcfw.
almflmKm‘n-bpsS P∑wsIm≠v]i-kvX-amb t]m¿_-¥¿ Chn-sS-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬IS¬-Øo-c-ap≈ kwÿm-\-am-Wn-Xv.sh≈n, kz¿Ww, Ikhv F∂nhsIm≠p≈ Ic-Iu-i -ehkvXp -°ƒ°v ]kn≤-amWv KpP-dm-Øv.C¥y-bnse knwl-ß-fpsS GIkwc-£n-X-h-\-amb Ko¿h\w ChnsSbmWv.
IÆmSnh® NnX-Øp-∂¬, sI´p-I-fn´ Nmb-∏-Wn F∂n-hbv°v tKmh]kn-≤-am-Wv. ]i-kvX-amb \nc-h[n_o®p-Iƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v. t]m¿®p-Kokv hmkvXphnZy°v ]i-kvX-amWn-hn-Sw.
\n_nUh\-ßfpw ae-\n -c -IfpwAh-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ ka-Xe ]tZ-ihpw Chn-SsØ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv._nembv Ão¬πm‚ v, C¥ybnseG‰hpw henb Aep-an -\nbwπm‚mb _m¬tIm F∂nhChnsSbmWv.
ChnSsØ G‰hpw henb ip≤PeXSm-I-amb hpfm¿ XSmIw, Zm¬ XSm-Iw, t]mπm¿ XSmIw F∂nh ]kn-≤-ß-fmWv. Iivao-cns\ "`qan-bnsekz¿Kw' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
]´p -h -kvX -Øn\v ]kn -≤-ambIm©n-]p-cw, in¬∏Nm-Xp-cn°v ]kn-≤-amb alm-_-en-]p-cw, c≠v IS-ep-Iƒ kwK-an -°p∂ I\ym-Ip-amcnF∂n-hbpw Chn-sS-bm-Wv.
kwÿm\w Xe-ÿm\w `mj Iem-kw-kvImcw a‰p]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
194
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
sXep-¶m\
Xn]pc
\mKm-em‚ v
]©m_v
]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ
_olm¿
sslZ-cm-_mZv
AK¿Øe
sImlna
NWvUo-KUv
sIm¬°Ø
]m‰v\
sXep¶v
_wKmfn
Cw•ojv(HutZym-Kn-Iw)
\mK-aokvF∂ k¶c
`mj
]©m_n
_wKmfn
lnµn
Ip®p-∏p-Sn, tXm¬∏m-h-°qØv F∂n -h -bmWv][m\ Iem-cq-]-߃.
dnbmwMv \rØ-amWvX\Xv \rØ-cq]w.
ktI\n BWv ][m\BtLmjw.
`mwK \rØ-amWv X\Xv\rØ-cq -]w. Qq-a¿,kmΩn, Kn≤m F∂o\rØ-ßfpw ]kn-≤-ß-fm-Wv.
Zp¿Km-]q-P-bmWv ][m\BtLmjw.
P‰v ˛ PXn≥, _ntZ-knb]mTm-SnIv F∂n-h-bmWv\rØ-cq-]-߃.
Nm¿an-\m¿ ChnsS ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.cma-Kpfiw sX¿a¬ ]h¿tÃj≥sKm¬sIm≠ t^m¿´v, _n¿fm aµn¿F∂nh Chn-SsØ ][m\ BI¿j-Wß-fm-Wv. C¥y-bnse G‰hpwhenb ISphkwc-£W tIµ-amb"iossiew' sXep-¶m-\-bn-em-Wv.
ip≤-Pe XSm-I-amb cpZ-km-K-dns‚\Sp-hnse \o¿a-l¬ sIm´mcw Chn-SsØ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. in]m-bn-tPme h\y-Pohn kwc-£-W-tI-µw,D∂-t°mSn, ]mNo\ Npa¿Nn-X-ß-fpsS ]pcm-hkvXp tIµw F∂nh]kn-≤-ß-fmWv.
s\bvØv apJy sXmgn-em-Wv. aq¿®-tb-dnb Bbp-[-߃sIm≠v t]mcm-Sp∂ P\-XbmWv \mK≥am¿. XSn-bnepw apf-bn-ep-ap≈ Ic-Iu-i-e-∏Wn-Iƒ ]kn≤-ß-fm-Wv. Im\-\- w-Kn°v ]kn-≤-amWv \mK-mem‚v.
]©-\-Zn-I-fpsS (Qew, _nbm-kv,kXve-Pv, N\m-_v, chn) \mSv F∂phnfn-°p-∂p. ]kn-≤-amb kph¿Wt£Xw Chn-sS-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv kvamc-Iw, C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb AW-s°-´mb "`Im -\w -K¬' F∂nh]©m-_ns‚ BI¿j-Wo-b-X-I-fmWv.
c_o-µ-\mY SmtKm¿, kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥, cmPmdmw taml≥dm-bv,kp`m-jvN-µ-t_m-kv, Aa¿Xym-sk≥XpSßn \nc-h[n ]i-kvX-cpsS P∑-tZ-i-amWv _wKmƒ. hS°v lnam-eb]¿hX-\n-cbpw sX°v C¥y≥ almkap-Zhpw hcp∂ GI kwÿm-\-amWv _wKmƒ. kpµ¿_≥ U¬‰,im¥n-\n-tI-X≥ F∂nh _wKm-fns‚khn-ti-j-X-IfmWv.Dcp°p^mIvS-dn-Iƒ, I¬°-cn-J-\n-Iƒ, hyh-km -bime-Iƒ F∂n -hbv°v ]kn-≤-amb kwÿm-\-amWv_olm¿. \fµ k¿h-I-em-im-e, Kb,_p≤-K-b, hkm-cn-_mKv h\y-ar-K-kw-c-£W-tIµw F∂nh _olm-dn -emWv.
kwÿm\w Xe-ÿm\w `mj Iem-kw-kvImcw a‰p ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
195
C¥y-bn-eqsS
Qm¿Jfiv
aWn-∏q¿
a[y-]-tZiv
alm-cmjvS
antkmdmw
taLm-eb
cmP-ÿm≥
dm©n
Cw^m¬
t`m∏m¬
apwss_
sFtkmƒ
jnt√mMv
Pbv]q¿
lnµn
aWn-∏qcn
lnµn,admØn
adm-Tn
Cw•ojv,antm
Jmkn,Kmtcm,
Pb‚n-b,Cw•ojv
cmP-ÿm-\n,lnµn
cma-\-h-an-bmWv ][m\BtLm-jw. BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°nS-bnse k¿lp¬F∂ BtLmjhpw]kn-≤-am-Wv.
aWn -∏qcn \rØ-amWvX\Xv \rØ-cq]w.
tlmfn, Zk-d, KtW-tim-’hw F∂n -h -bmWv][m\ BtLm-j-߃.
Xam-j-bmWv P\-]nbIem-cq]w.
"h¶m -e -\rØw' X\Xv\rØ-cq]w. apf-\rØw(Nocm\rØw), sNbvewF∂nh P\-]nb Iem-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv.
SnPv, KwKm¿ apX-em-bh][m\ BtLm-j-ß-fm-Wv.
G‰-hp-a-[nIw J\n-Pk-º-Øp≈kwÿm-\-am -Wn -X v . C¥y -bnseG‰hpw henb Dcp°p \n¿amW-ime-Ifpw (Pmwj-Uv]p¿, s_m°m-tdm) [≥_mZv J\-\ -K -thj-W-tIµhpw ChnsSbmWv.
"Ing-°ns‚ cXv\w' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]kn-≤-amb "temIvXmIv 'XSmIw Chn-sS-bm-Wv. "sh≈-Øn¬s]m¥n-°n-S-°p∂ temI-ØnseGI h\y-Pohn kwc-£WtIµ-amb "Io_qƒ ewP' aWn--∏q-cn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. Chn-SsØ Hm¿°nUv tXm´-߃ kµ¿i-Isc BI¿jn-°p-∂p.
G‰-hp-a-[nIw amwK-\okv D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwÿm-\-am -Wn-Xv. C¥y-bnte‰hp-a-[nIw hPw e`n-°p∂"]∂m-J\n' Chn-sS-bm-Wv. Kzmfn-bm¿]me-kv, sh≈-°-Sp-h-Iƒ°v t]cp-tI´ _tMm-L¿ \mj-W¬ ]m¿°vF∂nh a[y-]-tZ-inem-Wv.
"tK‰v th Hm^v C¥y' , AP-¥,Ft√md Kpl-Iƒ, hm¿[ tkhm-Kmaw F∂nh ChnsSbmWv.
apf-I-fpsS kwÿm\w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Iem-`wKn \nd™ XpWn-Ø-c-߃°v ]kn-≤-amWv antkmdmw.
Pn]vkw, A`w, t_mIvssk‰v F∂n-hbv°v ]ikvX-amWv. knep-an-t\‰vJ\\w Chn-sS-bm-Wv IqSp-X-embpw\S-°p-∂-Xv. temI-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ag e`n-°p∂ aukn≥dw taLm-e-bn -em -Wv. C¥y-bnse G‰hpwhrØnbpw kuµ-cy-hp-ap≈ hnt√-Pv,tamfn-tbm¨Kmw ][m\ BI¿j-WamWv.G‰hpw henb kwÿm-\w, Ym¿acp`qan, a\pjy\n¿anX \Zn-bmbCµncm I\m¬, G‰hpw henb D∏p-PeXSm-I-amb kmw_m¿ XSmIwF∂nh cmP-ÿm-\n-em-Wv. ssIØ-dn-bnepw s\bvØnepw cmP-ÿm≥]i-kvX-am-Wv. `c-Xv]q¿ ]£n-k-t¶Xw Chn-SsØ as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
kwÿm\w Xe-ÿm\w `mj Iem-kw-kvImcw a‰p]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
196
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kwÿm\w Xe-ÿm\w `mj Iem-kw-kvImcw a‰p]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
kn°nw
lcn-bm\
lnam-N¬]tZiv
KmMvtSmIv
Ofio-KUv
knwe
t\∏mfn
lnµn
lnµn, ]lmcn
Zkm-bn, Xn^m¿ F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ BtLm-j-߃. ema-am-cpsS \rØ-cq -] -amb apJwaqSnkn°n-ans‚ BI¿j-Wo-b-amb \rØ-cq-]-am-Wv.
tlmfn, Zk-d, Zo]m-h-en,F∂n -h -bmWv ][m\BtLm-j-߃. ]mKv\rØ-amWv X\Xv \rØ-cq]w.
"IpepZk-d'bmWv ][m\BtLm-jw. hmƒ\rØwChn-SsØ ]kn-≤-amb\rØ-cq-]-am-Wv.
temI-Ønse Db-cw-Iq-Snb sImSpap-Sn-I-fn¬ \mem-a-tØ-Xmb Im©≥PwK ChnsSbmWv. ae-\n-c-I-fn¬\n∂v s]m´n-sbm-gp-Ip∂ NqSp \ocp-d -h-Iƒ°v ]i-kvX-am -Wn -hn -Sw.IkvXqcnam\pw bm°pw kn°n-ap-Im-cpsS ]nb-s∏´ arK-ß-fmWv.
thZ-ß-fp-sSbpw CXn-lm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw cwK-`qan F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.]rYn -cmPv Nulm≥, \mZn¿jm,_m_¿ F∂n-h-cpsS P∑-tZ-iw.I]n¬tZ-hn-s\-t∏mse Imbn-I-tem-IØv sh∂n-s°mSn ]mdn-®-h-cpsSImbn-I-]m-c-ºcyhpw lcn-bm-\-bv°p-≠v.
B∏nƒtXm´-߃°v ]i-kvX-am-Wn-hn-Sw. ssZh-Øns‚ Xmgvhc F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ipfp, aWmen F∂oh n t \ m Z k © m c t I µ - ß ƒChnsSbm-Wv.
197
C¥y-bn-eqsS
tIµ-`-cW Xe-ÿm\w `mj Iem-kw-kvImcw a‰p ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
]tZiw
B‚-am≥\nt°m-_m¿
Ofio-KUv
Zma≥ & Znbp
ZmZm \K¿ <hen
]pXp-t®cn
e£-Zzo]v
t]m¿´vªb¿
Ofio-KUv
Zma≥
kn¬hmk
]pXp-t®cn
Ih-cØn
_wKm-fn,lnµn, Xan-gv,ae-bm-fw,\nt°m-_m¿tk
lnµn, ]©m-_n, Cw•ojv
KpP-dm-Øn,Cw•o-jv, lnµn,
admØn
KpP-dm-Øn,Cw•o-jv,lnµn,
Xan-gv, sXep-¶v, ae-bm-fw,
ae-bm-fw,al¬
tlmfn, Zp¿Km -]q -P,Zo]mhen F∂n-h-bmWv][m\ BtLm-j-߃.
Zam¬, `mwK, Kn± F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ \rØ-cq-]-߃.
K¿_ \rØ-amWv X\Xv\rØ-cq-]w. Zp¿Km-]q-P,\mcn-b¬ ]u¿Wan F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ BtLm-j-߃.
Zmhd Um≥kv, X¿]Um≥kv, t_mlZmUm≥kv
\mtSmSn\rØ-߃, BZn-hmkn \rØ-cq -]-߃F∂nh BtLm-j-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn \S-°p-∂p.
emhm \rØ-amWv X\Xv\rØ-cq]w.
\nXy-l-cnXh\-߃, kz¿WXoc]hng -∏p -‰p -Iƒ, Km‘n -]m¿°vsk√p-em¿ Pbn¬ F∂nh Chn-SsØ ]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv.
tdm°v Km¿U≥ c≠v kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS (]©m-_v, lcn-bm-\) Xe-ÿm-\-amb Im∏n-‰¬ tImwπIvkv F∂nhChnsSbmWv.
sk‚v t]mƒ N¿®v, sk‚v tXmakvN¿®v , t]m¿®p -Kokv tIm´,]m\nt°m´ F∂n-h- ]kn-≤amWv.
kn¬hmk Uo¿]m¿°v, eb¨k^m-cn-]m¿°v, BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsSkmwkvIm-cnI \ne-bw, JwK-\wKte°v, sFe‚v Km¿U≥ F∂nhChn-SsØ BI¿j-Wo-b-X-Ifm-Wv.
Ac-hn-µm-i-aw, Pn]va¿ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, Atcm-hn≥ A¥m-cm-jvS-Kmaw F∂nh Chn-SsØ BI¿j-Wo-b-X-I-fmWv.
"Im°-Ifn-√mØ \mSv ' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ^nj-dokv ayqkn-bw, eKq-Wp-Iƒ F∂nh Chn-sS-sØ khntiX-I-fm-Wv.
U¬ln(X-e-ÿm\\K-c ]tZiw)
Xe-ÿm\w U¬ln
`mj lnµn
Ie, kwkvImcw tlmfn, Zo]m-hen F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ BtLm-j-߃.
a‰p ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ tem´kv sSºnƒ, sNt¶m- , cmPvL- v, C¥ym-tK-‰v, ]m¿e-sa‚v aµncwXpS-ßnb \nc-h[n Ncn-X-kvam-c-I-ßfpw \b\at\m-l-c-amb ImgvN-
Ifpw temI-]-kn≤ hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw Chn-sSbp≠v.
198
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ `q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n-°q... hn´pt]mb kwÿm-\-߃ ]qcn-∏n-°q...
$ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kwÿm-\-ßfp-ambn AXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ kwÿm-\w GXv?
C¥y≥ almkapZw
C¥ycmjvSob `q]Sw
A¥mcmjvS AXn¿Øn
kwÿm\ AXn¿Øn
kwÿm\ Xe-ÿm\w
tZiob Xe-ÿm\w
io\-K¿
PΩp-Im-ivao¿
knwe
lnam-N¬]tZiv
Ofin-KVv
Pbv]q¿
cmP-ÿm≥
Km‘n-\-K¿
KpP-dmØv
apwss_
alm-cmjvS
]\mPntKmh
I¿Wm-SI
_wK-epcp
tIcfw
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Xan-gv\mSv
sNss∂
B‘-]-tZiv
sslZ-cm-_mZv
a[y-]-tZiv
t`m∏m¬
DØ¿]-tZiv
eIv\u
sUdm-Uq¨
_olm¿
]m‰v\
dm©n
HUnj
`ph-t\-iz¿
dmbv]q¿
lcn-bm\U¬ln
\yqU¬ln
]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ
sIm¬°Ø
Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZiv
C‰m-\-K¿
BmwZnkv]q¿
kn°nwKmMvtSmIv
jnt√mMv
\mKm-em‚ vsImlna
aWn-∏q¿Cw^m¬
antmdmwsFkvhmƒ
Xn]pc
AK¿Øe
_wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬
e£
-Zzo]
v
B≥
U-am≥
˛ \
nt°
m-_m¿
Zzo]
-k-aql
w
N
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 1
199
C¥y-bn-eqsS
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-bn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-
amb tImf-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.
Ab¬kwÿm-\-߃ hcm-Ø -co-Xn-bn¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°q.
Ab¬kwÿm\߃ Fgp-Xq.
PΩp-Im-ivao¿
]©m_v
lnam-N¬]-tZiv
_olm¿
KpP-dmØv
DØ¿]-tZiv
DØcm-Jfiv
a[y-]-tZiv
cmP-ÿm≥
lcn-bm\
lcn-bm\
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 2
200
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
d -d≥kv
$ C¥y 2014, ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhn-j≥, (Cb¿ _p°v), \yqU¬ln
$ hcq, C¥ysb ImWmw -˛ Sn. KwKm-[-c≥
$ P\-K-W-a\ apX¬ Xma-c-∏q-hsc ˛ tN∏mSv `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿
$ hµn-∏n≥ amXm-hns\ ˛ kam-lm-cWw, Nhd sI. Fkv ]n≈
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\w.
1. C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bm≥.
2. Ab¬kwÿm-\-߃ kap-Zm-Xn¿Øn F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v
kwÿm\w GsX∂v ]d-bm≥.
3. C¥y-bpsS `q]-S-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm≥.
4. hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°m≥.
5. C¥y-bnse `mj-Iƒ kw_-‘n® Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v.
6. cmPy-Xe-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw Bdv tIµ-`-cW ]tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw
t]cp-]-d-bm≥.
7. hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ßfpsS X\Xv Iem-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v.
8. tZio-b-Km-\w, tZiobKoXw, tZiob]Xm-I, tZio-b-apZ F∂n-
h-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
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hnhchn\n-ab taJ-e-bn¬ A\p-Zn\w am‰-߃ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wt√m. Cu cwKsØ Iam-\p-K-X-ambhf¿® Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ]g-b-Ime hm¿Ømhn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Ip´nXncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. B[p-\nI hnhchn\n-ab kwhn[m-\-ßsf°pdn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu-cwKsØ hnIm-k-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®-bp-sSbpw \mgn-I°-√p-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw thK-w, Imcy-£-aX, Ipd™ sNehvF∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-ambn F¥p am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-b-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw. hnhn[ am[y-a-ßsf Ah-bpsS kz`m-h-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Xcw Xncn-°m\pwIp´n°v Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS km[n°pw.
hnhc hn\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠mb am‰-߃ X\n°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw ]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\pwZpcp-]-tbmKw sNøm-Xn-cn-°m\pap≈ at\m- mhw Ip´n-bn¬hf¿Øm≥ Cu bqWn‰neqsS Ign-b-Ww.
10
BapJw
IsÆØm ZqcØvssIsbØm ZqcØv
202 ]cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4$ hmb\°pdn∏v
$ NnX-߃
$ N¿®
$ N¿®
$ ]Z¿i\w ˛ Ãmºv
$ ^o¬Uv Sn∏v
$ sF.kn.-Sn.
$ C‚¿s\‰v
$ hnhc/NnX-ti-J-cWw
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\-´-߃
IsÆ-Øm-Zq-cØv ssIsb-Øm-Zq-cØv
$ ]pcm-X\Ime -hn-hchn\n-ab kº-Zm-b-߃
˛ ]£n-Iƒ
˛ ZqX≥ aptJ\
˛ hmZy-߃ aptJ\
$ hnhchn\n-abcwKØv Imem-\p-krXam‰-߃ D≠m-
bn-´p≠v.
- X]m¬
˛ sSe-Km^v
˛ sSe-t^m¨
$ \ho\ hnhchn\n-abkwhn-[m-\-߃
˛ samss_¬t^m¨
˛ ^mIvkv
˛ C‚¿s\‰v
$ ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, Sn.hn, C‚¿s\‰v XpS-ßnbh
_lp-P\ Bib-hn-\n-ab am¿K-ß-fmWv (Masscommunication devices).
$ ]g-b-Ime hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-
[m-\-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-
°p-∂p.
$ hnhchn\n-abcwKsØ Iam-\p-K-X-
amb hf¿® Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂p.
$ B[p-\nI hnhchn\n-abkwhn-[m-\-
ßsf ]‰n Ipdn∏pIƒ Xbm-dm-°p-
∂p.
$ hnhn[ hm¿Ømam[y-a-ßsf Ah-
bpsS kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v XcwXncn-
°p-∂p.
203
IsÆØm ZqcØv IsøØm ZqcØv
bqWn-‰n-te°v
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cw-KsØ hf¿® IØv, C˛-sa-bn¬ F∂o c≠p am[y-a-߃ kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´nsb efn-X-ambn t_m[y-s∏SpØp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu kw`m-jWw
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]h¿Ø-\-߃
]mT-`m-KsØ, thWphpw apØ-—\pw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw hmbn-°-s´. XpS¿∂v
s]mXpN¿® \S-Ømw.
$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv apØ-—≥ A¤p-X-s∏-´Xv?
$ ]≠v hnh-c-߃ ssIam-dn-bn-cp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
$ IØns\ At]-£n®v C˛sabn-en-\p≈ KpW-߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
$
$
N¿® s]mXp-hmbn tImUoIcn°pI. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
hs∂∂v Dd∏phcp-Øp-hm≥ i≤n-°p-a-t√m.
]cn-kc-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ IØpw C -sa-bnepw hyXym-k-߃, sa®-߃,
]≠sØ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abcoXn-Iƒ.
]mT-`m-KsØ Hmtcm NnXhpw \nco-£n-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I. Hmtcm-∂n-s\-°p-dn-®p-
ap≈ hnh-c-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-°-s´. kwL-Øn¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. kwL-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. So®¿ Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnhc-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn ¢mkn¬
s]mXphmbn tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥s]cpºd : ]≠v P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ ktµ-i-߃ ssIam-dm≥ s]cp-ºd
]tXyI coXn-bn¬ apg-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. hyXykvX ktµ-i-߃ ssIam-dm≥
hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ s]cp-ºd apg-°n-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX cmPm-°∑m-cpsS DØ-c-
hp-Iƒ P\-ß-fn-se-Øm≥ `S-∑m¿ s]cp-ºd apg°n Bfp-IfpsS i≤ £Wn-
®n-cp-∂p.
ZqX≥ : cmPm-°-∑m¿ ktµ-i-߃ ssIam-dp-∂-Xn\v Hme, sNºp-X-In-Sv, ]´p-
XpWn XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ hnhc--߃ Ipdn®v ZqX≥ hiw sImSpØp hnSp∂
coXn kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂p.
A©-tem-´-°m¿ : IØp-Iƒ ta¬hn-em-k-°m-c\v FØn-°p-∂Xn-\mbn aWn
Inep°n HmSn-bn-cp∂ X]m¬ Poh-\-°m-c-\m-Wv A©-tem-´-°m-c≥.
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
hnh-c-߃ ssIam-dm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂
kwhn-[m-\-߃
]mT-`m-KsØ ]´nI hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-
°p -∂p. kwL-Øn¬ Iq´n -t®¿°-s´.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
204
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
kwL߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. So®¿ th¿j≥ ]Z¿in-∏n®v tImUo-I-cWw
\S-ØWw.
$ IØv
$ sSet^m¨
$ Fkv.-Fw.-Fkv.
$ ^mIvkv
$ C˛-sa-bn¬
Xncn-®-dnbmw
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab D]m-[n-Ifpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w.
]mT-`m-KsØ tNmZy-Øn-\p-Øcw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn FgpXs´. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-
s´. s]mXpN¿®-bneqsS hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab D]m-[n-I-fpw am[y-a-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-
k-߃ Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØWw.
hm¿Ømhn\n-ab D]-I-c-W-߃ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am[yaw
em‚ vt^m¨, samss_¬t^m¨ t^m¨ktµiw
samss_¬ t^m¨, Iºyq-´¿ Fkv.-Fw.-Fkv.
Iºyq-´¿ C˛-sa-bn¬
^mIvkv sajo≥ ^mIvkv ktµiw
hm°ntSm°n hm°ntSm°n ktµiw
am‰ßƒ am‰-߃!
]mT- m-KsØ NnX-hm-b\ \S-ØpI. AΩbpw aI\pw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw hmbn®v
IØpw t^mWpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-khpw t^mWn-\p≈ anIhpw t_m[y-s∏-S-s´.
XpS¿∂v s]mXpN¿® \S-Øp-I.
F¥p-sIm≠mWv Ip´n IØn\p ]Icw t^m¨ sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? IØn-
s\-°p-dn®pw t^mWn-s\-°p-dn®pw N¿®-
bn-eqsS Is≠-Ønb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
kwL-Øn¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kwL-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. So®¿ th¿j≥
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cwKw A\p-Zn\w am‰-߃°p hnt[-b-am-Ip-
∂p-sh∂ [mc-W- Ip´nbn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ß-
fpsS ]´n-I.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
IØ,v t^m¨ Xmc-X-ay∏-
´nI, t^mWn-\p≈ sa®-߃.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
205
IsÆØm ZqcØv IsøØm ZqcØv
tIƒhn-bn¬\n∂p ImgvN-bn-te°v
hm¿Ø-mhn-\n-abcwKsØ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ eLp-N¿®. XpS¿∂v ]mT-`m-KsØ
]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. So®¿th¿j≥
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®v tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
tdUntbm sSen-hn-j≥
IØv C˛-sa-bn¬
sSen-t^m¨ samss_¬t^m¨
hm¿Ømhn\n-abw ˛ hf¿®-bpsS \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cw-K-Øp-h∂ am‰-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
]mT-`mKw hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p∂p. XpS¿∂v tNmtZym-Ø-c-∏-b‰v \S°p∂p. ]mT-
`m-Kw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv N¿® \S-Øp-∂p. ¢mkn¬ D∂-bn-°mØ Nne tNmZy-߃
So®¿ tNmZn-°p-∂p.
$ BZysØ t^m¨kw`m-jWw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
$ C∂p \ne-hn-en-√mØ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abkwhn-[m\w?
$
Cßs\ Hmtcm t_mIvknepw \¬In-bn-´p≈ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-°p-
dn®v So®¿ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°-Ww. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw anI-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.
¢mkv tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS hm¿Ømhn\n-abcwKsØ Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿®,
thK-w, Imcy-£-a-X, sNehp Ipdhv F∂o kqN-\I-ƒh®v hf¿® Ip´nsb t_m[y-
s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m. XpS¿∂v hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ßsf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßfpw
NnX-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v Ip´n-Iƒ ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°-s´.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
IØv
Fgp-Xnb cq]-Øn-emWv ktµiw ssIam-
dp-∂Xv (Written mode).
ktµiw FØn-t®-cm≥ Znh-k-߃ thWw.
Htckabw Hcp `mK-tØ°p amXta
ktµiw ssIam-dm≥ Ignbq.
ktµiw e`ns®∂v DS≥ Dd -∏n -°m≥
Ignbn√.
t^m¨
kwkm-c-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv ktµiw
ssIam-dp-∂Xv (Spoken mode).
ktµiw DS≥ Xs∂ FØp∂p.
Htckabw ]c-kv]cw ktµiw
ssIam-dm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
ktµiw ssIam-dn-sb∂v At∏mƒ-
Øs∂ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ignbpw.
206
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
Ia-s∏-Sp-ØpI
]mT-`m-KsØ ]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNøs´. So®¿ s]mXp-hmbn tImUo-I-
cn-°p-∂p.
sSen-t^m¨ → sSen-Km^v → ^mIvkv → samss_¬t^m¨
XcwXncn°q
hnhn[ hm¿Ømhn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ßsf ktµiw ssIam-dp∂Xns‚ kz`m-h-a-\p-
k-cn®v Ahsb XcwXncn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-`m-KsØ ]´nI hy‡n-
K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p. kwL-Øn¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. So®¿
th¿js‚ klm-b-tØmsS _lp-P\ Bibhn\n-ab am¿K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ (Mass
media) [mcW Ip´n-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°-Ww.
Bibss°am‰w Bi-b-ss°-am‰w
hy‡n-bn-te°v kaq-l-Øn-te°v
t^m¨ ]Xw
C˛-sa-bn¬ tdUntbm
^mIvkv sSen-hn-j≥
C\n Ncn-X-Øn-te°v
hnh-c-hn-\n-abcwK-sØ ]e ]g-b-Ime kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw C∂p \nehnen-√. Ch
Ime-I-taW ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm Dt]-£n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp-∂p. Cu [mcW
Ip´nsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-`m-KsØ ]Xhm¿Ø hmbn-
°s´. XpS¿∂v N¿® \S-Øp-∂p.
$ GXp hnhchn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-amWv \n¿Ø-em°nbXv?
$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \n¿Ø-em-°n-bXv?
XpS¿∂p≈ tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS tkh\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Itbm ]cn-jvI-cn-°-
s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvX a‰p ]g-b-Ime kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v hnh-c-߃
\¬Im≥ ian-°p-a-t√m.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥ska-t^m-dp-Iƒ : A£-c-ß-sftbm A°-ß-sftbmIpdn-°m≥ Hcmƒ c≠p sImSn-Iƒ ]tXyI Zni-bn¬Nen-∏n®v ssIIƒ hncn®p \n¬°p-∂p. Gdp-am-S-ß-fntem Db-c-ap≈ sI´n-ß-fntem Ccp-∂mWv Cu ]I-S\w. AI-se-bn-cp∂ Sh-dn-en-cp∂v at‰-bmƒ Cu Ne\wZqc-Z¿in\n D]-tbm-Kn®v a\-n-em-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬Bibss°am-‰w \S-Øp∂ coXn-bmWv ska-t^m¿.
207
IsÆØm ZqcØv IsøØm ZqcØv
Fs¥√mw Fß-s\-sb√mw?
hnhchn\n-abkwhn-[m-\-߃ GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fnemWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂v
hy‡-am-°p-∂Xn\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-`m-KsØ ]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-
ambn N¿®sNø-Ww. kwL-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS sa®-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.
So®¿ th¿js‚ klm-b-tØmsS tImUo-I-cWw \SØn hnhchn\n-abkwhn-[m-
\-߃ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØWw.
$ Imem-hÿm]h-N\w
$ X’-abkwt]-jWw
$ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ
$ Ip‰m-t\z-jWw
$ _m¶nMv
\n߃°-dn-bmtam?
B[p-\nI hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ ktµ-i-߃ Hcp ÿeØp \n∂v
as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v FØp-∂Xv a\-n-em-°m≥ ]mT-`m-KsØ NnXo-I-cWw
klmbn°pw. sF.kn.Sn. km[y-X-Iƒ, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw F∂n-h-bneqsS Ip´n-I-
fn¬ Cu [mcW Dd-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥-t]P¿ : ktµ-i-a-b-°m-\mbn \ne-hn¬ h∂ Hcpkwhn-[m-\-amWv t]P¿. BZyw k¿hokv s]mssh-U-dpsS ]tXyI t^m¨ \º-cn-te°v hnfn®v Ab-t°≠ ktµiw ]d-bWw. H∏w Ab-°p∂BfpsS t]cpw Int´≠ BfpsS t]P¿ \ºdpw\¬I-Ww. k¿hokv s]mssh-U¿ BWv t]P-dn-te°v satkPvAb°p∂-Xv. samss_¬t^mWns‚ hc-thmsS t]P¿ Dt]-£n-°-s∏´p.
208
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]Xw
Hm¨sse≥ ]Xw
samss_¬t^m¨
am‰-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v _‘n-∏n°q.
kvam¿´v Sn.hn.
sSen-hn-j≥
IØv
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 1
kvam¿´v t^m¨
209
IsÆØm ZqcØv IsøØm ZqcØv
Xmsg sImSpØ hnh-c-hn\n-abkwhn-[m-\-ßsf Ah D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂
Ia-Øn¬ FgpXq.
]mhv X]m¬kwhn-[m\w ]Xw
^mIvkv sSenKmw
sSen-hn-j≥ tdUntbm sSen-Km^v
C‚¿s\‰v C ˛ sabn¬samss_¬t^m¨
C\n F¥v?
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 2
210
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\w.
1. ]g-b-Im-e-sØ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xn\v.
2. \ne-hn-se hm¿Ømhn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v.
3. hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cw-KØv h∂ Iam-\p-K-X-amb am‰ßƒ DZm-l-
c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v.
4. IØns\ At]-£n®v C˛sa-bn-en-\p≈ ta∑-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xn\v.
5. tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ F∂o hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-߃
Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v
6. B[p-\nI hm¿Ømhn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-߃ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-
Øn-\-√msX at‰-sX√mw Imcy-߃°v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
F∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
7. hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-ßsf Ah-bpsS kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xn\v.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
Nne hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS NnXw \nco-£n-°q.
NnX-Øn\p Xmsg t]cp-Iƒ FgpXq.
Cu kwhn-[m-\-߃ \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ Ia-
s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNøp-a-t√m.
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 3
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\nXyPohn-X-Øn¬ hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb \nc-h[n A]-
I-S-߃ kw -hn-°p∂ kml-N-c-y-ßtfm kµ¿ -ß-tfm-D≠mImdp≠t√m. AØcw kµ¿ -߃ ]c-am-h[n Hgn-hm-°m\pw A]-I-S-߃ kw -hn-®m¬ AXn¬s∏- -hsc]cn-N-cn-°m\pw FXbpw s]s´∂v sshZ-y-k-lmbw e`y-am-°m\pw Ign-b-Ww. CXn-\p≈ a\-km-∂n-[-yhpw at\m-`m-hhpw Ip´n-I-fn¬ hf¿ØpI F∂ e£yw ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv Cu ]mTw Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p-≈-Xv. A]-I-S-߃D≠mhm\p≈ kml-N-c-y-߃, hnhn-[-Xcw A]-I-S-߃,Hmtcm-∂n\pw sNtø≠ ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv apJy-ambpw N¿®sNøp-∂Xv. A]-I-S-ß-fn¬s∏ -hsc ]cn-N-cn-°m\pw imkvXo-b-amb coXn-bn¬]Y-a-ip-iqj \¬Im-\pap≈ Adnhpw at\m- mhhpw cq]-s∏-S-Ø-°-X-c-Øn¬ Cu A[-ym-b-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hn\n-abw sNøp-a-t√m.
Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
11
BapJw
212 ]cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
-$ N¿®
$ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
$ hm¿Ø°p-dn∏v ˛ N¿®
$ N¿®
$ hmb\
$ A`n-apJw
$ ]cn-io-e\w
$ N¿®
$ ^Ãv FbvUv t_mIvkv Iao-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$
$ N¿®
$ A]-I-S-ap-≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈ kµ¿`-
߃ Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-bpsS ]m[m\yw Is≠Øn
]dbp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm A]-I-S-Øn\pw Fs¥√mw
]Y-a-ip-iq-j-Iƒ \¬I-W-sa∂v hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂p.
$ ]Y-a-ip-iqj Fs¥∂v \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p.
$ ^Ãv FbvUv t_mIvkv Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
th≠-hn[w ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw -sNøp-
∂p.
Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
$ \nc-h[n A]-ISkµ¿`-ß-fp≠v.
$ ]cn-°p-I-fpsS XohX Ipd-bv°m≥
]Y-a-ip-iqj klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ hyXykvX A]-I-S-߃°v hyXy-
kvX coXn-bn-ep≈ ]Yaipiq-j-
bmWv \¬tI-≠-Xv.
$ A]-ISw kw`-hn-®m¬ Bip-]-Xn-
bn¬ FØn-°p -∂-Xn\p apºp
\¬tI≠ ]cn-N-c-WamWv ]Ya
ipiqj.
$ ^Ãv FbvUv t_mIvkv
$ Bh-iy-amb i≤bpw ap≥I-cp-Xepw
A]-I-S-߃ Ipdbv°pw.
aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃
$ A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂-hsc klm-bn-t°-≠Xv Xs‚ I¿Ø-hy-am-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ kl-`mhw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Bi-b-߃ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
213
Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
]dbmw
hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ A]-I-S-߃ D≠m-Ip∂ kml-N-c-y-ß-fn-te°pw A]-I-S-߃ D≠m-
Ip-tºmƒ sNtø≠ ]cn-N-c-W-ß-fn-te°pw Ip´n-I-fpsS i≤ Xncn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
]th-iI]h¿Ø-\-ambn NnX\nco-£Ww \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm Ip´nbpw hy-‡n-K-X-ambn NnXw \nco-£n-°-s´. NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]tXyI
kµ¿`-Øn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bpw- F¥p sNøp-sa∂ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°-s´. At©m
Btdm Ip´n-Iƒ B Bi-b-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°-s´. XpS¿∂v ho´nepw hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønepw
A]-I-S-߃ D≠m-Ip∂ kµ¿`߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kwL-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬
tImUo-I-cn°mw.
$ P\-en-eqsS ]pd-tØ°p NmSp-∂p.
$ Ai-≤-ambn HmSp-∂p.
$ Xdbnse sh≈w, FÆ, ]g-sØmen F∂n-h-bn¬ Nhn´n sX∂nhogp-∂p.
$ aq°nepw sNhn-bnepw Nne hkvXp-°ƒ Xncp-Ip-∂p.
$ Blmckm[-\-߃ sXm≠-bn¬ IpSp-ßp-I.
$ hoWv apdn-th¬°p-I/ IS∂¬ IpØp-I.
$ s]m-≈¬ G¬°p-I.
$ t]∏´n ISn-°p-I.
tImUo-I-cn® kml-N-c-y-߃ ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn F∂v Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
So®¿ tImUoIcn-t°-≠Xv: A]-IS-߃
D≠m-Ip∂ an° kµ¿`-ßfpw i≤bpw
ap≥I-cp-Xepw Ds≠-¶n¬ Hgn-hm-°m-
\mIpw.
hm¿Ø-I-fpsS sImfmjv
A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´-hsc klm-bn-°m\pw ]cn-N-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
Ip´n-bpsS ]tZ-iØv D≠mb kam-\-amb A]-I-S-ß-fntet°m ]X-Øn¬h∂ A]-
I-Shm¿Ø-I-fn-te°p Ip´n-I-fpsS i≤ Xncn-°-Ww.
AXn-\mbn BZyw Sn._n-bn¬ \¬In-b hm¿Ø-I-fpsS sImfmjv hmbn-°-s´. A∂sØ
]X-Øn¬h∂ kam-\-amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Imw. Ah ¢mkn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°s´.
CØcw A]-I-S-߃ D≠m-hp-tºmƒ A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏-´-hsc \ap°v Fßs\
klmbn°mw?
bqWn-‰n-te°v
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ ˛ A]-I-S-߃ D≠m-
Ip∂ kµ¿`-ßfpw kml-
Nc-y-ßfpw.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
214
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
So®¿ \bn-°p∂ s]mXpN¿®.
IqSp -X¬ Imcy -߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn
]mT]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
hnh-c-߃ tImUo-I-cn°mw ˛
A]-I-S-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج (hy-‡n-K-Xw).
$ ]mT]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b ]Z-kq-c-y≥ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.
$ So®¿ IqSp-X¬ tImf-߃ Dƒs∏-
SpØn t_m¿Un¬ ]Z -kq -c -y≥
hc®nSWw.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ tImf-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm°n
]cn-k-c-]p-kvXIØn¬ Fgp-X-s´.
]Yaipiqj
]Y-a-ip-iqj Fs¥-∂pw AXp \¬Ip-∂-Xns‚ ]tbm-P-\-߃ Fs¥∂pw a\-n-
em-°m≥ Cu ]h¿Ø\w e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
So®¿, ta¬kq-Nn-∏n® GsX-¶nepw Hcp A]-ISw DZm-l-c-W-amsbSpØv B A]-I-S-
Øn\p \¬Im-hp∂ ]cn-N-c-W-߃ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn N¿®sNøWw. ]Ya-
ipiqj F¥v? F∂ Bibw tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. (Sn._n-bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v).
]Y-a-ip-iqj: ]tbm-P-\-߃, ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-Is‚ IS-a-Iƒ
So®¿ \bn-°p∂ s]mXp-N¿® -tImUoIc-Ww.
$ A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´-bmsf Bi-z-kn-∏n-
°mw, ss[cyw \¬Imw.
$ ]cn-°ns‚ XohX Ipd-bv°mw.
$ sshZ-y-k-lmbw e`n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc
]cn-N-cWw \¬Imw.
¢mkn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ Bi-b߃ Iq´n-t®¿Øv t_m¿Un¬ tImUo-I-cn®v
FgpXWw. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn F∂v Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w (hy-‡n-K-Xw)
Hcp A]-ISkµ¿`w hnh-cn®v AXn¬ "Rm≥ F¥psNøpw? F∂-Xn\v Du∂¬
\¬In eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
A]-I-S-߃ ˛]-Y-a-ip-iqj
km[m-c-W-bmbn D≠m-Ip∂ A]-I-S-߃ GsX-√mw, Ahbvt°mtcm∂n\pw \¬Im-
hp∂ ]Yaip-iqj Fs¥√mw, F∂-dnbm\pw, AXp \n¿h-ln-°m-\p≈ at\m-`mhw
cq]s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-amWv XpS¿∂p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]c n -k - c -] p -k vX -I -Ønse
Ipdn∏p-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]q¿Øn-bm-°nb ]Z-kq-c-y≥.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn -k-c -]p -kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, ]Y-a-ip-iqj,
]tbm -P -\ -߃, ]Y-a -
ipiqjIs‚ IS-a-Iƒ.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
215
Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
Hmtcm A]-I-Shpw AXn-\p≈ ]Y-a-ip-iq-jbpw kwL-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Imw.
F√m Kq∏pw Hcp A]-ISw N¿® sNø-s´. (DZm. apdnhv)
$ ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°p∂p.
$ Kq∏n¬ N¿®sNbvXv ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn°-s´.
$ Hmtcm Kq∏pw s]mXphmbn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
$ So®¿ CS-s]´v IqSp-X¬ hy‡X \¬IWw.
]Y-a-ip-iqj ˛ Do's and Dont's F¥p
sNøWw? F¥p sNøm≥ ]mSn√ F∂o
Imcy߃°v Du∂¬ \¬In Hmtcm
t]mbn‚pw tImUo-I-cn -°m≥ i≤n-
°Ww.
XpS¿∂v s]mXpN¿®.
apdn-hn\v ]Y-a-ip-iqj sNøp-∂-bmƒ ssIIƒ hrØn-bmbn Igp-In-bn-cn-°-Ww. F¥p-
sIm≠v?
tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ]th-in-°m-\p≈ km[-yX N¿®sNø-Ww.
hne-bn-cp-ج ]h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Imw.
aq°n¬\n∂v c‡w h∂m¬...
Ip´n-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn ImWp∂
Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-WnXv. Nne Ip´n-Iƒ
s]≥kn¬, d∫¿, Cu¿°n¬Ij-W-߃
F∂nh aq°n¬ IS-Øm-dp-≠v.
AØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ aq°n¬ \n∂p
c‡whcm-dp -≠v. Ip´n -Iƒ `b∂p
t]mIm≥ km[-y-X-bp≠v. AXn-\m¬
AØcw kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ a\-m-∂n-[yw
ssIhn-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ i≤n-°-Ww F∂
kqN\ \¬I-Ww.
kwL-ambn ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°-s´.
Hmtcm t]mbn‚pw N¿®sNøp-tºmƒ
F¥p-sIm≠v Aßs\ sNø-W-sa∂v
IqSn N¿®sNøm≥ \n¿tZiw \¬I-Ww.
$ Hmtcm Kq∏pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Bh-i-y-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm≥
i≤n-°Ww.
]cn -k-c -]p -kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ apdn-hp-Iƒ
D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ sNtø≠
]Y-a-ip-iqj.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ ˛ aq°n¬\n∂p c‡w
h∂m¬ sNtø≠ ]Y-a-ip-
iqj.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
aq°n¬\n∂v c‡w hcptºmƒ apt∂m´v
Nmbv®v Ccp-Øn-bm¬ izmk-\m-f-Øn-te°v
c‡w IS-°p∂ kml-Ncyw Hgn-hm-°mw.
c‡w I´-]n-Sn-°m\pw IqSp-X¬ c‡w
\jvS -s∏ -Sm -Xn -c n -°m\pw aq°ns‚
AK`mKw Aa¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xv klm-
b-I-am-Ipw.
aq°nse tImi-߃°pw Ie-Iƒ°pw- Iq-
SpX¬ A\°w X´m-Xn-cn-°m≥ i≤n-°-
Ww. AXn-\m¬ hmbn-eqsS iz-kn-°m\pw
kwkm-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.
216
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
]Yaipiq-j-I≥ i≤n-t°-≠Xv
Ü henb hogvN-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ Xe-t®m-dn\v £Xta¬°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. AXn-\m¬
hoW Bsf Nen-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°cpXv.
Ü Fs√m-Sn-bp-Itbm s]m´p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Aÿn°v A\°w X´m-Xn-cn-°m≥
]tX-yIw i≤n-°p-I.
Ü sX‰mb coXn-bn¬ Sq¿Wn° CS-cp-Xv.
Ü IÆn¬ s]mSnhoWm¬ hnc-ep-IƒsIm≠v ian-°-cp-Xv.
Ü Xos∏m-≈-ep-I-tf‰ mKØv SqØvt]tÃm a‰p te]-\-ßtfm tUmIvSdpsS \n¿t±-
i-an-√msX ]pc-´-cp-Xv.
Ü Ah-iy-L-´-ß-fn¬ ASn-b-¥c sshZyklmbw e`-y-am-°m≥ aSn-°-cpXv.
Ü apdn-hp-≠m-bm¬ c‡-kmhw \nb-¥n-°m≥ ]tX-yIw i≤n-°-Ww.
Ü A]-I-SØn¬s∏´-bmƒ°v ip≤-hmbp Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
Ü ]Yaipiq-j sNøp-tºmƒ ssIIƒ AWp-hn-ap‡-am-bn-cn-°m≥ ]tXyIw
i≤n-°pI.
IÆn¬ s]m-Sn-ho-Wm¬
IÆn¬ s]mSn hogp-∂Xv km[m-c-W-am-Wv. CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ an° Ip´n-Ifpw
IÆv i‡ambn Xncp-Ωp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. CXv Hgn-hm-°m\pw IÆn¬ s]mSn
hoWm¬ F¥v sNø-W-sa∂v t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pamWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. CXn-\mbn
So®¿ Sn._n-bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ tNmZ-y-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v s]mXp-N¿® \bn°-Ww.
IÆv Xncp-Ωp-∂Xv sIm≠p-≠m-Im-hp∂
]iv\-߃ tImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. IÆn¬ hkvXp-°ƒ Xd-®n-´p-
s≠-¶n¬ kzbw \o°w sNøm≥
ian°msX FXbpw s]s´∂v sshZ-y-
klmbw e`-y-am-t°-≠-XmWv F∂v ]tX-yIw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.
Dfp°v
So®¿ \bn-°p∂ eLpN¿®.
$ Dfp°v ]‰m-\n-S-bm-Ip∂ kml-N-c-y-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-Wv?
$ Dfp°v ]‰n-bm¬ F¥p sNøWw?
c≠p tNmZ-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imc-y-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. sFkv]mbv°v Xbm-
dm-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ sa®hpw tImUoIc-
W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
217
Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
Dfp°p ]‰n-bm¬ sNtø≠]Y-a-ip-iqj
$ Dfp°p ]‰nb `mKw Nen-∏n-°cpXv.
$ Imen¬ Dfp°p ]‰n-bm¬ Ign-hXpw
\S-°cpXv.
$ Dfp-°nb `mKØv NqSp-sh-ffw Hgn-
°p-I-tbm NqSp≈ FÆ ]pc- p-Itbm
sNø-cpXv. Aßs\ sNbvXm¬
\o¿ho-°hpw thZ-\bpw IqSm≥
km[y-X-bp-≠v.
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® hnh-c-߃ IqSn Dƒs∏-
SpØn tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
NXhv
NXhv D≠m-Im-hp∂ kµ¿`-߃ hy-‡n-
K-X-ambn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ¢mkn¬
s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. So®¿
t_m¿Un¬ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
NX-hn\v \¬Im-hp∂ ]Yaipiq-j-Iƒ Fs¥ms-°-bmWv? ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-
t]mbn‚pItfmsSm∏w Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \SØn tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
`£Ww sXm≠-bn¬ IpSp-ßn-bm¬...
`£Ww sXm≠bn¬ IpSp-ßp-∂Xv km[m-c-W-am-Wv. i≤n-®n-s√-¶n¬ CXp ac-W-
Øn-te°phsc \bn-t®-°mw. AXn-\m¬ hfsc Icp-X-temsS thWw ]Y-a-ip-iqj
sNøm≥. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b NnX-ßfpw hnh-c-ßfpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp
eLp Utam¨kvtS-j≥ \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. (NnXw ]h¿t]m-bn‚n¬\n∂p IaØn¬
sImSp-°-Ww.)
1. `£Ww sXm≠-bn¬ IpSp-ßnb Bfns‚ ]n∂n¬ \n∂psIm≠v Abmsf A¬∏w
ap∂n-te°v Ip\n®p \n¿Øp-I.
2. C\n CSXp ssIbv°p-≈n¬ heXp apjvSn hc-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ tN¿Øp h®v
Abm-fpsS s\©n≥IqSn\v Xmsg-bm-bn, hb-dns‚ apIƒ`m-KØv i‡ambn
Aa¿Øp-I.
4. c≠p ssIIfpw tN¿Øp ]nSn®v D≈n-
te°pw apI-fn-te°pw (inward andupward ) thK-Øn¬ Nen-∏n-°p-I.
Cßs\ aqt∂m \mtem XhW XpS¿®-bmbn sNøp-I. F∂n´pw `£-W-km-[\w
]pdØph∂ns√¶n¬ FXbpw thKw sshZ-y-k-lmbw e`-y-am-°-Ww.
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
Aÿnk‘n-bnse kv\mbp-°ƒ hen-bp-
Itbm s]m´p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm-
≠mWv Dfp°v D≠m-hp-∂-Xv. hogp-Itbm
ISp-∏-ap≈ hkvXp-°-fn¬ X´p-Itbm
ssIIm-ep-Iƒ icn-bmb coXn-bn-e-√msX
Xncn-bp-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xp-aq-e-amWv Dfp°v
D≠m-Ip -∂-Xv . Im¬ap -´ v , IW-¶m¬,
aWn_‘w F∂o mK-ß-fn-emWv km[m-
c-W-bmbn Dfp°v D≠m-hp-∂-Xv. \o¿ho-
°w, thZ-\, Nen-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-
ÿ, `mcw A\p-`-h-s∏-S¬ F∂n-h-bmWv
Dfp-°ns‚ ][m\ e£-W-߃.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p -Iƒ ˛ Dfp°v ]‰n -bm¬
sNtø≠ ipiq-j.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ ˛ `£Ww sXm≠-
bn¬ IpSp-ßn-bm¬ \¬tI≠
]Yaipiq-j.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
218
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
s]m≈-te-‰m¬
s]m≈-te¬°p∂ kml-N-c-y-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? hy-‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-X-s´.
¢mkn¬ s]mXp -A-h-X-cWw. So®¿ t_m¿Un¬ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ Xos∏m-≈¬ (]mN-I-hm-X-Iw, ASp-∏v.....)
$ NqSp≈ hkvXp-°-fn¬ (tX∏p-s]-´n, ]mNI∏mX-߃, hml-\-ß-fpsS
sske≥k¿ .... ) \n∂v.
$ NqSp-sh≈w hoWv.
$ cmk]mZm¿∞-߃ (Bkn-Uv, B¬°-en) hoWv.
$ sshZ-yp-Xm-LmXta‰v.
$ CSn-an-∂-te‰v
s]m≈-te-‰m¬ sNtø≠ ]Y-a-ip-iqj
So®¿ \bn-°p∂ s]mXpN¿®, XpS¿∂v ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-I.-
aqt∂m \mtem Ip´n-Iƒ ¢mn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-
´p≈ hnh-c-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. Bhi-y-sa-¶n¬ sshZ-y-k-lmbw e`-y-am-°Ww
F∂ Imcyw ]tX-yIw kqNn-∏n-°-Ww.
hkvX-Øn¬ Xo]n-Sn-®m¬
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm t]mbn‚pw FSpØv N¿® sNbvXv tImUo-
I-cn°-Ww. Htcm t]mbn‚ ns‚bpw
]m[m\yw tImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ NnX-ßfpw
]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp -Øm≥ i≤n-°-Ww.
s]m≈¬ Hgn-hm-°m≥ FSp-t°≠ ap≥I-
cp-X-ep-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? s]mXp-N¿®.
]mºp-ISn
]mT -`m -KØp \¬In -bn -cn -°p∂
tNmZysØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn So®¿
N¿® \bn-°p∂p. ]mT]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
\¬In-bn -cn -°p∂ t]mbn‚pItfm-
sSm∏w C\n-∏-d-bp-∂-h-IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn
tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ ]mºp-I-Sn-sIm≠v apdn-th‰ `mKØv
tªUv D]-tbm-Kn®v apdn-°m≥ ]mSn-
√.
$ IqSp -X¬ apdp -ImØ coXn -bn¬
Sq¿Wns° CSm≥ i≤n-°-Ww.
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p -Iƒ ˛ s]m≈-te-‰m¬,
hkvX-Øn¬ Xo]n-Sn -®m¬
sNtø≠ ]Yaipiq -j,
s]m≈¬ Hgn-hm-°m≥ FSp-
t°≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
So®¿ Adn-bm≥
]mºp-I-Sn-bpsS apJye£-W-߃
$ Xz°n¬ hnj-∏-√p-I-fpsS AS-bm-fw.
$ apdn-th-‰ -`mKw hoßp-∂p.
$ apdn-hn¬ \n∂p c‡-kmhw.
$ ImgvN- a-ßp∂p.
$ Xz°v s]m≈-te-‰-t]mse BIp-∂p,
Xcn∏v A\p-`-hs-∏S-p∂p.
$ Xz°ns‚ \ndw aßp-∂p.
$ Xoh-th-Z-\bpw Xf¿®bpw A\p-`-
hs∏-Sp-∂p.
$ I¨t]m-f-Iƒ hoßnØSn-°p∂p.
$ Hm°m-\hpw O¿Znbpw D≠m-Ip∂p.
219
Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
sNdnb Iºv D]-tbm-Kn®v Sq¿Wn-s°-
bpsS sI´v Xncn®v Sq¿Wns° apdp-°p-
Itbm Ab-°p-Itbm sNøm≥ km[n-
°pw. 20 an\n‰v CS-hn v Sq¿Wns° Ab®p
sImSp-°-Ww. ]mºp ISn-tb‰ Im¬ Ign-
hXpw A\°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ hnj-ap≈ ]mºmWv ISn-®-sX-¶n¬ FXbpw thKw hnZKv[NnIn’ \¬I-Ww.
$ hmbv D]-tbm-Kn®v hnjw hen®v ]pdØp If-bm≥ ian-°-cp-Xv.
$ thZ-\-kw-lm-cn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv.
]mºpISn G¬°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Fs¥ms° ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ FSp-°Ww? hy-‡n-K-X-
ambn Ipdn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v So®¿
tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
sh≈-Øn¬ hoWp-≠m-Ip∂ A]-I-S-߃
\o¥¬ Adn-tb-≠-Xns‚ Bh-i-y-IX Ip´n-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.. apXn¿∂hcpsS
klm-b-an-√msX Ipf-Øntem ]pg-bntem \o¥m≥ ian-°-cpXv. Bg-ap≈ Ipf-ß-
fnepw ]pg-I-fnepw \o¥¬ Hgn-hm-°p-I. \o¥p-tºmƒ "t_mbv' D]-tbm-Kn-°pI. CØcw
Imc-y-߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS i≤-bn¬s∏Sp-Ø-Ww. H∏w, \o¥¬ ]Tn-°m≥ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw thWw.
sh≈-Øn¬ hoWp-≠m-Ip∂ A]-I-S-ß-fn¬s∏´-hsc c£n-°m-\p≈ am¿K-߃
s]mXpN¿®. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b hnh-c-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.
t_m[£bw
¢mkn¬ s]mXp-N¿®. t_m[£bw D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ sNtø≠ ]Yaipiq-j. ]mT-
]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b hnh-c-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \SØn tImUo-I-
cn-°--Ww.
$ apJØv sas√ shffw Xfn®p sImSp-°p-I.
$ hoins°mSp-°p-I.
$ Bi-z-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hni-an-°m≥ Ah-
kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-I.
Aÿn-`wKw
Aÿn s]m´p-Itbm HSn-bp-Itbm sNøp-∂-XmWv Aÿn-`wKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
CXn\v ASn-b-¥c hnZKv[ NnIn’ IqSntb Xocq. ]e-t∏mgpw hogp-∂-Xp-sImt≠m
A]-I-S-߃ aqetam BWv Aÿn-`wKw D≠m-hp-∂Xv. Aÿn-`wKw D≠m-Ip∂
ÿm\Øv Xcn-∏pw \o¿ho-°hpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Xz°n¬ \oe-\ndw ]Xy-£-s∏-Spw.
s]m´nb Aÿn-bpsS AK-`mKw Xpf-®-I-bdn Xz°n-eqsS ]pd-tØ°v X≈n-h-cm-dp-
≠v. H∏w c‡-[-a-\n-Iƒ, knc-Iƒ F∂n-h- s]m´n AanX-amb c‡-kmhhpw D≠m-
Imw.
] m º p - I - S n - t b - ‰ m ¬
sNtø≠ ]Y-a-i-iq-j, -
]mºpISn-tb¬°m-Xn-cn -
°m≥ i≤n-t°≠ ap≥I-
cp-X-ep-Iƒ, Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cnk-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn∏v ˛ t_m[-£bw
D≠m-hp-tºmƒ sNtø≠
]Ya ipiq-j.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
220
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
sNtø≠ ]Y-a-ip-iqj
hrØn-bp≈ ]™ntbm XpWntbm _m≥tUtPm D]-tbm-Kn®v FXbpw thKw c‡-
kmhw \ndp-Øp-I. apdn-th‰ `mKw A¬∏w Db¿Øn-h®v A]-IS-Øn¬s∏´-bmsf
hni-an-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°-Ww. Aÿn-`wKw D≠mb `mK-Øn\v A\°w X´m-Xn-cn-°m≥
]tXy-Iw i≤n-°-Ww. apdn-th‰ `mKØv H´n-t®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ hkvX-`m-K-ßfpw a‰pw
\o°w sNø-Ww. ico-tcm-jvamhv \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v A]-S-Øn¬s∏-´-bmsf
s_Uvjo‰v sIm≠v ]pX∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
sshZ-yp-Xm-LmXw
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b hnh-c-߃ hy-‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°-s´. sshZyp-Xm-
LmXta‰bmsf c£n-°m≥ kzo-I-cn-°m-hp∂ Imc-y-ßsf°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°s´.
So®¿ Bh-i-y-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \S-Ø-Ww.
sshZ-yp-Xm-LmXw G¬°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Fs¥ms° ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ FSp-°Ww?
$ kzn®v Hm¨ sNbvXv C´p-sIm≠v
CkvXn-cn-s∏´n ]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-
°p-I, sNcp∏v [cn-®p-sIm≠v amXw
CkvXn-cn-bn-Sp-I.
$ Ce-IvSnIv D]-I-c-W-ßfn¬ Ae-k-
ambn kv]¿in-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ sshZ-ypX°ºn-Iƒ s]m´n-hoW sh≈-Øn¬ Cd-ßm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ sshZ-yp-Xm-Lm-X-ta-‰-bmsf t\cn´v sXmSm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ sshZ-yp-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃ t\cn´v ssIIm-cyw sNøm-Xn-cn-°pI.
ta¬∏-d™ hnh-c-߃ tImUo-I-cn®p \¬I-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-
Øn¬ FgpXn F∂v Dd∏phcp-Ø-Ww.
]Yaip-iq-js∏´n
]Yaipiq-j-s∏´n k÷o-I-cn-t°≠ Bh-iyIX N¿®sNø-Ww. First Aid Box ¬Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ C\-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww, s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS tImUo-I-cWw.
]YaipiqjmZn\m-N-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Gs‰-Sp-°m-hp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃
]´nIs∏Sp-ØWw.
DZm-l-cWw :
$ ]Yaipiqjs∏´n Xbm-dm-°¬
$ ]Yaipiqj ˛ ]m[-m\yw ˛
]`m-jWw
$ ]Yaipiqj Demonstration$ ]Yaipiqj ˛ ktµ-iw, t]mÃdpIƒ Xbm-dm-°¬.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b XpS¿]-h¿Ø\߃ hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.
]cn-k-c]T\-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ sshZ-yp-Xm-Lm-
X-ta‰ Bfn\v \¬Im-hp∂
]Yaipiqj.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
Xbm-dm -°nb ]Y-a -
ipiqjs∏´n XpS¿]-h¿Ø-
\-ß-fnse ]¶m-fn-Øw, ]cn-
kc]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-∏p-
Iƒ.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
sshZ-yp-Xm-Lm-X-ta¬°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ kzo-I-
cn-°m-hp∂ ap≥I-cp-XepIƒ.
221
Iq´p-Im¿s°mcp Icp-X¬
hm¿Ø hmbn-®-t√m. CØcw A]-I-S-߃ D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ \mw Fs¥√mw
i≤n-°-Ww?
$ sshZyp-Xm-Lm-X-ta-‰-bmsf c£n-°m≥ Fs¥√mw sNøm≥ Ignbpw?
sshZyp-Xm-Lm-X-ta‰v ac-W-s∏-´p.
Im®n-\n-°mSv : XpWn CkvXncn
C´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°sh sshZyp-Xm-Lm-X-
ta-‰-bmƒ ac-W-s∏-´p.
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 1
1. ]Y-a-ip-iqj ˛ tUm. Un.F≥. Pb-e£van
d -d≥kv
222
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\w.
1. A]-I-S-߃ GsX√mw hn[-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-
∂-Xn-\v.
2. ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-bpsS ]m[m\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
3. apdnhp kw`-hn® Bƒ°v ]Y-a-ip-iqj \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v.
4. aq°n¬\n∂v c‡-sam-gp-Ip-tºmƒ sNtø≠ ]Ya ipiqj
\n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xn\v.
5. IÆn¬ s]mSn-ho-Wm¬ \¬tI≠ ]Y-a-ip-iqj tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn\v.
6. Dfp-°v, NXhv F∂nh D≠m-bm¬ sNtø≠ ]Y-a-ip-iqj tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
7. t_m[-£bw D≠mb Bƒ°v ]Y-a-ip-iqj \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v.
8. ssI, Im¬ F∂n-h-bpsS Fs√mSn-™m¬ sNtø≠ ]Ya
ipiqj \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xn\v.
9. `£Ww sXm≠-bn¬ IpSp-ßn-bm¬ \¬Im-hp∂ ]Y-a-ip-iqj
\n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xn\v
10. s]m≈-te¬°m≥ CS-bp≈ kml-N-cy-߃ ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v.
11. s]m≈-te-‰m¬ sNtø≠ ]Y-a-ip-iqj tcJs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
12. ]mºp-I-Sn-tb-‰m¬ sNtø≠ ]Yaipiqj \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
13. ]mºp-ISn G¬°m-Xn-cn -°m≥ sNtø≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ
\n¿tZin-°p-∂-Xn\v.
14. sshZyp-Xm-LmXw G¬°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ ap≥I-
cp-X-ep-Iƒ \n¿tZin-°p-∂-Xn\v.
15. ]Y-a-ip-iqjbv°v \n¿h-N\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v.
16. ^ÃvFbvUv t_mIvkn¬ Bh-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ GsXm-s°-
sb∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
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Ip´nIƒ Ah¿ Pohn-°p∂ \mSns\ ka-K-ambn a\-
n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \mSns‚ kmaq-lnI ]cn -k-csØ°pdn-®v [mcW hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. C∂p\mw Pohn-°p∂ \mSv C∂-se-I-fpsS XpS¿®-bm-Wv.A∂sØ PohnXkqN-\-Iƒ \m´n¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah B ]tZ-i-Øns‚ NcnX]T-\-Øn-\p≈ hgn-Im- n-I-fp-amWv. Cßs\ Xs‚ \mSns‚ C∂-e-I-sfbpw C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-I-sfbpw \m´nse Iq´m-bva-I-sfbpw ]‰nbp≈ [mc-Wbpw \mSns‚ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb `mhn°v -Xm\pw ]¶m-fn-bm-th-≠-Xns‚ Bhiy-I-Xbpw ]m[m-\-yhpw Dƒs°mt≈≠Xp≠v. AXn-\p≈at\m- mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu bqWn-‰v e£-y-an-Sp-∂p.AXp-Iq-SmsX \m´nse s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw Ah\¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ß-fpsS aqeyhpw Xncn-®-dn™v Ah\ne-\n¿tØ-≠-Xns‚ Bh-i-y-IX t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pwIgnbWw.
\mSns\ Adn-bm≥
12
BapJw
224 ]cn-k
-c-]
-T\
w -˛ ¢
mkv 4
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ A`n-apJw
$ ]mtZ-inI Ncn-X-c-N\
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ Ncn-X-kvam-c-I-߃ kµ¿in-
°¬
$ NnX-ti-J-cWw
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ A`n-apJw
$ N¿®m-¢mkv
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ N¿®m-¢m-kv-˛-hm¿Uv saw_¿
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ hmb\-°p-dn∏v
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ hmb\°p-dn∏v
$ ^o¬UvSn∏v
$ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ hmb-\°p-dn∏v
$ Hmtcm ]tZiØn\pw AXn -t‚ -Xmb
NcnXap≠v.
$ Xs‚ ]tZ-iØpw NcnXw kqNn-∏n-°p∂
kvamc-I-߃ D≠m-Imw. Ah kwc-£n-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.
$ Fs‚ Kma-Øn¬ ss]XrIkº-Øp≠v.
Ah kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ Xs‚ Kma-Øn\v ]gb ImeØp\n∂v Ht´sd
am‰-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-
߃°-\p-k-cn-®mWv Cu am‰-߃ D≠m-b-
Xv.
$ am‰-߃ aqew ]tZ-iØv ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-
bn-´p-≠v.
$ Kma-Øns‚ `cWw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv Kma-∏-
©m-b-Øm-Wv.
$ Kma-]-tZ-isØ P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃
\nd-th-‰p-I-bmWv Kma-∏-©-mb-Øns‚ Npa-X-
e.
$ ]´-W-Øn-s‚bpw \K-c-Øn-s‚bpw `c-W-®p-a-
Xe \K-c-k-`-Iƒ°m-Wv.
$ tIc-f-Øn¬ XnXe ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m\w
\ne-hn-ep-≠v. ˛ Kma-∏-©m-b-Øv, tªm°v
]©m-b-Øv, Pn√m ]©m-bØv.
$ Kma-Øn¬ hnhn[ s]mXpÿm]-\-߃ D≠v.
$ \ΩpsS \mSn\v Hcp Ncn-X-ap-s≠∂p Is≠-
Øp-∂p, FgpXp∂p.
$ Ncn-XsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ AS-bm-f-߃ Xncn-
®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ \ΩpsS \mSn\v ]e am‰-ßfpw D≠m-bn -
´ps≠∂p a\-n-em°n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \m´nse P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃°-\p-kr-X-
ambmWv ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-bsX∂v Is≠Øn
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ \mSn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb `cWkwhn-[m-\-ap -
s≠∂pw P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-
∂Xv `c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-sW∂pw Is≠Øn
]d-bp-∂p.
$ Xt±-i- kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv Kma-
∏©m-bØv, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n, tIm¿]td-j≥
F∂nh F∂pw Kma-∏-©m-bØv, tªm°v
]©m-b-Øv, Pn√m- ]-©m-b-Øv F∂Xv XnXe
]©m-bØv kwhn-[m-\amsW∂pw hni-Zo-I--cn-
°p-∂p.
$ s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ßsf°pdn®pw Ah \¬Ip∂
tkh-\-ßsf-°pdn®pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Bi-b-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-߃/]In-b-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -߃
225
\mSns\ Adn-bm≥
apØ-»n-bpsS IYmJym\w So®¿ `mh-Xo-h-XtbmsS Ah-X-cn∏n°-Ww. \ΩpsS
\mSns‚ ]≠sØ Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-amb [mcW \¬Im≥ BJym-\-Øn-
eqsS Ign-b-Ww. \mSns\ Ipdn®v Ip´n X\n-°-dn-bm-hp∂ Imc-y-߃ ]d-b-s´. Nne
tNmZ-y-ß-ƒ tNmZn°mw.
$ ÿet∏cp-Iƒ
$ hgn-Iƒ, tdmUv, ]mew
$ Bcm-[-\m-eb-߃
$ hnZ-ym-e-b-߃
$ hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ
tNmZn°mw, Adnbmw
\mSns\°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ Imc-y-߃ Adn-bm≥ Btcm-sSms° At\-z-jn°mw?
s]mXpN¿®-bm-hmw.
$ apXn¿∂-h¿
$ s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-I¿
$
¢mkv apdn-bn¬ N¿®-bn-eqsS ka-K-ambn
Hcp tNmZ-ym-hen cq]o-I-cn-°Ww. kwL-
]-h¿Ø\w. At\z-jn®v Adn-tb≠
F√m hnh-cßfpw kw_-‘n®v tNmZy-
߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn tNmZym-hen ka-K-
am-°-Ww.
A`n-apJw ˛ aps∂m-cp°w
tNmZ-ym-h-en, So®¿ th¿j≥ F∂nh Xbm-dm-°¬.
$ sF.kn.Sn/d -d≥kv
$ ]X-߃
$ ]gb Imhp-Iƒ
$ Bcm-[-\m-eb߃
Irjn F∂ taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ tNmZy-
߃:
$ GsXms° hnf-I-fmWv IrjnsNbvXn-cp-∂Xv?
$ Im¿jnI D]-I-c-W-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
bqWn-‰n-te°v
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ipdn-
∏p-Iƒ, A`n-apJtNmZ-ym-hen,
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
226
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ hnf-sh-Sp∏v Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p.?
$ Pe-tk-N\coXn-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
$ Fs¥ms° hf-ßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv?
$ Irjn°v arK-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂pthm? F¶n¬ GsXms° arK-߃?
$ IoS-ßsf \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?
$ hnfhv kw`-cn®ph®n-cp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?
$ hnf-hnd°p∂-Xn-\p≈ sNehv FX-tØm-f-ambn-cp∂p?
$ Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-߃ FhnsS, Fß-s\-bmWv hn‰-gn-®n-cp-∂-Xv?
kaK hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v Hmtcm taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v tNmZymhen Xbm-dm-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kwL-]-h¿Ø\amWv DNn-Xw. Hmtcm kwLhpw B taJ-e-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ ]c-am-h[n hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb tNmZ-ym-hen Xbm-dm-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm Kq∏pw Ah-X-cn-∏n®v s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS sa®-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
Nm¿´n¬ tImUo-I-cn®v ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.
taJ-e-Iƒ GsXm-s°-bmhmw?
$ A∂sØ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ
$ `£Ww
$ ho´p-]-I-c-W-߃
$ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃
$ BtLm-j-߃
$ s]mXpÿm]-\-߃
Ipdn∏v : ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ apXn¿∂ I¿j-I¿, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, s]mXp ]h¿Ø-I¿
F∂n-hsc hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn-te°v £Wn®pw A`n-apJw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Zn\m-N-c-Wß-ƒ, A[ym-]-I˛c£m-I¿XrkanXn tbmK-߃ F∂n-hbpw
hnh-c-W-ti-J-c-W-th-Zn-I-fm-°m-at√m. Ip´n-Isf sNdpkwL-ß-fm°n Ah¿
Xbm-dm-°nb tNmZym-hen D]-tbm-Kn®v AXXv taJ-e- kw_-‘n® hnh-c-
߃ tiJ-cn-°mw.
]©m-bØv hnI-k\tcJ, \m´p-N-cn-Xw, hnZ-ym-ebNcnXw apX-em-bh hnh-c-ti-J-c-
W-Øn-\mbn e`-y-am-t°-≠XmWv.
A`n-ap-J-Øn-eq-sSbpw hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-
Øn-eq --sSbpw e`-y -amb hnh-c -߃
tImUo-I-cn®v Xs‚ "\m´p-N--cnXw'
]q¿Øn-bm-°Ww.
\m´pN-cnXw ˛ ]Im-i\w
]Xn∏v ]Im-i\®Sßv ]tZ-isØ G‰hpw apXn¿∂ ]ucs‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ kvIqƒ
hm¿jn-Im-tLmjØns‚ `mK-ambn kwL-Sn∏n-°Ww. \mSns‚ NcnX]Z¿i-
\hpamImw.
A`n-apJ tNmZym-h-en-Iƒ,
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃,
"\m´p-Ncn-Xw' ]Xn∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
227
\mSns\ Adn-bm≥
Ncn-X-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ Is≠-ج
Ip´n-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ Ah-cpsS \mSns‚ NcnXw cNn-®p-I-gn-™-t√m. CXn-\m-bp≈ At\z-
j-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ NnX-Øn¬ (Npa-Sp-Xm-ßn) ImWp-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Nne NcnX
-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ I≠n-´p≠m-hmw.
apXn¿∂ Bfp-I-fp-sSbpw ]tZ-inI hnZ-Kv[-cpsSbpw tkh\w ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn
Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ ]tX-yIw i≤n-°p-at√m.
apºv ]qcn-∏n® ]´nI D]-tbmK-s∏-SpØn hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ kw_-
‘n® s]mXp N¿®.
Ncn-X-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS Npa-X-e-bmWv F∂Xnte°p tImUo-
I-cn-°-Ww.
Ncn - X -ti-jn -∏p -Iƒ kwc -£n -t°-
≠Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX F¥v? Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°mw.
Fs‚ \mSv C∂v
\m´p-N-cnXw Fgp-Xm-\mbn tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v Hmtcm taJ-e-bnepw A∂p-
≠m-b-Xn¬\n∂v Fs¥ms° am‰ßƒ Ct∏mƒ D≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂v Xncn-®dnbm-\mWv
Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. CXn-\mbn ]´n-I -]q¿Øo-I-cn°s´. ta¬ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse kwL-
߃ Xs∂ AX-Xp -ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-߃ a‰p Kq∏p-Iƒ°v ssIam-
dm≥ \n¿tZin-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]≠v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-
cp∂
$ D]-I-c-W-߃
$ hnf-Iƒ
$ IrjncoXn-Iƒ
ImWmw ˛ Adnbmw
]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]Wn-ÿew (Be, a¨Ie
\n¿ΩmW tIµ-߃, s\bvØptIµ-߃) kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah-cp-ambn A`napJw
\SØn hnhc߃ tiJcn-°p-Ibpw sNømw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn ˛ sXmgn¬
$ FX-h¿j-ambn Cu sXmgn¬ sNbvXp XpS-ßnbn´v?
$ ]pXp-Xmbn Cu cwKØph∂ am‰-߃ Fs¥ms°?
tiJ-cn°mw, ]Z¿in-∏n°mw
Hmtcm taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ]gb ho´p-]-I-c-
W-߃, Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃, sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-߃, ]g-b-Ime Pohn-XsØ Hm¿a-
s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hkvXp°ƒ (Ddn, sXcn-I (Xncn-I), h´n, asÆÆdm¥¬, s]tSm-am-
Ivkv) XpS-ßn-bh tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ ]Z¿i\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNømw.
Fs‚ \m´nse Ncn-X-ti-jn-∏p-
Iƒ, Ah kwc-£n-t°-≠-
Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X˛Ipdn-∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
228
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
`£Ww
$ A∂sØ ][m\ `£-W-߃.
$ ][m\ hn`-h-߃
Ifn-Iƒ
$ Xe-∏-¥p-Ifn
$ km‰vIfn
$ etlmdnIfn
$ Ip´nbpw tImepw
$ tKmen-Ifn
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃
$ ]tZ-isØ ][m\ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃.
$ BtLm-j-߃
$ NS-ßp-Iƒ
$
s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-߃
$ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]mXpÿm]-\-
߃
(X]m-em-∏o-kv, tlmantbm
Unkvs]≥k-dn, Bbp¿thZ Bip-
]Xn...)
¢mkvk`
s]mXp Bh-iy-߃ Db¿∂ph-cp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂pw Ah ]cnlcn°p-∂Xv Fß-
s\-sb∂pw Adn -bm -\p -ap≈ ¢mkv A\p -` -h -am -bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w
\¬tI-≠-Xv.
\nß-fpsS hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ Kma-k` tNcm-dp-≠-t√m. Hcp Kma-k`/hm¿Uvk` kµ¿in-
°m\pw AhnsS \S-°p∂ N¿®-Ifpw Xocp-am-\-ßfpw \nco-£n-°m\pw Ah-kcsamcp-
°p-∂Xv anI® ]T-\m-\p-`-h-am-bn-cn-°p-at√m.
Cu amXr-I-bn¬ Nne s]mXp]iv\-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn "¢mkv k`' kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
$ ¢mkv apdn-bnse A®-S°w
$ hmb-\-aqe]h¿Ø\w
$ D®-`-£Ww
$ IpSn-sh≈e`yX
$ ¢mkv apdn Iao-I-cWw
$
]cn-k-c-]-T-\-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ Fs‚ \mSn\v
C∂p-≠mb am‰-߃.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ ]≠sØ
Irjn, sXmgn¬, `£-Ww,
Ifn-Iƒ, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
߃, BtLm-j-߃,
s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-߃.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
229
\mSns\ Adn-bm≥
kvIqƒ k -bn¬
Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS s]mXp Bh-i-y-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. \mSns‚ CØcw Bh-iy-
߃ Fßs\ \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂ N¿®-bn-eqsS Xt±i kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-
ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
$ kvIqfnse sI´n-S-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂Xv.
$ tdmUp-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv.
hnZ-ym-eb]tZ-isØ P\-]-Xn-\n-[nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Xt±i kz-bw-`-
cW ÿm]-\-Øn-te°v N¿® \bn-°-Ww. hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønse \n¿amW]h¿Ø-\-
߃, KXm-KXkuI-c-y-߃, IpSn-sh≈w FØn-°¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ Xt±-i-k-z-bw-`-
cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]¶v kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]©m-bØv/ap\nkn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿]-
td-j≥ BWv Hcp ]tZ-isØ P\-ß-fpsS s]mXp Bh--i-y-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\mbn
]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. Cu ÿm]-\-ßfmWv Xt±-i-k-z-bw-`-cW
ÿm]-\-߃ F∂ [mcW cq]-s∏-SptØ-≠-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v Xt±-i -k-z-b-w`-cW
ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-z-߃ N¿®sNø-Ww.
]X-hm¿Ø-Ifneq-sSbpw a‰pw Db¿∂phcp∂ s]mXp]iv\-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS IpSn-sh≈£maw, tdmUp-I-fpsS Ipd-hv, timN-\o-bm-h-ÿ, sshZyp-
Xn-£m-aw, aen-\o-I-cW]iv\-߃ XpSßn P\-߃°v A\h[n s]mXp]iv\-ßfpw
Bh-i-y-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂ [mc-W-bn¬ FØn°Ww. XpS¿∂v Hcp \m´nse P\-ß-fpsS
s]mXp Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Npa-Xe B¿°mWv? Cu N¿® ]mT-`m-
KØp sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fn-te°v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v, Kma-k` F∂n-hsb°pdn-®p≈ ]X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, t\m´o-kp-Iƒ Cu
L´-Øn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃°\p-k-cn-
®mWv am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bX-sX∂pw B
am‰-ß-fmWv Bfp-I--fpsS PohnXw sa®-
s∏-SpØm≥ Imc-W-am-bXv F∂pw
Xncn-®-dn-bm\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.
So®¿ AXn-\mbn s]mXpN¿® \bn-°-Ww.
$ \mSns‚ s]mXp Bh-iy-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂Xv?
GsXm-s°-bmWv Xt±-i -kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃?
Ip´n-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ ]tZ-iw, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ü AS-bm-f-an´v kqNn-∏n-°-s´.
t]sc-gpXq
Kma-∏-©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿]-td-j≥ F∂n-h-bpsS `c-W-Ø-e-h≥am-cpsS
ÿm\-t∏cv Fgp-X-s´. XnXe ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m\w ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Ah-
cpsS hm¿Unse ˛
Xt±-i-kz-bw-` -c -W-ÿm-]-\-
߃, Ah \nd-th-‰p∂ Npa-X-
e-Iƒ ˛ Ipdn-∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
230
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
$ Kma∏-©m-bØv hm¿Uv saw_¿
$ tªm°v ]©m-bØv AwKw
$ Pn√m ]©m-bØv Iu¨kn¬ AwKw
F∂n-h-cpsS t]cv Fgp-X-s´.
P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ]m[m-
\yhpw tImUo-I-cn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ So®¿ N¿® \bn-°-Ww.
Kma-k-`-bn-te°v
Hcp \mSns‚ hnI-k\]≤-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Kma-k-`-I-fn-em-sW∂pw Kma-k-`-
bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bm-sW∂pw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\mWv Cu
]h¿Ø-\w. ]pkvX-I-Ønse kw`m-jWw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hmbn-°-s´. F¥mWv
Kma-k-`, Km-a-k-`-bpsS ]m[m-\y-sa¥v F∂o Imcy-߃ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
hnZ-ym-ebw Hcp s]mXp-ÿm-]\w
"hnZ-ym-ebw Hcp s]mXpÿm]-\w' F∂ ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
hnZym-ebw \¬Ip∂ tkh-\-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´.
$ kuP-\y-hn-Zym-`ymkw
$ ]mT-]p-kvXI߃ $ bqWnt^mw
$ kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ $ D®-`-£Ww
hnZym-`ymkw \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-am-Wv,
AXv e`y-am-°p-∂Xv s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-
fmWv F∂ coXn -bn¬ tImUo-I -
cn°Ww.
s]mXpÿm]-\-߃
XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Itfm apXn¿∂-htcm hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃°v kµ¿in-®n-´p≈ s]mXp
ÿm]-\-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Hmtcm ÿm]-\-Ønepw˛
$ F¥n\mWv t]mbXv?
$ F¥p tkh-\-amWv e`n-°p-∂Xv? F∂ coXn-bn¬ N¿® \S°-Ww.
s]mXp -ÿm-]-\-ßfpw Ah \¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ßfpw ]´n -I-s∏-Sp -Øp-∂p.
kwL-]-h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b NnX-ßfpw ]´n-Ibpw ]tbm-P-\-
s∏-SpØn Hmtcm kwLhpw Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°-s´. s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
So®¿ t_m¿Un¬ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
ImWmw, a\-n-em°mw
kao-]-Øp≈ Hcp s]mXpÿm]\w kµ¿in-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬Im-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. aps∂m-cp-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ AhnsS \nco-£n-t°≠ Imcy-߃, tNmZn-
hnZym-ebw Hcp s]mXp-ÿm-
]\w BIp-∂sX-ßs\ ˛ Ipdn-
∏v.hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
231
\mSns\ Adn-bm≥
s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw Ah
\¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ß-fpw.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
t°≠ tNmZ -y -߃ F∂nh N¿®
sNbvXv FgpXm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]´nI tImUo-I-cWw.
Rm≥ ˛ \Ωƒ
hoSns‚, hnZym-e-b-Øn-s‚, \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn X\n°v Fs¥ms° Imc-y-
߃ sN-øm-\mhp-sa∂v Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Fgp-Xnb tijw tImUo-I-cn®v "R߃ ˛
\mSns‚ \∑bv°v' F∂ t]cn¬ ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
H∂mbv Hcp \√ \mtf°v
\mSns‚ \∑-bv°mbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂
a‰p ]mtZ-inI Iq´m-bva-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Ø-s´.
$ hmb-\-ime
$
N¿®sNbvXv ]´nI hn]p-eo-I-cn-°-Ww.
\mSns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v ImcWw P\-ß-fpsS HsØmcpa-bm-sW∂pw \ΩpsS sFIy-
amWv IcpØv F∂pw So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
\m´nse Iq´m-bva-Iƒ ˛
]´n-I.
hne-bn-cp-ج C\w
232
]cn-k-c-]-T\w -˛ ¢mkv 4
\mSns‚ Ncn-Xw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]e AS-bm-f-ßfpw \ap°p ImWm≥ Ign-bp-
at√m. Xmsg \¬In-b NnX-߃ i≤n°q. GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-
´p≈ am‰-ß-sf--bmWv Ch kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F∂v Btem-Nn-°q.
NnX-ßsf Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn hc®p tbmPn-∏n-°p-I.
XpS¿]h¿Ø\w
h¿°vjo-‰nse Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v
Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
bmXbpw
Nc-°p- K-Xm-K-Xhpw
[m\-y-ß-fpsS Af-hp-]mXw
ZqckqN\
ih-kw-kvImcw
s\¬°rjn
AØm-Wn˛Npa-Sp-XmßnImf-h≠n
Pe-N-en-X-NIw
\∂-ßmSn IpS-°√v
ssa¬°p‰n
Ie∏
]d
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 1
233
\mSns\ Adn-bm≥
IakqNIw Ignbpw Ign-bn√
\w.
1. Fs‚ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ eLp-N-cn-X-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v.
2. Fs‚ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Ncn-X-kvam-c-I-߃
GsX∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v.
3. ]g-b-ImeØp \n∂v Fs‚ \mSn\v h∂n-´p≈ am‰-߃
Is≠Øn∏d-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
4. Ime-L- -Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v \m´n-ep-≠mb am‰-ß-fpsS KpWhpw tZmj-
ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
5. ]©m-b-Øv, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n, tIm¿]-td-j≥ XpS-ßnb ]mtZ-inI
`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
6. s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p e`y-am-Ip∂ tkh-\-߃ hni-Zo-
I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
7. \mSns‚ \∑-bv°mbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Iq´m -b va -I -fpsS
tkh\߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v (¢∫p-Iƒ, IpSpw-_-io, hmb-
\-ime apX-em-b-h).
Ip´nbpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
h¿°vjo‰v ˛ 2
Hcp sl¬Øv sk‚dns‚ ap≥h-iØp ÿm]n® t_m¿Uv i≤n-°q.
]mY-anI Btcm-KytIµ-Øn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ tkh-\-߃ a\-n-em-°n-b-t√m..
\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ A¶Whm-Sn-I-fn¬\n∂v Fs¥√mw tkh-\-ß-fmWv
s]mXpP\-߃°p e`-y-am-Ip-∂Xv?
CXphy-‡am°p∂ Hcp t_m¿Uv Xbm-dm-°p-I.
]Xn-tcm[ IpØnhbv]p-Iƒ
AΩ-bpsSbpw Ip´n-bp-sSbpw Btcm-Kykwc-£Ww
]mY-anI NnIn’mkuI-cyw
]I¿®hym[n \nhm-cW ]h¿Ø-\-߃
]mY-anI Btcm-KytIµw
e -y-am-Ip∂ tkh-\-߃